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Vikram Kochhar

2026-05-08T08:10:59Z

Bogdankdu: Adding article - done

{{Short description|Indian Hindi actor (born 1983)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name = Vikram Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|9|27}}
| birth_place = [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India
| years active = 2013 – present
| occupation = Actor
}}
'''Vikram Kochhar'''<ref name="auto32">{{Cite web |title=Vikram Kochhar |url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/vikram-kochhar/credits/3000777118/ |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref> is an Indian actor known for his roles in Indian television and [[Hindi cinema]].<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |title=Vikram Kochhar Filmography |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/actor.php?actorid=13600 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Box Office India}}</ref> Kochhar graduated with arts degree from [[National School of Drama]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |title=NSD Graduates |url=https://nsd.gov.in/delhi/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/NSD-GRADUATES1.pdf |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=[[National School of Drama]]}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Cyrus Says |date=2023 |title=Ep. 545: feat. Vikram Kochhar on Apple Podcasts |url=https://podcasts.apple.com/bh/podcast/ep-545-feat-vikram-kochhar/id979118845?i=1000485458349 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=[[Apple Podcasts]]}}</ref> Kochhar is known for his roles in ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]'' (2013), ''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]'' (2013), ''[[Trip to Bhangarh]]'' (2014), ''[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]'' (2015), ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]'' (2019), ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' (2019), ''[[Thank God (film)|Thank God]]'' (2022), ''[[Mili (2022 film)|Mili]]'' (2022), ''[[Non Stop Dhamaal]]'' (2023), ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'' (2023), ''[[Boong]]'' (2024), and ''[[So Long Valley]]'' (2025). He is currently married to Kuhu Malla, a cinematographer.<ref>{{cite web |title=‘We utilized 5-day work gap to make a new beginning’|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/we-utilized-5-day-work-gap-to-make-a-new-beginning-101627826123265.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>{{fact|date=June 2025}}

==Early life==
Kochhar was born on 27 September 1983, in [[Gurgaon]], [[Haryana]], India, and completed his schooling from Army School [[Noida]].<ref name="auto1" /><ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2023 |title=Grateful to Mukesh Chhabra for giving me the role, after long time I have got my due- Dunki actor Vikram Kochhar EXCLUSIVE |url=https://www.filmifever.com/grateful-to-mukesh-chabra-for-giving-me-the-role-after-long-time-i-have-got-my-due-dunki-actor-vikram-kochhar-exclusive/ |access-date=24 December 2023}}</ref>

==Filmography==

=== Film ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013 || ''[[Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola]]'' || || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Ghanchakkar (film)|Ghanchakkar]]'' || || Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2014 || ''Pied Piper'' ||I. M. Sarkar || English
|
|-
| ''[[Trip to Bhangarh]]'' || || Hindi
|
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Angry Indian Goddesses]]'' || Mr. Gill || Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016 || ''[[Love Shagun]]'' || Deepak || Hindi
|
|-
| ''Hai Apna Dil To Awara'' || Rikki Dalwani || Hindi
|
|-
| 2017 || ''Kuldip Patwal: I Didn't Do It!'' || Goenka || Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018 || ''Husband Material'' || Servant || Hindi
|
|-
| ''Game Paisa Ladki'' || || Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019 || ''[[Manikarnika: The Queen of Jhansi]]'' || || Hindi
|
|-
| ''Raid'' ||ACP Shamsher|| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[22 Yards]]'' ||Anindo || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]'' ||Gilab Singh || Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2021 || ''Bawri Chori'' || || Hindi
|
|-
| ''Wrong Leela'' ||Chandan Chugh || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[No Land's Man]]'' || Farookh || Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2022 || ''[[Janhit Mein Jaari]]'' || Vijay || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Rashtra Kavach Om]]'' || Rajat || Hindi
|
|-
| ''Modi Ji Ki Beti'' ||Tauseef || Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Thank God (film)|Thank God]]'' || Inspector Thambe|| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Mother Teresa & Me]]'' || Dr. Ahmed || English
|
|-
| ''[[Mili (2022 film)|Mili]]'' || Sudheer Malkoti|| Hindi
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2023 || ''[[Non Stop Dhamaal]]'' || Shareef|| Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Dvand: The Internal Conflict]]'' || ||Hindi
|
|-
| ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'' ||Balindar "Buggu" Lakhanpal || Hindi
|<ref name="auto2" /><ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Dunki: Shah Rukh Khan's co-star Vikram Kochhar says 'The trailer you have seen is nothing, it's just 10%' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/dunki-shah-rukh-khans-co-star-vikram-kochhar-says-the-trailer-you-have-seen-is-nothing-its-just-10-13505092.html |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Firstpost}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2023 |title='Dunki' Actor Vikram Kochhar Reveals That Shah Rukh Khan's Mannat Has 'Airport Like Security' |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/-dunki-actor-vikram-kochhar-reveals-that-shah-rukh-khan-s-mannat-has-airport-like-security--news-337259 |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=Outlook India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2023 |title='Dunki' actor Vikram Kochhar unveils the experience of visiting Shah Rukh Khan's Mannat; says, 'Everything gets scanned' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dunki-actor-vikram-kochhar-unveils-the-experience-of-visiting-shah-rukh-khans-mannat-says-everything-gets-scanned/articleshow/106095480.cms?from=mdr |access-date=24 December 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]] |via= |agency=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Kahan Shuru Kahan Khatam]]''
|
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Boong (film)|Boong]]''
|Sudhir Agarwal
|Manipuri
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[The Networker]]''
|Aditya
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[So Long Valley]]''
|Kuldeep
|Hindi
|
|-
|''[[Aankhon Ki Gustaakhiyan]]''
|Prashant
|Hindi
|
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language
|-
| 2015 || ''Sumit Smabhal Lega'' ||Rajneesh Walia || Hindi
|-
| 2016 || ''Crime Patrol'' || || Hindi
|-
| 2017 || ''Pagla Ghoda'' ||Shashi || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2019 || ''Parchhayee: Ghost Stories by Ruskin Bond'' ||Shekhar|| Hindi
|-
| ''Hawa Badle Hassu'' ||Laurence Bishnoi|| Hindi
|-
| ''[[Sacred Games (TV series)|Sacred Games]]'' ||Mathu|| Hindi
|-
| ''I Fell In Love With A Sanki'' ||Heera Nandani|| Hindi
|-
| ''Bhram'' ||Avtar|| Hindi
|-
| ''[[Little Things (TV series)|Little Things]]'' ||Friend|| Hindi
|-
| ''Gudiya Ki Shaadi'' ||Friend|| Hindi
|-
| ''[[Inside Edge (TV series)|Inside Edge]]'' ||Lambodar|| Hindi
|-
| ''The Will'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''Khade Hai Teri Raahon Mein'' || || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2020 || ''[[Raktanchal]]'' ||Sankey Pandey|| Hindi
|-
| ''[[Aashram]]'' ||Sadhu|| Hindi
|-
| ''[[A Simple Murder]]'' ||S. I. Pratik Mishra|| Hindi
|-
| 2021 || ''[[The Legend of Hanuman]]'' ||Suketu|| Hindi
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 || ''Prayag'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''Dr. Donn'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Choona]] ''||Contractor JP || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Modern Love Mumbai]]''|| || Hindi
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2023 || ''Couple Goals''|| || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Rafuchakkar]]'' ||Ashfaq || Hindi
|-
| ''A Knowing'' || || Hindi
|-
| ''02'' || Short ||Hindi
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026||''[[Bandwaale]]''||Rafi||Hindi
|-
|''[[Hello Bachhon]]''||Prateek Maheshwari||Hindi
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=nm5843593}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kochhar, Vikram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Punjabi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:National School of Drama alumni]]

Portuguese colonial architecture

2026-05-08T03:01:20Z

Bogdankdu: New...

{{Short description|Styles of Portuguese architecture built across the Portuguese Empire}}
{{no footnotes|date=April 2024}}
[[File:Deniseramalho.jpg|thumb|Portuguese-styled townhouses, called [[Sobrado (architecture)|sobrados]], in [[Ouro Preto]], Brazil]]

'''Portuguese colonial architecture''' refers to the various styles of [[Portuguese architecture]] built across the [[Portuguese Empire]] (including Portugal). Many former colonies, especially [[Brazil]], [[Macau]], and [[India]], promote their Portuguese architecture as major tourist attractions and many are UNESCO world heritage sites. Portuguese colonial architecture can be found in the plethora of former colonies throughout [[South America]], [[North Africa]], [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], [[India]], [[Oceania]], and [[East Asia]].

== 15th century ==
[[File:Portugal Império total.png|thumb|right|300px|A map of the [[Portuguese Empire]] and its claims, strongholds, trade waters, and economic interests]]
[[File:Portugal-1500.png|thumb|right|300px|The [[Portuguese Empire]] at the end of the 15th century]]
During the 15th century, the [[Portuguese Empire]] laid its foundations across the world as the world's first modern [[colonial empire]], and what would be the longest. The Empire came into existence in 1415, with the [[Conquest of Ceuta|Capture of Ceuta]], by the forces of Infante [[Henry the Navigator|Henrique of Aviz]], the "Navigator". This key victory initiated a century of Portuguese expansion and colonization of the African continent. In North Africa, the Portuguese conquered Ceuta, 1415, [[Alcácer Ceguer]], 1458, [[Asilah|Arzila]], 1471, [[Tangiers]], 1471, [[El Jadida|Mazagão]], 1485, [[Ouadane]], 1487, [[Safi, Morocco|Safim]], 1488, and [[Graciosa fortress|Graciosa]], 1489. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the Portuguese established and colonized [[Arguin|Anguim]], 1455, [[Portuguese Cape Verde|Cabo Verde]], 1462, [[Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe|São Tomé and Príncipe]], 1470, [[Annobón]], 1474, [[Bioko|Fernando Pó]], 1478, [[Elmina|São Jorge da Mina]], 1482, [[Portuguese Gold Coast]], 1482, and the [[Mascarene Islands|Mascarenhas]], 1498. It was also in the 15th century when the Portuguese established [[Portuguese India]], conquering the [[Lakshadweep|Laquedivas]] and landing at [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], both in 1498. The [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]] would also be added to the Empire in 1432 and 1420, respectively.

During the 15th century, the Portuguese Empire was expanding and laying its foundations, and the colonial architecture of this period was built following a militaristic and functional base. Most of Portugal's colonies were defended by military fortifications, today the highlight of Portuguese colonial architecture of the period. The [[Elmina Castle|Fort of São Jorge da Mina]] is a well-preserved example of 15th-century Portuguese colonial architecture. Beginning construction in 1482, the fort was, for a long period, the most sophisticated and impenetrable fortification in Sub-Saharan Africa. Like many Portuguese castles and colonial fortifications of the time, the fort was built in a sober and functional style, with an importance more on defensibility that appearance. On the interior of most [[List of Portuguese colonial forts|Portuguese colonial forts]] of the 15th century, highlights of governor's mansions and imperial administrative buildings included the occasional [[gothic architecture|Gothic]] and [[Manueline]] portal, fountain, or window.

Apart from military architecture, religious architecture was an important genre of interest in 15th-century Portuguese colonial architecture. Religious expansion being a backbone of Portuguese imperial expansion during the 15th century, many of the oldest Christian churches of Africa were founded by the Portuguese during this time. The [[Cathedral of Funchal]], the oldest cathedral in Africa, started 1491, is a good exampled of Portuguese colonial religious architecture. During the 15th century, most Portuguese colonial religious buildings, much like those of military and civic purpose, were built soberly and with few extravagancies. Portuguese colonial churches of the 15th century, however sober they may have been, were the center point of most of the many Portuguese colonies at the time, and thus were usually the most ornate buildings in the colony, ornateness in this period meaning a detailed portal or window. The Cathedral of Funchal best typifies the 15th-century Portuguese colonial church, with its tall and sturdy stronghold-like church walls with a detailed Gothic portal and [[rose window]].

<gallery perrow="8">
File:Castelo Branco, entrada, Vila Franca do Campo, ilha de São Miguel, Açores.JPG|Tower of Castelo Branco b. 1471, [[Azores]]
File:2011-03-05 03-13 Madeira 058 Funchal, Sé do Funchal.jpg|[[Cathedral of Funchal]]; b. 1491, [[Madeira]]
File:Mazagan1-CCBY.jpg|Fort of [[El Jadida|Mazagão]]; b. 1485, [[Morocco]]
File:Mozambique n2.jpg|Church of Santo António; b. 1498, [[Mozambique]]
File:Assilah Tower.jpg|Fort of São João of [[Asilah|Arzila]]; b. 1475, [[Morocco]]
File:Igreja Nossa Senhora do Rosário.jpg|Church of N. S. do Rosário; b. 1495, [[Cape Verde]]
File:Elmina slave castle.jpg|[[Elmina Castle|Fort of São Jorge da Mina]]; b. 1482, [[Ghana]]
File:Igreja de São Miguel Arcanjo, fachada, Vila Franca do Campo, ilha de São Miguel, Açores.JPG|S. Miguel Arcanjo Church; b. 1460, [[Azores]]
</gallery>

== 16th century ==
[[File:Portuguese Empire map.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The [[Portuguese Empire]] at the end of the 16th century]]
During the 16th century, the Portuguese Empire was the largest, and wealthiest, European colonial empire and Portugal was one of Europe's most important states. Within the first year of the century, 1500, the Portuguese had established the [[Captaincy Colonies of Brazil]], in South America, the colonies of [[Newfoundland (island)|Terra Nova]] and [[Labrador]], in North America, the trade-colonies of [[Kochi|Cochim]], in India, and [[Malindi|Melinde]], in Sub-Saharan Africa. This century really solidified the Portuguese stronghold on the [[spice trade]], with territorial expansions in [[Portuguese India]], with the conquest of key cities, such as [[Kozhikode|Calecute]], 1512, [[Bombay|Bombaim]], 1534, [[Vasai-Virar|Baçaím]], 1535, and [[Salsette Island|Salsete]], 1534, among others. The [[Portuguese colonization of the Americas]] also began in the 16th century, establishing three North American colonies and thirteen South American colonies, but by the end of the century the number of colonies, in total, was reduced to four, due to integration into mega-colonies. In the far east, the Portuguese established [[Portuguese Macau]], 1537, and [[Portuguese Timor]], 1596. By the end of the century, the Portuguese Empire was an enormously vast empire, spanning from [[Portuguese Malacca]], in East Asia, and the [[Governorate General of Brazil]], in South America, to [[Ormus|Ormuz]], on the [[Persian Gulf]], and [[Mombasa|Mombaça]], in Sub-Saharan Africa. The expansion of the empire, both territorially and economically, influenced Portuguese colonial architecture a great deal.

Like in the 15th century, Portuguese colonial architecture in the 16th century was built for the utmost functionality and purpose. Unlike in the previous epoch, however, 16th-century Portuguese colonial architecture did not skip aesthetics in order to pursue functionality, instead it was, for the first time, able to truly compromise the two ideals of beauty and function, an ideal persistent throughout the [[Portuguese Renaissance]]. As in most times, military structures of the period were usually large, foreboding forts, but Portuguese colonial architecture of the 16th century also saw the creation of administrative palaces and governor mansions within these forts, which were built in a manner following necessity but also taste and style, on a different level than seen before. A good example of a Portuguese colonial military fort with palatial accommodations is the [[Forte dos Reis Magos|Fort of the Reis Magos]], in [[Natal, Brazil]]. The fort is located on the edge of the ocean, on a strategic location for both land and sea attacks, and is completely sober in its exterior façade. On the interior, however, the Governor's Mansion was built in a simple, but stylish at the time, [[Alentejo]] style, originating in the south of Portugal.

Alongside the increased sophistication of Portuguese colonial military architecture in the 16th century, religious architecture hit a level never seen before in the Portuguese Empire. Portugal's immense wealth from its empire, mainly from the spice trade, fueled its historical religious zeal for converting non-Christians. Portuguese India of the 16th century was the cultural and economic powerhouse of the Portuguese Empire, and this, in combination with the [[Goa Inquisition]], subset of the [[Portuguese Inquisition]], created a major court of the Portuguese Renaissance, evident in the enormous and elaborate churches of the epoch. The [[Se Cathedral|Cathedral of Goa]], the cathedral for Portuguese India, embodies most all of what Portuguese colonial religious architecture stood for. The cathedral was built to commemorate a Christian victory, that of [[Afonso de Albuquerque]] over the Moslems, and the edifice is built in a grandiose Portuguese classical style. The high bell towers and detailed portal and windows are typical of Portuguese churches, and they seek to show Christian, more importantly Portuguese, dominance of the area, a major theme of Portuguese colonial religious architecture of the 16th century.

<gallery perrow="8">
File:FortalezaReisMagos.jpg|[[Forte dos Reis Magos|Fort of the Reis Magos]]; b. 1598, [[Brazil]]
File:Sé Cathedral goa views (18).JPG|[[Se Cathedral|Cathedral of Goa]]; b. 1510, [[India]]
File:Essaouira port remparts 1134.JPG|[[Castelo Real]] of [[Essaouira|Mogador]] b. 1506, [[Morocco]]
File:Front view of the church of St. Alexius.jpg|Church of São Francisco; b. 1517, [[India]]
File:CamaraVereadoresSalvador.JPG|[[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] Municipal Palace; b. 1549, [[Brazil]]
File:Nossa Senhora do Baluarte.jpg|[[Chapel of Nossa Senhora de Baluarte|N. S. de Baluarte Chapel]]; b. 1522, [[Mozambique]]
File:Holy House of Mercy 01.JPG|[[Santa Casa da Misericórdia (Macau)|Santa Casa da Misericórdia]]; b. 1569, [[Macau]]

</gallery>

== 17th century ==
[[File:PDW.png|thumb|right|300px|The [[Portuguese Empire]] at the end of the 17th century]]
For the Portuguese Empire, the 17th century was a time of reclamation and gradual increase. After the [[Dutch-Portuguese War]], the Portuguese reclaimed the territories that the Dutch had occupied during the [[Iberian Union]]. In India, Portuguese territories were no longer the only powerful Europeans in the region and the colonies there saw minimal expansion, [[Mylapore|São Tomé de Meliapor]], 1687, as well as the transfer of [[Bombay|Bombaim]] to the British, 1661, as part of [[Catherine of Braganza]]'s dowry. In Africa, the Portuguese expanded along the coast, with [[Ouidah|São João Baptista de Ajudá]], 1680, and [[Bissau]], 1687, and inland, with [[Ziguinchor]], 1645. The centre and focus of Portuguese imperial ambition, during the 17th century, was Portuguese America. With the abandonment of [[Barbados]], 1620, and the restructuration of the [[Governorate General of Brazil]], 1621, Portuguese colonial possessions in the Americas were reestablished into two colonial states, the [[State of Brazil]] and the [[State of Maranhão (colonial)|State of Maranhão]]. With the foundation of [[Colonia del Sacramento|Colony of Santíssimo Sacramento]], in 1680, the Portuguese gained substantial territorial gains in South America. Expansion, coupled with the riches from the [[Brazil Gold Rush|Brazilian Gold Rush]], fostered a new level of Portuguese colonial architecture in Portuguese America, that based itself more on lavishness and wealth than the sober and conservative stylistic bases of the 16th century.

Initially, the 17th century was a rough period for the Portuguese Empire, having ended the [[Iberian Union]], through the [[Portuguese Restoration War]], and then entered into the [[Dutch-Portuguese War]]. Because of the continuous military action throughout the empire, a large part of 17th-century Portuguese colonial architecture was that of building [[Baroque]], scientifically designed fortifications. A good example of 17th-century [[List of Portuguese colonial forts|Portuguese colonial military architecture]] is the Fort and Defensive Walls of the [[Colonia del Sacramento|Colony of Santíssimo Sacramento]]. Typical of the era, Santíssimo Sacramento's fortifications surrounded the city completely and only had access three ways, two draw gates to the territory and the port of the city, as most Portuguese colonial cities were structured. The 17th century also saw a period of heightened urban planning in Portuguese colonial locations, sculpting the colonial cities and forts around the ideals and rationales of the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]].

Although the 17th century was a tumultuous time for the Portuguese Empire, filled with conflict, conquest, and confusion, a heightened religious zeal arose to support and justify the actions taken by Portuguese imperial forces. Religious Portuguese colonial architecture of the time was typified by grandeur and demonstration of religious importance and imperial wealth. The majority of churches and other religious buildings during this epoch were built in a transition phase between [[Mannerism]] and the [[Baroque architecture in Portugal|Baroque]]. A good example of a Portuguese colonial church from the era is the Church of the Divine Providence of São Caetano, 1639, India. The church, which was a mannerist-baroque crossover, was ordered to be built by Pedro da Silva, [[List of governors of Portuguese India|Viceroy of India]], to demonstrate Portuguese wealth and the integration of the territory as an important Portuguese colony. Many Portuguese colonial churches of the 17th century were constructed to present power and wealth of the Portuguese Empire over an area, apart from religious uses, and the more important the colony the better designed and grander the church or monastery.

<gallery perrow="8">
File:Fortaleza de Santa Cruz vista do Forte do Pico.jpg|Fort of S. Cruz da Barra; b. 1612, [[Brazil]]
File:Old Goa,Chapel of St.Cajetan.jpg|Church of São Caetano; b. 1639, [[India]]
File:Palácio de são paulo.jpg|Governor's Palace; b. 1610, [[Mozambique]]
File:Salvador-JesuitChurch4-CCBY.jpg|[[Cathedral of Salvador]]; b. 1676, [[Brazil]]
File:Fort of St.Jerome.JPG|Fort of São Jerônimo; b. 1614, [[India]]
File:IgrejaPilar.JPG|Church of N. S. do Pilar; b. 1696, [[Brazil]]
File:Colo do sac 1.jpg|Fort of [[Colonia del Sacramento|St. Sacramento]]; b. 1680, [[Uruguay]]
File:Rio-SaoBentoMonastery1.JPG|São Bento Monastery b. 1633, [[Brazil]]
</gallery>

== 18th century ==
[[File:Portuguese empire 1800.png|thumb|right|300px|The [[Portuguese Empire]] at the end of the 18th century]]
The 18th century was an epoch a great expansion in the Portuguese Empire. In Portuguese America, the State of Brazil and the State of Maranhão expanded westward, leading to the restructuration of Maranhão into the mega-colony [[State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão]], in 1751. In 1772, Portuguese America, once again, expanded and restructured, splitting the State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão into the [[State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro]] and the [[State of Maranhão and Piauí]]. Meanwhile, the Colony of Santíssimo Sacramento was disputed between the Portuguese and the Spanish for the major part of the century, creating uneasy conditions in that colony. In Portuguese India, territorial conquest and diplomacy created the Colony of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli|Dadrá e Nagar-Aveli]], 1779. In [[Portuguese-speaking African countries|Portuguese Africa]], imperial holdings expanded up the eastern continental coast with the reconquest of [[Mombasa|Mombaça]], 1728, which had been lost in 1698. The [[1755 Lisbon earthquake]] devastated the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] and its capital of [[Lisbon]], and thus most imperial funds went to metropolitan Portugal to rebuild the wrecked capital and its realms. The loss of some funds hindered Portuguese colonial architecture in the 18th century initially, but the great gold mines of Portuguese America, and the lucrative slave trade of Portuguese Africa, allowed a period of relative wealth and fostered the arts.

During the 18th, Portuguese colonial military architecture grew at a steady rate, with scientific breakthroughs and engineering advancements, but it is overshadowed by the new height for Portuguese Colonial civic architecture, which expanded due to the time of peace and great wealth for the Portuguese Empire. During the epoch, [[Northern Portuguese Baroque]], a style that originated from the [[Porto]] and [[Beira (Portugal)|Beira]] regions of northern Portugal, became the preferred style for Portuguese colonial civic architecture. It was in the 18th century that the Portuguese colonies in South America gained their importance within the empire, through newly found gold and diamonds, and many great palaces, public buildings, and monuments were created, including the [[Passeio Público (Rio de Janeiro)|Passeio Público]], 1779, the oldest public park in the [[Americas]]. A good example for a Portuguese colonial civic building from the era is the [[Paço Imperial|Palace of the Viceroys of Brazil]], in [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Built in 1738, for the Viceroy of [[State of Brazil]], the palace typifies the style of Portuguese colonial baroque in civic use, with its white-washed exterior walls and simple grey stone baroque windows and portals.

Similar in Portuguese colonial civic architecture, the religious counterpart largely used the Northern Portuguese Baroque style as the basis for most architectural projects. Colonial churches of the era saw a period of never before seen lavishness and excess. Richly ornate Baroque exteriors of grey and brown stone on white washed walls were equaled in high design with their gold [[gilded]] interiors with intricately painted ceilings and [[azulejos]]. A typification of Portuguese colonial religious architecture of the era is the [[Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Ouro Preto)|Church of São Francisco de Assis]], in [[Ouro Preto]]. Designed by the famous Portuguese colonial architect [[Aleijadinho|Antônio Francisco Lisboa]], the church proclaims to its visitors the wealth of the Portuguese Empire and God's blessing over it, by giving it access to the vast riches of [[colonial Brazil]]. The ornate double-storied portal is typical of the epoch, while the rounded plan of the church is unique to Portuguese Colonial architecture in Brazil. The baroque rounded tops that flatten out at the end are common amongst all Portuguese colonial architecture, both religious and civic, and both in Brazil and in the rest of the Portuguese Empire.

<gallery perrow="8">
File:SFrancisOuroPreto-CCBY.jpg|[[Church of Saint Francis of Assisi (Ouro Preto)|Church of S. Francisco]]; b. 1766, [[Brazil]]
File:Instituto Para Os Assuntos Civicos E Municipais MCM.JPG|[[Leal Senado Building]] b. 1784, [[Macau]]
File:Candelaria2.jpg|[[Candelária Church|N. S. of Candelária Church]]; b. 1775, [[Brazil]]
File:Museu da Inconfidência (03).jpg|Ouro Preto City Hall; b. 1780, [[Brazil]]
File:StDominicsMacau.JPG|[[St. Dominic's Church (Macau)|Church of S. Domingos]]; b. 1707, [[Macau]]
File:OuroPreto-PalacioGovernadores.JPG|Palace of the Governors; b. 1714, [[Brazil]]
File:St-Anne-church-talaulim.jpg|[[Church of St. Anne, Talaulim|Church of Santa Ana]]; b. 1707, [[Goa]]
File:PacoImperial1.jpg|[[Paço Imperial|Palace of the Viceroys]]; b. 1743, [[Brazil]]
</gallery>

== 19th century ==
<gallery perrow="8">
File:Paço de São Cristóvão.jpg|[[Quinta da Boa Vista|São Cristovão Royal Palace]]; b. 1816, [[Brazil]]
File:GMC building.jpg|[[Goa Medical College]]; b. 1842, [[India]]
File:Macau Government Headquarters 01.JPG|[[Macau Government Headquarters]]; b. 1849, [[Macau]]
File:Teatro_Don_Pedro_V,_Macao,_2013-08-08,_DD_02.jpg|[[Dom Pedro V Theatre]]; b. 1860, [[Macau]]
File:Moorish Barracks.jpg|[[Moorish Barracks]]; b. 1874, [[Macau]]
File:2006.07.12.cv.sv.mindelo.palacio.jpg|[[Palácio do Povo]], [[Mindelo]]; b. 1874, [[Cape Verde]]
File:Mercado Municipal (S Vicente, Cabo Verde).JPG|[[Mindelo]] Market; 1878, [[Cabo Verde]]
File:Palácio de Ferro.jpg|[[Palácio de Ferro]]; b. 1885, [[Angola]]
</gallery>

== 20th century ==
<gallery perrow="8">
File:Museu de História Natural (cropped).jpg|[[:pt:Museu de História Natural de Moçambique|Natural History Museum]]; b. 1913, [[Mozambique]]
File:Bolama1.jpg|Bolama City Hall b. 1919, [[Guinea-Bissau]]
File:Escola de Venilale.jpg|Venilale School; b. 1933, [[East Timor]]
File:Cathedral of maputo 05.jpg|[[Cathedral of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Maputo|Cathedral of Maputo]]; b. 1944, [[Mozambique]]
File:Conselho Municipal de Maputo frente (cropped2).jpg|[[Maputo City Hall]]; b. 1947, Mozambique
File:Escola Secundaria Josina Machel 1.jpg|High School in Maputo; b. 1952, Mozambique
File:Banco_Nacional_de_Angola_in_Luanda_-_Angola_2015_(cropped).jpg|[[National Bank of Angola]]; b. 1956, [[Angola]]
File:Edificio Abreu Santos e Rocha, Maputo.jpg|Abreu Santos e Rocha Building; b. 1956, Mozambique
File:Hospital Central de Maputo (503881920).jpg|[[Maputo Central Hospital]]; b. 1958, Mozambique
File:Praia - Liceu.JPG|Praia High School; b. 1960, [[Cape Verde]]
File:Igreja de Santo António da Polana.jpg|Polana Church; b. 1962, Mozambique
File:Beira Railway Station (8660386520).jpg|Beira Railway Station; b. 1966, Mozambique
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Portuguese architecture]]
* [[Sino-Portuguese architecture]]
* [[Seven Wonders of Portuguese Origin in the World]]

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last= Hue |first= Jorge de Souza |title= Uma visão da arquitectura colonial no Brasil |trans-title= A vision of Colonial Architecture in Brazil |year= 1999 |location= Rio de Janeiro |language= pt}}
* {{cite book |last= Boxer |first= Charles Ralph |title= The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695-1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society |url= https://archive.org/details/goldenageofbrazi00boxe |url-access= registration |year= 1962 |publisher= University of California Press |isbn= 9780520015500 }}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Portuguese colonial architecture}}
* [http://www.arqhys.com/arquitectura-colonial.html ARQHYS Architect's Site - la arquitectura colonial]

{{Architecture of Portugal}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{African architecture styles}}

[[Category:Portuguese colonial architecture| ]]
[[Category:Architectural styles]]
[[Category:Portuguese Empire]]

East India

2026-05-07T05:11:04Z

Bogdankdu: added formatting and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Group of Eastern Indian states}}
{{About||the British company|East India Company|the easternmost region of India|Northeast India|other uses}}
{{distinguish|East Indies}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = East India
| other_name = Eastern India
| native_name_lang =  
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2/2/2
| image1 = Lingaraj Temple complex at dusk during Shivratri 2020.jpg
| image2 = Siliguri view 5.jpg
| image3 = Great Buddha Statue, Bodh Gaya.jpg
| image4 = Nicobar islands 1 Tillangchong.jpg
| image5 = Tea plantation Darjeeling.JPG
| image6 = Patratu Valley at night.jpg
| image7 = EM Bypass Kolkata.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = '''From top, left to right''': [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Siliguri]], [[Bodh Gaya]], [[Tillangchong]], [[Darjeeling]], [[Patratu|Patratu Valley]], [[Kolkata]]
| motto =
| image_map = East India.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = States and union territories in East India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.25|N|86.00|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|States and union territories]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{plainlist|
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Bihar]]
* [[Jharkhand]]
* [[Odisha]]
* [[West Bengal]]
}}
| subdivision_type2 = Other states sometimes included
| subdivision_name2 = {{plainlist|
* [[Chhattisgarh]]
}}
| subdivision_type3 = Largest city
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kolkata]]
| subdivision_type4 = Most populous cities (2011)
| subdivision_name4 = {{Flatlist|
Bihar:
* [[Patna]]
* [[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
* [[Bhagalpur]]
* [[Muzaffarpur]]
* [[Bihar Sharif]]/Udantapuri
}}
{{Flatlist|
Jharkhand:
* [[Jamshedpur]]
* [[Dhanbad]]
* [[Ranchi]]
* [[Bokaro Steel City]]
* [[Deoghar]]
}}
{{Flatlist|
Odisha:
* [[Bhubaneswar]]
* [[Cuttack]]
* [[Rourkela]]
* [[Berhampur]]
* [[Sambalpur]]
}}
{{Flatlist|
West Bengal:
* [[Kolkata]]
* [[Asansol]]
* [[Siliguri]]
* [[Durgapur]]
* [[Bardhaman]]
}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Official languages of India|Official languages]]
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Flatlist|
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
* [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
* [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
* [[Odia language|Odia]]
* [[Santali language|Santali]]
* [[Urdu]]
* [[Nagpuri language|Nagpuri]]

}}
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 418,323
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| population_total = 226,925,195
| population_as_of =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+5:30]])
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
}}

'''East India''' is a [[Administrative divisions of India|region]] consisting of the [[States and union territories of India|Indian states]] of [[Bihar]],<ref>{{cite web | title = State Profile | publisher = Bihar Government website | url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm }}</ref> [[Jharkhand]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Govt. of Jharkhand |url=http://jharkhand.gov.in |title=Official Site of Government of Jharkhand, India |access-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422103228/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ |archive-date=22 April 2016 }}</ref> [[Odisha]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/|title=Odisha Tourism|website=odishatourism.gov.in|access-date=23 December 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223202143/http://www.odishatourism.gov.in/|archive-date=23 December 2016}}</ref>
and [[West Bengal]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Govt of West Bengal |url=http://westbengal.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000304155833/http://www.westbengal.gov.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2000 |title=Official Site of Government of West Bengal, India |publisher=Westbengal.gov.in |access-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> and also the [[union territory]] of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=108,959825&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL | title=Eastern Region – Geological Survey of India | publisher=Geological Survey of India, MOI, Government of India | access-date=2 May 2015 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090604/http://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=108,959825&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref> [[Chhattisgarh]] is sometimes included, due to its geographical proximity and cultural and economic integration with the Eastern region.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chhattisgarh looks east|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/chhattisgarh-looks-east/cid/1289149|website=The Telegraph|date=8 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Introduction|url=https://chhattisgarhmines.gov.in/about/introduction|website=Mineral Resources Department, Government of Chhattisgarh|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Chhattisgarh: India’s Resource Powerhouse and Emerging Investment Hub|url=https://ciieastindiasummit.com/SummitState?s=CHHATTISGARH|website=Confederation of Indian Industry|access-date=16 January 2026}}</ref>

The states of Bihar and [[West Bengal]] lie on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. [[Jharkhand]] is situated on the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. Odisha lies on the [[Eastern Ghats]] and the [[Deccan Plateau]]. West Bengal's capital [[Kolkata]] is the largest city of this region. The [[Kolkata Metropolitan Area]] is the country's third largest metropolitan region. The region is bounded by [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]] and the state of [[Sikkim]] in the north, the states of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]] on the west, the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in the south and the country of [[Bangladesh]] in the east. It is also bounded by the [[Bay of Bengal]] in the south-east. It is connected to the [[Seven Sister States]] of [[Northeast India]] by the narrow [[Siliguri Corridor]] in the north east of West Bengal. East India has the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|fourth-largest gross domestic product]] of all Indian regions.

The region was ruled by several empires, including [[Gangaridai]], [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]], [[Maurya Empire|Mauryans]], [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]], [[Pala Empire|Palas]], [[Bhauma-Kara dynasty]], [[Sena dynasty|Senas]], [[Eastern Ganga dynasty|Eastern Gangas]], [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapatis]], [[Delhi Sultanate]], [[Bengal Sultanate]], [[Mughal Empire]], and the [[British Empire]].

==History==

=== Ancient era ===
[[File:Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png|thumb|Anga, Vanga, Kalinga, and Suhma were the core regions of eastern India during the Mahajanapada period (c. 500 BCE).<ref>{{cite book |last=Lal |first=Deepak |title=The Hindu Equilibrium: India c.1500 B.C.–2000 A.D. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-19-927579-3 |page=xxxviii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dps-A5gOmA8C&pg=PR38}}</ref>]]
[[File:Map of the Maha-Megavahanas.png|thumb|Map of the Maha-Megavahanas empire, East India<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=145, map XIV.1 (f)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=182&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>]]
[[File:Map of the Pala Empire.png|thumb|The Pala Empire in the ninth century CE<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=146, map XIV.2 (g) |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?display_type=image_display&object=183#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>]]

During the Neolithic period, agriculture started in South Asia. Neolithic settlements have been found in [[Chirand]]. In the Kabra-Kala mound at the confluence of the [[Sone River|Sone]] and [[North Koel River|North Koel]] rivers in [[Palamu district]], various antiquities and art objects from the [[Neolithic]] to medieval periods have been found; the [[Sherd|pot-sherds]] of [[redware]], [[Black and red ware culture|black and red ware]], black ware, [[Slipware|black slipped ware]], and [[Northern Black Polished Ware|NBP ware]] are from the [[Chalcolithic]] to late medieval periods.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiranchi.org/activities-kabrakala.html|title=KABRA – KALA|website=asiranchi.org |date=17 April 2025 }}</ref> There are ancient cave paintings in Isko, [[Hazaribagh district]], from the Meso-chalcolithic period (9,000–5,000 BCE).<ref>{{cite news |title=Cave paintings lie in neglect |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124608/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/jharkhand/story_9013558.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 September 2018 |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=13 March 2008}}</ref> From Kuchai, near [[Baripada]], various [[Neolithic]] tools like [[hoe (tool)|hoe]]s, [[chisel]]s, [[Rice pounder|pounder]]s, [[Gada (mace)|mace heads]], [[grinding stone]]s and also pieces of pottery.<ref name="Singh2008">{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA122|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=122–123}}</ref> Prehistoric paintings and [[Vikramkhol Cave Inscription|inscriptions]] have also been found in Garjan Dongar in [[Sundergarh district]], and Ushakothi in [[Sambalpur district]]<ref name=Ushakothi>{{cite web|title=Ushakothi|url=http://www.sundargarhzp.odishapr.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/tMn6waGjYWb6/content/ushakothi/1090772|publisher=[[Government of Odisha]]|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-date=4 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204161934/http://www.sundargarhzp.odishapr.gov.in/hidden/-/asset_publisher/tMn6waGjYWb6/content/ushakothi/1090772|url-status=dead}}</ref> and Vimkramkhol in [[Jharsuguda district]].<ref name=vikramkhol>{{cite news|title=Ancient rock art starts to fade out: Engravings in Vikramkhol cave under threat|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111228/jsp/odisha/story_14932470.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104163603/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1111228/jsp/odisha/story_14932470.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2014|access-date=10 June 2014|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=27 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="ClausDiamond2003">{{cite book|author1=Peter J. Claus|author2=Sarah Diamond|author3=Margaret Ann Mills|title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia : Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA521|access-date=3 February 2015|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|page=521}}</ref> There has been an uncertainty about the inscriptions at Ushakothi and Vimkramkhol regarding whether they are in a proto-[[Brahmi script]].<ref name="ChakravartyBednarik1997">{{cite book|author1=Kalyan Kumar Chakravarty|author2=Robert G. Bednarik|title=Indian Rock Art and Its Global Context|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WsDUyOxCE4cC&pg=PA75|access-date=3 February 2015|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1464-6|pages=68, 75}}</ref> Yogimath near [[Khariar]] has cave paintings from the Neolithic.<ref name="ChakravartyBednarik1997"/><ref name=Bhawanipatna>{{cite web|title=Bhawanipatna|url=http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/new/bhawani.htm|publisher=Tourism Department, [[Government of Odisha]]|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120422030318/http://www.orissatourism.gov.in/new/bhawani.htm|archive-date=22 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is Chalcolithic sites in [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] in the lower Ajay valley in West Bengal. [[Dihar (archaeological site)|Dihar]] is an [[archaeological site]] of Neolithic and [[Early Agricultural Communities in Bengal|Early village farming culture]] located in the [[Bankura district]] of [[West Bengal]]. Construction of the settlement in Dihar is believed to have started around 2700 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chattopadhyay |first1=Rupendra Kumar |last2=Acharya |first2=Dipsikha |last3=Majumder |first3=Shubha |last4=Sain |first4=Malay Kumar
|last5=Biswas |first5=Pampa |last6=Mondal |first6=Bijan | date = 2013 |title=Excavation at Dihar 2012-2013 : An Interim Report |url=https://www.academia.edu/36290222 |access-date=13 January 2025|ref = {{harvid|Chattopadhyay et al.|2013}} |journal=Pratna Samiksha |volume=1 |pages=9–33}}</ref> Evidence of 42,000 years old human habitation has been found at the foothills of the [[Ajodhya Hills]] in West Bengal.<ref name="eisamay1">{{cite web |author1=Gautam Basumallik |script-title=bn:৪২০০০ বছর আগে অযোধ্যা পাহাড় অঞ্চলে জনবসবাসের নিদর্শন মিলেছে |url=https://eisamay.com/editorial/post-editorial/interview-of-bishnupriya-basak-by-goutam-basu-mallick/articleshow/46744177.cms |website=Ei Samay |type=Editorial |access-date=13 January 2025 |language=bn |trans-title=42,000 years ago, evidence of human habitation has been found in the Ayodhya Hills region |date=13 January 2025}}</ref> [[Slag|Iron slag]], [[microlith]]s, and [[potsherds]] from 1400 BCE, according to carbon dating, were discovered in [[Singhbhum district]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA220|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|first=Upinder|last=Singh|date=8 September 2018|publisher=Pearson Education India|access-date=17 February 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9788131711200}}</ref> During the late Vedic period, several [[janapada]]s emerged in India. In the 6th century BCE, the [[mahajanapadas]] emerged in several parts of the Indian subcontinent.

The region was the historical centre of the [[Nanda Empire|Nanda]], [[Maurya]], [[Shunga Empire|Shunga]], [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] and [[Pala Empire|Pala]] empires that ruled much of the Indian sub-continent at their prime. In medieval India, it was incorporated into the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]], [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] and then the [[British Raj|British]] empire. After independence in 1947, the states joined the Indian Union and took their current form after the [[States Reorganisation Act]] of 1956. Today, they continue to face problems of overpopulation, environmental degradation and pervasive corruption despite significant economic and social progress.

After the [[Kalinga War]] the Maurya king [[Ashoka]] sent emissaries to spread Buddhism across Asia. The university of Nalanda was in [[Bihar]]. Chinese travellers visited Buddhist and Hindu temples and libraries in the universities of Magadha Empire. The Emperor of Kalinga Mahameghavahana Aira [[Kharavela]] was one of the most powerful monarchs of ancient India. The [[Jain]] thirkhankar [[Mahaveer]] was born here and founded [[Jainism]].

=== Indo-Muslim era ===
[[File:Konark Sun Temple Front view.jpg|thumb|right|[[Konark Sun Temple]] built by the [[Eastern Ganga dynasty]] is a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] in [[Odisha]]]]
Islamic invasions in the 13th century resulted in the collapse of [[Hindu king]]s and most Buddhists, especially in [[East Bengal]], converted to Islam. East India including Bihar and West Bengal was part of the Mughal Empire in the 16th and 17th centuries. Odisha remained the only powerful Hindu dynastic stronghold under the rule of Soma/Keshari Dynasty, Bhanja Dynasty, Eastern Ganga Dynasty, Suryavanshi Dynasty and Bhoi(Khordha) dynasty till the end of the 16th century. The mighty [[Nalanda University]] existed at [[Nalanda]] which was destroyed by [[Bakhtiar Khilji]] during the 12th century<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mukherjee |first=Sugato |date=23 February 2023 |title=Nalanda: The university that changed the world |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20230222-nalanda-the-university-that-changed-the-world |access-date=17 June 2025 |website=[[BBC]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> and also defeated [[Sena Dynasty]]. [[Sher Shah Suri]], who became king of India after defeating [[Humayun]], founded the city of [[Patna]] on the ruins of ancient [[Pataliputra]].

[[Islam]] arrived during the 7th century CE and became dominant gradually since the early 13th century with the advent of Muslim rulers as well as [[Sunni]] missionaries such as [[Shah Jalal]] in the region. Later, Muslim rulers, starting from the [[Delhi Sultanate]] initiated the preaching of Islam by building mosques. From the 14th century onward, it was ruled by the [[Bengal Sultanate]], founded by king [[Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah]], beginning a period of the country's economic prosperity and military dominance over the regional empires, which was referred by the Europeans to as the richest country to trade with.<ref>Nanda, J. N (2005). {{cite book |year=2005 | title=Bengal: the unique state | publisher=Concept Publishing Company. p. 10. | isbn=978-81-8069-149-2 | quote=Bengal [...] was rich in the production and export of grain, salt, fruit, liquors and wines, precious metals and ornaments besides the output of its handlooms in silk and cotton. Europe referred to Bengal as the richest country to trade with.}}</ref> Afterwards, the entire East India came under the [[Mughal Empire]], becoming as the most advanced parts in the world. [[Bengal Subah]] generated almost half of the empire's [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] and 12% of the [[World economy|world's GDP]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Poverty From The Wealth of Nations: Integration and Polarization in the Global Economy since 1760|author=M. Shahid Alam|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|year=2016|page=32 |isbn=978-0-333-98564-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suKKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32|author-link=M. Shahid Alam}}</ref><ref>[[Angus Maddison|Maddison, Angus]] (2003): ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=rHJGz3HiJbcC&pg=PA259 Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics]'', [[OECD Publishing]], {{ISBN|9264104143}}, pages 259–261</ref><ref name="harrison">{{cite book|title=Developing cultures: case studies|author=[[Lawrence Harrison (academic)|Lawrence E. Harrison]], [[Peter L. Berger]]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2006|page=158|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RB0oAQAAIAAJ|isbn=9780415952798}}</ref> larger than the entirety of western [[Europe]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

=== Colonial era ===
With the arrival of the Europeans in the 17th century, outposts were established in Odisha Coast and Bengal. The European traders established their trade centres in the ports of [[Balasore]], [[Pipili]], [[Palur]] in the Odisha Coast during the rule of the last independent Hindu king Gajapati Prataprudra Dev. The Portuguese were in Chittagong, Dutch in Chinsura, French in Pondicherry and the English founded [[Calcutta]]. The [[Maratha invasions of Bengal|Maratha Invasion of Bengal]] badly affected the economy of Bengal and it is estimated that 400,000 people were butchered by the Hindu Maratha bargis and many women and children gang raped,<ref name="Marshall72">{{cite book|title=Bengal: The British Bridgehead: Eastern India 1740-1828|author=[[P. J. Marshall]]|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2006|page=72|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lIZrfokYSY8C&pg=PA72|isbn=9780521028226}}</ref> and the genocide has been considered to be among the deadliest massacres in Indian history.<ref name="Davies">{{cite book |author=C. C. Davies |year=1957 |chapter=Chapter XXIII: Rivalries in India |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ejh1RnNDt4C&pg=PG555 |editor=J. O. Lindsay |editor-link=J. O. Lindsay |title=The New Cambridge Modern History |title-link=The New Cambridge Modern History |volume=7 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=555 |isbn=978-0-521-04545-2}}</ref> In 1756, the [[British East India Company]] defeated the local Indian Muslim rulers in [[Plassey]] and established British Rule in the subcontinent. Its capital Calcutta grew into one of the world's greatest ports. Tea from Calcutta was off-loaded by American separatists in the [[American War of Independence]] in the 1770s. In the 19th century, Calcutta's traders and merchants traded with the rest of the British Empire, continental Europe, the United States and China. Indentured Indian labourers from Bihar, sailed to new homes in [[Fiji]], [[Mauritius]], [[Guyana]], [[Surinam (Dutch colony)|Surinam]] and [[South Africa]].

India's independence movement had strong roots in East India. The feudal land system, established through the Permanent Settlement of Bengal, was unpopular among the peasant cultivators and the numerous agricultural labourers found all over Bihar and Bengal (Khetmazdoors). The Indian Rebellion of 1857 started in [[Bengal]]. Eventually the British prevailed, and Calcutta remained capital of Britain's Asian dominions until 1911. During [[Gandhi]]'s independence movement, the Bihari village of Champaran was an important supporter of non-violent resistance. Great poets of the stature of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] championed the movement for self-rule.
[[File:Bengal partition 1947.jpg|left|thumb|The 1947 [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|partition of Bengal]] saw [[East Bengal]] (green) become East Pakistan, and in 1971 it became Bangladesh]]
The Partition also had its roots in undivided Eastern India. The [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] was founded in [[Dhaka]] in 1906. In the 1937 provincial elections, it came to power in Bengal in alliance with the [[Krishak Praja Party]]. in 1944, it gained an absolute majority in the Bengal Assembly, and Hussein Suhrawardy became the [[Chief Minister]]. After widespread communal violence during the [[Direct Action Day]] protests in [[Calcutta]], leading to further communal violence across [[British India]], the creation of Pakistan became inevitable. In 1947, further communal violence displaced millions as independence and [[Partition of India|partition]] of British India occurred. Some Bihari and Bengali Muslims fled to the newly created [[East Pakistan]]. Most [[East Bengali refugees|East Bengal Hindus fled to India]].

=== Contemporary era ===
The 1950s saw industrial progress in East India. These were cut short with the conflict in neighbouring East Pakistan and by the [[Communist]] movement at home. In 1971, in the course of Bangladesh's [[Bangladesh Liberation War|independence struggle]], millions of refugees poured into East India. Bihar and Odisha struggled with economic issues during the [[British Raj|British rule]] and in the beginning of [[History of the Republic of India|post independent India]] due to rising [[naxalism]] and frequent natural calamities such as flood and cyclone.

But in recent years, the state of Odisha has shown impressive growth record and developed steadily. The economic boom since 2005 started to spread new malls, highways, airports and IT office complexes, but not evenly across the region. Jharkhand became a separate state on 15 November 2000 from Bihar. In the modern times, these states have seen rapid transformation and home to several mineral and metal based industries,<ref>{{cite web|author=Govt. of Odisha|url=http://orissaminerals.gov.in/website/StateIndustry.aspx?GL=sip&PL=3|title=Department of Steel and Mines, Government of Odisha, India|publisher=odisha.gov.in|access-date=26 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616044015/http://www.orissaminerals.gov.in/website/StateIndustry.aspx?GL=sip&PL=3|archive-date=16 June 2016}}</ref> [[Talcher Super Thermal Power Station|coal based thermal powers units]], [[Paradip Refinery|oil refineries]], [[Paradip Port|ports]], textile industries and well established [[Education in Odisha|public and private educational institutes]]. West Bengal, Bihar, Odisha and Jharkhand rank 6th, 16th, 14th and 18th in the [[List of Indian states by GDP]]. Odisha has shown consistent growth in the state GDP and received the recognition of the [[Economy of Odisha|fastest-growing economy]] among the states in India.

==Education==
[[Nalanda]], [[Puspagiri]] and [[Vikramshila]] universities were the famed institutions of higher learning in ancient India located in Eastern India. One of the first great universities in recorded history was the ancient [[Nalanda University]] located in Bihar and another institute of higher learning was the ancient [[Puspagiri University]] recently discovered in Odisha. Education in the eastern part of India has seen rapid transformation. Several new educational institutes have been established to cater the needs of students. East India is now the home to some of the great Indian universities and Institutions of National Importance. Some prominent institutions of higher learning located in the states of Eastern India are listed below.
[[File:Nalanda Univercity.JPG|thumb|Famed Buddhist Nalanda University & Monastery ruins in [[Bihar]]]]
[[File:Ratnagiri Jajpur district Odisha.jpg|thumb|right|[[Ratnagiri, Odisha]], Part of [[Puspagiri]] University]]
[[File:Udayagiri WIKI.JPG|thumb|right|[[Udayagiri, Odisha]], Part of [[Puspagiri]] University]]

===Bihar===
{{Main|Education in Bihar}}

[[File:Software Technology Park of India, Patna..jpg|thumb|Software Technology Park of India, IIT Patna]]
*[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna]]
*[[Aryabhatta Knowledge University]], Patna
*[[Bhagalpur College of Engineering]]
*[[Birla Institute of Technology, Patna]]
*[[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur]]
*[[Chanakya National Law University]], [[Patna]]
*[[Chandragupt Institute of Management]], [[Patna]]
*[[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya]]
*[[Indian Institute of Technology Patna]]
*[[Katihar Engineering College]]
*[[Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology Chhapra]]
*[[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur]]
*[[Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology]]
*[[Nalanda University]]
*[[National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna]]
*[[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur]]
*[[National Institute of Technology, Patna]]
*[[Patna Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Patna University]]
*[[Purnea University]]
*[[Vidya Vihar Institute of Technology]], [[Purnia]]

{{see also|List of institutions of higher education in Bihar}}

===Jharkhand===
{{Main|Education in Jharkhand}}

[[File:IIM Ranchi academic block.jpg|thumb|Indian Institute of Management, Ranchi]]
[[File:Bitmesra.JPG|thumb|Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]]
[[File:Xlri Campus, Jamshedpur.jpg|thumb|XLRI Jamshedpur]]
*[[Al Kabir Polytechnic]], [[Jamshedpur]]
*[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar|All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS)]], Deoghar
*[[Binod Bihari Mahto Koyalanchal University]], [[Dhanbad]]
*[[Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra]], [[Ranchi]]
*[[Birsa Agricultural University]], [[Ranchi]]
*[[Birsa Institute of Technology Sindri]], [[Dhanbad]], AKA BIT Sindri
*[[Central University of Jharkhand]], [[Ranchi]]
*[[Indian Institute of Management Ranchi]], AKA IIM Ranchi
*[[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad|Indian Institute of Technology]], AKA IIT Dhanbad, formerly [[Indian School of Mines University]]
*[[Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, Jamshedpur]]
*[[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]]
*[[National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology|National Institute of Foundry and Forge Technology, Ranchi]]
*[[Patliputra Medical College and Hospital]], [[Dhanbad]]
*[[Phulo Jhano Murmu Medical College and Hospital]], Dumka
*[[Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences]] [[Ranchi]]
*[[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]] [[Dumka]]
*[[Vinoba Bhave University]] [[Hazaribagh]]
*[[Xavier Institute of Social Service|Xavier Institute of Social Service (XISS)]], [[Ranchi]]
*[[XLRI - Xavier School of Management]], [[Jamshedpur]]
{{see also|List of institutions of higher education in Jharkhand}}

===Odisha===
{{Main|Education in Odisha}}

[[File:Ravenshaw Convention Centre,Ravenshaw University,Cuttack.jpg|thumb|right|Ravenshaw Convention Centre, [[Ravenshaw University]], [[Cuttack]], [[Odisha]]]]
*[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Army Air Defence College]], [[Gopalpur, Odisha|Gopalpur, Brahmapur]]
*[[Berhampur University]], [[Berhampur]]
*[[Biju Patnaik University of Technology]], [[Rourkela]]
*[[Central University of Odisha]], [[Koraput]]
*[[Centurion University of Technology and Management]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
*[[College of Engineering and Technology, Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Hi-Tech Medical College & Hospital, Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]], [[Dhenkanal, India|Dhenkanal]]
*[[Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Indian Institutes of Management]], [[Sambalpur]]
*[[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]], [[Berhampur]]
*[[Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Institute of Physics, Bhubaneswar]]
*[[International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]], AKA KIIT University, [[Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
*[[National Institute of Fashion Technology]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
*[[National Institute of Science and Technology]], [[Berhampur]]
*[[National Institute of Science Education and Research]], Bhubaneswar
*[[National Institutes of Technology]], Rourkela
*[[National Law University Odisha]]
*[[North Orissa University]], [[Baripada]]
*[[Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Pandit Raghunath Murmu Medical College and Hospital]] [[Baripada]]
*[[Ravenshaw University]], [[Cuttack]]
*[[Regional Institute of Education]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Sambalpur University]], [[Sambalpur]]
*[[Siksha 'O' Anusandhan]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Sri Sri University]], [[Cuttack]]
*[[Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital]], [[Cuttack]]
*[[Utkal University]], [[Bhubaneswar]]
*[[Veer Surendra Sai Institute of Medical Sciences and Research]], [[Burla, India|Burla]]
*[[Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology]], [[Burla, India|Burla]]
*[[Xavier Institute of Management, Bhubaneswar]]
{{see also|List of institutions of higher education in Odisha}}

===West Bengal===
{{Main|Education in West Bengal}}

[[File:Mchbuilding.JPG|thumb|Medical College and Hospital, [[Kolkata]]]]
[[File:Indian Institute of Management Calcutta, 2002.jpg|thumb|Auditorium of [[IIM Calcutta]]]]
*[[Adamas University]], [[Kolkata]]
*[[Aliah University]], [[Kolkata]]
*[[Amity University, Kolkata]]
*[[Asansol Engineering College]], [[Asansol]]
*[[Calcutta National Medical College]]
*[[Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology Serampore]]
*[[Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore]]
*[[Haldia Institute of Technology]], [[Haldia]]
*[[Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata]]
*[[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]]
*[[Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]
*[[Indian Institute of Chemical Biology]]
*[[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]], formerly Bengal Engineering and Science University
*[[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta]]
*[[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]]
*[[Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research]], [[Kolkata]]
*[[Indian Statistical Institute]], [[Kolkata]]
*[[Jadavpur University]]
*[[Jalpaiguri Government Engineering College]]
*[[JIS University]], [[Kolkata]]
*[[Kalyani Government Engineering College]]
*[[Kazi Nazrul University]], [[Asansol]]
*[[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]
*[[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]]
*[[Narula Institute of Technology]], [[Kolkata]]
*[[National Institute of Technology, Durgapur]]
*[[Nil Ratan Sircar Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Presidency University, Kolkata]]
*[[Rabindra Bharati University]], [[Kolkata]]
*[[S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences]]
*[[Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics]]
*[[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]], [[Kolkata]]
*[[Sidho Kanho Birsha University]] [[Purulia]]
*[[University of Burdwan]]
*[[University of Calcutta]]
*[[University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata]]
*[[University of Gour Banga]], [[Malda district|Malda]]
*[[University of Kalyani]]
*[[University of North Bengal]], [[Siliguri]]
*[[Vidyasagar University]]
*[[Visva-Bharati University]], [[Bolpur]]
*[[West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]], [[Kolkata]]

{{see also|List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal}}

==Urban areas==
[[File:Skyline Kolkata City of Joy.png|thumb|Skyline in [[Kolkata]]]]
There were many ancient cities established in Eastern India. Prominent among them were [[Pataliputra]], [[Bangarh]], [[Tamralipta]], [[Champapuri]], [[Chandraketugarh]], [[Dantapura]], [[Gauḍa (city)|Gauda]], [[Cuttack|Katak]], [[Sisupalgarh]], [[Tosali]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Jaugada]], [[Pandua, Malda|Pandua]], [[Rajapura]], [[Asurgarh]] and [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]].

===West Bengal===
[[File:22 Camac St Mall.JPG|thumb|[[Camac Street]], one of the CBD in [[Kolkata]]]]
[[File:DLF IT Park - Rajarhat 2012-04-11 9380.JPG|thumb|[[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]]]
[[West Bengal]]'s capital [[Kolkata]] (formerly, known as ''Calcutta''), the capital of [[British India]] until 1911, is the biggest metropolis and economically dominant city of the region and third largest in India and one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. It is also the main centre of commerce or the commercial capital of Eastern and North-Eastern India. Kolkata is very fast transforming itself to become city equipped with every facilities for IT and ITES and also financial outsourcing hub and its satellites [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]] and [[New Town, Kolkata|Rajarhat-New Town]] are taken the burdens of India's IT and financial boom. There are many [[Satellite town]] also situated in Kolkata, some of them are [[Salt Lake City, Kolkata|Salt Lake]], [[New Town, Kolkata|Rajarhat-New Town]], [[Kolkata West International City]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]], [[Calcutta Riverside]]. It is also known as '''City Of Joy'''. However, the mid-sized cities of [[Asansol]], [[Durgapur, West Bengal|Durgapur]], [[Siliguri]] in [[West Bengal]] are rapidly growing urban areas. [[West Bengal]] is the highest contributor of GDP among all other eastern state for India and it is also one of the fastest-growing states in India.

West Bengal is the hub of industry and economic activities in Eastern India and it is also the home to the tallest skylines located in this region and are also one of the tallest buildings in the country. It is also the home of history of rising India.
[[File:Howrah Bridge, Kolkota.jpg|thumb|left|[[Howrah Bridge]] links Kolkata to Western bank of [[Ganges]]]]
The [[Kolkata metropolitan area]] is spread over {{Convert|1886.67|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|2}}<ref name=kmdaanreport2011kma>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmdaonline.org/pdf/aar11/introducing_kma.pdf |title=Introducing KMA |year=2011 |work=Annual Report 2011 |publisher=Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority |access-date=9 February 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605134704/http://www.kmdaonline.org/pdf/aar11/introducing_kma.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2013 }}</ref>{{rp|7}} and comprises 3 municipal corporations (including Kolkata Municipal Corporation), 39 [[Neighbourhoods in Kolkata|local municipalities]] and 24 [[panchayat samiti]]s, {{as of|2011|lc=on}}.<ref name=kmdaanreport2011kma/>{{rp|7}} The urban agglomeration encompassed 72 cities and 527 towns and villages, {{as of|2006|lc=on}}.<ref name=Metropolis/> Suburban areas in the Kolkata metropolitan area incorporate parts of the following districts: [[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]], [[South 24 Parganas district|South 24 Parganas]], [[Howrah district|Howrah]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]].<ref name="urbanprice">{{Cite book | editor1-last = Sahdev | editor1-first = Shashi | editor2-last = Verma | editor2-first = Nilima | contribution = Urban Land price Scenario- Kolkata − 2008 | contribution-url = http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc | series = Industry and Economic Planning | year = 2008 | title = Kolkata—an outline | publisher = Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India | chapter-format = DOC | archive-date = 26 April 2012 | access-date = 27 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426025356/http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/chapter%20II%20Kol.doc | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{rp|15}} Kolkata, which is under the jurisdiction of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] (KMC), has an area of {{Convert|185|km2|sqmi|abbr=on|0}}.<ref name=Metropolis>{{cite web|publisher=World Association of the Major Metropolises |url=http://www.metropolis.org/sites/default/files/metropolitan_regions/438_007_kolkata_eng.pdf |title=007 Kolkata (India) |access-date=31 August 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308102346/http://www.metropolis.org/sites/default/files/metropolitan_regions/438_007_kolkata_eng.pdf |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}</ref> The east–west dimension of the city is comparatively narrow, stretching from the Hooghly River in the west to roughly the [[Eastern Metropolitan Bypass]] in the east—a span of {{Convert|9|-|10|km|mi|abbr=on|1}}.<ref>{{cite map |publisher=NASA |title=Calcutta, West Bengal, India |url=http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/cdrom/sirced03/cdrom/DATA/LOCATION/ASIAMIDE/CALCUTTA/CALCUTTA.HTM |date=20 June 1996 |series=Mission to planet earth program |access-date=25 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104150559/http://southport.jpl.nasa.gov/cdrom/sirced03/cdrom/DATA/LOCATION/ASIAMIDE/CALCUTTA/CALCUTTA.HTM |archive-date=4 January 2013 }}</ref> The north–south distance is greater, and its axis is used to section the city into North, Central and South Kolkata.
[[File:Birla Planetarium Kolkata (24455076008).jpg|thumb|[[List of tallest buildings in Kolkata|Kolkata skyline]] in 2017]]
[[File:PrincepGhat.jpg|thumb|[[Vidyasagar Setu]] over [[Hooghly River]]]]
North Kolkata is the oldest part of the city. Characterised by 19th-century architecture and narrow alleyways, it includes areas such as [[Jorasanko]], [[Maniktala]], [[Ultadanga]], [[Shyambazar]], [[Shobhabazar]], [[Bagbazar]], [[Cossipore]], [[Sinthee]] etc. The north suburban areas like [[Dum Dum]], [[Baranagar]], [[Belgharia]], [[Sodepur]], [[Khardaha]], [[New Barrackpore]], [[Madhyamgram]], [[Barrackpore]], [[Barasat]] etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).<ref name="urbanprice3">{{Cite book | editor1-last = Sahdev | editor1-first = Shashi | editor2-last = Verma | editor2-first = Nilima | contribution = Urban Land price Scenario- Kolkata − 2008 | contribution-url = http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/Chapter%20III%20Kol.doc | series = Industry and Economic Planning | title = Trends in land prices in Kolkata | year = 2008 | publisher = Town and Country Planning Organisation, Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India | chapter-format = DOC | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | access-date = 27 May 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032115/http://tcpomud.gov.in/Divisions/IEP/Urban%20Land%20Price%20Scenario-%20Kolkata/Chapter%20III%20Kol.doc | url-status = dead }}</ref>{{rp|65–66}}

Central Kolkata hosts the central business district. It contains [[B.B.D. Bagh]], formerly known as Dalhousie Square and the [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Esplanade]] on its east; [[Strand Road, Kolkata|Strand Road]] is on its west.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dalhousie-square |title=Kolkata heritage |publisher=Government of West Bengal |access-date=27 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114162511/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/dalhousie-square |archive-date=14 January 2012 }}</ref> The [[Writers' Building|West Bengal Secretariat]], [[General Post Office, Kolkata|General Post Office]], [[Reserve Bank of India]], [[Calcutta High Court]], [[Lalbazar|Lalbazar Police Headquarters]] and several other government and private offices are located there. Another business hub is the area south of [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]], which comprises thoroughfares such as [[Chowringhee Road]], [[Camac Street]], Wood Street, Loudon Street, [[Shakespeare Sarani]], [[AJC Bose Road]] etc.<ref>{{Cite news |title=BSNL may take two weeks to be back online |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bsnl-may-take-two-weeks-to-be-back-online/articleshow/4755436.cms |agency=[[Times News Network|Times News Network (TNN)]] |date=9 July 2009 |access-date=27 November 2011 |quote=With the Camac Street-Park Street-Shakespeare Sarani commercial hub located smack in the middle of the affected zone.. |location=New Delhi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701130856/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-09/kolkata/28184192_1_broadband-connections-calcutta-telephones-broadband-lines |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> The [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]] is a large open field in the heart of the city that has been called the "lungs of Kolkata"<ref>{{cite news |title=In city's teeming heart, a place to gaze and graze |first=Jim |last=Yardley |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/asia/28india.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York |date=27 January 2011 |access-date=27 November 2011 |quote=To Kolkata, it is the 'lungs of the city,' a recharge zone for the soul. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306012208/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/28/world/asia/28india.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 |archive-date=6 March 2014}}</ref> and accommodates sporting events and public meetings.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Maidan marauders|last=Das|first=Soumitra |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100221/jsp/calcutta/story_12132260.jsp|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=21 February 2010|location=Kolkata|access-date=27 November 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118134300/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100221/jsp/calcutta/story_12132260.jsp|archive-date=18 January 2012}}</ref> The [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]] and [[Kolkata Race Course]] are located at the southern end of the Maidan. Among the other parks are [[Central Park (Kolkata)|Central Park]] in Bidhannagar and [[Millennium Park (Kolkata)|Millennium Park]] on Strand Road, along the Hooghly River.

South Kolkata includes many posh neighbourhoods such as [[Bhawanipore]], [[Alipore]], [[Ballygunge]], [[Kasba, Kolkata|Kasba]], [[Dhakuria]], [[Santoshpur, Kolkata|Santoshpur]], [[Garia]], [[Tollygunge]], [[Behala]] etc. The south suburban areas like [[Maheshtala]], [[Budge Budge]], [[Rajpur Sonarpur]], [[Baruipur]] etc. are also within the city of Kolkata (as a metropolitan structure).

[[Asansol]] is the district headquarters of Paschim Bardhaman District in West Bengal. It is the second largest city in West Bengal after Kolkata and the 39th largest urban agglomeration in India. According to a 2010 report prepared by the International Institute for Environment and Development, a UK-based policy research non-governmental think tank, Asansol is ranked 11th among Indian cities. and 42nd in the world in its list of 100 fastest-growing cities. As per the recommendations of the Sixth Central Pay Commission, Asansol has been listed as a Y-category city for calculation of HRA (House Rent Allowance) for public servants. It is one of the three non-Z category cities in West Bengal apart from Kolkata, which belong to the X category making it a tier-II city.
[[Durgapur]] is by far the most industrialised city in Eastern India and the [[List of planned cities#India|second planned city in India]]. It started with the first prime minister of independent India, [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]. His dream of transforming the backward agricultural country into an industrially advanced nation was picked up in West Bengal by then Chief Minister [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]]. At the earlier stages for the selection of a proper site for a new industrial township. Modernist American architect [[Joseph Allen Stein]], invited to head the newly formed Department of Architecture and Planning at the Bengal Engineering College in Calcutta, plunged into a major project as soon as he reached India in 1952 – the designing of Durgapur city with Benjamin Polk, another American architect already living in Calcutta. Thereafter it was the task of local leaders such as Ananda Gopal Mukherjee and bureaucrats such as K.K. Sen to get Durgapur going.

===Bihar===
Bihar has [[Patna]], [[Bhagalpur]], [[Darbhanga]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Katihar]] and [[Purnia]] as important urban areas.

Patna is the capital of the [[Bihar]], its most populous city and the second most populous city in Eastern India. It is the administrative, industrial and educational centre of the state. Patna is one of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha Empire]] under the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta and Pala.

[[Pataliputra]] was a seat of learning and fine arts.

The modern city of Patna is situated on the southern bank of the Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Sone, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 km long and 16 km to 18 km wide. It is the second largest city of Eastern India.

In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India (after [[Delhi]]) for ease of starting a business. As of 2004–2005, Patna had the highest per capita gross district domestic product in Bihar, at {{INR}} 63,063.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://m.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-economy-survey-of-patna-4929591-NOR.html?referrer_url=& |title=आर्थिक सर्वेक्षण: पटना के लोगों की कमाई में 9 प्रतिशत का इजाफा |access-date=25 June 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510204536/https://m.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-economy-survey-of-patna-4929591-NOR.html?referrer_url=& |archive-date=10 May 2018 }}</ref> Using fi gures for assumed average annual growth, Patna is the 21st fastest-growing city in the world and 5th fastest-growing city in India by the City Mayors' Foundation. Patna registered an average annual growth of 3.72% during 2006–2010. The city is also home to many tutorials and coaching institutes who prepare students for various entrance exams. IIT NIT NIFT AIIMS and other leading educational institutions are running successfully in Patna. City is also developing excellent road infrastructure to boom its economy. [[Loknayak Ganga Path|Ganga expressway]] and elevated corridors are under some of the ongoing projects in the city. A world class museum is also on its way to completion. The old museum of the city will be replaced by one of the biggest mall in east India.
[[Patna Metro]] rail corporations is also going to start soon by 2021. It would be the second metro railway in Eastern India after Kolkata and the third in North India after Delhi and Lucknow.

IT parks are also developing in and around the city.

Patna recorded a per capita of Rs 63,063. The per capita level for 2007 was higher than [[Bangalore]] or [[Hyderabad]], which are both leading centres for global software development.

The Buddhist, Hindu, and Jain pilgrim centres of Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Gaya, Bodhgaya, and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna is also a sacred city for Sikhs as the last Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, was born here.

===Odisha===
[[File:Royal Lagoon Bhubaneswar underconstruction.JPG|thumb|Skyscrapers in Bhubaneswar city]]
[[File:Puri beach scene.png|thumb|Puri sea beach]]
[[Bhubaneswar]] is the capital of the [[Odisha]]. Other Important Cities are [[Cuttack]], [[Brahmapur, Odisha|Brahmapur]], [[Rourkela]], [[Paradeep]], [[Jajpur]], [[Bhadrak]], [[Balasore]], [[Sambalpur]] and [[Puri]]. The Capital city has a long history of over 2000 years starting with Chedi dynasty (around the 2nd century BCE) who had [[Sisupalgarh]] near present-day Bhubaneswar as their capital. Historically, Bhubaneswar has been known by different names such as Toshali, Kalinga Nagari, Nagar Kalinga, [[Ekamra Kanan]], Ekamra Kshetra and Mandira Malini Nagari (city of temples) or the temple city of India. The largest city of Odisha, Bhubaneswar today is a center of economic and religious importance in the region.
With the [[economic liberalisation]] policy adopted by the [[Government of India]] in the '90s, Bhubaneswar received large investments in the fields of [[telecommunications]], [[Information Technology|IT]] and higher education, particularly in science and engineering. The city is home to around 60 engineering colleges (as of 2009)<ref>{{cite web |author=Chitta Baral |url=http://www.Orissalinks.com/archives/2961 |title=» Engineering College Clusters in Orissa in 2009 |work=Orissalinks.com |date=3 September 2009 |access-date=26 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824101757/http://www.orissalinks.com/archives/2961 |archive-date=24 August 2010 }}</ref> and the number is growing every year. The city is also home to many tutorials and coaching institutes who prepare students for various entrance exams.
[[File:ROURKELA STEEL PLANT.JPG|left|upright|thumb|Rourkela Steel Plant]]
[[File:Bhubaneswar skyline.jpg|thumb|Bhubaneswar skyline]]
[[Retail]] and [[Real Estate]] have also emerged as big players. Recent times have seen large scale retail chains such as Reliance, Vishal MegaMart, Big Bazaar, Pantaloon, Pal Heights, Indulge, New Leaf, Habib's, had opened outlets in Bhubaneswar. Large corporations like [[DLF Universal]] and Reliance Industries have entered the real estate market in the city. DLF Limited is developing an Infopark spread over an area of {{convert|54|acre|m2}} in the city. Expanding its business portfolio, the [[Kolkata]]-based Saraf Group, promoters of Forum Mart shopping malls is constructing another Shopping mall named Forum Lifestyle mall a {{convert|550000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} lifestyle mall in Bhubaneswar with 1,200 car parks. The rich minerals resources of Odisha have been the backbone of the economy dominated by Government. Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) and private organisations like Jindal, Vedanta and TATAS. Despite this rapid growth, an ample number of the populace live in slums. Migration from rural areas, especially from the northern districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]], has led to the growth of slums which are a major challenge to the city's growth.
[[File:Rourkela at night seen from Vaishno Devi Temple.jpg|thumb|Rourkela at night]]
The Government has fostered growth in this sphere by the development of IT Parks such as Infocity 1 and the new Infocity 2. The Info City was conceived as a five star park, under the Export Promotion Industrial Parks (EPIP) Scheme to create high quality infrastructure facilities for setting up Information Technology related industries. [[Infosys]] and [[Satyam Computer Services Ltd.]] have been present in Bhubaneswar since 1996–97. Its current head count stands at around 5000. The first part of the [[Tata Consultancy Services|TCS]] centre is ready and has a capacity to accommodate nearly 1,200 professionals but the software major has only 250 employees at present. The Finland telecommunication company, Nethawk, has its India R&D center at Bhubaneswar. The Canadian giant, Gennum Corporation has its India development centre at Bhubaneswar. The auditors Price water house Coopers Pvt. Ltd. also has a center in Bhubaneswar. The private STP is located at Infocity in Chandaka, Bhubaneswar with a view to provide incubation and infrastructure facilities to new and young entrepreneurs in the MSME sector, The intelligent building of the JSS STP is spread in a sprawling {{convert|3|acre|m2|adj=on}} campus and houses state-of-art technology to fulfil the growing demands of highly competent IT professionals.

The Eastern India, particularly Odisha and Jharkhand, have rich mineral resources which resulted in [[economic boom]] in these two states. Several mineral based industries have been established in many cities of Odisha and Jharkhand namely [[Kalinganagar]], [[Angul]], [[Paradeep]], [[Talcher]], [[Rourkela]], [[Damanjodi]], [[Joda]], [[Barbil]], [[Choudwar]], [[Jharsuguda]] [[Jamshedpur]], [[Bokaro Steel City|Bokaro]], [[Dhanbad]] and [[Ranchi]].

== Demographics ==

=== Languages ===
{{Pie chart
|label1 = [[Hindi]] |value1=40.19 |color1= Orange
|label2 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]|value2=30.78 |color2= Red
|label3 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value3=13.08 |color3=LightBlue
|label4 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]] |value4=4.89 |color4=DarkBlue
|label5 = [[Urdu]] |value5=4.83 |color5=Green
|label6 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value6=2.59
|color6 = Brown
|label7 = Others |value7=3.64
|color7 = grey
|caption=Languages of East India (2011)<ref name="langcensus2011">{{Cite web|title=Table C-16 - Population by Mother Tongue|url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
}}

[[Bengali language|Bengali]] is the dominant language of West Bengal and Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref name="dominantlanguages">{{Cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-3.pdf|title=Statement 3 : Distribution of 10,000 persons by Language – India, States and Union Territories – 2011|website=census.gov.in|access-date=27 August 2019}}</ref> [[Hindi]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Magahi]] and [[Urdu]] are the dominant languages of Bihar.<ref name="dominantlanguages"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Languages of Bihar |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |website=census.gov.in |access-date=1 September 2019}}</ref> [[Hindi]], [[Santali language|Santali]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]] and [[Sadri language|Nagpuri]] are the dominant language of Jharkhand; however, some tribals speak their own tribal languages. Jharkhand has accorded second language status to [[Angika]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Ho language|Ho]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Khortha language|Khortha]], [[Kurmali language|Kurmali]], [[Magahi]], [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Sadani|Nagpuri]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Santali language|Santali]] and [[Urdu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Jharkhand gives second language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithili |url=https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |work=The Avenue Mail |date=21 March 2018 |archive-date=28 March 2019 |access-date=30 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328090028/https://www.avenuemail.in/ranchi/jharkhand-gives-second-language-status-to-magahi-angika-bhojpuri-and-maithili/118291/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bedlam & bill rush in Assembly |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bedlam-bill-rush-in-assembly-246442 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180723034431/https://www.telegraphindia.com/states/jharkhand/bedlam-bill-rush-in-assembly-246442 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 July 2018 |work=The Telegraph |date=21 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NCLM52nd">{{cite web |url = http://www.nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |title = Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 52nd report (July 2014 to June 2015) |pages = 43–44 |publisher = Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date = 16 February 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161115133948/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf |archive-date = 15 November 2016}}</ref> Odia is the dominant language of [[Odisha]].<ref name="dominantlanguages"/> Odia got [[classical languages of India|classical language]] status in 2014 while Bengali got classical language status in 2024.<ref name="TH_Oct2024">{{Cite news |title=Classical language status: Union Cabinet approves addition of Marathi, Assamese, Bengali, Pali, Prakrit to list |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/union-cabinet-decisions-marathi-assamese-bengali-pali-prakrit-get-classical-language-status/article68714789.ece |work=The Hindu |agency=PTI |issn=0971-751X |date=3 October 2024 |access-date=3 October 2024}}</ref><ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=Odia gets classical language status|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece|access-date=20 February 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 February 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221051248/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odia-gets-classical-language-status/article5709028.ece|archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref>

The [[Indo-Aryan languages]] spoken in this region descend from the [[Magadhi Prakrit]], which was spoken in the ancient kingdom of Magadha. Odia emerged as a distinct language from Odra [[Prakrit]] while [[Maithili language|Maithili]] emerged around the 9th century CE.

Many of the minority tribal languages of East India belong to the [[Munda languages|Munda]] branch of the [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language family]] and [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language family]]. Major representatives of Munda languages include the [[Mundari language|Mundari]], [[Santali language|Santali]], and [[Ho language|Ho]]. Dravidian languages include [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]], [[Kui language (India)|Kui]] and [[Pengo language|Pengo]].

=== Religion ===
{{unreferenced section|date=October 2020}}
About 80% of the population of East India is [[Hindu]] with significant [[Muslim]] and small [[Christians|Christian]], [[Buddhist]] and tribal minorities. The Muslims constitute a very large minority in West Bengal with 27% of the population and 17% in Bihar. Hindus form 94% of total population of Odisha. Christians are the largest minority in Odisha with 3% of the state population

[[Durga]], [[Krishna]], [[Jagannath]] and [[Shiva]] are particularly popular [[Hindu]] deities in this region.
[[Durga]] and [[Kali]] are patron deities of Bengal and Mithila whereas [[Jagannath]] or [[Vishnu]] is patron [[god]] among [[Odia people]]. [[Rama]] and [[Hanuman]] are most revered in Bihar. [[Shiva]] is popular in all areas of eastern states.

Among tribals of the region [[Hinduism]] is the dominant religion. Some tribals also follow their indigenous religions (Sarana).
There are several places of pilgrimage for [[Hinduism]]. [[Puri]] in Odisha is one of the four holy City/Dham of Hindu religion and particularly known for [[Rath Yatra]] festival. [[Bhubaneswar]] is considered to be the "City of Temples". [[Konark]] houses an old [[sun temple]].

[[Bihar Sharif]] is an important pilgrimage centre for [[Mazar (mausoleum)|some Muslims]] nearby and from other places.

In Bihar Village Harinagar Bajrang Bali temple is famous for Hindu people.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}

[[Dakshineswar Kali Temple]] is a historical [[Kali]] temple in [[West Bengal]]. [[Kalighat Kali Temple]] in [[Kolkata]] is the most important of all [[Shakta pithas]] in India. [[Belur Math]] in [[Kolkata]] is the headquarters of the Ramkrishna Mission founded by [[Swami Vivekananda]].

In Bihar, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] is known for temple for salvation of ancestors. Other places are Sultanganj in [[Bhagalpur]] and [[Vaidyanath Jyotirlinga]] in [[Deoghar]], Jharkhand. [[Bodh Gaya]] is the city sacred to [[Buddhism]]. There are also other cities sacred to [[Jainism|Jains]] in [[Bihar]] and Jharkhand.

==Climate==
[[File:Teestavalley.jpg|thumb|[[National highways of India|National Highway]] [[List of National Highways in India|31A]] winds along the banks of the [[Teesta River]] near [[Kalimpong]], in the [[Darjeeling]] Himalayan hill region in [[West Bengal]].]]
[[File:Puri-rath-yatra-24609313.jpg|thumb|Puri rath yatra, Odisha]]
[[File:JanakpurChhathParvaFestival.jpg|thumb|Chhath Puja]]
The region lies in the humid-subtropical zone, and experiences hot summers from March to June, the monsoon from July to October and mild winters from November to February. The interior states have a drier climate and slightly more extreme climate, especially during the winters and summers, but the whole region receives heavy, sustained rainfall during the monsoon months. Snowfall occurs in the extreme northern regions of West Bengal and [[Daringbadi]] in Odisha
==Culture==
===Notable people===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Rabindranath Tagore in 1909.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 =
| caption1 = [[Rabindranath Tagore]] is Asia's first [[Nobel laureate]] and composer of [[Jana Gana Mana|India's national anthem]]
| image2 = Swami Vivekananda-1893-09-signed.jpg
| width2 = 150
| alt2 =
| caption2 = [[Swami Vivekananda]] was a key figure in introducing [[Vedanta]] and [[Yoga]] in Europe and USA,<ref name="Feuerstein">{{cite book
| last = Georg
| first = Feuerstein
| author-link = Georg Feuerstein
| title = The Yoga Tradition
| publisher = Motilal Banarsidass
| year = 2002
| page = 600
| isbn = 3-935001-06-1}}</ref> raising interfaith awareness and making [[Hinduism]] a world religion.<ref name="clarke">{{cite book
| last = Clarke
| first = Peter Bernard
| title = New Religions in Global Perspective
| url = https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar
| url-access = limited
| publisher = Routledge
| year = 2006
| page = [https://archive.org/details/newreligionsglob00clar/page/n224 209]
| isbn = 0-7007-1185-6
}}</ref>
| footer =
}}

===Cuisine===
Bengali food has inherited a large number of influences, both foreign and pan-Indian, arising from a historical and strong trade links with many parts of the world. Bengal fell under the sway of various Turkic rulers from the early thirteenth century onwards, and was then governed by the British for two centuries (1757–1947).

'''Odisha'''

[[Odia cuisine]] refers to the cooking of the eastern Indian state of [[Odisha]]. Foods from this area are rich and varied, while relying heavily on local ingredients. The flavours are usually subtle and delicately spiced, quite unlike the fiery curries typically associated with Indian cuisine. Fish and other seafood such as crab and shrimp are popular.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} Chicken and mutton are also consumed, but somewhat occasionally. Only 6% of the population of Odisha is [[vegetarian]], and this is reflected in its cuisine. The oil base used is mostly [[mustard oil]], but in festivals [[ghee]] is used. ''[[Panch phutana]]'', a mix of cumin, mustard, fennel, fenugreek and kalonji (nigella) is widely used for tempering vegetables and dals, while ''[[garam masala]]'' (curry powder) and ''haladi'' (turmeric) are commonly used for non-vegetarian curries. [[Pakhala]], a dish made of rice, water, and yogurt, that is fermented overnight, is very popular in summer, particularly in the rural areas. Oriyas are very fond of sweets and no Oriya repast is considered complete without some dessert at the end. Festivals and fasts witness a cuisine without onion and garlic, whereas other days witness an aroma of garlic and onion paste in curries. One can find restaurants serving food without onion and garlic in major places like [[Puri]] and other coastal area, which is run by Brahmin owners.

Odisha has a culinary tradition spanning centuries if not millennia. The kitchen of the [[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|Jagannath temple]] in Puri is reputed to be the largest in the world, with a thousand cooks, working around 752 wood-burning clay hearths called ''chuli'', to feed over 10,000 people every day.

<gallery>
Macher Jhol.JPG|A traditional Bengali and Odia fish meal – Rice with Macher Jhol/Machha Jhola (Literally translated to "Fish's gravy")
Green Jackfruit & Potato Curry - Kolkata 2011-02-11 1000.JPG|Green jackfruit and potato curry, [[Kolkata]]
File:Bengali orange rasgulla.jpg| ''[[Kamalabhog]]'' Roshogolla from West Bengal
File:Bikalkar rasagola.gif| [[Bikalananda Kar|Bikali Kar]] Rasagola from Odisha
Chenapoda.jpg|[[Chhena Poda]] from Odisha
Rasmalai Secretlondon 09.jpg|[[Rasmalai]], a sweet dish popular in Odisha and West Bengal
Chenagaja.jpg|[[Chhena Gaja]] from Odisha
Baleswari khaja pheni Oriya cuisine.jpg|[[Khaja]], a sweet dish popular in Bihar, Odisha and West Bengal
Chandrakanti.jpg|[[Chandrakanti]] sweet from Odisha
</gallery>

'''Bihar'''

[[Bihari cuisine]] is eaten mainly in [[Bihar]], as well as regions where Bihari people have settled namely, [[Jharkhand]], eastern [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Mauritius]], [[South Africa]], [[Fiji]], some cities of [[Pakistan]], [[Guyana]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Suriname]], [[Jamaica]] and the Caribbean. Bihari cuisine includes [[Bhojpuri cuisine]], [[Maithil cuisine]] and Magahi cuisine.

===Dance===
[[File:Odissi Performance DS.jpg|thumb|upright|Performing Odissi, a classical dance from Odisha]]

[[File:Dance with Rabindra Sangeet - Kolkata 2011-11-05 6669.JPG|thumb|Dance accompanied by [[Rabindra Sangeet]]]]
[[Image:GuruMahua.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Bengali classical dance.|Performance of [[Gaudiya Nritya]], a classical dance form of Bengal]]
[[File:Sambalpuri Dance.JPG|thumb|Sambalpuri Dance]]
[[File:Mahisasuramardini - Chhau Dance - Kolkata 2016-03-29 3278.JPG|thumb|[[Chhau dance|Chhau Dance]]]]
[[Odissi dance|Odissi]] (Odissi) is a classical dance in Eastern India. It originates from the state of [[Odisha]], in Eastern India. It is the oldest surviving dance form of India on the basis of archaeological evidences.<ref>{{cite web |author=TheInfoIndia.com |url=http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/classic-dances-india/odissi.html |title=Odissi Classical Dance of India — Classical Odissi Dance India, Classical Odissi Dance Vacations India, Classical Odissi Dances Tour in India |work=Dancesofindia.co.in |access-date=15 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518040051/http://www.dancesofindia.co.in/classic-dances-india/odissi.html |archive-date=18 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://odissi.itgo.com/ |title=Odissi Kala Kendra |work=Odissi.itgo.com |access-date=15 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512041730/http://odissi.itgo.com/ |archive-date=12 May 2011 }}</ref> Odissi has a long, unbroken tradition of 2,000 years and finds mention in the ''[[Natya Shastra|Natyashastra]]'' of [[Bharata Muni|Bharatamuni]], possibly written circa 200 BCE.
[[Mahari Dance]] is one of the important dance forms of Odisha and originated in the temples of Odisha. History of Odisha provides evidence of the 'Devadasi' cult in Odisha. Devadasis were dancing girls who were dedicated to the temples of Odisha. The Devadasis in Odisha were known as 'Maharis' and the dance performed by them came to be known as Mahari Dance.
[[Gotipua]] dance is another form of dance in Odisha. In Oriya colloquial language Gotipua means single boy. The dance performance done by a single boy is known as Gotipua dance.

There are many folk dances in east India, with the best-known being [[Jhijhiya]], [[Jhumair]], [[Domkach]], [[Ghumura Dance]], Sambalpuri and [[Chhau dance]].

'''[[Jhijhiya]]''' is a cultural dance from the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puVMrtgd7kAC&pg=PA39 |title=Tourism Perspective in Bihar |page=39|publisher=APH |author=Nishi Sinha|isbn=9788170249757 |year=1999 }}</ref>
Jhijhiya is mostly performed at time of [[Vijayadashami|Dusshera]], in dedication to Durga [[Bhairavi]], the goddess of victory.<ref name="Kumari1999">{{cite book|author=Punam Kumari|title=Social and cultural life of the Nepalese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=em4wAQAAIAAJ|access-date=16 August 2013|year=1999|publisher=Mohit Publications|isbn=978-81-7445-092-0}}</ref> While performing jhijhiya, women put lanterns made of clay on their head and they balance it while they dance.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puVMrtgd7kAC&q=Jhijhiya+dance&pg=PA40 |title=Tourism Perspective in Bihar |page=40 |publisher=APH |author=Nishi Sinha|isbn=9788170249757 |year=1999 }}</ref>

'''[[Jhumair]]''' is a folk dance in [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] region of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and West Bengal. It is performed during harvest season and festivals accompanied by musical instrument such as [[Madal]], [[Dhol]], [[Bansuri]], [[Naqareh|Nagara]], [[Dhak (instrument)|Dhak]] and [[Shehnai]].

'''[[Domkach]]''' is folk dance in the state of Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh and Odisha. It performed during marriage in the house of Bride and groom.

'''[[Chhau dance|Chhau]]''' is a form of tribal martial dance popular in the Indian states of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. There are three regional variations of the dance. Seraikella Chau was developed in [[Seraikella]], the administrative head of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan]] district of [[Jharkhand]]; Purulia Chau in [[Purulia district]] of West Bengal; and Mayurbhanj Chau in [[Mayurbhanj district]] of Odisha.

''' [[Ghumura Dance]]'''
Archaeological evidence shows<ref name="ReferenceA">The Heroic Dance Ghumura, Edited by Sanjay Kumar, Mahabir Sanskrutika, 2002</ref> cave paintings from the pre-historic period discovered by Gudahandi of [[Kalahandi]] and Yogi Matha of [[Nuapada district]] that represent the Ghumura and Damru, among other instruments. These paintings date to as early as 8000 BCE and from such painting the antiquity of musical instrument Ghumura and Damru can be imagined. The origin of Ghumura goes back to ancient times. There is a waterfall in the river valley of Indravati which was initially recognised by Chindak Naagas of Chakrakot.<ref>Epigraphica Indica, IX, p. 179</ref> Many believe that Ghumura dance originated from this river valley and gradually spread into the areas between Indravati and Mahanadi, indicating this dance form belongs to the 10th century CE.

Bengali dance forms draw from folk traditions, especially those of the tribal groups, as well as from the broader Indian dance tradition. Dance forms of Bihar are another expression of rich traditions and ethnic identity. There are several folk dance forms that can keep one enthralled, such as {{lang|hi|dhobi nach, jhumarnach, manjhi, gondnach, jitiyanach, more morni, dom-domin, bhuiababa, rah baba, kathghorwa nach, jat jatin, launda nach, bamar nach, jharni, jhijhia, natua nach, bidapad nach, sohrai nach}} and {{lang|hi|gond nach}}.

===Music===
{{Main|Rabindra Sangeet}}

[[File:Rabindranath Tagore Ra-Tha seal initials.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Black-and-white close-up photograph of a piece of wood boldly painted in unmixed solid strokes of black and white in a stylised semblance to "ro" and "tho" from the Bengali syllabary.]]
{{Culture of Bengal}}
Rabindra Sangeet, also known as Tagore Songs, are songs written and composed by [[Rabindranath Tagore]]. They have distinctive characteristics in the [[music of Bengal]], popular in India and [[Bangladesh]].<ref>[[#Gh|Ghosh, p. xiii]]</ref> "Sangeet" means music, "Rabindra Sangeet" means Songs of Rabindra.

Rabindra Sangeet used [[Indian classical music]] and traditional [[folk music]] as sources.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}<ref name=Britannica-wb>{{cite encyclopedia |last= Huke |first= Robert E. |encyclopedia= Encyclopædia Britannica |title= West Bengal |year= 2009 |publisher= Encyclopædia Britannica Online |url= https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640088/West-Bengal |access-date= 6 October 2009 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091025055255/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640088/West-Bengal |archive-date= 25 October 2009 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Tagore wrote some 2,230 songs.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

[[Rabindranath Tagore]] was a towering figure in Indian music. Writing in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], he created a library of over 2,000 songs now known by Bengalis as ''rabindra sangeet'' whose form is primarily influenced by Hindustani classical, sub-classicals, Karnatic, western, bauls, bhatiyali and different folk songs of India. Many singers in [[West Bengal]] and [[Bangladesh]] base their entire careers on the singing of Tagore musical masterpieces. The national anthem of India and national anthem of Bangladesh are Rabindra Sangeets.

West Bengal's capital [[Kolkata]] is also the [[Culture of Kolkata|cultural capital of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_kolkata-remains-cultural-capital-of-india-amitabh-bachchan_1763111 |title=Kolkata remains cultural capital of India: Amitabh Bachchan — Entertainment — DNA |work=Dnaindia.com |access-date=15 June 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113013214/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report_kolkata-remains-cultural-capital-of-india-amitabh-bachchan_1763111 |archive-date=13 November 2012 |date=10 November 2012 }}</ref>

''Panchali'' is a form of narrative folk songs of the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. The word ''Panchali'' probably originates from ''panchal'' or ''panchalika'', meaning ''puppet''. According to another school of that, ''Panchali'' originates from the word ''panch'', which means five in [[Bengali language]], referring to the five elements of this genre: song, music, extempore versifying, poetic contests, and dance.

====Music of Odisha====
[[Odissi music]] is a classical music in India originated from the eastern state of Odisha. Indian Classical music has five significant branches: Avanti, Panchali, Udramagadhi, Hindustani and carnatic. Of these, Udramagadhi exists in the form of Odissi music.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://chandrakantha.com/misra/odissi.html |title=Odissi — A Distinct Style of Indian Classical Music |work=Chandrakantha.com |access-date=15 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110805050647/http://chandrakantha.com/misra/odissi.html |archive-date=5 August 2011 }}</ref> Generally, Odissi is one of the classical dances of India performed with Odissi music. Odissi music got shaped during the time of famous Oriya poet, [[Jayadeva]], who composed lyrics meant to be sung. By the 11th century CE [[folk music]] of Odisha existing in the form of Triswari, Chatuhswari, and Panchaswari was modified into the classical style. However, Odissi songs were written even before the Odia language developed. Odissi music has a rich legacy dating back to the 2nd century BCE, when king [[Kharvela]], the ruler of Odisha ([[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]]) patronised this music and dance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page108-111.pdf |title=Odissi - The Classic Music |access-date=7 February 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410055911/http://orissagov.nic.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/august-2007/engpdf/Page108-111.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref>

Like Hindustani and Carnatic systems, Odissi music is a separate system of Indian classical music and is having all the essential as well as potential ingredients of Indian Classical form. But it has not come to limelight due to apathy from the time of British rule in Odisha, want of its proper study, revival, propagation, etc. Despite the fact, the traditional music form could be saved and maintained in its pristine form. Thanks to the musicians particularly of Jaga Akhadas of Puri district, who could develop and maintain the music. The music movement of Odisha, however, took a different turn after independence.

Like other aspects of her culture, music of the sacred land (Odisha) is charming, colourful, variegated encompassing various types. The existing musical tradition of Odisha, the cumulative experience of the last two thousand five hundred years if not more, can broadly be grouped under five categories such as: (1) Tribal Music, (2) Folk Music, (3) Light Music, (4) Light-Classical Music, (5) Classical Music, which need a short elucidations for better understanding the subject in all India context.

The tribal music as the title signifies is confined to the tribals living mainly in the hilly and jungle regions and sparsely in the coastal belt of Odisha. Odisha has the third largest concentration of tribes constituting about one fourth of the total population. They are distributed over 62 tribal communities.

Odisha is the treasure house of Folk Songs which are sung on different festivals and specific occasions in their own enjoyment. Folk music in general is the expression of the ethos and mores of the folk communities. Of the bewildering variety of folk music of Odisha, mention may be made of Geeta, Balipuja Geeta, Kela Keluni Geeta, Dalkhai Geeta, Kendra Geeta, Jaiphula Geeta, Ghumura Geeta, Ghoda Nacha and Danda Nacha Geeta, Gopal Ugala and Osa-Parva-Geeta etc.

Bhajan, Janan, Oriya songs based on ragas, Rangila Chaupadi etc. are grouped under Light classical music, which forms an important segment of Oriya music. Sri Geetagovinda, Anirjukta Pravadha, Divya Manusi Prabandha, Chautisa, Chhanda, Chaupadi (now known as Odissi), Champu, Malasri, Sariman, nVyanjani, Chaturang, Tribhang, Kuduka Geeta, Laxana and Swaramalika are the various sub-forms, which individually or collectively constitute the traditional Odissi music. These sub-forms of the traditional Odissi music, can be categorised under the classical music of Odisha.

==Sports==
The [[East Zone cricket team]] is a [[first class cricket|first-class]] [[cricket]] team that represents Eastern India in the [[Duleep Trophy]] and [[Deodhar Trophy]]. It is a composite team of five first-class Indian teams from Eastern India competing in the [[Ranji Trophy]], containing notably the [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]], [[Jharkhand cricket team|Jharkhand]] and [[Odisha cricket team|Odisha]] from East India among the bunch.

===In Jharkhand===
[[File:J.R.D. Tata Stadium.jpg|thumb|J.R.D Tata Stadium at Jamshedpur]]
The most popular sports in Jharkhand is Hockey and Archery. The capital City of Ranchi is also called the sports capital of India due to its highly developed sports infrastructure. Many famous players such as [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] (Former Indian Cricket Team Captain), [[Ishan Kishan]] (Indian Cricketer) etc. are from Jharkhand.
[[Ranchi]] and [[Jamshedpur]] have cricket stadium of International levels and many international matches have held there since the formation of state.
[[JSCA International Cricket Stadium]] is an international cricket stadium in Ranchi with a seating capacity of 50,000. There is a Hockey and Football Stadium of International level in Morabadi locality of [[Ranchi]]. An integrated sports complex in Khelgaon, Ranchi of International standards. It has swimming pool, badminton stadium etc. [[Ranchi Rays]] is a hockey team based in Ranchi and plays in [[Hockey India League]]. [[Jamshedpur FC]] is a football team based in [[Jamshedpur]] and plays for [[Indian Super League]].

===In West Bengal===
{{Main|Sports in West Bengal}}

[[File:Eden Garden Stadium Kolkata MB01.jpg|thumb|[[Eden Gardens]], the second largest cricket stadium in India]]
The most popular sports in Kolkata are [[association football|football]] and [[cricket]]. The city is a centre of football activity in India and is home to top national clubs such as [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]], [[East Bengal FC]], [[United SC]] and the [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting Club]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Mohun Bagan vs East Bengal: India's all-consuming rivalry |url=https://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/stories/classicderby/news/newsid=1414458.html |publisher=[[FIFA]] |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122032920/http://www.fifa.com/classicfootball/stories/classicderby/news/newsid%3D1414458.html |archive-date=22 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Bhabani |first=Soudhriti |title=Argentine football superstar Messi charms Kolkata |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/messi-charms-kolkata-140156-2011-08-31 |access-date=7 December 2011 |newspaper=India Today |location=Noida, India |date=1 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606030106/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/messi-charms-kolkata/1/149702.html |archive-date=6 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Calcutta Football League]], which was started in 1898, is the oldest football league in Asia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Football in Bengal |url=http://the-ifa.org/archives.php |publisher=Indian Football Association |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203053022/http://the-ifa.org/archives.php |archive-date=3 December 2011}}</ref> Mohun Bagan AC, one of the oldest football clubs in Asia, is the only organisation to be dubbed a "National Club of India".<ref>{{cite book|title=Soccer in South Asia: empire, nation, diaspora |year=2001 |publisher= Frank Cass Publishers|location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-8170-2 |page=17 |last1=Dineo |first1= Paul |last2=Mills |first2= James}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=India strive for improvement |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=111779.html |publisher=[[FIFA]] |date=15 February 2007 |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111173233/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=111779.html |archive-date=11 January 2012 }}</ref> As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Kolkata and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=What happened to para cricket?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/What-happened-to-para-cricket/articleshow/1734729571.cms|date=20 January 2002|agency=TNN|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=7 December 2011|location=New Delhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510172726/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/calcutta-times/What-happened-to-para-cricket/articleshow/1734729571.cms|archive-date=10 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Para cricket tourney gets off to a cracking start |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Para-cricket-tourney-gets-off-to-a-cracking-start/articleshow/7337629.cms |access-date= 7 December 2011 |agency= TNN |date= 22 January 2011 |location= New Delhi |url-status= live |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707171127/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-22/kolkata/28361952_1_royal-fortune-group-semi-finals-saradindu-mukherjee |archive-date= 7 July 2012 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Kolkata has an [[Indian Premier League]] franchise known as the [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]; the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]], which regulates cricket in West Bengal, is also based in the city. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, football, [[badminton]], and [[carrom]], are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.<ref name=parawbgov>{{cite web |url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/kolkata-para |title=Kolkata culture: Para |publisher=Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal |access-date=9 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221052334/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/kolkata-para |archive-date=21 December 2011 }}</ref> The [[Maidan (Kolkata)|Maidan]], a vast field that serves as the city's largest park, hosts several minor football and cricket clubs and coaching institutes.<ref>{{cite news|title=FIFA president visits big three of Kolkata maidan |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200704160340.htm |date=16 April 2007 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=7 December 2011 |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729123104/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/007200704160340.htm |archive-date=29 July 2013 }}</ref>
[[Eden Gardens]], which has a capacity of 90,000 as of 2011,<ref name=edenstats>{{cite web
|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57980.html
|title = Eden Gardens
|access-date = 25 February 2012
|publisher = ESPN CricInfo
|url-status = live
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170708034244/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57980.html
|archive-date = 8 July 2017
}}</ref> hosted the final match of the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]]. It is home to the [[Bengal cricket team]] and the Kolkata Knight Riders. The multi-use [[Salt Lake Stadium]], also known as Yuva Bharati Krirangan, is the world's second-largest football facility by [[seating capacity]] as of 2010.<ref name=stadiarank2>{{cite book |title=Stadium worlds: football, space and the built environment |editor1-first=Sybille |editor1-last=Frank |editor2-first=Silke |editor2-last=Steets |year=2010 |publisher= Routledge |location=Abingdon, UK|isbn= 978-0-415-54904-2|page=4}}</ref> The [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club]] is the second-oldest cricket club in the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Desai | first=Ashwin |title= Blacks in whites: a century of cricket struggles in KwaZulu-Natal |year=2000 |publisher= University of Natal Press|location=Pietermaritzburg, South Africa |isbn= 978-1-86914-025-0 |page= 38}}</ref><ref name=ccfcdate>{{Cite news |last= Mukherji |first= Raju |title= Seven years? Head start |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050314/asp/opinion/story_4428341.asp |work= The Telegraph |date= 14 March 2005 |access-date= 26 October 2006 |location= Kolkata |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014559/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050314/asp/opinion/story_4428341.asp |archive-date= 30 September 2007 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> Kolkata has three 18-hole golf courses. The oldest is at the [[Royal Calcutta Golf Club]], and was the first golf club to be built outside the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bohn |first= Michael K. |title= Money golf: 600 Years of bettin' on birdies |year=2008 |publisher= Potomac Books |location=Dulles, Virginia, US|isbn= 978-1-59797-032-7 |page= 34}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Uschan |first= Michael V. |title= Golf |publisher= Lucent Books |location= San Diego, US |isbn= 978-1-56006-744-3 |page= [https://archive.org/details/golf0000usch/page/16 16] |year= 2000 |url= https://archive.org/details/golf0000usch/page/16 }}</ref> The other two are located at the [[Tollygunge Club]] and at [[Fort William (India)|Fort William]]. The [[Royal Calcutta Turf Club]] hosts horse racing and polo matches.<ref>{{cite news |last= Himatsingka |first= Anuradha |title= Royal Calcutta Turf Club in revival mode |url= http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/people-places/royal-calcutta-turf-club-in-revival-mode/articleshow/7244861.cms |access-date= 7 December 2011 |newspaper= Economic Times |date= 9 January 2011 |location= New Delhi |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120125014621/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/features/people-places/royal-calcutta-turf-club-in-revival-mode/articleshow/7244861.cms |archive-date= 25 January 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Calcutta Polo Club]] is considered the oldest extant polo club in the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first= Jaisal |title= Polo in India |year=2007 |publisher= New Holland Publishers |location=London|isbn= 978-1-84537-913-1 |page= 12}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jackson |first= Joanna |title= A Year in the life of Windsor and Eton |year= 2011 |publisher= Frances Lincoln |location=London|isbn= 978-0-7112-2936-5 |page= 80}}</ref><ref name=Kolpolo>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpa-polo.co.uk/about/history_polo.asp |title=History of polo |access-date=30 August 2007 |publisher=Hurlingham Polo Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818130245/http://www.hpa-polo.co.uk/about/history_polo.asp |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref> The [[Calcutta South Club]] is a venue for national and international tennis tournaments; it held the first grass-court national championship in 1946.<ref>{{cite web|title=About AITA |url=http://www.aitatennis.com/New%20AITA/about.html |publisher=All India Tennis Association |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122071350/http://www.aitatennis.com/New%20AITA/about.html |archive-date=22 November 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Das Sharma |first=Amitabha |title=Young turks rule the roost |location=Chennai |date=7 April 2011 |volume=34 |issue=14 |url=http://www.hindu.com/tss/tss3414/stories/20110407505703200.htm|journal=The Hindu|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718025802/http://www.hindu.com/tss/tss3414/stories/20110407505703200.htm |archive-date=18 July 2011 }}</ref> In the period 2005–2007, [[Sunfeast Open]], a tier-III tournament on the [[Women's Tennis Association]] circuit, was held in the [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]]; it has since been discontinued.<ref>{{cite news |last= Das Gupta |first= Amitava |title= Sunfeast Open seeks date shift |url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Sunfeast-Open-seeks-date-shift/articleshow/2786486.cms |access-date= 25 January 2012 |date= 15 February 2008 |location= New Delhi |url-status= live |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120709164613/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-15/top-stories/27780876_1_sunfeast-open-globosport-kolkata-event |archive-date= 9 July 2012 |newspaper= [[The Times of India]] |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= AITA's no to private players |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080902/jsp/sports/story_9776243.jsp |access-date= 25 January 2012 |newspaper= The Telegraph |location= Kolkata |date= 2 September 2008 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103211949/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080902/jsp/sports/story_9776243.jsp |archive-date= 3 November 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
[[File:East Bengal Club supporters at the Salt Lake Stadium in Kolkata, West Bengal.jpg|thumb|[[Salt Lake Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]]]
The [[Calcutta Rowing Club]] hosts [[Sport rowing|rowing]] heats and training events. Kolkata, considered the leading centre of [[rugby union in India]], gives its name to the oldest international tournament in rugby union, the [[Calcutta Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Rugby thrives in India |url=http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/qualifying/news/newsid=2028326,printer.htmx |date=30 December 2008 |website=International Rugby Board |access-date=7 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605050912/http://www.rugbyworldcup.com/qualifying/news/newsid%3D2028326%2Cprinter.htmx |archive-date=5 June 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= About CCFC |url= http://www.ccfc1792.com/aboutus.php |publisher= Calcutta Cricket & Football Club |access-date= 7 December 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120205032240/http://www.ccfc1792.com/aboutus.php |archive-date= 5 February 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Nag |first= Shivani |title= Kolkata watches as rugby legacy vanishes year after year |url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/kolkata-watches-as-rugby-legacy-vanishes-year-after-year/522643/0 |date= 29 September 2010 |newspaper= Indian Express|location=New Delhi|access-date=7 December 2011}}</ref> The Automobile Association of Eastern India, established in 1904,<ref>{{cite web |title= About AAEI |url= http://www.uraaei.org/about.htm |publisher= Automobile Association of Eastern India |access-date= 7 December 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111219034834/http://www.uraaei.org/about.htm |archive-date= 19 December 2011 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |date=July–December 1904 |title=The automobile movement in India |journal=The Horseless Age |volume=14 |issue=9 |page= 202|publisher= Horseless Age Co|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0x7mAAAAMAAJ|access-date=7 February 2012 }}</ref> and the Bengal Motor Sports Club are involved in promoting motor sports and car rallies in Kolkata and West Bengal.<ref name=bmscaaei>{{cite news |title= India, Bhutan in car rally |url= http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/siliguri/story_7354800.asp |newspaper= The Telegraph |location= Kolkata |access-date= 7 December 2011 |date= 6 February 2007 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120118155246/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070206/asp/siliguri/story_7354800.asp |archive-date= 18 January 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= About Bengal Motor Sports Club |url= http://bmsc.in/The-Club.php |publisher= Bengal Motor Sports Club |access-date= 7 December 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120426031837/http://bmsc.in/The-Club.php |archive-date= 26 April 2012 |df= dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Beighton Cup]], an event organised by the Bengal Hockey Association and first played in 1895, is India's oldest [[field hockey]] tournament; it is usually held on the [[Mohun Bagan Ground]] of the Maidan.<ref name=beightontelegraph>{{cite news|last=O'Brien|first=Barry|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041204/asp/calcutta/story_4080762.asp|title=All hail hockey on history high|access-date=25 February 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=Kolkata|date=4 December 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325011424/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041204/asp/calcutta/story_4080762.asp|archive-date=25 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/11/stories/2007041103051900.htm|title = Indian Airlines lift Beighton Cup|access-date = 2 April 2012|department = Sport|location = Chennai, India|date = 11 April 2007|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121023073227/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/11/stories/2007041103051900.htm|archive-date = 23 October 2012|work = [[The Hindu]]|df = dmy-all}}</ref> Athletes from Kolkata include [[Sourav Ganguly]] and [[Pankaj Roy]], who are former [[List of India national cricket captains|captains]] of the [[India national cricket team|Indian national cricket team]]; [[India at the Olympics|Olympic]] tennis bronze medallist [[Leander Paes]], golfer [[Arjun Atwal]], and former footballers [[Sailen Manna]], [[Chuni Goswami]], [[P. K. Banerjee]] and [[Subrata Bhattacharya (footballer)|Subrata Bhattacharya]].

The Cricket Association of Bengal (CAB) is the governing body for [[cricket]] in [[West Bengal]]. Its headquarters is in the [[Eden Gardens]] stadium. It organises different types of cricket tournaments in West Bengal. [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] is affiliated to the Board of control for cricket in India is the parent body or governing the game of Cricket in Bengal, and involved in conducting the game of cricket in Bengal. The Cricket Association of Bengal promotes and develops Cricket by conducting various League Tournaments, tournaments for the age group Under-13, Under-16, and Under-19 and Under-21 categories. CAB also conducts National and International Tournaments.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

===In Odisha===
The most popular [[sports in Odisha]] are [[cricket]] and [[field hockey|hockey]].

====Cricket====
The [[Odisha Cricket Association]] (OCA) is the governing body of the [[cricket]] activities in the [[Odisha]] state of India and the [[Odisha cricket team]]. It is affiliated to the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]. The [[Barabati Stadium]] in [[Cuttack]] hosts international cricket matches. The Odisha Cricket Association promotes and develops cricket by conducting various League Tournaments, Tournaments for the age group Under-13, Under-15, Under-17, and Under-19, Under-22 and Under-25 categories besides organising and conducting National Tournaments. The OCA started a local Twenty-20 tournament, [[Odisha Premier League]] (OPL) in the lines of [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) in 2011. OCA manages the Barabati Stadium and has got infrastructures and facilities like Odisha cricket academy, newly built Sachin Tendulkar indoor cricket hall and many grounds like DRIEMS cricket stadium, Ravenshaw university ground, SCB medical ground, Nimpur ground, Basundhara (Bidanasi) ground, Sunshine Ground etc.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orissacricket.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417100611/http://www.orissacricket.org/|url-status=dead|title=Welcome to nginx!|archivedate=17 April 2016|website=orissacricket.org|accessdate=7 August 2025}}</ref>

====Hockey====
The popularity of [[field hockey]] in Odisha is also very high. Many [[India men's national field hockey team|national players in hockey]] are from Odisha.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}} [[Lazarus Barla]], [[Prabodh Tirkey]], [[Dilip Tirkey]], [[Ignace Tirkey]], [[Jyoti Sunita Kullu]], [[Subhadra Pradhan]], [[Birendra Lakra]] and [[Anupa Barla]] are the few names who brought the fame to Indian hockey in International level. [[Premier Hockey League]] (PHL) was the league competition for field hockey clubs in the top divisions of the Indian hockey system. There were seven teams in the PHL and in East India the only team was the [[Orissa Steelers]] who won Premier Hockey League 2007. Odisha has a franchise in [[Hockey India League]] (HIL)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/kalinga-lancers-beat-dabang-mumbai-to-clinch-maiden-hockey-india-league-title/story-hWuXMUNqQmzxorPFfNYX7J.html |title=Kalinga Lancers beat Dabang Mumbai to clinch maiden Hockey India League title |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=13 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508064833/http://www.hindustantimes.com/other-sports/kalinga-lancers-beat-dabang-mumbai-to-clinch-maiden-hockey-india-league-title/story-hWuXMUNqQmzxorPFfNYX7J.html |archive-date=8 May 2017 |date=26 February 2017 }}</ref> named [[Kalinga Lancers]] owned by [[Odisha Industrial Infrastructure Development Corporation]] and [[Mahanadi Coalfields|MCL]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thekalingalancers.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111161403/http://thekalingalancers.com/|url-status=dead|title=thekalingalancers.com|archive-date=11 January 2014|website=thekalingalancers.com|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> Odisha got its first [[Indian Super League]] (ISL) club [[Odisha FC]], based in [[Bhubaneswar]], which was formed in 2019 after being shifted from [[New Delhi|Delhi]]. Its home ground is the 15,000 seater [[Kalinga Stadium]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kalinga Stadium to host India's FIFA World Cup qualifier against Qatar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/football/kalinga-stadium-to-host-india-s-fifa-world-cup-qualifier-against-qatar/story-jJuk8Bq6lUCGG3O1BKjaUJ.html |access-date=28 January 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Bhubaneswar is referred to as the "Sports Capital of India".<ref>{{cite news |title=Welcome to Bhubaneswar, India's sports capital |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2018/nov/25/welcome-to-bhubaneswar-indias-sports-capital-1902965.html |access-date=28 January 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=25 November 2018}}</ref> [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]] and [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup]] were held at [[Kalinga Stadium]] and [[Birsa Munda International Hockey Stadium]] respectively.{{citation needed|date=February 2023}}
{{Clear}}

==Ports==
[[File:MV Kota Rakyat unloading containers at the Netaji Subhash Dock of Kolkata Dock System, Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port, Kolkata.jpg|thumb|A ship at [[Kolkata Port]]]]
[[File:Paradip Port.jpg|thumb|[[Paradip Port]]]]

[[Kolkata Port]], [[Paradip Port]], [[Dhamra Port]] and [[Haldia]] are 4 major ports in East India. [[Subarnarekha Port]], [[Kulpi Port]], [[Gopalpur port|Gopalpur Port]] are minor ports in East India.

== See also ==
* [[Eastern States Agency]], colonial office of the Bengal Presidency of British India, created by merging the Chhattisgarh States – and Orissa States agencies in 1933, to which the Bengal States Agency was added in 1936; included part of Burma
* [[North India]]
* [[Northeast India]]
* [[South India]]
* [[West India]]
* [[Central India]]
* [[Administrative divisions of India]]
* [[Eastern South Asia]]
{{clear right}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*{{wikivoyage inline|Eastern India}}
*{{Commons category-inline}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = East India
|North = [[Nepal]]
|Northeast = [[Northeast India]]
|East = [[Bangladesh]]
|Southeast = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|South = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|Southwest = [[South India]]
|West = [[Central India]]
|Northwest = [[North India]]
}}
{{Geography of India}}

[[Category:East India]]
[[Category:Regions of India]]

Dotma Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T04:20:37Z

Bogdankdu: made data - done

{{short description|Assembly constituency of Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dotma
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 2
| map_image = Dotma Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| state = [[Assam]]
| division = [[Lower Assam division|Lower Assam]]
| district = [[Kokrajhar district|Kokrajhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kokrajhar Lok Sabha constituency|Kokrajhar]]
| established = 2023
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| electors =
| reservation = ST
}}

'''Dotma Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 assembly constituencies of [[Assam]] a north east state of India. It was newly formed in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

==Election Results==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Dotma}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Rabiram Narzary]]|party=Bodoland People's Front|votes=48775 |percentage=51.74

|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raju Kumar Narzary|party=United People's Party Liberal|votes=24492 |percentage=25.98. |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Birkhang Boro|party=Indian National Congress |votes=15410 |percentage=16.35
|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Fungkha Brahma|party=Independent|short form:IND|votes=3740 |percentage=3.97

|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rananjay Narzary|party=Independent|votes=719 |percentage=0.76

|change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India) |votes=1138 |percentage=1.21

|change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24283

|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout |votes= 94274|percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =1,07,011 |change = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Assam Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Baksa district]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2023 establishments in Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2023]]

Tadepalli, Guntur district

2026-05-06T20:38:58Z

Bogdankdu: Adding place

{{other uses|Tadepalle (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tadepalli
| other_name =
| nickname =
| image_skyline = File:Residential houses at Tadepalli.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Residential area in Tadepalle near National Highway 16
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16|28|49|N|80|37|07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]](CRDA)
[[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]](MTMC)
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=stats>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – Guntur |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2817_PART_B_DCHB_GUNTUR.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 25.45
| elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|title=Elevation for Pedakurapadu|url=http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Tadepalle&units=m|publisher=Veloroutes|access-date=1 August 2014|archive-date=12 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812193721/http://veloroutes.org/elevation/?location=Tadepalle&units=m|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 19
| population_total = 64,149
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=625838|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Abstract of Andhra Pradesh, 2015 |url=https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf |website=Directorate of Economics & Statistics |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=26 April 2019 |pages=43 |format=PDF |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714020914/https://desap.cgg.gov.in/jsp/website/gallery/Statistical%20Abstract%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 522 501
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code =
| registration_plate = AP-07, AP–39
| website = {{URL|https://mangalagiri.cdma.ap.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Tadepalli''' is part of one of the two corporations in [[Guntur district]] and a major residential and IT hub in [[Vijayawada]]. The city of [[Mangalagiri Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]] is a part of [[Tenali revenue division]]. [[Mangalagiri]] is important to the overall Guntur's financial and cultural profile by its textile, agricultural and spiritual contributions. The railway station of Krishna Canal Junction marks boundary for the [[Guntur Railway Division]]. It is situated on [[National Highway 16 (India)|National Highway 16]] and North of District Headquarter [[Guntur]].

== Etymology ==
{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}
The origin of the name is believed to be related to the Palm tree '[[Tathi|Thati]]' and 'palle' meaning village. Tadepalli is on the southern bank of the [[Krishna River|Krishna river]] in Guntur district. The canal flowing through the town is named as Madras Kaluva ([[Buckingham Canal]]) – as it goes until Madras (Chennai). Tadepalli, along with [[Tenali]] was an 'Agraharam' – or endowed land to Sanskrit Scholars during the classical [[Krishnadevaraya|Sri Krishnadevaraya]] period.

== Geography ==
Tadepalli is located at {{coord|16.4667|N|80.6000|E|}}.<ref>[https://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Tadepalle.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc – Tadepalli]</ref> It has an average elevation of {{Convert|6|m||abbr=on}}. Total municipality contains hill area and agricultural lands. Buckingham canal flows from north to south in the region. The municipality contains old industrial lands, belongs to EID parry company and cement factory which are not being used for any purpose.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== Demographics ==

{{As of|2011}} [[census of India]], Tadepalli had a population of {{formatnum:54406}}, with number of households accounting to 14392. The total population constitutes {{formatnum:27149}} males, {{formatnum:27257}} females and {{formatnum:6078}} under 6 years of age. The [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] stands at 1004 females per 1000 males. There are {{formatnum:36694}} literates with an average literacy rate of 75.93%, significantly higher than the state average of 67.41%.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Literacy of AP (Census 2011)|url=http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|publisher=Official Portal of Andhra Pradesh Government|access-date=5 September 2014|page=43|format=PDF|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213923/http://www.ap.gov.in/AP%20State%20Statistical%20Abstract%20May%202014/2%20AP%20Demography.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The urban agglomeration population of the town stands at {{formatnum:64149}}.<ref name=stats />

== Governance ==

[[Tadepalle Municipality|Tadepalli Municipality]] was constituted in the year 2009. It is classified as a ''First Grade municipality'' and has 34 municipal wards. With the merger of all the 10 villages of the Tadepalli mandal in Tadepalli, the town has a population of 99,248 according to the Census 2011. It is spread over an area of {{Convert|61.76|km2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="stats" /> From March 2021 Tadepalli Municipality is merged in to [[Mangalagiri Tadepalle Municipal Corporation|Mangalagiri-Tadepalli Municipal Corporation]]

== Transport ==

The town has a total road length of {{Convert|107.41|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department - Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] runs buses from Guntur, [[Amaravathi, Guntur district|Amaravathi]] and Vijayawada through this town. The railway station is named as [[Krishna Canal Junction railway station|Krishna Canal]]. It is a junction for [[Guntur railway division|Guntur]] and the [[Vijayawada railway division|Vijayawada division]]s.

== Education ==

The [[primary education]] in the town is imparted by means of elementary schools and for [[secondary education]] is offered by schools like, [[Zilla Parishad High School]] and Ramakrishna Mission High School. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Ravikiran|first1=G|title=Tadepalli cries for college|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tadepalli-cries-for-college/article1784705.ece|access-date=30 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=19 January 2007|location=Vijayawada}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
* [[Kallam Anji Reddy]], the founder of [[Dr. Reddy's Laboratories]]

== See also ==
*[[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Guntur district}}

{{Commons category|Tadepalle, Guntur district}}

[[Category:Towns in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Guntur district]]
[[Category:Towns in Andhra Pradesh Capital Region]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Vijayawada]]

Alibag Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T20:24:41Z

Bogdankdu: Made new bio basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Alibag Assembly constituency अलिबाग विधानसभा मतदारसंघ
| type = SLA
| map_image = 192-Alibag.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Raigad district|Raigad]]
| division = [[Konkan division|Konkan]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Raigad Lok Sabha constituency|Raigad Lok Sabha]]
| constituency_no = 192
| established = 1962
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Mahendra Dalvi]]
| party = {{Party index link|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
| incumbent_image =
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = 2024
| electors =306,387
}}
'''Alibag Assembly constituency''' is one of the 288 [[Vidhan Sabha]] (Assembly) constituencies of [[Maharashtra]] state in [[Western India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It comes inside [[Raigad district]] of [[Konkan division]].

== Alibag Vidhan Sabha constituency Delimitation History ==
Following areas were included in Alibag constituency during delimitation every time.<ref name=delimit>{{cite web|url=https://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/Downloads/Notification%20_English.pdf|format=PDF|page=24|title=Delimitation Commission of India Notification|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra|access-date=8 November 2014}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! S.No !! Delimitation implemented Year !! Area Included
|-
|1
| 2008
| 1. [[Alibag taluka|Alibag Tehsil]], 2. [[Murud taluka|Murud Tehsil]] 3. Roha Tehsil (Part), Revenue Circle Chanere.
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Dattatraya Kashinath Kunte|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || [[Datta Narayan Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Datajirao Krishnanarao Khanvilkar|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || [[Datta Narayan Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Narayan Kanhoba Bhagat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] ||rowspan="4" | [[Datta Narayan Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=5}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || rowspan="2" | [[Meenakshi Patil]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Madhukar Shankar Thakur|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || [[Meenakshi Patil]] || {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || Subhash Alias Panditshet Patil
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan="2" | [[Mahendra Dalvi]] || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mahendra Dalvi]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 113,599 |percentage = 48.07% |change = {{decrease}}4.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chitralekha Nrupal Patil Alias Chiutai |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 84,034 |percentage = 35.56% |change = {{decrease}}1.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dilip Vitthal Bhoir Alias Chotamshet |party = Independent politician |votes = 33,210 |percentage = 14.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,658 |percentage = 0.70% |change = {{decrease}}0.39 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,565 |percentage = 12.51% |change = {{decrease}}2.98 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 238,000 |percentage = 77.68% |change = {{increase}}4.79 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 236,342}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 306,387 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}4.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|title=General Election to Vidhan Sabha Trends & Results Oct-2019|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=28 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191121065754/http://results.eci.gov.in/ACOCT2019/partywiseresult-S13.htm?st=S13|archive-date=21 November 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mahendra Dalvi]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 111,946 |percentage = 52.68% |change = {{increase}}22.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Alias Panditshet Patil |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 79,022 |percentage = 37.18% |change = {{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajendra Madhukar Thakur Alias Rajabhau Thakur |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,891 |percentage = 5.60% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashraf Latif Ghatte |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,920 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Adv. Thakur Shraddha Mahesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 2,526 |percentage = 1.19% |change = {{decrease}}21.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 2,313 |percentage = 1.09% |change = {{increase}}0.25 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,924 |percentage = 15.49% |change = {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 214,838 |percentage = 72.89% |change = {{decrease}}0.46 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 212,512}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 294,748 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.81 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}14.34 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Alias Panditshet Patil |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 76,959 |percentage = 38.34% |change = {{decrease}}15.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Mahendra Dalvi]] |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 60,865 |percentage = 30.32% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakur Madhukar Shankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,853 |percentage = 22.84% |change = {{decrease}}16.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kathe Prakash Gopal |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,054 |percentage = 3.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mahesh Harishchandra Mohite |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 3,500 |percentage = 1.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,695 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dalvi Mahendra Hari |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 1,219 |percentage = 0.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,094 |percentage = 8.02% |change = {{decrease}}5.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 202,419 |percentage = 73.35% |change = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 200,721}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 275,945 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.18 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}15.27 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Meenakshi Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 93,173 |percentage = 53.61% |change = {{increase}}14.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thakur Madhukar Shankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 69,025 |percentage = 39.72% |change = {{decrease}}3.56 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajaram Narayan Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,175 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Anil Baban Gaikwad |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,937 |percentage = 1.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Kashinath Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,683 |percentage = 0.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Minakshi Prabhakar Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,608 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Halade Nainuddin Jainuddin |party = Jan Surajya Shakti |votes = 1,384 |percentage = 0.80% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Subhash Janardan Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,277 |percentage = 0.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 24,148 |percentage = 13.90% |change = {{increase}}10.04 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 173,786 |percentage = 70.65% |change = {{decrease}}1.02 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 173,783}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 245,991 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.88 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}10.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Thakur Madhukar Shankar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 65,828 |percentage = 43.28% |change = {{increase}}11.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Meenakshi Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 59,961 |percentage = 39.42% |change = {{decrease}}8.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naresh Datta Rahalkar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 12,972 |percentage = 8.53% |change = {{decrease}}10.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sarang Sainath Narayan |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,928 |percentage = 2.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhumal Santosh Maruti |party = Akhil Bharatiya Sena |votes = 2,803 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Meenakshi Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,393 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,867 |percentage = 3.86% |change = {{decrease}}12.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 152,135 |percentage = 71.67% |change = {{increase}}11.53 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 152,095}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 212,283 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.48 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}4.45 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Meenakshi Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 53,459 |percentage = 47.73% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madhu Thakur |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,657 |percentage = 31.84% |change = {{increase}}3.77 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mhatre Surendra Moreshwar |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 21,659 |percentage = 19.34% |change = {{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhai Datta Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,226 |percentage = 1.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,802 |percentage = 15.89% |change = {{decrease}}1.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 118,776 |percentage = 60.14% |change = {{decrease}}14.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 112,001}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 197,501 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Meenakshi Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 61,569 |percentage = 45.03% |change = {{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kawale Vijay Namdev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,380 |percentage = 28.07% |change = {{decrease}}9.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Parashant B. Patil |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 26,378 |percentage = 19.29% |change = {{increase}}8.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dawoor R. Kanuji |party = Independent politician |votes = 5,741 |percentage = 4.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Datta Narayan Patil]] |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,052 |percentage = 1.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arvind W. Kalkarni |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,231 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,189 |percentage = 16.96% |change = {{increase}}3.71 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,294 |percentage = 74.71% |change = {{increase}}2.71 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 136,723}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 187,773 |ref = |change = {{increase}}15.29 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}6.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Dattatrey Narayan |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 58,878 |percentage = 51.03% |change = {{decrease}}20.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kawale Vijay Namdev |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 43,596 |percentage = 37.79% |change = {{increase}}8.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Shantaram Patil |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 12,316 |percentage = 10.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,282 |percentage = 13.25% |change = {{decrease}}28.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,278 |percentage = 72.00% |change = {{increase}}8.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 115,378}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 162,875 |ref = |change = {{increase}}31.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}20.05 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Datta Narayan Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 54,368 |percentage = 71.08% |change = {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. G. (Ravi) Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,116 |percentage = 28.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,252 |percentage = 42.17% |change = {{increase}}6.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 78,359 |percentage = 63.10% |change = {{increase}}5.87 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 76,484}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 124,173 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}3.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Dattatrey Narayan |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 41,191 |percentage = 67.73% |change = {{increase}}19.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Kanhoba Bhagat |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 19,623 |percentage = 32.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 21,568 |percentage = 35.47% |change = {{increase}}17.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,593 |percentage = 57.23% |change = {{decrease}}15.00 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,814}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 109,367 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.64 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{increase}}19.51 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Datta Narayan Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 34,958 |percentage = 48.22% |change = {{increase}}15.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khanvilkar Datajirao Krishnanarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,723 |percentage = 29.97% |change = {{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Madhukar Posu |party = Janata Party |votes = 15,811 |percentage = 21.81% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,235 |percentage = 18.26% |change = {{increase}}12.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,779 |percentage = 72.23% |change = {{increase}}1.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,492}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,524 |ref = |change = {{increase}}21.83 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}9.60 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayan Kanhoba Bhagat |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 22,279 |percentage = 38.62% |change = {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vasant Rajaram Raut |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,685 |percentage = 32.39% |change = {{decrease}}18.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khanvilkar Datajirao Krishnanarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 16,724 |percentage = 28.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,594 |percentage = 6.23% |change = {{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,900 |percentage = 70.49% |change = {{decrease}}3.17 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 57,688}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,974 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}12.03 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Datta Narayan Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 27,011 |percentage = 50.65% |change = {{increase}}13.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khanvilkar Datajirao Krishnanarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,124 |percentage = 45.23% |change = {{decrease}}6.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. M. Kathe |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,197 |percentage = 4.12% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,887 |percentage = 5.41% |change = {{decrease}}9.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 56,052 |percentage = 73.66% |change = {{increase}}4.61 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,332}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,099 |ref = |change = {{increase}}35.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Khanvilkar Datajirao Krishnanarao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,762 |percentage = 51.41% |change = {{increase}}18.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[Datta Narayan Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 13,494 |percentage = 36.98% |change = {{decrease}}30.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Prabhakar Kashinath Kunte |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 2,651 |percentage = 7.26% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Achyut Mahadev Oak |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,586 |percentage = 4.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,268 |percentage = 14.44% |change = {{decrease}}19.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 38,717 |percentage = 69.05% |change = {{decrease}}0.97 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 36,493}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 56,068 |ref = |change = {{increase}}3.78 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing = {{decrease}}15.67 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Datta Narayan Patil]] |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 25,378 |percentage = 67.08% |change = {{increase}}29.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhide Manorambal Purushottam |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,452 |percentage = 32.92% |change = {{decrease}}21.75 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,926 |percentage = 34.17% |change = {{increase}}16.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 37,830 |percentage = 70.02% |change = {{increase}}6.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 37,830}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,028 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.87 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}12.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Alibag <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Kunte Dattatraya Kashinath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,426 |percentage = 54.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Narayan Nagu |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 12,502 |percentage = 37.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Prabhakar Gangaram |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 1,731 |percentage = 5.14% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Laxman Govind |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,046 |percentage = 3.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,924 |percentage = 17.58% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 33,705 |percentage = 63.55% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 33,705}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,036 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Raigad district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|18.6583805|72.8768785|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Politics of Raigad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Memon people

2026-04-30T04:44:13Z

Bogdankdu: Started The Info V1 - done

{{Short description|Sunni Muslim community in India and Pakistan}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2020}}
{{other uses|Memon (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image = Mehmans (9727923226).jpg
| pop = 1,800,000 (2014)<ref name="TimesOfIndia">{{cite news|first=Mohammed|last=Wajihuddin|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Memon-association-to-congregate-today/articleshow/30365875.cms|title=Memon association to congregate today|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218185758/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/memon-association-to-congregate-today/articleshow/30365875.cms|archive-date=18 December 2024|date=14 February 2014 }}</ref>
| languages = [[Memoni language|Memoni]],<ref name="Fazal" /> [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=O'Sullivan |first1=Michael |title=No Birds of Passage - A History of Gujarati Muslim Business Communities, 1800–1975 |journal=PART I |date=19 September 2023 |page=44 |doi=10.4159/9780674294974-003 |url=https://doi.org/10.4159/9780674294974-003 |publisher=Harvard University Press |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> [[Kutchi language |Kutchi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]
| religions = [[Sunni Islam]]
| related_groups = [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Sindhi people|Sindhis]], [[Khoja|Khojas]]
| popplace =
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 900,000 (including 200,000 in [[Mumbai]] and suburbs)
| ref1 = <ref name="TimesOfIndia"/>
| region2 = {{flag|Pakistan}}
| pop2 = 700,000
| ref2 = <ref name="TimesOfIndia"/>
| region3 = {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| pop3 = 10,000
| ref3 = <ref>link= https://www.sundaytimes.lk/101212/Plus/plus_01.html|name=Sunday Times LK</ref>
| region5 = Elsewhere
| pop5 = 190,000
| ref5 = <ref name="TimesOfIndia" />
}}
The '''Memon''' are a Muslim community in [[Gujarat]], India, and [[Sindh]], Pakistan, the majority of whom follow the [[Hanafi]] [[fiqh]] of [[Sunni Islam]].<ref name="Levin">{{cite journal|title=The Upper Bourgeoisie from the Muslim Commercial Community of Memons in Pakistan, 1947 to 1971 |first=Sergey |last=Levin |year=1974 |journal=Asian Survey |issn=0004-4687|volume=14|issue=3|pages=231–243|doi=10.2307/2643012 |jstor=2643012}}</ref> They are divided into different groups based on their origins: [[Memons (Kathiawar)|Kathiawari Memon]]s, [[Kutchi Memon]]s and [[Bantva Memons]] from the [[Kathiawar]], [[Kutch]] and [[Bantva]] regions of Gujarat, respectively, and [[Sindhi Memon]]s from Sindh.

Memons have cultural similarities with the [[Khoja]], [[Sunni Bohra|Bohra]], and other [[Gujarati people]]s. They speak the [[Memoni language]] as their first language, which shares vocabulary with the [[Sindhi language]], [[Kutchi language]] and [[Gujarati language]]s.<ref name="Fazal">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OT2OAQAAQBAJ&q=memons+speak+memoni+language&pg=PT201|title=Minority Nationalisms in South Asia|last=Fazal|first=Tanweer|date=2013-10-18|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317966463|language=en}}</ref>

Today Memons are connected through globally recognized organisations such as the World Memon Organisation (WMO)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wmoworld.com/|title=World Memon Organisation {{!}} Serving Mankind|website=wmoworld.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref> and International Memon Organisation (IMO).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.internationalmemon.org/|title=IMO - International Memon Organization|website=www.internationalmemon.org|access-date=2019-10-09}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Sindhi, Gujarati origins ===
[[File:Baroda-gujarat.png|thumb|upright=1|Gujarat, India, circa early 20th Century]]
Memon lineage traces back to [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] [[Lohanas]] who traditionally practiced [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Pirbhai2009">{{cite book |last1=Pirbhai |first1=M. Reza |title=Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context |date=30 September 2009 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |isbn=978-90-474-3102-2 |page=128 |language=en |quote=Thus, it was established that Khojas and Memons converted from Hinduism under the influence of Ismai'li and Sunni ''pirs'', respectively.}}</ref><ref name="Goswami2016">{{cite book |last1=Goswami |first1=Chhaya |title=Globalization before Its Time: The Gujarati Merchants from Kachchh |date=18 February 2016 |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |isbn=978-93-85890-70-3 |language=en |quote=Most of the Muslim traders were Hindus of different castes who had converted to Islam. The Memons were said to have been Lohanas}}</ref> The origin of the name comes from [[Mu'min]] ({{lang|ar|مؤمن}}, "believer" in Arabic) and later evolved to present name Memon.<ref name="Goolam 2006">{{cite journal |last=Vahed |first=Goolam |date=January 2006 |title='Unhappily Torn by Dissensions and Litigations': Durban's 'Memon' Mosque, 1880–1930 |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |volume=36 |issue=1 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |pages=23–49 |doi=10.1163/157006606775569631 |eissn=1570-0666 |issn=0022-4200 |jstor=27594362}}</ref> The Memon community was founded in the 15th century by 700 families comprising 6,178 persons total.<ref name="Numbers">{{cite journal |title= All for 'Izzat' |first=R |last= Ghadially |url=http://www.manushi-india.org/pdfs_issues/PDF%20files%2066/all_for_izzat.pdf | journal=Manushi |year=1991 |access-date=2017-06-11 |issue=66 |pages=17–20 |pmid=12285436 }}</ref> According to Anthovan, those Lohanas of [[Thatta]], [[Sindh]] who converted from Hinduism to Islam became Memons and were invited by Rao Khengarji Jadeja, ruler of [[Bhuj]] in the 16th century, to settle in Bhuj.<ref name="Pirbhai2009"/><ref name="Goswami2016"/> It is from there that [[Kutchi Memon]]s migrated to [[Kathiawar]] and mainland [[Gujarat]]. [[Surat]] in Gujarat was an important trading centre from 1580 to 1680.<ref name="origin3">Islamic Perspective, a Biannual Journal. A special issue on Bohras, Khojas and Memons. Ed. by Asghar Ali Engineer, Bombay, Institute of Islamic Studies. vol.1, Jan 1988, pp. 41-48 [http://memon.freeservers.com/surveyKM.htm]</ref><ref name="Goolam 2001">{{cite journal |last=Vahed |first=Goolam |date=January 2001 |title=Mosques, Mawlanas and Muharram: Indian Islam in Colonial Natal, 1860–1910 |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |volume=31 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |location=[[Leiden]] and [[Boston]] |pages=305–335 |doi=10.1163/157006601X00194 |eissn=1570-0666 |issn=0022-4200}}</ref>

=== Merchant tradesman ===
[[File:Mehmans (9727923226).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Memon men, from ''Photographs of Western India Series 1855-1862'']]
Due to the mercantile nature of the community, Memons began a significant migration beyond the borders of India in the 18th and 19th centuries. This led to communities developing in the Middle East, [[Memons in South Africa|South Africa]], Sri Lanka and East Asia.<ref name="Goolam 2006"/> Memon traders set up a network of joint stock companies acting in coordination with other members in an area ranging from Central Africa to China.<ref name="Levin"/><ref name="Tradesmen">{{cite journal|title=Pakistan's Big Businessmen: Muslim Separatism, Entrepreneurship, and Partial Modernization |first=Hanna |last=Papanek |year=1972 |journal=[[Economic Development and Cultural Change]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.1086/450605 |s2cid=86853602 }}</ref><ref name="Diaspora">{{cite journal|title=The Politics of Diaspora and the Morality of Secularism: Muslim Identities and Islamic Authority in Mauritius |first=Patrick|last=Eisenlohr |year=1972 |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute]] |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=400 }}</ref> Memon donors made significant financial contributions to construct mosques during this time, including [[Juma Masjid Mosque]]<ref name="Goolam 2006"/> and [[Jamia Mosque (Hong Kong)|Jamia Mosque]].<ref name="Jamia">{{cite journal|title= Historical Analysis of Islamic Community Development in Hong Kong: Struggle for Recognition in the Post-colonial Era |first= Ho |last= WAI-YIP |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2001 |journal= [[Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs]] |volume=21 | pages=65 }}</ref> By late 19th century several thousand Memons had settled in Mumbai due to trading.<ref name="Levin" /> The area of Mumbai in which the Memon traders congregated later became known as the Memonwada.<ref name="Memonwada">{{cite journal|title=Refiguring the Colonial City: Recovering the Role of Local Inhabitants in the Construction of Colonial Bombay, 1854-1918 |first= Preeti |last= Chopra |year=2007 |journal= Buildings & Landscapes |volume=14| pages=109–125 |doi=10.1353/bdl.2007.0007|s2cid= 161702822 }}</ref>

=== 20th century ===
The early 20th century saw a consolidation of the Memon community in South Asia as well as South Africa. They began to organise important societies including Memon Education and Welfare Society and Memon Chamber of Commerce.<ref name="Levin" /> Memon communities made significant financial contributions to preserve the [[Ottoman Empire]] but were unable to prevent its decline.<ref name="Moosa">{{cite journal|title=Role of Memon Community during the Caliphate Movement |first=Ismail |last=Moosa |year=2014 |journal=British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences |volume=11 |issue=1 }}</ref><ref name="Oishi">{{cite journal|title=Muslim Merchant Capital and the Relief Movement for the Ottoman Empire in India, 1876-1924 |first=Takashi|last=Oishi |year=1999|journal=Minamiajiakenkyu |volume=11|pages=71–103 }}</ref> The [[partition of India]] led to significant migration in both directions for the community. The principal mass of Memons was and is composed of petty tradesmen,
shopkeepers, grocers, wandering peddlers, and agents and clerks in firms.<ref name="Levin" /> In regions of Kutch (India), and near [[Karachi]] and on the Makran coast of present day Pakistan, the Memons are still engaged in commercial agriculture, gardening, and fishing.<ref name="Levin" />

=== Branches ===

====Subgroups of Memons from Kathiawar====
{{main article|Memons (Kathiawar)}}

=== Languages ===
{{main article|Memon language|Sindhi language|Kutchi language}}

==Social structure==

===Cultural traditions===
[[File:Mehman Women (9727859254).jpg|thumb|upright=1|Memon women, from ''Photographs of Western India Series 1855–1862'']]
While Memons are generally [[Sunni Muslims]], many continue to follow [[Modern Hindu law]] in matters regarding property inheritance, community leadership structure and mutual support for members. Memon see themselves to be from the Buddhist [[Kshatriya]] lineage. Even within Memons, there are [[caste]] hierarchies that some follow regarding marriage practices.<ref name="Levin" /><ref name="Traditions">{{cite journal|title=Escaping the Grip of Personal Law in Colonial India: Proving Custom, Negotiating Hindu-ness |first=Chandra |last=Mallampalli |publisher=[[American Society for Legal History]] |year=2010 |journal=Law and History Review |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=1060 |doi=10.1017/S0738248010000763 |s2cid=144494384 }}</ref>{{qn|date=April 2018}}

According to folklore, the blessings of the Islamic saint Sayad Kadiri upon the Memons are responsible for their success in business and trade.<ref name="Goolam 2006"/> A more pragmatic explanation for their success is that Memon have been historically considered honest brokers. Following commercial caste model, Memons also offer support community members in financial matters by giving loans and offering business assistance.<ref name="Levin"/>

==== Memon Day ====
[[File:Memon Day Logo.svg|thumb|Memon Day logo]]
The community annually celebrates 10 April as '''Memon Day''' through acts of humanitarian service.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/humanitarian-work-marks-memons-day/articleshow/58136957.cms|title=Humanitarian work marks Memons' Day|date=12 April 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|first=Mohammed|last=Wajihuddin|access-date=26 May 2020}}</ref> Other sources indicate 10 April date,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-08 |title=Memon Day to be celebrated on April 10 from this year |url=https://arynews.tv/memon-day-to-be-celebrated-on-april-10-from-this-year/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=ARY NEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> as declared at the 21st World Memon Organisation [[Charitable organization|Charitable]] Foundation (WMO) AGM held on November 11, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2024-04-09 |title=WMO to marks Memon Day today globally |url=https://pakobserver.net/wmo-to-marks-memon-day-today-globally/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Pakistan Observer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-08 |title=Memon Day will be celebrated around the World, on the 10th of April |url=https://wmoworld.org/memon-day-will-be-celebrated-around-the-world-on-the-10th-of-april/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=World Memon Organisation Charitable Foundation}}</ref>

The prime purpose of the Memon Day is to [[consciousness raising|raise awareness]] and provide a common platform for [[charity (practice)|charity]] related activities all over the world for Memons, charitable, [[philanthropy|philanthropic]] and volunteer organizations for their own purposes on the local, national, regional and international level all around the world .

===Memons worldwide===
[[File:Katchi Memon Masjid 01.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Katchi Memon Masjid]]
Today, Memon communities are scattered throughout the world including the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, [[Memons in Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]], South Africa, the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada.<ref name="WorldLocations">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/242684/karachi-300-bed-teaching-hospital-planned|title=Karachi: 300-bed teaching hospital planned|last=DH|date=17 April 2007|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=4 August 2015}}</ref> However, major concentrations of Memon remain located in Karachi, Pakistan and Gujarat, India. In [[Karachi]] there is a community of Memon people from [[Bantva]] and their descendants known as [[Bantva Memons]]. United under the banner of Halari Memon General Jama'at, the Halari Memon are another category and followers of the [[Hanafi]] school.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-24718975_ITM|title= City Nazim praises services of Memon community |date=13 October 2003|work=Pakistan Press International|publisher=Asia Africa Intelligence Wire |access-date=20 January 2010}}</ref>

Memons were also one of three classes living in South Africa when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] went there in 1893, Memons were traders serving the [[Indians in South Africa|Indian diaspora in South Africa]]. Memons are known for their involvement in [[business]] and [[philanthropy]], with Memons having played a major part in the building of Pakistani industry.<ref name="Levin" /><ref name="Industry">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1138032|title=CM wants constitutional path to resolve OGDC issue|last=DH|date=15 October 2014|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|access-date=5 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Memon people]]
*[[Memon Day]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Ethnic groups in Pakistan}}
{{Indian Muslim}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Memon|*]]
[[Category:Muhajir communities]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of India]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes in India]]
[[Category:Lohana]]

Khwaja Kamal

2026-04-23T05:16:38Z

Bogdankdu: new post

{{short description|First Prime Minister of Nizam of Hyderabad}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khwaja Kamal
| office = The last [[Subahdar]] of [[Berar Subah]]
| native_name = {{nobold|خواجہ کمال}}
| native_name_lang = Hindustani
| appointer = [[Mir Jumla III]]
| country = Mughal Empire
| monarch = [[Aurangzeb]] [[Muhammad Azam Shah]] [[Bahadur Shah I]] [[Jahandar Shah]] [[Farrukhsiyar]] [[Rafi ud-Darajat]] [[Shah Jahan II]] [[Muhammad Shah]]
| title = Iwaz Khan Azad-u’d Daulah Bahadur Amir-al Umara
| constituency = [[Berar Subah]]
| alongside = 
| predecessor = [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I]]
| term_end = 1724
| term_start = ?
| office2 = Prime Minister of Hyderabad
| order2 = First
| successor2 = Anwarullah Khan
| term_end2 = 1730
| term_start2 = 1724
| monarch2 = [[Asaf Jah I]]
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1730
| death_place = [[Mughal Empire]]
| allegiance = [[Mughal Empire]] [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]
| rank = 7,000/7,000 [[Mansabdar]]
| battles = [[Battle of Balapur]] [[Battle of Shakar Kheda]] Nizam's Carnatic campaigns (1725-27)
| resting_place = [[Khuldabad]], [[Dargah]] of [[Burhanuddin Gharib|Sheikh Burhanuddin]]
}}
'''Khwaja Kamal''', commonly known as '''Iwaz Khan''', was a [[Turan]]i [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] leader who served as the last [[Subahdar]] of the [[Berar Subah]] under the Mughal empire. He also held the distinction of being the first [[Dewan]] (Prime Minister) of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]].

He earned the title Iwaz Khan from Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] and served as the [[Faujdar]] of Berar under the patronage of [[Mir Jumla III]], maintaining this position until 1724. Subsequently, he allied with his nephew [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizamul Mulk]], providing crucial support in various conflicts against the Mughal Empire and the [[Sayyid brothers|Sayyid Brothers]], a pivotal role in the establishment of the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]]. Recognizing his contributions, Nizam appointed him as the prime minister of his dominions and elevated his Mansabdar to 7000/7000, granting him the prestigious title of Amir-al Umara of the realm.

== Early life ==
Khwaja Kamal, the grandson of [[Kilich Khan]] through his daughter and the nephew of [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|Ghaziuddin Khan Firoz Jang]], arrived in India from [[Turan]] during [[Aurangzeb]]'s reign. He was closely associated with Firoz Jang, who subsequently suggested to Aurangzeb to bestow upon him the title of 'Iwaz Khan'. Khwaja served as the trusted aide of Ghaziuddin Khan during his tenure as the [[Subahdar]] of [[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]] under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yusuf Husain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qH_UzwEACAAJ |title=The First Nizam: The Life and Times of Nizamu'l Mulk Asaf Jah I. |date=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |pages=117, 187, 209 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Zahiruddin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S8W3AAAAIAAJ |title=The Reign of Muhammad Shah, 1719-1748 |date=1977 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=978-0-210-40598-7 |pages=225–226 |language=en}}</ref>

Following Firoz Jang's passing, [[Mir Jumla III|Mir Jumla]] took Khwaja Kamal under his wing and facilitated his appointment as the [[Faujdar]] of [[Berar Subah|Berar]]. Subsequently, Khwaja ascended to the position of [[Subahdar|Nazim]] of the Province. He continued in his role during [[Husain Ali Khan]]'s tenure as Subahdar until [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizamul Mulk]] rebelled against the [[Sayyid brothers|Sayyid Brothers]], marching from [[Malwa]].<ref name=":0" />

== Military campaigns==
{{Main|Battle of Balapur|Battle of Shakar Kheda|Battle of Palkhed}}

Iwaz Khan, the maternal uncle of Nizamul Mulk, lent his support to his nephew when he rebelled against the Sayyid Brothers, marching from Malwa to Deccan.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC |title=Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History: Essays in Honour of John F. Richards |last2=Faruqui |first2=Munis D. |last3=Gilmartin |first3=David |last4=Kumar |first4=Sunil |date=2013-03-07 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-03428-0 |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref> Alongside his troops, Iwaz Khan sided with Nizamul Mulk, participating in both the Battle of Balapur and the Battle of Burhanpur, both of which resulted in victories for Nizamul Mulk and his allies against the Sayyid Brothers.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cheema |first=G. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_RtAAAAMAAJ |title=The Forgotten Mughals: A History of the Later Emperors of the House of Babar, 1707-1857 |date=2002 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |isbn=978-81-7304-416-8 |pages=164 |language=en}}</ref> Following this, Nizam honoured Iwaz Khan by the title 'Azad-u’d Daulah Bahadur' for his loyalty.<ref name=":0" /> Before departing for [[Delhi]] in 1722, Nizamul Mulk appointed Iwaz Khan as the Deputy of [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggduAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712-1772, edited by A. C. Banerjee and D. K. Ghase |date=1978 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=206–208 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Battle of Shakar Khera.jpg|thumb|Position of Iwaz Khan in the Battle of Shakar Kheda]]

During the Battle of Shakar Kheda between the Mughal Empire and the Nizam, Iwaz Khan played a pivotal role in the victory of the Nizam's forces. He repelled a larger contingent of Mughal cavalry, totaling 9,000, which had been ordered by Mubariz Khan. This successful defense contributed significantly to the defeat of the Mughal forces and led to the establishment of the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]], marking the independence of the Nizam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sandhu |first=Gurcharn Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ |title=A Military History of Medieval India |date=2003 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-81-7094-525-3 |pages=203 |language=en}}</ref>

In 1724, Aiwaz Khan assumed the position of prime minister of the Nizam.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wgo97XF0XuYC |title=Landmarks of the Deccan: A Comprehensive Guide to the Archaeological Remains of the City and Suburbs of Hyderabad |date=1992 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=978-81-206-0543-5 |pages=90 |language=en}}</ref> As part of efforts to consolidate power, the Nizam sent an army commanded by Iwaz Khan to the [[Carnatic region]] in 1725, with the aim of suppressing [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] revenue collections.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |date=2007-02-01 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-03316-9 |pages=120 |language=en}}</ref> Iwaz Khan led a successful campaign against Maratha tax collectors in the Carnatic region, effectively expelling them from the villages. In the ensuing clashes, the Marathas suffered significant losses and were compelled to withdraw. Expanding his operations, Iwaz Khan advanced into the Maratha-controlled [[Thanjavur Maratha kingdom|Tanjavur Kingdom]] and seized [[Tiruchirappalli|Trichinopoly]] from [[Serfoji I]]. This action prompted a response from the Maratha [[Chhatrapati]] [[Shahu I|Shahu]], who dispatched larger forces under the leadership of Fateh Singh Bhonsle. Bajirao accompanied him but didn't command.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marathas-16001818/1098497E96D2AFA760D18DB311A91C80 |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |location=Cambridge |pages=120 |quote=The Maratha response came within months. Fateh Singh Bhonsle led an expedition, reputed to be 50,000 horse, into the Karnatak. This leader was originally from Akalkot (in southern Maharashtra) and knew the terrain well. Bajirao accompanied him, but did not command.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yusuf Husain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qH_UzwEACAAJ |title=The First Nizām: The Life and Times of Nizāmu'l-Mulk Āsaf Jāh I. |date=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |pages=154 |language=en |quote=Fateh Singh Bhonsla was directed to march towards the Carnatic at the head of 50,000 troops. He had a special interest in and was also familiar with the country and its people. He held the Jagir of Akkalkot on the borders of the Carnatic. Baji Rao also accompanied him.}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

In August 1727, while Bajirao was pillaging [[Jalna, Maharashtra|Jalna]], the Nizam urgently dispatched Iwaz Khan to take action. Despite Iwaz Khan's attempts to engage in a decisive battle, Bajirao swiftly moved through the countryside without staying at a single place. In response, Iwaz Khan deployed rapid response units to pursue Bajirao, who moved to [[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]] and then towards [[Khandesh]]. Meanwhile, Nizamu’l-Mulk, foreseeing the threat to [[Burhanpur]] posed by Bajirao, outpaced him to intercept his advance. Faced with the pursuit from both armies, Bajirao marched towards [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Yusuf Husain |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qH_UzwEACAAJ |title=The First Nizām: The Life and Times of Nizāmu'l-Mulk Āsaf Jāh I. |date=1963 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |pages=157 |language=en}}</ref> The Nizam was ultimately defeated by Bajirao at the [[Battle of Palkhed]] in 1728 and was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Mungi-Shevgaon]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gordon |first=Stewart |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/marathas-16001818/1098497E96D2AFA760D18DB311A91C80 |title=The Marathas 1600–1818 |date=1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |series=The New Cambridge History of India |location=Cambridge |pages=122 |quote=The implications, however, were much more important. First, in the military sphere, Bajirao had defeated the best-equipped Mughal army of the day under its best general.}}</ref>

== Ranks and legacy==

Khwaja Kamal was titled as 'Iwaz Khan' by Emperor Aurangzeb and 'Azad-u’d Daulah Bahadur' by Nizamul Mulk, was granted a Mansabdar of 5000/5000,<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRweAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal Administration of Deccan Under Nizamul Mulk Asaf Jah, 1720-48 A.D. |date=1985 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7224-325-8 |pages=63 |language=en}}</ref> earning him the title 'Amir-al Kabir' (the Great Amir).<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Adle |first1=Chahryar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WwAeaz4BRK4C |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |date=1992 |publisher=Unesco |isbn=978-92-3-103876-1 |pages=913 |language=en}}</ref> In recognition of his contributions, he was promoted to a rank of 7,000 zat and 7,000 horse,<ref name=":1" /> which made him 'Amir-al Umara' (Amir of Amirs).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rahim |first=Muhammad Abdur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cG9df_YdUQC |title=Social and Cultural History of Bengal: 1576-1757 |date=1963 |publisher=Pakistan Historical Society |pages=167 |language=en}}</ref> Known for his efficient administration and affinity for scholars and [[Sufism in India|Sufis]], he died in 1731 and was laid to rest at the [[Dargah]] of [[Burhanuddin Gharib|Sheikh Burhanu’d-Din]] in [[Khuldabad]].<ref name=":1" />

Upon the passing of 'Iwaz Khan, Nizāmu'l-Mulk expressed,

{{Blockquote|text="Now I feel that I have to perform all the duties of a Sübahdar of Deccan"|author=Nizamul Mulk, Asaf Jah|title=Haqiqatul- Alam|source=<ref name=":1" />}}

Iwaz Khan served as his most trusted advisor, and Nizamu'l-Mulk relied heavily on his counsel, never embarking on any campaign or daily administrative task without seeking Iwaz Khan's advice.<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Prime ministers of Hyderabad State]]
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:1730 deaths]]

Wamanrao Bapurao Kasawar

2026-04-22T02:58:53Z

Bogdankdu: Adding bio - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Wamanrao Kasawar
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|24 Jan 1949}}
| birth_place = At.Patan, Tq.[[Zari Jamani]], [[Yavatmal District]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Wani Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = (1990-1995),(1995-1999),(1999-2004),(2009
| predecessor = Namdeorao Narayanrao Kale
| term_end = 2014)
| successor = Vishwas Ramchandra Nandekar [[Sanjivreddi Bapurao Bodkurwar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| occupation = Farmer & Politician
| education = Graduate B.A., from Nagpur University, Year - 1970 
[[Nagpur University]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}

'''Wamanrao Bapurao Kasawar''' is an Indian politician. He was elected to the [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] from [[Wani Assembly constituency|Wani]], [[Maharashtra]] in 1990 until 2014 as a member of the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-23 |title=No dent in Cong base |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/no-dent-in-cong-base/story-UT28aGi8i3v8HtxzsvZVoM.html |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=🗳️ Kasawar Wamanrao Bapurao, Wani Assembly Elections 2009 LIVE Results {{!}} Election Dates, Exit Polls, Leading Candidates & Parties |url=https://www.latestly.com/elections/assembly-elections/maharashtra/2009/wani/kasawar-wamanrao-bapurao/ |access-date=2022-12-04 |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1995–1999]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2004–2009]]
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:1949 births]]

{{Maharashtra-INC-politician-stub}}

Rajendra N Patil

2026-04-21T01:38:22Z

Bogdankdu: Stub

{{Short description|Indian cultural figure}}
{{Autobiography|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
[[File:Rajendra Patil.jpg|thumb|Rajendra Patil, President, The Bombay Art Society, Editor & Publisher, Indian Contemporary Art Journal, Founder Director, India Art Festival]]
'''Rajendra N Patil''' (born 1968) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[Art critic|art writer]], [[editor]], [[publisher]], and [[Art fairs|art fair]] organizer. Apart from Founder Director of [[India Art Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=The New Art Mart - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-new-art-mart/855784/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=archive.indianexpress.com}}</ref> a contemporary Indian [[Art fairs|art fair]], he serves as the President <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-18 |title=The Bombay Art Society is set to celebrate 48 National Award winners |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/the-bombay-art-society-is-set-to-celebrate-48-national-award-winners-23271036 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> of the [[Bombay Art Society]], a venerable art institution with a rich legacy dating back to its establishment in 1888.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-10-13 |title=Bombay to Mumbai: Century-old art society changes name |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/from-bombay-to-mumbai-century-old-art-society-changes-its-name/articleshow/86978705.cms |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 2019, he was honored<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-26 |title=Iconic Art Fair - India Art Festival |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/article/Iconic-Art-Fair---India-Art-Festival-22159173 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref> as a retail business icon by [[Mid-Day|Mid-day]], a well-known English newspaper published from [[Mumbai]].

== Education ==
Born in [[Chopda]], Rajendra Patil<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-01 |title=Artistic Perspectives: An In-depth Conversation with Rajendra Patil, Editor, Indian Contemporary Art Journal, and Founder Director, India Art Festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/artistic-perspectives-an-in-depth-conversation-with-rajendra-patil-editor-indian-contemporary-art-journal-and-founder-director-india-art-festival/articleshow/101415068.cms |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> pursued his education in [[Chopda]] ([[Jalgaon|Dist: Jalgaon]]). He obtained a [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc]]. in [[Electronics]] from the [[University of Pune]] and a [[Bachelor of Technology|B.Tech]] in [[Power electronics|Power Electronics]] from the Watumull Institute of Electronics Engineering and Computer Technology in 1994. Later, out of passion for arts, he pursued studies in [[Indian Culture|ancient Indian culture]] and earned an [[Master of Arts|MA]] degree from the [[University of Mumbai]].{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== Career ==
'''As Art Writer'''

Rajendra Patil<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-01 |title=Artistic Perspectives: An In-depth Conversation with Rajendra Patil, Editor, Indian Contemporary Art Journal, and Founder Director, India Art Festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/artistic-perspectives-an-in-depth-conversation-with-rajendra-patil-editor-indian-contemporary-art-journal-and-founder-director-india-art-festival/articleshow/101415068.cms |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> embarked on his journey as an [[Art critic|art writer]] in the mid-nineties, contributing to various [[publication]]s such as [[Sakal|Mumbai Sakal]], [[Tarun Bharat]], Lok Prabha, [[Maharashtra Times]], Nandan from Kalabhavan, [[Santiniketan]], Metropolis, Every Tuesday, Art India, Creative Mind, and Art & Deal, among others. He has authored [[Exhibition catalogue|catalogue]] essays for numerous [[artist]]s and engaged in insightful conversations with luminaries in the [[art world]]. These conversations featuring in various art publications include notable figures such as Laxman Shreshta, [[Bose Krishnamachari]], [[Samir Mondal]], [[Riyas Komu]], [[T. V. Santhosh]], Prabhakar Kolte, [[Chittrovanu Mazumdar]], G.R. Iranna, [[Atul Dodiya]], Sunil Gawade, [[Prafulla Dahanukar]], [[Sunil Padwal]], Suhas Bahulkar, Vasudeo Kamat, and [[Ravi Mandlik]].

== As editor and publisher ==
Patil was invited to serve as the editor<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-01 |title=Artistic Perspectives: An In-depth Conversation with Rajendra Patil, Editor, Indian Contemporary Art Journal, and Founder Director, India Art Festival |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/artistic-perspectives-an-in-depth-conversation-with-rajendra-patil-editor-indian-contemporary-art-journal-and-founder-director-india-art-festival/articleshow/101415068.cms |access-date=2023-07-02 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> of the [[Bombay Art Society]]'s Art Journal<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-05 |title=The New Art Mart |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/the-new-art-mart/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> from 2003 to 2008, the oldest art publication in India first published in 1910.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Bombay Art Society |url=https://bombayartsociety.org/a-brief-history/ |access-date=2023-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> He revitalized the society's art journal, which had faced numerous interruptions since its inception in 1910. In 2008, Patil initiated the [https://indianartjournal.com/about-us/ Indian Contemporary Art Journal], a new quarterly [[art magazine]] published from [[Mumbai]]. As an [[editor]], he has been invited to speak at various prestigious events, including the "ArtNext" seminar organized at [[Lalit Kala Akademi|Lalit Kala Academi]] in [[New Delhi]] (2012), the [[Gulbarga]] Visual Art College (2011), the State Art Exhibition at [[Jehangir Art Gallery]] (2005), and the [[Kokrajhar]] Music & Fine Art College in [[Assam]] (2004).{{fact|date=August 2025}}

== As art fair organiser ==
Alongside [[Prafulla Dahanukar]] and [[Saryu Doshi|Dr. Saryu Doshi]], Rajendra Patil played a pivotal role in founding [[India Art Festival]](IAF),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ilavia |first=Perin |date=2022-10-13 |title=This Goan artist has made it to the Indian Art Fair, New Delhi |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/this-goan-artist-has-made-it-to-the-indian-art-fair-new-delhi |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref> a regional [[Art exhibition|art fair]], in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MP |first=Team |date=2017-11-21 |title=India Art Festival is now bigger and better |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/features/india-art-festival-is-now-bigger-and-better-272108 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref> Originating in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=There's something for every art lover at the India Art Festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/there-s-something-for-every-art-lover-at-the-india-art-festival/story-B05mUprTVbwBU2xf2yqTkJ.html |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> this regional Indian art fair rapidly gained prominence, captivating [[artist]]s, art enthusiasts, collectors, and art [[Art gallery|galleries]] from across [[India]]. Over time, the [[Arts festival|art festival]] has evolved into a nationwide event with editions now being held in major Indian cities such as [[New Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Art Festival: Perfect platform for emerging artists and aspiring collectors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/india-art-festival-perfect-platform-for-emerging-artists-and-aspiring-collectors-304085-2016-01-16 |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=India Today |date=16 January 2016 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Udayavani |title=Bengaluru hosts its first India Art Festival 2022 at Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath |url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/bengaluru-hosts-its-first-india-art-festival-2022-at-karnataka-chitrakala-parishath |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Udayavani |language=kn}}</ref> in addition to [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-16 |title=There's something for every art lover at the India Art Festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/there-s-something-for-every-art-lover-at-the-india-art-festival/story-B05mUprTVbwBU2xf2yqTkJ.html |access-date=2023-07-02 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
<references group="" responsive="0"></references>
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Rajendra}}
[[Category:Indian art critics]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Saunsar Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:54:28Z

Bogdankdu: Adding a entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Saunsar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 125
| map_image = 125-Saunsar.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chhindwara district|Chhindwara]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Chhindwara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chhindwara]]
| established = 1977
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Vijay Revnath Chore]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Nana Mohod
}}

'''Saunsar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="listconst">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

It comprises [[Saunsar tehsil]] and parts of [[Chhindwara tehsil]], both in [[Chhindwara district]].<ref name=delimitation2008/>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan=2 | [[Nana Mohod]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
| rowspan=2 | [[Vijay Revnath Chore]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023/>

|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Saunsar<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijay Revnath Chore]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:92509}}
|percentage = 49.95
|change = -1.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Nanabhau Mohod
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:80967}}
|percentage = 43.72
|change = +4.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Panjabrao Somkuwar
|votes = {{formatnum:1762}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change = -0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2422}}
|percentage = 1.31
|change = +0.97
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:11542}}
|percentage = 6.23
|change = -5.84
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:185191}}
|percentage = 88.0
|change = +0.69
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Saunsar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijay Revnath Chore]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:86700}}
|percentage = 51.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nanabhau Mohod
|votes = {{formatnum:66228}}
|percentage = 39.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Anil Gurve
|votes = {{formatnum:2596}}
|percentage = 1.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Praveen Leeladhar Balang
|votes = {{formatnum:2325}}
|percentage = 1.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Kawdeti Rameshwar
|votes = {{formatnum:1892}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Matin Mustak Khan
|votes = {{formatnum:1766}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:577}}
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:20472}}
|percentage = 12.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169603}}
|percentage = 87.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|21.65|78.80|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Chhindwara district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Bharatiya Janata Party – Rajasthan

2026-04-14T11:43:28Z

Bogdankdu: Made the stub from scratch

{{More citations needed|date=September 2020}}{{short description|Rajasthan affiliate of the Bharatiya Janata Party}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2014}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
| colorcode = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| native_name = भारतीय जनता पार्टी – राजस्थान
| logo = [[File:Logo of the Bharatiya Janata Party.svg|150px]]
| leader = [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]] {{small|([[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]])}}
| president = [[Madan Rathore]]
| general_secretary = Mithilesh Gautam<ref>{{cite web
|title=State Office Bearers – BJP Rajasthan
|url=https://rajasthan.bjp.org/state-office-bearer
|publisher=Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajasthan
|access-date=12 February 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=BJP announces Rajasthan Executive Committee: 9 vice presidents, 4 general secretaries named
|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/national/bjp-announces-rajasthan-executive-committee-9-vice-presidents-4-general-secretaries-named-1026741
|publisher=The Hans India
|access-date=12 February 2026
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Mithilesh Gautam will be the BJP division in-charge
|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bikaner/news/mithilesh-gautam-will-be-the-bjp-division-in-charge-136860732.html
|publisher=Dainik Bhaskar
|access-date=12 February 2026
}}</ref>

| headquarters = C-51 Sardar Patel Marg, C-Scheme [[Jaipur]]-302001, [[Rajasthan]]
| colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}} [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]]
| rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|5|10|hex=#FF9933}}
| loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|14|25|hex=#FF9933}}
| state_seats_name = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| state_seats = {{Composition bar|119|200|hex=#FF9933}}
| symbol = [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]] [[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|130px]]
| flag = BJP flag.svg
| website = {{URL|https://bjprajasthan.org}}
| founder={{ubl
| [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| [[L. K. Advani|Lal Krishna Advani]]<ref name=":3001">{{Cite news|date=23 May 2019|title=What you need to know about India's BJP|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|url-status=live|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513075856/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/05/india-bjp-190523053850803.html|archive-date=13 May 2020}}</ref>
}} {{cslist
| title = Other founders<ref name="founders" />
| [[Murli Manohar Joshi]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Praveen |date=7 January 2024 |title=Murli Manohar Joshi turns 90: Well-wishers flock to Raisina Road to celebrate life of BJP stalwart |url=https://theprint.in/in-pictures/murli-manohar-joshi-turns-90-well-wishers-flock-to-raisina-road-to-celebrate-life-of-bjp-stalwart/1913267/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Nanaji Deshmukh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Ratna for Pranab, Nanaji Deshmukh and Bhupen Hazarika |url=http://www.bihartimes.in/newsbihar/2019/jan/newsbihar25jan12.html |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=Bihar Times}}</ref>
| [[K. R. Malkani]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sir |first=Sp |date=29 April 2021 |title=K R Malkani - The Sindhu World Sindhi Author: The Sindh Story: Sindhi Politician: Political Mysteries |url=https://thesindhuworld.com/k-r-malkani/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=The Sindhu World |language=en-US}}</ref>
| [[Sikandar Bakht]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2024 |script-title=hi:कौन थे बीजेपी के इकलौते मुस्लिम फाउंडर सिकंदर बख्त? जानिए कैसे थामा पार्टी का साथ |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/india/bjp-foundation-day-who-was-bjp-muslim-founder-sikandar-bakht-political-career-profile-in-hindi-2658177 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website= |language=hi}}</ref>
| [[Vijay Kumar Malhotra]]
| [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jain |first=Devaki |work=The Citizen (India) |url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/7/20759/The-Maharani-who-Founded-the-BJP |title=The Maharani who founded the BJP |date=14 August 2021 }}</ref>
| [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2023 |title=Rajput votes at stake in Rajasthan, Bhairon Singh Shekhawat legacy a new front in BJP, Cong battle |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajput-rajasthan-bhairon-singh-shekhawat-bjp-congress-8623357/ |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>
| [[Shanta Kumar]]
| [[Ram Jethmalani]]
| [[Jagannathrao Joshi]]
}}}}

'''Bharatiya Janata Party - Rajasthan (BJP Rajasthan)''' is the state unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Rajasthan]]. It functions as the regional wing of the national Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), which is one of the two major political parties in India'''.''' The party has played a significant role in the politics of Rajasthan, having formed the state government multiple times. The current state president is [[Madan Rathore]], who succeeded [[Chandra Prakash Joshi]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhartiya Janata Party Rajasthan |url=https://rajasthan.bjp.org/rajasthan-home |website=BHARTIYA JANATA PARTY RAJASTHAN}}</ref> Prominent leaders from the state unit include incumbent chief minister [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]] and [[Vasundhara Raje]], who served as the first female Chief Minister of Rajasthan, holding office from 2003 to 2008 and again from 2013 to 2018. She has also previously served as the state president of the party.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rajasthanbjp.org | title=BJP Rajasthan Official Website | publisher=|website=www.rajasthanbjp.org| access-date=}}</ref>

== History ==
=== [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] (1951-77) ===
The roots of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[Rajasthan]] dates back to the times of its predecessor [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]] which was traditionally strong in some pockets of Rajasthan. Of the 3 seats which the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] had won in the [[1951–52 Indian general election]], one of the seat was [[Chittorgarh (Lok Sabha constituency)]] won by [[Umashankar Muljibhai Trivedi]]. The [[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|elections]] held to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in 1952 witnessed the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] winning 8 seats out of the 50 seats it had contested and had garnered 5.93% of the votes polled.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan 1951|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3378-rajasthan-1951/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> However the tally of the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] fell in the [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|subsequent election]] as [[Ram Rajya Parishad]] led by [[Swami Karpatri]] too contested the elections and the vote division took place.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan 1957|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3379-rajasthan-1957/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> However, in the subsequent elections of 1962 and 1967 the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] won 15 and 22 seats respectively crossing vote share of 10%.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan 1962|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3380-rajasthan-1962/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan 1967|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3382-rajasthan-1967/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> In the 1972 elections despite maintaining the vote share the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh|BJS]] could win only 8 seats.

=== [[Janata Party]] (1977-80) ===
In 1975, [[Indira Gandhi]] declared a state of [[Indian Emergency|Emergency]], and threw many major opposition politicians in jail including the leaders of the BJS. In 1977, the Emergency was withdrawn, and elections were held. The BJS, joined forces with the [[Bharatiya Lok Dal]], the [[Indian National Congress (Organization)|Congress (O)]], and the [[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]], to form the [[Janata Party]]. The elections saw [[Janata Party]] emerging victorious in 152/200 seats in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rajasthan 1977|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3385-rajasthan-1977/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Election Commission of India|language=en-IN}}</ref> As the [[Jan Sangh]] faction was the largest in the legislative party, its leader [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] became the first non-Congress [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]]. However the government began to wither as significant ideological and political divisions emerged. The party consisted of veteran socialists, trade unionists and pro-business leaders, making major reforms difficult to achieve without triggering a divide. Socialist politicians shared an aversion to the Hindu nationalist agenda of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, whose members included Vajpayee, Advani and other leaders from the former [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]. The party thereafter split and [[Indira Gandhi]] emerged victorious in the [[1980 Indian general election]] and came back to power. The [[Janata Party]] government led by [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] was dismissed on the grounds that the Government had lost the public trust.

=== [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (1980- present) ===
In April 1980, shortly after the elections, the National Executive Council of the Janata Party banned its members from being 'dual members' of party and the RSS. In response, the former Jana Sangh members left to create a new political party, known as the Bharatiya Janata Party. Although the newly formed BJP was technically distinct from the Jana Sangh, the bulk of its rank and file were identical to its predecessor which helped the [[BJP]] in retaining some of its traditional [[Jan Sangh]] vote base. The BJP emerged as the principal opposition to the ruling [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] both the times in 1980 as well as 1985.

The allegations of corruption, known as the [[Bofors scandal]], against [[Rajiv Gandhi]] witnessed the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] party's defeat in [[1989 Indian general election]]. The [[National Front (India)|National Front]] coalition was formed with the outside support from the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and [[V. P. Singh]] became the prime minister. The Congress subsequently even lost the 1990 Rajasthan elections to the [[BJP]]. The [[BJP]] with 85 seats formed a coalition with the [[Janata Dal]] which had 55 seats and [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] became the [[List of chief ministers from the Bharatiya Janata Party|first Chief Minister from the Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 4 March 1990.

On 6 December 1992, [[Demolition of Babri Masjid|Babri Masjid was demolished]] in Uttar Pradesh and [[Kalyan Singh]], the then [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]] took the moral responsibility and resigned. The state was put under [[President's rule]]. However [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]], the then [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] undemocratically dismissed the [[BJP]] ruled state Governments in [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] due to violence erupted in these states with the fall of the Masjid, while the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Government in [[Maharashtra]] was spared despite [[Bombay riots]] and [[1993 Bombay bombings]].

While the [[BJP]] lost subsequent elections held in 1993 to [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]], it was able to win a wafer thin majority in [[Rajasthan]] and managed to form a Government with support of independents under [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]. The [[BJP]] however lost 1998 state elections to the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] led by [[Ashok Gehlot]] and was reduced to 33 seats in the Assembly of 200 seats. Thereafter the power has been alternating between the [[BJP]] and the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] once in every 5 years.

== Youth Wing (Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM), Rajasthan) ==

In 2026, Shankar Gora was appointed as the State President of the [[Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha (BJYM) – Rajasthan]], the youth wing of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).<ref>{{cite web
|title=शंकर गोरा को भाजपा युवा मोर्चा राजस्थान का प्रदेश अध्यक्ष नियुक्त किया गया
|url=https://rajasthan.bjp.org/hi/node/65420
|publisher=Bharatiya Janata Party, Rajasthan
|access-date=12 February 2026
|language=hi
}}</ref>

He assumed office during an official ceremony where Rajasthan BJP President [[Madan Rathore]] administered the oath and formally handed over the charge.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Madan Rathore administers oath to BJYM Rajasthan President Shankar Gora
|url=https://www.pratahkal.com/jaipur/madan-rathore-bjym-shankar-gora-jaipur-event-1561480
|publisher=Pratahkal
|access-date=12 February 2026
}}</ref>

His appointment was part of a broader organisational restructuring within the Rajasthan unit of the BJP, which included the appointment of several new morcha (front) presidents.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Ex-Union ministers, Jahazpur MLA among BJP’s 6 new morcha chiefs in Rajasthan
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/ex-union-ministers-jahazpur-mla-among-bjps-6-new-morcha-chiefs-in-raj/articleshow/126239097.cms
|publisher=The Times of India
|access-date=12 February 2026
}}</ref>

== Support base ==
For many years, the [[BJP]] support base was mainly [[Rajput]] due to the fact that the [[BJP]] was led by [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] and the disillusionment of [[Rajput]]s with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] due to the land reforms undertaken by the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] Government due to which large number of tillers, with the new act, became land owners while the jagirdars who were mainly Rajputs became dispossessed of their lands.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-09|title=Rajasthan assembly polls: Jats, Rajputs hold the key to 43 seats in Marwar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/rajasthan-assembly-polls-jats-rajputs-hold-the-key-to-43-seats-in-marwar/story-PDLRW0Ti3qk6vVkgclYmRI.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The [[Brahmin]]s largely remained with the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] till early 90's. However, [[Brahmin|they]] shifted to the [[BJP]] after [[Mandal Commission protests of 1990|Mandal Commission]] and [[Ram Janmabhoomi|Ram Janmabhoomi movement]].

Over the years, the [[BJP]] has been able to garner a section of [[Jats|Jat's]] who were traditionally Congress voters as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] had announced reservation for the Jats in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT: Vajpayee woos Rajasthan's Jats with reservation promise|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/1999/aug/30jat1.htm|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> The Jats also resented the fact that in spite of Jat's voting [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] in 1998 state elections, [[Parasram Maderna]], a Jat leader was not made the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]] in favour of [[Ashok Gehlot]], a non-Jat.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-14|title=Rajasthan elections: Jats may hold key but won't get their own CM|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/rajasthan-their-own-as-cm-jats-dream-on-1171229.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Firstpost}}</ref> Besides, the projection of [[Vasundhara Raje]] as [[Jats|Jat]] ki Bahu (''daughter-in-law of Jat'') also helped the [[BJP]] to garner Jat votes and cross the majority mark in [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003 state elections]], a feat which even the party patriarch [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] couldn't achieve.

==Electoral performance==

===Lok Sabha election===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|0|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Composition bar|0|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|{{Composition bar|13|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}13
|{{partial|Outside support to [[Janata Dal|JD]]}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|12|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}1
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|{{Composition bar|12|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{steady}}
|{{partial|Government, later Opposition}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|5|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}7
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|{{Composition bar|16|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}11
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|{{Composition bar|21|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}5
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|{{Composition bar|4|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}17
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|{{Composition bar|25|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}21
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|{{Composition bar|24|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}1
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|{{Composition bar|14|25|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}10
|{{Yes|Government}}
|}

===Vidhan Sabha election===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Year
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Seats won
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/-
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Voteshare (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |+/- (%)
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Outcome
|-
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{Composition bar|32|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}32
|18.6%
|{{increase}}18.6%
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Composition bar|39|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}7
|21.24%
|{{increase}}2.64%
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|{{Composition bar|85|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}46
|25.25%
|{{increase}}4.01%
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|{{Composition bar|95|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}10
|38.6%
|{{increase}}13.35%
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|{{Composition bar|33|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}62
|33.23%
|{{decrease}}5.37%
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|{{Composition bar|120|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}87
|39.2%
|{{increase}}5.97%
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
|{{Composition bar|78|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}42
|34.27%
|{{decrease}}4.93%
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|{{Composition bar|163|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}85
|45.17%
|{{increase}}10.9%
|{{Yes|Government}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|{{Composition bar|73|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{decrease}}90
|38.08%
|{{decrease}}7.09%
|{{No|Opposition}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|{{Composition bar|115|200|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}}}
|{{increase}}42
|41.69%
|{{increase}}3.61%
|{{Yes|Government}}
|}

== Leadership ==

=== Chief ministers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
|-
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|75px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|[[Chhabra Assembly constituency|Chhabra]]
|4 March 1990
|15 December 1992
| rowspan="2" |7 years, 283 days
|[[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|9th]]
|-
|[[Bali Assembly constituency|Bali]]
|4 December 1993
|1 December 1998
|[[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|10th]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2
| rowspan="2" |[[File:VasundharaRaje.jpg|98x98px]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Vasundhara Raje]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jhalrapatan Assembly constituency|Jhalrapatan]]
|8 December 2003
|11 December 2008
| rowspan="2" |10 years, 6 days
|[[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|12th]]
|-
|13 December 2013
|16 December 2018
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|14th]]
|-
|3
|[[File:Shri Bhajan Lal Sharma.jpg|117x117px]]
|[[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|[[Sanganer Assembly constituency|Sanganer]]
|15 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|15 December 2023}}
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|16th]]
|}

=== Deputy Chief Ministers ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]]
|-
|1
|
|[[Hari Shankar Bhabhra]]
|[[Ratangarh Assembly constituency|Ratangarh]]
|6 October 1994
|29 November 1998
|{{Age in years and days|6 October 1994|29 November 1998}}
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|-
|2
|[[File:The Deputy Chief Minister of Rajasthan, Shrimathi Diya Kumari & her colleague meet VP of India with their head.jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Diya Kumari]]
|[[Vidhyadhar Nagar Assembly constituency|Vidhyadhar Nagar]]
|15 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|15 December 2023}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Bhajan Lal Sharma]]
|-
|3
|[[File:Prem Chand Bairwa (cropped).jpg|90x90px]]
|[[Prem Chand Bairwa]]
|[[Dudu Assembly constituency|Dudu]]
|15 December 2023
|''Incumbent''
|{{Age in years and days|15 December 2023}}
|}

===Leaders of Opposition===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Constituency]]
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Term of office
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Assembly
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |[[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|Chief Minister]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |1
| rowspan="3" |[[File:The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg]]
|[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
|[[Chhabra Assembly constituency|Chhabra]]
|15 July 1980
|9 March 1985
| rowspan="3" |13 years, 67 days
|[[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|7th]]
|[[Jagannath Pahadia]] [[Shiv Charan Mathur]] [[Hira Lal Devpura]]
|-
|[[Amber Assembly constituency|Amber]]
|28 March 1985
|1 March 1990
|[[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|8th]]
|[[Hari Dev Joshi]] [[Shiv Charan Mathur]]
|-
|[[Bali Assembly constituency|Bali]]
|8 January 1999
|18 August 2002
| rowspan="2" |[[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|11th]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Ashok Gehlot]]
|-
|2
|[[File:GC Kataria.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
|[[Bari Sadri Assembly constituency|Bari Sadri]]
|24 August 2002
|4 December 2003
|{{Age in years and days|24 August 2002|4 December 2003}}
|-
|3
|[[File:VasundharaRaje.jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Vasundhara Raje]]
|[[Jhalrapatan Assembly constituency|Jhalrapatan]]
|2 January 2009
|20 February 2013
|{{Ayd|2 january 2009|20 february 2013}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|13th]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|rowspan="2" |(2)
|rowspan="2" |[[File:GC Kataria.jpg|94x94px]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Udaipur Assembly constituency|Udaipur]]
|21 February 2013
|9 December 2013
|{{Ayd|21 february 2013|9 december 2013}}
|- style="text-align:center;"
|17 January 2019
|16 February 2023
|{{Ayd|17 january 2019|16 february 2023}}
| rowspan="2" |[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|15th]]
|-
|4
|[[File:Namankan sabha Taranagar 2023.jpg|93x93px]]
|[[Rajendra Singh Rathore]]
|[[Churu Assembly constituency|Churu]]
|2 April 2023
|2 December 2023
|{{Ayd|2 april 2023|2 december 2023}}
|}

=== List of presidents ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |#
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Portrait
! style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Name
! colspan="3" style="background-color:#FF9933; color:white" |Tenure
|-
|1
|
|[[Jagdish Prasad Mathur]]
|1980
|1981
|1 year
|-
|2
|
|[[Hari Shankar Bhabhra]]
|1981
|1986
|5 years
|-
|3
|
|[[Bhanwar Lal Sharma (politician)|Bhanwar Lal Sharma]]
|1986
|1988
|2 years
|-
|4
|[[File:Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi.png|101x101px]]
|[[Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi]]
|1988
|1989
|1 year
|-
|(3)
|
|[[Bhanwar Lal Sharma (politician)|Bhanwar Lal Sharma]]
|1989
|1990
|1 year
|-
|5
|
|[[Ramdas Agarwal]]
|May-1990
|1997
|7 years
|-
|6<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt. Shri Raghuveer Singh Kaushal |url=https://rajasthan.bjp.org/lt-shri-raghuveer-singh-kaushal |website=BJP Rajasthan}}</ref>
|
|[[Raghuveer Singh Koshal]]
|18-Dec-1997
|26-May-1999
|{{Age in years and days|18 December 1997|26 May 1999}}
|-
|7
|[[File:GC Kataria.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Gulab Chand Kataria]]
|1999
|1999
|1 year
|-
|(3)
|
|[[Bhanwar Lal Sharma (politician)|Bhanwar Lal Sharma]]
|2000
|2002
|2 years
|-
|8
|[[File:VasundharaRaje.jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Vasundhara Raje]]
|2002
|2002
|1 year
|-
|(4)
|[[File:Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi.png|101x101px]]
|[[Lalit Kishore Chaturvedi]]
|2003
|2006
|3 years
|-
|9
|
|Mahesh Chand Sharma
|7-Feb-2006
|7-Jan-2008
|2 years
|-
|10<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2008-01-08 |title=Mathur takes charge of BJP's Rajasthan unit, calls for unity |url=https://www.oneindia.com/2008/01/07/mathur-takes-charge-of-bjps-rajasthan-unit-calls-for-unity-1199779740.html |access-date= |website=Oneindia |language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:Om Prakash Mathur, 18th Governer of Sikkim.jpg|94x94px]]
|[[Om Prakash Mathur]]
|7-Jan-2008
|10-Jul-2009
|1 year
|-
|11<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-10 |title=Arun Chaturvedi new BJP President in Rajasthan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/arun-chaturvedi-new-bjp-president-in-rajasthan/story-8lTTMl6n7I8aksNVKglosN.html |access-date= |website=Hindustan Times |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Arun Chaturvedi]]
|10-Jul-2009
|08-Feb-2013
|{{Age in years and days|10 July 2009|8 February 2013}}
|-
|(8)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-08 |title=Vasundhara Raje takes over as BJP president in Rajasthan |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/photo/vasundhara-raje-bjp-president-in-rajasthan-369191-2013-02-08 |access-date= |website=India Today |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:VasundharaRaje.jpg|98x98px]]
|[[Vasundhara Raje]]
|08-Feb-2013
|12-Feb-2014
|{{Age in years and days|8 February 2013|12 February 2014}}
|-
|12<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-12 |title=Ashok Parnami appointed Raj BJP chief {{!}} Rajasthan News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/rajasthan/ashok-parnami-appointed-raj-bjp-chief_911028.html |access-date= |website=Zee News |language=}}</ref>
|
|[[Ashok Parnami]]
|12-Feb-2014
|29-Jun-2018
|{{Age in years and days|12 February 2014|29 June 2018}}
|-
|13<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-29 |title=Amit Shah appoints Madanlal Saini as BJP's Rajasthan unit president |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/amit-shah-appoints-madanlal-saini-as-bjps-rajasthan-unit-president-5239089/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Madan Lal Saini.png|80x80px]]
|[[Madan Lal Saini]]
|29-Jun-2018
|24-Jun-2019
|{{Age in years and days|29 June 2018|24 June 2019}}
|-
|14<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=2019-09-15 |title=Satish Poonia first Jat to become Rajasthan BJP president {{!}} Jaipur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/satish-poonia-first-jat-to-become-raj-bjp-president/articleshow/71131608.cms |access-date= |website=The Times of India |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Dr. Satish Poonia.jpg|112x112px]]
|[[Satish Poonia]]
|15-Sep-2019
|23-Mar-2023
|{{Age in years and days|15 September 2019|23 March 2023}}
|-
|15<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |last3= |first3= |date=23 March 2023 |title=Chandra Prakash Joshi become Rajasthan BJP president {{!}} Jaipur News - Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rajasthan-brahmin-cp-joshi-satish-poonia-8514713/ |access-date= |website=Indian Express |language=}}</ref>
|[[File:Mp cp joshi bjp chittorgarh.jpg|113x113px]]
|[[Chandra Prakash Joshi]]
|23-Mar-2023
|26-Jul-2024
|{{Age in years and days|23 March 2023|26 July 2024}}
|-
|16<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bjp-new-party-presidents-bihar-rajasthan-dilip-jaiswal-madan-rathod-2571970-2024-07-25|title=BJP makes state rejigs, appoints new party chiefs in Bihar and Rajasthan|work=India Today|accessdate=25 July 2024}}</ref>
|[[File:Madan rathore, BJP State President(Rajasthan).jpg|99x99px]]
|[[Madan Rathore]]
|26 July 2024
|''Present''
|{{Age in years and days|26 July 2024|}}
|}
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP Rajasthan Chief ministers & Presidents – BJP Rajasthan|url=https://rajasthanbjp.org/bjp-chief-ministers-presidents/|access-date=2021-05-29|language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Gujarat]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party – Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[State units of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rajasthanbjp.org/ Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bharatiya Janata Party - Rajasthan}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party by state or union territory|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]

Bhuleshwar Market Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:18:40Z

Bogdankdu: Made initial data v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bhuleshwar Market
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 55,023
| mla = Shah Kodardas Kalidas
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Bhuleshwar Market Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Shah Kodardas Kalidas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Bhuleshwar Market <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shah Kodardas Kalidas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 21,046 |percentage = 68.56% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mehta Vimla Gordhandas |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 4,060 |percentage = 13.23% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pandya Manubhai Chandra Vidyanand |party = Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad |votes = 1,730 |percentage = 5.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Goragandhi Mansen Puspsen |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,679 |percentage = 5.47% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desai Manibhai Gopalji |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,597 |percentage = 5.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sheth Tulsidas Pranjivan |party = Independent politician |votes = 584 |percentage = 1.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,986 |percentage = 55.34% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 30,696 |percentage = 55.79% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 30,696}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 55,023 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Hiralal (actor)

2026-04-02T09:49:35Z

Bogdankdu:

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Hiralal
| image =
| birth_name = Hiralal Thakur
| birth_date = 14 March<ref name="cjadoo" /> {{birth based on age as of date|19|1929|11|29|noage=1}}<ref name="ie" />
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] (in present-day Pakistan)
| death_date = {{death date|1981|6|27|df=yes}}<ref name="death" />
| death_place =
| other_names = Hira Lal, Heeralal
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1928–1981
| spouse = {{marriage|Darparani|1945}}
| children = 6, including [[Inder Thakur]]
}}

'''Hiralal Thakur''' (14 March 1909/1910 – 27 June 1981), known [[Mononymous person|mononymously]] as '''Hiralal''', was an Indian actor known for his work in [[Hindi films]]. Known for his performances as a [[character actor]],<ref name="tribune">{{cite web |last1=Dass |first1=Janki |authorlink1=Jankidas |title=What a way to take the last bow |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000514/spectrum/main3.htm |work=The Tribune |accessdate=27 August 2020 |date=14 May 2000}}</ref> he was called the 'bad man of the Indian screen' for his portrayal of roles with negative shades. He made his debut with the silent film ''[[Safdar Jung (film)|Safdar Jung]]'' (1930).<ref name="ie">{{cite news |title=From politics to filmdom |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=3 October 1965 |pages=6}}</ref>

Hiralal also took part in India's [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]] and became an activist with the [[Indian National Congress]] when he was 14. He was later associated with the group of political and social workers that included [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] and [[Bhagat Singh]], before moving into a career in films in 1928.<ref name="ie" /> After a distinguished career in films for over fifty years which included at least 150 films,<ref name="tabassum" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Bollywood Movie Actor Hiralal Biography |url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/movie-actor/hiralal |website=nettv4u |accessdate=27 August 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717061733/http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/hindi/movie-actor/hiralal |archivedate=17 July 2017 |language=en}}</ref> he died penniless in 1981.<ref name="tribune" /><ref name="death">{{cite book |title=Mass Media in India |year=1981 |publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India |pages=170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dQvlAAAAMAAJ |accessdate=27 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hiralal took to acting in films "as a hobby" after being asked by filmmaker [[Abdur Rashid Kardar]], who was making ''[[Safdar Jung (film)|Safdar Jung]]'' in [[Lahore]], to play the role of a [[Pathan]].<ref name="memroles">{{cite web |title=Hiralal – My Memorable Roles |url=http://cineplot.com/hiralal-my-memorable-roles/ |website=Cineplot.com |accessdate=28 August 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504051040/http://cineplot.com/hiralal-my-memorable-roles/ |archivedate=4 May 2017}}</ref> Filming of ''Safdar Jung'' had begun in 1924 and Hiralal joined in 1929. He then appeared in another silent film, ''[[Daughters of Today (1928 film)|Daughters of Today]]'', which saw theatrical release first.<ref name="cjadoo">{{cite web |last1=Barnum |first1=Mike |title=Hiralal |url=https://cinemajadoo.wordpress.com/2018/06/16/hiralal/ |website=Cinema Jadoo |accessdate=28 August 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828061915/https://cinemajadoo.wordpress.com/2018/06/16/hiralal/ |archivedate=28 August 2020 |language=en |date=16 June 2018}}</ref><ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Hiralal – Profile & Filmography |url=http://cineplot.com/hiralal-profile-filmography/ |website=Cineplot.com |accessdate=28 August 2020 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220083919/http://cineplot.com/hiralal-profile-filmography/ |archivedate=20 December 2016}}</ref> Hiralal recalled having a "thirst for authenticity" early on in his career, citing an example of him going bald to play a "one-eyed bald-headed man" in his next film, the 1931 film ''Awara Raqasa'' ("Wandering Dancer"), also directed by Kardar.<ref name="memroles" /> He switched to [[sound films]], later making his debut with ''Pavitra Ganga'' (1932) in which he played a "mad monk" as one character. He appeared in [[dual roles]] in the film, both as the protagonist and antagonist, opposite Nalini Tarkhad.<ref name="ie" /> His performance in ''Din-o-Duniya'' (1936) as General Mohammad Tariq received praise.<ref name="memroles" />

Hiralal then moved to [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata) and became associated with the [[New Theatres]] film studio. It was here under the "able guidance" of filmmaker [[Hemachandra Chunder]] that he felt he had become "a real actor". He appeared in ''[[Mera Punjab]]'' (1940), an adaptation of [[Pearl S. Buck]]'s ''[[The Good Earth]]'', in which he played three stages of a man's life: "the young man, the father and the grandfather". He then appeared in ''Sipahi'' (1941), playing "a soldier who fights for his country (in [[World War I]]) and then under the economic depression that follows is unable to find a job. On the verge of starvation, he becomes a gangster and at the end is shot in an encounter with his pursuers." He called the final sequence in the film in which the soldier-turned-gangster is cornered by six or seven men and is shot "the most moving scene" he had ever played. Hiralal recollected in an interview in the 1960s that it was with his role in ''Faisla'' (1947) opposite [[Kanan Devi]] that he was "able to form a certain concept of villainy which served me well later when I began to play the villain in most of my pictures." In Chunder's ''Teen Bhai'' (1955), he "played a villain" opposite [[Pahari Sanyal]], [[Nazir Hussain]] and [[Bharat Bhushan]]'s characters. Hiralal's association with the New Theatres, however, ended in 1949, when he moved to [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai).<ref name="memroles" /><ref name="ie" />

In Bombay, his first film ''Badal'' (1951), in which he played a " villainous [[sardar]] whose greed for money is his undoing", was received well. In [[Kishore Sahu]]'s ''Sapna'' (1952), he played an [[outlaw]] who kidnaps the heroine played by [[Bina Rai]]. In [[K. Amarnath]]'s ''Mehbooba'' (1954), he played a [[dacoit]]. In [[G. P. Sippy]]'s ''Chandrakanta'' (1956), he played "a mad conqueror who wanted his people to worship him as a living God." Hiralal studied the lives of [[Nero]] and a few [[Egyptian Pharaohs]] in preparation for the role. He starred in ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]'' (1964) as a "fanatic killer who is out to exterminate a famous man."<ref name="memroles" />

Hiralal rated his performance in the 1948 film ''Jhoothi Kasmein'' his best, during an interview with the ''[[Indian Express]]'' in 1965. He added that ''Swayamsiddha'' (1947) and ''Anjangarh'' (1948) were films that gave him "inspiration and strength". Hiralal credited filmmakers [[Birendranath Sircar]] and Hemachandra Chunder for having taught him to become a character actor, Roop K. Shorey for the "laugh" and "weep without sobbing" in films. He recalled Amarnath "built him up as a fighter" with his film ''Sarkar'' (1951).<ref name="ie" /> Hiralal was a fan of American actors [[John Barrymore]] and [[Paul Muni]].<ref name="memroles" />

== Personal life ==
Hiralal was born into a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] family on 14 March 1909 (or 1910) in [[Lahore]], then a city in the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of [[British India]] (in present-day Pakistan). He was two children .Hiralal completed his education in Lahore and grew up watching and being influenced by the character of [[Ravana]] in the [[Ramlila]] plays.<ref name="tabassum">{{cite AV media |date= 8 July 2019|title= Hiralal: The First Villain Superstar of Bollywood, Tabassum Talkies|language= Hindi|url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G45nGMC62pI|access-date= 28 August 2020|publisher= Tabassum Talkies}}</ref>

Hiralal married Darparani in 1945 and had five sons and a daughter with her. The sons were Krishna, Kamal, Prem, Ajay, and [[Inder Thakur|Inder]], the last of whom was an actor and model, and died in the [[Air India Flight 182]] bombing in 1985. Apart from his mother tongue [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], Hiralal could speak fluently in [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]] and English.<ref name="tabassum" />

== Filmography ==
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Daughters of Today (1928 film)|Daughters of Today]]'' (1928)
* ''[[Safdar Jung (film)|Safdar Jung]]'' (1930)
* ''Awara Raqasa'' (1931)
* ''Pavitra Ganga'' (1932)
* ''[[Seeta (1934 film)|Seeta]]'' (1934)
* ''Suhag Ka Daan'' (1936)
* ''[[Mera Punjab]]'' (1940; [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film)
* ''[[Meri Bahen]]'' (1944)
* ''Faisla'' (1947)
* ''Swayamsiddha'' (1947)
* ''Jhoothi Kasmein'' (1948)
* ''[[Anjangarh]]'' (1948)
* ''Badal'' (1951)... Jai Singh
* ''Sarkar'' (1951)
* ''[[Aaram (film)|Aaram]]'' (1951)... Bhagwan
* ''Sapna'' (1952)
* ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' (1953)
* ''Raj Ratan'' (1953)... Raj Guru's lieutenant<ref>{{cite web |title=Raj Ratan (1953) – Review |url=https://cineplot.com/raj-ratan-1953-review |website=Cineplot.com |accessdate=28 August 2020}}</ref>
* ''Mehbooba'' (1954)
* ''[[Hamlet (1954 film)|Hamlet]]''... [[King Claudius]]
* ''[[Nagin (1954 film)|Nagin]]'' (1954)
* ''Danka'' (1954)
* ''Teen Bhai'' (1955)
* ''Riyasat'' (1955)
* ''Babasa Ri Laadi'' (1961; [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]] film)
* ''[[Bandini (film)|Bandini]]'' (1963)
* ''Sapni'' (1963; Punjabi film)
* ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]'' (1964)... Kargah
* ''[[Nishan (1965 film)|Nishan]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Nayak (1966 film)|Nayak]]'' (1966)... Kamal Misra
* ''[[Kismat (1968 film)|Kismat]]'' (1968)
* ''[[Loafer (1973 film)|Loafer]]'' (1973)... Singh's agent
*''[[Hamrahi (1974 film)|Hamrahi]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Kabeela]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Mr. Natwarlal]]'' (1979)
*''[[Insaaf Ka Tarazu]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Kaalia]]'' (1981)
{{colend|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0386229}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hiralal}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male silent film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors from Lahore]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:Place of death missing]]
[[Category:20th-century births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]

KROS College, Kohima

2026-04-01T15:31:30Z

Bogdankdu: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[List of institutions of higher education in Nagaland#Kohima District]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to section}}
{{R to list entry}}
}}

Shali Mata Temple

2026-03-30T11:50:24Z

Bogdankdu: Adding bio - done

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Shimla district, Himachal Pradesh}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Shali Mata Temple|native_name='''शाली माता मन्दिर'''|image=Shali Mata Temple.jpg|caption=Shali Mata Temple atop of Shali Tibba peak|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=[[Bhimakali Temple|Bhimakali]] and [[Shailaputri]]|festivals=[[Navratri]]|location=Shali Tibba peak, Khatnol|district=[[Shimla district|Shimla]]|state=[[Himachal Pradesh]]|country={{flag|India}}|map_type=India Himachal Pradesh#India|map_caption=Location in Himachal Pradesh|coordinates={{coord|31.191433|77.274613|display=title,inline}}|architecture_style=[[Kath kuni|Kath Kuni]]|elevation_m=2,861.7|elevation_ft=9386.5|established=original structure: Ancient (unknown)
present structure: early 20th century (renovated)|creator=Raja Rana Bhupinder Singh of [[Bushahr]] (renovated)}}

'''Shali Mata Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located on stop of [[Shali Tibba]] peak, which rises from Khatnol, which is part of [[Sunni, Himachal Pradesh|Sunni]] in [[Shimla district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nishi |date=17 February 2023 |title=Know It All About- The Exciting Shali Tibba Trek |url=https://realhimachal.in/shali-tibba/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113160022/https://realhimachal.in/shali-tibba/ |archive-date=13 January 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Real Himachal - |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref> The base of the trek in Khatnol is about {{Convert|36|km|mi}} from the state capital [[Shimla]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2020 |title=Ex-IAS officer booked for travelling during lockdown in Himachal |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/ex-ias-officer-booked-for-travelling-during-lockdown-in-himachal/story-sl0IIZ4qIrQvLhjLYSR1aM.html |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It is about {{Convert|7|km|mi}} trek from Khatnol to Shali Mata Temple. There is no direct motorable road to the temple.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिमला आएं तो शाली टिब्बा जरूर जाएं, आसमान को छूने का अहसास; श्रीखंड महादेव सहित कई चोटियां देख सकते हैं - If come Shimla must visit Shali Tibba can see many peaks including Shrikhand Mahadev how to go where to stay full details |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-if-come-shimla-must-visit-shali-tibba-can-see-many-peaks-including-shrikhand-mahadev-how-to-go-where-to-stay-full-details-24000973.html |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |title=Himachal plans road, ropeway to Shali Tibba temple |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/himachal-plans-road-ropeway-to-shali-tibba-temple-116123100523_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101140105/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/himachal-plans-road-ropeway-to-shali-tibba-temple-116123100523_1.html |archive-date=1 January 2017 |access-date=13 December 2025 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Shimla - Himachal Tourism Official Website |url=https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/shimla/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250815020557/https://himachaltourism.gov.in/destination/shimla/ |archive-date=15 August 2025 |access-date=13 December 2025 |work=Himachal Tourism Official Website |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History and legends ==
[[File:Shali Mata Temple's history and legends written on a board in temple premises.jpg|thumb|Temple's history and legends written on board inside temple's premises]]
Many local sources date the history of Shali Mata Temple to over 400 years ago. According to the legend, the original idol of the goddess was first installed in a village named Dalana near Shimla. The idol was reportedly brought there from the shrine of [[Bhimakali Temple]] at [[Sarahan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=शाली देवी मंदिर: हर मुराद पूरी करती है मां - Jai Maa Shali Bhima Kali This temple |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-jai-maa-shali-bhima-kali-this-temple-11663780.html |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Later, the devotees believed that the goddess appeared in a dream asking to be moved to the highest peak nearby, so that her blessings could reach far and wide in the region. Responding to this divine command, the idol was relocated and enshrined at the peak of Shali Tibba. Since that time, she came to be worshipped as ''Shali Mata''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shali Tibba Trek |url=https://indiahikes.com/documented-trek/shali-tibba-trek |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=indiahikes.com}}</ref>

The temple is made in traditional [[Kath kuni architecture|Kath Kuni architecture]] style.

In earlier times,{{When|date=December 2025}} the trail was in poor condition, and accessibility to the temple was quite difficult, so the then-king of [[Faridkot State|Faridkot state]] built a trail here in 1936 after his wish of birth of a son was fulfilled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHIMLA TO SHALLI TIBBA TREKKING ROUTE – Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC) |url=https://hptdc.in/index.php/shimla-to-shalli-tibba-trekking-route/?utm |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=hptdc.in}}</ref> In current times,{{As of when|date=December 2025}} a pilgrim rest house was built near the temple to accommodate the pilgrims who want to stay overnight.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shali Mata Mandir |url=https://wikimapia.org/9003992/Shali-Mata-Mandir |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=wikimapia.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=शाली देवी मंदिर: हर मुराद पूरी करती है मां - Jai Maa Shali Bhima Kali This temple |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-jai-maa-shali-bhima-kali-this-temple-11663780.html |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Belief ==
[[File:Ancient Choti Shali Temple.jpg|thumb|Choti Shali Temple between way (trek) of Shali Mata Temple, atop of Shali Tibba]]
The temple is popular because of the belief that, whenever the devotees pray to the goddess, she always helps them in any form or by the guidance from their inner self. Devotees believe that, as ''Rog Nashini'' (destroyer of diseases), even just a sight of the goddess can cure illnesses and problems, and such ailments fade away even without treatment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ClearHolidays |title=Offbeat Places{{!}}Homestays{{!}}Shali Devi Temple Places To Visit Shimla |url=https://www.clearholidays.com/places/shali-devi-temple |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=ClearHolidays.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=शाली देवी मंदिर: हर मुराद पूरी करती है मां - Jai Maa Shali Bhima Kali This temple |url=https://www.jagran.com/spiritual/mukhye-dharmik-sthal-jai-maa-shali-bhima-kali-this-temple-11663780.html |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Shali Mata Temple is situated on the top of Shali Tibba, one of the highest peaks in the [[Shimla district]]. In winters, snowfall occurs here in abundance. The temple gives 360-degree panoromic views of the distant high mountain ranges and many peaks, including some of the highest peaks in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shali Tibba {{!}} Wandering Educators |url=https://www.wanderingeducators.com/accommodations/misc/shali-tibba.html?utm |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=www.wanderingeducators.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shali Tibba {{!}} Shali Tibba in Shimla |url=https://www.tourism-of-india.com/shali-tibba.html?utm |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=www.tourism-of-india.com |language=en}}</ref>

=== Views of distant Himalayan peaks and ranges ===
[[File:Dhauladhar views from Shali Mata Temple.jpg|thumb|Dhauladhars seen from the Shali Mata Temple]]
'''Peaks from [[Kangra district|Kangra]]-[[Chamba district|Chamba]] side:''' The [[Manimahesh Kailash Peak|Manimahesh Kailash]], [[Hanuman Tibba]] (highest peak of Dhauladhar range), and other high peaks of [[Dhauladhar|Dhauladhar range]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shali Tibba Trek |url=https://indiahikes.com/documented-trek/shali-tibba-trek |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=indiahikes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=शिमला आएं तो शाली टिब्बा जरूर जाएं, आसमान को छूने का अहसास; श्रीखंड महादेव सहित कई चोटियां देख सकते हैं - If come Shimla must visit Shali Tibba can see many peaks including Shrikhand Mahadev how to go where to stay full details |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-if-come-shimla-must-visit-shali-tibba-can-see-many-peaks-including-shrikhand-mahadev-how-to-go-where-to-stay-full-details-24000973.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Himachal Kinnaur and Kullu Himalayas seen from Shali Mata Temple.jpg|thumb|Kullu and Kinnaur Himalayas as seen from the temple]]
'''Peaks from [[Kullu district|Kullu]] side:''' [[Deo Tibba]], [[Parbati Parbat|Parvati Parvat]], the highest peak of [[Pir Panjal Range|Pir Panjal]] range which is [[Indrasan]], etc<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shali Tibba Trek |url=https://indiahikes.com/documented-trek/shali-tibba-trek |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=indiahikes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=शिमला आएं तो शाली टिब्बा जरूर जाएं, आसमान को छूने का अहसास; श्रीखंड महादेव सहित कई चोटियां देख सकते हैं - If come Shimla must visit Shali Tibba can see many peaks including Shrikhand Mahadev how to go where to stay full details |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-if-come-shimla-must-visit-shali-tibba-can-see-many-peaks-including-shrikhand-mahadev-how-to-go-where-to-stay-full-details-24000973.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

'''Peaks from the [[Kinnaur district|Kinnaur]]-[[Shimla district|Shimla]] side Himalayan ranges:''' Himachal Pradesh's highest peak [[Reo Purgyil]] in [[Kinnaur district]] can be seen from the temple. Two other Kailashas are also visible apart from the Manimahesh Kailash: [[Shrikhand Mahadev]] and [[Kinnaur Kailash]]. Other peaks of the region which are visible from here are [[Mul Mahunaag]], [[Shikari Devi Temple|Shikari Peak]], [[Kali Tibba]], [[Gushu-Pishu]], [[Hansbeshan Peak]], [[Krunshikring Peak]], [[Churdhar Peak]], and other ranges near [[Chaupal, Himachal Pradesh|Chaupal]] and [[Sirmaur district|Sirmaur]]. Other Himalayan ranges and forested hills of [[Shimla]] such as [[Jakhu Temple|Jakhu hill]], [[Kufri, India|Kufri]], [[Theog]], [[Fagu, Himachal Pradesh|Fagu]], and [[Narkanda]] can also be seen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिमला आएं तो शाली टिब्बा जरूर जाएं, आसमान को छूने का अहसास; श्रीखंड महादेव सहित कई चोटियां देख सकते हैं - If come Shimla must visit Shali Tibba can see many peaks including Shrikhand Mahadev how to go where to stay full details |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-if-come-shimla-must-visit-shali-tibba-can-see-many-peaks-including-shrikhand-mahadev-how-to-go-where-to-stay-full-details-24000973.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
[[File:Satopanth glacier, Kedarnath, etc seen from Shali Mata Temple atop of Shali Tibba.jpg|thumb|Garhwal Himalayas as seen from the temple]]
'''Peaks from the [[Garhwal Himalayas]]:''' On clear days, distant peaks from beyond Himachal Pradesh, including [[Bandarpunch]], [[Swargarohini]], [[Kalanag]], [[Kedarnath (mountain)|Kedarnath]], [[Satopanth]], [[Yamunotri]], and parts of [[Gangotri Glacier|Gangotri]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिमला आएं तो शाली टिब्बा जरूर जाएं, आसमान को छूने का अहसास; श्रीखंड महादेव सहित कई चोटियां देख सकते हैं - If come Shimla must visit Shali Tibba can see many peaks including Shrikhand Mahadev how to go where to stay full details |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-if-come-shimla-must-visit-shali-tibba-can-see-many-peaks-including-shrikhand-mahadev-how-to-go-where-to-stay-full-details-24000973.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
=== Views of valleys and rivers ===
[[File:Satluj river seen in Tattapani in Sunni valley from Shali Mata Temple.jpg|thumb|Satluj river as seen flowing in [[Tattapani (Himachal Pradesh)|Tattapani]] in [[Sunni, Himachal Pradesh|Sunni]] valley]]
Many valleys of the state are visible from the temple and peak, including [[Sunni, Himachal Pradesh|Sunni valley]], [[Satluj Valley|Satluj valley]], and [[Kangra Valley|Kangra valley]]. [[Sutlej|Satluj river]] can be seen flowing in Sunni valley in [[Tattapani (Himachal Pradesh)|Tattapani]] from the temple premises.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिमला आएं तो शाली टिब्बा जरूर जाएं, आसमान को छूने का अहसास; श्रीखंड महादेव सहित कई चोटियां देख सकते हैं - If come Shimla must visit Shali Tibba can see many peaks including Shrikhand Mahadev how to go where to stay full details |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-if-come-shimla-must-visit-shali-tibba-can-see-many-peaks-including-shrikhand-mahadev-how-to-go-where-to-stay-full-details-24000973.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Views of different places ===
[[File:Shimla, Kasauli, Churdhar, Karol Tibba, etc seen from Shali Mata Temple.jpg|thumb|Shimla, Kasauli and Solan hills are clearly visible from the temple]]
Many places like the state's capital [[Shimla]] as well as [[Kasauli]], [[Solan]], [[Karol Tibba]], [[Parwanoo]], and other nearby towns can be seen from the temple premises.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिमला आएं तो शाली टिब्बा जरूर जाएं, आसमान को छूने का अहसास; श्रीखंड महादेव सहित कई चोटियां देख सकते हैं - If come Shimla must visit Shali Tibba can see many peaks including Shrikhand Mahadev how to go where to stay full details |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-if-come-shimla-must-visit-shali-tibba-can-see-many-peaks-including-shrikhand-mahadev-how-to-go-where-to-stay-full-details-24000973.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

=== Views of Northern plains ===
The [[Punjab Plain|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]] plains are also visible from the temple, but it is very hard to view the actual Punjab plains because it is much farther from the temple, which is in interior Himachal Pradesh. Plains can be visible, but only with very clear weather, which is harder in current times, as the smog and fog covers the environment over plains much stronger than that in the hilly areas.

== Accessibility ==
[[File:I love Shali board in front of Shali Mata Temple.jpg|thumb|I Love Shali written on board in front of the temple]]
Accessibility to Shali Mata Temple involves a combination of road travel and a short mountain trek. From Shimla, the base of the trek in Khatnol is about {{Convert|36|km|mi}} through motorable road by[[Mashobra]] and [[Baldeyan]] up to [[Khatnol]], which is the last road-accessible point below the Shaki Tibba peak.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ramblermaps |date=30 April 2017 |title=Shali Tibba Trek |url=https://ramblermaps.wordpress.com/2017/04/30/shali-tibba-trek/ |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=Rambler Maps |language=en}}</ref> From Khatnol (the base), there is moderate steep trek of about {{Convert|7|km|mi}} to the top of the peak where the temple is situated, that passes through dense [[Deodar forests|Deodar]] and [[Pine]] forests.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shali Tibba Trek |url=https://indiahikes.com/documented-trek/shali-tibba-trek |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=indiahikes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shimla Walks Shali Tibba Trek • |url=https://shimlawalks.com/shali-tibba-trek/ |access-date=14 December 2025 |website=Shimla Walks |language=en-US}}</ref> The path is well-marked by locals, making it safe and popular for the pilgrims. In clear weather, the trek is properly maintained, but during snowfall or monsoon, the trail sometimes become slippery and more challenging, which then requires proper caution.<ref>{{Cite web |title=शिमला आएं तो शाली टिब्बा जरूर जाएं, आसमान को छूने का अहसास; श्रीखंड महादेव सहित कई चोटियां देख सकते हैं - If come Shimla must visit Shali Tibba can see many peaks including Shrikhand Mahadev how to go where to stay full details |url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/shimla-if-come-shimla-must-visit-shali-tibba-can-see-many-peaks-including-shrikhand-mahadev-how-to-go-where-to-stay-full-details-24000973.html |access-date=13 December 2025 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Hindu temples in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Himachal Pradesh by district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Shimla]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Himachal Pradesh]]

North–South War of the Lushai Hills

2026-03-29T12:57:52Z

Bogdankdu: Data

{{Short description|War between North and South Mizo chiefdoms}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = {{lang|lus|Chhim Leh Hmar Indo}} The War of the North and South
| width =
| partof =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = 1856–1859
| place = [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai Hills]]
| coordinates = 
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Stalemate 
*North captures the South's young chief<ref>{{Cite book |last=Suantak |first=Vumson |url=https://www.amazon.com/Zo-history-introduction-religion-Bangladesh/dp/B0000D62IA/ref=sr_1_1?dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.EHvmL5kB1lXs09f5FD2b5Q.XH1xc-yiOgsNV_FLvVez9I1ig3AX8FKPF_s7WvcQzzc&dib_tag=se&qid=1716428108&refinements=p_27:Vumson&s=books&sr=1-1 |title=Zo history: With an introduction to Zo culture, economy, religion and their status as an ethnic minority in India, Burma, and Bangladesh |date=1986 |publisher=Vumson |page= 87 |language=English}}</ref>
*Khawnglung massacre
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = Lalpuithanga Thuama
| combatant2 = [[Vuta]] [[Vanhnuailiana]]
| commander1 = [[Chawngbawla]]
| commander2 = Nghatebaka
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}
{{History of Mizoram}}
The '''{{lang|lus|Chhim leh Hmar Indo}}''', or the '''War of the North and South''', was a [[civil war]] in the [[Mizo Chieftainship|Lushai chiefdoms]], taking place between 1856 and 1859 and widely considered one of the bloodiest conflicts among the [[Mizo people]]. The conflict arose due to a division in the Sailo family between the northern descendants of [[Lallula]] and the southern descendants of [[Rolûra]]. Several battles, including famous [[pasalṭha|{{lang|lus|pasalṭha|cat=no}}]] such as [[Chawngbawla]], took place. The Khawnglung Massacre granted advantage to the northern faction before the [[mautam]] famine ended the conflict.

==Background==
Chief [[Vuta|Vûta]], after defeating the Zadêng chiefs, continued to migrate his settlements until he settled in Hualtu. During this time, Vûta was famed for his prestige. In searching for a new settlement location, Vûta built a hut at the site of Buanhmun to establish a new village.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=12}}

Rolûra's descendents had established themselves in the southern areas of the Lushai Hills. Rolûra's grandson, Chief Lalpuithanga, was the most powerful amongst his descendants.{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=66}} Lalpuithanga declared in regards to the northern chiefs that he would move and live adjacent to them as a check on them.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=12}} At that time, Chief Vûta's rifle had been taken by Lalpuithanga's villagers. Despite requests for it to be returned, there was no response. Vûta, who was migrating from Hualtu, was crossing towards the new land of Buanhmun. However, before Vûta properly established himself and his subjects, Lalpuithanga occupied his house.{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=66}} Vûta continued to challenge Lalpuithanga's occupation and encouraged his subjects to migrate en masse until Lalpuithanga succumbed and retreated back to Vanchengte. Upon Lalpuithanga's retreat, Vûta composed a {{lang|Lus|hla}} mocking him.{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=67}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=12}}

{{Blockquote
|text=Mizo: 
{{lang|lus|Buanhmun pai ang pawm tawh hnu, 
Chengteah lam ang let e, 
Lalpuithanga lema,}} 
English: 
''After possessing Buanhmun,'' 
''Scuttled back to Chengte soon,'' 
''Lalpuithanga - the littles!'' 
|source=Mizo Lal Ber Kairuma Sailo, Mizoram culture and Folklore{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=67}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=13
}}}}

Vûta went to retrieve his rifle from Lalpuithanga. To accomplish this, he brought Lalpuiliana's son, his nephew, Thawmvunga, with him. Lalpuithanga was aware of the intentions of Vûta and Thawmvunga and prepared an ambush. They would ambush Vûta upon confronting him about the {{lang|lus|hla}}. Upon arrival, both men drank [[Zu (beverage)|zû]] according to Mizo custom with Lalpuithanga and his {{lang|lus|upas}} ({{translation|elders}}). Lalpuithanga questioned Vûta by reciting the {{lang|lus|hla}} back to him. When confronted, Vûta claimed a separate lyric such as "{{lang|lus|Lalpuithang lenna}}" ({{translation|"Lalpuithanga settled"}}).{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=68}}{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=13}}

Thawmvunga, who observed the situation, took out his {{lang|lus|dao}} ({{translation|sword}}) and began to swing it above the heads of the {{lang|lus|upas}} in a sword dance. The men were subdued temporarily as he forced them to sing the {{lang|lus|hla}}. During the chaos, the hearth shelf ({{lang|lus|rapchang}}) crashed down.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=13}}{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=69}} Thawmvunga lifted the gun and took it from the wall and exited with Vûta out of the chief's house. Lalpuithanga's {{lang|lus|upas}} attempted to confront them and take the gun back in which a struggle ensued. Thawmvunga angrily shouted "{{lang|lus|Chuti main i kalpui thei lo vang}}" ({{translation|"You can't just take it away, I'm going home"}}).{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=14}}{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=69}} In the struggle, Thawmvunga took out his {{lang|lus|dao}} and began to saw the barrel of the rifle and thus making the {{lang|lus|upas}} let go. However, as he and Vûta took off, a volley was fired at them which was considered a declaration of war.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=14}}{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=70}}
==Conflict==
===Battle of Vanchengte===
Vûta with his brother's grandson, [[Vanhnuailiana]], led a party to invade Lalpuithanga's capital settlement of Vanchengte. The party of men assembled and raided Vanchengte. However, it was poorly composed and weak. They were forced to retreat, and Vanhnuailiana, leading his war party, lost many men and lost his {{lang|lus|vakul}} ({{translation|Bhimraj tail feather}}) on his headress.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=14}}{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=108}}{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=70}}

===Battle of Hmunṭha===
Lalpuithanga's daughter Zathawma led a war party to the settlement of Hmunṭha. Zathawma however, was heavily wounded in the battle and skirmish with being shot in the nose and a sword slicing her ear. The southern forces stopped advancing due to Zathawma's injuries.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=108}}{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=70}}

===Battle of Sialhmûr===
The battle fo Sialhmûr was reputed for the battle between the famous [[pasalṭha|{{lang|lus|pasalṭhas|cat=no}}]], [[Chawngbawla]] and Nghatebaka (Chawngzika). Chawngbawla was the pasalṭha of the south while Nghatebaka belonged to the north. They confronted each other and Nghatebaka was forced to chase down Chawngbawla. During the chase, the southern warriors continued to shout Chawngbawla's absence. However after running a long distance, Chawngbawla ambushed and shot Nghatebaka to death.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=14}}{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=109}}{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=71}}

===Battle of Arte===
Mângpawrha's sons, [[Suakpuilala]] and Thâwmpâwnga were leading Kâwkpui and Arte respectively. The south invaded Thâwmpâwnga's village of Arte. Thâwmpâwnga was a brave chief but was unable tor resist the invasion.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=109}}{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=71}}

===Khawnglung Massacre===
Khâwnglung was the village of Thuama (Lalpuithanga's brother){{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=71}} which was closely located to Khuanglum led by the Fânai Chief Khawtindâla who was an ally of Vûta. Vûta's sons, Lalngauva and Lalvunga participated in the raid themselves with the Fânai. Vûta had informed his sons to not return unless they had killed the enemy.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=109}} Peace overtures were successfully made with the Haka Lai tribes in order to carry out the raid.{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=72}} Khawnglung was surrounded by cliffs, and its main exit and entrance was an adjustable bridge that was disassembled at night. The rocky crevice would make traversing into Khawnglung difficult. However, the bridge was left assembled and the war party snuck in at midnight. The party rushed into the [[zawlbuk|{{lang|lus|zawlbûk|cat=no}}]] and killed all the warriors before they could wake up and organise a defence.{{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=15}}

Undefended, the village of Khawnglung was massacred. Many women were killed in the lanes and streets of the village. Children and young women were taken captives and taken away to the raiding party's villages. {{sfn|Lalthangliana|2005|p=15}} Thuama's wife and his son, Lalhleia, were captured by the [[Lai people|Pawi]]. Lalnguauva and Lalvunga brought Lalhleia to Vûta.{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=72}} Vûta's children tried to negotiate with the {{lang|lus|Pawi}} but they refused and took the captives into Haka and Falam as [[bawi system|bawi]].{{sfn|Zokima|1993|p=73}} Lalhleia remained with Vûta, while his mother was taking by the {{lang|lus|Pawi}}.{{sfn|Liangkhaia|1938|p=110}}

===Origin of the word Pawi===
It is believed that the term Pawi, a disparaging name used for the Lais, originated during this war. According to legend, a Southern Lai ''[[Pasalṭha]]'' (warrior) was cornered by Northern Pasalṭhas. Defiant to the end, the warrior declared himself a leopard—"Keima pawte"—in his dialect. Northerners unfamiliar with the [[Hakha Chin|Lai language]] misheard it as "pawite," leading to the Lais and their kin being referred to as the Pawi or Pawite.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themizos.com/2022/11/on-mizorams-last-civil-war-chhim-leh.html|title=On Mizoram's Last Civil War (Chhim Leh|date=2 November 2022 |quote=tAccording to legend, a Southern Lai Pasaltha was cornered by Northern Pasalthas. The stubborn Lai Pasaltha let out a battle cry stating that he was a leopard "Keima pawte," which Northerners unfamiliar with the Lai dialect misheard as "pawite," and the Lais and their kindred have been known as the Pawis or the pawites ever since.
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2010307.pdf|title=China As The Origin of the Lai}}</ref>
===Conclusion of the war===
The three-year conflict left no clear victor, though the northern principalities were believed to have fared slightly better. The war ended abruptly in 1859 due to the [[Mautam|Mautam famine]], a natural disaster that devastated the region and forced both sides to abandon the fighting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themizos.com/2022/11/on-mizorams-last-civil-war-chhim-leh.html|title=On Mizoram's Last Civil War (Chhim Leh|date=2 November 2022 |quote=The Mautam famine of 1859 unexpectedly ended the fighting, and the civil war ended with no victor or truce.}}</ref>

==Impact and legacy in modern Mizoram==
The Chhim leh Hmar Indo had a profound and lasting impact on [[History of Mizoram|Mizoram’s history]] and [[Mizo culture|culture]]. The conflict weakened Mizo states, leaving them vulnerable to [[British rule in the Lushai Hills|British conquest]]. The British further exacerbated the divisions by splitting Mizoram into the North and South Lushai Hills.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/contemporary-films-from-tnortheast-region/article6338894.ece|title=Contemporary Films from Northeast|work=The Hindu |date=21 August 2014 }}</ref>

The war also deepened sociocultural divides. The [[Christianity in Mizoram|Church in Mizoram]] was similarly split, with the North becoming predominantly [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterian]] and the South largely [[Baptists|Baptist]]. These differences persist to this day, along with lingering competition and occasional bitterness between the two regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themizos.com/2022/11/on-mizorams-last-civil-war-chhim-leh.html|title=On Mizoram's Last Civil War (Chhim Leh|date=2 November 2022 |quote=there is still some bitterness and competition between the Presbyterian-dominated North and the Baptist-dominated South.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Zokima |title=Mizo Lal Ber Kairuma Sailo |date=1993 |publisher=V.L.B. Press |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.17254/mode/2up |access-date=28 August 2025|language=Mizo|trans-title=Mizo King Kairuma Sailo}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lalthangliana |first1=B. |title=Culture and Folklore of Mizoram |date=2005 |publisher=Publications Division |location=India |url=https://archive.org/details/CULTUREANDFOLKLOREOFMIZORAM/mode/2up |access-date=21 February 2025}}
*{{cite book |last1=Liangkhaia |title=Mizo Chanchin |date=1938 |publisher=L.T.L. Publications |location=Aizawl |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.467315/mode/1up |access-date=28 August 2025|language=Mizo|trans-title=Mizo History}}

{{Lushai frontier}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:North-South War of the Lushai Hills}}
[[Category:Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:History of Mizoram]]

Udaipur City–Agra Cantonment Vande Bharat Express

2026-03-27T20:25:57Z

Bogdankdu: Adding place

{{Italic title}}{{Distinguish|text=[[Udaipur City–Jaipur Vande Bharat Express]], India's 1st defunct semi high-speed Vande Bharat Express train}}
{{short description|Defunct Mini Vande Bharat Express train route in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = 28457D
| name = Udaipur City–Agra Cantonment ''Vande Bharat Express''
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| image_alt =
| alt =
| caption =
| type = [[Vande Bharat Express]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| first = {{start date and age|3 September 2024}} (Inaugural & Commercial)
| last = {{start date and age|df=yes|2026|02|11}} (Permanently cancelled)
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railways (NWR)]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} (UDZ)
| stops = 7
| end = {{stnlnk|Agra Cantonment}} (AGC)
| distance = {{convert|610|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 08 hrs 45 mins
| frequency = Three days a week {{efn|Only Mondays, Thursdays & Saturdays}}
| trainnumber = 20981 / 20982
| line_used = *[[Udaipur–Chittaurgarh–Kota line]]
*[[New Delhi–Mumbai main line|Mumbai–Delhi main line (till Bayana Junction)]]
*[[Bayana–Agra line]]
| class = AC Chair Car, AC Executive Chair Car
| seating = {{Hlist|Airline style|Rotatable seats}}
| sleeping = No
| autorack =
| catering = On board Catering
| observation = Large windows in all coaches
| entertainment = {{Hlist|[[Wi-Fi|On-board WiFi]]|Infotainment System|[[AC power plugs and sockets: British and related types#Indian IS 1293|Electric outlets]]|Reading light|Seat Pockets|Bottle Holder|Tray Table}}
| baggage = Overhead racks
| otherfacilities = [[Kavach (train protection system)|Kavach]]
| stock = [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0]]
| gauge = [[5 ft 6 in gauge railway|Indian gauge]] {{track gauge|1676mm|allk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| el =
| speed = {{cvt|70|km/h|0|abbr=on}} (Avg.)
| trainlength = {{convert|192|m|ft}} (08 coaches)
| owners = [[Indian Railways]]
| maintenance = [[North Western Railway zone|Udaipur City (UDZ)]]
| sharing = [[Udaipur City–Jaipur Vande Bharat Express|20979/20980 Udaipur City - Jaipur - Udaipur City Vande Bharat Express]]
| map = {{Udaipur City-Agra Cantonment VB Express Route}}
| map_state = collapsed
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] Overhead line
}}
The 20981/20982 '''Udaipur City–Agra Cantonment ''Vande Bharat Express''''' was India's 55th and 2nd defunct [[Vande Bharat Express|Vande Bharat Express train]], which connected the city of [[Udaipur]] in [[Rajasthan]] with the bank city of [[Yamuna River]], [[Agra]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. This express train was inaugurated on 2 September 2024 at [[Udaipur City railway station|Udaipur City]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Udaipur-Agra Vande Bharat {{!}} Udaipur Kiran |url=https://udaipurkiran.com/tag/udaipur-agra-vande-bharat/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=udaipurkiran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=उदयपुर से आगरा के बीच वंदे भारत ट्रेन ने भरी रफ्तार, 7 शहरों में होगा स्टॉपेज, यहां देखिए किराया, टाइम टेबल सबकुछ |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/hindi/railways/udaipur-agra-cantt-vande-bharat-express-train-to-run-3-days-in-week-see-time-table-schedule-fare-all-details-here-182527 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Zee Business |language=Hindi}}</ref> and had another service train to [[Jaipur Junction railway station|Jaipur Junction]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-03 |title=Vande Bharat Express: This state got a new Vande Bharat Express train, know everything from route, timing, fare and stops - informalnewz |url=https://www.informalnewz.com/vande-bharat-express-this-state-got-a-new-vande-bharat-express-train-know-everything-from-route-timing-fare-and-stops/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Overview ==
This train was formerly operated by [[Indian Railways]], connecting [[Udaipur City railway station|Udaipur City]], [[Rana Pratap Nagar railway station|Rana Pratap Nagar]], [[Mavli Junction railway station|Mavli Jn]], [[Chanderiya railway station|Chanderiya]], [[Bundi railway station|Bundi]], [[Kota Junction railway station|Kota Jn]], [[Sawai Madhopur Junction railway station|Sawai Madhopur Jn]], [[Gangapur City railway station|Gangapur City]] and [[Agra Cantonment railway station|Agra Cantonment]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2024 |title=New Vande Bharat Superfast Train Between Udaipur and Agra; Check Route and Stops |url=https://www.nativeplanet.com/news/new-vande-bharat-superfast-train-between-udaipur-and-agra-check-route-and-stops-013197.html |access-date=3 September 2024 |website=Native Planet |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vande Bharat Train: Agra Gets Its Third Vande Bharat Train |url=https://www.india.com/news/vande-bharat-train-agra-udaipur-rana-pratap-nagar-station-mavli-junction-chanderiya-station-kota-junction-sawai-madhopur-gangapur-city-and-bayana-junction-7212052/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> It formerly operated with train numbers 20981/20982 on 3 days a week basis (Mondays, Thursdays and Saturdays)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-06 |title=New Vande Bharat Express Train from Udaipur to Agra Route, Schedule, Time Table |url=https://zeenews.india.com/web-stories/news/new-vande-bharat-express-train-from-udaipur-to-agra-route-schedule-time-table-2774620 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Vande Bharat Superfast Train Between Udaipur City And Agra Cantt; Check Route, Stops, Timings |url=https://www.india.com/business/new-vande-bharat-superfast-train-between-udaipur-city-and-agra-cantt-check-route-stops-timings-7144420/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> and had rake sharing with [[Udaipur City–Jaipur Vande Bharat Express]] which also ran only for 3 days a week basis (Sundays, Wednesdays and Fridays).

==Rakes==
It was the same twenty-fourth [[Vande Bharat (trainset)#Second generation|2nd Generation]] and twelfth [[Vande Bharat Express#Mini Vande Bharat services|Mini Vande Bharat 2.0 Express train]] which was designed and manufactured by the [[Integral Coach Factory]] at [[Perambur]], [[Chennai]] under the [[Make in India]] Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train 18, India's Fastest, Named "Vande Bharat Express": Piyush Goyal |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/train-18-indias-fastest-named-vande-bharat-express-piyush-goyal-1983965 |access-date=2023-04-19 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Service ==

The 20981/20982 Udaipur City - Agra Cantt Vande Bharat Express operated on Mon, Thu, Sat, covering a distance of {{cvt|610|km}} in a travel time of 8 hours with an average speed of {{cvt|70|km/h}}. The service had 7 intermediate stops. The Maximum Permissible Speed was {{cvt|130|km/h}}.

== See also ==

* [[Udaipur City–Jaipur Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Vande Bharat Express]]
* [[Tejas Express]]
* [[Gatimaan Express]]
* [[Udaipur City railway station]]
* [[Agra Cantonment railway station]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Vande Bharat Express}}

[[Category:Defunct Vande Bharat Express trains]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]

Tiruvannamalai

2026-03-27T01:16:36Z

Bogdankdu: added info

{{short description|City in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Redirect|Thiruvannamalai|the 2008 film|Thiruvannamalai (film)}}
{{use Indian English|date=April 2013}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Tiruvannamalai
| other_name =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline = Tiruvannamalai Montage.jpg
| image_caption = Clockwise from top left: view of Tiruvannamalai with [[Arulmigu Annamalaiyar Temple]] towers in the centre and hills in the background, [[Sri Ramana Ashram]] entrance, [[Yogi Ramsuratkumar|Yogi Ramsuratkumar Ashram]], Great Chariot, view of [[Annamalai Hill]] from outskirts, Tiruvannamalai at night.
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|12.28|N|79.07|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvannamalai District|Tiruvannamalai]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Tiruvannamalai taluk|Tiruvannamalai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]]
| governing_body = Tiruvannamalai Municipal corporation<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=CM Stalin announces creation of 4 new corporations in TN, total goes up to 25 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2024/Mar/16/cm-stalin-announces-creation-of-4-new-corporations-in-tn-total-goes-up-to-25 |access-date=29 April 2024 |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 March 2024 |location=Chennai |language=en}}</ref>
| leader_title = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name = Nirmala Velmaran
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes = <ref name="census">{{cite web |title=District Census Handbook : Tiruvannamalai |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3305_PART_B_DCHB_TIRUVANNAMALAI.pdf |website=Census of India |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124061301/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3305_PART_B_DCHB_TIRUVANNAMALAI.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2021 |pages=9, 30 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 102.99
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 171
| population_total = 210491
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 22nd ([[List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population|in Tamilnadu]])
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_metro = 398100
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 606 601 to 606 611
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-4175
| registration_plate = TN 25
| blank1_name_sec1 = Member of Legislative assembly
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[E. V. Velu]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Tiruvannamalai'''{{efn|name=City|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]: Tiruvaṇṇāmalai; [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]: {{IPA|ˈtiɾɯʋaɳːaːmalɛi̯}}, also spelt Thiruvannamalai; earlier anglicised as Trinomali or Trinomalee<ref>{{cite book|title=A History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan, from the Year 1745, To which is Prefixed, A Dissertation on the Establishments Made by Mahomedan Conquerors in Indostan|last=Orme|year= 1799|first=Robert| page=305|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qAsOAAAAYAAJ&q=Trinomalee+robert&pg=PA305|publisher=F. Wingrave}}</ref>}} is a city and the administrative headquarters of [[Tiruvannamalai district]] in the Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is also a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] cultural hub and prominent pilgrimage destination, home to the [[Arulmigu Annamalaiyar Temple]] situated along the [[Annamalai (Hill)|Annamalai hill]], where the monthly [[Girivalam (religious practice)|Girivalam]] practice and the annual [[Karthika Deepam]] festival attracts thousands.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tharian|last=Mathew|date=13 August 2018|title=Spiritual tourism taking off in Tiruvannamalai|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2018/08/13052321/1084044/Spiritual--tourism-taking-off-in-Tiruvannamalai.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804194621/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2018/08/13052321/1084044/Spiritual--tourism-taking-off-in-Tiruvannamalai.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 August 2021|access-date=1 June 2022|work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>

Tiruvannamalai has a thriving service sector industry, including retail, resorts and recreation activities. Apart from the service sector, the city is also the hub for many industrial setups including ''[[Small Industries Development Corporation|SIDCO]]'',<ref>{{Cite web|title=TANSIDCO|url=https://tansidco.org/Home/industrial_estate_list|access-date=2021-08-04|website=tansidco.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=அதிகரிக்கும் முதலீடு... பெருகும் தொழில்வளம்..!|url=https://www.polimernews.com/amp/news-article.php|access-date=2021-08-04|website=Polimer News}}</ref> spinning mills and premier educational institutions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the Website of Thiruvannamalai Medical College|url=http://www.gtvmmc.ac.in/gtvmmc/|access-date=2021-08-04|website=gtvmmc.ac.in|archive-date=4 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210804194623/http://www.gtvmmc.ac.in/gtvmmc/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kan|first=Arsath|date=2020-09-01|title=ஏக குஷியில் எ.வ.வேலு... ஆரவாரமின்றி நடந்த அருணை மருத்துவக்கல்லூரி திறப்பு விழா..!|url=https://tamil.oneindia.com/news/thiruvannamalai/dmk-ex-minister-ev-velu-open-medical-college-and-hospital-396323.html|access-date=2021-08-04|website=tamil.oneindia.com|language=ta}}</ref> The city is administered by the Tiruvanamalai City Municipal Corporation, originally constituted in the year 1886 as Tiruvannamalai Municipality.<ref>{{Cite web|title=TN Urban tree|url=https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/tiruvannamalai/}}</ref> The city is connected to the state capital [[Chennai]] (150 km) and neighbouring state Karnataka's capital [[Bengaluru]] (145 km) via highways and railways. The Union Ministry of Civil Aviation is considering setting up a new airport at Tiruvannamalai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=மத்திய சிவில் விமான போக்குவரத்துத்துறை பரிசீலனை ஆன்மிக நகரான திருவண்ணாமலையில் புதிய விமான நிலையம்|url=http://www.dinakaran.com/District_Detail.asp?Nid=1024784|access-date=2021-11-23|website=dinakaran.com|language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology and legend==
In Hinduism, [[Parvati]], wife of [[Shiva]], once closed the eyes of her husband playfully in a flower garden at their abode atop [[Mount Kailash]]. Although only a moment for the gods, all light was taken from the universe, and the earth, in turn, was submerged in darkness for years. Parvati performed penance with other devotees of Shiva, and her husband appeared as a big column of fire at the top of [[Arunachala|Annamalai hills]], returning light to the world.<ref name="Hunter"/> He then merged with Parvati to form [[Ardhanarishvara]], the half-female, half-male form of Shiva.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kingsbury |first=Francis |author2=Godfrey Edward Phillips |title=Hymns of the Tamil Śaivite saints |year=1921|page=13 |publisher=Bishop of Dornakal |location=New York }}</ref> The Annamalai, or red mountain, lies behind the Annamalaiyar temple, and is associated with the temple of its namesake.<ref name="abram">{{Cite book |last=Abram |first=David |author2=Nick Edwards |author3=Mike Ford |author4=Daniel Jacobs |author5=Shafik Meghji |author6=Devdan Sen |author7=Gavin Thomas |title=The Rough guide to India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEhJBfbhTAAC&q=tiruvannamalai&pg=PA542 |year=2011 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1-84836-563-6| page= 456}}</ref> The hill is sacred and considered a ''[[lingam]]'', or iconic representation of Shiva, in itself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Goodman |first=Martin |title=On Sacred Mountains |year=2002 |publisher=Heart of Albion Press |location=UK |isbn=1-872883-58-3| pages= 38–39}}</ref>
Another legend is that once, while [[Vishnu]] and [[Brahma]] contested for superiority, Shiva appeared as a flame, and challenged them to find his source.<ref name="Aiyar"/><ref name="history"/> Brahma took the form of a swan, and flew to the sky to see the top of the flame, while Vishnu became the boar [[Varaha]], and sought its base. The scene is called ''lingothbava'', and is represented in the western wall at the sanctum of most Shiva temples. Neither Brahma nor Vishnu could find the source, and while Vishnu conceded his defeat, Brahma lied and said he had found the pinnacle. In punishment, Shiva ordained that Brahma would never have temples on earth in his worship.<ref name="Aiyar"/> In Tamil, the word ''Arunam'' means red or fire and ''Asalam'' means hill. Since Shiva manifested himself in the form of fire in this place, this name Arunachalam came to be associated with Annamalai hill and the city.<ref name="history"/> The first mention of ''Annamalai'' is found in ''[[Tevaram]]'', the seventh century Tamil Saiva canonical work by [[Appar]] and [[Sambandar|Tirugnanasambandar]].<ref name="thirukoil"/>

==History==
The history of Tiruvannamalai revolves around the Annamalaiyar Temple. The recorded history of the city dates back to the ninth century, as seen from a Chola inscriptions in the temple.<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_Historical%20Moments.htm |title=Tiruvannamali Historical moments |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029191523/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_Historical%20Moments.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Southern Circle|page=5 |title=Epigraphy |year=1903 |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |location=Madras }}</ref> Further inscriptions made before ninth century indicate the rule of [[Pallava]] kings, whose capital was [[Kanchipuram]].<ref name="Mack8890">[[#Mack|Mack]] 2008, pp. 88–90</ref> The seventh century [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] saints [[Sambandar]] and [[Appar]] wrote of the temple in their poetic work, ''[[Tevaram]]''. [[Sekkizhar]], the author of the ''[[Periyapuranam]]'' records both Appar and Sambandar worshiped Annamalaiyar in the temple.<ref name="thirukoil">{{cite web|url=http://www.tiruvannamalai.tn.nic.in/|title=Arunachaleswarar Thirukoil|year=2012|access-date=2012-12-29|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|archive-date=24 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110924193702/http://www.tiruvannamalai.tn.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Chola Kings ruled over the region for more than four centuries, from 850 to 1280, and were temple patrons. The inscriptions from the Chola king record various gifts like land, sheep, cow and oil to the temple commemorating various victories of the dynasty.<ref name="Aiyar">{{Cite book |last=Aiyar|first=P.V.Jagadisa |title=South Indian Shrines: Illustrated|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NLSGFW1uZboC&q=tiruvannamalai&pg=PA190 |year=1982 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0151-3|pages=191–203}}</ref> Madhva saint [[Vadiraja]] Teertharu of sixteenth century has mentioned about this place in his travelogue work [[Tirtha Prabandha]].

The [[Hoysala]] kings used Tiruvannamalai as their capital beginning in 1328 as their empire in Karnataka was annexed by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and fought off the invasions from Madurai Sultans and Sultanate governors in the Deccan until 1346.<ref name="history"/><ref>{{Cite book |first= Krishnaswami S. |last=Aiyangar |title=South India and Her Muhammadan Invaders |year=1991 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-206-0536-5|page=174}}</ref> There are 48 inscriptions from the [[Sangama Dynasty]] (1336–1485), two inscriptions from [[Saluva Dynasty]] (1485–1405), and 55 inscriptions from [[Tuluva Dynasty]] (1505–1571) of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]], reflecting gifts to the temple from their rulers.<ref name="Mack82">[[#Mack|Mack]] 2008, p. 82</ref> There are also inscriptions from the rule of [[Krishnadeva Raya]] (1509–1529), the most powerful Vijayanagara emperor, indicating further patronage.<ref name="Mack8890"/> Most of the Vijayanagara inscriptions were written in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], with some in [[Kannada]] and [[Sanskrit]].<ref name="Mack81">[[#Mack|Mack]] 2008, p. 81</ref> The inscriptions in the temple from the Vijayanagara kings indicate emphasis on administrative matters and local concerns, which contrasts the inscriptions of the same rulers in other temples like [[Tirupathi Venkateshwara Temple|Tirupathi]]. The majority of the gift related inscriptions are for land endowments, followed by goods, cash endowments, cows and oil for lighting lamps.<ref name="Mack8890"/> The city of Tiruvannamalai was at a strategic crossroads during the Vijayanagara Empire, connecting sacred centers of pilgrimage and military routes.<ref name="Mack7172">[[#Mack|Mack]] 2008, pp. 71–72</ref> There are inscriptions that show the area as an urban center before the precolonial period, with the city developing around the temple, similar to the Nayak ruled cities like [[Madurai]].<ref name="Mack7172"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_city.htm |title=Tiruvannamalai – About the city |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125023644/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_city.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref>

During the 18th century, Tiruvannamalai came under the dominion of the [[Nawab of the Carnatic]]. As the [[Mughal Empire]] came to an end, the Nawab lost control of the city, with confusion and chaos ensuing after 1753.<ref name="Hunter"/> Subsequently, there were periods of both Hindu and Muslim stewardship of the temple, with Muraru Raya, Krishna Raya, Mrithis Ali Khan, and Burkat Ullakhan besieging the temple in succession. As European incursions progressed, Tiruvannamalai was attacked by French Soupries, Sambrinet, and the English [[Captain (Royal Navy)|Captain]] Stephen Smith. While some were repelled, others were victorious. The French occupied the city in 1757 and it came under the control of the British in 1760.<ref name="Aiyar"/> In 1790, Tiruvannamalai city was captured by [[Tippu Sultan]], who ruled from 1782 to 1799.<ref name="Hunter">{{Cite book|last=Hunter |first=Sir William|title=Imperial gazetteer of India: Provincial series, Volume 18 |year=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |pages= 129–130}}</ref> During the first half of the 19th century, the city came under [[British rule in India|British rule]].<ref name="Aiyar"/>

==Geography==
[[File:திருவண்ணாமலை.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Annamalai Hill]]
Tiruvannamalai is situated {{convert|196|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the state capital [[Chennai]] and {{convert|210|km|mi|abbr=on}} from [[Bangalore]]. The height of the Annamalai hill is approximately {{convert|2669|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="arunachala height">{{cite web|url=http://www.tiruvannamalai.tn.nic.in/girivalam.html|title=Girivalam details|publisher=Tiruvannamalai district administration|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=18 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818111905/http://www.tiruvannamalai.tn.nic.in/girivalam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tiruvannamalai is located at {{Coord|12|N|79.05|E|}}. It has an average elevation of {{convert|200|m|ft}}. The city is located to the east of [[Eastern Ghats]]. The topography of Tiruvannamalai is almost plain sloping from west to east. The temperature ranges from a maximum of {{convert|40|°C|°F}} to a minimum of {{convert|20|°C|°F}}. Like the rest of the state, April to June are the hottest months and December to January are the coldest. Tiruvannamalai receives scanty rainfall with an average of {{convert|815| mm|in|abbr=on}} annually, which is lesser than the state average of {{convert|1008| mm|in|abbr=on}}. The southwest monsoon with an onset in June and lasting up to August brings scanty rainfall. Bulk of the rainfall is received during the northeast monsoon in the months of October, November and December. The average humidity of the city is 77% and varies between 67% and 86%. During the summer months of April to June, the humidity ranges from 47% to 63%. The municipality covers an area of {{convert|16.3|sqkm|ha|abbr=on}}.<ref name="urbaninfra7476">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 74–76</ref><ref name="abtcity">{{cite web|title=About city |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_city.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125023644/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_city.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Tiruvannamalai (2002–2021)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 35.3
| Feb record high C = 39.8
| Mar record high C = 42.8
| Apr record high C = 44.4
| May record high C = 45.0
| Jun record high C = 44.3
| Jul record high C = 40.9
| Aug record high C = 39.4
| Sep record high C = 39.6
| Oct record high C = 39.2
| Nov record high C = 35.8
| Dec record high C = 35.0
| year record high C = 45.0
| Jan high C = 29.2
| Feb high C = 32.0
| Mar high C = 35.0
| Apr high C = 37.1
| May high C = 38.5
| Jun high C = 36.3
| Jul high C = 34.6
| Aug high C = 34.0
| Sep high C = 34.0
| Oct high C = 33.0
| Nov high C = 29.5
| Dec high C = 28.3
| year high C =
| Jan low C = 18.2
| Feb low C = 19.2
| Mar low C = 21.3
| Apr low C = 24.8
| May low C = 26.3
| Jun low C = 26.0
| Jul low C = 25.1
| Aug low C = 24.6
| Sep low C = 24.1
| Oct low C = 22.9
| Nov low C = 20.8
| Dec low C = 19.2
| year low C =
| Jan record low C = 10.2
| Feb record low C = 12.0
| Mar record low C = 12.1
| Apr record low C = 13.8
| May record low C = 18.1
| Jun record low C = 19.6
| Jul record low C = 18.8
| Aug record low C = 18.7
| Sep record low C = 18.7
| Oct record low C = 15.6
| Nov record low C = 12.1
| Dec record low C = 9.3
| year record low C = 9.3
| Jan precipitation mm = 9.0
| Feb precipitation mm = 7.1
| Mar precipitation mm = 5.9
| Apr precipitation mm = 21.8
| May precipitation mm = 83.9
| Jun precipitation mm = 71.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 117.0
| Aug precipitation mm = 200.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 200.6
| Oct precipitation mm = 250.9
| Nov precipitation mm = 400.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 150.6
| year precipitation mm = 1800.9
| Jan precipitation days = 0.8
| Feb precipitation days = 0.5
| Mar precipitation days = 0.4
| Apr precipitation days = 1.3
| May precipitation days = 4.7
| Jun precipitation days = 5.3
| Jul precipitation days = 6.6
| Aug precipitation days = 7.8
| Sep precipitation days = 7.6
| Oct precipitation days = 9.4
| Nov precipitation days = 7.7
| Dec precipitation days = 3.9
| source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]],<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.mausam.gov.in/WEBIMD/ClimatologicalAction.do?function=getStationDetails&actionParam=1&param=2&station=thiruvanamalai
|title=Climatological Information for arani, India
|publisher=India Meteorological Department
|access-date=2012-12-29
}}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
|date=August vellore has an tropical wet and dry climate, reaching high temperatures during summer.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hot climate report|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/23/stories/2009082350350200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108044128/http://www.hindu.com/2009/08/23/stories/2009082350350200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|date=23 August 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> }}

==Demographics==
{{bar box|title=Religious census|titlebar=#ddd|left1=Religion|right1=Percent(%)|float=left|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|82.57}}{{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|14.07}}{{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|2.79}}{{bar percent|[[Jainism|Jain]]|Blue|0.4}}{{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|0.01}}{{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|0.01}}{{bar percent|Other|grey|0.13}}{{bar percent|[[Irreligion|No religion]]|violet|0.01}}}}{{Historical populations
|align = right
|state=
|1951|35912
|1961|46441
|1981|89462
|1991|109196
|2001|130350

|2011|145278
|footnote=Sources:
* 1951 – 2001<ref>{{cite web|title=Population Details |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_population.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227113738/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_population.htm |archive-date=27 February 2014 }}</ref>
* 2011<ref name=2011census/>
}}
[[File:Thiruvannamalai, Arunachalesvara Temple, City, India.jpg|250px|left|Densely populated city and temple|thumb]]
According to the provisional population totals of the 2011 census,{{Ref|b| '''b'''}} Tiruvannamalai UA had a population of 145278, with 72406 males and 72872 females. The sex ratio of the city was 1,000 and the child sex ratio stood at 960. Tiruvannamalai had an average literacy rate of 81.64% with male literacy being 85.6%, and female literacy being 77.7%. A total of 14,530 of the population of the city was under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|title= 2011 census|publisher=Directorate of census operations|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|page=13|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29 }}</ref> [[Tamil language|Tamil]] Is The Official Language.

According to [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Tiruvannamalai had a population of 145,278 with a sex-ratio of 1,006 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929.<ref name="dashboard">{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/index.html|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> A total of 15,524 were under the age of six, constituting 7,930 males and 7,594 females. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] accounted for 12.37% and 1.22% of the population respectively. The average literacy of the city was 78.38%, compared to the national average of 72.99%.<ref name="dashboard"/> The city had a total of 33,514 households. There were a total of 50,722 workers, comprising 583 cultivators, 580 main agricultural labourers, 994 in house hold industries, 44,535 other workers, 4,030 marginal workers, 84 marginal cultivators, 105 marginal agricultural labourers, 421 marginal workers in household industries and 3,420 other marginal workers.<ref name=2011census>{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Tiruvannamalai|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=682105|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014}}</ref> As per the religious census of 2011, Tiruvannamalai had 82.57% [[Hindus]], 14.07% [[Muslims]], 2.79% [[Christians]], 0.01% [[Sikhs]], 0.01% [[Buddhists]], 0.4% [[Jainism|Jains]], 0.13% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.<ref name=religion2011>{{cite web|title=Population By Religious Community – Tamil Nadu|year=2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|format=XLS|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=13 September 2015}}</ref>

The maximum decadal growth of population in Tiruvannamalai was observed during 1971–81 and had reduced growth rate from 1981 due to the increased amount of industrial activity that took place outside the city. The density of the city was 45 per hectare during 1971 and increased to 90 during 1999.<ref name="urbaninfra7679">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 76–79</ref> A total {{convert|446.2|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (32.75%) of the land is used for residential, {{convert|48.77|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (3.58%) for commercial, {{convert|22.34|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (1.63%) for industrial, {{convert|39.35|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (2.88%) for public & semi public, {{convert|30.38|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (2.22%) for educational and {{convert|678.77|ha|acre|abbr=on}} (56.94%) for non-urban purposes.<ref name="urbaninfra80">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, p. 80</ref><ref name="lok shaba website">[http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/2840.htm lok shaba website]</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/Senguntha_mithiran_August_2020|title=செங்குந்த மித்திரன் - ஆகஸ்ட் 2020|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

==Economy==
Tiruvannamalai is a temple city and a major pilgrimage centre in Tamil Nadu. The city is the marketing and service city for the surrounding places. Being the administrative headquarters of the Tiruvannamalai district, Tiruvannamalai has a lot of tertiary sector activities. Trade and commerce and service activities are the major contributors to the economy of the city. In 1991, 7.93% of the population was involved in primary sector, 21.34% in secondary sector and 70.73% in tertiary sector activities. The city had a female work participation of 11%. Due to the urbanisation from 1971, there has been dip in primary sector activities and a proportional increase in the tertiary sector activities. There is limited agricultural activity within the city limits. The secondary sector involves manufacturing and construction, whose growth has remained stable over the decades. There are many oil mills, rice mills and agro based industries within the Tiruvannamalai city limits. The tertiary sector activities of trade, commerce, transport, storage, communication and other services has been increasing due to the increasing number of tourists to the city. The patronage to Girivalam has increased informal economic activities around the city.<ref>{{cite report|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Thiruvannamalai District 2012-13 |year=2012|url=http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/IPS_Thiruvannamalai_2012_tr.pdf|publisher=Ministry of MSME, Government of India|pages=4–14}}</ref><ref name="urbaninfra8588">[[#urban|Urban Infrastructure Report]] 2008, pp. 85–88</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai industries |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_industry.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218063524/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_industry.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> The major commercial activities are concentrated around Car Street, Thiruvoodal Street, Kadambarayan Street, Asaliamman Koil Street, Sivanpada Street and Polur Road.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai markets |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_markets.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217231650/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_markets.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref>

All major nationalised banks such as [[State Bank of India]], [[Vijaya Bank]], [[Union Bank of India|Union Bank]], [[Bank of India]], [[Indian Bank]], [[Central Bank of India]], [[Punjab National Bank]], [[Indian Overseas Bank]], [[Bank of India]], Bank of Maharashtra and private banks like [[ICICI Bank]], [[HDFC Bank]], [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]], [[Axis Bank]], [[DBS Bank]], [[Tamilnad Mercantile Bank]], [[IDBI Bank]], [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Karur Vysya Bank]] and [[City Union Bank]] have their branches in Tiruvannamalai. All these banks have their [[automated teller machine]]s located in various parts of the city. Apart from major banks, the city also has many small finance banks and their [[automated teller machine]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_bank.htm |title=Banks in Tiruvannamalai |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality |access-date=2012-07-02 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202049/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_bank.htm |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Annamalaiyar Temple|Tirumalai (Jain complex)|l2 = Tirumalai}}

[[File:Tiruvannamalai Temple.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Image of the Annamalaiyar Temple with the Annamalai hills in the background|alt=temple towers with a hill in the backgournd]]
The Annamalaiyar Temple is the most prominent landmark of Tiruvannamalai. The temple complex covers an area of {{convert|10| ha|acre|abbr=on}}, and is one of the largest temples in India.<ref name="Bajwa">{{Cite book |last=Bajwa |first=Jagir Singh |author2=Ravinder Kaur |title=Tourism Management |year=2008|publisher=S.B. Nangia |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-313-0047-3|page=1069}}</ref> It houses four gateway towers known as ''[[gopurams]]''. The tallest is the eastern tower, with 11 stories and a height of {{convert|66|m|ft|abbr=on}}, making it one of the tallest temple towers in India.<ref name="Bajwa"/> The temple has numerous shrines, with those of Annamalaiyar and Unnamulai Amman being the most prominent. The temple complex houses many halls; the most notable is the thousand-pillared hall built during the [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar period]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ebert |first=Gabriele |title=Ramana Maharshi: His Life |year=2006|publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=1-4116-7350-6|pages=35–36}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nārāyaṇasvāmi |first=Veṅkaṭarāma |title=Thiruvannamalai |year=1992 |publisher=Manivasagar Noolagam |location=Madras |page=24}}</ref>
[[File:Tiruvannamalai temple.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Rajagoupram seen from city's residential area|alt=temple towers]]
The Annamalaiyar temple is one of the ''Pancha Bhoota Stala''s, or five Shiva temples, with each a manifestation of a natural [[Mahabhuta|element]]: land, water, air, sky or fire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Vijaya |title=Historical dictionary of the Tamils |year=2007|publisher=Scarecrow Press, INC.|location=United States|isbn=978-0-470-82958-5| pages= 301–302}}</ref> In Annamalaiyar temple, Shiva is said to have manifested himself as a massive column of fire, whose crown and feet could not be found by the Hindu gods, [[Brahma]] and Vishnu.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Blavatsky |first=Helena Petrovna |title=The theosophical glossary |year=1892 |publisher=The Theosophical Publishing Society |location=London | page= 189}}</ref> ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam#Aathara Stalam|Aathara Stala]]'' are Shiva temples which are considered to be personifications of the Tantric [[chakra]]s of human anatomy. The Annamalaiyar temple is called the ''Manipooraga stalam'',<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kamalabaskaran |first=Iswari |title=The light of Arunachaleswarar |year=1994 |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press Pvt. Ltd. }}</ref> and is associated with the ''[[Manipura|Manipooraga]]'' chakra.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Spear |first=Heidi |title=The Everything Guide to Chakra Healing: Use Your Body's Subtle Energies to promote Health, Healing and Happiness |year=2011 |publisher=Adams Media |location=USA |isbn=978-1-4405-2649-7| page= 121}}</ref> The temple is revered in ''Tevaram'', the Tamil Saiva canon and classified as ''[[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]'', one of the 276 temples that find mention in the Saiva canon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thevaaram.org/en/thirumurai_1/songview.php?thiru=1&Song_idField=1010&padhi=136+&button=Please+go |title=Muthalam Thirumurai Translation|year=2012|access-date= 2012-12-29|publisher=Thevaaram.org}}</ref>
[[File:Tirumalai Neminatha Statue.jpg|200x200px|thumb|right|Image of the largest Jain sculpture of [[Neminatha]] in Tamil Nadu in Tirumalai temple|alt=image of a religious sculpture in standing pose]]
The most important festival of the Annamalaiyar temple is celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of ''[[Karthikai]]'', between November and December, concluding with the celebration of Karthikai Deepam. A huge lamp is lit in a [[cauldron]], containing three tons of [[ghee]], at the top of the Annamalai hills during the Deepam.<ref name="bradnock"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/14/stories/2005121406840500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219060430/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/14/stories/2005121406840500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2006|title= 10 lakh devotees witness Tiruvannamalai Deepam|date=14 December 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/164 164]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}</ref> To mark the occasion, the festival deity of Annamalaiyar [[Circumambulation|circumambulates]] the mountain. Inscriptions indicate that the festival was celebrated as early as the Chola period (850–1280) and was expanded to ten days in the twentieth century.<ref name="Mack7274">[[#Mack|Mack]] 2008, pp. 72–74</ref>

Every full moon, tens of thousands of pilgrims worship Annamalaiyar by circumambulating the Annamalai hill barefoot.<ref name="bradnock">{{Cite book |last=Bradnock |first=Roma |author2=Robert Bradnock |title=Footprint India |year=2009|publisher=Patrick Dawson |location=USA |isbn=978-1-904777-00-7| pages= 827–828}}</ref> The circumambulation covers a distance of {{convert|14|km|mi}}, and is referred as ''Girivalam''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://arunachaleswarar.org/girivalam.html |title=Tiruvannamalai temple – Girivalam details |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Temple Administration |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829022609/http://arunachaleswarar.org/girivalam.html |archive-date=29 August 2012 }}</ref><ref name="places">{{cite web|url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_Place%20of%20interest.htm |title=Tiruvannamalai – Places of interest |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824234839/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_Place%20of%20interest.htm |archive-date=24 August 2013 }}</ref> According to Hindu legend, the walk removes sins, fulfils desires and helps achieve freedom from the cycle of birth and rebirth.<ref name="thirukoil"/> Offerings are made in a string of [[temple tank|tanks]], shrines, pillared meditation halls, springs and caves around the hill.<ref name="abram"/>

[[Tirumalai (Jain complex)|Tirumalai]] is an ancient Jain temple complex in the outskirts of Tiruvannamalai that houses three Jain caves, four [[Jain temples]] and a {{convert|16|ft|m}} high sculpture of [[Neminatha]] dated from the 12th century and the tallest Jain image in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/donations/to-jain-tirths/111-arihantagiri-tirumalai
|title=Arihantagiri – Tirumalai
|publisher=Jain Heritage centres
|access-date=2012-12-29
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091818/http://www.jainheritagecentres.com/index.php/donations/to-jain-tirths/111-arihantagiri-tirumalai
|archive-date=7 November 2012
}}</ref>

The [[Sri Ramana Ashram|Ramana Ashram]] and ashram of [[Yogi Ramsuratkumar]], located around the Annamalai hill are popular visitor attractions of Tiruvannamalai. The [[Sathanur Reservoir|Sathanur Dam]] over the Thenpennai river located {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} southwest of the city is a prominent picnic spot. This 786.37 m Dam is 44.81m high and can store 7,321,000,000 cu ft or 207,300,000 cubic meters of water. A scenic park is also present adjacent to this dam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/tiruvannamalai/sathanur-dam |title=Sathanur Dam |access-date=2015-05-31 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722213719/http://citypatriots.com/asia/india/tamil-nadu/tiruvannamalai/sathanur-dam |archive-date=22 July 2015 }}</ref> [[Ulagalantha Perumal Temple, Tirukoyilur|Ulagalantha Perumal Temple]] in [[Tirukoilur]], situated {{convert|36|km|mi|abbr=on}} south of Tiruvannamalai and Thiruvarangam are prominent Vishnu temples that are located around Tiruvannamalai.<ref name="places"/>

==Transport==
{{see also|Bhagavan Bridge}}

The Puducherry – Krishnagiri national highway, [[National Highway 77 (India)|NH 77]] and the [[Vellore]] – [[Tuticorin Port]] National highway [[National Highway 38 (India)|NH 38]] pass through Tiruvannamalai. The city has eight arterial roads that connects it to other towns.<ref name="abtcity"/> The Tiruvannamalai municipality maintains a total length of {{convert|75.26|km|mi|abbr=on}}. The city has {{convert|9.068|km|mi|abbr=on}} concrete roads, {{convert|50.056|km|mi|abbr=on}} BT roads, {{convert|7.339|km|mi|abbr=on}} of WBM roads and {{convert|8.797|km|mi|abbr=on}} earthen roads. A total of 452 roads is maintained by the State Highways Department.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai roads |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_roads.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125011212/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_roads.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Tiruvannamalai_Central_Bus_Station.jpg|200px|right|View of a town's central bus stand|thumb|alt=decades old bus stand]]
Tiruvannamalai is served by the city bus service operated by the [[Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation|TNSTC]], which provides connectivity within the town and the suburbs. There are private operated mini-bus services that cater to the local transport needs of the town. The main bus stand covers an area of {{convert|2|acre|sqm|abbr=on}} and is located in the heart of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai bus stand |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_busstand.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218011437/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_busstand.htm |archive-date=18 February 2013 }}</ref> There are regular inter-city bus services to Tiruvannamalai. The TNSTC operates daily services connecting various cities to Tiruvannamalai. The corporation operates a computerised reservation centre in the bus stand of the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=S.E.T.C. Tamil Nadu Ltd., Computer reservation centres|url=http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|publisher=Tamil Nadu State Transport Corporation Ltd.|year=2011|access-date=2012-12-29|archive-date=16 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616204353/http://www.tnstc.in/counter_address.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[State Express Transport Corporation (Tamil Nadu)|SETC]] operates long-distance buses connecting the town to important cities like [[Chennai]], [[Pondicherry (city)|Puducherry]] and [[Bengaluru]]. The major inter city bus routes from the town are to cities and towns like [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], [[Vettavalam]], [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Arani, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]], [[Tindivanam]], [[Gingee]], [[Tirukoilur]], [[Avalurpet]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Chengam]], [[Sathanur, Perambalur|Sathanur]], [[Sankarapuram]] and [[Manalurpet]].<ref name="transport">{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai bus routes |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_bus.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822072727/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_bus.htm |archive-date=22 August 2013 }}</ref><ref name="howtoreach"/>

[[Tiruvannamalai railway station]] is located in the rail head from [[Katpadi]] to [[Villupuram]] and falls under the [[Tiruchchirapalli]] division of the [[Southern Railway Zone (India)|Southern Railway]]. The [[Rameswaram|Rameshwaram]]-[[Tirupati]] bi-weekly expresses connects Tiruvannamalai to the cities of Madurai and Tirupati in either directions. There are also passenger trains running either side from Katpadi to Villupuram.<ref name="transport"/><ref name="howtoreach"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Passenger train stops at Tiruvannamalai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2152805.ece|work=The Hindu|date=2 July 2007|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Special trains for Tiruvannamalai kumbabhishekam|url=http://www.hindu.com/2002/06/22/stories/2002062200860500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190433/http://www.hindu.com/2002/06/22/stories/2002062200860500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 October 2013|date=21 January 2002|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref>

The nearest airport is at [[Chennai International Airport|Chennai]], which is located {{convert|172|km|mi|abbr=on}} from the town.<ref name="howtoreach">{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai – how to reach |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_How%20to%20reach.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822072656/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abcity_How%20to%20reach.htm |archive-date=22 August 2013 }}</ref>

==Municipal administration and politics==
{{update|section|reason=The information on elections and elected officials is outdated|date=August 2023}}
{| class="toccolours" style="clear:right; float:right; background:#ffffff; margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em; width:220"
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|Municipality officials
|-
|align="center"| Mayor||Nirmala Velmaran<ref name="chairperson">{{cite web|title=Chairman of municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/who_chairperson.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125024151/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/who_chairperson.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Commissioner||Selva Balaji<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissioner of municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/who_commissioner.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125024156/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/who_commissioner.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Deputy-Mayor||Rajangam Sundaramoorthy<ref name="deputy_chairperson">{{cite web|title=Vice Chairman of municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/who_Deputy_%20chairperson.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125024146/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/who_Deputy_%20chairperson.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref>
|-
!style="background:#A8BDEC" align="center" colspan="2"|Elected members
|-
|align="center"|Member of Legislative Assembly||E.V.Velu<ref name="MLA of Tiruvannamalai">{{cite web|title=MLA of Tiruvannamalai |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006234417/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/constnamewise.htm |archive-date=6 October 2013 }}</ref>
|-
|align="center"|Member of Parliament||[[Annadurai C N|C. N. Annadurai]]<ref name="Rit">{{cite web|title=Seventeenth Loksabha, Member of the Parliament|publisher=Parliament of India|year=2019|access-date=28 September 2019|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/Members/AlphabeticalList.aspx}}</ref>
|}
The Tiruvannamalai municipality was established in 1886 during British times. It was promoted to a second-grade municipal municipality in 1959, first grade in 1974, selection grade in 1998 and special grade in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=About the municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abus_municip.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125023654/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abus_municip.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref> The municipality has 39 wards and there is an elected councillor for each of those wards.<ref name="councillor"/> The functions of the municipality are devolved into six departments: general administration/personnel, Engineering, Revenue, Public Health, city planning and Information Technology (IT). All these departments are under the control of a Municipal Commissioner who is the executive head.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |url=http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |publisher=Commissionerate of Municipal Administration |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106103849/http://www.tn.gov.in/cma/chart5.htm |archive-date=6 November 2012 }}</ref> The legislative powers are vested in a body of 39 members, one each from the 39 wards.<ref name="councillor">{{cite web|title=Councillors of municipality |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/who_councilors.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125025211/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/who_councilors.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref> The legislative body is headed by an elected chairperson<ref name="chairperson" /> assisted by a deputy chairperson.<ref name="deputy_chairperson" />

Tiruvannamalai comes under the [[Tiruvannamalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvannamalai assembly]] constituency and it elects a member to the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] once every five years.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm
|title=List of Assembly Constituencies
|year=2010
|access-date=2012-12-28
|work=Tamil Nadu
|publisher=Tamil Nadu state government
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm
|archive-date=14 June 2012
}}</ref> From the 1977 elections, the assembly seat was won by [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) seven times during the 1977, 1989, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016 elections, the [[Indian National Congress]] party three times during the 1980, 1984 and 1991 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S22/partycomp44.htm|title=Partywise Comparison Since 1977|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|year=2011}}</ref> The current MLA of the constituency is E.V. Velu from DMK.<ref name="MLA of Tiruvannamalai"/>

During the 1957 elections, Tiruvannamalai was a part of Tiruvannamalai parliamentary constituency and was held by an independent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=49}}</ref> From the 1962 to 2004 elections, the city was part of Tirupattur constituency. The Dravida Muneetra Kazhagam (DMK) won the seat nine times during the 1962,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=49}}</ref> 1967,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1967/Vol_I_LS_67.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1967 to the Fourth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=67}}</ref> 1971,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1971/Vol_I_LS_71.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1971 to the Fifth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=71}}</ref> 1977,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1977/Vol_I_LS_77.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1977 to the Sixth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=80}}</ref> 1980,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |title=Key highlights of the general elections 1980 to the Seventh Lok Sabha |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2012-12-29 |page=79 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718175926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1980/Vol_I_LS_80.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 }}</ref> 1996,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1996/Vol_I_LS_96.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=86}}</ref> 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1998 to the Twelfth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=85}}</ref> 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1999 to the Thirteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=85}}</ref> and 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_2004/Vol_I_LS_2004.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 2004 to the Fourteenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29|page=94}}</ref> elections and the Indian National Congress won it three times during the 1984,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1984/Vol_I_LS_84.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1984 to the Eighth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> 1989<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1989/Vol_I_LS_89.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1989 to the Ninth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> and 1991<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/SR_KeyHighLights/LS_1991/VOL_I_LS_91.pdf|title=Key highlights of the general elections 1991 to the Tenth Lok Sabha|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> elections and AIADMK once during the 2014 elections.<ref name="Rit"/> From the 2009 elections, Tiruvannamalai is a part of the [[Tiruvannamalai (Lok Sabha constituency)]] – it has the following six assembly constituencies – [[Jolarpet (state assembly constituency)|Jolarpet]], [[Tiruppattur, Vellore Assembly constituency|Tirupattur]], [[Chengam (State Assembly Constituency)|Chengam (SC)]], [[Tiruvannamalai (State Assembly Constituency)|Tiruvannamalai]], [[Kilpennathur Assembly constituency|Kilpennathur]] and [[Kalasapakkam (State Assembly Constituency)|Kalasapakkam]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020351070300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211020018/http://www.hindu.com/2009/02/03/stories/2009020351070300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 February 2009|title= Assembly seats increase to 13 in Vellore district|date=3 February 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=2012-12-29}}</ref> The current Member of Parliament from the constituency is C N Annadurai from the DMK party.<ref name="Rit"/>

Law and order in the town is maintained by the Tiruvannamalai sub division of the [[Tamil Nadu Police]] headed by a Deputy Superintendent (DSP).<ref name="district police"/> There are three police stations in the town, one of them being an all-women police station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai police |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_police.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217214147/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_police.htm |archive-date=17 February 2013 }}</ref> There are special units like prohibition enforcement, district crime, social justice and human rights, district crime records and special branch that operate at the district level police division headed by a Superintendent of Police (SP).<ref name="district police">{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai district police |url=http://www.tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/cug/tvm.pdf |publisher=Tamil Nadu Police |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-26 |pages=1–4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417053815/http://tnpolice.gov.in/pdfs/cug/tvm.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012 }}</ref>

=== Suburbs ===
{{refimprove|section|date=February 2026}}


*[[Ariyathur]]
*[[Kilnathur]]
*[[Madipakkam (Madumaanagar)|Madipakkam]]
*[[Mel-chengam]]
*[[Nallavanpalayam]]
*[[Pallikondapattu]]
*[[Saron, Thiruvannamalai|Saron]]
*[[Thenimalai]]
*[[Thenmathur]]
*[[Thenral Nagar]]
*[[Vengikkal]]

==Education and utility services==
There are 45 elementary schools, 12 high schools and 28 higher secondary schools in Tiruvannamalai. There are seven arts & science colleges, six engineering colleges, 1 law college and 2 medical college in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Educational Institutions |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_edu.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822072732/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_edu.htm |archive-date=22 August 2013 }}</ref> Electricity supply to Tiruvannamalai is regulated and distributed by the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]] (TNEB). The town along with its suburbs forms the Tiruvannamalai Electricity Distribution Circle.<ref>{{cite web|title=Important Address |url=http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |publisher=Indian Wind Power Association |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |page=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016045943/http://www.windpro.org/pdf/MISC/TNEB%20Address.pdf |archive-date=16 October 2012 }}</ref> Water supply is provided by the municipality of Tiruvannamalai from the Thenpennai river and Samuthiram through feeders located in various parts of the town. In the period 2000–2001, a total of 12.5 million litres of water was supplied every day for households in the town.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Supply Details |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_watersupply.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125005258/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_watersupply.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref> About 52 metric tonnes of solid waste are collected from Tiruvannamalai every day by door-to-door collection and subsequently the source segregation and dumping is carried out by the sanitary department of the municipality. The coverage of solid waste management had an efficiency of 75% in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|title=Waste management programme |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125011224/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_solidwastemanagement.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref> The town has underground drainage system which came to existence fully in the year 2013–2014<ref>{{cite web|title=Underground Drainge|url=http://www.twadboard.gov.in/twad/urban_sewerage.aspx|access-date=27 July 2016|archive-date=15 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715030535/http://www.twadboard.gov.in/twad/urban_sewerage.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> and the sewerage system for disposal of sullage is through septic tanks, open drains and public conveniences.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai sewarage |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_sewerage.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125011218/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_sewerage.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref> The municipality maintains a total of {{convert|192.24|km|mi|abbr=on}} of storm water drains in Tiruvannamalai.<ref>{{cite web|title=Storm water drains of Tiruvannamalai |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_stromwaterdrainage.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality |access-date=2012-12-29 |year=2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125011229/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_stromwaterdrainage.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref> There are three government hospitals, one southern railway hospital, two municipal maternity hospitals, two [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]] hospitals, five health centres and 126 private hospitals and clinics that take care of the health care needs of the citizens.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai hospitals |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_hospitals.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822005314/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_hospitals.htm |archive-date=22 August 2013 }}</ref> There are a total of 13,570 street lamps in Tiruvannamalai: 2,496 sodium lamps, 1061 mercury vapour lamps, 10,010 tube lights and 112 high mast beam lamp.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai street lights |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_streetlight.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125024121/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/sal_streetlight.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013 }}</ref> The municipality operates seven markets, namely the Jothi flower market, vegetable market and uzhavar santhai, poomalai market, Angalamman koil market, Perumbakkam road market that cater to the needs of the town and the rural areas around it.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tiruvannamalai Markets |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_shopcenters.htm |publisher=Tiruvannamalai Municipality, Government of Tamil Nadu |year=2011 |access-date=2012-12-29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825011959/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/srv_shopcenters.htm |archive-date=25 August 2013 }}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{Cite book |last=Mack |first=Alexander|pages=88–90 |title=Spiritual journey, imperial city: pilgrimage to the temples of Vijayanagara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KA7A4R-bA3wC&q=tiruvannamalai&pg=PA88 |year=2002|publisher=Vedam e-books Pvt. Ltd. |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7936-004-0|ref=Mack}}
* {{cite report|title=Conversion of City Corporate Plan into Business Plan |url=http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/pdf/THIRUVANNAMALAI.pdf |last=Urban Infrastructure report |publisher=Tamilnadu Urban Infrastructure Financial Services Limited |year=2008 |access-date=2012-12-29 |ref=urban |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130203094345/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/pdf/THIRUVANNAMALAI.pdf |archive-date=3 February 2013 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Tiruvannamalai}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130125023654/http://municipality.tn.gov.in/thiruvannamalai/abus_municip.htm Municipality of Tiruvannamalai]

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Thiruvannaamalai|Thurinjapuram|Tandarai|51|222.22}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Tiruvannamalai district]]

Sadhu bhasha

2026-03-20T05:43:36Z

Bogdankdu: minor expand intro based on references also based on references

{{Short description|Historical literary register of Bengali}}
{{about|the archaic written form of Bengali|the Standard register of the language, known as Chalita bhasha|Bengali language}}
{{More citations needed|article|date=October 2007}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Sadhu Bhasha
| region = [[Bengal]]
| era = 19th–20th century
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| fam4 = [[Indo-Aryan languages#Eastern Zone|Eastern]]
| fam5 = [[Bengali-Assamese languages|Bengali-Assamese]]
| fam6 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| isoexception = historical
| notice = Indic
| nativename = সাধু ভাষা
| altname = Standard Literary Bengali Sanskritised Bengali
}}

'''Sadhu bhasha''' ({{langx|bn|সাধু ভাষা|Sādhu bhāṣā|Chaste language}}) or '''Standard literary Bengali''' or '''Sanskritised Bengali''' is a historical literary register of the [[Bengali language]] most prominently used in the 19th to 20th centuries during the [[Bengal Renaissance]], currently in very limited usage. Sadhu bhasha is used only in writing, unlike [[Cholito bhasha]], the colloquial form of the language, which was used in both writing and speaking. These two literary forms are examples of [[diglossia]].<ref name=bpedia/>

==History==
This [[Sanskritisation (linguistics)|Sanskritised]] form of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] is notable for its variations in verb forms and the vocabulary which is mainly composed of [[Sanskrit]] or [[tatsama|''tatsama'']] words. It was mainly a vocabulary making it easier for literary works in [[Sanskrit]] to be translated. Notable among them was [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]], who standardised the [[Bengali alphabet]] and paved the path for literary works. The colloquial usage of Bengali consisted mostly of its [[Magadhi Prakrit|Prakrit]] (indigenous (''[[Desi|deshi]]'')) base, and [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] words (i.e., [[Dobhashi]]) embedded into the vocabulary. As a result, the [[Brahmins]], a [[Hindu]] [[pundit]] caste, chose the path of Sanskritisation to make a pure language which would be used as a representative of classical languages into which the works of Sanskrit and [[Hindu literature]] can be translated. This shifted Bengali further towards Sanskrit thus archaising its vocabulary. This in turn increased the commonality in Bengali vocabulary with other [[Indo-Aryan languages]], such as [[Hindi]], which has also consciously replaced (and even purged out) Persian and Arabic words, expressions and elements with Sanskrit [[Tatsama|''tatsamas'']] and Prakrit [[Tadbhava|''tadbhavas'']], a process which separated it from the [[Urdu]] source.{{citation needed|date=March 2012}}

By the time of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], the [[Sadhu]]-ness (purity) of the literary form had largely waned into just a set of Sanskrit verb forms and in a decade, Tagore himself would switch to writing in Cholito Bhasha. [[Radha Nag]]'s book ''Atmaghati Nirad Choudhuri'' {{Lang|bn|আত্মঘাতী নীরদ চৌধুরী}} ({{Translation|Suicidal Nirad Choudhuri}}) appears as the last Bengali book written in Sadhu Bhasha.

[[Bangladeshis|Bangladeshi]] writer, intellectual, academic [[Salimullah Khan]] has been writing in Sadhu Bhasha since 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://new.ittefaq.com.bd:80/news/view/111014/2012-07-13/35|title=কবে শুরু হবে আহমদ ছফা চর্চা|last=Khan|first=Siddikur Rahman|date=13 July 2012|website=[[The Daily Ittefaq|Ittefaq]]|publisher=Ittefaq Group of Publications Ltd.|place=Dhaka|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918135937/http://new.ittefaq.com.bd/news/view/111014/2012-07-13/35|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 September 2012|access-date=18 September 2012}}</ref>

The newspaper ''[[Anandabazar Patrika]]'' uses Sadhu Bhasha on their editorial column, partially, even today.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/our-opinion|title=সম্পাদকীয়, আমাদের মত|last= Majee Mondal|first=Suvodip|date=8 August 2021}}</ref>

==Presence in historical literature==
The mid-19th century hosted two influential writers of Sadhu bhasha; [[Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar]] and [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]. Vidyasagar's style was very conservative towards withholding only the use of [[tatsama]] (Sanskrit) when writing. His style came to be known as ''Vidyasagari'' and [[Akshay Kumar Datta]] also wrote in this style. Chatterjee's writing style was somewhat more lenient to the use of [[tadbhava]] and deshi vocabulary. It came to be known as ''Bankimi'' – a more popular style, it was practised by the likes of [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Hara Prasad Shastri]], [[Dinesh Chandra Sen]], [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] and [[Ismail Hossain Siraji]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite book|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh|first=Mohammad Daniul|last=Huq|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sadhu_Bhasa|chapter=Sadhu Bhasa|publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref>
==Current usages==
Current usage of this register is very limited. Though it has its presence in various government affairs of both Bangladesh and West Bengal, such as documents, gazettes, oaths and disclaimers. Beside that it is also exclusively found in traditional invitation cards in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-25 |title=সাধু যখন চলিত |url=https://daakbangla.com/non-fiction/sadhu-jokhon-cholit/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Daakbangla |language=bn}}</ref> Few newspaper still print their editorials in it, like [[Anandabazar Patrika]] of West Bengal and [[The Daily Ittefaq|Dainik Ittefaq]] of Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=কতদিন টিকে থাকবে সাধুরীতি? |url=https://www.banglatribune.com/national/611491/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Bangla Tribune |language=bn}}</ref>

==Sample text==
The following is a sample text in Sadhu bhasha of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:

'''Bengali in the [[Bengali alphabet]]'''

:{{lang|bn|'''ধারা ১:''' সমস্ত মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা এবং অধিকার লইয়া জন্মগ্রহণ করে। তাঁহাদের বিবেক এবং বুদ্ধি আছে; সুতরাং সকলেরই একে অপরের প্রতি ভ্রাতৃত্বসুলভ মনোভাব লইয়া আচরণ করা উচিৎ।}}

'''Bengali in [[Romanization of Bengali|phonetic Romanization]]'''

:'''Dhara êk:''' Sômôstô manush shadhinbhabe sôman môrjada ebông ôdhikar lôiya jônmôgrôhôṇ kôre. Tãhader bibek ebông buddhi achhe; sutôrang sôkôleri êke ôpôrer prôti bhratrittôsulôbh mônobhab lôiya achôrôṇ kôra uchit.

'''Bengali in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]'''

:{{IPA|d̪ʱara ɛk {{!}} ʃɔmost̪o manuʃ ʃad̪ʱinbʱabe ʃɔman mɔɾdʒad̪a ebɔŋ od̪ʱikaɾ loija dʒɔnmoɡrohon kɔre {{!}} t̪ãhad̪er bibek ebɔŋ bud̪d̪ʱi atʃʰe {{!}} ʃut̪oraŋ ʃɔkoleri ɛke ɔporer prot̪i bʱrat̪rit̪ːoʃulɔbʱ monobʱab loija atʃorɔn kɔra utʃit̪}}

'''Gloss'''

:'''Clause 1:''' All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken birth-take do. Their reason and intelligence exist; therefore everyone-indeed one another's towards brotherhood-ly mind-spirit taken conduct do should.

'''Translation'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.

===Cholit bhasa===
The following is a sample text in Cholit-Bhasha of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:

'''Bengali in the [[Bengali alphabet]]'''

:{{lang|bn|'''ধারা ১:''' সব মানুষ স্বাধীনভাবে সমান মর্যাদা আর অধিকার নিয়ে জন্ম নেয়। তাঁদের বিবেক আর বুদ্ধি আছে; তাই সবারই একে অপরের দিকে ভাইয়ের মতো মনের ভাব নিয়ে আচরণ করা উচিত।}}

'''Bengali in [[Romanization of Bengali|phonetic Romanization]]'''

:'''Dhara êk:''' Sôb manush shadhinbhabe sôman môrjada ar ôdhikar niye jônmo ney. Tãder bibek ar buddhi achhe; tai sôbari êke ôpôrer dike bhaijer môto môner bhab niye achôrôn kôra uchit.

'''Bengali in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]'''

:{{IPA|d̪ʱara ɛk {{!}} ʃɔb manuʃ ʃad̪ʱinbʱabe ʃɔman mɔɾdʒad̪a ar ɔd̪ʱikaɾ nie̯e dʒɔnmo næy {{!}} t̪ãd̪eɾ bibek ar bud̪ʱːi atʃʰe {{!}} t̪ai ʃɔbaɾi ɛke ɔpɔreɾ d̪ike bʱaijer mɔt̪o mɔner bʱab nie̯e atʃɔrɔn kɔra utʃit̪}}

'''Gloss'''

:'''Clause 1:''' All human free-manner-in equal dignity and right taken bear. Their reason and intelligence exist; so everyone-indeed one another's direction-to brother's like mind's spirit taken conduct do should.

'''Translation'''

:'''Article 1:''' All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They possess conscience and reason. Therefore, everyone should act in a spirit of brotherhood towards each other.

==See also==
* [[Dobhashi]]
* [[Sadhukkari]]
* [[Sant Bhasha]]
* [[Bengali poetry]]
* [[Alaler Gharer Dulal]]

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|last=Chatterji|first=Suniti Kumar|title=The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language|year=1926|url=https://archive.org/details/OriginDevelopmentOfBengali/CHATTERJI_Origin-Development-of-Bengali_Vol-1|publisher=Calcutta University Press}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengal Renaissance}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sadhu Bhasa}}
[[Category:Bengali dialects]]
[[Category:Linguistic purism]]

Chakri (composer)

2026-03-13T21:46:17Z

Bogdankdu: cleanup

{{Short description|Indian composer and singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Chakri
| image = Chakri (music director).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Chakri in 2014
| birth_name = Gilla Chakradhar
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1974|06|15}}
| death_date = {{death date and age |2014|12|15|1974|06|15|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Kambalapalli, [[Mahabubabad district]], Andhra Pradesh (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], India
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Film score]]
| occupation = [[Film score|Film score composer]], singer
| years_active = 2000–2014
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
}}

'''Gilla Chakradhar''' (15 June 1974 – 15 December 2014), known professionally as '''Chakri''', was an Indian composer and singer who worked in [[Telugu cinema]]. He won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]] for ''[[Satyam (2003 film)|Satyam]]'' (2003) and the [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director]] for ''[[Simha (film)|Simha]]'' (2010).

==Early life==
Chakradhar was born on 15 June 1974 in Kambalapalli, a village of the [[Mahabubabad district]], [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=మళ్లీ కూయవా గువ్వ.. {{!}} Telangana Magazine|url=http://magazine.telangana.gov.in/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80-%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE-%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5/|url-status=live|access-date=2021-03-20|website=[[Government of Telangana|Telangana Magazine]]|date=8 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207051220/http://magazine.telangana.gov.in:80/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B3%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80-%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE-%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5/ |archive-date=7 December 2015 }}</ref>

==Career==
Chakradhar was known for composing music. He worked as a music director in around 85 movies. He started his career as the music director of the 2000 film [[Bachi (film)|''Bachi,'']] directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]]. Chakri is a self-made musician with no background or contacts in the movie industry. He humbly began his journey as a music enthusiast with a goal to publish a music album which he did through Aditya Music. Eventually, he got the opportunity through a friend to meet with Puri Jagannadh who liked his work and promised to work together. The duo later on went on to become a sensation with hits like 'Itlu Sravani Subramanyam', 'Idiot', 'Amma Nanna O Tamil Ammayi'. Chakri also grabbed the opportunity to work with veteran director Vamsi who is known for his great taste for music and for his long term collaboration with Maestro Ilayaraja. Chakri's magical compositions in 'Avunu vallidaru istapaddaru' did the impossible of substituting the Maestro Ilayaraja – an indisputable testimonial to his musical genius. His orchestration, chorus and the nuances in his composition were pleasantly surprising to the Telugu audience. Chakri composed a record number of 18 movies in a single year although he got very few chances to work with established heroes despite producing great music for small budget movies.

He won the best singer award for [[Satyam (2003 film)|''Satyam'']] in the [[Filmfare Awards|Tollywood Filmfare Awards]] and a [[Nandi Awards|Nandi Award]] for [[Simha (film)|''Simha'']]. He created many musical hits for [[Ravi Teja]] and director [[Puri Jagannadh]], working on nine films with the former and ten films with the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-15 |title=ప్రముఖ సంగీత దర్శకులు చక్రి ఇక లేరు |url=https://janamsakshi.org/%e0%b0%aa%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%b0%e0%b0%ae%e0%b1%81%e0%b0%96-%e0%b0%b8%e0%b0%82%e0%b0%97%e0%b1%80%e0%b0%a4-%e0%b0%a6%e0%b0%b0%e0%b1%8d%e0%b0%b6%e0%b0%95%e0%b1%81%e0%b0%b2%e0%b1%81-%e0%b0%9a%e0%b0%95-2 |access-date=2023-08-10 |website=Janam Sakshi – Telugu Daily News Portal |language=en-US}}</ref>

Besides his soulful music, Chakri is known for his benevolent and generous nature as expressed by every technician whom he worked with. A very simple, easy going man, always down to earth and cared for the people around. He encouraged many new comers and his long term collaboration with Singer Kousalya was a sensational hit. It is reflected in his own interviews on TV shows that he wanted to be remembered for the good than anything else. A popular opinion is that his lack of boundaries with friendships and being generous caused him personal losses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goreti Venkanna's tribute to Chakri |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j5TmN-G11ak |website=YouTube | date=14 December 2014 |access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jhummandi Naadam-Chakri's last interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IAws4oWJNPQ&pp=0gcJCbIJAYcqIYzv |website=YouTube | date=16 December 2014 |access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koti's tributes to Chakri |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XV5JOHQJy10 |website=YouTube | date=14 December 2014 |access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ravi Varma's tributes to Chakri|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhrs-Ph3eto&t=1810s |website=YouTube | date=19 May 2024 |access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Open heart with RK |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BO-iw2VFBZU&pp=ygUMY2hha3JpIHN0b3J5 |website=YouTube | date=27 October 2021 |access-date=2025-08-29}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Chakradhar married Sravani in 2004, shortly after he divorced his first wife.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2015 |title=Relatives fight over Chakri's property |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Relatives-fight-over-Chakris-property/articleshow/45838729.cms |access-date=2020-09-29 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> He has a brother and three sisters.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-15 |title=Melody king Chakri dies of heart attack |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/melody-king-chakri-dies-of-heart-attack/article6694824.ece |access-date=2023-06-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

===Death===
Chakradhar died in his sleep on 15 December, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Veteran Music Director No More|url=http://www.takkari.net/2014/12/music-director-chakri-dies-with-heart.html?m=1|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220191959/http://www.takkari.net/2014/12/music-director-chakri-dies-with-heart.html?m=1|archive-date=20 February 2015|access-date=15 December 2014}}</ref> His wife Sravani took him to a nearby hospital, where he was pronounced dead at around 7:45 am. Chakradhar had developed [[obesity]]-related comorbidities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-15 |title=Music director Chakri dies of heart attack |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Music-director-Chakri-dies-of-heart-attack/article60094303.ece |access-date=2023-06-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Controversies==
In 2013, a molestation case was filed against Chakradhar and producer Paruchuri Prasad on the grounds of allegedly harassing a 36-year-old woman during a party. It is later clarified that Chakri was made accountable as the host of the party but was not involved in the harassment himself as clarified in the police complaint lodged by the victim<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-06|title=Telugu music composer Chakri and producer Paruchuri Prasad booked for molestation|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-telugu-music-composer-chakri-and-producer-paruchuri-prasad-booked-for-molestation-1870774|access-date=2020-09-29|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=exact police complaint |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lhnktJcXi5U |website=YouTube | date=6 August 2013 |access-date=2020-09-29}}</ref>

==Discography==

===Telugu films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
|2000 || [[Bachi (film)|''Bachi'']] ||
|-
|2001 || ''[[Itlu Sravani Subramanyam]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2002 || ''[[Aaduthu Paaduthu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru]]'' ||
|-
| [[Idiot (2002 film)|''Idiot'']] ||
|-
| rowspan="13" |2003 || [[Juniors (film)|''Juniors'']] ||
|-
| ''[[Ammayilu Abbayilu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dhanalakshmi, I Love You]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kabaddi Kabaddi (2003 film)|Kabaddi Kabaddi]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi]]'' ||
|-
| ''Dreams'' ||
|-
| ''[[Oka Raju Oka Rani]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Donga Ramudu and Party]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Anaganaga O Kurraadu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Sivamani (Telugu film)|Sivamani]]'' ||
|-
| [[Satyam (2003 film)|''Satyam'']] || [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Veede]]''||
|-
| ''[[Toli Choopulone]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2004 || ''[[Andhrawala]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Pedababu]]'' ||
|-
| [[143 (2004 film)|''143'']]||
|-
| ''[[Andaru Dongale Dorikite]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Suryam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Konchem Touchlo Vunte Cheputanu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2005 || ''[[Dhana 51]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Pandem]]'' ||
|-
| [[Soggadu (2005 film)|''Soggadu'']] ||
|-
| [[Chakram (2005 film)|''Chakram'']] ||
|-
| [[Bhageeratha (film)|''Bhageeratha'']] ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2006 || [[Party (2006 film)|''Party'']] ||
|-
| ''[[Chukkallo Chandrudu]]'' ||
|-
| [[Devadasu (2006 film)|''Devadasu'']]||
|-
| ''[[Asadhyudu]]''||
|-
| ''[[Bhagyalakshmi Bumper Draw]]''||
|-
| ''[[Aadi Lakshmi]]'' || Also actor
|-
| rowspan="5" |2007 || ''[[Satyabhama (2007 film)|Satyabhama]]''||
|-
| ''[[Desamuduru]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Dhee (film)|Dhee]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Hello Premistara]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Takkari]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2008 || ''[[Aatadista]]'' ||
|-
| ''Kasipatnam Chudara Babu'' ||
|-
| [[Krishna (2008 film)|''Krishna'']] ||
|-
| [[Nagaram (2008 film)|''Nagaram'']] ||
|-
| [[Victory (2008 film)|''Victory'']] ||
|-
|''[[Keka (film)|Keka]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Neninthe]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009 || [[Maska (2009 film)|''Maska'']] ||
|-
| ''[[Gopi Gopika Godavari]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Raju Maharaju]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2010 || [[Simha (film)|''Simha'']] || [[Nandi Award for Best Music Director]]
|-
| [[Golimaar (film)|''Golimaar'']] ||
|-
| ''[[Aakasa Ramanna]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Baava]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Saradaga Kasepu]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2011 || [[Wanted (2011 film)|''Wanted'']] ||
|-
| ''[[Money Money, More Money]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jai Bolo Telangana]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012 || ''[[Naa Ishtam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Denikaina Ready]]'' || Composed 3 songs out of 5
|-
| ''[[Srimannarayana]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Devaraya]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014 || ''[[Laddu Babu]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yuddham (2014 film)|Yuddham]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Erra Bus]]'' ||
|-
|2015 || [[Rey (film)|''Rey'']] || Posthumous release
|-
|2025 || ''[[Mass Jathara]]'' || Used [[AI-generated]] voice
|}

=== Kannada films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Notes
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Veera Kannadiga]]'' || Simultaneously shot with ''Andhrawala''
|-
| 2005 || ''Giri'' ||
|-
|2010 || ''[[Gandedhe]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2011 || ''[[Kanteerava]]'' ||
|-
|''Smuggler'' ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/action-oriented-film-smuggler-launched/articleshow/15488213.cms|title=Action oriented film Smuggler launched|work=The Times of India|date=14 August 2012|access-date=15 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2013 || ''Neenandre Ishta Kano'' || Remake of ''Ammayilu Abbayilu''
|}

=== Other language films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Language !! Notes
|-
|2004 || ''[[Shakti (2004 film)|Shakti]]'' ||Bengali || Remake of ''Satyam''
|-
|2011 || ''[[Pillaiyar Theru Kadaisi Veedu]]'' ||Tamil || Reused one song from ''Gopi Gopika Godavari''
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1178313}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Music Director}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu}}
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakri}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:2014 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu film score composers]]
[[Category:Kannada film score composers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Film musicians from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:People from Hanamkonda district]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]

Sports film

2026-03-13T13:52:01Z

Bogdankdu: reworked article and fixed typos

{{short description|Film genre}}

A '''sports film''' is a [[film genre]] in which any particular [[sport]] plays a prominent role in the film's plot or acts as its central [[theme (arts)|theme]]. It is a production in which a sport or a sports-related topic is prominently featured or is a focus of the plot. Despite this, sport is ultimately rarely the central concern of such films and sport performs primarily an allegorical role.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Sport and Film|last=Crosson|first=Seán|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|url=https://www.academia.edu/27935619|isbn=9780415569934|location=Abingdon, Oxon|pages=60}}</ref> Furthermore, [[Fan (person)#Sports|sports fan]]s are not necessarily the target demographic in such movies, but sports fans tend to maintain a high following and esteem for such movies.

== Early history ==
Sources disagree on the first sports film. Short reels depicting unscripted matches were publicly shown as early as 1894, while scripted shorts depicting sports were shown by the end of the decade. The first feature-length sports films would not come until later. Many of the earliest sports films are considered [[Lost film|lost]].

The first known sports film was an 1894 reel depicting a [[boxing]] match between Michael Leonard and Jack Cushing, released just four months after the first [[movie house]] opened.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Sport was Box-Office Poison |url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1969/09/15/sport-was-boxoffice-poison |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520231153/https://vault.si.com/vault/1969/09/15/sport-was-boxoffice-poison |archive-date=2025-05-20 |access-date=2025-10-02 |work=Sports Illustrated Vault {{!}} SI.com |language=en-us}}</ref> Several other films depicting boxing matches were released in 1894.

Some sources report [[The Ball Game|''The Ball Game'']], directed by William Heise and produced and distributed by [[Thomas Edison|Thomas Edison's]] [[Edison Manufacturing Company]], as the first sports film. The film, a short documentary, is a recording of an 1898 game between the [[Reading Coal Heavers]] and the [[Newark Bears]]. Edison produced a short film based on the poem "[[Casey at the Bat]]" the following year.<ref name=":0" />

Sources differ as to the first feature-length sports film. 1913's ''The Lipton Cup'' is a feature-length drama centered on sailing.<ref>{{Citation |title=The Lipton Cup: Introducing Sir Thomas Lipton |date=1913-01-20 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0003070/ |access-date=2025-10-02 |publisher=Selig Polyscope Company}}</ref> 1915's [[Little Sunset|''Little Sunset'']] was the first feature-length film depicting baseball.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BoyActors - Little Sunset (1915) |url=https://www.boyactors.org.uk/movie.php?ref=4685 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.boyactors.org.uk}}</ref> The first feature-length [[biographical film]] depicting a sport was ''Right Off the Bat,'' released several months after ''Little Sunset'' (some sources claim that ''Right Off the Bat'' was the first feature-length sports film).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital History |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/teachers/historyonline/sportsfilm.cfm |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=www.digitalhistory.uh.edu}}</ref> The film, directed by [[Hugh Reticker]], depicts the life of player [[Mike Donlin]]. Donlin appears as himself in the film.

Despite their early popularity, sports films earned a reputation for frequent [[Box-office bomb|box-office bombs]] and struggled to earn the support of large production companies after their popularity in the 1930s.<ref name=":0" />

==Subgenres==
Several sub-categories of sports films can be identified, although the delineations between these subgenres, much as in live action, are somewhat fluid.

The most common sports subgenres depicted in movies are sports drama and sports comedy. Both categories typically employ playground settings, match, game creatures and other elements commonly associated with biological stories.

Sports films tend to feature a more richly developed sport world, and may also be more player-oriented or thematically complex. Often, they feature a hero of adventure origins and a clear distinction between loss and victory set against each other in a play time struggle.

Thematically, the story is often one of "our team" versus "their team"; their team will always try to win, and our team will show the world that they deserve recognition or redemption; the story does not always have to involve a team. The story could also be about an individual athlete or the story could focus on an individual playing on a team.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Firestein |first=David J. |date=2007 |title=Fields of Dreams: American Sports Movies |journal=E Journal USA |volume=12}}</ref>

=== Sports comedy ===
Sports comedy combines the sports film genre with [[comedy film]] elements. Traditionally, these films heavily rely on slapstick humor and very physical comedy, such as someone getting hurt in a comical way. A typical storyline may revolve around someone losing sight of the sport they are playing and trying to get back into it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-26 |title=Sports |url=https://thescriptlab.com/screenplay/genre/991-sports/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=The Script Lab |language=en-US|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20190629014820/https://thescriptlab.com/screenplay/genre/991-sports/|archive-date=2019-06-29}}</ref> Examples and staples of the genre include ''[[The Waterboy]]'', [[The Longest Yard (2005 film)|''The Longest Yard'']], ''[[Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby]]'', and ''[[Blades of Glory]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Williams, Eric R.|title=Screen adaptation : beyond the basics : techniques for adapting books, comics, and real-life stories into screenplays|others=Ayres, Tyler.|isbn=978-1-315-66941-0|location=New York|oclc=986993829}}</ref>

=== Sports drama ===
{{See also|Drama (film and television)}}

Sports drama combines the sports film genre with drama film elements. These films rely on conflict, usually revolving around an athlete or a team. These dramas can further be broken up into categories, some movies focusing on race such as ''[[42 (film)|42]]'' (2013), or focusing on a specific moment in history like ''[[I, Tonya]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subgenre - Sports Drama |url=https://www.allmovie.com/subgenre/sports-drama-d965 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=AllMovie |language=en}}</ref> Examples of this overall genre/type include: ''[[Body and Soul (1947 film)|Body and Soul]]'' (1947), ''[[The Hustler]]'' (1961), ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976), ''[[Hoosiers (film)|Hoosiers]]'' (1986), ''[[Remember the Titans]]'' (2000), [[Lagaan]] (2001), ''[[Moneyball (film)|Moneyball]]'' (2011), ''[[Ford v Ferrari]]'' (2019), ''[[Ferrari (2023 film)|Ferrari]]'' (2023) and the ''[[Goal! (film series)|Goal!]]'' trilogy.

== Award-winning films ==
There have been numerous sports movies that have become award winning phenomena. Several films have been nominated for and won the highest award of [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] at the [[Academy Awards]], including ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'' (1981), ''[[Rocky]]'' (1976), and ''[[Million Dollar Baby]]'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangubat |first=Lio |date=January 14, 2020 |title=The Spin List: These are the sports movies that have won Best Picture at the Oscars |url=https://www.spin.ph/life/guide/these-are-the-sports-movies-that-have-won-best-picture-at-the-oscars-a1017-20200114 |website=The Spin}}</ref> Other movies that received awards of a high caliber are ''[[Jerry Maguire]]'' (Best Supporting Actor, 1996), ''[[Bull Durham]]'' (Best Original Screenplay, 1988), and ''[[The Karate Kid]]'' (Best Supporting Actor, 1984).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conti • • |first=Kristen |title=Oscar-Worthy Sports Films Throughout History |url=https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/sports/oscar-worthy-sports-films-throughout-history/3009912/ |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=NBC4 Washington |date=27 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==List of sports films==
{{Main|List of sports films}}

==Highest-grossing sports films==
{{Main|List of highest-grossing sports films}}

==References==
{{commons category|Sports films}}
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
*Friedman, Lester D. (2020) ''Sports Movies'' Rutgers University Press ISBN 9780813599885
*(fr) Julien Camy and Gérard Camy, ed. Du Bailli de Suffren (2016) ''Sport&Cinéma'' (1200 films, 60 sports, 80 interviews)
*Edgington, Erskine, Welsh (2010) ''Encyclopedia of Sports Films'' Scarecrow Press ISBN 9780810876538
*Allen & Hershenson (1996) ''Sports Movie Posters'' ISBN 9781887893152

{{Sports films|state=expand}}
{{Film genres}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sports films| ]]
[[Category:Film genres]]

Manisha Eerabathini

2026-03-07T22:49:56Z

Bogdankdu:

{{short description|Indian-American playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manisha Eerabathini
| birth_name =
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hanumakonda|Hanamkonda, Telangana]], India
| occupation = Singer, Tollywood film industry
| death_place =
| height =
| othername =
| yearsactive = 2017 – present
| spouse =
| relatives =
| awards =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Manisha Eerabathini''' is an Indian-American [[playback singer]] and actress who works in the [[Telugu Cinema|Telugu]] film industry.{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Career ==
Her 2017 song "Arere Yekkada" from ''[[Nenu Local]]'' was a hit and brought recognition to her name and talent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2018/nov/07/two-worlds-one-voice-1895018.html|title=Two worlds, one voice|website=The New Indian Express|date=7 November 2018 |access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref>

In 2018, she sang with [[Roll Rida]] in the song "Arupu," released as a music video. The song's message and depiction is about the abuse against women. It received critical acclaim.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/roll-rida-and-manishas-telugu-rap-arupu-garners-respect-for-the-issues-it-addresses/articleshow/65561420.cms|title=Roll Rida and Manisha's Telugu rap 'Arupu' garners respect for the issues it addresses - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=27 August 2018 |language=en|access-date=2019-01-27}}</ref> She debuted as an actress with the film ''[[Fidaa]]'' (2017) directed by [[Sekhar Kammula]], and then appeared in the film ''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]'' (2023).{{Citation needed|date=October 2025}}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Films
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2017
|''[[Fidaa]]''
|Shailu
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Veera Simha Reddy]]''
|Herself
|Cameo appearance in "Voice of Europe" music show
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Padutha Theeyaga]]'' || Contestant
|}

=== Voice artist ===
{|class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Films
!Actress
!Notes
|-
|2022
| [[The American Dream (film)|''The American Dream'']]
| Neha Krishna
|
|}

== Discography ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
! Co-singers
! Lyricist
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Soukhyam]]'' || "Alare Aala" || [[Anup Rubens]] || Rahul Pandey || [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]'' || "Saturday Night Fever" || [[Mani Sharma]] || Narendra || [[Krishna Kanth]]
|-
| rowspan="5"|2017 || ''[[Nenu Local]]'' || "Arere Yekkada" || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || [[Naresh Iyer]] || Srimani
|-
| rowspan="2"|''[[Lakshmi Bomb]]'' || "Aggai Vastha Ninne Buggechestha" || rowspan="2"|[[Sunil Kashyap]] || Ashwani || [[Kasarla Shyam]]
|-
| "Lakshmi Bomb" (Title Track) || Ashwani || [[Ananta Sriram]]
|-
| ''[[Andhhagadu]]'' || "Premika" || [[Shekar Chandra]] || Megha Sravanthi || [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
|-
| ''[[Mahanubhavudu]]'' || "Kiss Me Baby" || [[S. Thaman]] || S. Thaman || Krishna Kanth
|-
| rowspan="7"|2018 || ''[[Inttelligent]]'' || "Na Cell Phone" || S. Thaman || [[Jaspreet Jasz]], Aditya Iyengar || [[Varikuppala Yadagiri]]
|-
| ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]'' || "Miami" || S. Thaman || [[Aditi Singh Sharma]] || Neeraja Kona
|-
|''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi]]'' || "Aagi Aagi" || [[Vivek Sagar]] || [[Anurag Kulkarni]] ||Krishna Kanth
|-
|''[[Veera Bhoga Vasantha Rayalu]]'' || "The World is Dying" || Mark K Robin || style="text-align: center;" | {{Emdash}} || Kenny Edward
|-
|''[[Savyasachi (2018 film)|Savyasachi]]'' || "Why Not" || [[M. M. Keeravani]] || PVNS Rohit || Ananta Sriram
|-
|''[[Amar Akbar Anthony (2018 film)|Amar Akbar Anthony]]'' || "Don Bosco" || S. Thaman || [[Sri Krishna (singer)|Sri Krishna]], [[Jaspreet Jasz]], Hariteja, [[Ramya Behara]] || Ramajogayya Sastry
|-
|''[[Antariksham 9000 KMPH]]'' || "Telipo Telipo" || [[Prashanth R Vihari]] || style="text-align: center;" |{{Emdash}} || Ananta Sriram
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' || "Vagalaadi" || Vivek Sagar || Vivek Sagar, Balaji Dake, [[Ram Miriyala]] || Hasith Goli
|-
| 2020 || ''[[Dirty Hari]]'' || "Let's Make Love" || Mark K Robin || style="text-align: center;" |{{Emdash}} || Krishna Kanth
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Raja Vikramarka (2021 film)|Raja Vikramarka]]'' || Prashanth R Vihari || "Rama Kanavemira" || Anurag Kulkarni || Ramajogayya Sastry
|-
| rowspan="3"|2022 || ''[[Sarkaru Vaari Paata]]'' || "Sarkaru Vaari Paata Rap Song" || Thaman S || Harika Narayan, MaaHaa, [[Sravana Bhargavi]], Pratyusha Pallapothu, Sri Soumya Varanasi, Sruthi Ranjani || MaaHaa
|-
| ''[[Thank You (2022 film)|Thank You]]'' || "E Nimisham" || Thaman S || Sri Krishna || Ananta Sriram
|-
| ''[[Bomma Blockbuster]]'' || "Raaye Acoustic Version" || Prashanth R Vihari || style="text-align: center;" |{{Emdash}} || Manisha Eerabathini
|-
|2024
|''[[Appudo Ippudo Eppudo]]''
|"Kabhi Haa Kabhi Naa"
|[[Sunny M. R.]]
|Krishna Tejasvi, Sunny M. R.
|[[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|rowspan="2"|''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]''
|"Sallangundaale"
|rowspan="2"| [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
|Ritesh G Rao
|[[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
|-
|"Kalaga Kadhaga"
|Krishna Tejasvi
|[[Vanamali]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|9679235|Manisha Eerabathini}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRBEqPBoosM8AQflJtlEf6A/ Manisha Eerabathini - YouTube]
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eerabathini, Manisha}}
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Singers from Andhra Pradesh]]

Ministry of Nomadic Tribes (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T16:11:18Z

Bogdankdu: Started Initial Data From Scratch

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Nomadic Tribes}}
{{Primary sources|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox government agency
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Nomadic Tribes [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]

| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Nomadic Tribes''', also named the '''Nomadic Tribes Development Corporation, Limited''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sjsa.maharashtra.gov.in/en/vasantrao-naik-vimukta-jatis-and-nomadic-tribes-development-corporation-limited|title=Vasantrao Naik Vimukrta Jatis and Nomadic Tribes Development Corporation, Limited|access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref> is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].
state.

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet-level]] Minister. [[Devendra Fadnavis]] is Current [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] and Minister of Nomadic Tribes Department [[Government of Maharashtra]].

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Nomadic Tribes (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Nomadic Tribes}} '''मंत्री भटक्या जमाती विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''D. S. Palaspagar''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Atul Save]]'''
(2022- 2023)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 05 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Nomadic Tribesl Department
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Bharde|Balasaheb Shivram Bharde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ahmednagar South Constituency No. 224]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. G. Mane''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 02 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Keshavraoji_Sonawane.png|75px]]
|'''[[Keshavrao Sonawane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Yashwantrao Mohite]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''R. J. Deotale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bhadrawati Constituency No. 72]]- [[Chandrapur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|
|'''Bhausaheb Surve''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur Central Assembly constituency|Nagpur Central Constituency No. 55]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Nanabhau Yembadwar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Bhandara - Gondia Local Authorities Constituency No. 14 - [[Gondia District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Sharadchandrika Suresh Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chopda Assembly constituency|Chopda Constituency No. 10]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Balachandra Bhai Sawant''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukarrao Pichad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akole Constituency No. 213]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|02 November}} 1992
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1992|11|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|02 November}} 1992
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1992|11|02|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Dattatraya Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shivadi Assembly constituency|Shivadi Constituency No. 183]]- [[Mumbai City District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Vishnu Savara]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad Constituency No. 129]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Gajanan Kirtikar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Malad Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Jaywantrao Awale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Vadgaon Maval Constituency No. 192]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vijaykumar Krishnarao Gavit]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nandurbar Assembly constituency|Nandurbar Constituency No. 03]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Shivajirao Moghe]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Arni Assembly constituency|Arni Constituency No. 80]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Babanrao_Pachpute.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Babanrao Pachpute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrigonda Assembly constituency|Shrigonda Constituency No. 226]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|11 June}} 2013
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2013|06|11}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''Madhukarrao Pichad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Akole Constituency No. 213]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 June}} 2013
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2013|06|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Vishnu Savara]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vikramgad Assembly constituency|Vikramgad Constituency No. 129]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|06|04|2019|06|16}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Sanjay Kute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod) Constituency No. 27]]- [[Buldhana District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Nitin Raut.jpeg|75px]]
|'''[[Nitin Raut]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur North Assembly constituency|Nagpur North Constituency No. 57]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Vijay wadettiwar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Atul Save]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Aurangabad East Assembly constituency|Aurangabad East Constituency No. 109]]- [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Chhatrapati Sambhaji Nagar District]] Also Previously Known [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2023|07|14}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|46
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 July}} 2023
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2023|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|47
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Nomadic Tribes
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur Constituency No. 42]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]] Supported Party [[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Atul Save]] (2023 – 2023)
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2023 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Seva Bharati

2026-03-04T10:17:51Z

Bogdankdu: basic adjust content to improve readability and improved wording

{{short description|Indian voluntary social service organization}}
{{use indian english|date=January 2026}}{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2014}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Rashtriya Seva Bharati
| logo =File:Sevabharathi.png
| type = Community service
| founded_date = 1989
| founder = [[Balasaheb Deoras]]
| location = India
| origins =
| area_served = Healthcare, education
| focus =
| method =
| parent_organization = [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]]
| affiliations = [[Sangh Parivar]]
| endowment =
| num_volunteers =
| num_employees =
| num_members =
| owner =
| website =
| dissolved =
}}
[[File:European Union MP talking to children at child labor rehab centre.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A [[European Union]] [[Member of parliament|MP]] talking to children at a child labor rehabilitation center run by Seva Bharati.]]
'''Rashtriya Seva Bharati''' (Seva Bharati) is an Indian [[non-governmental organization]] (NGO) that coordinates community service projects in areas such as healthcare and education.<ref>{{cite news |date=5 May 2021 |title=Sewa Bharti performs cremations of 65 virus victims |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/sewa-bharti-performs-cremations-of-65-virus-victims/article34493720.ece |access-date=25 September 2025 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Organisation ==
Seva Bharati is affiliated with the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) as well as the official [[community service]] umbrella of allied organisations.

The ''Akhil Bharatiya Saha Seva Pramukh'' (All India Joint Service Chief) of the RSS guides the organisation, which is also represented in the Akhil Bharatiya Pratinidhi Sabha, a decision-making body of the [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=227040 |title=ABPS session begins in Puttur RSS leaders to focus on Corruption |work=mangalorean.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144440/http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=227040 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>

'''Akhila Bharatiya Seva Pramukhs'''
* Shri Yadavrao Joshi (1989–1991)

* Shri K. Suryananarayan Rao (1991–1999)

* Shri Bhaiyyaji Joshi(1999–2004)

* Shri Premchand Goel (2003–2007)

* Shri Sitaram Kedilaya (2007–2012)

* Shri Suhasrao Hiremath (2012–2015)

* Shri Ajit Mahapatra(2015–2017)

* Shri Parag Abhyankar (since 2017)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parag Abhyankar Ji Akhil Bhartiya Sewa Pramukh, RSS |url=https://www.sewabharathi.com/2018/12/parag-abhyankar-ji-akhil-bhartiya-sewa.html |access-date=2025-07-11 |language=en}}</ref>

==Health==
[[File:Seva volunteers with children with cancer.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Volunteers with the children with cancer at Kidwai hospital, Bangalore]]
According to its organisational report, Seva Bharati operates over 5,000 healthcare centres spread across India, including 4,200 rural healthcare centres, 960 mobile clinics, 480 urban resident clinics, 200 counselling centres, 6,500 ambulances, and 7 [[Leprostatic agent|leprosy medication]] and rehabilitation centres. Furthermore, it operates 450 [[Blood bank|blood banks]], alongside over 300 [[blood donation]] centres which are mobilised during emergencies.<ref name="report">Rashtriya Seva Bharati report [http://www.sevabharathi.org/activities_details.htm Seva Activity report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704123956/http://www.sevabharathi.org/activities_details.htm|date=4 July 2008}}</ref><ref name="tribuneindia.com">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030209/region.htm Chandigarh, India – Regional Briefs]. ''The Tribune''. (9 February 2003).</ref> Additionally, Seva Bharati provides free and subsidised medicines to patients in need.

According to media reports, the organisation operates on a limited budget and provides affordable medicines to patients.<ref>Tomar, Anjul (24 April 1998). [http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980424/11451264.html "Financial difficulties hinder aid to poor patients"]{{dead link|date=May 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, ''The Indian Express''</ref> There are an estimated 234 medicine collection and redistribution centres across India.<ref name="report" />

Rashtriya Seva Bharati has collaborated with several premier technological institutions to modernise India's health infrastructure. {{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

In partnership with the [[BITS Pilani|Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani]], Seva Bharati has established telemedicine centres to deliver healthcare services across distances using telecommunication. Using the internet and the software "Remedy Kit," developed by the institute, patients' vital health information, including pulse rate, heartbeat, blood pressure, and ECG, can be transferred over using the broadband link from Seva Bharti to Medical Centre, [[Bits-pilani]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2026}}

Free healthcare camps are organised in slums and economically impoverished areas with the assistance of hospitals, where hundreds of patients undergo medical examinations, including being examined for cardiac and diabetic ailments. In these camps, teams of technicians, conduct charge-free [[Electrocardiography|electrocardiography (ECG)]], [[echocardiography]], and [[blood glucose monitoring]]. Apart from check-ups, dietitians also advise patients on healthy diets, physical exercises, and medicines.<ref>CWS – BITS Pilani using Telecom Technology to Provide Healthcare Services, 30 August 2007, {{cite web |url=http://www.i4donline.net/news/news-details.asp?catid=4&newsid=10429 |title=CWS - BITS Pilani using Telecom Technology to Provide Healthcare Services: News |access-date=2009-07-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706151706/http://www.i4donline.net/news/news-details.asp?catid=4&newsid=10429 |archive-date=6 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Medicines are distributed free of cost, and counseling on psychiatric ailments is also provided.<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid= 202027 "Cardiac and diabetic check-up camp held"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328213140/http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid= |date=28 March 2009 }}, ''The Indian Express'', 20 September 2006</ref><ref>Medical camp in bhat inda, ''The Tribune'', Tuesday, 3 October 2000, Chandigarh, India [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001003/region.htm]</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030715/region.htm The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Regional Briefs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123115037/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030715/region.htm |date=23 January 2017 }}. ''The Tribune''.</ref><ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030704/region.htm Chandigarh, India – Regional Briefs]. ''The Tribune''. (4 July 2003).</ref> Seva Bharati also organises [[naturopathy]] and other wellness camps for the general public, with the organisation's reports indicating regular attendance at these camps.

===AIDS awareness===
Amongst a wide range of activities, Seva Bharati conducts [[AIDS]] awareness programs targeting lorry drivers, taxi drivers, [[dhaba]] owners, and the youth. Hundreds of participants attend these sessions, which cover topics such as "General Health and Hygiene", "[[Sexually transmitted infection]] Symptoms and Modes of Transmission", "HIV/AIDS Symptoms and Modes of Transmission," and "Safe Sex." Exhibitions are also organised, and literature is distributed to raise awareness of the disease and its prevention.<ref>AIDS awareness program for truck drivers held, ''The Indian Express'', Friday, 20 November 1998</ref>

Moreover, the organisation regularly organises health awareness drives, similar to the ones on World Heart Day.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/30/stories/2007093059350300.htm Karnataka News : Rally taken out to create awareness] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071209161214/http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/30/stories/2007093059350300.htm |date=9 December 2007 }}. The Hindu (30 September 2007).</ref>

===During the swine flu epidemic===
The volunteers of the RSS coordinated with officials of various organisations, including the [[National Institute of Virology]] (NIV), the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] (PMC), and the [[Indian Medical Association]], to organise an awareness campaign against [[Swine influenza|swine flu]]. The volunteers assisted the governmental authorities and ordinary citizens in tackling the flu.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/RSS-begins-swine-flu-awareness-drive/articleshow/4879351.cms "RSS begins swine flu awareness drive"]. ''The Times of India''. (11 August 2009).</ref>

The team of RSS workers, which included medical professionals, assisted the staff of the [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] centres. They distributed leaflets across numerous housing societies, intending to reach over 1,000 societies in this way.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/RSS-closes-shakhas-till-August-17/501112/ "Indian Express", Wednesday, 12 Aug 2009]. ''The Indian Express''. (12 August 2009).</ref>

==Empowering children with different disabilities ==
[[File:Aruna Chetana.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Children at a center for special needs in Bangalore]]Seva Bharati operates numerous schools, rehabilitation and recreation centres for children and adults with [[Disability|disabilities]] and [[special needs]].<ref name=hindu_17_08_00>[http://www.hindu.com/2000/10/17/stories/0417402k.htm Club planned for disabled children] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105033105/http://www.hindu.com/2000/10/17/stories/0417402k.htm |date=5 November 2012 }}, ''The Hindu'', Tuesday, 17 October 2000</ref> The organisation reports that it has 179 such centres across India, including special schools, hostels, and recreation centres.<ref name=report/>
It also organises awareness days on the subject of the needs of children with special needs.<ref name=hindu_17_08_00/> Special meetings for people with disabilities held by the organisation serve as a platform for them to interact with specialists and others associated with them. [[Pediatrics|Paediatricians]], [[Gynaecology|gynaecologists]], [[Audiology|audiologists]], [[Ophthalmology|ophthalmologists]], and other specialists participate in such camps.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/13/stories/2005121318000300.htm Special meet for the disabled] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105034222/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/13/stories/2005121318000300.htm |date=5 November 2012 }}. ''The Hindu''. (13 December 2005).</ref>

===Activities for the visually impaired===
Seva Bharati and allied organisations operate several [[Eye bank|eye banks]] that regularly conduct eye donation camps. Among others, they have provided [[ocular prosthesis]] or [[visual prosthesis]] for hundreds of [[Visual impairment|blind or partially sighted]] individuals.

<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020910/region.htm "The Tribune", Tuesday, 10 September 2002, Chandigarh, India]. ''The Tribune''.</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020426/region.htm The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Regional Briefs]. ''The Tribune''. (26 April 2002).</ref> The organisation, in collaboration with other ophthalmological hospitals, runs eye care initiatives for the indigent citizens. These initiatives have covered thousands of slum children and aim at eradicating blindness and [[Eye disease|eye diseases]] in children.<ref>''Indian Express'' 29 Jun 2009, [https://archive.today/20130616150531/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article113123.ece "Eye camp for slum children"]</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/09/stories/2009030952550200.htm "Reaching eye care to children in slums"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090329060518/http://www.hindu.com/2009/03/09/stories/2009030952550200.htm |date=29 March 2009 }}. ''The Hindu'', 9 March 2009</ref> In one of the initiatives to provide free paediatric ophthalmological care to slum children, held in association with the [[Narayana_Health#South_India|Narayana Nethralaya]] in [[Bengaluru]], over 1,010 slum children underwent [[Eye examination|eye examinations]].

Consequently, 200 children were diagnosed with ophthalmological disorders, with some of the conditions detected including [[Cornea|corneal]] disorders (18), [[squint]] (11), [[Retina|retinal]] diseases (9), [[eyelid]] issues (16), and [[Cataract|cataracts]] (3). All of these children, who required [[Eye surgery|ophthalmic surgery]] or noninvasive eye treatment, received the charge-free treatment at Narayana Nethralaya, with over 143 children undergoing various eye surgeries.

The project's target was to provide eye examinations for 10,000 children from slums by the end of 2009. In the last two camps, a team of doctors, paramedical workers, and volunteers from different non-governmental organisations examined and treated over 2,400 children and even operated those requiring surgery – free of cost.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130616150600/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/bangalore/article44501.ece "A better vision for 1010 slum kids"], 9 March 2009. Newindianexpress.com.</ref> Camps are also held in which [[corneal transplantation]] is performed on hundreds of patients, curing their eye ailments and enabling them to regain their eyesight.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> During the 2025 Mahakumbh in Prayagraj, the organization collaborated with the Saksham Foundation to operate "Netra Kumbh," a major free eye care camp that provided eye examinations, spectacles, and medicines to pilgrims over a six-week period.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashtriya Sewa Bharati - Recent Activities |url=https://www.rashtriyasewabharati.org/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en}}</ref>

== Rehabilitation of people affected by leprosy ==
Seva Bharati runs several rehabilitation centres for people affected by [[leprosy]]. One of these centres is located near Rajahmundry in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. It was established in 1975 by [[Datla Satyanarayana Raju]].

In 1982, responsibility for the centre was transferred to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). Since then, it has been managed by RSS and Seva Bharati volunteers. The centre provides long-term housing for 106 residents and includes a hospital next door that supports their medical care.

The site covers about 4.5 hectares (11 acres) and is set within landscaped grounds. It also includes a ''[[goshala]],'' or cattle shelter, and a library.<ref>Bhaskar, B.V.S. (4 February 2006), [http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/04/stories/2006020413890400.htm "All for a noble cause"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060904104157/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/04/stories/2006020413890400.htm|date=4 September 2006}}, ''The Hindu''</ref>

== Education ==
Seva Bharati runs hostels for children from economically underprivileged backgrounds, including those in tribal and rural areas across the country.

<ref>Hostel for tribal children opened, Monday, 27 Oct 2008, ''The Hindu''.</ref> The organisation reports more than 10,000 educational projects in India, including hostels for boys and girls, primary‑education centres in rural areas and slums, adult and informal‑education centres for street children, and single‑teacher schools in remote parts of the country.<ref name="report" /> It also helps students from remote tribal areas to enrol in schools in different parts of the country and sponsors their educational and other needs.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/06/stories/2006070603720200.htm "A home away from home for these students"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828091427/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/06/stories/2006070603720200.htm |date=28 August 2006}}. ''The Hindu'', 6 July 2006.</ref> It conducts camps for children that teach folk songs and dance, arts and crafts, and painting to encourage creativity.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001004/region.htm "The Tribune", 10-04-2000]. ''The Tribune''. (4 October 2000).</ref>

The organisation has run many literacy initiatives for adults and children. A project in the slums of Delhi aims to make the city fully literate.<ref>[http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=February2006&file=World_News200602025851.xml "RSS campaign to make Delhi 100pc literate"], ''The Peninsula'', 2 February 2006 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165833/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=World_News&subsection=India&month=February2006&file=World_News200602025851.xml |date=3 March 2016}}.</ref> As of 2024, Sewa Bharati had established 1,250 Ekal Vidyalayas (single-teacher schools) in the Kashmir Valley, representing a significant expansion of its informal education networks in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sewa Bharati Expands Educational Initiatives in Kashmir |url=https://www.sewabharathi.com/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en}}</ref>

== Empowerment of women ==
[[File:Seva Bharati British Deputy High Commissioner's visit.jpg|thumb|left|300px|alt=Stuart Innes visits a Seva Bharati rehabilitation centre for child labour in Telangana|British Deputy High Commissioner Stuart Innes visiting a Seva Bharati rehabilitation centre for child labour, Telangana]]
Seva Bharati runs centres that provide vocational training to economically underprivileged women. It trains women in making [[handicrafts]] and decorative items, and helps to market these products. Over the years, many girls trained by Seva Bharati have developed handicrafts as a cottage industry, particularly in the [[Northeast India|north-eastern states of India]]. Seva Bharati also conducts camps and organises exhibitions of handicrafts produced at such camps, and supports the marketing of these items. Participants are trained in fabric painting, hand stitching, pot painting, glass painting, jute work, flower making, cane and bamboo craft, and pith and banana fibre craft. The handicrafts are sold across India.<ref name=telegraph>Girls craft their destinies, ''The Telegraph'', Friday, 8 June 2007.</ref>

Seva Bharati reports that it operates 1,404 such training projects across India, including centres that teach computers, tailoring, shorthand, stitching, sweater making, typing, carpentry, and nursing,<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/14/stories/2008011461220400.htm Training in-home nursing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117235942/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/14/stories/2008011461220400.htm |date=17 January 2008}}, 14 January 2008. ''The Hindu''.</ref> as well as arts, handicrafts, and recreational activities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Girls craft their destinies |work=The Telegraph |date=8 June 2007}}</ref> These training programmes aim to help participants find jobs and earn a livelihood.

Seva Bharati also runs initiatives to raise awareness among women regarding socio-economic programmes and health. The programmes cover minor ailments, health, hygiene and nutrition, environment, pregnancy, and women’s rights, as well as prevention of addiction.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990223/ige23128.html Awareness project by Seva Bharti launched] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080621232752/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19990223/ige23128.html |date=21 June 2008}}. ''The Indian Express'', 23 February 1999.</ref>

===Advocacy for domestic workers===
Seva Bharati advocates for women working as domestic help in cities who face exploitation. It has addressed issues such as wage deprivation and abuse, representing these concerns to governmental bodies.<ref>Week after help's death in Gurgaon, no headway, Siddhartha Sarma, ''The Indian Express'', New Delhi, 31 January, [http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=115958]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> It has also coordinated with governmental agencies to rescue girls from abuse.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/10/stories/2006031005360700.htm "Teenage girls brought back to Kochi from Goa"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212090832/http://www.hindu.com/2006/03/10/stories/2006031005360700.htm |date=12 February 2007 }}, ''The Hindu'', 10 March 2006</ref><ref>Driver roams with body in ambulance for 5 days, Sify.com, 22 February 2008 23:02:06 [https://archive.today/20120715004450/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14609349]</ref>

== Relief and rehabilitation during natural calamities==

=== Following the 2001 Gujarat Earthquake ===
As many as 25,000 volunteers, including 600 doctors, from Seva Bharati worked to rescue and rehabilitate victims of the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]]. Nearly 10,000 operations were performed, and over 19,000 patients were treated for injuries and other ailments. Additionally, the organisation sent large amounts of relief material to quake-affected victims from various parts of the country.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20010208/region.htm "The Tribune", Chandigarh, 02-08-2001]. ''The Tribune''. (8 February 2001).</ref>

Following the earthquake, approximately 35,000 RSS and Seva Bharati volunteers participated in initial rescue operations across Gujarat. They assisted in locating survivors and recovering bodies in affected areas such as Anjar and Kachchh. Media outlets, including ''[[India Today]]'', noted the prominent role of the organization's volunteers in the non-official relief efforts.<ref name="india-today.com">[http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010212/state2.shtml India Today Magazine] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903194637/http://india-today.com/itoday/20010212/state2.shtml|date=3 September 2010}}. India-today.com (12 February 2001).</ref>

=== Following the 2004 tsunami ===
In the aftermath of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]], the southern coasts of India were also among the areas struck by the tsunami waves. To assist the inhabitants of the affected areas, thousands of volunteers affiliated with Seva Bharati engaged in relief work. They cooperated with several Indian humanitarian organizations, including [[Ramakrishna Math]] in Tamil Nadu, Nair Service Society, [[Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam]], [[Mata Amritanandamayi Math]] (in Kerala), and Janakshema Samiti in [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They have set up relief camps in tsunami‑affected districts of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Kerala]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], and the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]. Volunteers distributed food packets, organised teams of doctors, and performed cremations for thousands of victims.

In Tamil Nadu, Seva Bharati provided food and shelter to displaced individuals on the first day of the disaster. Medical relief was made available in 208 locations across nine districts. Volunteers assisted in retrieving 2,469 bodies by 2 January, and participated in further rescue operations.<ref>[http://www.hvk.org/articles/0305/22.html Tughlaq, 12 January 2005 (translated version)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212174102/http://www.hvk.org/articles/0305/22.html |date=12 December 2008 }}</ref>

After the tsunami, Seva Bharati and allied organisations conducted surveys of affected areas and supported rehabilitation of the worst‑hit villages, including assistance to rebuild homes and basic infrastructure. It also conducted counselling sessions, especially for children, to help address trauma following the calamity.<ref>'1,500 RSS volunteers helping with relief work', 5 January 2005, ''The Hindu''.</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/26/stories/2005022616430300.htm “Rs. 5.75‑cr. relief for tsunami‑hit”] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103000606/http://www.hindu.com/2005/02/26/stories/2005022616430300.htm |date=3 November 2007 }}. ''The Hindu''. 26 February 2005.</ref><ref name="hindu.com">[http://www.hindu.com/2004/12/27/stories/2004122713750300.htm “Relief missions from Delhi”]. ''The Hindu''. 27 December 2004.</ref><ref>“Slum Board raising 527 tsunami houses”, ''The Hindu'', 22 January 2009. [http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/22/stories/2009012258930300.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125034204/http://hindu.com/2009/01/22/stories/2009012258930300.htm|date=25 January 2009}}(http://www.hindu.com/2009/01/22/stories/2009012258930300.htm) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125034204/http://hindu.com/2009/01/22/stories/2009012258930300.htm|date=25 January 2009}}</ref><ref>Sanchita Sharma, “Dealing with nightmares”, 5 January 2005, ''Hindustan Times''.</ref>

=== During the 2009 South India floods ===
Floods affected the southern states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh.

In the first phase of relief operations, volunteers distributed over 100,000 food packets collected from neighbouring villages and districts in the interior rural areas of Kurnool, [[Mahbubnagar]], and Nalgonda districts.

Since links to Kurnool had been cut off, material was brought in from [[Anantapur]], [[Kadapa]], and [[Nellore]] in Andhra Pradesh, and [[Raichur]] in Karnataka. Relief camps were set up in Kurnool at Saraswati Sishu Mandir and G. Pulla Reddy Engineering College. Volunteers from Adoni cleaned the [[Raghavendra Math (Mantralayam)|Raghavendra Swamy temple]] in [[Mantralayam]], cleared the carcasses of cattle and other animals, and handed them to the police.<ref name="ieflood">RSS volunteers fan out to do relief work, First Published: 8 October 2009 03:27:00 AM IST, ''The Indian Express'', [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106054230/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article136398.ece](https://web.archive.org/web/20131106054230/http://newindianexpress.com/states/andhra_pradesh/article136398.ece)</ref>

In [[Hyderabad]], 2,000 volunteers went around the city collecting money, food, and other materials needed for the flood‑affected. Two donation collection centres were set up at the state headquarters of the RSS and the Keshav Memorial School. Each day, four truckloads of food and two truckloads of other essentials were dispatched to flood‑affected areas, and 200 city volunteers were engaged in sanitation work there.<ref name="ieflood"/>

In the second phase of relief operations, the organisation surveyed affected areas of [[Mahbubnagar]] district and found that 58 villages were severely damaged and 16,000 families were devastated. It supplied kits to 5,000 families to help them; each kit consisted of kitchen utensils, food grains, and other daily‑use materials.<ref name="ieflood"/>

In the Kurnool district, 250–300 villages remained underwater, hampering the survey. In the third and final phase, the organisation planned to rehabilitate affected people and reconstruct destroyed villages.

===Following the 2013 Uttarakhand Floods===
Following the June 2013 floods in Uttarakhand, 5,000 Seva Bharathi and RSS volunteers assisted the local population and the [[Indian Armed Forces]] with relief operations, providing aid to pilgrims and locals. From the beginning of their aid (16 June), 20 truckloads of relief material were delivered to flood-affected areas from Dehradun.

RSS Sewa Vibhag surveying the area and assessing the loss of life property, 1.Badrinath-Hemkund Sahib, 2. Kedarnath, 3. Gangotri-Yamunotri. Approx. 200 villages were worst affected in the floods, and some of them were completely washed away.
<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KDauHMyNNcc RSS Relief work in Uttarakhand on CNN IBN, "CNN IBN"]. YouTube.com (24 June 2013).</ref>

===During floods in Chennai (2015)===
Following the [[2015 South India floods|2015 floods in Chennai]], approximately 5900 Volunteers from Seva Bharati participated in rescue and relief work in flood-affected areas. According to a press note, the relief work was divided into 15 departments, including medical, rescue, distribution of relief materials, counselling, preparation and distribution of food (breakfast, lunch, and dinner), coordinating, etc.

Around 1.2 million food packets, medicines, dress materials, and water were distributed. Seva Bharati volunteers also assisted the Indian Army in various rescue operations.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/seva-bharati-volunteers-step-relief-work |title=Seva Bharati volunteers step in for relief work | News Today |access-date=2015-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210235418/http://newstodaynet.com/chennai/seva-bharati-volunteers-step-relief-work |archive-date=10 December 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

=== 2018 Kerala floods ===
During the Kerala floods in 2018, Seva Bharati organised relief camps across flood-affected districts, providing food, shelter, and medical services with support from volunteers and donors.<ref>{{cite news |title=Seva Bharati relief materials to flood victims |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/seva-bharati-supplies-relief-690109.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=29 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Seva Bharati, CPI(M) cadre provide services for relief across flood-hit Kerala |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/news/seva-bharati-cpim-cadre-provide-services-for-relief-across-flood-hit-kerala.html |work=Deccan Chronicle |date=19 August 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831110722/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/videos/news/seva-bharati-cpim-cadre-provide-services-for-relief-across-flood-hit-kerala.html |archive-date=31 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Seva Bharati creates history, rescues 75,600 flood-hit in Kerala |url=http://www.uniindia.com/seva-bharati-creates-history-rescues-75-600-flood-hit-in-kerala/states/news/1335052.html |website=United News of India |date=29 August 2018 |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831105827/http://www.uniindia.com/seva-bharati-creates-history-rescues-75-600-flood-hit-in-kerala/states/news/1335052.html |archive-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

350 Seva Bharati units and 5,000 volunteers participated in relief operations. They distributed 350,000 food packets, organised ten blood-donation camps within a week, and held 20 medical camps in the Kuttanadu region of Alappuzha district. Forty Seva Bharati ambulances operated in various areas.

In each district, collection centres were set up to receive donations of clothing, food grains, drinking water, and other essentials, which were then transported to relief sites. State-level Seva Bharati officials monitored activities in every district.

=== Recent relief operations (2024–2025) ===
In 2024, the organisation participated in disaster relief across multiple states, including rescue efforts and supply distribution following the July 2024 landslides in [[Wayanad]], Kerala, and floods in [[Assam]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rashtriya Sewa Bharati - Relief Work 2024 |url=https://www.rashtriyasewabharati.org/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en}}</ref> These efforts continued into 2025, with volunteers providing dry rations, medicine, and temporary housing during the August 2025 floods in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and cloudbursts in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and Dharali village in Uttarakhand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sewa Bharati Volunteers Assist in 2025 Floods |url=https://vsktelangana.org/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en}}</ref>

==Other activities==

===Drinking water===
It has several schemes that provide drinking water to the remote parts of India, mostly those facing [[water scarcity]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/05/stories/2008030553530400.htm Lanka island thirsty for potable water, Wednesday, 5 Mar 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105035336/http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/05/stories/2008030553530400.htm |date=5 November 2012 }}. ''The Hindu''. (5 March 2008).</ref> Places that face severe water shortages are supplied with water through tankers at subsidised rates or for free.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/30/stories/2004043003640300.htm Drinking water crisis hits Gorantla, "The Hindu", Friday, 30 Apr 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623233557/http://www.hindu.com/2004/04/30/stories/2004043003640300.htm |date=23 June 2004 }}. ''The Hindu''. (30 April 2004).</ref> Free food distribution is also conducted in hospitals for ailing poor patients.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/03/stories/2006040310340300.htm Engagements / Kozhikode : In Kozhikode Today] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502041745/http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/03/stories/2006040310340300.htm |date=2 May 2006 }}. The Hindu (3 April 2006).</ref> Additionally, the organization distributes warm clothing and sweaters to underprivileged children to cope with the chilling winters. Under the aegis of Seva Bharathi, a water conservation forum, Jala Bharathi has been started. Jala Bharathi organises seminars and training programs on water conservation and rainwater harvesting.
<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19990121/02151425.htm "Indian Express", Thursday, 21 January 1999]. ''The Indian Express''.</ref>

===Environment awareness===
The organisation conducts environmental awareness programs among the general public. Such awareness campaigns were met with favorable reception.

A pledge to shun environmentally hazardous disposable plastic items was taken by the residents of Jakkacombai Badaga hamlet in a remote part of [[Kotagiri]], a small village on the tip of the [[Nilgiri Mountains]].<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/06/stories/2006010616210300.htm Hamlet pledges to shun plastics, "The Hindu", Friday, 6 Jan 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060913135743/http://www.hindu.com/2006/01/06/stories/2006010616210300.htm |date=13 September 2006 }}. ''The Hindu''. (6 January 2006).</ref>

===Activities for senior citizens===
Seva Bharati has a day-care centre named 'Aasare' for senior citizens who face constant neglect from their families and society.<ref>Mangalore: 'Aasare' – Senior Citizens Get a New Home to Revitalize Themselves, Monday, 5 October 2009 1:37:06 PM (IST), [http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=66557&n_tit=Mangalore%3A+%91Aasare%92+-+Senior+Citizens+Get+a+New+Home+to+Revitalize+Themselves]</ref>

===Volunteer activities===
Seva Bharati serves as a platform for volunteers who help manage large community events. The volunteers have helped with crowd management, maintaining order, and providing essential services to pilgrims in centres that are frequented by a large number of people, such as the [[Sabarimala Temple|Sabarimala temple]] in the South Indian state of Kerala.<ref>Unprecedented rush at Sabarimala temple, ''The Hindu'', Sunday, 14 Jan 2007,[http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/14/stories/2007011403500600.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127212757/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/14/stories/2007011403500600.htm|date=27 November 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/09/stories/2005030916540300.htm Thousands perform 'Pitrutarpanam', "The Hindu", Wednesday, 9 Mar 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105035213/http://www.hindu.com/2005/03/09/stories/2005030916540300.htm |date=5 November 2012 }}. ''The Hindu''. (9 March 2005).</ref> They set up medical camps and provide basic amenities such as drinking water.

<ref>All roads lead to Attukal temple, lakhs offer pongala, ''The Hindu'', Tuesday, 14 March 2006</ref> The organisation's help is regularly sought by Governmental agencies to maintain order during festivals.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/27/stories/2005012703520300.htm Puthiyakavu pongala on 11 March, "The Hindu", Thursday, 27 Jan 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204122712/http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/27/stories/2005012703520300.htm |date=4 February 2005 }}. ''The Hindu''. (27 January 2005).</ref> Seva Bharati organises blood donation camps where volunteers and youth are encouraged to donate blood.<ref name="tribuneindia.com" />

== Controversies and criticism ==
=== Ideological agenda and discrimination allegations ===
As an affiliate of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS), Seva Bharati has faced allegations that its social welfare and disaster relief programs are utilized to advance the RSS's [[Hindutva]] political ideology and consolidate Hindu communities. Critics and secular organizations have accused the organization of prioritizing relief materials for predominantly Hindu areas and neglecting minority Muslim and Christian communities during natural calamities, such as following the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Relief or politics? |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/relief-or-politics/214566 |work=Outlook India |date=25 February 2002}}</ref> It has also been accused of utilizing its presence in disaster-struck zones to build temples and promote Hindu religious functions while ignoring the religious infrastructure of minority faiths.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saffron Relief |url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2004/0307/03072004_edit.htm |website=People's Democracy |date=7 March 2004}}</ref> Seva Bharati has consistently denied these allegations, stating that its services are provided without discrimination based on religion or caste.

=== Misuse of funds allegations ===
In 2004, the UK-based South Asia Watch rights group Awaaz published a report alleging that international funds collected for disaster relief by RSS-affiliated charities, including Seva Bharati, were diverted to establish sectarian schools, spread ideological propaganda, and fuel inter-communal tensions.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |title=Charity 'funds Hindu extremists' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/feb/26/india.randeepramesh |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2004}}</ref> The report claimed that funds ostensibly raised for victims of the 1999 Odisha cyclone and the 2001 Gujarat earthquake were channeled to further the RSS's political objectives.<ref>{{cite news |title=UK charity 'funds Hindu extremists' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/uk-charity-funds-hindu-extremists/articleshow/520846.cms |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2004}}</ref> Representatives of the RSS and its affiliated organizations dismissed the Awaaz report as defamatory and maintained that all their financial records were fully audited and transparent.

=== Child trafficking allegations ===
In June 2015, investigations by the Assam State Commission for the Protection of Child Rights (ASCPCR) and subsequent media reports in 2016 alleged that individuals connected to Seva Bharati and the [[Rashtra Sevika Samiti]] were involved in the trafficking of 31 tribal girls from [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |title=Operation #BetiUthao: Right-Wing Outfits Trafficked 31 Tribal Girls From Assam, Claims Report |url=https://thewire.in/politics/operation-betiuthao-right-wing-outfits-trafficked-31-tribal-girls-from-assam-claims-report |work=The Wire |date=30 July 2016}}</ref> The girls, aged three to eleven, were reportedly transported to [[Gujarat]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] under the pretext of providing them with education, but allegedly in violation of the Juvenile Justice Act and without the required permissions from local Child Welfare Committees.<ref>{{cite news |last=Pande |first=Neha |title=Assam to Gujarat and Punjab: How 31 tribal girls were 'trafficked' by Sangh Parivar outfits to 'Hinduise' them |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2016/07/28/assam-to-gujarat-and-punjab-how-31-tribal-girls-were-trafficked-by-sangh-parivar-outfits-to-hinduise-them |work=Newslaundry |date=28 July 2016}}</ref> Critics alleged the relocation was part of the RSS's ''[[Ghar Wapsi]]'' (homecoming) program intended to assimilate tribal populations into mainstream Hinduism.<ref>{{cite news |title=RSS denies trafficking 31 tribal girls from Assam to 'Hinduise' them |url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/rss-denies-trafficking-31-tribal-girls-from-assam-to-hinduise-them |work=National Herald |date=30 July 2016}}</ref> Seva Bharati leadership strongly refuted the allegations of trafficking, terming the reports as "frivolous propaganda," and asserted that the girls were receiving legitimate education with the consent of their parents.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Sangh Parivar}}

[[Category:Medical and health organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1979]]
[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Charities based in India]]
[[Category:Volunteer organisations in India]]
[[Category:Development charities based in India]]
[[Category:Social welfare charities]]

Antar (film)

2026-03-04T09:47:16Z

Bogdankdu: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Antar
| image = Antar film poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = Gauri Sarwate
| producer = Ashvini Yardi [[Akshay Kumar]]
| writer =
| starring = [[Sumeet Raghavan]] [[Tanishaa Mukerji]] Apeksha Dandekar
| studio = Grazing Goat Pictures
| music = Apeksha Dandekar
| editing =
| cinematography = [[Dilshad V.A]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
}}

'''''Antar''''' is a 2013 unreleased Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi-language]] film directed by Gauri Sarwate, starring [[Sumeet Raghavan]], [[Manasi Salvi]] and [[Tanishaa Mukerji]] in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akshay Kumar's Marathi film Anntar starring Tanisha Mukherjee begins shoot in UK|publisher=bollywoodlife|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/akshay-kumars-marathi-film-anntar-starring-tanisha-mukherjee-begins-shoot-in-uk/#!1/tanisha-mukherjee-apeksha-dandekar/|date=2013-05-13|accessdate=2014-07-07}}</ref> The film has been jointly produced by Ashvini Yardi and actor [[Akshay Kumar]] for Grazing Goat Pictures.

==Plot==
''Antar'' is the coming-of-age story of a young Maharashtrian student in the UK.

==Cast==
*[[Sumeet Raghavan]]
*[[Tanishaa Mukerji]]
*[[Manasi Salvi]]
*Apeksha Dandekar
*Bharati Achrekar
*Vandana Gupte
*Anjali Kusre

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2013 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Indian films]]

{{2010s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Viduthalai (1954 film)

2026-03-04T05:06:34Z

Bogdankdu: Adding article - done

{{Short description|1954 film by K. Ramnoth}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Viduthalai
| image = Viduthalai 1954 poster.jpg

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Ramnoth]]
| screenplay = Velavan (dialogues)
| based_on = {{based on|''[[The First and the Last (play)|The First and the Last]]''|[[John Galsworthy]]}}
| producer = K. Ramnoth
| starring = [[V. Nagayya]] [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]]
| cinematography = Babulnath Walke
| editing = Paul G. Yadav
| music = Lakshman Raghunath
| studio = New Era Productions
| distributor = Subbu & Co.
| released = {{film date|1954|2|12|df=y}}
| runtime = 170 minutes{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=339}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Viduthalai''''' ({{translation|Liberation}}) is a 1954 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime drama]] film directed and produced by [[K. Ramnoth]]. It was adapted from the play ''[[The First and the Last (play)|The First and the Last]]'' by [[John Galsworthy]]. The film stars [[V. Nagayya]] and [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]]. It was released on 12 February 1954 and failed at the box office.

== Plot ==
Periaswamy, a crooked lawyer, tries to get his brother Chellaiah off a murder charge by framing Murugan, a horse carriage driver. Overcome with guilt, Chellaiah donates the money he wins in a lottery to Murugan and confesses to his crime in a letter before committing suicide. Periaswamy burns the letter, believing it will affect his chances of being promoted to judge, but the police arrest him, thinking he committed double murder.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=339}}<ref name="thehindu" />

== Cast ==
* [[V. Nagayya]] as Periaswamy{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=339}}<ref name="thehindu" />
* [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]] as Chellaiah{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=339}}<ref name="thehindu" />
* T. V. Kumudhini as Chellaiah's wife<ref name="thehindu" />
* Peer Mohammed as Murugan{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=339}}<ref name="thehindu" />
* Nott Annaji Rao as the judge<ref name="thehindu" />

== Production ==
''Viduthalai'' was adapted from the play ''[[The First and the Last (play)|The First and the Last]]'' by [[John Galsworthy]],<ref name="thehindu" /> and was the inaugural production of New Era Productions.<ref name="IndianExpress">{{Cite news |date=12 February 1954 |title=Viduthalai |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19540212&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=29 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Cinematography was handled by Babulnath Walke, and the editing by Paul G. Yadav. [[K. Ramnoth]] directed the film, which was produced by G. Ramakrishnan.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=339}}<ref name="lakshmansruthi" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Lakshman Raghunath.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam – Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |edition=1st |location=Chennai |publication-date=December 2014 |pages=82 |language=Tamil}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| Anbodu Inbamagaa || [[P. B. Srinivas]] || rowspan=3|Subbu Arumugam || 02:58
|-
| Inithaana Thendral || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]] || 03:58
|-
| Iraivaa Iraiva || [[V. Nagayya]] ||
|-
| Abalai Naan Thayanithiye || [[N. Lalitha Bhanu|N. Lalitha]] || rowspan=2|Velavan ||
|-
| Paathai Veguthooram Bayanthidalamo || Aayaloor Krishnan, Sathiyavathi ||
|-
| Boologame Pugazhum || [[T. V. Rathnam]] || Angamangalam Kuppu ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Viduthalai'' was released on 12 February 1954,<ref name="lakshmansruthi" /> and was distributed by Subbu & Co.<ref name="IndianExpress" /> The film failed commercially,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=31 May 2014 |title=Kathanayaki (1955) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/Kathanayaki-1955/article11634618.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307000045/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/Kathanayaki-1955/article11634618.ece |archive-date=7 March 2017}}</ref> jeopardising Ramnoth in the process.{{sfn|Baskaran|1996|p=197}}

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=9 October 2010 |title=Viduthalai 1954 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Viduthalai-1954/article15774596.ece |url-status=live |access-date=29 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226075740/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Viduthalai-1954/article15774596.ece |archive-date=26 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="lakshmansruthi">{{Cite web |title=1954 – விடுதலை – நியூஈரா புரொடக்சன்ஸ் இருளும் ஒளியும் (நாடகம்) |trans-title=1954 – Viduthalai – New Era Productions Irulum Oliyum (play) |url=http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails29.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180429173438/http://lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1954-cinedetails29.asp |archive-date=29 April 2018 |access-date=29 April 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>

</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PhFlAAAAMAAJ&q=Viduthalai+1954+Ramnoth |title=The Eye of the Serpent: An introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=East West Books |year=1996 |oclc=243920437 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1954 Indian films]]
[[Category:1954 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1954 crime drama films]]
[[Category:1954 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Ramnoth]]
[[Category:Films set in Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ente Upasana

2026-03-03T21:42:11Z

Bogdankdu: fix lead also and fixed typos based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ente Upasana
| image = Ente Upsana.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Bharathan]]
| producer = [[Joy Thomas (producer)|Joy Thomas]]
| based_on = {{based on|''Upasana''|[[Mallika Yunis]]}}
| screenplay = [[Thoppil Bhasi]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Mammootty]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| music = [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]]
| cinematography = Vasanth Kumar
| editing = Nazeer
| studio = [[Jubilee Productions]]
| distributor = Jubilee Productions
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| released = {{Film date|1984|11|14|df=y}}
| gross =
}}
'''''Ente Upasana''''' is a 1984 [[Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Bharathan]], written by [[Thoppil Bhasi]], starring [[Mammootty]] and [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1596|title=Ente Upaasana|access-date=2014-10-20|publisher=www.malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1869 |title=Ente Upaasana |access-date=2014-10-20 |publisher=malayalasangeetham.info |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021014937/http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1869 |archive-date=21 October 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/ente-upasana-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021025442/http://spicyonion.com/title/ente-upasana-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 October 2014|title=Ente Upaasana|access-date=2014-10-20|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref> The film is based on the award-winning novel ''Upasana'' by [[Mallika Yunis]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish | last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jOtkAAAAMAAJ&q=Ente+Upasana |year=1994|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=0-85170-455-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Das |first=Nandini|title=Indian films today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34E6AAAAMAAJ&q=Ente+Upasana|year=1985|publisher=National Film Development Corp|isbn=81-201-0000-X}}
</ref> The film was remade in Telugu as ''Karpoora Deepam'' starring [[Murali Mohan]], Suhasini and [[Sharat Babu]]. The film was a commercial success.

==Plot==
Lathika is a working single mother of a son named Jagadish. Her flashback reveals a happy life in her village with her widowed mother and her cousin Sreekumar, his parents, her uncle, aunt and their grandmother. She is in love with her cousin who works in the Gulf and they are engaged to be married. Sreekumar leaves for the Gulf after a trip back home, and Lathika waits for the day of his return and their impending marriage. Arjunan, a close friend's brother on a fateful rainy day drives Lathika home in his car, but the former can not control his feelings and hence rapes her. Lathika becomes pregnant. She moves to a big city to give birth to the child, and her mother passes away due to the shock.

Back to the present, Lathika meets Arjunan, who is now her boss. She and her best friend live together in a hostel. One day Lathika's son contracts fever and is hospitalised. He is moved from the common ward to a private room by Arjunan. Latikha rushes to the room and is taken aback to see first Arjunan and later his mother arrive to take care of her son.

One day by chance her ex-lover (cousin) Sreekumar finds out about Lathika's tribulations after he left for the Gulf, and in anger he beats up Arjunan. Sreekumar apologizes to Lathika and asks her to attend his own wedding. Lathika returns to her hometown and reunites with her aunt and grandmother. She is visited by Arjunan in her hometown and finally they live together as a family with her son.

==Cast==
* [[Mammootty]] as Arjunan
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]] as Lathika
* Nahas Shah as Sreekumar, Lathika's cousin
* [[Nedumudi Venu]] as Lathika's uncle
* [[Unnimary]] as Lekha
* [[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena Joseph]] as Arjunan's mother
* [[K. P. A. C. Lalitha]] as Gauri, Lathika's aunt
* [[Cochin Hanifa]] as Doctor
* [[Sabitha Anand]] as Arjunan's sister

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Johnson (composer)|Johnson]] and the lyrics were written by [[Poovachal Khader]].

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No. || Song || Singers ||Lyrics || Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Sundarippoovinu Naanam" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Poovachal Khader]] ||4:09
|-
| 2 || "Sundarippoovinu Naanam" (Pathos) || S. Janaki || Poovachal Khader ||1:06
|-
| 3 || "Yaanam Anantham" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Poovachal Khader ||3:23
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0155698|Ente Upasana}}

{{Bharathan}}

[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:1984 drama films]]
[[Category:1984 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bharathan]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Thoppil Bhasi]]
[[Category:Films scored by Johnson]]
[[Category:Malayalam films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films based on Malayalam novels]]

19th Busan International Film Festival

2026-03-02T08:53:39Z

Bogdankdu: quick fix

{{Short description|2014 edition of film festival}}
{{Infobox Film festival
| name = 2014 Busan International Film Festival
| opening = ''[[Paradise in Service]]''
| closing = ''[[Gangster Payday]]''
| location = Busan Cinema Center
| founded = 1995
| host = [[Ken Watanabe]] [[Moon So-ri]]
| date = October 2–11, 2014
| main = [[Busan International Film Festival]]
| previous = [[18th Busan International Film Festival|18th]]
| next = [[20th Busan International Film Festival|20th]]
}}

The '''19th [[Busan International Film Festival]]''' was held in [[South Korea]] from October 2 to October 11, 2014, and was hosted by [[Ken Watanabe]] and [[Moon So-ri]]. A total of 312 films from 79 countries were screened with total attendance of 226,473. [[Hong Kong]] director [[Ann Hui]] receives the Asian Filmmaker of the Year award.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/culture/2014/08/517_163190.html | title=Ken Watanabe to co-host Busan film fest | date=19 August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2014-busan-film-fest-present-725982|title=2014 Busan Film Fest to Present Retrospective on South Korea's Jung Jin-woo|author=Lee Hyo-won|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=18 August 2014|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140819000723|title=Ken Watanabe to cohost Busan film fest|author=The Korea Herald|date=19 August 2014|publisher=|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/busans-asia-project-market-unveils-726203|title=Busan's Asian Project Market Unveils 2014 Selection|author=Lee Hyo-won|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=19 August 2014|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ken-watanabe-host-2014-busan-726491|title=Ken Watanabe to Host 2014 Busan Film Festival Opening Ceremony|author=Lee Hyo-won|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=19 August 2014|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreanfilm.or.kr/jsp/news/news.jsp?blbdComCd=601006&seq=3149&mode=VIEW|title=Busan to Debut New Actor &Actress Awards|publisher=|accessdate=18 November 2014}}</ref> The closing film was ''[[Gangster Payday]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/hot-from-hong-kong-at-busan-market|title= Hot from Hong Kong at Busan market|author= Silvia Wong|date= October 6, 2014|accessdate= October 6, 2014|work= [[Film Business Asia]]|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141006234307/http://www.filmbiz.asia/news/hot-from-hong-kong-at-busan-market|archive-date= 2014-10-06|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201410060075|title=Film fest sets diplomatic example with Japan-South Korea collaborations|work=AJW by The Asahi Shimbun|accessdate=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204051854/http://ajw.asahi.com/article/behind_news/social_affairs/AJ201410060075|archive-date=2014-12-04|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Program ==

=== Opening ===
*''[[Paradise in Service]]'' - [[Doze Niu]] (Taiwan)

=== Gala Presentation ===
*''[[Coming Home (2014 film)|Coming Home]]'' - [[Zhang Yimou]] (China)
*''[[The President (2014 film)|The President]]'' - [[Mohsen Makhmalbaf]] (Georgia/France/United Kingdom/Germany)
*''[[Revivre]]'' - [[Im Kwon-taek]] (South Korea)
*''[[The Golden Era (film)|The Golden Era]]'' - [[Ann Hui]] (China/Hong Kong, China)

=== A Window on Asian Cinema ===
*''[[Dearest (2014 film)|Dearest]]'' - [[Peter Chan]] (Hong Kong, China/China)
*''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]'' - [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] (India)
*''Song of the Phoenix'' - Wu Tianming (China)
*''Bwaya'' - Francis Xavier Pasion (Philippines)
*''Gentle'' - Le-Van Kiet (Vietnam/United States)
*''[[The Continent (film)|The Continent]]'' - [[Han Han]] (China/Hong Kong, China)
*''[[Suntali]]'' - Bhaskar Dhungana (Nepal)
*''Sun Station'' - [[Saman Salur]] (Iran)
*''[[Don't Go Breaking My Heart 2]]'' - [[Johnnie To]] (Hong Kong, China)
*''[[Fires on the Plain (2014 film)|Fires on the Plain]]'' - [[Shinya Tsukamoto]] (Japan)
*''[[Over Your Dead Body (2014 film)|Over Your Dead Body]]'' - [[Takashi Miike]] (Japan)
*''[[Flapping in The Middle of Nowhere]]'' - Nguyen Hoang Diep (Vietnam/France/Germany/Norway)
*''The Furthest End Awaits'' - Chiang Hsiu-chiung (Japan/Taiwan/Korea)
*''So Be It'' - Kongdej Jaturanrasmee (Thailand)
*''[[Tokyo Tribes]]'' - [[Sion Sono]] (Japan)
*''W'' - [[Chonlasit Upanigkit]] (Thailand)
*''Taksu'' - Kiki Sugino (Japan/Indonesia/Thailand/United States)
*''A Corner of Heaven'' - Zhang Miaoyan (China/France)
*''Sharing'' - [[Makoto Shinozaki]] (Japan)
*''Second Life of Thieves'' - Woo Ming Jin (Malaysia/Netherlands/Switzerland)
*''The Inseminator'' - Bui Kim Quy (Vietnam)
*''[[Finding Fanny]]'' - [[Homi Adajania]] (India)
*''[[Margarita with a Straw]]'' - [[Shonali Bose]] (India)
*''The Monk'' - The Maw Naing (Myanmar/Czech Republic)
*''[[Trench 143]]'' - Narges Abyar (Iran)
*''[[Black Coal, Thin Ice]]'' - [[Diao Yinan]] (China/Hong Kong, China)
*''Labour of Love'' - Adityavikram Sengupta (India)
*''[[A Few Cubic Meters of Love]]'' - Jamshid Mahmoudi (Iran/Afghanistan)
*''[[Red Amnesia]]'' - [[Wang Xiaoshuai]] (China)
*''[[Still the Water]]'' - [[Naomi Kawase]] (Japan)
*''Fah-Gam-Toh'' - Parm Rangsi (Thailand)
*''[[Kabukicho Love Hotel]]'' - [[Ryūichi Hiroki]] (Japan)
*''The Sacred Arrow'' - Pema Tseden (China)
*''The Move'' - Marat Sarulu (Kyrgyzstan)
*''[[Goli Soda]]'' - [[Vijay Milton]] (India)
*''Our Family'' - [[Yuya Ishii (director)|Yuya Ishii]] (Japan)
*''[[My Man (2014 film)|My Man]]'' - [[Kazuyoshi Kumakiri]] (Japan)
*''We Have a Guest'' - Mohammad Mehdi Asgarpour (Iran)
*''Zahir'' - [[Sidhartha Siva]] (Iran)
*''Sensitive Floor'' - [[Kamal Tabrizi]] (India)
*''[[Fantasia (2014 film)|Fantasia]]'' - [[Wang Chao (director)|Wang Chao]] (China)
*''[[Partners in Crime (2014 film)|Partners in Crime]]'' - Chang Jung-Chi (Taiwan)
*''[[The Owners (2014 film)|The Owners]]'' - Adilkhan Yerzhanov (Kazakhstan)
*''Daughter..Mother.. Daughter'' - Panahbarkhoda Rezaee (Iran)
*''[[Men Who Save the World]]'' - [[Liew Seng Tat]] (Malaysia/Netherlands/Germany/France)
*''[[Dukhtar]]'' - [[Afia Nathaniel]] (Pakistan/United States/Norway)
*''[[The Coffin in the Mountain]]'' - Xin Yukun (China)
*''[[Teacher's Diary (film)|Teacher's Diary]]'' - [[Nithiwat Tharathorn]] (Thailand)
*''Taxi and Telephone'' - Ernest Abdyjaparov (Kyrgyzstan/Germany)
*''[[Tales (film)|Tales]]'' - [[Rakhshan Bani-E'temad]] (Iran)
*''[[Ant Story]]'' - [[Mostofa Sarwar Farooki]] (Bangladesh)
*''Exit'' - Chienn Hsiang (Taiwan/Hong Kong, China)
*''[[Memories on Stone]]'' - Shawkat Amin Korkiv (Kurd/Germany)
*''[[Journey to the West (2014 film)|Journey to the West]]'' - [[Tsai Ming-liang]] (France/Taiwan)
*''[[2030 (film)|2030]]'' - [[Minh Nguyen-Vo]] (Vietnam)
*''One Summer'' - Yang Yishu (China)

=== New Currents ===
*''[[Mariquina (film)|Mariquina]]'' - Milo Sogueco (Philippines)
*''[[Jalal's Story]]'' - [[Abu Shahed Emon]] (Bangladesh)
*''We Will Be Ok'' - Baek Jae-ho (South Korea)
*''[[End of Winter]]'' - Kim Dae-hwan (South Korea)
*''[[Ghadi (film)|Ghadi]]'' - [[Amin Dora]] (Lebanon/Qatar)
*''Don't Say that Word'' - Takuma Sato (Japan)
*''[[Nezha (2014 film)|Nezha]]'' - Li Xiaofeng (China)
*''[[What's the Time in Your World?]]'' - Safi Yazdanian (Iran)
*''[[(Sex) Appeal]]'' - Wang Wei-ming (Taiwan)
*''Sunrise'' - [[Partho Sen-Gupta]] (India/France)
*''13'' - Hooman Seyedi (Iran)
*''The Face of the Ash'' - Shakhwan Idrees (Iraq)

=== Korean Cinema Today - Panorama ===
*''Han River'' - Lee Moo-young (South Korea)
*''[[Alive (2014 film)|Alive]]'' - [[Park Jung-bum]] (South Korea)
*''[[Thread of Lies]]'' - [[Lee Han]] (South Korea)
*''[[Venus Talk]]'' - Kwon Chil-in (South Korea)
*''[[Haemoo]]'' - [[Shim Sung-bo]] (South Korea)
*''Love Never Fails'' - Min Byung-hun (South Korea)
*''[[The Pirates (2014 film)|The Pirates]]'' - [[Lee Seok-hoon]] (South Korea)
*''[[The Admiral: Roaring Currents]]'' - [[Kim Han-min]] (South Korea)
*''[[The Tenor – Lirico Spinto]]'' - [[Kim Sang-man]] (South Korea)
*''[[Mother (2009 film)|Mother]]'' - [[Bong Joon-ho]] (South Korea)
*''Half'' - Kim Se-yeon (South Korea)
*''[[Kundo: Age of the Rampant]]'' - [[Yoon Jong-bin]] (South Korea)
*''[[Hill of Freedom]]'' - [[Hong Sang-soo]] (South Korea)
*''Timing'' - Min Kyung-jo (South Korea)
*''[[Gyeongju (film)|Gyeongju]]'' - [[Zhang Lu (director)|Zhang Lu]] (South Korea)
*''[[One on One (2014 film)|One on One]]'' - [[Kim Ki-duk]] (South Korea)
*''[[A Girl at My Door]]'' - [[July Jung]] (South Korea)
*''[[A Hard Day]]'' - [[Kim Seong-hun (filmmaker)|Kim Seong-hun]] (South Korea)
*''[[Daughter (2014 film)|Daughter]]'' - [[Ku Hye-sun]] (South Korea)
*''[[The Target (film)|The Target]]'' - [[Chang (director)|Chang]] (South Korea)
*''[[The Fatal Encounter]]'' - [[Lee Jae-kyoo]] (South Korea)

=== Korean Cinema Today - Vision ===
*''A Midsummer's Fantasia'' - [[Jang Kun-jae]] (South Korea)
*''[[Socialphobia]]'' - [[Hong Seok-jae]] (South Korea)
*''[[Set Me Free (2014 film)|Set Me Free]]'' - [[Kim Tae-yong (director, born 1987)|Kim Tae-yong]] (South Korea)
*''So Very Very'' - Park Je-wook (South Korea)
*''The Liar'' - Kim Dong-myung (South Korea)
*''Entangled'' - [[Lee Don-ku (director)|Lee Don-ku]] (South Korea)
*''Shadow Island'' - Son Seung-ung (South Korea)
*''Wild Flowers'' - [[Park Suk-young]] (South Korea)
*''[[A Matter of Interpretation]]'' - [[Lee Kwang-kuk]] (South Korea)
*''Gifted'' - [[Juhn Jai-hong]] (South Korea)

=== Korean Cinema Retrospective ===

==== Reminiscing the timeless filmmaker, Jung Jin-woo ====
*''The MA-NIM'' - [[Jung Jin-woo]] (South Korea)
*''Does Cuckoo Cry at Night'' - [[Jung Jin-woo]] (South Korea)
*''The Rose That Swallowed Thorn'' - [[Jung Jin-woo]] (South Korea)
*''[[Oyster Village]]'' - [[Jung Jin-woo]] (South Korea)
*''Green Rain'' - [[Jung Jin-woo]] (South Korea)
*''The White Crow'' - [[Jung Jin-woo]] (South Korea)
*''[[The Student Boarder]]'' - [[Jung Jin-woo]] (South Korea)
*''Border Line'' - [[Jung Jin-woo]] (South Korea)

==== Archeology of Korea Cinema ====
*''[[Sad Story of Self Supporting Child]]'' (aka ''Sorrow in the Heavens'') - [[Kim Soo-yong]] (South Korea)

=== World Cinema ===
*''[[The Cut (2014 drama film)|The Cut]]'' - [[Fatih Akin]] (Germany)
*''[[A Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on Existence]]'' - [[Roy Andersson]] (Sweden)
*''[[Gurov and Anna]]'' - [[Rafaël Ouellet]] (Canada)
*''[[Cymbeline (film)|Cymbeline]]'' - [[Michael Almereyda]] (United States)
*''[[The November Man]]'' - [[Roger Donaldson]] (United States)
*''[[Getúlio (film)|Getúlio]]'' - João Jardim (Brazil/Portugal)
*''[[Return to Ithaca (film)|Return to Ithaca]]'' - [[Laurent Cantet]] (France)
*''[[The Drop (2014 film)|The Drop]]'' - [[Michaël R. Roskam]] (United States)
*''[[Kill Me Three Times]]'' - [[Kriv Stenders]] (Australia)
*''[[Eden (2014 French film)|Eden]]'' - [[Mia Hansen-Løve]] (France)
*''[[The Homesman]]'' - [[Tommy Lee Jones]] (United States)
*''Waste Land'' - Pieter Van Hees (Belgium)
*''[[X+Y]]'' - [[Morgan Matthews (filmmaker)|Morgan Matthews]] (United Kingdom)
*''[[Hungry Hearts (2014 film)|Hungry Hearts]]'' - [[Saverio Costanzo]] (Italy)
*''[[Manglehorn]]'' - [[David Gordon Green]] (United States)
*''Ciudad Delirio'' - Chus Gutierrez (Colombia/Spain)
*''[[Black Souls]]'' - [[Francesco Munzi]] (Italy)
*''[[The Kindergarten Teacher (2014 film)|The Kindergarten Teacher]]'' - [[Nadav Lapid]] (Israel/France)
*''The Absent'' - [[Nicolás Pereda]] (Mexico)
*''[[The Dinner (2014 film)|The Dinner]]'' - Ivano De Matteo (Italy)
*''[[Leopardi (film)|Leopardi]]'' - [[Mario Martone]] (Italy)
*''[[Life of Riley (2014 film)|Life of Riley]]'' - [[Alain Resnais]] (France)
*''[[The Price of Fame (2014 film)|The Price of Fame]]'' - [[Xavier Beauvois]] (France/Switzerland/Belgium)
*''[[Pasolini (film)|Pasolini]]'' - [[Abel Ferrara]] (France/Italy/Belgium)
*''[[Métamorphoses (2014 film)|Métamorphoses]]'' - [[Christophe Honoré]] (France)
*''[[The Face of an Angel]]'' - [[Michael Winterbottom]] (United Kingdom)
*''Inferno'' - [[Vinko Möderndorfer]] (Slovenia)
*''[[Queen and Country (film)|Queen and Country]]'' - [[John Boorman]] (United Kingdom/France/Ireland/Romania)
*''Misunderstood'' - [[Asia Argento]] (Italy/France)
*''[[Jimmy's Hall]]'' - [[Ken Loach]] (United Kingdom)
*''[[Alleluia (2014 film)|Alleluia]]'' - [[Fabrice Du Welz]] (France/Belgium)
*''[[Goodbye to Language]]'' - [[Jean-Luc Godard]] (France)
*''[[Bridges of Sarajevo]]'' - [[Jean-Luc Godard]], [[Aida Begić]], etc. (a total of 13 directors) (France/Bosnia and Herzegovina/Switzerland/Italy/Germany/Portugal)
*''[[These Are the Rules]]'' - [[Ognjen Sviličić]] (Croatia/France/Serbia/Macedonia)
*''[[Clouds of Sils Maria]]'' - [[Olivier Assayas]] (France)
*''[[Corn Island (film)|Corn Island]]'' - [[Giorgi Ovashvili]] (Georgia/Germany/France/Czech Republic/Kazakhstan)
*''[[The Wonders (film)|The Wonders]]'' - [[Alice Rohrwacher]] (Italy/Germany/Switzerland)
*''[[Leviathan (2014 film)|Leviathan]]'' - [[Andrey Zvyagintsev]] (Russia)
*''[[Stations of the Cross (film)|Stations of the Cross]]'' - Dietrich Brüggemann (Germany)
*''[[The Fool (2014 film)|The Fool]]'' - [[Yuri Bykov (director)|Yuri Bykov]] (Russia)
*''[[Behavior (film)|Behavior]]'' - [[Ernesto Daranas]] (Cuba)
*''[[Mommy (2014 film)|Mommy]]'' - [[Xavier Dolan]] (Canada)
*''[[Timbuktu (2014 film)|Timbuktu]]'' - [[Abderrahmane Sissako]] (France/Mauritania)
*''[[White God]]'' - [[Kornél Mundruczó]] (Hungary)
*''[[Saint Laurent (film)|Saint Laurent]]'' - [[Bertrand Bonello]] (France)
*''[[Jauja (film)|Jauja]]'' - [[Lisandro Alonso]] (Argentina/Denmark/Mexico/United States)
*''[[Two Days, One Night]]'' - [[Dardenne brothers|Luc Dardenne, Jean-Pierre Dardenne]] (Belgium)
*''[[Maps to the Stars]]'' - [[David Cronenberg]] (Canada)
*''Chagall-Malevich'' - [[Alexander Mitta]] (Russia)
*''[[Winter Sleep (film)|Winter Sleep]]'' - [[Nuri Bilge Ceylan]] (Turkey/Germany/France)
*''[[The Lamb (2014 film)|The Lamb]]'' - [[Kutluğ Ataman]] (Turkey/Germany)
*''[[Aloft (film)|Aloft]]'' - [[Claudia Llosa]] (Spain/Canada/France)
*''[[Boyhood (2014 film)|Boyhood]]'' - [[Richard Linklater]] (United States)

=== Flash Forward ===
*''Cruel'' - Eric Cherriere (France)
*''[[Fair Play (2014 film)|Fair Play]]'' - [[Andrea Sedláčková]] (Czech Republic/Slovak Republic/Germany)
*''[[Aurora (2014 film)|Aurora]]'' - Rodrigo Sepúlveda (Chile)
*''Chubby'' - Bruno Deville (Switzerland/Belgium)
*''Sebastian'' - Carlos Ciurlizza (Peru)
*''[[Next to Her]]'' - Asaf Korman (Israel)
*''{{ill|Kafka's The Burrow|de|Kafkas Der Bau}}'' - [[Jochen Alexander Freydank]] (Germany)
*''[[Self Made (film)|Self Made]]'' - [[Shira Geffen]] (Israel)
*''[[Gente de bien]]'' - Franco Lolli (France/Colombia)
*''Love the One You Love'' - [[Jenna Cato Bass]] (South Africa)
*''Atlantic'' - [[Jan-Willem van Ewijk]] (Netherlands/Belgium/Germany/Morocco)
*''[[Warsaw 44]]'' - Jan Komasa (Poland)
*''[[Cast No Shadow (film)|Cast No Shadow]]'' - [[Christian Sparkes]] (Canada)
*''[[Sitting on the Edge of Marlene]]'' - Ana Valine (Canada)
*''With Child'' - [[Titus Heckel]] (Canada)
*''The Boss, Anatomy of a Crime'' - Sebastián Schindel (Argentina/Venezuela)
*''You (Us) Me'' - Max Sobol (United Kingdom)
*''[[Mr. Kaplan]]'' - [[Álvaro Brechner]] (Uruguay/Spain/Germany)
*''In Silence'' - Zdeněk Jiráský (Czech Republic/Slovak Republic)
*''The High Pressures'' - Angel Santos (Spain)
*''Hammer and Oranges - The Market'' - [[Diego Bianchi (journalist)|Diego Bianchi]] (Italy)
*''{{ill|Schmitke|cs}}'' - Štěpán Altrichter (Germany/Czech Republic)
*''The Barber'' - Basel Owies (United States)
*''[[The Mule (2014 film)|The Mule]]'' - [[Angus Sampson]], Tony Mahony (Australia)
*''[[Rocks in My Pockets]]'' - [[Signe Baumane]] (United States/Latvia)
*''[[Magical Girl (film)|Magical Girl]]'' - Carlos Vermut (Spain)
*''{{ill|My Brother's Keeper (2014 film)|de|3=Hüter meines Bruders (Film)|lt=My Brother's Keeper}}'' - Maximilian Leo (Germany)
*''Challat of Tunis'' - [[Kaouther Ben Hania]] (Tunisia/France/United Arab Emirates/Canada)
*''[[Hope (2014 film)|Hope]]'' - Boris Lojkine (France)
*''[[Party Girl (2014 film)|Party Girl]]'' - [[Marie Amachoukeli]], [[Claire Burger]], [[Samuel Theis]] (France)
*''[[The Tribe (2014 film)|The Tribe]]'' - [[Myroslav Slaboshpytskyi]] (Ukraine)
*''[[Before I Disappear]]'' - [[Shawn Christensen]] (United States)
*''Natural Sciences'' - Matias Lucchesi (Argentina/France)
*''[[Lock Charmer]]'' - [[Natalia Smirnoff]] (Argentina)
*''[[Viktoria (film)|Viktoria]]'' - Maya Vitkova (Bulgaria/Romania)

=== Wide Angle ===

==== Korean Short Film Competition ====
*''A Familiar Taste'' - Kim In-seon (South Korea)
*''Before the Moving'' - Kim Rae-won (South Korea)
*''Happy Together'' - Lee Jeong-min (South Korea)
*''The Giving-heart'' - Jung Jae-woong (South Korea)
*''The Night'' - Choi Ki-yun (South Korea)
*''The Strait Gate'' - Son Min-young (South Korea)
*''Flayed'' - Kim Eun-ji (South Korea)
*''Working Day'' - Lee Han-jong (South Korea)
*''We'll Live!'' - Go Sang-hoon (South Korea)
*''Cartwheel'' - Ahn Ju-young (South Korea)
*''Visit'' - Seo Hyung-won (South Korea)
*''19:19'' - Lee Yun-mee (South Korea)
*''Horn'' - Byun Sung-bin (South Korea)
*''Spring Colds'' - Kim Dong-ha (South Korea)
*''As the Sun Sets'' - Ko Myoung-sung (South Korea)
*''Mrs. Young'' - Bang Woo-ri (South Korea)
*''Hurdle'' - Bak Sung-jin (South Korea)

==== Asian Short Film Competition ====
*''Two Halves of a Truth'' - Neda Assef (Iran)
*''White Sparrow'' - Dilovar Sultonov (Tajikistan)
*''Son'' - Subarna Thapa (Nepal/France)
*''Stairway'' - [[Matt Wu]] (Taiwan)
*''Stone Heart'' - Martika Ramirez Escobar (Philippines)
*''That Day of the Month'' - Jirassaya Wongsutin (Thailand)
*''Xing'' - Liew Bradley (Malaysia)
*''The Old Tree'' - Farnoush Abedirenani (Iran)
*''Summer Secret'' - Zeng Zeng (China)
*''Gyges'' - He Wenchao (China)

==== Short Film Showcase ====
*''The Tide Keeper'' - Alyx Duncan (New Zealand)
*''A Rose Reborn'' - [[Park Chan-wook]] (Italy)
*''One Armed Man'' - [[Tim Guinee]] (United States)
*''Rowboat'' - CJ Wang Hsi-Chieh (Taiwan)
*''The Singers'' - [[Nonzee Nimibutr]] (Thailand)
*''Molehill'' - [[Joanna Zastróżna]] (Poland)
*''The Bicycle Thief'' - Min Yong-keun (South Korea)
*''[[True Love Story (film)|True Love Story]]'' - [[Gitanjali Rao]] (India)
*''Cambodia 2099'' - [[Davy Chou]] (France)
*''The Actress'' - [[Moon So-ri]] (South Korea)
*''[[Awaiting]]'' - [[Kang Je-gyu]] (South Korea)

==== Documentary Competition ====
*''Collapse'' - Mun Jeong-hyun, Lee Won-woo (South Korea)
*''A Lullaby Under the Nuclear Sky'' - Tomoko Kana (Japan)
*''Strangers on the Field'' - [[Kim Myeong-joon]] (South Korea)
*''[[The Storm Makers]]'' - [[Guillaume Suon]] (Cambodia/France)
*''Nick and Chai'' - Cha Escala, Wena Sanchez (Philippines)
*''Factory Complex'' - Im Heung-soon (South Korea)
*''The Anxious Day Out'' - Kim Cheol-min (South Korea)
*''The Hospice'' - Lee Chang-jae (South Korea)
*''Our Metropolis'' - Gautam Sonti, Usha Rao (India)
*''Cotton'' - Hao Zhou (China/France)
*''03-Flats'' - Lei Yuan Bin (Singapore)

==== Documentary Showcase ====
*''[[The Look of Silence]]'' - [[Joshua Oppenheimer]] (Denmark)
*''Flowers of Taipei - Taiwan New Cinema'' - Hsieh Chin Lin (Taiwan)
*''Garuda Power : The Spirit Within'' - Bastian Meiresonne (France/Indonesia)
*''Fluid Boundaries'' - Vladimir Todorovic, Mun Jeong-hyun, Daniel Rudi Haryanto (Singapore/Indonesia/Korea)
*''Y/our Music'' - Waraluck Every, David Reeve (Thailand/United Kingdom)
*''Foot Prints in the Desert'' - Balaka Ghosh (India)
*''My Fair Wedding'' - Jang Hee-sun (South Korea)
*''[[The Salt of the Earth (2014 film)|The Salt of the Earth]]'' - [[Wim Wenders]], [[Juliano Ribeiro Salgado]] (Brazil/Italy/France)
*''Southeast Asian Cinema - When the Rooster Crows'' - Leonardo Cinieri Lombroso (Italy/Singapore)
*''[[The Truth Shall Not Sink with Sewol]]'' - Lee Sang-ho, [[Ahn Hae-ryong]] (South Korea)
*''Little Pond in Main Street'' - Lee Kang-gil (South Korea)
*''[[We Come as Friends]]'' - [[Hubert Sauper]] (France/Austria)
*''Daddy's School'' - Hassan Solhjou (United Kingdom)
*''National Gallery'' - [[Frederick Wiseman]] (France/United States)
*''[[Red Army (film)|Red Army]]'' - [[Gabe Polsky]] (United States/Russia)
*''[[Silvered Water, Syria Self-Portrait]]'' - [[Usama Muhammad]], [[Wiam Simav Bedirxan]] (Syria/France)
*''Parallel'' - Kay Kim (South Korea)
*''[[Concerning Violence]]'' - [[Göran Hugo Olsson]] (Sweden/Finland/Denmark/United States)
*''[[Is the Man Who Is Tall Happy?]]'' - [[Michel Gondry]] (France)

==== Cinekids ====
*''[[Song of the Sea (2014 film)|Song of the Sea]]'' - [[Tomm Moore]] (Ireland)
*''[[Paper Planes (film)|Paper Planes]]'' - [[Robert Connolly]] (Australia)
*''Millionaire Dog'' - Tom Fernandez (Spain)
*''[[Bamse and the City of Thieves]]'' - Christian Ryltenius (Sweden/Taiwan)
*''That Boy Emil'' - [[Per Åhlin]], Alicja Jaworski Bjork, Lasse Persson (Sweden)

=== Open Cinema ===
*''[[The Gate (2014 film)|The Gate]]'' - [[Régis Wargnier]] (France/Belgium/Cambodia)
*''[[Therapy for a Vampire]]'' - David Ruehm (Austria/Switzerland)
*''[[Five Minutes to Tomorrow]]'' - [[Isao Yukisada]] (China)
*''[[Cart (film)|Cart]]'' - [[Boo Ji-young]] (South Korea)
*''[[Geronimo (2014 film)|Geronimo]]'' - [[Tony Gatlif]] (France)
*''[[Brotherhood of Blades]]'' - Lu Yang (China)
*''[[Mary Kom (film)|Mary Kom]]'' - [[Omung Kumar]] (India)
*''Whiplash'' - [[Damien Chazelle]] (United States)

=== Special Programs in Focus ===

==== New Turkish Cinema: Faces of the 21st Century ====
*''[[The Extremely Tragic Story of Celal Tan and His Family]]'' - [[Onur Ünlü]] (Turkey)
*''Cold'' - [[Uğur Yücel]] (Turkey)
*''I am not Him'' - Tayfun Pirselimoglu (Turkey/Greece/France)
*''Mold'' - Ali Aydın (Turkey/Germany)
*''Inside'' - [[Zeki Demirkubuz]] (Turkey)
*''[[Black and White (2010 film)|Black and White]]'' - Ahmet Boyacıoğlu (Turkey)
*''Singing Women'' - [[Reha Erdem]] (Turkey)

==== The Power of Georgian Women Filmmakers ====
*''[[Day Is Longer Than Night]]'' - [[Lana Gogoberidze]] (Georgia)
*''Story of Mountainous Racha'' - [[Lana Gogoberidze]] (Georgia)
*''Felicita'' - Salome Alexi (Georgia/Georgia)
*''[[Iavnana (1994 film)|The Lullaby]]'' - [[Nana Janelidze]] (Georgia)
*''[[Salt White]]'' - Keti Machavariani (Georgia)
*''Susa'' - Rusudan Pirveli (Georgia)
*''[[Keep Smiling (2012 film)|Keep Smiling]]'' - Rusudan Chkonia (Georgia/France/Luxembourg)
*''Bakhmaro'' - Salome Jashi (Germany/Georgia)
*''The Machine Which Makes Everything Disappear'' - Tinatin Gurchiani (Georgia/Germany)
*''Brother'' - Teona Mghvdeladze, Thierry Grenade (Georgia/France)
*''[[Brides (2014 film)|Brides]]'' - Tinatin Kajrishvili (Georgia/France)
*''[[In Bloom (2013 film)|In Bloom]]'' - [[Nana Ekvtimishvili]], Simon Gross (Georgia)

=== Midnight Passion ===
*''Live TV'' - Kim Sun-ung, Son Kwang-soo (South Korea)
*''[[The World of Kanako]]'' - [[Tetsuya Nakashima]] (Japan)
*''[[Nymphomaniac (film)|Nymphomaniac]]'' - [[Lars von Trier]] (Denmark/Belgium/France/Germany/United Kingdom)
*''[[Exists (film)|Exists]]'' - [[Eduardo Sánchez (director)|Eduardo Sánchez]] (United States)
*''The Incident'' - [[Isaac Ezban]] (Mexico/United States)
*''[[Wyrmwood]]'' - Kiah Roache-Turner (Australia)
*''[[It Follows]]'' - [[David Robert Mitchell]] (United States)
*''[[Hungry Ghost Ritual]]'' - [[Nick Cheung]] (Malaysia)
*''[[The Canal (2014 film)|The Canal]]'' - [[Ivan Kavanagh]] (Ireland/United Kingdom)
*''[[Creep (2014 film)|Creep]]'' - [[Patrick Brice]] (United States)

=== Closing ===
*''[[Gangster Payday]]'' - Lee Po-cheung (Hong Kong)

== Awards ==
*'''New Currents Award'''
**''[[End of Winter]]'' - Kim Dae-hwan (South Korea)<ref>{{cite web|title=(19th) 2014 Busan International Film Festival - Information|url=http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/archive/arc_history19_01.asp|website=[[Busan International Film Festival]]|accessdate=2015-10-16|date=October 2014|archive-date=2015-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915092823/http://www.biff.kr/eng/html/archive/arc_history19_01.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>
**'''Special Mention ''': ''13'' - Hooman Seyedi (Iran)
*'''BIFF Mecenat Award'''
**''[[The Storm Makers]]'' - [[Guillaume Suon]] (Cambodia)
**''Collapse'' - Mun Jeong-hyun, Lee Won-woo (South Korea)
*'''Sonje Award'''
**''Stairway'' - [[Matt Wu]] (Taiwan)
**''The Night'' - Choi Ki-yun (South Korea)
*'''Actor & Actress of the Year Award'''
**[[Choi Woo-shik]] - ''[[Set Me Free (2014 film)|Set Me Free]]'' (South Korea)
**[[Cho Soo-hyang]] - ''Wild Flowers'' (South Korea)
*'''Daemyung Culture Wave Award'''
**''The Liar'' - Kim Dong-myung (South Korea)
*'''FIPRESCI Award'''
**''What's the Time in Your World?'' - Safi Yazdanian (Iran)
*'''NETPAC Award'''
**''[[Socialphobia]]'' - [[Hong Seok-jae]] (South Korea)
*'''KNN Award'''
**''[[Ghadi (film)|Ghadi]]'' - Amin Dora (Lebanon)
*'''Busan Bank Award'''
**''The Boss, Anatomy of a Crime'' - Sebastián Schindel (Argentina)
*'''Citizen Critics’ Award'''
**''[[Set Me Free (2014 film)|Set Me Free]]'' - [[Kim Tae-yong (director, born 1987)|Kim Tae-yong]] (South Korea)
*'''Busan Cinephile Award'''
**''[[The Look of Silence]]'' - [[Joshua Oppenheimer]] (Denmark)
*'''CGV Movie Collage Award'''
**''[[A Matter of Interpretation]]'' - [[Lee Kwang-kuk]] (South Korea)
*'''DGK Award'''
**''[[A Midsummer's Fantasia]]'' - [[Jang Kun-jae]] (South Korea)
**''[[Socialphobia]]'' - [[Hong Seok-jae]] (South Korea)
*'''The Asian Filmmaker of the Year'''
**[[Ann Hui]] (Hong Kong)
*'''Korean Cinema Award'''
**Corinne Siegrist-Oboussier (Switzerland)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.biff.kr/structure/eng/default.asp|BIFF official website}}

{{Busan International Film Festival}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Busan International Film Festival, 19th}}
[[Category:2014 film festivals]]
[[Category:2014 festivals in Asia]]
[[Category:October 2014 in South Korea]]
[[Category:Busan International Film Festival|19]]
[[Category:2014 festivals in South Korea]]

Tata 407

2026-02-28T11:18:09Z

Bogdankdu:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox automobile
| name = Tata 407
| image = Tata trucks.jpg|
| caption = Tata 407 water truck
| manufacturer = [[Tata Motors]]
| production = 1986–present
| assembly =
| class = [[Light commercial vehicle]]
| body_style = 2-door [[pickup truck]]
| engine = {{ubl
| 3.0L ''4SP'' [[diesel engine|diesel]] [[Straight-four engine|I4]]
| 3.0L ''Dicor'' diesel I4
}}
| wheelbase =
| related = {{ubl | [[Hanomag F-series]] | [[Steyr-Daimler-Puch|Steyr 591/691]] }}
}}
The '''Tata 407''' is a [[light commercial vehicle]] [[manufactured]] by [[Tata Motors]]. Launched in February 21, 1986, as of 2011 the 407 model sold more than 500,000 units.<ref name="Hindu25thAnniv407">{{cite news| title = Tata Motors celebrates silver jubilee of Tata 407| url = http://www.thehindu.com/business/article2549201.ece| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]| issn = 0971-751X| oclc = 13119119| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140314080441/http://www.thehindu.com/business/article2549201.ece | archivedate = 2014-03-14 | date = 2011-10-18 | quote = Launched in 1986, Tata 407 has sold over 5 lakh units since its launch.| location = Chennai, India}}</ref> The 407 has a payload of 2.25 tonnes, an overall length of 4.7 metres, and a turning circle radius of 5.5 metres. Tata purchased all of the pressing tools for [[Steyr-Daimler-Puch|Steyr's]] 591/691-series of trucks in the mid-eighties, a truck which was itself derived from the 1967 [[Hanomag F-series]]. The shape of cab barely shares a close resemblance to the [[Mercedes-Benz Vario]], however the only difference is the slope of the hood.

==Models==
The 407 model range includes [[trucks]], tippers, [[Pickup truck|pick-ups]] and [[vehicles]] for agri/food products, [[construction]], light mining and services.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tata Light Commercial Vehicles |url= https://light-trucks.tatamotors.com/light-trucks/tata-407/tata-407-light-trucks-overview.aspx/ |website=Tata Motors}}</ref>

Tata's Cityride buses are based on the 407 and are available in 12–24 seat variants and following the company's joint venture with [[Marcopolo S.A.]] of Brazil in 2006, the 407 platform is now included in the [[Starbus]] range in a 24-seat variant and 12–18 seat luxury variants.

The facelifted EX-2 Refresh series was launched in the latter half of the 2000s, and in 2009 it was joined by the 407 Pick-up. This new model had the shortest overall length, the smallest turning circle, the largest loading area, and the highest payload in the category at the time.<ref name="Hindu25thAnniv407"/>

==Engines==
TATA launched 407 [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG) engine option in 2009 and diesel engine option in 2010 after realizing the huge potential in both the market.<ref name="WheelsUnplugged25thAnniv407">{{cite web|url=http://www.wheelsunplugged.com/ViewNews.aspx?newsid=11610|title=Tata '407' LCV celebrates its silver jubilee year|date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Red Tree Convergent Media|accessdate=2011-11-14}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Tata Motors}}

[[Category:1990s cars]]
[[Category:2000s cars]]
[[Category:2010s cars]]
[[Category:Vehicles introduced in 1986]]
[[Category:Pickup trucks]]
[[Category:Tata trucks|407]]

Aqeeq

2026-02-26T17:22:40Z

Bogdankdu: Made basic entry w/ infobox

{{short description|Stones used in jewellery}}
{{for|the location in Sudan|Gulf of 'Agig}}
{{More citations needed|date=January 2021}}
[[File:Chalcedony-219314.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|A geode of chalcedony richly colored by [[hematite]] that gives it its rusty hues and marks it as Akik{{contradictory-inline|reason:Annotations of market image and tet imply many possible colours of aqiq|date=July 2024}}]]
'''Aqeeq''', '''akik''' or '''aqiq''' ({{langx|ar|العقيق}}, '[[quartz]]' in [[Arabic]], '[[agate]]' in Turkish), is an Arabic or Turkish term referring to quartz or agate, but in the context of rings usually refers to a ring set with a [[chalcedony]] stone. Well-known types of chalcedony are [[carnelian]], [[agate]], and [[onyx]]. It is considered a semi-precious gemstone, and rings set with golden-orange variety of [[carnelian]] or [[sard]] have special significance in the [[Islamic]] religion.

== Jewellery preparation ==
A stone is ground into shape (often a [[cabochon]] or a short, wide cylinder) and polished to a shine. Sometimes the flat surface is engraved with a religious motto in Arabic, which is sometimes inlaid with gold. The finished gem is then mounted on a ring according to the stones finished size. Both men and women wear aqiq rings as jewellery.

== Islamic significance ==
[[File:Qasem Soleimani Praying in Imam Khomeini Hossainiah.jpg|thumb|[[Qasem Soleimani]] wearing an aqeeq ring]]
An aqeeq ring also has religious importance in [[Islam]] as it is considered [[sunnah]] to wear one. The Prophet [[Muhammad]] is said to have worn a [[carnelian]]/aqiq ring set with silver as a commemoration of the removal of idols from the [[Great Mosque of Mecca|Grand Mosque in Mecca]] in 630 CE. Many Muslims do the same, including both [[Shia]] and [[Sunni]] [[clergy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themuslimvibe.com/featured/wearing-rings-and-gemstones-in-islam-philosophy-and-benefits|title = Wearing Rings and Gemstones in Islam: Philosophy and Benefits|date = 23 November 2018}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Heavy Silver Ring with Carnelian Seal, Yale University Art Gallery, inv. 1933.615 - YDEA - 34601.jpg|A silver ring set with a carnelian [[seal ring|seal]] carved with a standing figure, circa 100–256 CE
File:Tumbled carnelian.jpg|A [[rock tumbling|tumbled]] carnelian (golden-orange chalcedony, coloured by [[iron oxide]] impurities)
File:Chalcedony cape-clasp (Faberge).jpg|A 1903 cape clasp, with chalcedony, diamonds, rubies, gold and enamel, worked by jewelry master G. Wigström for [[Faberge]]
File:Batu akik yang dijual di dataran puncak Jabal Rahmah, Mekah.jpg|Akik stones and rings in many colours, sold at the summit of [[Mount Arafat]] in [[Mecca]]
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{morecat|date=July 2024}}
[[Category:Agates]]
{{Silica minerals}}

COTR Theological Seminary

2026-02-22T13:03:35Z

Bogdankdu: made new details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = COTR Theological Seminary
| image =
| image_size =
| motto =
| city = [[Bheemunipatnam]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates =
| type = Bible College
| religious_affiliation = [[Pentecostal]]
| established = {{start date and age|1982}}
| founder = Dr. P.J. Titus
| sister_school =
| principal = Rev. Dr. Balu Savarikannu
| gender = Co-Education
| classes_offered = [[Doctor of Philosophy]], [[Master of Theology]], [[Master of Divinity]], [[Bachelor of Theology]], [[Diploma in Theology]]
| houses =
| nickname = COTR
| rival =
| publication =
| yearbook =
| address = Bheemili Rd, Bheemili, [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] 531163
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Hindi]]
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]
| colors =
| affiliation = [[Asia Theological Association]] [[International Council for Evangelical Theological Education]]
| website =
}}

'''COTR Theological Seminary''' is an [[Evangelical]] - [[Pentecostal]] [[Seminary]] in [[Bheemunipatnam]], India.

== History ==
The seminary was founded in 1982 by Dr. P.J. Titus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cotr.in/|title=COTR Theological Seminary|website=cotr.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XGiv3riaunQC&q=Church+on+the+Rock+Theological+Seminary&pg=PA101 |title=The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century |last=Bergunder |first=Michael |access-date=2017-05-31 |publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=9780802827340 |pages=380}}</ref>

== Affiliations and Accreditation ==
It is accredited by the [[Asia Theological Association]], the National Association of Theological Accreditation [[International Council for Evangelical Theological Education]] in Zurich, Switzerland.
{{Coord|17.890377|N|83.403979|E|display=title}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bible colleges]]
[[Category:Pentecostalism in Asia]]
[[Category:Christian seminaries and theological colleges in India]]
[[Category:Christianity in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1982]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-university-stub}}

The Living God: Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization

2026-02-18T22:43:00Z

Bogdankdu: Adding a entry

{{About|a film|the religious usages|Living God (disambiguation){{!}}Living God}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Living God: Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization
| image = The Living God- Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization.jpeg
| alt = The Living God: Medicine and The Ancient Meitei Civilization
| caption = A poster of "The Living God- Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization"
| native_name = 
| director = Prakas Aheibam<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=The Living God: Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization|url=https://filmfreeway.com/403965|access-date=2022-06-11|website=FilmFreeway|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Citation|title=The Living God: Medicine and the Ancient Meetei Civilization (2015) - KLMDb|url=https://klmdb.com/title/0000398|language=en|access-date=2022-06-11}}</ref>
| producer = Prakas Aheibam<ref name=":0" />
| writer = Prakas Aheibam<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = [[Medicine]] and the [[Ancient Kangleipak|Ancient Meitei civilization (Ancient Kangleipak)]] 
| starring = Prakash Aheibam
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2015|ref1=<ref name=":0" />}}
| runtime = 30 minutes<ref name=":0" />
| country = India<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />
| language = English<ref name=":1" />
| budget = 1,000 USD<ref name=":0" />
| gross =
}}
'''The Living God: Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization''' is a 2015 English language short documentary film written and directed by Prakas Aheibam. It is based on the [[medicine]] and the [[Ancient Kangleipak|ancient Meitei civilization (ancient Kangleipak)]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

This documentary film was produced by a resourceless staff who were deeply conscious and appreciated of ancient forgotten human values for the revival. It initiates the information about unknown things and unsuspected resources of ancient civilizations and the hugely deep and [[Materialism|materialistic]] modern times casting their shadow upon them. It shows the undiscovered knowledge as well as the unending ways and resources of the universe known to man only through deeply spiritual and considering great forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Living God|url=https://tmff.net/reviews/the-living-god-medicine-and-the-ancient-meetei-civilization/|access-date=2022-06-11|website=The Monthly Film Festival|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Ancient Kangleipak|Meetei Civilization (Ancient Kangleipak)]], in the present day [[Northeast India]] bordering [[Myanmar]] ([[Burma]]), is a civilization still unknown to most of the world. [[Meitei script]], its ancient script is the representation of the well developed nature of its civilization. The form, structure and phonology of the ancient Meitei writing system show the understanding of human [[physiology]]. The ancient [[PuYa|Puya]]s record their ancient knowledge on many subjects including [[astrology]], [[astronomy]], [[genetics]], [[physiology|human physiology]], [[medicine]], oracles (predictions), abiogenesis (origin of life), cosmogony (study of the origin of the universe), and the secrets of life and death. The ancient Meitei writings also deal with the relationship between Lai ([[Meitei language|Meitei]] term for [[God]]) and human beings. Even in present-day times, the mixed relationship between the two entities are celebrated in the [[Lai Haraoba]] (festivals of Gods). Standing against the burning of [[PuYa|Puya]]s ([[Puya Mei Thaba]]), many of these ancient writings still survive even today. The [[medicine]] of this ancient civilization is considered as an inheritance from the Lai ([[Meitei language|Meitei]] term for [[God]]). The descendent people of the ancient civilization still continue to cure as well as treat many modern diseases and illnesses with the healing power of the ancient [[medicine]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Gurumayum|first=Maheshwar|title=Manipuri documentary Film wins awards at Los Angeles Independent Film Festival - Imphal Times|url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/item/2750-manipuri-documentary-film-wins-awards-at-los-angeles-independent-film-festival|access-date=2022-06-11|website=www.imphaltimes.com|date=17 May 2015 |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Living God: Medicine and the Ancient Meetei Civilization (2015) - Storyline|url=https://klmdb.com/title/0000398/storyline|access-date=2022-06-11|website=KLMDb|language=en}}</ref>

Prakas Aheibam, the director of the movie, has interests of antiques, artifacts and [[Meitei folktales|folktales]] since his childhood. Like many people of his age, he grew up hearing about the historic golden era of [[Meitei culture]]. So, he wished for studying for the then unknown world of [[Ancient Kangleipak|Meetei Civilization (Ancient Kangleipak)]]. In the year 2006, he saw a miraculous healing effect of the ancient Meitei medical science. It was when his father was suffering from a disease. So, he got more curious to learn about ancient [[Meitei culture]] and society. At the same time, one of his friends introduced him to the illustrated human physiology that formed the structure and phonology of revived ancient [[Meitei script]]. For almost a decade, Prakas Aheibam dedicated to study for the different aspects of the ancient [[Ancient Kangleipak|Meetei Civilization (Ancient Kangleipak)]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

== International receptions ==
The movie received official entries in many international film festivals across the world.<ref name=":0" /> These include:
{| class="wikitable"
! Film festivals
! Seasons
! Venues
! Category
|-
| Los Angeles Independent Film Festival Awards
| April, 2015
| [[Los Angeles]]
| Best Foreign Documentary (Short), Best original music
|-
| International Film Festival for Peace, Inspiration, and Equality
| 2015
| [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]]
| International Awards of Merit, Special Award :Humanitarian Awards 2015 (category - International Awards for Merit), Finalists Most Favorite Film 2015
|-
| Los Angeles CineFest
| 2015
| [[Los Angeles]]
| official selection
|-
| Ozark Shorts - Monthly Film Screening Series
| 2016
| [[Lamar, Missouri]], [[United States]]
| official selection
|-
| Ekurhuleni International Film Festival
| 2016
| [[Benoni, Gauteng|Benoni]], [[South Africa]]
| official selection
|-
| The CreActive International Open Film Festival (IOFF)
| 2016
| [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]
| semi-finalist
|-
| [[Phoenix Film Festival]] Melbourne
| 2016
| [[Melbourne]], [[Australia]]
| official selection
|-
| Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards
| August, 2016
| [[United States]]
| Foreign Documentary Short Award
|-
| 12 Months Film Festival
| 2016
| [[Cluj-Napoca]], [[Romania]]
| official selection
|-
| The International Peace and Film Festival
| 2017
| [[Las Vegas]], [[United States]]
| official selection
|}

== Accolades ==
''"The Living God: Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization"'' won multiple awards and honours from many international film festivals held across the globe. It won the "Best Foreign Short Documentary" and the "Best Original Music" at the "Los Angeles Independent Film Festival" for the month of April. Its screening and awarding was held on 9 May 2015 in [[Los Angeles]]. This documentary also got official selection for the "Los Angeles CineFest" in the same year.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" />

In the International Film Festival for Peace, Inspiration, and Equality 2015, ''"The Living God: Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization"'' won two awards. It won the "Humanitarian Award" and the "Merit Award". In the same festival, it was also designated as the "Finalists Most Favorite Film 2015".<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Winners - International Film Festivals Year 2014|url=http://internationalfilmfestivals.org/IFFPIE/2015/winners_2015.htm|access-date=2022-06-11|website=internationalfilmfestivals.org}}</ref>

In the "Hollywood International Independent Documentary Awards 2016", ''"The Living God: Medicine and The Ancient Meetei Civilization"'' won the Best Foreign Documentary (Short) Award.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* [[Daughters of the Polo God]]
* [[My Japanese Niece]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Citation|title=The Living God: Medicine and the Ancient Meetei Civilization (Short 2015) - IMDb|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4888658/|language=en-US|access-date=2022-06-11}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Living God}}
[[Category:Cinema of Manipur]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Meitei folklore in popular culture]]
[[Category:Northeast Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 short documentary films]]
[[Category:Indian short documentary films]]
[[Category:2015 English-language films]]
[[Category:English-language short documentary films]]

Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express

2026-02-18T12:39:09Z

Bogdankdu: expanded content

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express
| image = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2011|11|14}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Western Railway zone|North Western Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}} (UDZ)
| stops = 41
| end = {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}} (KYQ)
| distance = {{convert|2611|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 57 hrs 25 mins
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| entertainment =
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[LHB coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}
| electrification =
| trainnumber = 19615 / 19616
| speed = {{convert|46|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 19615 / 19616 '''Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train of the [[Kavi Guru Express|Kavi Guru]] series belonging to [[Indian Railways]] – [[North Western Railway zone]] that runs between {{stnlnk|Udaipur City}}, [[Rajasthan]] and {{stnlnk|Kamakhya}}, [[Assam]] in India.

It operates as train number 19615 from Udaipur City to Kamakhya and as train number 19606 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Assam]].

For the convenience of passengers, Kavi Guru Express was extended up to Udaipur City in 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nfr.indianrailways.gov.in/view_detail.jsp?lang=0&id=0,4,268&dcd=1341&did=155124328814973687F48477C06413A205510539D301C|title=Kavi Guru Express extended to run upto Udaipur|website=North East Frontier Railway}}</ref>

==Coaches==

The 19615 / 19616 Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express has 1 AC 2 tier, 5 AC 3 tier, 8 Sleeper class, 6 General Unreserved and 2 SLR (Seating cum Luggage Rake) coaches. It carries a [[pantry car]] [http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1321022551862-pr_11.11.11.docx_1.pdf]

As is customary with most train services in India, coach composition may be amended at the discretion of Indian Railways depending on demand.

==Service==

19615 Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express covers the distance of {{convert|2611|km|0|abbr=on}} in 56 hours 05 mins (45.92 km/h) and in 57 hours 25 mins as 19616 Kamakhya–Udaipur City Kavi Guru Express (46.65 km/h).

As the average speed of the train is below {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}}, as per Indian Railways rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge.

==Routeing==

The 19615 / 19616 Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express runs from

'''RAJASTHAN'''
* '''[[Udaipur City railway station|Udaipur City]]''' via
* {{rws|Rana Pratap Nagar}}
* {{stnlnk|Mavli Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Chanderiya}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}'''
* '''{{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Bandikui Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Bharatpur Junction}}

'''UTTAR PRADESH'''
* [[Achhnera|Achhnera Junction]]
* '''{{stnlnk|Mathura Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Hathras City}}
* {{rws|Kasganj Junction}}
* {{rws|Farrukhabad Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Kanpur Central}}'''
* '''{{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}'''
* {{rws|Ayodhya Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Faizabad Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}'''
* {{rws|Deoria Sadar}}

'''BIHAR'''
* {{rws|Siwan Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Muzaffarpur Junction}}
* {{stnlnk|Barauni Junction}}
* '''{{stnlnk|Katihar Junction}}'''

'''WEST BENGAL'''
* '''[[New Jalpaiguri Junction railway station|New Jalpaiguri (Siliguri)]]'''
* [[Dalgaon Railway Station]]
* '''{{stnlnk|Alipurduar Junction}} '''to

'''ASSAM'''
* '''[[Kamakhya Junction railway station|Kamakhya Railway Station]]'''

It reverses direction of travel at {{stnlnk|Achhnera Junction}}.

==Traction==

The train is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Vadodara|Vadodara Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-7]] locomotive from [[Kamakhya railway station|Kamakhya]] to Udaipur and vice-versa .

==Operation==
* 19615 Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express runs from Udaipur City every Monday reaching Kamakhya on the 3rd day.
* 19616 Kamakhya–Udaipur City Kavi Guru Express runs from Kamakhya every Thursday reaching Udaipur City on the 3rd day.

==Incidents==
At approximately 17:40 on 13 November 2013, {{rws|Kamakhya}}-bound train Udaipur City–Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express travelling through [[Chapramari Wildlife Sanctuary]], between {{rws|Chalsa}} and {{rws|Nagrakata}} approached the [[Jaldhaka River]] Bridge at approximately {{convert|80|kph|abbr=on}} and collided with a herd of 40–50 Indian elephants, killing five adults, two calves, and injuring ten others. This incident details is [[2013 Chapramari Forest train accident]]<ref name='ET 2013-11-13'>{{cite news | first = Debasis | last = Sarkar | title = 'Railways Killer track' again kills 7 elephants in West Bengal | date = 13 November 2013 | url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-13/news/44030921_1_rail-track-elephants-new-jalpaiguri | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131116195959/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-11-13/news/44030921_1_rail-track-elephants-new-jalpaiguri | url-status = dead | archive-date = 16 November 2013 | work = The Economic Times | access-date = 14 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="IRI">{{cite web | url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/jaipur-kamakhya-kavi-guru-express-19709-jp-to-kyq/15564/272/547 | title = 19709/Jaipur-Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express | access-date = 14 November 2013 | work = India Rail Info}}</ref><ref name='Banerjee 2013-11-14'>{{cite news | first = Manik | last = Banerjee | title = India Train Crash Kills 7 Elephants | date = 14 November 2013 | work = [[Huffington Post]] | url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/11/14/india-train-crash-elephants-killed_n_4272589.html | agency = Associated Press | access-date = 14 November 2013}}</ref> Surviving elephants initially fled but soon [[elephant cognition#Death ritual|returned to the scene of the accident]] and remained there until being dispersed by officials.<ref name='Banerjee 2013-11-14'/>

==See also==
* [[Kavi Guru Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* http://media2.intoday.in/businesstoday/images/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913010802/http://media2.intoday.in/businesstoday/images/RailBudget_2011-12.pdf |date=13 September 2014 }}
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccQ0eVhdE-Y
* http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20111114/1871633.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906133431/http://news.webindia123.com/news/articles/India/20111114/1871633.html |date=6 September 2014 }}
* http://www.nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1321022551862-pr_11.11.11.docx_1.pdf
* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=78r3tFej83U

==External links==
* {{cite web|url=http://www.indianrail.gov.in |title=Welcome to Indian Railway Passenger reservation Enquiry |publisher=indianrail.gov.in |access-date=5 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125225205/http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ |archive-date=25 November 2013 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.irfca.org|title=[IRFCA] Welcome to IRFCA.org, the home of IRFCA on the internet.|publisher=IRFCA|access-date=5 April 2014}}

{{Kavi Guru Express}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Railways in Eastern India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Udaipur City-Kamakhya Kavi Guru Express}}
[[Category:Kavi Guru Express trains]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bihar]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Transport in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2011]]

Makhdoom Bilawal

2026-02-16T19:28:00Z

Bogdankdu: minor cleanup

{{short description|15th and 16th-century writer and Sufi saint}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more citations needed|date=November 2023}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=November 2023}}
}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| name = Makhdoom Bilawal
| image = Shrine of Makhdoom Bilawal shaheed.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Tomb of Makhdoom Bilawal Shaheed
| birth_date = {{nowrap|1451 (854-855 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])}}
| birth_place = [[Sindh, Pakistan]]
| death_date = {{nowrap|January 17, 1522 (30 [[Safar]] 929 [[Islamic calendar|AH]])}}
| death_place = Baghban (near the town of [[Dadu, Sindh]])
| resting_place = Shrine of Makhdoom Bilawal, [[Dadu, Sindh]]
| religion = [[Islam]]
| denomination = [[Sunni]]
| creed = [[Athari]]
| philosophy = [[Sufism]]
| lineage = [[Samma (tribe)|Samma]]
| school = [[Hanafi]]
| order = [[Kubrawiya]]<ref name="fridaytimes">{{cite news |title=Heroic Saint of Baghban |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/11-Sep-2020/heroic-saint-of-baghban |work=The Friday Times |date=11 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| teacher = Shaykh Dost Ali Sistani al-Kubrawi<ref name="fridaytimes"/>
| initiator = Shaykh Dost Ali Sistani al-Kubrawi<ref name="fridaytimes"/>
| main_interests = [[Fiqh|Jurisprudence]], [[Tafsir|Exegesis]], [[Hadith]], [[Asceticism#Islam|Asceticism]], [[Sufism|Tasawwuf]]<ref name="fridaytimes">{{cite news |title=Heroic Saint of Baghban |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/11-Sep-2020/heroic-saint-of-baghban |work=The Friday Times |date=11 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| occupation = [[Ulama|Scholar]], [[Faqīh|Jurist]], Theologian, [[Tafsir|Mufassir]]<ref name="fridaytimes">{{cite news |title=Heroic Saint of Baghban |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/11-Sep-2020/heroic-saint-of-baghban |work=The Friday Times |date=11 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
| influences =
| influenced = Syed Haider Shah Sanai
}}
'''Makhdoom Bilawal Bin Jam Hassan Samo'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azizkingrani.wordpress.com/2014/12/18/bilawali-movement/|title = Bilawali Movement|date = 17 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sindhsalamat.com/threads/39968/|title = شهيد مخدوم بلاول رحه| date=17 October 2014 }}</ref> ({{langx|sd|مخدوم بلاول بن جام حسن سمو}}), (Born 1451 AD/ 856 AH Sindh) was an [[Faqīh|Islamic jurisconsult]], [[Islamic theology|theologian]], [[Sufism|Sufi]], and [[poet]] from [[Sindh, Pakistan]]. He is also referred as Makhdum Bilal or Bilali Makhdum. He was disciple of the Shaykh Dost Ali Sistani. Dost Ali was direct disciple of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]].<ref name="fridaytimes">{{cite news |title=Heroic Saint of Baghban |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/11-Sep-2020/heroic-saint-of-baghban |work=The Friday Times |date=11 September 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

== Life ==
[[Makhdoom]] Bilawal was ordered to be [[assassinated|crushed alive]] in a seed [[Grinding machine|grinder]] after the [[Battle of Talti]] for opposing the conquest of [[Sindh]] by [[Arghun dynasty|Arguns]] on 30 Safar 929AH/1522 AD.
<ref>{{cite book|last1=munawar arbab|first1=Halo|title=Sufi Saints of Indus Valley|publisher=Lulu.com|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SuSwCgAAQBAJ&q=Makhdoom+bilawal+sindh&pg=PA79|isbn =1329580885
|accessdate=10 May 2017|language=en}}</ref>

== Poetry ==
He said poems in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sindhi language]]s. One of his Persian [[Quatrain]] reads as follows:
{{Poem quote|
Surrender yourself to God
Lose your will into His
Self-assertion is blasphemy
Shun the Self and merge into Him
|sign=Makhdoom Bilawal{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}}
}}

==Shrine of Makhdum Bilawal==
[[File:Dadu_District_Sindh.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Shrine of Makhdum Bilawal]]
His [[shrine]] is at 'Baghban' near the town of [[Dadu, Pakistan|Dadu, Sindh, Pakistan]]. According to the article of Aamir Sindhi Ali Wagan, the [[mosque]] at his [[tomb]] was constructed by one of his devotees [[Sardar]] Sakhi Mahboob Khan Wagan (Chief Sardar of Wagan Tribe).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}

{{Sindhi Sufis}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bilawal, Makhdoom}}
[[Category:1451 births]]
[[Category:1523 deaths]]
[[Category:Sufi poets]]
[[Category:People from Sindh Sultanate]]
[[Category:Sindhi warriors]]
[[Category:Sindhi-language poets]]
[[Category:Sufis of Sindh]]

{{Pakistan-writer-stub}}

Kalinga Stadium

2026-02-05T07:13:45Z

Bogdankdu: added references

{{Short description|Multi-purpose stadium in Bhubaneswar, Odisha}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Kalinga Stadium
| image = Kalinga Stadium during ISL.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption =
| fullname =
| location = [[Bidyut Marg]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.288062739324612|N|85.82381948305955|E|type:landmark_region:IN-OR|display=inline,title}}
| broke_ground =
| built = 1978
| opened = 1978
| renovated =
| owner = [[Government of Odisha]]
| operator = [[Government of Odisha|Sports and Youth Services (DSYS)]]
| cost =
| surface = Natural grass
| architect =
| project_manager =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| general_contractor =
| main_contractors =
| capacity = Kalinga Stadium: 15,000<ref>{{cite book |title=AFC Asian Cup 2027 Bidding Nation India |date=28 December 2020 |publisher=All India Football Federation |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/migration/e/x/ext-afc-asian-cup-2027-bid-book-india--pdf |access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/kalinga-stadium-spruced-up-with-world-class-amenities-for-fifa-u-17-womens-world-cup/articleshow/94742680.cms|title=Kalinga Stadium spruced up with world-class amenities for FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=9 October 2022}}</ref> Kalinga Hockey Stadium: 16,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hockey-world-cup-odisha-plans-co-branding-of-tourism-sports-118053001093_1.html|title=Odisha plans co-branding of tourism, sports|date=30 May 2018|access-date=1 June 2018|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202073811/https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/hockey-world-cup-odisha-plans-co-branding-of-tourism-sports-118053001093_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| record_attendance = 15,000 ([[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]])
| dimensions = {{convert|109|x|72|m|abbr=on}}
| tenants = [[India men's national field hockey team]] [[India women's national field hockey team]] [[India national football team]] [[India women's national football team]] [[Odisha Hockey Team]] [[Odisha football team]] [[Odisha women's football team]] [[Indian Arrows]] (2018–2022)<ref>{{Cite web|first=Soham|last=Mukherjee|date=1 February 2019|title=I-League 2018-19: Katsumi Yusa's brace helps NEROCA do the double over Indian Arrows|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/indian-arrows-v-neroca/46i5q71u6yp0yi3vpjmbqibu2|access-date=2021-05-13|website=www.goal.com|publisher=Goal|archive-date=13 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513102514/https://www.goal.com/en-in/match/indian-arrows-v-neroca/46i5q71u6yp0yi3vpjmbqibu2|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Odisha FC]] (2019–present) [[Sports Odisha]]
| website =
}}
The '''Kalinga Stadium''' is a [[Multi-purpose stadium|multi-purpose]] international sports complex in [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Odisha]], [[India]]. Its foundation stone was laid by [[Biju Patnaik]] in 1978. It is best known as the home ground of the [[Indian Super League]] club [[Odisha FC]] since its inception in [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019]]. It was the home ground of the [[I-League]] club [[Indian Arrows]] from [[2018–19 I-League|2018]] until [[2021–22 I-League|2022]]. It is situated in the heart of Bhubaneswar near Nayapalli area. It has facilities for [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[association football|football]], [[field hockey]], [[tennis]], [[table tennis]], [[basketball]], [[volleyball]], [[Climbing wall|wall climbing]] and [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]].<ref name=indoor>{{cite news|last=Mallick|first=Lelin Kumar|title=Stadium boost to indoor sports|url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/30/stories/2010113055280200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203063529/http://www.hindu.com/2010/11/30/stories/2010113055280200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pradhan|first=Ashoke|title=Permanent floodlights for Kalinga stadium on anvil|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Permanent-floodlights-for-Kalinga-stadium-on-anvil/articleshow/13985700.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617020959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-10/bhubaneswar/32155132_1_floodlights-stadium-halogen-bulbs|url-status=live|archive-date=17 June 2013|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pradhan|first=Ashoke|title=Bhubaneswar needs to do more to imbibe sports culture|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/Bhubaneswar-needs-to-do-more-to-imbibe-sports-culture/articleshow/15454208.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617040453/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-08-12/bhubaneswar/33167161_1_sports-talents-dilip-tirkey-sports-personality|url-status=live|archive-date=17 June 2013|access-date=4 January 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2012}}</ref> Other features of the stadium include an 8-lane synthetic athletics track, high performance centres, and India's first Olympic standard pink and blue water-based [[AstroTurf]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sports Infrastructure in Odisha|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/sports%26youthservices/dsys/infrastructure.htm|publisher=Government of Odisha|access-date=8 February 2013|archive-date=12 April 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130412225550/http://www.orissa.gov.in/sports&youthservices/dsys/infrastructure.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Government of Odisha]] gained widespread reputation for the successful execution of the "90-Day Challenge" for hosting the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]] when the former venue [[Ranchi]] backed out of hosting the event 3 months prior.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asian Athletics Championships: How Odisha transformed itself in just 90 days to step in for Jharkhand as the host|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/mail-today/story/asian-athletics-championships-odisha-jharkhand-kalinga-stadium-1023235-2017-07-09|access-date=2022-01-19|website=India Today|language=en|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119062155/https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/mail-today/story/asian-athletics-championships-odisha-jharkhand-kalinga-stadium-1023235-2017-07-09|url-status=live}}</ref> The city of Bhubaneswar has been termed as the 'Sports Capital of India' for hosting a large number as well as a wide variety of sporting events and nurturing future talents.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mufeed Mahdi Rizvi|date=Nov 11, 2019|title=How India got its new sports capital|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/how-india-got-its-new-sports-capital/articleshow/71999470.cms|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220203/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/sport/others/how-india-got-its-new-sports-capital/articleshow/71999470.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Sambit|date=2021-06-16|title=Odisha: Bhubaneswar's inspiring journey from 'Temple City' to 'Sports City'|url=https://thebridge.in/sports-culture/bhubaneswar-journey-temple-city-sports-city-22145|access-date=2022-01-19|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909201626/https://thebridge.in/sports-culture/bhubaneswar-journey-temple-city-sports-city-22145|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=IANS|title=How Odisha is emerging as sports hub of India|url=https://thenewsmen.co.in/sports/how-odisha-is-emerging-as-sports-hub-of-india/49088|access-date=2022-01-19|website=thenewsmen|archive-date=5 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905035224/https://thenewsmen.co.in/sports/how-odisha-is-emerging-as-sports-hub-of-india/49088|url-status=live}}</ref> As per a 2021 survey, Bhubaneswar was ranked 3rd among top 5 cities of India in terms of sports ecosystem and ability to host mega sporting events.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=Update Odisha|date=2021-03-10|title=Bhubaneswar among top 5 sports cities of India|url=https://updateodisha.com/2021/03/10/bhubaneswar-among-top-5-sports-cities-of-india-70938/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=Update Odisha|language=en-US|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212702/https://updateodisha.com/2021/03/10/bhubaneswar-among-top-5-sports-cities-of-india-70938/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Kalinga Stadium AAC 19.jpg|thumb|Interior of the stadium with running track]]
The stadium had been chosen as a venue for the [[2020 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]] which was later postponed to 2021 but was cancelled due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and later shifted to [[2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]]. It was initially chosen as a venue for the [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup|2022 AFC Women's Asia Cup]] in 2021 but was later dropped off.
[[File:Kalinga Stadium1.jpg|thumb|Field hockey match at the Kalinga Hockey Stadium]]

==Events==
===International===
====Athletics====
[[File:Naveen Patnaik (FB) 05.jpg|thumb|Fireworks on display at the Opening Ceremony of the [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships]].]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| [[Asian Athletics Championships]]
| [[2017 Asian Athletics Championships|2017]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Athletics Federation of India]]
|5–9 July 2017
|-
|[[World Athletics Continental Tour|World Athletics Continental Tour Bronze]]
|2025
|10 August 2025
|}

====Football====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| [[Gold Cup (India)|Gold Cup]]
| [[2019 Gold Cup (India)|2019]]
| [[All India Football Federation]]
| 9–15 February 2019
|-
| [[SAFF U-20 Championship]]
| [[2022 SAFF U-20 Championship|2022]]
| [[South Asian Football Federation]]
| 25 July – 5 August 2022
|-
| [[FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup]]
| [[2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|2022]]
| [[FIFA]]
| 11–30 October 2022
|-
| [[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]
| [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023]]
| [[All India Football Federation]]
| 9–18 June 2023
|-
| [[2023-24 AFC Cup|AFC Cup]]
| [[2023-24 AFC Cup|2023]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/indian-football/afc-cup-2023-24-full-schedule-mohun-bagan-super-giant-odisha-fc-match-date-venue-timing-india-clubs/article67236366.ece|title=AFC Cup 2023-24: When are Mohun Bagan SG and Odisha FC playing in Asia? |work=Sportstar|date=25 August 2023}}</ref>
| [[Asian Football Confederation]]
| 19 September 2023
|-
| [[2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification|2027 AFC Asian Cup qualifiers]]/ [[2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (AFC)|2026 FIFA World Cup qualifiers (AFC)]] 
|[[2027 AFC Asian Cup qualification|2023]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/football/bhubaneswar-guwahati-to-host-indias-two-world-cup-qualifiers20230902152619/|title=Bhubaneswar, Guwahati to host India's two World Cup Qualifiers|work=ANI|date=2 September 2023}}</ref>
| [[Asian Football Confederation]]
| 21 November 2023
|-
|}

====Hockey====
[[File:FIHProLeague trophy.jpg|thumb|[[2020 Men's FIH Pro League]] trophy in Bhubaneswar ahead of the second phase of Team India's Pro League fixtures at the Kalinga Stadium.]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| [[Hockey Champions Trophy]]
| [[2014 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2014]]
| rowspan=16|[[Hockey India]]
| 6–14 December 2014
|-
| [[Men's FIH Hockey World League]]
| [[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17]]
| 1–10 December 2017
|-
| [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
| [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup|2018]]
| 28 November – 16 December 2018
|-
| [[FIH Hockey Series|FIH Hockey Series Finals]]
| [[2018–19 Men's FIH Series Finals|2018–19]]
| 6–16 June 2019
|-
| [[2019 Women's FIH Olympic Qualifiers]]
| 2019
| 1–2 November 2019
|-
| [[2019 Men's FIH Olympic Qualifiers]]
| 2019
| 1–2 November 2019
|-
| [[Men's FIH Pro League]]
| [[2020–21 Men's FIH Pro League|2020–21]]
| 18 January – 30 May 2021
|-
| [[Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup]]
| [[2021 Men's FIH Hockey Junior World Cup|2021]]
| 24 November – 5 December 2021
|-
| [[Men's FIH Pro League]]
| [[2021–22 Men's FIH Pro League|2021-22]]
| 26 February – 15 April 2022
|-
| [[Women's FIH Pro League]]
| [[2021–22 Women's FIH Pro League|2021-22]]
| 26 February – 9 April 2022
|-
| [[Men's FIH Pro League]]
| [[2022–23 Men's FIH Pro League|2022-23]]
| 28 October – 6 November 2022
|-
| [[Men's FIH Hockey World Cup]]
| [[2023 Men's FIH Hockey World Cup|2023]]
| 13–29 January 2023
|-
|[[2023–24 Women's FIH Pro League]]
|[[2023–24 Women's FIH Pro League|2024]]
|rowspan=2|3–16 February 2024
|-
|[[2023–24 Men's FIH Pro League]]
|[[2023–24 Men's FIH Pro League|2024]]
|-
|[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League]]
|[[2024–25 Women's FIH Pro League|2025]]
|rowspan=2|15–25 February 2025
|-
|[[2024–25 Men's FIH Pro League]]
|[[2024–25 Men's FIH Pro League|2025]]
|}

====Table Tennis====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| [[Asian Table Tennis Championships]]
| [[2025 Asian Table Tennis Championships|2025]]
| [[Asian Table Tennis Union]]
| 11–15 October 2025
|}

====Tennis====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| [https://www.itftennis.com/procircuit/tournaments/men's-tournament/info.aspx?tournamentid=1100041871 India F1 Futures]
| 2018
| [[All India Tennis Association]]
| 26 February – 4 March 2018
|}

====Rugby====
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| Asia Rugby U18 Girl's Sevens<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asia Rugby U18 Girls Sevens #ARu18Girls – Asia Rugby – #ARu18Girls |url=https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-u18/asia-rugby-u18-girls-sevens/ |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Asia Rugby |language=en-US |archive-date=15 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815135856/https://www.asiarugby.com/results/asia-rugby-u18/asia-rugby-u18-girls-sevens/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2018
| [[Asia Rugby]] [[Rugby India]]
| 26–28 October 2018
|}

===National===
====Multi-sport events====
[[File:Khelo India UG Champions.jpg|thumb|[[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]] were crowned champions of the inaugural edition of Khelo India University Games in 2020.]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| [[Khelo India University Games]]
| 2020
| [[Sports Authority of India]] [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports]]
| 22 February – 1 March 2020
|}

====Athletics====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
! Dates
|-
| National Open Athletics Championships
| 2018
| [[Athletics Federation of India]]
| 25–28 September 2018
|-
| Indian Grand Prix 3
| 2022
| [[Athletics Federation of India]]
| 21 May 2022
|-
| Indian Grand Prix 4
| 2022
| [[Athletics Federation of India]]
| 24 May 2022
|-
| National Para Athletics Championship
|2022
| [[Athletics Federation of India]]
| 28–31 March 2022
|}

====Football====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
|-
| [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]
| [[2018 Super Cup (India)|2018]] [[2019 Super Cup (India)|2019]] [[2024 Super Cup (India)|2024]] [[2025 Super Cup (India, April)|2025]]
|}

===Leagues===
====Football====
[[File:ISL Jamshedpur FC vc Bangalore FC match.jpg|thumb|ISL [[Jamshedpur FC]] vs [[Bengaluru FC]] match at Kalinga Stadium]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
|-
| [[I-League]]
| [[2018-19 I-League|2018–19]]
|-
| [[Indian Super League]]
| [[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]] [[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]] [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]] [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]] [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]] [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
|-
| [[Indian Women's League]]
| [[2021–22 Indian Women's League|2021–22]] [[2023–24 Indian Women's League|2023–24]] [[2024–25 Indian Women's League|2024–25]]
|}

====Hockey====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
|-
| [[Hockey India League]]
| [[2014 Hockey India League|2014]] [[2015 Hockey India League|2015]] [[2016 Hockey India League|2016]] [[2017 Hockey India League|2017]]
| [[Hockey India]]
|}

====Tennis====
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Year
! Organiser
|-
| [[Odisha Tennis Premier League]]
| 2017 2018 2019
| [[All India Tennis Association|Odisha Tennis Association]]
|}

==High Performance Centers==
* [[Abhinav Bindra]] Targeting Performance (ABTP)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Misra|first=Yagnya Valkya|date=2019-10-28|title=Developing future champions: Inside the high-performance centres of Bhubaneswar|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/developing-future-champions-inside-the-high-performance-centres-of-bhubaneswar/|access-date=2022-01-19|website=thebridge.in|language=en|archive-date=13 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813134201/https://thebridge.in/featured/developing-future-champions-inside-the-high-performance-centres-of-bhubaneswar/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Shuttle by [[Dalmia Group|Dalmia Bharat]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saha |first=Rajdeep |date=2024-12-12 |title=High Performance Centre for badminton becomes latest addition at Kalinga Stadium |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/dalmia-bharat-pullela-gopichand-badminton-academy-inauguration-odisha-kalinga-stadium-high-performance-centre/article68978803.ece/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[JSW Steel Ltd|JSW]] Swimming HPC
* [[Khelo India]] State Centre of Excellence (KISCE) for Athletics, Hockey, and Weightlifting
* KJS Ahluwalia and Tenvic Sports HPC for Weightlifting<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesan |first=Uthra |date=2019-06-22 |title=After hockey and athletics, Odisha now sets sight on weightlifting accolades |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/after-hockey-and-athletics-odisha-now-sets-sight-on-weightlifting-accolades/article28111775.ece |access-date=2024-01-24 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* [[Odisha Naval Tata Hockey High Performance Centre]] (ONTHHPC)
* Odisha [[Aditya Vikram Birla|Aditya Birla]] and [[Gagan Narang]] Shooting HPC
* [[Reliance Industries|Reliance]] Foundation Odisha Athletics HPC
*[[Sports Authority of India|SAI]] Regional Badminton Academy<ref>{{Cite web|author=Minati Singha|date=May 15, 2017|title=Odisha-SAI Regional Badminton Academy inaugurated in Bhubaneswar {{!}} Bhubaneswar News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-sai-regional-badminton-academy-inaugurated-in-bhubaneswar/articleshow/58686446.cms|access-date=2021-05-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=2 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602225427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/odisha-sai-regional-badminton-academy-inaugurated-in-bhubaneswar/articleshow/58686446.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Udaan Badminton Academy<ref>{{Cite web|title=Udaan Badminton Academy-HOME|url=https://www.theudaan.net/|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.theudaan.net|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226021003/https://www.theudaan.net/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] High Performance Centre<ref>{{Cite web|title=High Performance Centre deal a big boost for Odisha and AIFF {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-aiff-high-performance-centre-big-boost/1cwe57j3pqvvu14c7f7q7a8r0d|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.goal.com|archive-date=7 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210607034811/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/odisha-aiff-high-performance-centre-big-boost/1cwe57j3pqvvu14c7f7q7a8r0d|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]]-[[FIFA]] High Performance Centre<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF-FIFA academy to be launched on November 21 in Bhubaneswar |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-fifa-academy-to-be-launched-on-november-21-in-bhubaneswar |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref>
*[[ArcelorMittal|AM]]/[[Nippon Steel|NS]] Gymnastics High Performance Centre<ref>{{Cite web |title=Odisha, AMNS sign MoU for gymnastics centre in state |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2023/apr/09/odisha-amns-sign-mou-for-gymnastics-centre-in-state-2564196.html |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
*[[ArcelorMittal|AM]]/[[Nippon Steel|NS]] Kho Kho High Performance Centre<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=IW News |date=2023-11-09 |title=AM/NS India signs MoU with Odisha govt. for Kho Kho High Performance Centre |url=https://www.indiawhispers.com/2023/11/09/am-ns-india-signs-mou-with-odisha-govt-for-kho-kho-high-performance-centre/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=India Whispers |language=en-US}}</ref>
*[[Tata Steel]] Archery & Sports Climbing HPC<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETInfra.com |title=Odisha, Tata Steel sign MoU for develop High Performance Centres - ET Infra |url=https://infra.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/construction/odisha-tata-steel-sign-mou-for-develop-high-performance-centres/105980845 |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=ETInfra.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Other tenants==
[[File:Opening Ceremony Hockey World Cup 2018 (85).jpg|thumb|[[Odisha]]'s Chief Minister [[Naveen Patnaik]] with Indian Captain [[Manpreet Singh (field hockey)|Manpreet Singh]] at the Opening Ceremony of the [[2018 Men's Hockey World Cup]].]]

===Hockey===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Team
! Tournament
! League
|-
| [[Kalinga Lancers]]
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[Hockey India League]]
|}

===Tennis===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Team
! Sport
! Tournament
|-
| Ace Tennis Club (ATC)
| [[Tennis]]
| Utkal Open Tennis Tournament
|}

==References==
{{notelist}}{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.department.sportsodisha.gov.in/Sports Odisha official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106080909/https://www.department.sportsodisha.gov.in/Sports |date=6 January 2023 }}
* [https://www.kheloindia.gov.in/Khelo India official website]{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://www.odisha.navaltatahockey.com Odisha Naval Tata Hockey HPC official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430114138/https://odisha.navaltatahockey.com/ |date=30 April 2022 }}

{{Odisha FC}}
{{Hockey India League}}
{{Indian Super League stadiums}}
{{Football stadiums in India}}

[[Category:Athletics venues in India]]
[[Category:Field hockey venues in India]]
[[Category:Football in Odisha]]
[[Category:Football venues in India]]
[[Category:Tennis venues in India]]
[[Category:Rugby union stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Odisha]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Bhubaneswar]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2010]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1978]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Dan Dhanoa

2026-02-04T07:41:06Z

Bogdankdu:

{{short description|Indian actor, model and sailor (born 1959)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dan Dhanoa
| birth_name = Inderpreet Singh Dhanoa
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1959|02|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Chandigarh]]
| occupation = Model Film actor Sailor
| years_active = 1985–1997; 2020; 2024
| spouse = {{marriage|Nikii Waalia|1986|2005|end=divorce}} {{marriage|Nandita Puri|2007}}
}}
'''Dan Dhanoa '''(born '''Inderpreet Singh Dhanoa'''; 28 February 1959)<ref name=tri/> is an Indian former film actor and a sailor (master mariner) in the Merchant Navy.

He is known mostly for portraying cult villainous roles in [[Hindi cinema]] in the 1980s and 1990s, in about 100 films, such as ''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]'' (1984), ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' (1986), ''[[Tridev]]'' (1989), ''[[Sanam Bewafa]]'' (1991) and ''[[Vishwatma]]'' (1992).

He was brought into the film industry by actor/director [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]], but made his debut in the [[Manmohan Desai]] film ''Mard'' as the main antagonist, opposite [[Amitabh Bachchan]].

==Personal life==
In 1986, he was first married to Nikii Waalia. Their son Gobind Singh Dhanoa (a.k.a. Tarzan) was born in 1987. Tarzan is a Cinematographer by profession.

Later in 2007, he married an actor and classical dancer (Kathak from Jaipur Gharana), Nandita Puri.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071209/ttlife1.htm |title=The Tribune Lifestyle |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date= |accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref><ref>[http://in.movies.yahoo.com/photos/missing-slideshow/dan-dhanoa-photo-1336653076.html Dan Dhona] Yahoo Movies.</ref><ref>[https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1058208/ Dan Dhanoa] [[IMDb]].</ref>

He is an alumnus of [[The Doon School]] in [[Dehradun]] (1974 batch).<ref name=tri>{{cite news |title=Girl Doscos - unbelievable, but true |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20101023/dplus.htm#2 |work=The Tribune |date=23 October 2010 }}</ref> An avid traveller, he is now settled in [[Chandigarh]] where he indulges in his passion for gardening, collecting art & artifacts.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|''[[Mard (1985 film)|Mard]]''
|Danny Dyer
|
|-
|''[[Jaan Ki Baazi]]''
|Kundan
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1986
|''[[Sasti Dulhan Mahenga Dulha]]''
|Johnny Seth
|
|-
|''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''
|Indian Army officer in BSO's prison
|
|-
|''[[Dahleez (film)|Dahleez]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1987
|''[[Watan Ke Rakhwale]]''
|Naresh R. Puri
|
|-
|''Param Dharam''
|
|
|-
|''Apne Apne''
|Sudhir
|
|-
|''Abhishek''
|
|Video
|-
|''[[Dacait]]''
|Badri Singh
|
|-
|''[[Awam (film)|Awam]]''
|Dayal
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1988
|''[[Shahenshah (1988 film)|Shahenshah]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Zalzala (1988 film)|Zalzala]]''
|Moti Singh
|
|-
|''Mardangi''
|Shamsher Singh
|
|-
|''Laal Dupatta Malmal Ka''
|Badri
|
|-
|''[[Mandhi Shagana Di]]''
|
|Punjabi film
|-
|''[[Woh Phir Aayegi]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="8" |1989
|''Dost Garibon Ka''
|Dan
|
|-
|''[[Apna Desh Paraye Log]]''
|Ranga
|
|-
|''Ghabrahat''
|
|
|-
|''[[Abhimanyu (1989 film)|Abhimanyu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tridev]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Gola Barood]]''
|Jack
|
|-
|''[[Shehzaade]]''
|Roshan Singh's Son
|
|-
|''[[Sachché Ká Bol-Bálá]]''
|Billo
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1990
|''Andher Gardi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Sheshnaag (film)|Sheshnaag]]''
|
|
|-
|''Shera Shamshera''
|
|
|-
|''[[Amiri Garibi]]''
|Jaggu
|
|-
|''[[Paap Ki Kamaee]]''
|Mac
|
|-
|''[[Chor Pe Mor]]''
|Moti
|
|-
|''[[Shubhayathra]]''
|
|Malayalam film
|-
| rowspan="4" |1991
|''[[Trinetra]]''
|Singhania's assistant
|
|-
|''[[Sanam Bewafa]]''
|Shaukat Khan
|
|-
|''[[Phool Aur Kaante]]''
|Drug Dealer
|
|-
|[[Izzat (1991 film)|''Izzat'']]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |1992
|''[[Virodhi (1992 film)|Virodhi]]''
|Sub-Inspector
|
|-
|''Naseebwaala''
|Rocky (Casino Manager)
|
|-
|''[[Vishwatma]]''
|Majhla Nilu
|
|-
|''Qaid Mein Hai Bulbul''
|
|
|-
|''Jungle Ka Beta''
|
|
|-
|''Kamsin''
|
|
|-
|''[[Tahalka]]''
|Jelu
|
|-
|''[[Kis Main Kitna Hai Dum]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Aaj Ka Goonda Raj]]''
|Police Inspector
|
|-
|''[[Deedar (1992 film)|Deedar]]''
|Chhadha
|
|-
|''[[Apradhi (1992 film)|Apradhi]]''
|Baadshah
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1993
|''[[Izzat Ki Roti]]''
|Babu Harami
|
|-
|''[[Lootere]]''
|
|
|-
|1994
|''[[Chauraha]]''
|Snaky
|
|-
|1996
|''[[Ajay (1996 film)|Ajay]]''
|Roopesh's Friend
|
|-
|1997
|''Dharma Karma''
|
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''
|Vimal Balaiyya
|Tamil film
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Sarfira]]'' || Walia ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1058208}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama person|1768}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhanoa, Dan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:The Doon School alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1959 births]]

Gobind Singh Deo

2026-01-25T21:10:14Z

Bogdankdu: Updated entries and formatting

{{short description|Malaysian politician and lawyer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{distinguish||text=[[Guru Gobind Singh]], the Sikh religious leader}}
{{Indian name|Gobind Singh Deo|Karpal Singh}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[Malay styles and titles#Honorary styles|Yang Berhormat]] [[Malay styles and titles#Other titles|Tuan]]
| name = Gobind Singh Deo
| honorific-suffix = {{post-nominals|country=MYS|size=100%|MP}}
| native_name = {{nobold|ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਓ}}
| native_name_lang = pa
| image = Gobind Singh Deo - Global Conference for Media Freedom (48256794802) (cropped).jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Gobind Singh Deo s/o Karpal Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|06|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]]
| residence =
| citizenship =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Minister of Digital]]
| monarch = [[Abdullah of Pahang|Abdullah]] {{small|(2023–2024)}} [[Ibrahim Iskandar of Johor|Ibrahim]] {{small|(since 2024)}}
| primeminister = [[Anwar Ibrahim]]
| term_start = 12 December 2023
| term_end =
| deputy = [[Wilson Ugak Kumbong]]
| predecessor = [[Fahmi Fadzil]] {{small|(Minister of Communications and Digital)}}
| successor =
| constituency = [[Damansara (Selangor federal constituency)|Damansara]]
| office1 = [[Minister of Communications (Malaysia)|Minister of Communications and Multimedia]]
| monarch1 = [[Muhammad V of Kelantan|Muhammad V]] {{small|(2018–2019)}} Abdullah {{small|(2019–2020)}}
| primeminister1 = [[Mahathir Mohamad]]
| term_start1 = 21 May 2018
| term_end1 = 24 February 2020
| deputy1 = [[Eddin Syazlee Shith]]
| predecessor1 = [[Salleh Said Keruak]]
| successor1 = [[Saifuddin Abdullah]]
| constituency1 = [[Puchong (federal constituency)|Puchong]]
| constituency_MP2 = [[Damansara (Selangor federal constituency)|Damansara]]
| parliament2 = Malaysian
| term_start2 = 19 November 2022
| term_end2 =
| majority2 = 124,619 ([[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]])
| predecessor2 = [[Tony Pua|Tony Pua Kiam Wee]] ([[Pakatan Harapan|PH]]–[[Democratic Action Party|DAP]])
| successor2 =
| constituency_MP3 = [[Puchong (federal constituency)|Puchong]]
| parliament3 = Malaysian
| term_start3 = 8 March 2008
| term_end3 = 19 November 2022
| majority3 = 19,972 ([[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]) 32,802 ([[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]) 47,635 ([[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]])
| predecessor3 = Lau Yeng Peng ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|GERAKAN]])
| successor3 = [[Yeo Bee Yin]] (PH–DAP)
| office4 = 6th National Chairman of the [[Democratic Action Party]]
| term_start4 = 16 March 2025
| term_end4 =
| deputy4 = [[Nga Kor Ming]]
| 1blankname4 = Secretary-General
| 1namedata4 = [[Anthony Loke Siew Fook]]
| predecessor4 = [[Lim Guan Eng]]
| successor4 =
| office5 = State Chairman of the Democratic Action Party of [[Selangor]]
| term_start5 = 9 December 2018
| term_end5 = 10 November 2024
| deputy5 =
| 1blankname5 = Secretary-General
| 1namedata5 = [[Lim Guan Eng]] {{small|(2018–2022)}} [[Anthony Loke|Anthony Loke Siew Fook]] {{small|(2022–2024)}}
| 2blankname5 = Deputy
| 2namedata5 = [[Ean Yong Hian Wah]]
| predecessor5 = [[Tony Pua Kiam Wee]]
| successor5 = [[Ng Sze Han]]
| party = {{flagicon image|Democratic Action Party Flag.svg}} [[Democratic Action Party]] (DAP)
| otherparty = [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) {{small|(2008–2015)}} {{flagicon image|Pakatan-harapan-logo.svg}} [[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) {{small|(since 2015)}}
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| profession = [[Lawyer]]
| relations = [[Jagdeep Singh Deo]] {{small|(elder brother)}} [[Ramkarpal Singh]] {{small|(younger brother)}}
| spouse = Sangeta Kaur Sidhu
| children = Jaydn Jhan Karpal Singh Deo
Kheeshan Karpal Singh Deo
Kayden Karpal Singh Deo
Neshaan Karpal Singh Deo
| alma_mater = [[University of Warwick]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]) [[Lincoln's Inn]]
| parents = [[Karpal Singh]] Gurmit Kaur
| website = {{url|http://gobindsinghdeo.com/}}
| footnotes =
| nationality = {{MAS}}
}}

'''Gobind Singh Deo s/o Karpal Singh''' ({{langx|pa|ਗੋਬਿੰਦ ਸਿੰਘ ਦਿਓ|Gobind Siṅgh Dio}}; born 19 June 1973) is a [[Malaysians|Malaysian]] [[politician]] and [[lawyer]] who was appointed as the [[Minister of Digital]] in the Unity Government administration under [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Anwar Ibrahim]] since December 2023 and the [[Dewan Rakyat|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Damansara (Selangor federal constituency)|Damansara]] since November 2022.

Previously, he served as the [[Minister of Communications (Malaysia)|Minister of Communications and Multimedia]] in the [[Pakatan Harapan]] administration under former Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] from May 2018 to the collapse of the government in February 2020. He was the MP for [[Puchong (federal constituency)|Puchong]] from March 2008 to November 2022.

Gobind is the 6th National Chairman of the [[Democratic Action Party]] (DAP), a component party of the Pakatan Harapan and formerly [[Pakatan Rakyat]] (PR) coalitions. Known as the "Little [[Lion]] of Puchong",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenutgraph.com/theres-no-democracy-in-parliament/|title="There's no democracy in Parliament" - The Nut Graph|website=www.thenutgraph.com|date=11 June 2009}}</ref> he is the son of the late DAP leader [[Karpal Singh]], who was known as the "[[Tiger]] of [[Jelutong (federal constituency)|Jelutong]]". His brothers [[Ramkarpal Singh]] and [[Jagdeep Singh Deo]] are also elected representatives - Ramkarpal is the MP for [[Bukit Gelugor (federal constituency)|Bukit Gelugor]] (Penang), while Jagdeep is the State Legislative Member for [[Datok Keramat (state constituency)|Datok Keramat]] (Penang). Gobind also created history by becoming the first ever [[Sikhs|Sikh]] [[Cabinet of Malaysia|cabinet]] minister in [[History of Malaysia|Malaysian history]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/371696/gobind-malaysias-1st-sikh-minister|title=Gobind: Malaysia's 1st Sikh minister|date=2018-05-21|work=NST Online|access-date=2018-05-24|language=en}}</ref>

== Early life, education and early career ==
Gobind Singh was born on 19 June 1973 in [[Penang]], [[Malaysia]].

He received his [[Bachelor of Laws]] (LLB) from [[University of Warwick]].

He by profession is a law practitioner and founded his law firm Gobind Singh Deo & Co.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcakl.org.my/gobind-singh-deo-co-9331.html|title=Gobind Singh Deo & Co., Kuala Lumpur - Malaysia Legal Directory|website=www.rcakl.org.my|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> based in Damansara, Kuala Lumpur. The firm is operated together with his members lawyers. He was admitted to the [[Malaysian Bar]] in 1996, a year after returning from [[Lincoln's Inn]].

==Political career==
[[File:Gobind_SIngh_and_Meerashini_Mahadevan_01.jpg|left|thumb|Gobind Singh signing Plaque for Trader Malaysia.]]
In the [[2008 Malaysian general election|2008 general election]], Gobind Singh made his electoral debut after being nominated by PR to contest the Puchong federal seat. He won the seat and was elected to the [[Parliament of Malaysia|Parliament]] as the Puchong MP for the first term after defeating Lau Yeng Peng of [[Barisan Nasional]] (BN) by a majority of 19,972 votes amid a significant swing and switch of support to the opposition in Selangor.

In the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 general election]], Gobind Singh was renominated by PR to defend the Puchong seat. He defended the seat and was reelected to the Parliament as the Puchong MLA for the second term after defeating A. Kohillan Pillay of BN by a majority of 32,802 votes.

In the [[2018 Malaysian general election|2018 general election]], Gobind Singh was nominated by PH to defend the Puchong seat. He defended the seat and was reelected to the Parliament as the Puchong MLA for the third term after defeating Ang Chin Tat of BN and Mohamad Rosharizan Mohd Rozlan of [[Gagasan Sejahtera]] (GS) by a majority of 47,635 votes.

At the [[2022 Democratic Action Party National Congress]] held on 20 March 2022, Gobind Singh was reelected to the Central Executive Committee of DAP with the highest number of votes, 1,782<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gobind receives highest votes in DAP polls |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2022/03/20/gobind-receives-highest-votes-in-dap-polls |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> and subsequently appointed as the party's Deputy National Chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-20 |title=Anthony Loke is new DAP secretary-general; Lim Guan Eng made chairman |url=http://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/anthony-loke-new-dap-secretarygeneral-lim-guan-eng-made-chairman |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=The Edge Markets |archive-date=25 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325030554/https://www.theedgemarkets.com/article/anthony-loke-new-dap-secretarygeneral-lim-guan-eng-made-chairman |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the [[2022 Malaysian general election|2022 general election]], Gobind Singh was nominated by PH to contest for the Damansara federal seat instead of defending the Puchong seat. He won the seat and was reelected to Parliament as the Damansara MP for the first term after defeating Lim Si Ching of [[Perikatan Nasional]] (PN) and Tan Gim Tuan of BN by a majority of 124,619 votes, the largest majority in Malaysian history.

At the 2024 Selangor Democratic Action Party election, Gobind suffered a surprise defeat and failed to enter the state party's executive committee, losing out on the state party's chairmanship.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-10 |title=Gobind fails to get into top 15 at S'gor DAP polls, Yeo garners most votes |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/11/10/puchong-mp-yeo-gets-the-most-votes-in-selangor-dap-party-polls |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> His defeat was seen as a sign that dynastic politics within the party was fading.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Joceline |date=2024-11-11 |title=Dynastic politics fading in DAP |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/opinion/columnists/analysis/2024/11/11/dynastic-politics-fading-in-dap |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> However, he was re-elected to the party's Central Executive Committee in the [[2025 Democratic Action Party National Congress]] held on 16 March 2025, garnering the highest number of votes once again, at 2,785.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title=DAP announces new CEC line-up, Gobind wins most votes |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/03/16/dap-announces-new-cec-line-up |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref> He succeeded [[Lim Guan Eng]] as the party's National Chairman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-16 |title=Gobind is new DAP chairman, Loke retains sec-gen post |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2025/03/16/gobind-is-new-dap-chairman-loke-retains-sec-gen-post |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=The Star |language=en}}</ref>

===Minister of Communications and Multimedia (2018–2020)===
{{main|Seventh Mahathir cabinet|Second premiership of Mahathir Mohamad}}
After PH defeated BN in the 2018 general election and resulted in the first ever [[transition of power]] in the Malaysian history, Gobind Singh was appointed as the Minister of Communications and Multimedia on 21 May 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/gobind-singh-deo-is-malaysia-s-first-sikh-minister/story-E1oFBLb96h1Jqw5vOM8PXM.html|title=Gobind Singh Deo is Malaysia's first Sikh minister|date=2018-05-21|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-05-24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/indian-origin-sikh-man-becomes-malaysias-first-minister/articleshow/64268344.cms|title=Indian-origin Sikh man becomes Malaysia's first cabinet minister - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=2018-07-19|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/gobind-singh-deo-is-malaysia-s-first-sikh-minister/story-E1oFBLb96h1Jqw5vOM8PXM.html|title=Gobind Singh Deo is Malaysia's first Sikh minister|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/india/1284409/malaysia-has-appointed-its-first-sikh-minister-gobind-singh-deo-the-little-lion-of-puchong/|title=Malaysia has appointed its first Sikh minister: the "little lion of Puchong"|author=Maria Thomas|publisher=Quartz India|date=22 May 2018}}</ref> He said The Anti-Fake News Act officially gazetted in April will be repealed. Gobind Singh also stated that the proposal to repeal the act would be presented to Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] for swift action.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-22 |title=Anti-Fake News Act will be repealed, says Gobind |url=https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2018/05/371756/anti-fake-news-act-will-be-repealed-says-gobind |website=New Straits Times}}</ref>

He lost the position following the collapse of the PH administration in the [[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis|2020 political crisis]].

=== Minister of Digital (since 2023) ===
In a [[2023 Malaysian cabinet reshuffle|cabinet reshuffle]] on 12 December 2023, Gobind Singh was brought back to the [[Cabinet of Malaysia|Cabinet]] after he was appointed as the [[Minister of Digital]], overseeing a new ministry formed from splitting up the [[Ministry of Communications (Malaysia)|Ministry of Communications and Digital]], previously led by [[Fahmi Fadzil]]. Upon learning the appointment, his brother Ramkarpal resigned from the government as the [[Deputy Minister in the Prime Minister's Department]] in charge of Laws and Institutional Reforms to avoid allegations of [[nepotism]]. Gobind also took over the Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (MAMPU) from the [[Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)|Prime Minister's Department]]. Fahmi added that Malaysian Digital Economy Corporation (MDEC), MYNIC Bhd and the Department of Personal Data Protection would also be placed under the purview of Gobind. Gobind highlighted the need to clarify and fine-tune certain aspects in terms of job scopes that fall under his ministry.

== Controversies and issues ==
In 2009 he was suspended from Parliament for 12 months for calling then-Prime Minister, [[Najib Razak]], a "[[Murder of Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa|murderer]]" in a parliamentary debate and insulting the deputy speaker. He later won a legal challenge seeking to be paid his normal remuneration for his period of suspension.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/federal-court-orders-parliament-to-pay-gobinds-salary |title=Federal Court orders Parliament to pay Gobind's salary |date=3 November 2014 |work=The Malaysian Insider |access-date=4 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103094633/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/federal-court-orders-parliament-to-pay-gobinds-salary |archive-date=3 November 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref>

== Election results ==
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em ; font-size:95%"
|+ [[Dewan Rakyat|Parliament of Malaysia]]<ref>{{Cite web
|title=Malaysia Decides 2008
|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)]]
|url=http://thestar.com.my/election/
|access-date=3 January 2010
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111075207/http://thestar.com.my/election/
|archive-date=11 January 2010
|df=dmy
}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]].</ref><ref name="election results">{{cite web|url=http://semak.spr.gov.my/spr/laporan/5_KedudukanAkhir.php |title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum Parlimen/Dewan Undangan Negeri |publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]] |language=ms|access-date=26 May 2010}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="undiinfo">{{Cite web
| title = Malaysia General Election
| work = undiinfo Malaysian Election Data
| publisher = [[Malaysiakini]]
| url = http://undi.info/#
| access-date = 4 February 2017}} Results only available from the [[2004 Malaysian general election|2004 election]].</ref><ref name="PRU13">{{cite web|url=http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|title=KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 13|work=Sistem Pengurusan Maklumat Pilihan Raya Umum|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-date=14 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210314141057/http://resultpru13.spr.gov.my/module/keputusan/paparan/paparan_laporan.php|url-status=dead}}Results only available for the [[2013 Malaysian general election|2013 election]].</ref><ref name ="myundi pru 13">{{cite web |url=http://www.myundi.com.my/pru13/region.aspx |title=my undi : Kawasan & Calon-Calon PRU13 : Keputusan PRU13 (Archived copy) |website=www.myundi.com.my|access-date=2014-04-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331000718/http://www.myundi.com.my/pru13/region.aspx |archive-date=31 March 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="Utusan PRU 13 results">{{cite web|url=http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=PilihanRaya2013&pg=keputusan.htm|title=Keputusan Pilihan Raya Umum ke-13|work=[[Utusan Malaysia]]|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321134049/http://ww2.utusan.com.my/utusan/special.asp?pr=PilihanRaya2013&pg=keputusan.htm|archive-date=21 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="GE14 results">{{cite web|url=https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|title=SEMAKAN KEPUTUSAN PILIHAN RAYA UMUM KE - 14|publisher=[[Election Commission of Malaysia]]|language=ms|access-date=17 May 2018|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913134822/https://keputusan.spr.gov.my/|url-status=dead}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref><ref name="The Star GE14">{{cite web|url=https://election.thestar.com.my/|title=The Star Online GE14|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|access-date=24 May 2018}} Percentage figures based on total turnout.</ref>
!|Year
!Constituency
!colspan=2|Candidate
!|Votes
!|Pct
!colspan=2|Opponent(s)
!|Votes
!|Pct
!|Ballots cast
!|Majority
!|Turnout
|-
|[[2008 Malaysian general election|2008]]
| rowspan="4" |'''P103 [[Puchong (federal constituency)|Puchong]]'''
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Gobind Singh Deo'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party|'''DAP''']])
|align="right" |'''35,079'''
|'''59.14%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Lau Yeng Peng ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
|align="right" |15,107
|25.47%
|59,317
|19,972
|78.44%
|-
|[[2013 Malaysian general election|2013]]
|{{Party shading/Democratic Action Party}} |
|{{nowrap|'''Gobind Singh Deo'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party|'''DAP''']])
|align="right" |'''62,938'''
|'''66.69%'''
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|[[:ms:A. Kohilan Pillay|Kohilan Pillay Appu]] ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
|align="right" |30,136
|31.93%
|94,367
|32,802
|88.19%
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2018 Malaysian general election|2018]]
| rowspan="2" {{Party shading/Keadilan}} |
| rowspan=2| '''Gobind Singh Deo''' ([[Democratic Action Party|'''DAP''']])
| rowspan=2 align="right" | '''60,429'''
| rowspan=2|'''72.66%'''
| {{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Ang Chin Tat ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
| align="right" | 12,794
| 13.27%
| rowspan=2|96,437
| rowspan=2|47,635
| rowspan=2|87.47%
|-
|{{Party shading/PAS}} |
|Mohamad Rosharizan Mohd Rozlan ([[Malaysian Islamic Party|PAS]])
| align="right" | 10,255
|10.63%
|-
|rowspan=2|[[2022 Malaysian general election|2022]]
|rowspan=2|'''P106 [[Damansara (Selangor federal constituency)|Damansara]]'''
|rowspan=2 {{Party shading/PH}} |
|rowspan=2|{{nowrap|'''Gobind Singh Deo'''}} ([[Democratic Action Party|'''DAP''']])
|rowspan=2 align="right" |'''142,875'''
|rowspan=2|'''81.67%'''
|bgcolor={{Party color|Perikatan Nasional}} |
|Lim Si Ching ([[Parti Gerakan Rakyat Malaysia|Gerakan]])
|align="right" |18,256
|10.44%
|rowspan=2|176,625
|rowspan=2|124,619
|rowspan=2|73.90%
|-
|{{Party shading/Barisan Nasional}} |
|Tan Gim Tuan ([[Malaysian Chinese Association|MCA]])
|align="right" |13,806
|align="right" |7.89%
|}

==Honours==
===Honours of Malaysia===
* {{flag|Malaysia}}
** [[File:MY Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVI ribbon.svg|50px]] Recipient of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Honorary orders and medals|16th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal]] (2019)
** [[File:MY Pingat Pertabalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong XVII ribbon.png|50px]] Recipient of the [[Orders, decorations, and medals of Malaysia#Honorary orders and medals|17th Yang di-Pertuan Agong Installation Medal]] (2024)

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cci}}

{{Malaysia 15th FedRep}}
{{Seventh Mahathir cabinet}}
{{Anwar cabinet}}
{{Pakatan Harapan}}
{{Portal bar|Malaysia|Biography|Politics|Law}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:People from Penang]]
[[Category:Malaysian people of Punjabi descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian politicians of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Malaysian Sikhs]]
[[Category:20th-century Malaysian lawyers]]
[[Category:Democratic Action Party (Malaysia) politicians]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Malaysia]]
[[Category:21st-century Malaysian lawyers]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Warwick]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2008–2013]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2018–2022]]
[[Category:Malaysian MPs 2022–]]

2025 Bodoland Territorial Council election

2026-01-20T16:41:18Z

Bogdankdu: Made new data w/ sources

{{Short description|District election in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2025 Bodoland Territorial Council election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| vote_type = party
| previous_election = 2020 Bodoland Territorial Council election
| previous_year = 2020
| next_election = 2030 Bodoland Territorial Council election
| next_year = 2030
| registered = 2,658,477<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-asec-published-final-photo-electoral-rolls-for-btc|title=Assam: ASEC Published Final Photo Electoral Rolls for BTC|work=Sentinel Assam|accessdate=18 August 2025}}</ref>
| outgoing_members =
| elected_members =
| seats_for_election = 40 seats in the [[Bodoland Territorial Council]]
| majority_seats = 21
| opinion_polls =
| turnout = 78.42%
| election_date = 22 September 2025

|image1 = [[File:Hagrama Mohilary.jpg|110px]]
|leader1 = [[Hagrama Mohilary]]
|party1 = Bodoland People's Front
|leaders_seat1 = Debargaon ''(won)'' Chirang Duars ''(lost)''
|last_election1 = 17
|seats_before1 = 9
|seats1 = 28
|seat_change1 = {{increase}}11

|leader2 = [[Pramod Boro]]
|image2 = [[File:Pramod Bodo.jpg|110px]]
|party2 = United People's Party Liberal
|leaders_seat2 = Goibari ''(won)'' Dotma ''(lost)''
|last_election2 = 12
|seats_before2 = 16
|seats2 = 7
|seat_change2 = {{decrease}}5

|image3 = [[File:BJP election symbol.png|111px]]
|leader3 = ''Undeclared''
|party3 = Bharatiya Janata Party
|leaders_seat3 = None
|last_election3 = 9
|seats_before3 = 14
|seats3 = 5
|seat_change3 = {{decrease}}4


|map_image = [[File:Bodoland Territorial Area Districts.svg|300px]]
|map2_image = [[File:Bharat Assam Bodoland Territorial Council Election 2025.svg|300px]]
|map2_caption = Structure of the council after the election

| title = [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|Chief Executive Member]]
| before_election = [[Pramod Boro]]
| before_party = [[United People's Party Liberal|UPPL]]
| posttitle = [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|Chief Executive Member]] after election
| after_election = [[Hagrama Mohilary]]
| after_party = [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]
}}

The '''2025 Bodoland Territorial Council election''' were held on 22 September 2025<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-btc-poll-on-september-22-model-code-of-conduct-in-force|title=Assam: BTC poll on September 22; model code of conduct in force|work=Sentinel Assam|accessdate=26 August 2025}}</ref> to elect members to the [[Bodoland Territorial Council]], the autonomous district council for the [[Bodoland Territorial Region]] in [[India]]. All 40 elected seats in the council were up for the election.

== Background ==
In the 2020 elections, the UPPL and BJP formed an alliance to form the council. [[Pramod Boro]] of the UPPL took oath as the [[Chief Executive Member of the Bodoland Territorial Council|Chief Executive Member]] after the election. The [[Bodoland People's Front]] formed the opposition following many defections of its members to the UPPL and BJP. The [[Indian National Congress]] and the [[All India United Democratic Front|AIUDF]] were wiped out in the previous election.

== Election schedule ==
The State Election Commission of Assam announced the schedule on 26 August 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sec.assam.gov.in/notification/notification-regarding-election-schedule-for-btc-election-2025|title=Election Schedule of Bodoland Territorial Council 2025|work=SEC Assam|accessdate=27 August 2025}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
|-
! style="background:#308446; color:white;" | Poll Event
! style="background:#308446; color:white;" | Schedule
|-
| style="background:#F5FFE0;" | Notification Date
| style="background:#FFF7CC;" | '''26 August 2025'''
|-
| style="background:#E6F2FF;" | Last Date for filing nomination
| style="background:#FFF7CC;" | '''2 September 2025'''
|-
| style="background:#F5FFE0;" | Scrutiny of nomination
| style="background:#FFF7CC;" | '''4 September 2025'''
|-
| style="background:#E6F2FF;" | Last Date for Withdrawal of nomination
| style="background:#FFF7CC;" | '''6 September 2025'''
|-
| style="background:#F5FFE0;" | Date of Poll
| style="background:#FFD9B3;" | '''22 September 2025'''
|-
| style="background:#E6F2FF;" | Date of Counting of Votes
| style="background:#FFD9B3;" | '''26 September 2025'''
|}

==Parties and alliances==
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center;
! colspan="2" | Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bodoland People's Front}}
|[[Bodoland People's Front]]
|[[File:BPF-Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Nangol.svg|50px]]
|[[Hagrama Mohilary]]
|40
|-
|{{party color cell|United People's Party Liberal}}
|[[United People's Party, Liberal|United People's Party Liberal]]
|
|
|[[Pramod Boro]]
|40
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|Undeclared
|30 
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Jadab Sawargiary]]
|40<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianwitness.com/news/national/congress-finalizes-40-candidates-for-high-stakes-bodola|title=Congress Finalizes 40 Candidates for High-Stakes Bodoland Council Election |work=INC|accessdate=31 August 2025}}</ref>
|-
|{{party color cell|Gana Suraksha Party}}
|[[Gana Suraksha Party]]
|
|
|[[Heera Saraniya]]
|11<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/btc-elections-naba-sarania-led-gana-suraksha-party-releases-first-list-of-candidates-1263693-2025-08-19|title=BTC elections: Naba Sarania-led Gana Suraksha Party releases first list of candidates|work=India Today NE|accessdate=19 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/bpf-will-form-next-btc-govt-says-gana-suraksha-party-gsp-chief-naba-sarania|title=BPF Will Form Next BTC Govt, Says Gana Suraksha Party (GSP) Chief Naba Sarania|work=Sentinel Assam|accessdate=8 September 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Candidates ==
*BPF announced the first list of 22 candidates for the BTC elections on 4 August 2025<ref name="BPF First List BTC Candidates 2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/bpf-declares-candidates-for-first-phase-of-upcoming-btc-elections-in-22-constituencies-1255775-2025-08-04|title=BPF declares candidates for first phase of upcoming BTC elections in 22 constituencies|work=India Today NE|accessdate=4 August 2025}}</ref>

*UPPL announced the first list of 18 candidates for the BTC elections on 22 August 2025<ref name="UPPL First List BTC Candidates 2025">{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/uppl-announces-first-list-of-18-candidates-for-btr-election-2025-1588939|title=UPPL announces first list of 18 candidates for BTR election 2025|work=The Assam Tribune|accessdate=22 August 2025}}</ref>

*BPF announced the second list of 10 candidates for the BTC elections on 30 August 2025<ref name="BPF Second List BTC Candidates 2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/story/btc-polls-2025-bodoland-peoples-front-releases-second-candidate-list-1269945-2025-08-30|title=BTC Polls 2025: Bodoland Peoples Front releases second candidate list|work=India Today NE|accessdate=30 August 2025}}</ref>

*UPPL announced the second list of 16 candidates for the BTC elections on 31 August 2025<ref name="UPPL Second List BTC Candidates 2025">{{cite web|url=https://assamtribune.com/assam/uppl-announces-first-list-of-18-candidates-for-btr-election-2025-1588939|title=UPPL announces second list of 16 candidates for BTR election 2025|work=The Assam Tribune|accessdate=22 August 2025}}</ref>

*BPF announced the third list of 8 candidates for the BTC elections on 31 August 2025<ref name="BPF Third List BTC Candidates 2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1282645703649493&set=a.474993964414675|title=BTC Polls 2025: Bodoland Peoples Front releases third candidate list|work=Bodoland People's Front|accessdate=31 August 2025}}</ref>

*BJP announced the first list of 28 candidates for the BTC elections on 31 August 2025<ref name="BJP First List BTC Candidates 2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/elections/story/assam-bjp-releases-first-list-of-candidates-for-btr-elections-2025-1270323-2025-08-31|title=Assam: BJP releases first list of candidates for BTR elections 2025|work=India Today NE|accessdate=31 August 2025}}</ref>

*UPPL announced the third list of 6 candidates for the BTC elections on 1 September 2025<ref name="UPPL Third List BTC Candidates 2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1368370661526124|title=UPPL announces third list of 6 candidates for BTR election 2025|work=UPPL|accessdate=1 September 2025}}</ref>

*BJP announced the second list of 2 candidates for the BTC elections on 1 September 2025<ref name="UPPL Third List BTC Candidates 2025">{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/photo/?fbid=1368370661526124|title=UPPL announces third list of 6 candidates for BTR election 2025|work=UPPL|accessdate=1 September 2025}}</ref>

*INC finalized 40 Candidates for BTC elections on 31st August 2025<ref name="Congress Finalizes 40 Candidates for High-Stakes Bodoland Council Election">{{cite web|url=https://www.indianwitness.com/news/national/congress-finalizes-40-candidates-for-high-stakes-bodola|title=Congress Finalizes 40 Candidates for High-Stakes Bodoland Council Election |work=INC|accessdate=31 August 2025}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
|colspan="3" style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|United People's Party Liberal}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Bodoland People's Front}}"|
|colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|-
!colspan="3"| [[United People's Party, Liberal|UPPL]]<ref name="UPPL First List BTC Candidates 2025"/><ref name="UPPL Second List BTC Candidates 2025"/><ref name="UPPL Third List BTC Candidates 2025"/>
!colspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<ref name="BJP First List BTC Candidates 2025"/>
!colspan="3"| [[Bodoland People's Front|BPF]]<ref name="BPF First List BTC Candidates 2025"/><ref name="BPF Second List BTC Candidates 2025"/><ref name="BPF Third List BTC Candidates 2025"/>
!colspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]<ref name="Congress Finalizes 40 Candidates for High-Stakes Bodoland Council Election"/>
|-
!1
|Parbatjhora (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Prosen Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Banendra Mushahary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Moon Moon Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sahen Chandra Brahma
|-
!2
|Guma
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Murshida Begum
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sajal Singha
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Antaz Ali
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abu Bakkar Ali
|-
!3
|Srirampur
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Wilson Hasda
!colspan=3|Did Not Contest
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Mukleswar Ahmed
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rafikul Islam Sheikh
|-
!4
|Jamduar (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Saranjit Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rahul Narzary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|William Narzary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Ranchana Basumatary
|-
!5
|Soraibil (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Raju Kumar Narzary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gossai Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Mritunjoy Narzary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rananjay Narzary
|-
!6
|Kachugaon (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Ukhil Mushahary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Maheshwar Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Rabiram Narzary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kwrwm Mushahary
|-
!7
|Fakirgram
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Afzal Haque Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arup Kumar Dey
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Azamul Hoque
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Husna Ara Begum
|-
!8
|Dotma (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|[[Pramod Boro]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manaranjan Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Prakash Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dwimu Roje
|-
!9
|Banargaon (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Rabiram Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rajib Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Jubiraj Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Matilal Basumatary
|-
!10
|Debargaon (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Khampa Borgoyari
!rowspan=2 colspan=3|Did Not Contest
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|[[Hagrama Mohilary]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Mohini Mohan Basumatary
|-
!11
|Baokhungri (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Ranjit Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Dhaneswar Goyari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sunil Narzary
|-
!12
|Salaikati (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Lawrence Islary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Kabita Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Derhasat Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rajib Basumatary
|-
!13
|Chirang (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Saikhong Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Swmkwr Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Sukursing Muchahary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Enos Iswary
|-
!14
|Chirang Duars (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Khampa Borgoyari
!rowspan=3 colspan=3|Did Not Contest
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|[[Hagrama Mohilary]]
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Amoiyo Narzary
|-
!15
|Kajalgaon (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Chandan Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Paniram Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Sanjib Warie
|-
!16
|Nichima (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Ranjit Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|James Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Agostin Narzary
|-
!17
|Sobaijhar (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Phanin Boro
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Prabhat Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Dhiraj Borgoyary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Binimoy Basumatary
|-
!18
|Manas Serfang (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Dhananjay Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Subhas Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Jangila Hazowary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Abhinash Brahma
|-
!19
|Thuribari
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Mohammad Ranju Ahmed
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ajoy Kumar Ray
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Khalilur Rahaman
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Zamser Ali
|-
!20
|Mathanguri
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Makhan Swargiary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Gautam Das
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Begum Akhtara Ahmed
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Safiur Rahman
|-
!21
|Salbari (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Jay Mushahary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Chakradhar Das
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Diganta Goyary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Buddhadev Phadangary
|-
!22
|Koklabari (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Manto Baro
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ramen Madahi
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Swmkhwr Boro
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Jagadish Madahi
|-
!23
|Dihira
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Bhupen Bodosa
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Manas Pratim Kalita
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Augustush Tigga
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bubul Das
|-
!24
|Mushalpur (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Rakesh Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ridip Kumar Deka
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Ansumwi Khungur Baro
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Dharmeswar Baro
|-
!25
|Baganpara (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Kati Ram Baro
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Rekharani Das Boro
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Maneswar Brahma
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Kandarpa Das
|-
!26
|Darrangajuli (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Jolen Daimary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bijit Gwra Narzary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Emmanuel Muchahary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Shejan Goyari
|-
!27
|Nagrijuli
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Rabin Bala Biswas
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Bhajan Das
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Uttam Das
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Uday Biswas
|-
!28
|Goibari (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|[[Pramod Boro]]
!colspan=3|Did Not Contest
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Jiten Muchahary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rumi Singh Mushahari
|-
!29
|Suklai Serfang (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Pradip Narzary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Ranen Narzary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Ganesh Kachary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Surajit Basumatary
|-
!30
|Goreswar (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Bipul Kumar Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Derhasar Narzary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Maheshwar Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Bhebendra Nath Swargiary
|-
!31
|Khwirwbari (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Dharani Boro
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Madan Rabha
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Lwmsrao Daimary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Khagen Rabha
|-
!32
|Bhergaon (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Daobaisa Boro
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Jousrang Boro
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Mansuma Basumatary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Tenzing Bodosa
|-
!33
|Nonwi Serfang
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Mariam Toppo
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Sanjit Tanti
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Paul Toppo
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rohit Pariga
|-
!34
|Khaling Duar (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Rabindra Boro
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Arjun Daimari
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Banjar Daimary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Anil Doimari
|-
!35
|Mwdwibari
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Ramesh Hazarika
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Diganta Baruah
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Jagadish Sarkar
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Himanga Saikia
|-
!36
|Horisinga (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Sanjoy Swargiary
!rowspan=2 colspan=3|Did Not Contest
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Tridip Daimari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Chittaranjan Bhobora
|-
!37
|Dwhwnsri (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Rujugwra Mushahary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Fresh Mushahari
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Rhilon Mushahary
|-
!38
|Bhairabkunda (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|[[Gobinda Chandra Basumatary|Gobinda Basumatary]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Minon Mushahary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Rihon Daimary
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Nowaz Basumatary
|-
!39
|Pasnwi Serfang
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Ram Karan Gaur
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|Dipak Mour
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Shyam Sundi
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Petrus Bagh
|-
!40
|Rowta (ST)
|{{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|Nilut Swargiari
!colspan=3|Did Not Contest
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|Charan Boro
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|Swarangsha Daimari
|-
|}

==Results==
===Result by party===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+Source<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Assam: BPF wins 28 of 40 seats in Bodoland Territorial Council elections, ending UPPL-BJP rule |url=https://www.nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-bpf-wins-25-of-40-seats-in-bodoland-territorial-council-elections-ending-uppl-bjp-rule.html |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=NorthEast Now |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-27 |title=Bodoland People’s Front returns to power with majority in Assam’s BTC, ousts UPPL-BJP alliance |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bodoland-people-s-front-returns-to-power-with-majority-in-assam-s-btc-ousts-uppl-bjp-alliance-101758952022954.html |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Party
! Contested
! Won
! -/+
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
|40
|28
|{{increase}}11
|-
|{{Full party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
|40
|7
|{{decrease}}5
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|30
|5
|{{decrease}}4
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Gana Suraksha Party}}
|11
|0
|{{decrease}}1
|-
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|40
|0
|{{decrease}}1
|-
|{{Party name with color|Independent}}
|
|0
|{{no change}}
|-
| colspan=3 |'''Total'''
| colspan=2 |'''40'''
|}

===Result by constituency===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! colspan=2|Constituency
! colspan=4|Winner
! colspan=4|Runner up
! rowspan=2|Margin
|-
! No
! Name
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
|-
| 1
| Parbatjhora (ST)
| Moon Moon Brahma
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 23451
| Prasen Kumar Brahma
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 16301
| 7150
|-
| 2
| Guma
| Antaz Ali
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 24272
| Sajal Kumar Singha
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 16630
|
|-
| 3
| Srirampur
| Wilson Hansda
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 20435
| Mukleswar Ahmed
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 17847
|
|-
| 4
| Jamduar (ST)
| William Narzary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 14570
| Saranjit Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 13237
|
|-
| 5
| Soraibil (ST)
| Mritunjoy Narzary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 17192
| Raju Kumar Narzary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 13500

|
|-
| 6
| Kachugaon (ST)
| Rabiram Narzary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 19964
| Ukil Mushahary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 13769
|
|-
| 7
| Fakiragram
| Azamul Haque
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 20085
| Arup Kumar Dey
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 18721
|
|-
| 8
| Dotma (ST)
| Prakash Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 15441
| [[Pramod Boro]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 15163
|
|-
| 9
| Banargaon (ST)
| Jubiraj Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 16379
| Rajib Brahma
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 14516
|
|-
| 10
| Debargaon (ST)
| [[Hagrama Mohilary]]
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 28398
| Kampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 21203
|
|-
| 11
| Baokhungri (ST)
| Dhaneshwar Goyari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 21416
| Ranjit Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 14609
|
|-
| 12
| Salakati (ST)
| Derhasat Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 18788
| [[Lawrence Islary]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 14460
|
|-
| 13
| Chirang (ST)
| Sukursing Muchahary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 20262
| Saikong Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 16258
|
|-
| 14
| Chirang Duars (ST)
| Khampa Borgoyari
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 18885
| [[Hagrama Mohilary]]
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 18440
|
|-
| 15
| Kajalgaon (ST)
| Paniram Brahma
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 27699
| [[Chandan Brahma|Chandan Barhma]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 20315
|
|-
| 16
| Nichima (ST)
| James Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 18897
| Ranjit Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 16373
|
|-
| 17
| Sobhaijhar (ST)
| Dhiraj Borgoyary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 19077
| Phanin Boro
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 14104
|
|-
| 18
| Manas Serfang (ST)
| Dhananjay Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 16505
| Janggila Hazowary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 14589
|
|-
| 19
| Thuribari
| Khalilur Rahaman
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 19783
| Ajoy Kumar Ray
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 15695
|
|-
| 20
| Mathanguri
| Begum Akhtara Ahmed
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 24812
| Gautam Das
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 20021
|
|-
| 21
| Salbari (ST)
| Diganta Goyary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 29546
| Joy Machahary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 16144
|
|-
| 22
| Koklabari (ST)
| Mantu Boro
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 19399
| Swgwmchar Baro
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 18097
|
|-
| 23
| Dihira
| Augustush Tigga
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 17795
| Manash Pratim Kalita
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 17443
|
|-
| 24
| Mushalpur (ST)
| Rakesh Brahma
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 24002
| Ansmwi Khungar Boro
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 21417
|
|-
| 25
| Baganpara (ST)
| Rekharani Das Boro
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 22280
| Kati Ram Baro
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 21147
|
|-
| 26
| Darrangajuli (ST)
| Bijit Gwra Narzary
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 18565
| Jolen Daimary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 15347
|
|-
| 27
| Nagrijuli
| Lakhi Das
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 18581
| Rabindra Biswas
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 13550
|
|-
| 28
| Goibari (ST)
| [[Pramod Boro]]
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 30341
| Jiten Mashahary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 24819
|
|-
| 29
| Suklai Serfang (ST)
| Ganesh Kachary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 18273
| Ranendra Narzary
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 14902
|
|-
| 30
| Goreswar (ST)
| Maheshwar Basumatary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 22274
| Derhasar Narzary
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 19565
|
|-
| 31
| Khwirwbari (ST)
| Lwmsrao Daimary
|{{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 15481
| Madan Ch Rava
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 15378
|
|-
| 32
| Bhergaon (ST)
| Daobaisa Boro
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 16998
| Jouysrang Baro
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 15242
|
|-
| 33
| Nonwi Serfang
| Paul Toppo
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 11859
| Sanjit Tanti
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 11516
|
|-
| 34
| Khaling Duar (ST)
| Arjun Daimary
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 17738
| Rabindra Boro
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 14925
|
|-
| 35
| Mwdwibari
| Diganta Baruah
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 18932
| Jagadish Sarkar
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 18408
|
|-
| 36
| Horisinga (ST)
| Tridip Daimari
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 26812
| Sanjaoy Swargiary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 21559
|
|-
| 37
| Dwhwnsri (ST)
| Fresh Mushahary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 37167
| Rujugra Mwchahary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 27260
|
|-
| 38
| Bhairabkunda (ST)
| Rihon Daimary
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 20277
| Minon Mochahari
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 13832
|
|-
| 39
| Pasnwi Serfang (ST)
| Shyam Sundi
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 16438
| Dipak Mour
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| 16012
|
|-
| 40
| Rowta (ST)
| Charan Boro
| {{Party name with color|Bodoland People's Front}}
| 34795
| Dr. Nilut Swargiary
| {{Party name with color|United People's Party Liberal}}
| 28735
|
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[2025 elections in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assam elections}}
{{Indian elections}}

[[Category:2025 elections in India]]
[[Category:Bodoland Territorial Council election]]

VR Nagpur

2026-01-08T15:29:21Z

Bogdankdu: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Virtuous Retail]]
{{R with history|Virtuous Retail}}

Shashank Sitaram

2026-01-02T12:22:41Z

Bogdankdu: Adding article - done

{{Short description|Indian writer (c. 1953 – 1994)}}

{{infobox writer
| name = Shashank Sitaram
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = Ramchandra Shirodkar
| birth_date = {{circa}} 1953
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1994 (aged 41)
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| language = [[Konkani language|Konkani]]
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks = ''Parigh''
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2003)
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}
'''Ramchandra Shirodkar''' ({{circa}} 1953 – 1994), known professionally as '''Shashank Sitaram''', was an Indian short story writer, recognized for his contributions to contemporary [[Konkani literature]]. He won the 2003 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in Konkani for ''Parigh'', a collection of Konkani short stories.<ref name="NTSahityaAward">{{Cite web |date=25 Dec 2003 |title=Shashank Sitaram wins Sahitya Akademi Award posthumously |url=http://lists.goanet.org/pipermail/goanet-goanet.org/2003-December/008533.html |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=Navhind Times}}</ref>

==Literary career==
Sitaram published a short story, ''Nobot'', in 1989, and other works in magazines before that. [[Olivinho Gomes]] describes his work as reflecting the "rather turbid socio-political scenario in the land (of Goa), with a social upheaval that is driving a wedge between traditionally friendly communities, with fatal consequences for their peace and well being. He depicts situations involving home and college life, with sympathy, breaking through the barriers of technique in delineating his themes, though the language has yet to attain the necessary smooth flow and opulence, attuned to his fiction."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gomes |first=Olivinho |author-link=Olivinho Gomes |date=1989 |title=Konkani Scene: On the Crest of a Wave |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23331310 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=32 |issue=6 (134) |pages=89–100 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref>

==Works==
* ''Nobot'' (1989)
* ''Parigh'', a collection of Konkani short stories

==Personal life==
He was a teacher who taught at Nirakar High School in Mashem village in [[Canacona taluka]].<ref name="NTSahityaAward" />

==Death==
Sitaram died in 1994 at the age of 41.<ref name="NTSahityaAward" />

==Awards==
He won the 2003 [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] for ''Parigh'', a collection of Konkani short stories.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2003-12-24 |title=Kitne Pakistan in award list |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/kitne-pakistan-in-award-list/articleshow/379940.cms |access-date=2026-01-02 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sitaram, Shashank}}
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Konkani short story writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Goa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]

Abbayya Prasad

2025-12-28T17:00:47Z

Bogdankdu: Enhanced and reorganized content

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2013
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| primeminister1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2 =
| primeminister2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|7|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Munirabad]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| education = [[Pre University Course]]
| profession =
| nationality = {{flag|India|name=Indian}}
| sibling =
| website =
| native_name = ಅಬ್ಬಯ್ಯ ಪ್ರಸಾದ್‌
}}

'''Abbayya Prasad''' is an Indian [[Politician]] who is serving as Member of the legislative assembly for [[Hubli-Dharwad East (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad East]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/hubli-dharwad-east.html | title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Hubli Dharwad East Assembly Constituency | work=elections.in | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hubli-Dharwad East">{{cite news |date=13 May 2023 |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Hubli-Dharwad East |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1072.htm?ac=72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423180239/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS1072.htm?ac=72 |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=23 April 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref><ref name="3 MLAs improve victory margin">{{cite news |title=3 MLAs improve victory margin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/3-mlas-improve-victory-margin/articleshow/64196281.cms |access-date=23 April 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=17 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423180547/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hubballi/3-mlas-improve-victory-margin/articleshow/64196281.cms |archive-date=23 April 2025}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman for Karnataka State Slum Development Board on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Now public can get their records anytime: KSDB Chairman Prasad Abbayya">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Now public can get their records anytime: KSDB Chairman Prasad Abbayya |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/now-public-can-get-their-records-anytime-ksdb-chairman-prasad-abbayya/article67832878.ece |access-date=23 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=10 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423184214/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/now-public-can-get-their-records-anytime-ksdb-chairman-prasad-abbayya/article67832878.ece |archive-date=23 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Constituency==
He represents the [[Hubli-Dharwad East (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Hubli-Dharwad-East]] constituency.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=894 | title=Karnataka 2013 Abbayya Prasad (Winner) HUBLI-DHARWAD-EAST | work=myneta.info | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

==Political Party==
He is from the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mla-abbayyas-name-figures-in-cricket-betting-racket/article7559885.ece | title=MLA Abbayya's name figures in cricket betting racket | work=thehindu.com | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/give-me-a-chance-says-prasad-abbayya/article4632452.ece | title=Give me a chance, says Prasad Abbayya | work=thehindu.com | access-date=27 May 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prasad, Abbayya}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1968 births]]

2025 Sikkim Gold Cup

2025-12-04T23:07:50Z

Bogdankdu: Made new post v1

{{Infobox football tournament season
|title=Sikkim Gold Cup
|other_titles=All India Governor's Gold Cup
|year=[[2025–26 in Indian football|2025]]
|size=
|image=
|caption=
|country=[[India]]
|dates=16 – 29 November
|winners=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|count=1
|second=[[Services football team|Services]]
|venue=[[Gangtok]]
|num_teams=16
|scoring_leader=
|matches=15
|goals=45
|attendance=
|prev_season=[[2024 Sikkim Gold Cup|2024]]
|next_season=''[[2026 Sikkim Gold Cup|2026]]''
}}

The '''2025 Sikkim Gold Cup''' (also known as '''2025 All India Governor's Gold Cup''') is the 41st edition of the [[Sikkim Gold Cup]], hosted by the [[Sikkim Football Association]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Governor’s Gold Cup to kick-off on Nov 16 |url=https://sikkimexpress.com/governors-gold-cup-to-kick-off-on-nov-16 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Sikkimexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title=41st All India Governor’s Gold Cup Football Tournament to Begin on November 16 at Gangtok |url=https://voiceofsikkim.com/41st-all-india-governors-gold-cup-football-tournament-to-begin-on-november-16-at-gangtok/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=The Voice Of Sikkim |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sikkim |first=Rajbhavan |date=7 November 2025 |title=Press Release from Raj Bhavan Information & Public Relations Department |url=https://www.sikkim.gov.in/media/press-release/press-info?name=Press+Release+from+Raj+Bhavan&id=133713 |access-date=8 November 2025 |work=Rajbhavan Sikkim}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tandi |first=Santosi |date=2025-11-07 |title=Sikkim: गवर्नर्स गोल्ड कप 16 नवंबर से शुरू होगा |trans-title=Sikkim: Governor's Gold Cup to begin on November 16 |url=https://jantaserishta.com/local/sikkim/sikkim-governors-gold-cup-to-begin-on-november-16-4369397 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=jantaserishta.com |language=hi}}</ref>

The tournament featured sixteen teams, including [[Indian Super League]] and [[I-League]] academies, [[I-League 2]], [[Indian State Leagues|State leagues]] and international invitees from [[Tibet]] and [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=team |date=2025-11-08 |title=Sikkim exited with East Bengal’s return to the Governor’s Gold Cup after 28 years! |url=https://parallelsports.in/sikkim-exited-with-east-bengals-return-to-the-governors-gold-cup-after-28-years/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=parallelsports |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-08 |title=41st All India Governor’s Gold Cup: I-League Ambition Meets ISL Strategy In Gangtok |website=IndiaSportsHub |url=https://indiasportshub.com/41st-all-india-governors-gold-cup-i-league-ambition-meets-isl-strategy-in-gangtok/ |access-date=2025-11-08 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=আগামী মাসে সুপার কাপ সেমি-ফাইনাল, তার আগেই সিকিম গোল্ড কাপে খেলবে ইস্টবেঙ্গল |url=https://bangla.asianetnews.com/sports/football/east-bengal-fc-confirms-participation-sikkim-gold-cup-2025-anbsg/articleshow-re2ul29 |access-date=2025-11-08 |website=Asianet News Bangla |language=bn}}</ref>

== Broadcasting ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Broadcaster(s)
!Ref.
|-
|SSEN
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DQ85p5qDE0q/?utm_source=ig_web_button_share_sheet |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>
|}

== Teams ==
{| class="wikitable"style=white-space:nowrap
! width="20%" |Pre-Qualifying
! width="20%" |Pre-Quarter
! width="20%" |Quarterfinals
|-
|{{ordered list|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Brotherhood FC|Sikkim Brotherhood]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Gangtok Himalayan SC|Sikkim Himalayan]]|{{flagicon|Tibet|1912}} [[Tibetan National Football Association|Tibetan NFA]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Dragons FC|Sikkim Dragons]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|GTA XI]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Police|Sikkim Police FT]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Services football team|Services FT]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Aakraman SC|Sikkim Aakraman]]
}}
|{{ordered list|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| item1_value = 9
}}
|{{ordered list|{{fbicon|NEP}} [[Church Boys United]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Northeast United FC Reserves and Academy|Northeast United (R)]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]|{{fbicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
| item1_value = 13
}}
|}

== Venue ==
{| class="wikitable"style=white-space:nowrap
! width="20px" |[[Gangtok]]
! rowspan="4" |{{Location map+|India Sikkim|width=240|float=center|caption=|places={{Location map~ |India Sikkim|lat=27.334131|long=88.611981|position=left|label=[[Gangtok]]}}}}
|-
|{{Center|[[Paljor Stadium]]}}
|-
|{{Center|Capacity: '''30,000'''}}
|-
|[[File:Paljor_Stadium,_Gangtok.jpg|alt=Aerial view Sree Kanteerava Stadium|250x250px]]
|}

== Matches ==
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])}}
=== Bracket ===
<onlyinclude>
<section begin=Bracket/>
{{32TeamBracket
| nowrap = y
| byes = 2
| compact = yes
| RD1 = Pre-Qualifying
| RD2 = Pre-Quarter
| RD3 = Quarterfinals
| RD4 = Semifinals
| RD5 = Final

| RD1-seed07 =
| RD1-seed08 =
| RD1-team07 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Brotherhood FC|Sikkim Brotherhood]]
| RD1-team08 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Sikkim Himalayan SC|Sikkim Himalayan]]'''
| RD1-score07 = 1
| RD1-score08 = '''3'''

| RD1-seed11 =
| RD1-seed12 =
| RD1-team11 = {{fbicon|Tibet}} [[Tibetan National Football Association|Tibetan NFA]]
| RD1-team12 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Sikkim Dragons FC|Sikkim Dragons]]'''
| RD1-score11 = 0
| RD1-score12 = '''4'''

| RD1-seed21 =
| RD1-seed22 =
| RD1-team21 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|GTA XI]]
| RD1-team22 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Sikkim Police]]'''
| RD1-score21 = 1
| RD1-score22 = '''3'''

| RD1-seed25 =
| RD1-seed26 =
| RD1-team25 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Services football team|Services]]'''
| RD1-team26 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Aakraman SC|Sikkim Aakraman]]
| RD1-score25 = '''3'''
| RD1-score26 = 0

| RD2-team03 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]'''
| RD2-team04 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Himalayan SC|Sikkim Himalayan]]
| RD2-score03 = '''3'''
| RD2-score04 = 0

| RD2-team05 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Sikkim Dragons FC|Sikkim Dragons]]'''
| RD2-team06 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
| RD2-score05 = '''2'''
| RD2-score06 = 0

| RD2-team11 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]'''
| RD2-team12 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Police]]
| RD2-score11 = '''3'''
| RD2-score12 = 1

| RD2-team13 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Services football team|Services]]'''
| RD2-team14 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
| RD2-score13 = '''1'''
| RD2-score14 = 0

| RD3-team01 = {{fbicon|NEP}} [[Church Boys United]]
| RD3-team02 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]'''
| RD3-score01 = 1
| RD3-score02 = '''3'''

| RD3-team03 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Sikkim Dragons FC|Sikkim Dragons]]'''
| RD3-team04 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC Reserves and Academy|NorthEast United (R)]]
| RD3-score03 = '''2'''
| RD3-score04 = 1

| RD3-team05 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| RD3-team06 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]'''
| RD3-score05 = 1
| RD3-score06 = '''3'''

| RD3-team07 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Services football team|Services]]'''
| RD3-team08 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
| RD3-score07 = '''1'''
| RD3-score08 = 0

| RD4-team01 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]'''
| RD4-team02 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Dragons FC|Sikkim Dragons]]
| RD4-score01 = '''3'''
| RD4-score02 = 2

| RD4-team03 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
| RD4-team04 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Services football team|Services]]'''
| RD4-score03 = 0
| RD4-score04 = '''2'''

| RD5-team01 = {{fbicon|IND}} '''[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]'''
| RD5-team02 = {{fbicon|IND}} [[Services football team|Services]]
| RD5-score01 = '''1'''
| RD5-score02 = 0
}}
<section end="Bracket" /></onlyinclude>

=== Pre-Qualifying ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|16|df=y}}
|time=12:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Sikkim Brotherhood FC|Sikkim Brotherhood]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=1–3
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Himalayan SC|Sikkim Himalayan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|16|df=y}}
|time=14:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration|GTA XI]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=1–3
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Police]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|17|df=y}}
|time=12:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Tibetan National Football Association|Tibetan NFA]] {{fbicon|Tibet}}
|score=0–4
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Dragons FC|Sikkim Dragons]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|17|df=y}}
|time=14:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Services football team|Services]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=3–0
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Aakraman SC|Sikkim Aakraman]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}

=== Pre-Quarter ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|18|df=y}}
|time=14:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=3–1
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Police]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|19|df=y}}
|time=14:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Sikkim Dragons FC|Sikkim Dragons]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=2–0
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[NEROCA FC|NEROCA]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|20|df=y}}
|time=14:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Services football team|Services]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=1–0
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sudeva Delhi FC|Sudeva Delhi]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|21|df=y}}
|time=14:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=3–0
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Himalayan SC|Sikkim Himalayan]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|22|df=y}}
|time=14:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score= 1–3
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|23|df=y}}
|time=16:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Church Boys United]] {{flagicon|NEP}}
|score=1–3
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|24|df=y}}
|time=14:00 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Sikkim Dragons FC|Sikkim Dragons]] {{fbicon|IND}}
|score=2–1
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[NorthEast United FC Reserves and Academy|NorthEast United (R)]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|25|df=y}}
|time=16:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1= [[Services football team|Services]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=1–0
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal (R)]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|26|df=y}}
|time=16:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] {{fbicon|IND}}
|score=3–2
|report=
|team2={{fbicon|IND}} [[Sikkim Dragons FC|Sikkim Dragons]]
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|27|df=y}}
|time=16:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]] {{flagicon|IND}}
|score=0–2
|report=
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}

=== Final ===
{{footballbox collapsible
|date={{start date|2025|11|29|df=y}}
|time=13:30 ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]])
|team1=[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]] {{fbicon|IND}}
|score=1–0
|report=https://voiceofsikkim.com/rajasthan-united-fc-lift-41st-governors-gold-cup-in-front-of-record-crowd-at-paljor-stadium/
|team2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1= Joseph Lalvemhima {{goal}}
|goals2=
|stadium=[[Paljor Stadium]]
|location=[[Gangtok]]
|attendance=
|referee=
|potm=
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Sikkim Gold Cup]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]
[[Category:November 2025 sports events in India]]

Nisha Sharma dowry case

2025-11-25T06:58:19Z

Bogdankdu: updated

{{Short description|2003–2012 Indian court case}}

[[File:Judiciary of India.png|thumb|Judiciary of India]]
'''The 2003 Nisha Sharma dowry case''' was an [[Dowry law in India|anti-dowry lawsuit]] that has been cited as an illustrative example highlighting the potential for misuse of the IPC 498A law in India.

In this case, Nisha Sharma accused her prospective groom, Munish Dalal, of dowry demands, raising questions about the dynamics and fairness of such allegations within the legal framework

The case got much coverage from Indian and international media.<ref name="BBCLands" /><ref name="Love" /><ref name="German">{{cite news|title=Indiens neue Heldin|url=http://www.dw.de/indiens-neue-heldin/a-890694|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|language=German|author=Sunanda Rao|date=12 June 2013}}</ref> Nisha was portrayed as a youth icon and a role model for other women.<ref name="NoDowry" /> The case ended in 2012, after the court acquitted all accused.<ref name="AllLetOff">{{cite news |date=1 March 2012 |title=All let off in Nisha Sharma dowry case after 9 years |work=[[IBNLive]] |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/all-let-off-in-nisha-sharma-dowry-case-after-9-years/235004-3.html |url-status=dead |accessdate=28 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303031409/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/all-let-off-in-nisha-sharma-dowry-case-after-9-years/235004-3.html |archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> The court found that Nisha had fabricated the dowry charges in an effort to avoid marrying her fiancé.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Rebel-brides-dowry-charge-junked/articleshow/12090709.cms Rebel bride’s dowry charge junked, Aniruddha Ghosal, TNN,Mar 1, 2012]</ref>

==Background==
In 2003, Nisha Sharma was a 21-year old software engineering student. Munish Dalal was a 25-year-old engineer who worked as a lecturer of computer science in a local college. In order to arrange a suitable matrimonial alliance for Nisha, her parents, Dev Dutt and Hemlata, placed a matrimonial advertisement in a newspaper. This is a very common practice in India. Munish's mother, Vidya Devi Dalal, was among those who responded to the advertisement and contact was established between the families in this way. After meeting each other a few times and exchanging information, the families decided that Munish and Nisha were compatible and agreed that they be married. The couple was duly engaged and the wedding was scheduled to be held on 11 March 2003 in [[Noida]], where the bride's family lived.

===Bride's version===
According to Nisha and her parents, what happened was as follows. They claim that when the [[baraat|groom's procession]] reached the venue and was being welcomed, Dalal's mother demanded {{currency|1,200,000|INR}} (about {{currency|2500|USD}}) more in cash and a Maruti Esteem car from the bride's father. Dev Dutt Sharma expressed his inability to meet these demands, whereupon the Dalal family began verbal abuse. When the Sharma family reacted, a scuffle broke out and Mr. Sharma was slapped by Mrs. Dalal and was spat upon by Mr. Dalal's sister. Upon hearing of this, Nisha called the police.

===Groom's version===
The groom's family has an entirely different version. There was absolutely no dispute or talk regarding dowry. As part of some Indian weddings, the groom mounts a white horse and goes in a ceremonial procession to the wedding venue. When the Dalal family arrived at the place where the horse was to be mounted, there was nobody from the bride's family to welcome them. After waiting for some time, the Dalals sent a relative to the wedding venue to find out the reason for the delay. The relative found that there was some commotion at the wedding venue, but he was told that everything is OK and that he should return to the groom and wait for a few minutes. As he was returning, he was followed and overtaken by an agitated man who then accompanied him. There, the agitated man introduced himself as Navneet Rai and made a shocking disclosure. He informed the Dalal family that he was the husband of Nisha Sharma, and that they had been in love with each other for a long time. Just as he had finished talking, Nisha's father and a few other relatives arrived at the scene. The groom was one who called police when Sharma's father assaulted the groom's mother. They claimed that the wedding was disrupted by Navneet Rai, not by them. Rai had allegedly arrived at the venue with some of his friends and told the groom's mother that Nisha was already married to him. Following this, Sharma's father had allegedly assaulted the groom's mother with a [[sandal]] and bit her. Sharma's father denied the allegation saying that he had a video recording to prove his statements.<ref name=Grit/><ref name=Boyfriend>{{cite news|title=Nisha's boyfriend, not dowry disrupted the wedding|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nishas-boyfriend-not-dowry-disrupted-the-wedding/articleshow/46695999.cms|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=17 May 2003}}</ref>

The procession was sent back. The groom and several members of his family were arrested from their residence in [[Vikaspuri]] the next day and police began searching for other absconding relatives.<ref name=AllLetOff/><ref name=BBCLands>{{cite news|author1=Rajyasri Rao|title=Dowry demand lands groom in jail|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3027683.stm|access-date=28 March 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=14 May 2003}}</ref><ref name=Love/><ref name=Knot/><ref name=Grit/><ref name=LoseBride/><ref name=TrustLove/> The groom's mother, Vidya Dalal, was arrested on 15 May.<ref name=MotherHeld>{{cite news|title=Groom's mother held in Noida dowry case|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/may/16delhi.htm?zcc=rl|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[Rediff]]|date=17 June 2003}}</ref>

Soon thereafter, Navneet Rai, a classmate of Sharma, came forward claiming to be in a relationship with her for 5 years and having married her secretly. Nisha's father said that Rai was simply maligning their name. He said that Nisha was initially interested in marrying Rai, but he had opposed the marriage as Rai was unemployed and was seeking to live off their money. He also said that after rejection Rai has misbehaved with Nisha and Nisha had written a complaint to the college which resulted in the expulsion of Rai.<ref name=Grit>{{cite news|author1=Smriti Kak|title=Common girl with uncommon grit|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030525/herworld.htm#1|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|date=25 May 2003}}</ref><ref name=Boyfriend/>

==Media attention and reactions==
Following the arrest, the story got much attention from Indian and international media.<ref name=BBCLands/><ref name=Love>{{cite news|author1=Christiane Amanpour|author-link=Christiane Amanpour|title=For Love Of Money|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/for-love-of-money/|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[CBS News]]|date=3 October 2003}}</ref><ref name=Inflation>{{cite news|title=Dowry inflation: A suitable price|url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2003/06/12/a-suitable-price|access-date=28 March 2015|work=[[The Economist]]|date=12 June 2003}}</ref> The news appeared on the front-page of several newspapers. Sharma also received several marriage proposals from across the nation. Her house was visited by several media persons seeking her interview. She was also visited by women rights activists, neighbours and other well-wishers to congratulate her. A political party invited her to contest in the local election.<ref name=BBCLands/><ref name=Love/> In an interview with Ehtashamuddin Khan of ''[[Rediff]]'', Nisha said she had no intention of joining politics, and that she wanted to continue her studies and wished to have an [[arranged marriage]].<ref name=TrustLove>{{cite news|author1=Ehtashamuddin Khan|title=I don't trust love marriages|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/jun/30inter.htm|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[Rediff]]|date=21 May 2003}}</ref>

[[James Brooke (journalist)|James Brooke]], writing for ''[[The New York Times]]'', detailed how dowry is being disguised as gifts as dowry is illegal in India.<ref name=LoseBride>{{cite news|author1=James Brooke|author-link=James Brooke (journalist)|title=Dowry Too High. Lose Bride and Go to Jail.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/17/world/dowry-too-high-lose-bride-and-go-to-jail.html|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=17 May 2003}}</ref> The story was also covered by [[Christiane Amanpour]] for ''[[60 Minutes]]'' which contained an overview of the [[dowry system in India]], the [[Dowry law in India|anti-dowry laws]], [[bride burning]] and [[female foeticide]]. Smriti Kak writing for ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' criticised the father and the bride for agreeing to the dowry initially and stopping the wedding only when the demands got too high.<ref name=Grit/> The incident was also captured in an [[Amul girl|Amul Butter Girl]] cartoon.<ref name=Amul>{{cite web|title=Amul hits of 2003|url=http://www.amul.com/m/amul-hits?s=2003&l=3|publisher=[[Amul]]|accessdate=28 March 2015}}</ref>

[[Brinda Karat]], a politician and activist, said that the parents had sent the wrong signal by agreeing to too many gifts initially.<ref name=Grit/> Ranjana Kumari, a women's rights activist, said that she does not attend weddings because dowry is given in almost all of them, and that dowry is a cause of female foeticide in India as parents see a girl child as an economic burden.<ref name=Love/> Jyotsna Chatterji, another women right's activist, said that this one protest had given courage to other women to come forward.<ref name=SaysNo>{{cite news|title=The Bride Says No|url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20140376,00.html|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=23 June 2003}}</ref>

==Nisha Sharma's marriage==
On 19 November 2003, Nisha married Ashwini Sharma, a computer engineer, in a small ceremony in Noida with only 75 guests. The marriage was set up by a common family friend and the engagement took place in September 2003. Her father only gifted her a gold necklace as the bridal gift. The marriage was scheduled to be held in the evening of 19 November. But, it was held on 3:00 am on 19 November to avoid legal hassles. Munish Dalal and Navneet Rai had approached the court to delay the marriage.<ref name=NoDowry>{{cite news|title=Three 'weddings' and no dowry|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3283989.stm|access-date=28 March 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=19 November 2003}}</ref><ref name=Knot>{{cite news|title=Anti-dowry icon, Nisha Sharma, ties the knot|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/19delhi.htm|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[Rediff]]|date=21 November 2003}}</ref>

==Appearance on ''The Oprah Winfrey Show''==

In January 2004, Nisha, her husband and her brother were invited by [[Oprah Winfrey]] to her [[The Oprah Winfrey Show|talkshow]].<ref name=Oprah>{{cite news|title=Nisha invited to Oprah Show|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Nisha-invited-to-Oprah-Show/articleshow/412789.cms|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 January 2004}}</ref><ref name=OprahHigh>{{cite news|title=Oprah high|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/20040126-dowry-victim-nisha-sharma-in-oprah-winfrey-show-790825-2004-01-25|access-date=28 March 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=26 January 2004|author=Kanika Gahlaut}}</ref> Oprah told her audience that they were lucky to be born in the United States, and covered the dowry issue by calling it "right out of the Dark Ages".<ref name="OchoaIge2007">{{cite book|author1=María Ochoa|author2=Barbara K. Ige|title=Shout Out: Women of Color Respond to Violence|url=https://archive.org/details/shoutoutwomenofc00ocho|url-access=registration|accessdate=28 March 2015|year=2007|publisher=Seal Press|isbn=1-58005-229-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/shoutoutwomenofc00ocho/page/110 110]–111}}</ref>

==Mention in school textbook==
In 2004, when the case was still under trial, the incident was included the English textbook for Class 6, by the State Council of Educational Research and Training of the [[New Delhi]] region, in the form of a chapter titled ''Man in Jail over Dowry Demand''. It was adopted from a newspaper article from May 2003. Munish Dalal sent a defamation notice to the State Council of Educational Research and Training.<ref name=TextbookStar>{{cite news|author1=Geeta Pandey|title=Dowry woman becomes textbook star|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3696562.stm|access-date=28 March 2015|work=[[BBC News]]|date=29 September 2004}}</ref>

Later, Vidya Dalal, the groom's mother and a retired school teacher, said the book was being taught her in her former school and it had ruined her reputation. The family's lawyer, Roopesh Kumar Sharma, said that they were suing the Delhi government and education department. The cartoon in the book showed Munish being arrested from the marriage venue, when he was actually arrested from his home. The lawyer also said that Vidya Dalal was being denied her pension and retirement benefits.<ref name=TextHaunts>{{cite news|author1=Ayswaria Venugopal|title=Dowry case in text haunts teacher|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040918/asp/nation/story_3773408.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150406085622/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040918/asp/nation/story_3773408.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 6, 2015|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[The Telegraph (India)]]|date=18 September 2004}}</ref>

==Trial and verdict==
A case was filed in the Sector 24 police station of the Noida, against Dalal, his mother Vidya Dalal and his aunt Savitri Sharma.<ref name=AllLetOff/> While awaiting trial in mid-May 2003, Munish Dalal was assaulted by other inmates in [[Dasna|Dasna jail]], who called him a greedy groom. Dalal suffered some injuries as a result. Dalal's lawyer filed an appeal with the [[National Human Rights Commission of India]].<ref name=DalalBeaten>{{cite news|title=Munish Dalal beaten up by jail inmates|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030521/ncr1.htm|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[The Tribune (India)]]|date=20 May 2003}}</ref> Dalal had counter-sued accusing Nisha of [[adultery]] and [[bigamy]].<ref name=TextHaunts/>

On 29 February 2012, a [[District Courts of India|district court]] in [[Gautam Budh Nagar district]] acquitted Dalal and his family due to lack of evidence supporting the charges. The court also acquitted Navneet Rai, who had been accused of forging the marriage documents by Nisha. The court held the documents circulated by Navneet Rai could not be proven to be forged by the prosecution.<ref name=AllLetOff/><ref name=NoidaCourt>{{cite news|title=Nisha Sharma dowry case: Noida court acquits all accused|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/nisha-sharma-dowry-case-noida-court-acquits-all-accused-94732-2012-02-29|access-date=28 March 2015|work=[[India Today]]|date=1 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=Junked>{{cite news|title=Rebel bride’s dowry charge junked|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/Rebel-brides-dowry-charge-junked/articleshow/12090709.cms|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 May 2012}}</ref><ref name=9YrsLater>{{cite news|title=9 yrs later, accused let off in Nisha Sharma dowry case|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/9-yrs-later-accused-let-off-in-nisha-sharma-dowry-case/article1-819079.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006042023/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/9-yrs-later-accused-let-off-in-nisha-sharma-dowry-case/article1-819079.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 6, 2014|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=1 March 2012}}</ref>

==Aftermath of the verdict==
In various interviews after the verdict, Munish Dalal said that Nisha's father had been aware of her marriage to Navneet Rai, but he still published an ad in a newspaper. Nisha had married Rai on 14 February 2003 secretly in a temple. On 11 May 2003, when the groom's procession arrived at the venue, they were turned away. While they were returning, they found a complaint had been filed against them. He also said he, his 68-year-old widowed mother and his 75-year-old aunt had to travel to court, which was 75 km away, about 320 times during the course of the trial. Nisha's family attended only 10 times. His mother, a school teacher due for retirement on 31 May 2003, lost her job and was denied her retirement benefits. He also said that he married in 2008 and took no dowry.<ref name=9YrsLater/><ref name=NishaHero>{{cite news|title=‘Nisha hero of Class VI book , I’m one with no principles|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-nisha-hero-of-class-vi-book--i-m-one-with-no-principles-/919077/0|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=2 March 2012}}</ref> During the course of the trial, Dalal had become involved with the [[Save Indian Family Foundation]].<ref name=Nothing>{{cite news|title=Money for nothing|url=http://www.smh.com.au/national/money-for-nothing-20120409-1wl2q.html|accessdate=28 March 2015|date=10 April 2012|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> Giving the cause for the lawsuit Dalal said, "She didn’t want to marry me but was scared of her parents. By accusing me falsely, she was trying to get out of the marriage without incurring their anger."<ref name=VindictiveWives>{{cite news|title=India shifts dowry law against 'vindictive wives'|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/india-shifts-dowry-law-against-vindictive-wives-20140703-zsvg8.html|accessdate=28 March 2015|date=4 July 2014|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref>

==Dowry accusation against Nisha Sharma==
In January 2013, a complaint was filed in [[Samalkha]], [[Haryana]] by Manisha Sharma against her husband Gyaneshwar Sharma and sister-in-law Nisha Sharma. Manisha had married Gyaneshwar Sharma on 31 October 2013 and had a child from the marriage. Manisha's father, Vijay Sharma, claimed that Gyaneshwar's family had demanded ₹ 12,00,000 and had beaten Manisha for that.<ref name=Dahej>{{cite news|title=निशा शर्मा के खिलाफ दहेज उत्पीड़न का केस|url=http://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/noida/Dowry-case-against-Nisha-Sharma/articleshow/17958708.cms|accessdate=28 March 2015|work=[[Navbharat Times]]|date=10 January 2013|language=Hindi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Dowry law in India]]
* [[Trial by media]]
* [[Suhaib Ilyasi]], an Indian television personality who was accused of killing his wife for dowry

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

[[Category:Controversies in India]]
[[Category:2003 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Marriage law in India]]
[[Category:2000s trials]]
[[Category:2003 in case law]]

Battle of Chakdara

2025-11-19T19:22:07Z

Bogdankdu: Made initial data w/ refs

{{Short description|Large battle between British/Indian and Pashtun tribesmen in 1897}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Chakdara
| partof = [[Siege of Malakand]]
| image = [[File:ChurchilMalakand.jpg|300px]]
| image_size = 300px
| caption = The Signal tower overlooking Chakdara fort in 1897
| date = 26 July – 2 August 1897 (1 week)
| place = [[Chakdara]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| result = British Victory
| casus =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Empire]]
*{{flag|United Kingdom}}
*{{flag|British Raj}}
| combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Afghanistan (1919–1921).svg|24px]] [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] [[Pashtun tribes|tribes]]
*[[Yusufzai]]
*[[Mohmand (tribe)|Mohmand]]
*[[Utmankhel]]
*[[Swati tribe|Swati]]
*[[Buner District|Bunerwal]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Diary of a Spitfire Pilot:Over the English Channel and Over Darwin |author= Kevin James Baker · |date=2011 |page= 115 |publisher= Rosenberg |isbn= 9781921719394 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CbCAgAAQBAJ&dq=swati+bunerwals&pg=PA115 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ln_jAAAAMAAJ&q=malakand+field+bunerwal|title=The Frontier Ablaze: The North-west: Frontier Rising, 1897–98 |author= Michael Barthorp, Douglas N. Anderson |year=1996 |publisher=Windrow & Greene|isbn=9781859150337 }}</ref>

| commander1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Lt. Haldane Rattray{{WIA}}<ref name=Rattray>{{cite web|url=https://opusculum.wordpress.com/2021/02/01/lieutenant-colonel-haldane-burney-rattray-45th-rattrays-sikhs/|title=Lieutenant-Colonel Haldane Burney Rattray, 45th Rattray's Sikhs|work=Opusculum.wordpress.com|date=February 1, 2021}}</ref> {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Lt. Wheatley {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Cpt. Wright {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Cpt. Baker
| commander2 = [[Faqir|Faqīr]] [[Saidullah]]<ref>Edwards p. 263. also known as "Mullah Mastun" (Spain. 177, [[Eknath Easwaran|Easwaran]] p. 49) (Known by the Pashtun as: ''lewanai faqir'', ''lewanai'' (Beattie p. 171), and by the British as "The Great Fakir", "Mad Fakir" (Hobday p. 13), or the "Mad Mullah", (Elliott–Lockhart p. 28)</ref>
| strength1 = 240 men - one [[RML 9-pounder 8 and 6 cwt guns|9-pounder field gun]] - two [[Maxim gun]]s<ref name=BritishBattles/><ref name=NAM/>
| strength2 = 1,500 (on 26 July) 12,000–14,000 (by 31 July)<ref name=Frontier/>
|units1 = [[Bengal Lancers|45th Bengal Lancers]] [[45th Rattray's Sikhs]] Pashtun Levies<ref name=WC>{{cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/9404/9404-h/9404-h.htm#link2HCH0006|title=The Story of the Malakand Field Force, by Sir Winston Churchill|work=gutenberg.org}}</ref><ref name=NAM/>
|units2 = Tribesmen
| casualties1 = {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} 1 wounded {{flagicon|British Raj}} 6 killed, 11 wounded
| casualties2 = 2,000+ killed
}}
The '''Battle of Chakdara''' was a battle and [[siege]] of a British military fort by rebel [[Pashtun]] tribesmen during the [[Siege of Malakand]] in colonial [[British India]]'s [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North West Frontier Province]] in 1897. Due to the defensive nature of the battle, the event draws parallels with the [[Battle of Rorke's Drift]] during the [[Anglo-Zulu War]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.military-history.org/feature/19th-century/chakdara-the-other-rorkes-drift.htm|title=Chakdara: the other Rorke's Drift?|work=military-history.org|date=8 March 2018}}</ref><ref name=DefencePK>{{cite web|url=https://defence.pk/threads/frontier-revolt-of-1897.260321/|title=Khyber during the Frontier Uprising of 1897|work=defence.pk|date=25 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/winston-churchill-in-india/|title=Winston Churchill in India|work=thediplomat.com|date=March 29, 2015}}</ref><ref name=NAM>{{cite web|url=https://www.nam.ac.uk/explore/north-west-frontier-india#:~:text=At%20Chakdara%2C%20240%20troops%20from,tribesmen%20until%20late%20October%201897.|title=The 1897 Rising|work=National Army Museum}}</ref><ref name=NWfront>{{cite web|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA523451.pdf|title=An Ever Present Danger: A Concise History of British Military Operations on the North-West Frontier, 1849-1947|work=Matt M. Matthews|date=June 2010}}</ref><ref name="Nevill1">Nevill p. 232</ref>

==Background==
Following the end of the [[Chitral Expedition]] in 1895, the British built a suspension bridge over the [[River Swat]] near the village of [[Chakdara]]. The British also constructed a fort on the site of an old [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] fort and also a signal tower overlooking the fortress and bridge.<ref name=BritishBattles>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishbattles.com/north-west-frontier-of-india/malakand-rising-1897/|title=Malakand Rising 1897|work=BritishBattles.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graana.com/blog/exploring-the-rich-history-and-vibrant-culture-of-chakdara-pakistan/|title=Chakdara Fort|work=graana.com|date=24 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft458006bg&chunk.id=s1.5.36&toc.id=ch5&brand=ucpress|title=The Events of 1897 and Their Explanation|work=publishing.cdlib.org}}</ref><ref name=NewYorkTimes>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1897/08/02/archives/disturbances-in-india-reinforcements-of-sikhs-arrive-by-forced.html|title=DISTURBANCES IN INDIA; Reinforcements of Sikhs Arrive By Forced March in Dargia With Munitions. RELIEF FOR FORT CHAKDARA Tribesmen Sending Forward Relays to Block the Road from Rawalpindi -- Reconnoitering Column of the British Attacked and Pursued.|work=New York Times|date=2 August 1897}}</ref><ref name=NWfront/>

Similar to one of the causes of the Waziristan unrest in 1894, British work on the [[Durand line]], signifing the newly organised border between [[Afghanistan]] and the [[British Raj]]; and thus the division of [[Pashtunistan|Pashtun lands]], appeared to the [[Pashtun]] tribes in the area as a precursor to an official British annexation of tribal lands into the Raj. It is also thought that the recent [[Greco-Turkish War (1897)|Ottoman victory over Greece]] inspired [[Muslim|Islamic]] tribes to fight against the British, who were seen as foreign [[Kafir]]. Some more fanatical tribes even declared [[Jihad]] to 'sweep away the British' as a form of holy war.<ref name=WC/><ref name="EL28">Elliott-Lockhart p. 28</ref><ref>Beattie p. 137</ref>

[[File:Troops at Malakand.jpg|thumb|left|A mixture of [[British troops]] and [[Sikh]] [[sepoy]]s that fought in Malakand.]]
Towards 1897, news of unrest in the nearby Pashtun villages had reached the British garrisons in Malakand. [[Harold Arthur Deane|Major Deane]], the British political agent, noted the growing unrest within the Pashtun [[sepoy]]s<ref name="EL55">Elliott-Lockhart p. 55</ref> stationed with the British. On 26 July, a sepoy who was out sketching had also been robbed by tribesmen in the area and had reported that a tribal force was encroaching down the valley towards the fort.<ref name=NWfront/>

Accounts of the siege of Malakand and Chakdara were published by [[Winston Churchill]] in his first non-fiction book, ''[[The Story of the Malakand Field Force]]''.

==The battle==
{{see also|Siege of Malakand}}
Despite British authorities knowing of the Pashtun unrest, nothing substantial was done in preparation. Especially at the temporary camps near the [[Malakand Pass]], making them appear as easy targets for an attack.<ref name=NWfront/>

Chukdara fort lied several miles to the north-east of Malakand and was lightly manned. A total of around 240 mostly Indian soldiers were stationed in the fortress and nearby signal tower.

===26 July===
On the evening of 26 July, Haldane Rattray, the First-Lieutenant in command of the garrison at Chukdara, had travelled to the nearby settlement of [[Khar, Bajaur|Khar]], to play a game of [[Polo]] with other British officers from Malakand. By the end of the game, two sowars had arrived in Khar with a message from Second-Lieutenant Wheatley, who was still at Chukdara, informing Rattray that a large force of armed tribesmen were making their way to the fortress. Upon hearing this news, Rattray headed back to Chakdara on horse-back, passing some tribesmen on the way.<ref name=TroveAU>{{cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/71287757|title=The Indian Frontier Risings|work=trove.nla.gov.au|date=25 June 1898 }}</ref><ref name=HH>{{cite web|url=https://www.heritage-history.com/index.php?c=read&author=younghusband&book=guides&story=malakand|title=The Malakand, 1897|work=heritage-history.com}}</ref><ref name=Frontier>{{cite web|url=https://pahar.in/pahar/Books%20and%20Articles/Indian%20Subcontinent/1968%20The%20Frontier%201839-1947%20--NW%20Frontier%20of%20India%20by%20Elliott%20s.pdf|title=The Frontier 1839-1947|publisher=CASSELL & COMPANY LTD}}</ref>

Once Rattray had arrived at the fort, a message was telegraphed to British forces in Malakand that they were about to come under attack. The fort's telegraph lines were sabotaged shortly after this message was sent, effectively cutting off the fort from other British forces in the area and leaving them wide-open for an attack.<ref name=HH/><ref name=BritishBattles/><ref name=Rattray/>

A soldier of the [[Dir (princely state)|state of Dir]], that were allied with the British, had promised to inform the fort of any impending attacks by lighting a bonfire as a warning. At about 10:30pm on 26 July, a bonfire had been lit, in response the garrison was called to stand-to in preparation. Shortly thereafter, the fort came under heavy fire from tribal forces hidden in the dark, beginning the battle. The fort was now to be under constant fire for the next week.<ref name=TroveAU/>

Shortly after tribal forces opened fire on the fort, their initial attack began, with a wave of tribesmen attempting to take the fort. This attack and several others throughout the night were defeated with the use of [[volley fire]] from the fort's [[Loophole (firearm)|loopholes]].<ref name=BritishBattles/>

===27 July===
By now, British forces in Malakand had also begun to come under attack from tribal forces, despite this, Captain Wright of the 11th Bengal Lancers and Captain Baker of the 2nd Bombay Grenadiers were assigned to travel to and reinforce Chakdara fort, with a force of around 40 sepoys. Wright and Baker begun their trip that morning and fought through several skirmishes on the way north, realising the true strength of the enemy on the way. Wright and Baker eventually arrived at the fort later that morning, under cover from one of the fort's Maxim guns.<ref name=WC/> Captain Baker immediately set his task improve the fort's existing defences.<ref name=HH/><ref name=Frontier/>

At about 11:30am, another wave of tribesmen attempted to breach the perimeter of the fort's defences, however this was attack was also repulsed by the defenders, with several of the tribesmen being gunned down at the base of the fort's wall.<ref name=BritishBattles/> After this attack was repelled, at around midday, a group of six men were sent to reinforce the signal tower, along with food and water.<ref name=Frontier/>

By this time, the tribesmen had begun to construct stone [[Sangar (fortification)|Sangars]] in the vicinity of the signal tower, keeping the tower under constant fire. This prevented British forces from using the tower's roof as a defensive platform and also prevented communication with forces in Malakand by the use of a [[heliograph]].<ref name=BritishBattles/>

At around 11pm, the tribesmen had mustered up for another attack. Lt. Wheatley had noted the tribesmen's points of concentration and prepared the garrison accordingly. When the attack began, one of the Maxim guns opened fire on the advancing tribesmen, killing at least 70. Despite this, at 1am, tribesmen with scaling ladders still attempted to breach the walls, but were also gunned down by rifle fire.<ref name=WC/><ref name=Frontier/>

===28 July===
The entire day of 28 July consisted of continuous firefights between the attackers and defenders. At 5:30pm, another attack was launched by the tribesmen, who formed a large semi-circle around the fort, carrying several large banners representing their tribal affiliations. During the attack, several tribesmen charged straight up to the base of the walls, some getting entangled and gunned down in [[barbed wire]] on the way. This attack continued on into the early hours of the next day, to no avail for the attackers.<ref name=WC/>

===29 July===
With the fort still under continuous fire, the tribesmen assembled in Chakdara village itself. At 3pm, they attacked the fort again, attempting to destroy the defensive barbed wire by throwing blocks of grass and dirt on them. This attack was also defeated.<ref name=BritishBattles/><ref name=TroveAU/>

On the same day, a significant group of tribesmen began to launch offensive operations on the signal tower, causing a small fire which caused no significant damage to the structure. About 50 tribesmen were killed in the failed attack on the signal tower, prompting the attackers to retreat by 5pm.<ref name=WC/><ref name=TroveAU/>

===30 July===
Although firefights did not cease on 30 July, the confidence of the attacking tribesmen was wavering, so much so they only launched one small attack on the fort at 7pm that afternoon, allowing the defenders some rest. Some sepoys were reportedly falling asleep at their loopholes, after having been continuously fighting for the previous 96 hours.<ref name=WC/><ref name=Frontier/>

===31 July===
Throughout the day. However, tribal reinforcements from Bajaur and the [[The Black Mountain tribes|Malizai clan]] had arrived at Chakdara. Furthermore, large numbers of tribal reinforcements began to arrive at Chakdara from Malakand, whilst being pursued by the British relief column that was also on its way to Chakdara. These reinforcements raised the number of tribesmen on 26 July from 1,500 to 12,000-14,000 by 1 August, overwhelmingly outnumbering the exhausted defenders.<ref name=BritishBattles/><ref name=WC/> On the evening of 31 July, attacks on the ford had resumed.

===1 August===
Bolstered by reinforcements, a significantly larger and more organised attack was now being conducted on Chakdara fortress, using superior numbers, the terrain and entrenchments against the seriously fatigued defenders. During this attack, the tribesmen had captured the civilian hospital next to the fort and were using it as a staging ground to launch up-close attacks. The signal tower was also now fully cut off from the fort, starving the men there of critical supplies. These tribal reinforcements were also heavily armed, some using [[Martini–Henry]] and [[Snider–Enfield]]s.<ref name=BritishBattles/><ref name=NewYorkTimes/>

A Sepoy by the name of Prem Singh, with the use of a loophole, managed to send a message by heliograph to the main British force in Malakand. As stated in Lt. Rattray's official report: "Matters now looked so serious that we decided to send an urgent appeal for help, but owing to the difficulty and danger of signalling we could not send a long message, and made it as short as possible, merely sending the two words, 'Help us.'"<ref name="WC"/><ref name="BritishBattles"/><ref name=NewYorkTimes/>

===2 August===
By now, the British relief column was well within sight of Chakdara and would soon be on site to relive the fortress. In a last ditch attempt to win over the fort, the tribesmen launched one large final attack on the fort. Attacking from all sides and causing some casualties amongst the ranks of the defenders, killing several. Despite the enormity of the attack, large numbers of tribesmen were shot and killed by the garrison.<ref name=BritishBattles/><ref name=TroveAU/>

By late morning, cavalry of the Guides and the 11th Bengal Lancers were seen to be crossing the Amandara Ridge on the far side of the Swat River, cutting down many tribesmen on the way and forcing the remaining others to retreat. The relief force had finally arrived.<ref name=WC/>

Seeing allied reinforcements approaching the fort, Lt. Rattray ordered the doors of the fort be flung open and launched a final bayonet charge into the remaining tribesmen occupying the civilian hospital. At least 30 tribesmen were killed in Rattray's charge. Rattray was wounded in the neck by the last tribesman he bayonetted.<ref name=WC/><ref name=TroveAU/><ref name=Rattray/>

Shortly after, the relief cavalry arrived at the entrance of the fort, finally lifting the week-long siege and forcing the remaining tribesmen to retreat from the area.<ref name=Frontier/>

==Aftermath==
During the week-long siege, six [[British Indian Army]] soldiers were killed and 12 others were wounded, including Lieutenant Rattray. Over 2,000 tribesmen were also killed in the week-long siege.<ref name=WC/><ref name=BritishBattles/><ref name=NAM/><ref name=Frontier/><ref name=NWfront/>

A British punitive campaign was launched in the region afterwards. Medals were awarded to the defenders of the fort and members of the Malakand relief force.<ref name=WC/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dcmmedals.co.uk/the-relief-of-malakand-1897/|title=The Relief of Malakand, 1897|work=DCM Medals|date=22 December 2016 }}</ref><ref name=NAM/><ref name=NWfront/>

==See also==
*[[Battle of Rorke's Drift]]
*[[Military history of the North-West Frontier]]
*[[Military history of Pakistan]]
*[[Military history of India]]
*[[History of the British Raj]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1890s battles]]
[[Category:1897 in British India]]

Hindutash Pass

2025-11-15T20:21:17Z

Bogdankdu: new entry

{{Short description|Mountain pass in Xinjiang, China}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Infobox mountain pass
| name = Hindutash Pass
| photo = Image:78.96268E 36.26053N nasa kanxiwar.jpg
| photo_caption = NASA satellite image showing the towns of Kangxiwar and Pusa in southwestern [[Xinjiang]], [[China]] and the Hindu-tagh Pass connecting them. The pass is marked in bright red.
| elevation_m = 5,450
| traversed = {{jct|country=CHN|G|580}} (under construction)
| location = [[Hotan County]], [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]
| range = [[Kunlun Mountains]]
| map = China Xinjiang Southern
| label_position = top
| coordinates = {{coord|type:pass|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| topo =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 6
| mapframe-wikidata = yes
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|s=印地他什达坂
|t=印地他什達坂
|p=Yìndì-tāshí dábǎn
|uig= ھىندۇتاش ئېغىزى
}}
[[Image:Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Details of a map of [[Central Asia]] (1878) showing the [[Hindu-tagh]] Pass and [[Hotan|Khotan]] in [[Xinjiang]] as well as the northern border regions of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] (which included the [[Kashmir region]]).<ref name=trotter1878-U8/> The international border is shown in the two-toned purple and pink band. The mountain passes are shown in bright red. Warning the lat/long information is not everywhere correct.]]
[[Image:Johnson-journey-ilchi1865-mapa.jpg|thumb|250px|Map of W. H. Johnson showing the route of his trip to Khotan from Leh; in this map, Johnson refers to the pass as "Hindotak diwan Pass." He himself traveled through the Yangi diwan Pass, some {{convert|20|mi|km|-1|order=flip|abbr=on}} upriver from Hindutash, on his outward journey, and returned via the Sanju diwan Pass near Shahdula. Johnson placed the border of Kashmir with Turkistan at Bringja. (Refer accompanying maps for position of Bringja)]]

'''Hindu-tagh Pass''', also known as '''Hindutash''', is a historical [[mountain pass]] in the western [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]. The pass cuts through the [[Kunlun Mountains]] connecting the now-deserted town of [[Kangxiwar]] in the [[Karakash River]] valley to the town of Pusha in the Pusha Jilga valley ({{coord|36.3833|N|79|E}}; formerly Bushia). It also connects to the road to the city of [[Hotan]] (formerly Khotan or Ilchi; see adjacent maps).<ref name=trotter1878-U8>{{Harv|Trotter|1878|p=U8}}</ref>

{{jct|country=CHN|G|580}} is under construction connecting Kangxiwar directly with [[Hotan]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = The Reliability and Stability Analysis of High Shear Slope in Cold Region Based on First Order Quadratic Matrix
| last1 = Zeng
| first1 = Tao-rui
| last2 = Wang
| first2 = Lin-feng
| publisher = kns.ccpd.cnki.net
| journal = Science Technology and Engineering
| date = 2019
| issue = 21
| access-date = 7 January 2020
| url = http://new.oversea.cnki.net/KCMS/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFQ&dbname=CJFDLAST2019&filename=KXJS201921042
| language =
| issn = 1671-1815
| quote = Taking the K86 + 780 ～ K86 + 840 soil high cut slope of the highway section from Hetian to Kangxiwa of G580 line as an example, the reliability calculation of soil high cut slope in the cold region was carried out
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It will tunnel under Hindutash, connect with [[China National Highway 219|the Xinjiang-Tibet Highway G219]] to the south after numerous hairpin turns.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = 新疆G580线和田至康西瓦公路PPP项目施工总承包指挥部
| trans-title = Xinjiang G580 line Hotan to Kangxiwar road PPP project construction general contracting HQ
| author =
| publisher = gonglutielu.com
| date = 2017-08-28
| access-date = 7 January 2020
| url = http://www.gonglutielu.com/glzj/56403.jhtml
| language = zh
| quote = 于印地他什达坂设隧道，出洞后沿等高线展线而下，最终与G219相接。
}}</ref> It is scheduled to be completed in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web
| title = 580国道和康项目一标完成路面摊铺
| trans-title = G580 Hotan-Kangxiwar Project first milestone completed, road surface paved
| author = 中国交通新闻网
| publisher = [[Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China]]
| date = 2019-11-18
| access-date = 7 January 2020
| url = http://www.mot.gov.cn/jiaotongyaowen/201911/t20191118_3298022.html
| quote = 日前，580国道新疆和田至康西瓦公路项目一标主线沥青路面完成摊铺，为2022年全线通车奠定了坚实基础。
}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{Update after|2022}}

"Hindu-tagh" means "Indian Mountain," and "Hindu-tash," "Indian stone" in the [[Uyghur language|Uyghur dialect]] of Xinjiang.

==History==
In 1857, the explorer [[Robert Schlagintweit]] crossed this pass from camping grounds in [[Sumgal]] ("three fords"), on the banks of the Karakash river, approximately {{convert|7|mi|km}} upstream from Kengshewar and estimated its height to be {{convert|17879|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}. At the top of the pass ({{coord|36|16|23|N|78|46|50|E}}), there is a steep glacier with many crevasses. The eastern Kunlun range, which is in the southern region of the [[Hotan]] [[Prefectures of China|prefecture]] of Xinjiang, is cut by two other passes: the [[Sanju Pass]], near the small staging post of [[Xaidulla]], formerly Shahidulla, northwest of Hindu-tagh, and the ''Ilchi Pass'', southeast of Hindu-tagh, just north-east of the village of [[Dahongliutan]], itself just north of the now disputed [[Aksai Chin]] area (see second map on right). The former pass had been much used historically, and provided the traditional means of entry from the south into the ancient [[Kingdom of Khotan]]. The latter was traversed in 1865 by [[William Johnson (surveyor)|W. H. Johnson]] of the [[Survey of India]].

==Gallery==
<gallery>
Image:Chain-of-kuenluen-from-sumgal1857a.jpg|"The Chain of the Kuenlúen, from Súmgal, in Turkistán (Lat North 36° 8', Long. East of Green. 78° 5', Height 13, 215 Engl. feet)" by [[Hermann Schlagintweit]], August 1856. Lithographed by Sabatier, printed in oil-colours by Lemereier, Paris. The Hindu-tagh Pass is the break in the mountains on the right.
Image:Yarkand River in the Western Kunlun Shan, seen from the Tibet-Xinjiang highway.jpg|Yarkand River in the Western Kunlun Range, seen from the [[China National Highway 219|Xinjiang-Tibet Highway]]

Image:Kunlun_IMG_0541.jpg|View of Western Kunlun Range from the [[China National Highway 219|Xinjiang-Tibet Highway]]
</gallery>

==Maps==
<gallery>
Image:NWFP-Kashmir1909-a.jpg|A lower-resolution 1909 Map of the [[Kashmir region|Princely State of Kashmir and Jammu]]. Sumgal in the valley below the Hindu-tagh Pass is shown in the top right corner.
Image:China India western border 88.jpg|1988 [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] map of Aksai Chin. Hindutash is just north of the town of Kangxiwar, [[Xinjiang]] shown at the top of the map, north of Aksai Chin.
Image:Yangi-hindutash-aurel-stein-map-1911.jpg|Map of [[Aurel Stein]] (1911) based on that of the Survey of India showing the "Hindutash Dawan" in the Kunlun Mountains
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Xinjiang]]
*[[Aksai Chin]]
*[[Kunlun Mountains]]
*[[Yurungkash]]
*[[Karakash River]]

==Notes==
<references/>

==References==
*{{Citation
| last1=Johnson
| first1=W. H.
| title=Report on His Journey to Ilchí, the Capital of Khotan, in Chinese Tartary
| journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
|volume=37
|issue=1
| year=1867
| pages=1–47
| jstor=1798517
| doi=10.2307/1798517
}}.
*{{Citation
|last1 = Schlagintweit
|first1 = Hermann
|authorlink1 = Hermann Schlagintweit
|last2 = Schlagintweit
|first2 = Adolphe
|authorlink2 = Adolf Schlagintweit
|last3 = Schlagintweit
|first3 = Robert
|authorlink3 = Robert Schlagintweit
|title = Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia: undertaken between the years MDCCCLIV and MDCCCLVIII
|year = 1861
|place = Leipzig/London
|publisher = F. A. Brockhaus/Trubner and Co.
|url = http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/XII-4-2/V-2/thumbnail/0001-0024.html.en
}}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.
*{{Citation
| last1=Stein
| first1=M. Aurel
| authorlink1=Marc Aurel Stein
| title=Explorations in Central Asia, 1906-8
| journal=The Geographical Journal
|volume=34
|issue=1
| year=1909
| pages=5–36
| jstor=1777985
| doi=10.2307/1777985
| bibcode=1909GeogJ..34....5S
| url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449286
}}.
*{{Citation
| last1=Stein
| first1=M. Aurel
| authorlink1=Marc Aurel Stein
| title=Note on Maps Illustrating Dr. Stein's Explorations in Chinese Turkestan and Kansu
| journal=The Geographical Journal
|volume=37
|issue=3
| year=1911
| pages=275–280
| jstor=1777400
| doi=10.2307/1777400
| bibcode=1911GeogJ..37..275S
| url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449276
}}.
*{{Citation
| last1=Trotter
| first1=H.
| authorlink1=Henry Trotter (Indian Army officer)
| title=On the Geographical Results of the Mission to Kashghar, under Sir T. Douglas Forsyth in 1873-74
| journal=Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London
|volume=48
|issue=2
| year=1878
| pages=173–234
| jstor=1798763
| doi=10.2307/1798763
| url=https://zenodo.org/record/2150950
}}.

{{Xinjiang topics}}
{{Mountain passes of China}}

[[Category:Kunlun Mountains]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Mountain passes of China]]

Jaspur, Gujarat

2025-11-02T10:20:04Z

Bogdankdu: new new article

{{One source|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jaspur
| native_name_lang = gu
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gandhinagar district]]
| subdivision_type3 = Taluka
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kalol, Gandhinagar]]
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 9.00
| population_total = 3,233
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 382721
| registration_plate = [[Gujarat|GJ]]
}}

'''Jaspur''' is a [[village]] located in the [[Kalol, Gandhinagar|Kalol Taluka]] of the [[Gandhinagar district|Gandhinagar]] in [[Gujarat]]. As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Jaspur had a population of 3,233.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jasper, Gujarat |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/511161-jaspur-gujarat.html |website=Census 2011 |access-date=23 October 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Kalol, Gandhinagar]]
* [[Gandhinagar district]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Gandhinagar district]]
[[Category:Villages in Gujarat]]

M. D. Nidheesh

2025-10-20T16:01:42Z

Bogdankdu: cleanup

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}

{{Infobox cricketer
| name = M. D. Nidheesh
| image =Nidheesh profile.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| country = India
| fullname = Mattakandathil Dineshan Nidheesh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|9|5|df=yes}}{{efn|name=fn1|Discrepancy between sources on date of birth, CricketArchive records it as 5 September,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dineshan Nidheesh |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1090/1090486/1090486.html |website=CricketArchive |access-date=25 April 2025 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> ESPNcricinfo lists it as 5 May}}
| birth_place = Chembu, [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 178 cm
| batting = Right handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[fast medium]]
| role = [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowler]]

| club1 = [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]]
| year1 = 2015-present
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| year2 = 2018
| clubnumber2 =

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 42
| runs1 = 433
| bat avg1 = 10.06
| 100s/50s1 = 0/0
| top score1 = 34
| deliveries1 = 6,087
| wickets1 = 106
| bowl avg1 = 28.74
| fivefor1 = 6
| tenfor1 = 1
| best bowling1 = 7/88
| catches/stumpings1 = 12/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 28
| runs2 = 90
| bat avg2 = 7.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 40
| deliveries2 = 1,236
| wickets2 = 44
| bowl avg2 = 24.06
| fivefor2 = 1
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 5/49
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/–

| column3 =[[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 18
| runs3 = 20
| bat avg3 = 10.00
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 14
| deliveries3 = 360
| wickets3 = 21
| bowl avg3 = 22.52
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 4/30
| catches/stumpings3 = 5/–
| date = 11 April 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/822703.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Mattakandathil Dineshan Nidheesh''' (born 5 September 1991{{efn|name=fn1}}) is an Indian [[cricket]]er who represents [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] in domestic cricket. He is a right-handed batsman and right-arm [[medium-fast]] bowler.<ref name="Cricinfo">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/822703.html |title=M. D. Nidheesh |access-date=11 October 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.cricbuzz.com/profiles/10315/md-nidheesh|title=M. D. Nidheesh|work=Cricbuzz}}</ref>

==Domestic career==
Nidheesh made his [[First class cricket|first class]] debut for [[Kerala cricket team|Kerala]] in the [[2015–16 Ranji Trophy]] on 21 January 2015 against [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]].<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ranji-trophy-2014-15-775441/tripura-vs-kerala-group-c-775809/full-scorecard |title=Group C, Ranji trophy at Agartala, Jan 21-24 2015 |access-date=21 January 2015 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He took 14 wickets from the six matches he played in the [[2017-18 Ranji Trophy]] becoming Kerala's fourth highest wicket taker in the season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=12014;type=tournament |title=Ranji Trophy, 2017/18: Most Wickets |access-date=1 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut for Kerala in the [[2017–18 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] on 11 February 2018 against [[Tripura cricket team|Tripura]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1118746.html |title=Group B, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Dharamsala, Feb 11 2018 |access-date=11 February 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

In August 2018, he was one of eight players that were fined by the [[Kerala Cricket Association]], after showing dissent against Kerala's captain, [[Sachin Baby]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24533211/sanju-samson-13-players-sanctioned-kerala |title=Sanju Samson among 13 players sanctioned by Kerala |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=31 August 2018}}</ref>

His maiden 5-wicket haul (6 for 88) came against [[Himachal Pradesh cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] on the [[2018-19 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-domestic/ranji-trophy/ranji-trophy-keralas-md-nidheesh-reaps-the-benefits-of-perseverance/articleshow/67443346.cms|title=Ranji Trophy: Kerala's MD Nidheesh reaps the benefits of perseverance|work=The Times of India}}</ref> His career best performance (7 for 88) to date was against [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] on the [[2019-20 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/domestic/ranji-trophy/md-nidheesh-kerala-punjab-first-class-cricket-fast-bowling-sreesanth/article30568771.ece|work=Sportstar|publisher=The Hindu|title=Ranji Trophy 2019-20: Hard work pays off for M. D. Nidheesh}}</ref>

He made his [[Twenty20]] debut for Kerala in the [[2018–19 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] on 21 February 2019 against [[Manipur cricket team|Manipur]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1157092.html |title=Group A, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy at Krishna, Feb 21 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

He took his maiden five-wicket haul in List A during the [[2021-22 Vijay Hazare Trophy]] against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/vijay-hazare-trophy-2021-22-ruturaj-gaikwad-smashes-third-successive-ton-prerak-mankad-steps-up-with-bat-and-ball-1293154|title=Ruturaj Gaikwad smashes third successive ton, Prerak Mankad steps up with bat and ball|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> He was Kerala's highest wicket-taker in the [[2021-22 Vijay Hazare Trophy|season]] with 11 wickets from six matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=14240;team=1912;type=tournament|title= Records / Vijay Hazare Trophy, 2021/22 - Kerala / Batting and bowling averages|access-date=27 January 2022|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==Indian Premier League==
Nidheesh had earlier attended a trial camp of [[Kochi Tuskers Kerala]] but he failed to get a contract. Following an impressive [[2017-18 Ranji Trophy]] season he was bought by the [[Mumbai Indians]] for 20 lakhs INR in the [[List of 2018 Indian Premier League personnel changes|2018 IPL auction]].<ref name="IPL2018">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22218394/ipl-2018-player-auction-list-sold-unsold-players |title=List of sold and unsold players |access-date=27 January 2018 |work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crictracker.com/mumbai-indians-sign-md-nidheesh-despite-a-disastrous-trial/|title=Mumbai Indians sign MD Nidheesh despite a disastrous trial|work=Crictracker}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/jan/29/ipl-auctions-2018-meet-the-kerala-stars-entering-the-big-league-1765230.html|title=IPL auctions 2018: Meet the Kerala stars entering the big league|work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|ref=ci/content/player/822703.html}}

{{Kerala cricket squad}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nidheesh, M. D.}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Kerala cricketers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Kerala]]

Bhamra

2025-10-04T17:34:27Z

Bogdankdu: fixed issues

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{about|the Indian surname|the Syrian village|Bahamra}}

'''Bhamra,''' (alternatively spelt '''Bhamrah''', '''Bhambra''' '''Bumrah''' '''Bamrah'''; {{Langx|pa|ਭਮਰਾ}}) is a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] surname{{cn|date=October 2025}} Notable people with the surname include:

* [[Jasprit Bumrah]], Indian cricketer
*[[Kuljit Bhamra]] (born 1959), British composer, record producer and musician
*[[Mohinder Kaur Bhamra]] (born 1940s), British singer
*[[Satnam Singh Bhamara]], Indian basketball player
*[[Samir Bhamra]], British artist, playwright, costume designer, producer and musical theatre director
{{Surname}}
[[Category:Punjabi-language surnames]]

Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi

2025-05-27T11:22:52Z

Bogdankdu: made stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi
|logo =
|colorcode = 
|leader = [[M.L.Ravi (Advocate)|M.L.Ravi]]
|chairman =
|secretary =
|ppchairman =
|loksabha_leader =
|rajyasabha_leader =
|foundation =
|predecessor =
|dissolution =
|headquarters =
|publication =
|students =
|youth =
|women =
|labour =
|peasants =
|ideology =
|international =
|colours =
|position =
|eci =
|alliance =
|loksabha_seats =
|rajyasabha_seats =
|symbol =
|website =
|country =
|flag =
}}
'''Desiya Makkal Sakthi Katchi''' is a [[political party]] in India founded by [[M.L.Ravi]] in 2014. It is the Tamil Nadu state Party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr. JP launches Lok Satta Party in Tamil Nadu {{!}} Loksatta Party |url=https://www.loksatta.org/dr-jp-launches-lok-satta-party-in-tamil-nadu |website=www.loksatta.org |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref>

In the [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], Makkal Sakthi Katchi contested 35 constituencies in 18 districts. Some of the party's candidates were members of the anti-corruption non-government organisation 5th Pillar that gained attention by issuing zero rupee. The party was led by a steering committee of six people including [[Vijay Anand (politician)|Vijay Anand]] of 5th Pillar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Lok Satta Web Site|url=http://www.loksatta.org/tn/|access-date=29 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405192559/http://www.loksatta.org/tn/|archive-date=5 April 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/26/stories/2011032664450300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414132054/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/26/stories/2011032664450300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 April 2011|date=26 March 2011|access-date=28 March 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|title=These six could be candidates with a difference}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]

{{India-party-stub}}