Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

INS Tarmugli (2023)

2026-05-06T12:07:09Z

Blshastri2:

{{other ships|MCGS Huravee|INS Tillanchang|INS Tarmugli}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}{{italic title|string=Tarmugli}}{{Short description|Indian patrol vessel}}
{{Infobox ship
|display_title=INS ''Tarmugli'' (2023)
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image= Maldivian coast guard ship Hurawee (801) (formerly Indian Navy Ship Tillanchang T62) serves as a non-compliant vessel during an exercise.jpg
|image_caption= CGS ''Huravee'' during an exercise
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|builder= [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers|Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]]
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name=INS ''Tillanchang''
|namesake=[[Tillangchong|Tillanchang]]
|commissioned=17 March 2001
|identification=T62
|fate=Transferred to Maldives Coast Guard on 16 April 2006
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=Maldives
|flag={{shipboxflag|Maldives}}
|name=MCGS ''Huravee''
|namesake=
|acquired=
|commissioned= 16 April 2006
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned= 2 May 2023
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=
|identification=
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|fate= Transferred back to India
|status=
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=title
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name=INS ''Tarmugli''
|namesake=Tarmugli Island and ex-[[INS Tarmugli (T91)]]
|acquired=
|commissioned= 14 December 2023
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|homeport=
|identification=
|motto=
|nickname=
|honours=
|honors=
|captured=
|fate=
|status= Recommissioned after refit
|notes=
|badge=
}}

|section5={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Trinkat|fast attack craft}}
|displacement= 260 tons (full load)<ref name="br-trinkat">{{Cite web |title=Trinkat Class |website=Bharat Rakshak |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/168-Trinkat-Class.html |access-date=17 March 2017 |archive-date=17 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317144608/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/168-Trinkat-Class.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|length= {{convert|46|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|beam= {{convert|7.5|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draught=
|draft= {{cvt|3.9|m|ftin}}
|propulsion=*2 × MTU engines, {{cvt|3,500|hp|lk=on}} each
*3 × 80 kW diesel generators
|speed= {{convert|30|kn|lk=in}}
|range= {{cvt|2000|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|12|kn}}
|complement= 33 including 4 officers
|sensors=
|armament= 1 × [[CRN 91 Naval Gun|2A42 Medak 30 mm gun]]
|notes=
}}
}}

'''INS ''Tarmugli''''', formerly '''MCGS ''Huravee''''' and originally '''INS ''Tillanchang''''', a {{sclass|Trinkat|fast attack craft}}'''<ref name=":02">{{Cite press release |title=Commissioning of Indian Naval Ship Tarmugli |date=14 December 2023 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1986363&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=1 April 2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401143241/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1986363&reg=3&lang=2 |archive-date=1 April 2026}}</ref>''' of the [[Indian Navy]]. The vessel was designed and constructed by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]].

== Service history ==
[[File:INS Tillanchang (T62).jpg|left|thumb|The then INS ''Tillanchang'' (T62) in service with the Indian Navy]]''Tillanchang'' was named after [[Tillangchong|Tillangchong Island]] sometimes also called Tillanchang<ref>{{Cite web |title=No rescue for Police Jawans of Tillanchang Island |url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2012/04/12/no-rescue-for-police-jawans-of-tillanchang-island/ |work=andamansheekha.com |date=12 April 2012 |access-date=16 May 2021 }}</ref> and was [[Ship commissioning|commissioned]] into the Indian Navy on 17 March 2001. She was transferred to the [[Maldivian Coast Guard]] on 16 April 2006 as MCGS ''Huravee''. As part of the transfer, technical and material assistance was provided by the Indian Navy for a period of three years. The Indian Navy also stationed a team of personnel for a preliminary period and on-the-job training of the Maldivian crew.<ref name="br-trinkat" /> ''Huravee'' was successfully refitted at [[Visakhapatnam]] Naval Dockyard in November 2018. The refit was an initiative by Indian Navy to boost its diplomatic outreach to friendly foreign navies in the Indian Ocean Region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy completes refit of Maldivian Coast Guard Ship Huravee |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/indian-navy-completes-refit-of-maldivian-coast-guard-ship-huravee/articleshow/66637595.cms |website=Bangalore Mirror |date=15 November 2018 |access-date=16 May 2021 }}</ref>
In Maldivian service, the Huravee was replaced by a newer [[MCGS Huravee|INS Tarmugli (T91)]] in May 2023,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/eastern-naval-command-bids-farewell-to-ins-tarmugli-in-visakhapatnam/article66711727.ece|title=Eastern Naval Command bids farewell to INS Tarmugli in Visakhapatnam|date=7 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/rajnath-singh-hands-over-fast-patrol-vessel-landing-craft-assault-ship-to-maldives/articleshow/99936343.cms?from=mdr|title=Rajnath Singh hands over Fast Patrol Vessel, Landing Craft Assault ship to Maldives|date=2 May 2023}}</ref> and the former INS ''Tillanchang'' was transferred back to India. After inspections, the decision was taken to refit and recommission the older patrol vessel. The former ''Tillanchang'' was recommissioned into the Indian Navy as INS ''Tarmugli'' in memory of the patrol vessel donated to the Maldives as the newer MCGS Huravee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1985936|title=COMMISSIONING OF INS TARMUGLI|date=2023-12-13|access-date=2023-12-14}}</ref>'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite press release |title=Commissioning of Indian Naval Ship Tarmugli|date=14 December 2023|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1986363&reg=3&lang=1|access-date=1 April 2026|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260401143241/https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1986363&reg=3&lang=2|archive-date=1 April 2026}}</ref>'''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Trinkat-class patrol vessel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tarmugli (2023)}}
[[Category:Trinkat-class patrol boats]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:2000 ships]]

{{Maldives-stub}}
{{Mil-ship-stub}}

Santhu Straight Forward

2026-05-01T03:47:32Z

Blshastri2: Started A Pg

{{short description|2016 film directed by Mahesh Rao}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Santhu Straight Forward
| image = Santhu_Straight_Forward.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Mahesh Rao]]
| based_on = ''[[Vaalu]]'' (2015)
| producer = [[K. Manju]]
| screenplay = Mahesh Rao
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = Anil Kumar
}}
| story = [[Vijay Chandar]]
| starring = [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] [[Radhika Pandit]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = I. Andrew
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = K. Manju Cinemas
| distributor = [[Jayanna Combines]] [[Eros International]]
| released = {{film date|2016|10|28|India|df=yes}}
| runtime = 159 minutes<ref>{{cite news|title=Santhu Straight Forward Movie Review|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/Santhu-Straight-Foward/movie-review/55112674.cms|access-date=28 October 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
}}

'''''Santhu Straight Forward'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13041-yash-radhika-pandith-film-titled-santhu-straight-forward.html|title=Yash-Radhika Pandith Film Titled Santhu Straight Forward|publisher=Chitraloka|date=8 April 2016|access-date=11 May 2016|archive-date=13 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513011921/http://www.chitraloka.com/news/13041-yash-radhika-pandith-film-titled-santhu-straight-forward.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a 2016 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Action film|action romantic film]] directed by [[Mahesh Rao]] and produced by [[K. Manju]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/mahesh-rao-to-direct-yash.html|title=Mahesh Rao to direct Yash|publisher=Cineloka|date=27 May 2015|access-date=11 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207002700/http://www.cineloka.co.in/latest-news/mahesh-rao-to-direct-yash.html|archive-date=7 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The film stars [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] and [[Radhika Pandit]] in the lead roles, alongside [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]], Sneha Acharya, [[Devaraj]], [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]], [[Anant Nag]] and [[Thilak]] in supporting roles. The music is composed by [[V. Harikrishna]], while cinematography and editing were handled by I. Andrew and K. M. Prakash.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Santhu-Straightforward/articleshow/55120159.cms|title=Movie Review - Santhu Straightforward - Bangalore Mirror -|access-date=13 January 2017}}</ref><ref name=ti>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Yash-has-signed-four-films/articleshow/46476646.cms|title=Yash has signed four films |website=The Times of India|date=7 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315192907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Yash-has-signed-four-films/articleshow/46476646.cms?|archive-date=15 March 2017}}</ref> The makers had clarified that the film was inspired by the 2015 Tamil film ''[[Vaalu]]'' as K. Manju had earlier bought the film's remake rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/santhu-straight-forward-is-not-remake-of-vaalu|title="Santhu Straight Forward" is not remake of "Vaalu"|date=2 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newskarnataka.com/sandalwood/santhu-straight-forward-is-not-remake-of-vaalu|title="Santhu Straight Forward" is not remake of "Vaalu"|website=NewsKarnataka|date=2 November 2016}}</ref>

''Santhu Straight Forward'' was released on 28 October 2016 and became a commercial success at the box office. The film was dubbed in [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] as ''Rambo Straight Forward'' and in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]] as ''Sooryavamsi''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/yash-and-shaams-sooryavamsi-set-for-release/articleshow/71394012.cms|title=Yash and Shaam's Sooryavamsi set for release |website=The Times of India|date=2 October 2019 }}</ref> It was also dubbed in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Raraju - King Of Kings''.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=May 2025}}
Santhu, a straight forward guy living a happy life with his loving family, falls in love with Ananya, a [[B.Arch]] student. Ananya and Santhu become friends after a series of comical mishaps. However, Santhu soon finds that Ananya is engaged to Deva, a gangster and [[real estate|real estate dealer]], due to her dead parent's wish. Ananya, despite in love with Santhu, keeps avoiding him. Deva learns about this and a cat-and-mouse game ensues between Santhu and Deva. During Deva's wedding, Ananya and Deva are kidnapped by [[Dubai]] Bhai, a crime boss, as he wants to exact revenge on Deva due to a real estate issue. Santhu arrives and rescues Deva and Ananya, while killing Dubai Bhai in the process. Deva arranges Santhu and Ananya's wedding, where Santhu secretly reveals to Ananya that Dubai Bhai is a fake person and that the guy who played Dubai Bhai is his uncle. Santhu reveals that Ananya's friends and grandfather are also involved in the plan, thus fooling Deva. Santhu and Ananya get married in the presence of their families, friends and Deva.

== Cast ==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Yash (actor)|Yash]] as Soorya
* [[Radhika Pandit]] as Ananya
* [[Shaam (actor)|Shaam]] as Deva
* Sneha Acharya as Muskhan
* [[Devaraj]] as Santhu's father
* [[Anant Nag]] as Ananya's grandfather
* [[Thilak]] as Syed
* Aishwarya Pisse as Santhu's sister
* [[Besant Ravi]] in a special appearance as himself
* Girish Shivanna as Santhu's friend
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] in a special appearance as herself
* [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]] as Santhu's mother
* [[Avinash Yelandur|Avinash]] as Ananya's father
* [[Meghashree Gowda]] as Ananya's friend
* [[Veena Sundar]] in a special appearance as herself
* [[Charandeep]] in a special appearance as himself
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] in a guest appearance as Santhu's uncle
* [[Shobaraj]] and Neenam Ashwath in a guest appearance in the song "Self Made Shehazada"
{{Colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Santhu Straight Forward
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|12}}
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 21:48
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[V. Harikrishna]] has composed for original score and soundtracks of the film.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 21:48
| lyrics_all =
| title1 = Self Made Shehzaada
| lyrics1 = Chethan Kumar
| extra1 = [[Ravisankar]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[Santhosh Venky]], [[Shashank Sheshagiri]]
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Thangaali
| lyrics2 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 = 4:41
| title3 = Anthu Inthu
| lyrics3 = Ghouse Peer
| extra3 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length3 = 4:40
| title4 = Koodi Itta
| lyrics4 = Ghouse Peer
| extra4 =Sonu Nigam, [[Sunitha Upadrashta]]
| length4 = 4:30
| title5 = Volle Huduga Sikkoune
| lyrics5 = Yogaraj Bhat
| extra5 = Tippu
| length5 = 4:02
|note1=|writer1=|note2=|writer2=|note3=|writer3=|note4=|writer4=}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "This film is for fans of commercial cinema in its purest form. Of course, it may have a song or fight extra, but that's always a bonus for people who like such cinema.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/santhu-straight-forward/movie-review/55112674.cms|title=Santhu Straight Forward Movie Review 3.5/5 Star: This film is for fans of commercial cinema in its purest form|work=The Times of India}}</ref> S. Shyam Prasad of ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "''Santhu Straight Forward'' is the kind of film that makers think consolidates a fan base of a star."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Santhu-Straightforward/articleshow/55120159.cms|title=Movie Review | Santhu Straightforward|website=Bangalore Mirror|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029111654/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/Movie-Review-Santhu-Straightforward/articleshow/55120159.cms|archive-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "The film has a thin plot but it keeps you entertained. It's out-and-out Yash's show that cannot be missed by his fans".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2016/oct/29/review-santhu-is-out-and-out-yashs-show-1532825.html|title=Review: Santhu... is out-and-out Yash's show|website=The New Indian Express|date=29 October 2016 }}</ref> Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote "No doubt that this one is straight from the rocking star to his fan!".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/021116/santu-straight-forward-movie-review-for-the-rocking-fans.html|title=Santu Straight Forward movie review: For the rocking fans|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=2 November 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6203612}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santhu Straight Forward}}
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:2016 masala films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Mahesh Rao]]
[[Category:2016 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]

GQ India

2026-04-30T10:11:24Z

Blshastri2: stub

{{Short description|Indian edition of GQ}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox magazine
| title = GQ India
| logo = GQ India logo.png
| logo_size = 150px
| image_file = GQ Indian Edition Cover.jpg
| image_size = 
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Amitabh Bachchan]] on the June 2015 cover of ''GQ''
| editor = Che Kurrien<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gqindia.com/content/editors-and-writers |title=Editors and Writers |publisher=GQ India |date=8 February 2010 |access-date=23 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008061614/http://www.gqindia.com/content/editors-and-writers |archive-date=8 October 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| editor_title = Editor
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category = [[List of men's magazines#General male audience|Men's]]
| frequency = Bi-Monthly
| circulation =
| publisher = Gurdeep Singh Jujhar<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.condenastinternational.com/country/india/gq/ |title=Condé Nast International; India; GQ |publisher=Condenastinternational.com |access-date=23 March 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| founder =
| founded =
| firstdate = {{Start date|df=yes|2008|10}}
| company = Condé Nast India Pvt. Ltd. (Jujhar Group)
| country = [[India]]
| based = [[Mumbai]]
| language = [[English language|English]]
| website = {{official URL}}
| issn =
| oclc =
}}
'''''GQ''''' is the Indian edition of the American monthly [[List of men's magazines#General male audience|men's magazine]] called ''[[GQ]]''. It is the 15th international edition of ''GQ'' and is published by Condé Nast India Pvt. Ltd., a 100% owned subsidiary of [[Condé Nast Publications|Condé Nast International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gqindia.com/content/contact-us |title=GQ India Contact us |publisher=gqindia.com |access-date=20 March 2013 |archive-date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404084126/http://www.gqindia.com/content/contact-us |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/42125 |title=GQ hits the newsstands in India |publisher=PressGazette |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=23 March 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101055956/http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/node/42125 |archive-date=1 November 2014 }}</ref> Condé Nast gained 100% ownership after regulatory changes in 2005 permitted 100% [[foreign direct investment]] in non-news and current affairs publications.<ref name="guardian1">{{cite web|author=Oliver Luft |url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2008/sep/29/condenast.pressandpublishing |title=GQ launches in India |publisher=Guardian |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> ''GQ'' was the second magazine released in India, after ''[[Vogue India]]'', that is 100% foreign owned.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/09/18/vogue-india-interview-markets-equity-cx_rd_0917markets13.html |title=Vogue India Launches |work=Forbes.com |date=18 September 2007 |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-09-18/vogue-hits-indian-newsstandsbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130410163125/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-09-18/vogue-hits-indian-newsstandsbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2013 |title=Vogue Hits Indian Newsstands |publisher=Businessweek |date=18 September 2007 |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref> Condé Nast India is based in [[Mumbai]] and also has an office in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.condenastinternational.com/country/india/ |title=Condé Nast International: Country – India |publisher=Condenastinternational.com |access-date=17 March 2013}}</ref>

The magazine was launched with the October 2008 issue, which was unveiled by Condé Nast on 29 September 2008.<ref name="guardian1"/> The cover, shot by Pascal Chevallier, featured [[Saif Ali Khan]] and [[Katarina Ivanovska]] on the regular cover, and [[Yuvraj Singh]], [[Lisa Haydon]], [[Arjun Rampal]] and [[Ujjwala Raut]] on the [[gatefold]] cover.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brandrepublic.com/News/849422/Conde-Nast-unveils-GQ-India/ |title=Conde Nast unveils GQ India |publisher=Brandrepublic.com |date=29 September 2008 |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>

== Awards ==
GQ India gives away a number of Awards in various fields. One popular award is the GQ Men of the year award.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/full-list-of-gq-men-of-the-year-awards-2018-winners/|title=GQ Awards: All the winners from the GQ Men of the Year Awards 2018|publisher=GQ India|access-date=22 November 2018|archive-date=28 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928003341/https://www.gqindia.com/content/full-list-of-gq-men-of-the-year-awards-2018-winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref> There are even other felicitations like the 100 Best Dressed people in India,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gqindia.com/content/gq-100-best-dressed/|title=We picked the 100 Best Dressed people in India right now |publisher=GQ India}}</ref> Creative Personality of the year<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/deepika-padukone-bags-the-creative-personality-of-the-year-award-at-the-gq-awards-2144460.html|title=Deepika Padukone bags the 'Creative Personality Of The Year' at the GQ Awards |publisher=Zee News India}}</ref> and Most Influential Men List.

== See also ==
* [[List of men's magazines]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.gqindia.com/ Official website]

{{GQ magazine}}
{{Advance Publications}}

[[Category:2008 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Men's fashion magazines]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 2008]]
[[Category:Condé Nast magazines]]
[[Category:Mass media in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Monthly magazines published in India]]
[[Category:GQ (magazine)]]
[[Category:Men's magazines published in India]]
[[Category:English-language magazines published in India]]

Rishab Shetty

2026-04-30T07:27:02Z

Blshastri2: Started A Data - done

{{Short description|Indian actor, film director, film producer and screenwriter (born 1983)}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rishab Shetty
| image = Rishab Shetty in 2023.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| alt =
| caption = Rishab in 2025
| birth_name = Prashanth Shetty<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/do-you-know-the-real-name-of-kantara-fame-rishab-shetty-6166129.html|title = Do You Know The Real Name of Kantara Fame Rishab Shetty?| work=News18 |date = 18 October 2022}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|07|07|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Keradi]], [[Karnataka]], India
| alma_mater = [[Vijaya College, Bangalore|Vijaya College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|Director|Producer|Screenwriter}}
| years_active = 2006–present
| known for =
| spouse = {{marriage|Pragati Shetty|2017}}
| parents =
| mother =
| father =
| children = 2
| website =
}}

'''Rishab Shetty''' (born 7 July 1983), is an Indian actor, film director and producer who works in [[Kannada cinema]]. He is known for his roles in ''[[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|Bell Bottom]]'', ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]'', and [[Kantara (2022 film)|''Kantara'']] franchise which was his highest-grossing directorial,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-11-05 |title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara: A Legend Chapter 1 witnessed a near 70 % jump on Tuesday to collect over Rs 1 crore in Hindi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/rishab-shettys-kantara-a-legend-chapter-1-witnessed-a-near-70-jump-on-tuesday-to-collect-over-rs-1-crore-in-hindi/articleshow/125103447.cms |access-date=2025-11-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and earned him the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]].

Shetty's acting debut was with ''[[Tuglak]]'' (2012). He next played an important role in ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe|Ulidavaru Kandante]]'' (2014) and made his directorial debut with ''[[Ricky (2016 film)|Ricky]]'' (2016). His next directorial ''[[Kirik Party]]'' (2016) was a commercial success and fetched him [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Filmfare Award for Best Director]], and [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Kannada|SIIMA Award for Best Director]].

==Early life==
Prashanth Shetty was born on 7 July 1983 in [[Keradi]] village in [[Kundapura Taluk]] of [[Udupi District]], [[Karnataka]] to a [[Bunt (community)|Bunt]] family.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/arts-and-culture/cinema/the-kantara-phenomenon-interview-rishab-shetty-i-believe-in-the-practice-and-i-have-portrayed-it/article66128111.ece/ | title=INTERVIEW | Rishab Shetty: 'I believe in the practice and I have portrayed it' | date=17 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-rishab-shetty-felicitated-by-sharjah-karnataka-sangha-and-uae-bunts-community/articleshow/95576795.cms | title=Kantara Rishab Shetty felicitated by Sharjah Karnataka Sangha and UAE Bunts community | newspaper=The Times of India | archive-date=2 August 2024 | access-date=2 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802184248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/kantara-rishab-shetty-felicitated-by-sharjah-karnataka-sangha-and-uae-bunts-community/amp_articleshow/95576795.cms | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-and-pragathi-shettys-glitzy-bunt-wedding/articleshow/57086546.cms | title=Rishab and Pragathi Shetty's glitzy Bunt wedding | newspaper=The Times of India | archive-date=2 August 2024 | access-date=2 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802184248/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-and-pragathi-shettys-glitzy-bunt-wedding/amp_articleshow/57086546.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> He did his schooling in Kundapura and later joined [[Vijaya College, Bangalore|Vijaya College, Bengaluru]] to pursue [[B.Com]]. He started his theatre journey by doing [[yakshagana]] plays in his hometown actively while studying in Bengaluru. He was appreciated for his work and success in these plays encouraged him to pursue acting as a profession.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shenoy |first=Sanjana |date=2022-11-07 |title=Kantara Actor-Director Rishab Shetty Says He Sold Water Bottles & Tea Powder To Make Ends Meet |url=https://curlytales.com/kantara-actor-director-rishab-shetty-says-he-sold-water-bottles-tea-powder-to-make-ends-meet/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=Curly Tales |language=en-US |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115163525/https://curlytales.com/kantara-actor-director-rishab-shetty-says-he-sold-water-bottles-tea-powder-to-make-ends-meet/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
After his graduation, Shetty worked several odd jobs like selling water cans, real estate and did hotel work while also trying for roles in movies.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kantara-fame-rishab-shetty-on-his-struggle-in-the-kannada-industry-background-nahi-hai-chance-nahi-milega-article-95018411|title=Kantara fame Rishab Shetty on his struggle in the Kannada industry|date=21 Oct 2022|archive-date=21 October 2022|access-date=24 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021174352/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kantara-fame-rishab-shetty-on-his-struggle-in-the-kannada-industry-background-nahi-hai-chance-nahi-milega-article-95018411|url-status=live}}</ref> While working odd jobs, he also acquired a diploma in film direction from the Government Film and TV Institute in [[Bangalore]].<ref name="making">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Making-Ricky/2016/01/16/article3229349.ece|title=Making Ricky|last1=Sharadhaa|first1=A|date=16 January 2016|access-date=29 January 2016|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117164823/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Making-Ricky/2016/01/16/article3229349.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref> He started working in the film industry as a clap boy, then as a spot boy, and then was an [[assistant director]]. He met Rakshit Shetty while working in the industry, they became friends later on.

His first major acting role was in ''[[Tuglak]]'' (2012).<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rakshit-rishab-and-raj-meet-the-three-shettys-changing-kannada-cinema/article38112176.ece | title=Meet the 3 Shettys changing Kannada cinema | newspaper=The Hindu | date=4 January 2022 | last1=Rao | first1=Subha J. | archive-date=24 October 2022 | access-date=24 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024181644/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rakshit-rishab-and-raj-meet-the-three-shettys-changing-kannada-cinema/article38112176.ece | url-status=live }}</ref> He played a small but impactful role of a police officer in [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]'s ''[[Lucia (2013 film)|Lucia]]'' and then played an important role in ''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe|Ulidavaru Kandante]]'', which was directed by Rakshit Shetty. In 2016, his directorial debut [[Ricky (2016 film)|''Ricky'']] starring Rakshit Shetty received an average response at the box office. In the same year, he directed ''[[Kirik Party]]'', which was an industry hit at the box office. After this, Shetty directed ''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]'', which received critical acclaim and won the [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]].

He debuted as a lead actor in [[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|''Bell Bottom'']] (2019) which was well received. His major role after this was that of [[Mangaluru]]-based gangster Hari in the film ''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]'' (2021). The film was a commercial and critical success in which the performance of Rishab Shetty and its director [[Raj B. Shetty]] was widely appreciated by critics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title=If you liked Rishab Shetty in 'Kantara', watch his 7 best and highest-rated movies, per IMDb on ZEE5, Voot and more |url=https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/liked-rishab-shettys-performance-kantara-7-highly-rated-films-kannada-actor-can-watch-zee5-voot/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |website=GQ India |language=en-IN |archive-date=15 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115180639/https://www.gqindia.com/binge-watch/collection/liked-rishab-shettys-performance-kantara-7-highly-rated-films-kannada-actor-can-watch-zee5-voot/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:The Vice President of India, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu confers Shri Rishabh Shetty Best Children's Film at the 66th National Film Awards ceremony, in New Delhi on December 23, 2019.jpg|thumb|The Vice President [[M. Venkaiah Naidu]] conferring the [[National Film Award for Best Children's Film]] in December 2019]]
[[File:The President Droupadi Murmu confers 'Medal Rajat' to the Director & Actor Shri Rishab Shetty for Best Actor in a Leading Role Kantara (Kannada) at the 70th National Film Awards on October 08, 2024.jpg|thumb|The President [[Droupadi Murmu]] conferring the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]] in October 2024]]

He then appeared briefly in two films, ''[[Mishan Impossible]]'' and ''[[Harikathe Alla Girikathe]]'' (both in 2022), the former being his [[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]] debut. Shetty collaborated with [[Hombale Films]] for his next directorial ''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]'' in which he was also the lead actor.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-vikrant-rona-8219995/ | title=Kantara box office collection: Rishab Shetty's film overtakes Kiccha Sudeep's Vikrant Rona, is now third-highest grossing Kannada film ever | date=20 October 2022 | access-date=24 October 2022 | archive-date=20 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020064328/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/kantara-box-office-collection-rishab-shetty-vikrant-rona-8219995/ | url-status=live }}</ref> It was initially released only in [[Kannada]] and was later dubbed into other languages, after receiving critical success.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-to-release-in-multiple-languages/articleshow/94659820.cms | title=Rishab Shetty's 'Kantara' to release in multiple languages - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=5 October 2022 | archive-date=24 October 2022 | access-date=24 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024181643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-to-release-in-multiple-languages/articleshow/94659820.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> ''Kantara'' is the [[List of highest-grossing Kannada films|second highest-grossing Kannada film of all-time worldwide]]. At the [[54th International Film Festival of India|54th IFFI 2023]], he won the [[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|IFFI Special Jury Award]].<ref name="Jury Awards">{{cite news|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1980531|title=Winners at IFFI54|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]]|date=29 November 2023|access-date=29 November 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216134127/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1980531|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title=Rishabh Shetty named Brand Ambassador for International Year of Volunteers 2026
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/actor-rishab-shetty-urges-youth-to-help-change-societal-mindsets-at-bengaluru-event/articleshow/126456795.cms
|work=Times Of India
|date=10 January 2026
|location=Bengaluru
|publisher=Times Of India
}}</ref>
== Filmography ==
{{pending films key}}

===As actor===

* ''All films are in Kannada language, unless otherwise mentioned''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
|2012
|''[[Tuglak]]''
|Villain
|
|<ref name="Tuglak">{{cite news |last1=Bohra |first1=Anurag |date=19 May 2024 |title=Rishab Shetty gets a flying kiss from Mohammed Siraj as he attends CSK vs RCB match |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rishab-shetty-gets-a-flying-kiss-from-mohammed-siraj-as-he-attends-csk-vs-rcb-match-watch-101716112905964.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620123259/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/rishab-shetty-gets-a-flying-kiss-from-mohammed-siraj-as-he-attends-csk-vs-rcb-match-watch-101716112905964.html |archive-date=20 June 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|''[[Attahasa]]''
| Undercover Cop
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=Y Maheswara |date=20 September 2022 |title=Double Role |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/double-role/articleshow/94309829.cms |access-date=15 September 2024 |publisher=Banglore Mirror}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Lucia (film)|Lucia]]''
|Police Inspector
|
|<ref name="DHeraldOpen">{{cite news |last1=M V |first1=Vivek |date=29 September 2022 |title=Rishab Shetty opens up on his acting career |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rishab-shetty-opens-up-on-his-acting-career-1148997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916002356/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rishab-shetty-opens-up-on-his-acting-career-1148997.html |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=15 September 2024 |publisher=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|''[[Ulidavaru Kandanthe]]''
| Raghu
|
|<ref name="DHeraldOpen" />
|-
|2016
|[[Ricky (2016 film)|''Ricky'']]
|Radhakrishna's Friend
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Ricky by Rishab Shetty Gets U/A, Release Date Pushed to January 29 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Ricky-by-Rishab-Shetty-Gets-UA-Release-Date-Pushed-to-January-29/2016/01/13/article3224749.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116010652/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/Ricky-by-Rishab-Shetty-Gets-UA-Release-Date-Pushed-to-January-29/2016/01/13/article3224749.ece |archive-date=16 January 2016 |access-date=20 January 2016 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai|Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale]]''
|Inspector Kempraju
|
|
|-
|''[[Ambi Ning Vayassaytho]]''
| Director of the movie
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Bell Bottom (2019 film)|Bell Bottom]]''
|Detective Divakara
|
|<ref name="DHeraldOpen" />
|-
|''[[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|Katha Sangama]]''
|Mentally Disturbed Person
|
|<ref name="DHeraldOpen" />
|-
|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''
|Cowboy Krishna
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|''[[Hero (2021 film)|Hero]]''
| Hero
|
|
|-
|''[[SriKrishna@gmail.com]]''
|Police Inspector
|Cameo appearance
|
|-
|''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''
|Hari
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=People will be surprised with my role in 'Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana': Rishab Shetty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/nov/16/people-will-be-surprised-with-my-role-in-ggvv-2384007.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118065317/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/nov/16/people-will-be-surprised-with-my-role-in-ggvv-2384007.html |archive-date=18 November 2021 |access-date=19 November 2021 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2022
|''[[Mishan Impossible]]''
|Khaleel
|[[Telugu cinema|Telugu film]]; Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2022 |title=My role in 'Mishan Impossible' was done out of friendship: Rishab Shetty |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/mar/17/my-role-in-mishan-impossible-was-done-out-of-friendship-rishab-shetty-2430897.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317134536/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2022/mar/17/my-role-in-mishan-impossible-was-done-out-of-friendship-rishab-shetty-2430897.html |archive-date=17 March 2022 |access-date=17 March 2022 |website=Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Harikathe Alla Girikathe]]''
|Giri and Himself
|rowspan="2" |[[Dual roles]]
|
|-
| ''[[Kantara (2022 film)|Kantara]]''
| Kaadubettu Shiva and Annappa
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rishab Shetty's Kantara is about the human versus nature conflict - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-is-about-the-human-versus-nature-conflict/articleshow/85094319.cms|access-date=2021-08-07|website=The Times of India|date=6 August 2021|language=en|archive-date=2 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002052701/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rishab-shettys-kantara-is-about-the-human-versus-nature-conflict/articleshow/85094319.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Hostel Hudugaru Bekagiddare]]'' || Senior || Cameo appearance
|
|-
| 2025
|''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' || Berme, Mayakara, Annappa and Kaadubettu Shiva
|[[Dual role|Four roles]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-07 |title=Rishab Shetty announces 'Kantara 2' launch in 2024; Says it will be a 'Prequel'. Read more here |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/rishab-shetty-announces-kantara-2-launch-in-2024-says-it-will-be-a-prequel-read-more-here/articleshow/97681772.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815180138/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/rishab-shetty-announces-kantara-2-launch-in-2024-says-it-will-be-a-prequel-read-more-here/articleshow/97681772.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-15 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=Exclusive {{!}} Rishab Shetty shares update on Kantara 2: 'We will start shooting…' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/exclusive-rishab-shetty-shares-update-on-kantara-2-we-will-start-shooting-8805443/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815181642/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/exclusive-rishab-shetty-shares-update-on-kantara-2-we-will-start-shooting-8805443/ |archive-date=15 August 2023 |access-date=2023-08-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

===As director ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
|rowspan='2'|2016
|''[[Ricky (2016 film)|Ricky]]''
| Debut as director
|-
|''[[Kirik Party]]''
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai|Sa.Hi.Pra.Shaale Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]''
|
|-
|2022 || ''[[Kantara (2022 film)|Kantara]]''
|
|-
|2025 || ''[[Kantara: Chapter 1]]'' ||
|-
|}

===As producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-right: 0;"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Notes
|-
|2018
|''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai|Sa.Hi.Pra.Shaale Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]''
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|Katha Sangama]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
| ''[[Hero (2021 film)|Hero]]'' || Also co-writer
|-
| ''[[Pedro (2021 film)|Pedro]]'' ||
|-
|2022 || ''[[Shivamma Yarehanchinala]]'' ||
|-
|2024 || ''[[Laughing Buddha (film)|Laughing Buddha]]'' ||
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Film
!Award
!Category
!Result
!{{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Kirik Party]]''
|[[2016 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Family Entertainer|Best Family Entertainer]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-award-winners-for-2016/articleshow/58130032.cms |title=Karnataka State Film Award Winners for 2016 |work=The Times of India |date=11 April 2017 |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111191648/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/karnataka-state-film-award-winners-for-2016/articleshow/58130032.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[64th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/filmfare-awards-kirik-party-is-the-big-winner-of-the-night/articleshow/59201196.cms|title=64th Filmfare Awards 2017 South: Kirik Party is the big winner of the night|work=The Times of India|date=19 June 2017|archive-date=12 August 2020|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812080539/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/filmfare-awards-kirik-party-is-the-big-winner-of-the-night/articleshow/59201196.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[2nd IIFA Utsavam]]
|Best Director
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web|title=IIFA Utsavam 2017 (2016) Kannada Full Show, Nominees & Winners |url=http://updatebro.com/iifa-utsavam-full-show-kannada-winners/ |access-date=3 April 2017 |work=Updatebro.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328224355/http://updatebro.com/iifa-utsavam-full-show-kannada-winners/ |archive-date=28 March 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
|[[6th South Indian International Movie Awards|6th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/siima-2017awards-kannada.html|title=SIIMA 2017 Kannada winners list — idlebrain.com news|work=Idlebrain|access-date=30 June 2020|archive-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012212222/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/siima-2017awards-kannada.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" |''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]''
|[[66th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="66thaward">{{cite press release|title=66th National Film Awards|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 August 2019|df=dmy-all|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809152118/https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Karnataka State Film Awards]]
|[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Family Entertainer|Best Family Entertainer]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|title=KARNATAKA STATE FILM AWARDS 2018: RAGHAVENDRA RAJKUMAR AND MEGHANA RAJ BAG TOP HONOURS; CHECK OUT ALL WINNERS|date=10 January 2020|access-date=4 May 2020|website=bangalore mirror|archive-date=25 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125091339/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-check-out-all-winners/articleshow/73186197.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-2453763.html|title=Karnataka State Film Awards 2018: Raghavendra Rajkumar and Meghana Raj Bag Top Honours|date=10 January 2020|access-date=4 May 2020|website=News18|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630123523/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/karnataka-state-film-awards-2018-raghavendra-rajkumar-and-meghana-raj-bag-top-honours-2453763.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[66th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=2|<ref>{{cite web|title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html|website=Filmfare|date=13 December 2019|access-date=13 December 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212141500/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html|url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html|title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=22 December 2019|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222020917/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[8th South Indian International Movie Awards|8th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |title=SIIMA Awards 2019: Here's a complete list of nominees |work=The Times of India |date=19 July 2019 |access-date=30 June 2020 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801183932/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/siima-awards-2019-heres-a-complete-list-of-nominees/articleshow/70287216.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-awards-2019-full-winners-list-vijay-deverakonda-keerthy-suresh-yash-win-big/470065|title=SIIMA Awards 2019 full winners list|website=Times Now|date=17 August 2019|access-date=19 January 2020|archive-date=12 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112050142/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/south-gossip/article/siima-awards-2019-full-winners-list-vijay-deverakonda-keerthy-suresh-yash-win-big/470065|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Kannada|Best Film – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|''[[Garuda Gamana Vrishabha Vahana]]''
|[[10th South Indian International Movie Awards|10th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="Siima">{{cite web |title=SIIMA WINNER'S 2022 |url=https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/ |access-date=21 October 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002000846/https://siima.in/index.php/awards-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[67th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations|title=67th Parle Filmfare Awards South 2022 with Kamar Film Factory|website=[[Filmfare]]|access-date=18 October 2022|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009173254/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-south-2022/kannada/nominations|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="7" |''[[Kantara (film)|Kantara]]''
|[[54th International Film Festival of India]]
|[[IFFI Special Jury Award and Special Mention|IFFI Special Jury Award]]
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Jury Awards"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[11th South Indian International Movie Awards|11th SIIMA Awards]]
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="Siima"/>
|-
| Best Actor (Critics)
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[68th Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Kannada|Best Director – Kannada]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="auto"/>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada|Best Actor – Kannada]]
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan="2" |[[70th National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
|{{won}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Film Awards Live: Kannada cinema shines bright as KGF 2, Kantara bag wins, Rishab Shetty gets best actor prize |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/national-film-awards-live-updates-entertainment-news-kantara-12th-fail-vikrant-massey-mammootty-rishab-shetty-3152662 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* {{IMDb name | 6142895 }}
{{National Film Award Best Actor}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Kannada}}{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention|state=collapsed}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Director - Kannada}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shetty, Rishab}}
[[Category:Male actors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Udupi district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Film directors from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Children's Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:IIFA Utsavam winners]]

Abu Hena (Indian politician)

2026-04-18T19:46:24Z

Blshastri2: put up

{{Short description|Indian politician (1950–2025)}}
{{Other uses|Abu Hena (disambiguation){{!}}Abu Hena}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abu Hena
| image = Abu_Hena_INC.png
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date |1950|01|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = Lalgola, [[Murshidabad district]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2025|07|20|1950|01|31|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| office = Cabinet Minister [[Government of West Bengal]]
| term_start = 20 May 2011
| term_end = 22 September 2012
| constituency =
| predecessor = [[Kiranmoy Nanda]]
| successor = [[Chandranath Sinha]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 1991
| term_end2 = 2021
| constituency2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Abdus Sattar (Murshidabad politician)|Abdus Sattar]]
| successor2 = [[Ali Mohammad (West Bengal politician)|Ali Mohammad]]
| constituency3 = [[Lalgola (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lalgola]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| spouse =
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| governor = [[M. K. Narayanan]]
}}

'''Abu Hena''' (31 January 1950 – 20 July 2025) was an [[Indian National Congress]] politician, who was a cabinet minister and a five-time [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from [[West Bengal]].

==Early life and education==
Abu Hena was born on 31 January 1950 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Bishwas]]es in the village of Lalgola in [[Murshidabad district]], West Bengal.<ref name=charitabhidhan>Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical Dictionary) by Anjali Bose, Vol II, 3rd edition 2004, page 46, {{ISBN|81-86806-99-7}}, (in Bengali) Sishu Sahitya Samsad Pvt. Ltd., 32A Acharya Prafulla Chandra Road, Kolkata-700009</ref> His father, [[Abdus Sattar (Murshidabad politician)|Abdus Sattar]], was the son of Kalimuddin Bishwas and a cabinet minister in the [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] government. Abu Hena was a postgraduate with a law degree. He was an advocate, practising in [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/candidate.php?candidate_id=283 |title = Election Watch Reporter|work= Abu Hena |publisher= My Neta | access-date = 25 July 2014}}</ref><ref name=twocircles>{{cite web| url = http://twocircles.net/2011jun08/muslim_ministers_west_bengal_introduction.html#.U9L5c0CyKt8 |title = Muslim Ministers of West Bengal:An introduction |work= Abu Hena |publisher= Two Circles | access-date = 25 July 2014}}</ref>

==Political career==
Hena was elected from the [[Lalgola (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]] in West Bengal in 1991,<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work = Constituency-wise Data| publisher = Election Commission| access-date = 20 July 2014| archive-date = 4 April 2014| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202029/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> 1996,<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf | title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work = Constituency-wise Data | publisher = Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014 | archive-date = 13 July 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180713084900/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref> 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =20 July 2014 | archive-date =5 March 2016 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160305154127/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref> 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web | url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | title =General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work =Constituency-wise Data | publisher =Election Commission | access-date =20 July 2014 | archive-date =6 October 2014 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141006185506/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref> and 2011.<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| title =General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal| work =Constituency-wise Data| publisher =Election Commission| access-date =20 July 2014| archive-date =4 April 2014| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140404205355/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf| url-status =dead}}</ref>

He was the Minister for Fisheries and the Minister for Food Processing Industries & Horticulture in the [[Government of West Bengal]] in 2011.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110525085921/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mamata-allocates-portfolios-to-ministers/153060-37.html Mamata allots portfolios, keeps key ministries]</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/mamata-banerjee-becomes-west-bengals-first-woman-cm/793587/ |title = Mamata Banerjee becomes West Bengal' first woman CM|publisher= The Indian Express, 21 May 2011| access-date = 25 July 2014}}</ref> Abu Hena resigned along with five other [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ministers in September 2012.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-22/news/34022082_1_congress-ministers-trinamool-congress-abu-hena | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130807201405/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-09-22/news/34022082_1_congress-ministers-trinamool-congress-abu-hena | url-status = dead | archive-date = 7 August 2013 |title = Six Congress ministers Mamata Banerjee's government reigns |publisher= The Times of India, 23 September 2012| access-date = 25 July 2014}}</ref>

Hena was secretary of the state Congress committee.<ref name=twocircles/>

==Death==
Hena died after a long illness at his home in [[Kolkata]], on 20 July 2025, at the age of 75.<ref>[https://www.deccanherald.com/india/west-bengal/ex-congress-minister-of-bengal-abu-hena-dies-3639780 Ex-Congress minister of Bengal Abu Hena dies]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/congress-leader-abu-hena-dies-at-75-years-dgtl/cid/1619982|title= রাজ্যের প্রাক্তন মন্ত্রী, প্রবীণ কংগ্রেস নেতা আবু হেনা প্রয়াত, বয়স হয়েছিল ৭৫ |website= Anandabazar Patrika |date = 21 July 2025 |access-date= 21 July 2025 |language = bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{West Bengal Legislative Assembly5}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hena, Abu}}
[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Politicians from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]

Rajgir, Bihar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:02Z

Blshastri2: Started A Page - done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajgir Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 173-Rajgir constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = Kaushal Kishore
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|173]]
| established = 1957
| electors = 299,852
| abolished = 
}}
'''Rajgir Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is a part of [[Nalanda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nalanda]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. Islampur, Harnaut, Hilsa, Nalanda, Asthawan and Biharsharif.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 56
| value2 = 13
| value3 = 13
| value4 = 12
| value5 = 6
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' + '''BJS''' (9 times)]]
| label2 = [[Indian National Congress|'''INC''' (2 times)]]
| label3 = [[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''' (2 times)]]
| label4 = [[Janata Dal (United)|'''JDU''' (2 times)]]
| label5 = [[Janata Party|'''JP''' (1 time)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| color2 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color3 = {{party color|Communist Party of India}}
| color4 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| color5 = {{party color|Janata Party}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Rajgir, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajgir Assembly constituency]]
}}

==Overview==
Rajgir comprises CD Block Giriyak; Nagar Panchayat [[Pawapuri]], Nagar Parishad [[Rajgir]].Gram Panchayat Nai Pokhar & Rajgir (NA) of Rajgir CD Block; Gram Panchayats Gorawan, Mahuri, Kul Fatehpur, Sabait, Dharhara, Nanand, Karianna, Ghostawan, Barakar, Pawadih, Gorma & Silao (NA) of Silao CD Block; Gram Panchayats Sakraul, Korai, Tungi, Muraura, Mahamadpur Nakatpura, Tiuri, Chhabilapur, Pawa, Hargawan, Singthu, Palatpura, Tetrawan, Paroha & Sarbahadi of Bihar CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3887-bihar-1957/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|Baldeo Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Shyam Sundar Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Baldeo Prasad<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3888-bihar-1962/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1962 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Jagdish Prasad<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3889-bihar-1967/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1967 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Yadunandan Prasad<ref name=election1969>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3890-bihar-1969/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1969 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Chandradeo Prasad Himanshu<ref name=election1972>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3892-bihar-1972/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1972 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-bihar-1977/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Satyadeo Narain Arya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3894-bihar-1980/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3896-bihar-1985/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Chandradeo Prasad Himanshu<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3897-bihar-1990/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="5" |[[Satyadeo Narain Arya]]
| {{Full party name with color|BJP|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Feb)]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2005 - Feb and Oct |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Oct)]]<ref name=election2005/>
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<ref name=election2010/>
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Ravi Jyoti Kumar<ref name=election2015/>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
| rowspan="2" |Kaushal Kishore<ref name=election2020/>
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Legislative Assembly Election, 2025]]: Rajgir<ref name="election2025">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-15 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/ae/2025/16 |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>

}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Kaushal Kishore
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:107811}}
|percentage = 57.87
|change = +15.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Bishwanath Chaudhary
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
|votes = {{formatnum:52383}}
|percentage = 28.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satyendra Kumar
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:9916}}
|percentage = 5.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Vijay Paswan
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:3249}}
|percentage = 1.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Moolniwasi Samaj Party
|candidate = Mano Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2891}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ugrasen Paswan
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:1904}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6870}}
|percentage = 3.69
|change = +2.75
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:55428}}
|percentage = 29.75
|change = +19.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:186290}}
|percentage = 62.13
|change = +8.47
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Kaushal Kishore
|votes = {{formatnum:67191}}
|percentage = 42.58
|change = {{increase}}0.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ravi Jyoti Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:51143}}
|percentage = 32.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Manju Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:11174}}
|percentage = 7.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Shambhu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:4954}}
|percentage = 3.14
|change = {{increase}}2.17
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3842}}
|percentage = 2.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Sablog Party
|candidate = Satish Manjhi
|votes = {{formatnum:2725}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Upendra Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:2203}}
|percentage = 1.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Amit Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:1816}}
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Satyendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1432}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1490}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change = {{increase}}0.0
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16048}}
|percentage = 10.17
|change = {{increase}}6.54
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:157806}}
|percentage = 53.66
|change = {{decrease}}0.46
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Ravi Jyoti Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:62009}}
|percentage = 41.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satyadeo Narain Arya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:56619}}
|percentage = 38.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Amit Kumar Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:4668}}
|percentage = 3.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Parmeshwar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:4574}}
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Maanavvaadi Janta Party
|candidate = Surendra Kumar Arya
|votes = {{formatnum:3676}}
|percentage = 2.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Sunil Ravidas
|votes = {{formatnum:3099}}
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Geeta Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2901}}
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mosafir Das
|votes = {{formatnum:1436}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = Shambhu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1342}}
|percentage = 0.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1395}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5390}}
|percentage = 3.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:148513}}
|percentage = 54.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election]]: Rajgir<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Satyadeo Narain Arya]]
|votes = 50,648
|percentage = 49.75
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Dhananjay Kumar
|votes = 23,697
|percentage = 23.28
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Moni Devi
|votes = 6,598
|percentage = 6.48
|change =
|
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 26,951
|percentage = 26.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 101,803
|percentage = 44.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors|reg. electors=228,900|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = BJP
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
* [[Rajgir]]
* [[Nalanda district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bihar]]

History of the India national cricket team

2026-04-14T17:25:56Z

Blshastri2:

{{Short description|none}}


{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
The Indian National cricket team, 3rd best to England and Australia, made its [[Test cricket]] debut in 1932 and has since advanced to be among the top four test teams in the [[ICC Test Championship|(ICC rankings)]] in each of 2005 to 2008.<ref>ICC website: [http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/rankings/rankings-test-2005.html 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102023016/https://sportsartlive.com/history-of-cricket-in-india/|date=2 November 2008}} [http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/rankings/rankings-test-2006.html 2006] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917010946/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/rankings/rankings-test-2006.html|date=17 September 2008}} [http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/rankings/rankings-test-2007.html 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909125235/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/rankings/rankings-test-2007.html|date=9 September 2008}} [http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/rankings/rankings-test-2008.html 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905022636/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.com/rankings/rankings-test-2008.html|date=5 September 2008}}</ref> The team won the [[One Day International|ODI]] [[Cricket World Cup]] in [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]] and [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mahesh|first=Ram|date=2011-04-03|title=India takes the World Cup in grand style|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/India-takes-the-World-Cup-in-grand-style/article14669600.ece|access-date=2021-10-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In other major International victories, Team India won the [[ICC World Twenty20|Twenty20 World Cup]] in [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]],[[2024 Men's T20 World Cup|2024]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Prasad|first=Dhruva|title=T20 World Cup 2007: India's moment of reckoning|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/icc-mens-t20-world-cup/2021/magic-moments/t20-world-cup-2007-indias-moment-of-reckoning-world-twenty20-dhoni-captaincy-sept-24/article37049799.ece|access-date=2021-10-22|website=Sportstar|date=18 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ,2026 and [[ICC Champions Trophy]] in [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy|2002]],[[2013 ICC Champions Trophy|2013]] and [[2025 ICC Champions Trophy|2025]]''.''<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chidananda|first=Shreedutta|date=2013-06-23|title=Sensational triumph for Dhoni's men|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/champions-trophy/sensational-triumph-for-dhonis-men/article4843192.ece|access-date=2021-10-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Cricket was introduced to the [[Indian subcontinent]] by European merchant sailors in the 18th century, and the [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|first cricket club]] was established in 1792. India's national cricket team did not play its first [[Test cricket|Test match]] until 25 June 1932 at [[Lord's]], becoming the sixth team to be granted Test cricket status. From 1932 India had to wait until 1952, almost 20 years for its first Test victory. In its first fifty years of [[international cricket]], India was one of the weaker teams, winning only 35 of the first 196 Test matches it played. The team, however, gained strength in the 1970s with the emergence of players such as [[Sunil Gavaskar|Gavaskar]], [[Gundappa Viswanath|Viswanath]], [[Kapil Dev]], and the [[Indian spin quartet]].

India won its first [[Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] in [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]], under the captaincy of [[Kapil Dev]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Lokapally|first=Vijay|date=2019-06-27|title=India's 1983 World Cup win{{!}} When the manager flouted Board rules|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/when-the-manager-flouted-board-rules/article28162594.ece|access-date=2021-10-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The '80s and '90s also saw the debut of [[Sachin Tendulkar|Tendulkar]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/24921333|title=Sachin Tendulkar is greatest cricketer in history - Brian Lara|date=2013-11-12|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2020-02-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Saurav Ganguly|Ganguly]], [[Rahul Dravid|Dravid]], [[VVS Laxman|Laxman]] and [[Anil Kumble|Kumble]], considered to be among the greatest Indian players.

[[Saurav Ganguly|Ganguly]]'s captaincy is considered to be the turning point of Indian cricket as it saw great success and became one of the dominant side of the sport, followed by the superb captaincy of [[MS Dhoni]] under whom India won its second World Cup in [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]],<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sheringham|first=Sam|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/9444277.stm|title=India power to World Cup triumph|date=2011-04-02|work=BBC|access-date=2020-02-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> the inaugural T20 World Cup in [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-18|title=India's team mentor Dhoni joins squad for T20 World Cup campaign|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/indias-team-mentor-dhoni-joins-squad-for-t20-world-cup-campaign-7576937/|access-date=2021-10-22|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> and Champions Trophy in [[2013 ICC Champions Trophy|2013]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chidananda|first=Shreedutta|date=2013-06-23|title=Sensational triumph for Dhoni's men|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/champions-trophy/sensational-triumph-for-dhonis-men/article4843192.ece|access-date=2021-10-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Currently, [[Rohit Sharma]] is the captain of 2 formats – [[Test cricket|Test]], [[One Day International|ODI]] and [[Suryakumar Yadav]] is Captain of T20Iteams.

== History ==
===Test status (1932–1970)===
{{See also|History of cricket in India to 1918|List of India Test cricketers|List of India ODI cricketers}}
A few Indians played as members of the [[English cricket team]] while India was under [[British India|British rule]], including [[Ranjitsinhji]] and [[KS Duleepsinhji]]. Maharaja of patiala is the man behind the golden history of Indian Cricket. His cricket team – Patiala XI was among the best of India. He was a great patron of sports. He sponsored various tours of India for cricket and various tournaments using his own money. He was captain of the Indian cricket team that visited England in 1911, and played in 27 first-class cricket matches between 1915 and 1937. For the season of 1926/27, he played as a member of Marylebone Cricket Club. He donated the Ranji Trophy in honour of Kumar Shri Ranjitsinhji, Jam Sahib of Nawanagar. He was selected as the captain of India on its first Test tour of England in 1932, but dropped out for reasons of health two weeks before departure and the Maharaja of Porbandar took over.
All this way India becoming the sixth team to be granted test cricket status. India made its debut as a Test-cricket-playing-nation in England in 1932 led by [[CK Nayudu]], well before [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]. The team performed well, with [[Mohammad Nissar]] taking 5-93 and 1–42 in the match against England. The match was given test status despite being only 3 days in length. England, batting first, scored 258 with Nissar cleaning up the openers and tailenders. However the Indian team failed to capitalize on their bowling performance, all out for 189 with [[CK Nayudu]] the top scorer with 40 runs. England went on to score 275 and set India a target of 346, which always seemed out of the visitor's grasp. India were all out for 187 and lost by 158 runs.

The team's first series as an independent country was in [[Indian cricket team in Australia in 1947–48|1947-1948]] against [[Australian cricket team|Australia]] at [[Brisbane]]. Australia were led by [[Sir Don Bradman]] while India was led by [[Lala Amarnath]]. The Australians returned home, winning the 5 Test series with the score 4–0. The first Test match in the series was held between 28 November 1947 to 04 December 1947, with Australia emerging victorious.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs India 1st Test 1947 - Score Report {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-australia-1947-48-62299/australia-vs-india-1st-test-62676/full-scorecard | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222082035/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-australia-1947-48-62299/australia-vs-india-1st-test-62676/full-scorecard | access-date=2026-02-11 | archive-date=2020-12-22}}</ref>

India's first ever Test victory came against England at [[Chennai|Madras]] in 1952. India's first series victory was against [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]] later the same year. In 1954, India drew a 5-Test series with Pakistan 0–0, the batting strength from India had come from [[Polly Umrigar]] and [[Vijay Manjrekar]] while the prime bowler was [[Subhash Gupte]] with 21 wickets in the series. India's first series against [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1956 created a comprehensive series victory for India, winning the 5-Test series 2–0. [[MH Mankad]] was excellent in his batting, averaging 105.2 in the series while scoring 526 runs. Once again, S.M. Gupte held India's bowling together, with 34 wickets. The remainder of the 1950s did not show as good results as the start: India lost a 3-Test series to Australia (2-0), lost a 5-Test series against the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] (3-0),

The team's performances again began to improve in the 1960s, starting with their first series win over England in 1961–62. During this time, India's strong record at home started to develop, in which the team won a series against New Zealand in 1965-66 and drew series against Pakistan, Australia and England. In 1967–68, India won their first series outside the [[subcontinent]] against New Zealand.

=== One-day cricket and World Cup success (1970–1985) ===
[[Sunil Gavaskar]] made his debut for India in the West Indies in 1970-71 and immediately made an impact, scoring a total of 774 runs for the series and helping India to a 1–0 series win, their first ever win over the West Indies.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Karhadkar|first=Amol|date=2021-03-06|title=50 years on, Sunil Gavaskar recalls his debut Test|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/50-years-on-sunil-gavaskar-recalls-his-debut-test/article34000236.ece|access-date=2021-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Together with established players like [[Bishen Bedi]], [[Srinivas Venkataraghavan]], [[Erapalli Prasanna]] and [[Bhagwat Chandrasekhar]], Gavaskar formed the nucleus of arguably India's strongest Test team up to that point in time. India's win over the West Indies was followed by home and away wins over England in 1971 and 1972–73. Also, during this time, Sunil Gavaskar is the first Indian to ever score a 200 in a test match. All of the teams feared when Sunil Gavaskar was at the crease, whether it was ODI matches, or Test Matches. India won 1983 Cricket World Cup, however, the West Indies were targeting Sunil Gavaskar and got him out

During the 1980s, other players like [[Mohammed Azharuddin]], [[Ravi Shastri]], [[Laxman Sivaramakrishnan]], [[Sanjay Manjrekar]], [[Krish Srikkanth]] and [[Maninder Singh (cricketer)|Maninder Singh]] emerged. India won the [[Cricket World Cup]] in 1983, defeating [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] in an exciting final.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2019-05-26|title=Never thought we'd win the World Cup when we left India: Srikkanth|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/never-thought-of-winning-the-world-cup-when-we-left-india-srikkanth/article27255614.ece|access-date=2021-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Late 20th century (1985–2000) ===
In 1985, India won the World Championship of Cricket in Australia. The Test series victory in 1986 in England remained, for nearly 19 years, the last Test series win outside [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]]. Sunil Gavaskar became the first batsman to accumulate 10,000 runs in Test cricket, and went on to register a record 34 centuries, surpassed only recently by [[Sachin Tendulkar]]. [[Kapil Dev]], a genuine all-rounder, became the highest wicket taker in Test cricket, surpassing [[Richard Hadlee]] to take a total of 434 wickets, a record which has since been broken by [[Courtney Walsh]], [[Shane Warne]] and [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] and has also been surpassed by fellow Indian [[Anil Kumble]].
The emergence of Sachin Tendulkar and [[Anil Kumble]] in 1989 and 1990 was to herald an era of Indian cricket that was dominated by stars and individual brilliance. Sachin Tendulkar became arguably the best batsman in the world, along with [[Brian Lara]] of the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] and in 1998, Sir Donald Bradman himself remarked that Tendulkar batting style was similar to his. [[Mohammed Azharuddin]], who captained India for most of the 1990s, proved a captain whose main strength, if not his motivational skills, was an ability to stay cool under pressure. Azharuddin's artistic batting, however, declined during the later years of his captaincy, and his best innings during this time were mostly when playing at home. The [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabadi]] stylist's career ended after 99 Tests when he was banned for life after being implicated in the [[match-fixing]] scandal. Under his captaincy, the Indian team became virtually unbeatable at home, with big wins against teams such as England, Sri Lanka, South Africa and Australia. Their performances abroad, however, left a lot to be desired.

Towards the end of 1999, the Indian team was in flux. Although they had performed well in the [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999 World Cup]], the winter was marked by a disastrous tour to Australia which exposed the Indian team's weaknesses when playing abroad, marked with a loss of form of most of the batsmen, except Tendulkar and the newly emerged [[VVS Laxman]]. After Tendulkar quit captaincy and Azharuddin was banned for match-fixing, [[Sourav Ganguly]] took over as captain, and the New Zealander [[John Wright (cricketer, born 1954)|John Wright]] became coach.

=== Turn of the millennium (2000–2007) ===
[[Sourav Ganguly]]'s captaincy heralded a new era in Indian cricket. It began in the famous series against Australia in 2001, when [[Steve Waugh]]'s strong team was defeated 2–1 in a Test series after having taken a 1–0 lead at [[Mumbai]]. The series is best known for a remarkable turnaround by the Indian team in the [[Kolkata]] Test, when VVS Laxman, Rahul Dravid and [[Harbhajan Singh]]'s performance took India to victory after they had [[follow-on|followed on]]. This series marked a turning point in the Indian team's fortunes, and provided the team with the boost they dearly needed. This was followed by stellar performances by the team when playing abroad, with Test victories coming in Zimbabwe, Sri Lanka, West Indies, England, Australia, and a famous series victory against arch-rivals Pakistan in 2004. The series in England in 2002 is billed as Rahul Dravid's series, as he became the top scorer for the Indians, with centuries coming at [[Trent Bridge]] in [[Nottingham]], [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in [[Leeds]] and a famous 217 at the [[The Oval|Oval]] in [[London]]. This was followed by a sensational win in Australia at [[Adelaide]] in 2003, where Dravid, VVS Laxman and [[Ajit Agarkar]] scripted a come-from-behind victory after the team had conceded 556 runs in the first innings. The series win in Pakistan that followed was marked by [[Virender Sehwag]] becoming the first Indian to score a triple century in Test cricket. Along with Sehwag, players like [[Yuvraj Singh]] and [[Mohammed Kaif]] emerged, making the Indian batting order one of the strongest in the world in both forms of the game*. Their performances helped reduced India's dependence on their top guns in one-day cricket, and a 7-batsman policy contributed to India's successes in the limited-overs game, culminating in their reaching the final of the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]]. In the bowling department, India unearthed a plethora of fast-bowling talent, with [[Zaheer Khan]], [[Ashish Nehra]], and later [[Irfan Pathan]] and [[L Balaji]] leading the pack. The veteran Anil Kumble became the highest wicket-taker for India after surpassing Kapil Dev, and also passed the 500-mark in March 2006. His bowling performances abroad improved considerably, and he played a major part in India's overseas performances in England, Australia and Pakistan. Harbhajan Singh also provided him great company in the spin department, and at home the two bowling in tandem became a familiar sight.

* [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Virender Sehwag]] were selected to play for the [[2005 ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]] in the 2005 "[[ICC Super Series|SuperTest]]" against Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs ICC World XI Only Test 2005/06 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-xi-tour-of-australia-2005-06-208890/australia-vs-icc-world-xi-only-test-221840/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-10-23|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

In 2005, Indian cricket was again shrouded in controversy. After a somewhat slow season marked by a dip in team performance following the famous Pakistan series ended, the coaching job passed from John Wright to the Australian [[Greg Chappell]]. Saurav Ganguly, whose batting form had taken a beating in that year, was involved in a spat with Chappell over whether he should be continuing as captain to reduce pressure on him. This was followed by Ganguly being dropped from the team and Rahul Dravid taking over as captain. While Tendulkar, Sehwag and Dravid formed the mainstay of the Indian batting, the coming of age of players like Yuvraj Singh and Mohammad Kaif led to the emergence of younger stars like [[Suresh Raina]] and [[MS Dhoni]].

India's traditional strengths have always been its line-up of [[spin bowling|spin bowlers]] and [[batsman|batsmen]]. It had a very strong batting lineup with [[Rahul Dravid]], [[Sachin Tendulkar]] and [[Virender Sehwag]] all being selected to play for the [[2005 ICC Super Series|ICC World XI]] in the 2005 "[[ICC Super Series|SuperTest]]" against Australia. In previous times, India was unique in that it was the only country to regularly field three spinners in one team, whereas one is the norm, and of the fifteen players to have taken more than 100 wickets, only four were pace bowlers from the last 20 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www1.cricinfo.com/db/STATS/IND/BOWLING/TEST_BOWL_MOST_WKTS_IND.html|title=India - Test Career Bowling - Most Wickets|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=26 October 2006}}</ref> In subsequent years, Indian pace bowling improved, with the emerging talents of [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Munaf Patel]] and [[Sreesanth]] and many more playing in the national team. India, however struggled in the pace department with the only prominent pace bowler that came during that period, was [[Zaheer Khan]].

India has had a very good record against Australia and, before the 2004/05 tour, never being defeated by Australia in a Test Series in India since 1969. This was the reason for [[Australian national cricket captains|Australian captain]] [[Steve Waugh]] labelling India as the "Final Frontier".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/NATIONAL/IND/NEWS/STEVEWAUGH_COLUMN.html|title=Steve Waugh Column|first=Steve |last=Waugh |website=www.cricinfo.com/|access-date=21 September 2006}}</ref> The famous 2001 Australian tour of India saw [[Harbhajan Singh]] become the first Indian to take a Test hat-trick and started a good run for the team, as India beat Australia 2–1. India also came runners up to Australia in the final of the [[2003 Cricket World Cup]].

Since 2004, India had not been doing as well in One-day Internationals. The players who took India to great heights over the past ten years such as Sachin Tendulkar, Sourav Ganguly and Anil Kumble grew older and did not maintain their form and fitness. Following the series loss to Australia, India collapsed on the final day in the Third Test in [[Bangalore]] in early 2005 against Pakistan to squander a series victory, and then lost four consecutive ODIs against Pakistan. This was exacerbated by the suspension handed to captain Ganguly for slow over-rates. [[Greg Chappell]] took over from John Wright as the new coach of the Indian cricket team following the series, and replaced Kumble and [[V. V. S. Laxman]] from the ODI team with younger players. India's unconvincing ODI form continued, scraping past a West Indian team depleted by industrial action in the [[2005 Indian Oil Cup]] and a similarly depleted Zimbabwean team only to be defeated twice in the finals by New Zealand, continuing a poor ODI finals record.

The tension resulted in a fallout between Chappell and Ganguly lead to a confidential email sent by Chappell to the BCCI being leaked, in which he condemned the leadership and performance of Ganguly. After a series of high-profile board meetings and public jousting including some players, [[Rahul Dravid]] was installed as the captain, triggering a revival in the team's fortunes. The Indians subsequently defeated Sri Lanka 6–1 in a home series. An important part about this series was the discovery of the young talent of the team, including [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], [[Suresh Raina]], [[Gautam Gambhir]] and [[Irfan Pathan]]. The team also beat the Sri Lankans in the Test series 2–0 to displace England from its position in second place in the ICC Test rankings, but India slipped back by losing the high-profile<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/03/02/stories/2005030204681900.htm|title=TWI gets production rights for India-Pakistan series|publisher=The Hindu - Sport|website=www.hinduonnet.com/|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126145458/http://hinduonnet.com/2005/03/02/stories/2005030204681900.htm|archive-date=26 November 2007|access-date=14 October 2006}}</ref> series to [[Pakistan]]. Indian team continued its good form in ODIs, beating [[Pakistan]] 4–1 in Pakistan. India achieved the world-record of winning 17 successive matches chasing the total. India convincingly won [[England]]'s tour of [[India]] winning the series 5–1. After leveling the DLF Cup series 1–1 in [[Abu Dhabi]], [[India]] travelled to [[West Indies]] where they lost the ODI series 1–4 to a weak West Indies team which was ranked 8th in the ICC ODI Ranking. The series loss again questioned the Indian team's ability to play away from the Sub-continent and the chances of the Indian team to win the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=India can find right balance before World Cup - Gavaskar|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-can-find-right-balance-before-world-cup-gavaskar-260862|access-date=2021-10-06|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

Dravid's captaincy was cut short in the ill-fated 2007 World Cup, where India were out of the league stage following an embarrassing loss to Bangladesh. This was followed by Mahendra Singh Dhoni taking over the reins.

=== Under Dhoni, Kohli and Rohit (2007–present), Dhoni (2007-2017), Kohli (2014-2022), Rohit (2021-Present). ===
Under MS Dhoni, India won the inaugural T20 World cup.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-08-16|title=The life and times of Mahendra Singh Dhoni|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/the-life-and-times-of-mahendra-singh-dhoni/article32364527.ece/photo/6/|access-date=2021-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It also began an era of India's dominance in world cricket in both tests and ODIs, culminating in a victory in the 2011 Cricket World Cup and a 4–0 whitewash of Australia in a home test series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2010-11-381449/india-vs-sri-lanka-final-433606/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of Sri Lanka vs India Final 2010/11 - Score Report.|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> It also saw Indian batsmen scoring the only 200s ever, first [[Sachin Tendulkar]] then [[Virender Sehwag]] and then [[Rohit Sharma]] on three occasions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Records. One-Day Internationals. Batting records. Most runs in an innings. Sachin Tendulkar is the first ever cricketer to actually ever get 200 runs in ODI. |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/216972.html|access-date=2021-10-23|work=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Dhoni has been widely acknowledged as the most successful Indian captain ever.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-01-07|title=Dhoni: A remarkable captain|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/article17000462.ece|access-date=2021-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> However, following a drubbing in a test series down under in late 2014, he retired from tests.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Dinakar|first=S.|date=2014-12-30|title=Dhoni retires from Test cricket|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/Dhoni-retires-from-Test-cricket/article10964560.ece|access-date=2021-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In the [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015 World Cup]], India reached the semi-finals.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Australia vs India 2nd Semi-Final 2014/15 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2014-15-509587/australia-vs-india-2nd-semi-final-656493/full-scorecard|access-date=2021-10-22|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

In June 2017, [[India national cricket team|India]] toured England for the [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy]] where the [[Virat Kohli]] led mighty team lost to [[Pakistan]] in the final by 180 runs.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chidananda|first=Shreedutta|date=2017-06-18|title=India vs Pakistan Champions Trophy 2017: an inspired Pakistan gives India a hiding|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/champions-trophy-final-2017-match-report-india-vs-pakistan/article19099767.ece|access-date=2021-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Later India toured the [[West Indies national cricket team|Windies]] where the team won the [[One Day International|ODI]] series by 3–1 but lost the [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] series. By defeating [[Sri Lanka]] by 9–0 in all three formats, India became the first team to cleansweep Sri Lanka in [[One Day International|ODI]] series in their home soil.<ref>{{Cite news|last=PTI|title=Rahane: India's aim 'to remain No. 1 in Tests'|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/rahane-indias-aim-to-remain-no-1-in-tests/article20444275.ece|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Sportstar|language=en}}</ref>

In January 2018, [[Virat Kohli]] led Indian team toured South Africa where they lost the Test series by 1–2.<ref>{{Cite news|author=The Hindu Net Desk|date=2018-01-13|title=India loses second Test, 3-match Test series to S. Africa; Ngidi picks 6 wickets|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/south-africa-vs-india-live-scorecard/article22435419.ece|access-date=2021-10-23|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> But the Team showed some extravagant skills and defeated the mighty South African team and clinched the [[One Day International|ODI]] series by 5–1<ref>{{Cite web|title=India vs South Africa ODI series report card: Virat Kohli, wrist-spinners pass with flying colours; AB de Villiers flunks |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/sports-news/india-vs-south-africa-odi-series-report-card-virat-kohli-wrist-spinners-pass-with-flying-colours-ab-de-villiers-flunks-4356223.html|access-date=2021-10-23|website=Firstpost|date=18 February 2018 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] series by 2–1.<ref>{{Cite web|date=Feb 25, 2018|title=India vs South Africa 3rd T20I: India beat South Africa by seven runs to win series 2-1. Cricket News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/india-in-south-africa/india-vs-south-africa-3rd-t20i-india-beat-south-africa-by-seven-runs-to-win-series-2-1/articleshow/63060966.cms|access-date=2021-10-23|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> By the series win, India became the second Asian country to defeat South Africa in [[One Day International|ODI]] and [[Twenty20 International|T20I]] series on their home soil after [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]].

In the [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019 World Cup]], India were defeated in the semi-finals by New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=PTI|date=2021-06-23|title=WTC final. New Zealand beats India by 8 wickets to win World Test Championship title|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/cricket/icc-world-test-championship-final-india-vs-new-zealand-sixth-day-match-report-southampton/article34929207.ece|access-date=2021-10-22|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A new era began when the captaincy was passed from [[Virat Kohli]] to [[Rohit Sharma]] and coaching shifted from [[Ravi Shastri]] to [[Rahul Dravid]]. Rohit has won various trophies as a captain when Virat was rested as The Asia Cup, Nidahas Trophy and won series against Sri Lanka, New Zealand. Under Rahul Dravid's coaching men in blue whitewashed New Zealand when it was led by Rohit Sharma with 3–0 with Rohit himself scoring 48, 55, 56 in 3 matches being the highest scorer in the series.

==International tournaments==
{{see also|India at the Cricket World Cup}}
Since advancing to full Test Status and the creation of more and more international cricket tournaments, India has slowly become involved in a number of Cricketing tournament's including the [[Cricket World Cup]], [[ICC Champions Trophy]] and [[Asia Cup]]. India's first two [[Cricket World Cup]]s were largely failures, and the team failed<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-19|title=Smriti Mandhana Says Indian Cricket Needs Six-Team Women's IPL - Betting Raja|url=https://betraja.in/smriti-mandhana-says-indian-cricket-needs-six-team-womens-ipl/|access-date=2021-12-18|language=en-IN}}</ref> to progress beyond the first round. But India upset the West Indies in the final of the [[1983 Cricket World Cup]] to claim the Prudential Cricket World Cup for the first time, captained by Kapil Dev. India and the West Indies had cruised through the preliminary rounds in Group B, while England and Pakistan emerged the victors from Group A. Most considered India to be the underdogs in the group stages, and their win against West Indies was categorized as similar to Zimbabwe's win over Australia in the same World Cup. They were, in fact, quoted as having odds of 66 to 1 before the beginning of the tournament.

India's performance in the remaining world cups has been considerably consistent. In the [[1987 Cricket World Cup]], the team advanced to the semi-finals as favourites, they did the same in 1996, both times they suffered upset defeats in the semi-finals. India was less strong in the [[1999 Cricket World Cup]], and did not make it past the Super Six section. However they impressed all in the [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003 Cup]], only losing two games (both against reigning champions [[Australia]]) and advancing to the finals before taking a loss.

In the year after their World Cup victory, (1984) India continued its new-found dominance over One Day Cricket with a comprehensive win over arch-rivals [[Pakistan cricket team|Pakistan]] in the final. They went on to secure more victories over their Asian rivals, winning the 1984 [[Asia Cup]] with a victory over [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in the finals. It won its third consecutive Asia Cup with a victory over Sri Lanka in 1990. It continued its strong streak in 1995, again beating Sri Lanka in the final. However, in 1997, a confident Sri Lanka riding on their first-ever World Cup victory swept past a weaker Indian side, breaking the 4-tournament winning streak.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of the Indian Cricket Team}}
[[Category:History of Indian cricket|National]]
[[Category:History of cricket national teams|Indian cricket]]
[[Category:History of organisations based in India|Cricket team]]

Archdiocese of Verapoly

2026-04-06T14:33:34Z

Blshastri2: post

{{Short description|Latin Catholic archdiocese in Kerala, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2014}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=February 2024}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction = Archdiocese
| name = Verapoly
| latin = Archidioecesis Verapolitana
| local = {{lang|ml|വരാപ്പുഴ അതിരൂപത}}
| image = Kapal pali Kochi.jpg
| image_size = 200
| image_alt =
| caption = St Francis of Assisi Cathedral, Varappuzha, Ernakulam

| country = {{flag|India}}
| territory = [[Kerala]] districts of [[Ernakulam]] and [[Thrissur]]<ref name="verapoly.history">{{Cite web |url=https://verapoly.in/about-us/history/ |title=History – Verapoly |publisher=Archdiocese of Verapoly |accessdate=23 March 2026}}</ref>
| episcopal conference =
| ecclesiastical region =
| province = Verapoly
| metropolitan = Verapoly
| deaneries = 8<ref name="verapoly.forane-vicars">{{Cite web |url=https://verapoly.in/administration/forane-vicars/ |title=Forane Vicars – Verapoly |publisher=Archdiocese of Verapoly |accessdate=23 March 2026}}</ref>
| coordinates =

| area_km2 = 1,500
| area_footnotes = <ref name="ch.dvrpl"/><ref name="gc.vera0.stats">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/vera0.htm?tab=stat |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Verapoly - Stats |encyclopedia=GCatholic.org |publisher=Gabriel Chow |date=20 March 2026}}</ref>
| population = 3,908,084<ref name="ch.dvrpl"/><ref name="gc.vera0.stats"/>
| population_as_of = 2023
| catholics = 369,840<ref name="ch.dvrpl"/><ref name="gc.vera0.stats"/>
| catholics_percent = 9.5
| parishes = {{ubl
| 182 total
| 88 parishes
| 32 [[quasi-parish]]es
| 62 [[mission station]]s<ref name="verapoly.ataglance">{{Cite web |url=https://verapoly.in/about-us/at-a-glance-2/ |title=At a glance – Verapoly |publisher=Archdiocese of Verapoly |accessdate=23 March 2026}}</ref>
}}

| denomination = [[Catholic Church]]
| sui_iuris_church = [[Latin Church]]
| rite = [[Roman Rite]]
| cathedral = [[St Francis of Assisi Cathedral, Ernakulam|St Francis of Assisi Cathedral]] in Marine Drive, [[Ernakulam]], [[Cochin]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_Cathedral |title=St. Francis Assisi Cathedral, Ernakulam – Verapoly |publisher=Archdiocese of Verapoly |accessdate=23 March 2026}}</ref>
| cocathedral =
| patron = [[Saint Joseph]]
| priests = {{ubl
| 382 (total)
| 210 (diocesan)
| 172 (religious orders)<ref name="ch.dvrpl"/><ref name="gc.vera0.stats"/>
}}
| language =
| calendar =

| pope = {{Incumbent pope}} 
| metro_archbishop = [[Joseph Kalathiparambil]]
| coadjutor =
| auxiliary_bishops = [[Antony Valumkal]]
| emeritus_bishops = 

| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =

| website = {{Official website}}
}}
The '''Archdiocese of Verapoly''' ({{langx|ml|വരാപ്പുഴ അതിരൂപത}}, {{langx|la|Archidioecesis Verapolitana}}) is a [[Latin Church]] ecclesiastical territory or [[archdiocese]] of the [[Catholic Church]], comprising [[Latin Catholics of Malabar]] and headquartered at the city of [[Cochin]], in the south [[India]]n state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="Short History of Verapoly Diocese">{{cite web | url=http://www.ucanindia.in/diocesan-directory/home/diocese/verapoly/68 | title=Short History of Verapoly Diocese | publisher=Ucan India | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> The archdiocese has administrative control over the suffragan dioceses of [[Diocese of Cochin|Cochin]], [[Diocese of Kottapuram|Kottapuram]], and [[Diocese of Vijayapuram|Vijayapuram]].<ref name="ch.dvrpl">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dvrpl.html |title=Archdiocese of Verapoly |encyclopedia=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]] |publisher=David M. Cheney |date=9 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="gc.vera0">{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/vera0.htm |title=Metropolitan Archdiocese of Verapoly |encyclopedia=GCatholic.org |publisher=Gabriel Chow |date=20 March 2026}}</ref> The headquarters is located in [[Kochi]] along the [[Malabar Coast]] in [[India]]. It was originally formed as the Vicariate Apostolic of Malabar in 1657 and became a [[metropolitan see]] in 1886.<ref name="Archdiocese of Verapoly">{{cite web | url=http://indiancatholiconline.com/Diocese/Details/162#verticalTab4 | title=Archdiocese of Verapoly | publisher=Catholic Online | date=2016 | access-date=12 July 2016}}</ref> Verapoly is the anglicised name of [[Varapuzha]].

==History==
The Archdiocese of Verapoly was originally known as the Vicariate of Malabar erected from the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Cochin]], the first catholic diocese in Kerala. It has its origin in 1657, with the arrival of [[Discalced Carmelites|Carmelite]] missionaries, most prominent among whom was the priest Joseph of St. Mary, better known as Joseph Sebastiani.<ref>L. M. Pylee, "The Latin Rite in Kerala" in George Menachery Ed., The St.Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Vol.2, Trichur, 1973, pp. 58–61; Matthew Vattakuzhy, "The Three Rites in Malabar" in George Menachery, Ed., Thomapedia, Ollur, 2000 pp.52-58.</ref> They had been deputed under Hyacinth of St. Vincent as Apostolic Commissar, by [[Pope Alexander VII]] to effect a reconciliation of [[Saint Thomas Christians]] of the [[Syro-Chaldaic Rite]], who had seceded from the Archbishop Francis Garcia due to his over-stretched influence in the affairs of syro-chaldean eparchial province of [[India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)|India]]. The majority of them had, in 1653, revolted against the Archbishop and forsaking his authority by taking an [[Coonan Cross Oath|oath]] for the purpose at the foot of a cross, thereafter called the Coonan Cross, situated in Mattancherry, and made their own [[Mar Thoma I|Archdeacon Thomas]] their archbishop. By the efforts of Sebastiani, a large number of seceders were brought back to the Catholic fold. Nevertheless, they refused to be under the authority of Archbishop Garcia or under any prelate of the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit Order]] known as the "Paulists".

Rome, being informed of the situation by Sebastiani in person, decided to entrust the Carmelites with the spiritual care of the Syro-Chaldaic Rite. For this purpose the Vicariate of Malabar was erected by Pope Alexander VII on 3 December 1659. Sebastiani was consecrated Titular Bishop of Hierapolis on 15 December 1659 and sent back to Malabar, with the title of Vicar Apostolic and Administrator of the Archbishopric of Cranganore. The new Vicariate eventually established its headquarters in the island of Verapoly.

The conquest of Portuguese territories in Malabar and especially of Cochin in 1663 by the Dutch<ref>T. I. Punnen, "Christians in Malabar in Dutch Times" p.43 and "The Dutch Period" p.44 in George Menachery, Ed. The St. Thomas Christian Encyclopaedia of India, Trichur, 1973</ref> and the consequent expulsion of all Catholic Missionaries from the territories occupied by the Dutch and elsewhere, threatened the very existence of the Malabar Vicariate. Nevertheless, it survived under the Indian Prelate [[Palliveettil Mar Chandy|Palliveettil Chandy]] (Alexander de Campo) whom Sebastiani had consecrated as his successor before he left Malabar in 1663. Before long Carmelites were allowed to resume their ministration which was by then extended also to the Catholics of the [[Latin Church]] who were under Portuguese protection.

On 13 March 1709 by a brief of Pope Clement XI Malabar Vicariate was suppressed and the Vicariate of Verapoly took its place with Bishop Angelo Francisco as its first Vicar Apostolic.

By the brief "Multa Praeclara" of Pope Gregory XVI, dated 24 April 1838, the Sees of Cranganore and Cochin which at that time included also [[Quilon]], were annexed to the Vicariate of Verapoly which thus came to comprise the whole of Malabar. However, in 1845, [[Quilon]] was severed from Verapoly as a Suffragan Vicariate.

When by the famous apostolic letter "{{lang|la|Humanae Salutis Auctor}}" of Leo XIII dated 1 September 1886, the Hierarchy of India was established, the Vicariate of Verapoly was raised to the status of an Archdiocese with Leonard Mellano of St. Louis as its first archbishop who was the 17th in the line of the Vicars Apostolic.

On 19 March 1887 the Catholics of the Syriac Rite were separated from those of the Latin Church and placed under an administrator, Marcelino Bernard of St. Teresa, who was consecrated co-adjutor to Archbishop Mellano. By brief "{{lang|la|Quod Jam Pridem}}" of Pope Leo XIII, dated 20 May 1887, the Syriac Rite Catholics were exempted from the jurisdiction of the Archdiocese of Verapoly and the two Vicariates of Trichur and Kottayam were erected for Syro Malabar Church (Malankara Chaldean Syrian church/St Thomas Christians/ Nazranis) with Adolpus E. Medlycott and Charles Lavigne as their Vicars Apostolic. Thus the Archdiocese of Verapoly came to consist exclusively of Latin Catholics.

==Succession of Vicars Apostolic of Verapoly and Archbishops of Verapoly==
*Giuseppe di Santa Maria Sebastiani (1661–1663), retired before the Dutch in 1663
*[[Palliveettil Chandy|Alexander de Campo]] (1663–1678)
*[[Thomas de Castro]] (1675–1684)
*Raphael de Figuredo Salgado, 1681, retired on account of quarrels in 1694
*[[Custodio do Pinho]] (1694–1697)
*Angelus Francis of St. Teresa, 1700, was in 1709 entitled "Vicar Apostolic of Cranganore and Cochin" on account of long vacancy of those sees, died 1712
*John Baptist Multedo of St. Teresa (1714–1750)
*Florence of Jesus of Nazareth (1750–1773)
*Francis de Sales a Matre Dolorosa (1774–1787)
*John Mary of St. Thomas, 1780 (died before consecration)
*John Mary of Jesus, (1784–1802)
*Raymond of St. Joseph (1803–1816)
*Miles Prendergast (1819–1831), resigned
*Francis Xavier Pescetto of St. Anne (1831–1844)
*Ludovico Martini of St. Teresa (1839–1859), resigned
*Bernardino Baccinelli of St. Teresa, 1847 (1859), 1868, received archiepiscopal rank
*Leonardo Mellano of St. Louis, 1868, received archiepiscopal rank 1860, became first Archbishop of Verapoly in 1887, died 1897
*Bernard of Jesus (Felipe Arginzonis y Astobiza) (1897–1918), resigned
*Ángel María Pérez y Cecilia (1918–1934), resigned
*[[Joseph Attipetty]] (1934–1970), died
*Joseph Kelanthara (1971–1986), died
*[[Cornelius Elanjikal]] (1987–1996), resigned
*[[Daniel Acharuparambil]], (1996–26 October 2009), died
*[[Francis Kallarakal]], appointed on 20 February 2010; he was assisted by [[Auxiliary Bishop]] Joseph Karikkassery until the Auxiliary Bishop's appointment as Bishop of the [[Latin Catholic Diocese of Kottapuram]], India, on Saturday, 18 December 2010.<ref name="Catholic Encyclopedia: Verapoly">{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15345a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Verapoly|publisher=Newadvent.org|access-date=16 January 2015}}</ref> Term ended on 18 December 2016.
*[[Joseph Kalathiparambil]], appointed on 31 October 2016. The Archbishop was formally installed on 18 December 2016.

==Affiliated Bishops, living==
*Francis Assisi Chullikatt (Priest: 3 Jun 1978 to 29 Apr 2006)
*Francis Kallarakal (Archbishop: 20 Feb 2010)
*Joseph Karikkassery (Priest: 19 Dec 1973; Auxiliary Bishop: 25 Nov 2006 to 18 Dec 2010)
*Alex Vadakkumthala

==Suffragan dioceses==
:''Source:{{nbsp}}''<ref name="gc.vera0"/>
* [[Diocese of Cochin]]
* [[Diocese of Kottapuram]]
* [[Diocese of Vijayapuram]]

==Saints and causes for canonisation==
* [[John Vincent (Carmelite)|John Vincent]]<ref name="CCBI">{{Cite web|url=http://ccbi.in/saints-blessed/|title=Saints & Blessed – CCBI|access-date=Oct 17, 2019}}</ref>
* [[Zacarias of Saint Teresa]]<ref name="CCBI" />
* [[Pedro Landeta Azcueta|Aurelian of the Blessed Sacrament]]<ref name="CCBI" />
* [[Eliswa Vakayil]]<ref name="CCBI" />
* George Vakayil<ref name="CCBI" />
* Michael Koodalloor (Theophane of Kottappuram)<ref name="CCBI" />
* [[Joseph Attipetty]]
* Immanuel Lopez<ref>{{cite news |title=Kochi priest Immanuel Lopez declared Servant of God |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/kochi-priest-immanuel-lopez-declared-servant-of-god/article67097722.ece |access-date=21 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=20 July 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[St. Philomena's Forane Church, Koonammavu|St. Philomena's Forane Church & St. Chavara Pilgrim Centre]]
* [[St George church]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
*[http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dvrpl.html ''Catholic Hierarchy''] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]
*[http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/vera0.htm Gig-Catholic Information] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]

{{Catholic|wstitle=Archdiocese of Verapoly|ref=none}}

{{Catholic Church}}
{{Christianity in Kerala|state=collapsed}}
{{portal bar|Catholic Church|India}}
{{authority control}}
{{coord|9.9838|N|76.2751|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Archdiocese of Verapoly}}
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India|Verapoly]]
[[Category:Dioceses in Kerala]]

Hoshyar Singh

2026-04-05T07:23:50Z

Blshastri2: started new bio

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Hoshyar Singh
| image =
| caption = Hoshyar Singh
| father =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|10|02|df=y}}<ref name=memberbio/>
| birth_place = [[Malad|Malad East]], [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]]
| alma_mater = [[Patkar-Varde College]]
| education = [[Graduation]]
| parents = Amar Singh Vidya Devi
| constituency = [[Dehra Assembly constituency|Dehra]]
|
| predecessor = [[Ravinder Singh Ravi]]
| successor = [[Kamlesh Thakur]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_start1 =
| term_end = 3 May 2024<ref name="Himachal assembly Speaker accepts resignations of three Independent MLAs who voted for BJP in RS polls">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Himachal assembly Speaker accepts resignations of three Independent MLAs who voted for BJP in RS polls |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himachal-pradesh/himachal-assembly-speaker-accepts-resignations-of-three-independent-mlas-who-voted-for-bjp-in-rs-polls/article68246090.ece |access-date=9 June 2024 |date=3 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609201237/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/himachal-pradesh/himachal-assembly-speaker-accepts-resignations-of-three-independent-mlas-who-voted-for-bjp-in-rs-polls/article68246090.ece |archive-date=9 June 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| committees =
}}
'''Hoshyar Singh''' (born 2 October 1966) is an Indian politician, who currently serves as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dehra Assembly constituency]].<ref name=memberbio>{{Cite web|url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/490|title=Details of MLA Hoshyar Singh|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/live-updates-himachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-results/article21830225.ece|title=Hoshyar Singh won from Dehra constituency in Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election results live|website=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/?do=download&r=8976&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=fb6cae69c039bd3efff062035fad28a7|title=Pdf ― list of Himachal Pradesh 2017 Legislative election winning candidates|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> Hoshyar Singh won from Dehra constituency in 2017 state assembly elections as an [[Independent politician|independent]] candidate.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/himachal-pradesh/dehra-mla-results|title=Hoshyar Singh won from Dehra constituency in Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2017 elections|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2017/himachal/dehra-election-result/|title=Hoshyar Singh won from Dehra constituency|newspaper=News 18}}</ref> He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] in June, 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/himachal-congress-seeks-disqualification-of-two-independent-mlas-who-joined-bjp-101658433155648.html|title=Himachal Congress seeks disqualification of two independent MLAs who joined BJP|newspaper=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref name=joinedBJP>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/himachal-pradesh-two-independent-mlas-prakash-rana-and-hoshiya-singh-join-bjp/articleshow/92085227.cms|title=Himachal Pradesh: Two independent MLAs Prakash Rana and Hoshiya Singh join BJP|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Singh was born on 2 October 1966 in Malad East, Bombay, Maharashtra to Amar Singh and Vidya Devi. He did his graduation from Patkar-Varde College.<ref name=memberbio/>

==Politics==
Singh's active state politics started from 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/himachaltribune/hoshiar-singh-entrepreneur-to-mla-591388|title=Hoshyar Singh: entrepreneur to MLA|newspaper=Tribune India}}</ref> He was elected to the thirteenth Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in December, 2017 as an independent candidate from Dehra constituency.<ref name=memberbio/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/himachal-pradesh-election-2017-full-list-of-winners-live-updates-4988241/|title=Hoshyar Singh won from Dehra constituency in Himachal Pradesh Assembly election 2017-full list winners|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref> He joined Bharatiya Janata Party in June, 2022, while staying in the office as an Independent MLA from Dehra constituency.<ref name=joinedBJP/>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Members of the 13th Vidhan Sabha from Himachal Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hoshyar}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]

Anoop Pradhan

2026-04-05T01:02:49Z

Blshastri2: new

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|2|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = Village Rakarana, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| governor =
| 1blankname =
| 1namedata =
| predecessor = [[Rajvir Singh Diler]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Second Yogi Adityanath ministry#Minister of State|State
Minister of Revenue]], [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| constituencyq =
| term_start1 = 25 March 2022
| term_end1 = 04 June 2024
| preceded1 =
| children = 3
| spouse = {{marriage|Lakshmi Pradhan|2000}}
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Agriculture
| education = B.A.
| website =
| father = Late Lahori Lal
| footnotes = Source [http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/12484/17]
| office2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_end2 = June 2024
| term_start2 = March 2017
| constituency2 = [[Khair (Assembly constituency)|Khair]]
| predecessor2 = [[Bhagwati Prasad (politician)|Bhagwati Prasad]]
| successor2 = [[Surender Diler]]
| governor1 = [[Anandiben Patel]]
| 1blankname1 = [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
| constituency = [[Hathras Lok Sabha constituency|Hathras]]
| term_start = 04 June 2024
|source = https://dspstg.sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5576?from=members
}}

'''Anoop Pradhan''' ({{IPA|hi|ən̪uːp pɾəd̪ʱaːn̪}}) is an Indian politician Serving Member of Parliament in Lok Sabha and Former State Minister of Revenue in [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]. He is a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Khair (Assembly constituency)|Khair constituency]] in [[Aligarh district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2471.htm?ac=71 |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogi Adityanath Oath Ceremony: अलीगढ़ के विधायक अनूप प्रधान मंत्री बने, योगी ने दी खास तरजीह|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/aligarh-city-aligarh-mla-anoop-pradhan-decided-to-become-a-minister-cm-yogi-call-22569978.html |access-date=2022-03-25 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref name="Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now">{{cite news |last1=India Today |date=13 July 2024 |title=Ex-legislators {{!}} In the major league now |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806121923/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-ex-legislators-in-the-major-league-now-2565848-2024-07-13 |archivedate=6 August 2024 |accessdate=6 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{18th Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|state=expanded}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Anoop}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:People from Aligarh district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Avantika (TV series)

2026-03-30T07:10:31Z

Blshastri2:

{{Short description|2002 Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Avantikazm.jpg
| image_size =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = Asmita Production
| based_on =
| writer = Rohini Ninawe
| director = Sanjay Surkar
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 738
| list_episodes =
| producer = [[Smita Talwalkar]]
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| runtime = 22 minutes
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2002|06|03}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2005|03|25}}
| related =
| network = [[Zee Marathi|Alpha TV Marathi]]
}}

'''''Avantika''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi|Alpha TV Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='Oon Pauus' to replace 'Avantika' on Alpha Marathi|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/oon-pauus-replace-avantika-alpha-marathi%3famp|website=Tellychakkar|access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref> The series premiered on 3 June 2002 and ended on 25 March 2005 after completing 738 episodes by replacing ''[[Aabhalmaya]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Alpha Marathi tops Marathi channel charts|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/oct/oct91.htm|website=Indian Television|access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref> The show starred [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] in lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अविस्मरणीय वळण|url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/editorial/samwad/unforgettable-turn/articleshow/66562711.cms|access-date=2023-02-01|website=[[Maharashtra Times]]|language=mr}}</ref> It was produced by [[Smita Talwalkar]] under the banner of ''Asmita Production''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=अवंतिका: एका छोट्या कथेची प्रदीर्घ चाललेली मालिका|url=https://kalakrutimedia.com/zee-marathi-memories-of-avantika/|access-date=2023-02-01|website=Kalakruti Media|language=mr}}</ref>

==Plot==
Avantika is a touching story about a woman named Avantika who dreams of a happy marriage and a successful career as an architect. She marries Saurabh, a successful businessman, and they have two kids. But Avantika's dreams are shattered when she discovers that Saurabh is having an affair with Maithali, who is close to their family. Surprisingly, Saurabh's family knew about it but didn't tell Avantika.

Feeling hurt and betrayed, Avantika decides to leave Saurabh. She finds support and a new start by marrying her boss, Shashank, who is divorced and has a daughter named Jui. The story is all about the ups and downs of relationships, heartbreak, and Avantika's journey to find happiness again.

== Cast ==
* [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] as Avantika Jahagirdar (née Dixit)<ref>{{Cite web|title=That girl next door|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/that-girl-next-door/articleshow/1058220.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-02-01}}</ref>
* [[Sandeep Kulkarni]] as Saurabh Jahagirdar
* [[Girish Oak]] as Aravind Dixit
* [[Ravindra Mankani]] as Shashank Nerurkar
* [[Subodh Bhave]] as Salil Dixit
* [[Sharvani Pillai]] as Sanika Patil (née Dixit)
* [[Sunil Barve]] as Anish Patekar
* [[Suchitra Bandekar]] as Urmila Pradhan (née Karnik)
* Sarika Nilatkar-Nawathe as Maithili
* Deepa Lagoo as Shobhana Jahagirdar
* Vandana Sardesai-Waknis as Anita Deshmukh (née Patil)
* Rahul Mehendale as Shailesh
* Parth Ketkar as Tejas
* Prajakta Kulkarni-Dighe as Sonalika
* [[Smita Talwalkar]] as Sulabha Dixit
* [[Shreyas Talpade]] as Abhishek Jahagirdar
* [[Sulekha Talwalkar]] as Ashwini Jahagirdar (née Dalal)
* [[Aadesh Bandekar]] as Milind Pradhan
* [[Pushkar Shrotri]] as Avinash Patil
* [[Sonali Khare]] as Nidhi Patekar (née Ahuja)
* [[Tushar Dalvi]] as Dr.Nikhil Rajadhyaksha
* [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]]
* Pournima Talwalkar as Reema Salil Dixit (née Sathe)
* [[Ajay Wadhavkar]]

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Aapla Alpha Awards<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alpha Marathi celebrates 5th birthday with Aapla Alpha Awards|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/aug/aug115.htm|website=Indian Television}}</ref>
!Category
!Recipient
!Role
|-
|Best Child Actor
|Anuja Borkar
|Jui Nerurkar
|-
|Best Supporting Male
|[[Subodh Bhave]]
|Salil Dixit
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Mrinal Kulkarni]]
|Avantika Dixit
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt5642130}}

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2002 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series endings]]

Pandita Ramabai

2026-03-26T09:21:02Z

Blshastri2: minor updated layout as per guidelines and corrected details based on references

{{Short description|Indian feminist historian and social reformer (1858–1922)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Pandita Ramabai
| image = Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati 1858-1922 front-page-portrait.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Rama Dongre
| birth_date = {{birth date|1858|4|23|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Mangalore]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|1922|4|5|1858|4|23|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Kedgaon, Pune district|Kedgaon]], [[Bombay Presidency]], British India
| spouse = {{marriage|Bipin Behari Medhvi|1880|1882|reason=his death}}
| occupation = Social reformer
| years_active = 1885–1922
| organization = Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission, Kedgaon
| known_for = Ministry among destitute and orphan girls
| notable_works = ''The High Caste Hindu Woman'' (1887)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Aisha |date=14 November 2018 |title=Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>
| children = 1 Monorama born in 1881
| relatives = [[Anandi Gopal Joshi]] (cousin)
}}

'''Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati''' ([[Marathi language|Marathi]]: {{Lang|mr|पंडिता रमाबाई सरस्वती}}; 23 April 1858 – 5 April 1922) was an Indian social reformer and Christian missionary. She was the first woman to be awarded the titles of ''[[Pandit]]a'' as a [[Sanskrit]] scholar and ''[[Sarasvati]]'' after being examined by the faculty of the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="WHN">{{cite web|title=Women's History Month: Pandita Ramabai|url=https://womenshistorynetwork.org/womens-history-month-pandita-ramabai/|website=Women's History Network|date=11 March 2011}}</ref> She was one of the ten women delegates of the Indian National [[History of the Indian National Congress|Congress]] session of 1889.<ref>{{Cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/4481937 | title=Indian Christianity and National Movements| last1=Kollanoor| first1=Greger| date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.importantindia.com/15397/short-biography-of-pandita-ramabai/| title=Short Biography of Ramabai| date=25 May 2015| access-date=23 October 2016| archive-date=7 December 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207235117/https://www.importantindia.com/15397/short-biography-of-pandita-ramabai/| url-status=usurped}}</ref> During her stay in England in early 1880s she converted to Christianity. She then toured extensively in the United States to collect funds for destitute Indian women. With the funds raised, she started Sharada Sadan (Home for Learning) for child widows. In the late 1890s, Ramabai founded Mukti Mission, a Christian charity at [[Kedgaon, Pune district|Kedgaon]] village, forty miles east of the city of [[Pune]].<ref name="(Pandita)Ramabai2003">{{cite book|author1=Ramabai Sarasvati (Pandita)|author2=Pandita Ramabai|title=Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States (1889)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oJGKf0efsRMC&pg=PP1|year=2003|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0-253-21571-4|pages=29–30}}</ref><ref name="Feldhaus1998">{{cite book|author=Anne Feldhaus|title=Images of Women in Maharashtrian Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0FobxiflfVQC&pg=PA192|date=1998|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3660-8|page=205}}</ref> The mission was later named Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission.

==Early life and education==
Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati was born as Ramabai{{Efn|Some sources state Rama}} Dongre on 23 April 1858 into a Marathi-speaking [[Chitpavan]] high-caste Brahmin family.<ref name="nyt">{{Cite news|title=Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator|last=Khan|first=Aisha|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 November 2018|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WHN |date=2011-03-11 |title=Women's History Month: Pandita Ramabai |url=https://womenshistorynetwork.org/womens-history-month-pandita-ramabai/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Women's History Network |language=en-GB}}</ref> Her father, Anant Shastri Dongre, a Sanskrit scholar, taught her Sanskrit at home. Anant Dongre's extraordinary piety led him to travel extensively across India with his family in tow. Her mother, Lakshmi was married to the much older Anant Shastri at the age of nine. Anant Shastri was in favour of female education and started teaching Sanskrit to Lakshmi. This was in stark contrast to the prevalent customs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sujata |title=Vikal Vidrohini Pandita Ramabai |publisher=Rajkamal |year=2023 |isbn=978-81-19028-04-7 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |pages=11–12}}</ref> Ramabai gained exposure to public speaking by participating in the family's public recitation of the Purana at pilgrimage sites around India, which is how they earned a meager living.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kosambi|first=Meera|date= 24–31 October 1992|title=Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: The Case of Pandita Ramabai|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399059|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=27|issue=43/44|pages=WS-62|jstor=4399059}}</ref> Lakshmi became so adept at Sanskrit that she also would even teach young boys, but this was opposed severely by the orthodox Brahmins. These were the circumstances which compelled Anant Shastri to move with his family to a rather desolate place.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Pandita Ramabai: Life and landmark writings |url=https://www.routledge.com/Pandita-Ramabai-Life-and-landmark-writings/Kosambi/p/book/9781138488588 |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=Routledge & CRC Press |language=en}}</ref>

Orphaned at the age of 16 during the [[Great Famine of 1876–78]], Ramabai and her brother Srinivas continued the family tradition of travelling the country reciting Sanskrit scriptures. Ramabai was comfortable in addressing all genders but women in those times would not come out in public spaces. Sometimes, she would go inside the female quarters to convince the women to get educated. Ramabai's fame as a woman adept in Sanskrit reached [[Calcutta]], where the pandits invited her to speak.<ref>''My Story'' by Pandita Ramabai. Pub: Christian Institute for Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore.</ref> A British officer, W. W. Hunter, was acquainted with her through news of her address in an Indian newspaper.<ref name=":4"/> Her address in the senate hall of Calcutta University was well-received and won her great acclaim. In 1878, [[Calcutta University]] conferred on her the titles of Pandita and Sarasvati in recognition of her knowledge of various Sanskrit works.<ref name="icwhp">{{cite web|url=http://www.icwhp.org/cameo-pandita-ramabai-story.html |title=Intl' Christian Women's History Project & Hall of Fame |publisher=Icwhp.org |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="nyt" />

This was her first exposure to the Bengali gentry and Christianity. Rama and Shrinivas were meeting a number of Sanskrit scholars but she was quite astonished to attend a meeting of Christians. She admitted to being impressed by the Christian mode of worshipping.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarasvati (Pandita) |first=Ramabai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmLGQAAACAAJ |title=A Testimony: The Life Story of Pandita Ramabai, Founder of the Mukti Mission to the Child-widows and Orphans of India, Kedgaon, Poona District |date=1946 |publisher=Franklin Press |language=en}}</ref> The theistic reformer [[Keshab Chandra Sen]] gave her a copy of the Vedas, the most sacred of all Hindu literature, and encouraged her to read them. This was the time Ramabai encountered new influences and began to question her old beliefs.

She met Bipin Chandra Madhvi at the [[Sylhet District]] school, he was part of the committee organised to welcome her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sengupta |first=Padmini |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TD9IAQAAIAAJ |title=Pandita Ramabai Saraswati: Her Life and Work |date=1970 |publisher=Asia Publishing House |isbn=978-0-210-22611-7 |language=en}}</ref> After the death of Srinivas in 1880, Ramabai married Bipin Behari Medhvi, a Bengali lawyer,<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Kosambi|first=Meera|title=Pandita Ramabai: Life and Landmark Writings|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1138962453|location=New York|pages=121}}</ref> from the [[Kayastha]] community, a lower caste than Ramabai. The marriage was inter-caste and inter-regional and considered inappropriate during this period. They were married in a civil ceremony on 13 November 1880. The couple had a daughter on 16 April 1881 whom they named Manorama (english translation:heart's joy).<ref>{{Cite web |title=The High-Caste Hindu Woman. |url=https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/ramabai/woman/woman.html |access-date=31 March 2023 |website=digital.library.upenn.edu}}</ref> Around this time Ramabai wrote a poem on the deplorable condition of Sanskrit and sent it to the forthcoming Oriental Congress to be held in Berlin. Its translation was read with her introduction and deep appreciation by Indologist [[Monier Monier-Williams]].<ref name=":4" /> Unfortunately, Bipin Bihari Medhvi succumbed to [[cholera]] on 4 February 1882. This was a time that Ramabai recalled that due to her unorthodox ways, no one thought of her except her cousin Anandibai but in her depression, she could not respond to her kind offer of support. After Medhvi's death, Ramabai, who was only 23, moved to [[Pune]] and founded the Arya Mahila Samaj (Arya Women's Society). Influenced by the ideals of Jesus Christ, the [[Brahmo Samaj]], and Hindu reformers, the purpose of the society was to promote the cause of women's education and deliverance from the oppression of child marriage.<ref name="nyt" /><ref>Kosambi, Meera. "Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: Case of Pandita Ramabai." ''Economic and Political Weekly'' 27, no. 43/44 (1992): WS61–71. {{JSTOR|399059}}.</ref>

==Social activism==
When in 1882 the [[William Wilson Hunter|Hunter Commission]] was appointed by the colonial Government of India to look into education, Ramabai gave evidence before it. In an address before the Hunter Commission, she declared, "In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred the educated men of this country are opposed to female education and the proper position of women. If they observe the slightest fault, they magnify the grain of mustard-seed into a mountain, and try to ruin the character of a woman". She suggested that teachers be trained and women school inspectors be appointed. Further, she said that as the situation in India was that women's conditions were such that women could only medically treat them, Indian women should be admitted to medical colleges. Ramabai's evidence created a great sensation and reached and possibly influenced [[Queen Victoria]]. It bore fruit later in starting of the Women's Medical Movement by [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Lord Dufferin]]. In Maharashtra, Ramabai made contact with Christian organisations also involved in women's education and medical missionary work, in particular a community of Anglican nuns, the [[Community of St Mary the Virgin|Community of St. Mary the Virgin]] (CSMV).<ref name=":1" />

With earnings from the sale of her first book, ''Stri Dharma Niti'' ("Morals for Women", 1882) and contacts with the CSMV, Ramabai went to Britain in 1883 to start medical training; she was rejected from medical programs because of progressive deafness.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/obituaries/pandita-ramabai-overlooked.html|title=Overlooked No More: Pandita Ramabai, Indian Scholar, Feminist and Educator|date=14 November 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=26 March 2020|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>Kosambi, M., 1988. Women, emancipation and equality: Pandita Ramabai's contribution to women's cause. Economic and political weekly, pp. WS38-WS49.{{JSTOR|4393987}}</ref> During her stay she converted to Christianity. Among the reasons Ramabai gave for her conversion was her growing disillusionment with orthodox Hinduism and particularly what she saw as its ill regard of women. In an autobiographical account of her conversion written years later, Ramabai wrote that there were, "only two things on which all those books, the [[Dharmaśāstra|Dharma Shastras]], the sacred epics, the [[Puranas]] and modern poets, the popular preachers of the present day and orthodox high-caste men, were agreed, that women of high and low caste, as a class were bad, very bad, worse than demons, as unholy as untruth; and that they could not get [[Moksha]] as men".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramabai|first=Pandita|title=A Testimony|publisher=[[Ramabai Mukti Mission]]|year=1977 |orig-year=1907|location=Kedgaon}}</ref> Ramabai had a contentious relationship with her Anglican "mentors" in England, particularly Sister Geraldine, and asserted her independence in a variety of ways: she maintained her vegetarian diet, rejected aspects of Anglican doctrine that she regarded as irrational, including the doctrine of the [[Trinity]],<ref>{{Cite book|last=Viswanathan|first=Gowri|title=Outside the Fold: Conversion, Modernity, and Belief|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0691058993|location=Princeton, NJ}}</ref> and questioned whether the crucifix she was asked to wear had to have a Latin inscription instead of the Sanskrit inscription she wished for.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kent|first=Eliza|title=The Routledge Handbook of Hindu-Christian Relations|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2021|isbn=9781003139843|editor-last=Bauman|editor-first=Chad M|location=New York|pages=250–251|chapter=Gender and the Social Boundaries between 'Hindus' and 'Christians'}}</ref>

In 1886, she travelled from Britain to the [[United States]] at the invitation of Dr. [[Rachel Bodley]], Dean of the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania|Women's Medical College]] of Pennsylvania, to attend the graduation of her relative<ref name=":0" /> and the first female Indian doctor, [[Anandibai Joshi]], staying for two years.<ref name=":2" /> During this time she also translated textbooks and gave lectures throughout the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jayawardena|first1=Kumari|title=The white woman's other burden: Western women and South Asia during British colonial rule|date=1995|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-91104-7|page=56}}</ref> She also published one of her most important books, ''The High-Caste Hindu Woman''. Her first book written in English, Ramabai dedicated it to her cousin, Dr. Joshi. ''The High-Caste Hindu Woman'' showed the darkest aspects of the life of Hindu women, including child brides and child widows, and sought to expose the oppression of women in Hindu-dominated British India. Through speaking engagements and the development of a wide network of supporters, Ramabai raised the equivalent of 60,000 rupees to launch a school in India for the child widows whose difficult lives her book exposed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shah|first=A.B.|title=The Letters and Correspondence of Pandita Ramabai. Compiled by Sister Geraldine|publisher=Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture|year=1977|location=Bombay|page=xxi}}</ref>

While giving presentations in the U.S. to seek support for her work in India, Ramabai met American [[Suffragette]] and Women's rights activist, [[Frances Willard]] in July 1887. Willard invited Ramabai to speak at the national [[Woman's Christian Temperance Union]] convention in November 1887 where she gained the support of this large women's organisation. She returned to India in June 1888 as a National Lecturer for the WCTU. [[Mary Greenleaf Clement Leavitt]], the first World Missionary of the WCTU, was already there when Ramabai returned, but they did not meet. Ramabai worked however with the WCTU of India once it was officially organised in 1893.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Osborne |first1=Lori |editor1-last=Waldschmidt-Nelson |editor1-first=Britta |editor2-last=Schuler |editor2-first=Anja |title=The World Woman's Christian Temperance Union: An Early Transnational Women's Organization and its Work in India, 1883–1900 |journal=Bulletin of the German Historical Institute Washington, Supplement |date=2017 |volume=13 |pages=129–142 |url=https://legacy.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GHI_Washington/Publications/Supplements/Supplement_13/129.pdf |access-date=20 October 2020 |trans-title=Forging Bonds Across Borders: Transatlantic Collaborations for Women's Rights and Social Justice in the Long Nineteenth Century |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022194336/https://legacy.ghi-dc.org/fileadmin/user_upload/GHI_Washington/Publications/Supplements/Supplement_13/129.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1889, Ramabai returned to India, and founded a school for child widows in Pune called Sharada Sadan, which had the support of many Hindu reformers, including [[Mahadev Govind Ranade|M.G. Ranade]]. Although Ramabai did not engage in overt evangelism, she did not hide her Christian faith either, and when several students converted to Christianity, she lost the backing of Pune's Hindu reform circles. She moved the school 60 kilometers east to the much quieter village of [[Kedgaon, Pune district|Kedgaon]], and changed its name to the Mukti Mission. In 1896, during a severe famine, Ramabai toured the villages of Maharashtra with a caravan of bullock carts and rescued thousands of outcast children, child widows, orphans and other destitute women, and brought them to the shelter of the Mukti Mission. By 1900 there were 1,500 residents and over a hundred cattle in the Mukti mission. A learned woman knowing seven languages, she also translated the Bible into her mother tongue—Marathi—from the original Hebrew and Greek.<ref>Johnson, R.B., 2008. The Biblical Theological Contribution of Pandita Ramabai: A Neglected Pioneer Indian Christian Feminist Theologian. Ex Auditu-Volume 23: An International Journal for the Theological Interpretation of Scripture, 23, p.111.[https://books.google.com/books?id=zU77DwAAQBAJ&dq=ramabai+bible+greek+marathi&pg=PA111]</ref> The Pandita Ramabai Mukti Mission is still active today, providing housing, education, vocational training, etc. for many needy groups including widows, orphans, and the blind.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gracevalley.org/teaching/2010/Untold_Tale_Revival_Pandita_Ramabai.html |title=Untold Tale of Revival: Pandita Ramabai | Grace Valley Christian Center |publisher=Gracevalley.org |access-date=15 May 2015}}</ref>

== Influence on early Pentecostalism ==
Scholars of Pentecostalism have begun to explore the possibility that rather than having originated in a singular event at the famous [[Azusa Street Revival|Azusa Street Church]] in Los Angeles in 1906, the origins of [[Pentecostalism]] can be traced to religious revivals around the world, which were interpreted by participants as signs of a new era in Christian history. The extraordinary psycho-physical states that accompanied the emotionally intense revivals took different shape in different places. Minnie Abrams, Ramabai's American assistant and a veteran missionary with close associations with the [[Holiness movement]], reported that in June 1905, ten months before the [[Azusa Street Revival|Azusa Street revival]], a matron came upon a dormitory of girls weeping, praying, and confessing their sins. Then, one girl testified that she had been startled from sleep by the sensation of being bathed in fire.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=McGee |first=Gary B. |date=1999 |title="Latter Rain" Falling in the East: Early-Twentieth-Century Pentecostalism in India and the Debate over Speaking in Tongues |journal=Church History |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=648–665|doi=10.2307/3170042 |jstor=3170042 |s2cid=162798722 }}</ref> As Michael Bergunder has argued, the Mukti Mission was part of a network of Protestant missionary institutions that by the early twentieth century spanned the globe.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bergunder |first=Michael |title=The South Indian Pentecostal Movement in the Twentieth Century |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |year=2008}}</ref> This network was constituted by a vast system of newsletters, pamphlets, books and other kinds of print media, along with conferences that brought missionaries into conversation with each other, and travel that took missionaries and supporters from one mission station to the next. Thus, news about the "holy fire" at the Mukti Mission, along with revivals happening with apparent simultaneity around the world led many to believe a global "outpouring of the Holy Spirit" was underway. Many missionaries visited Kedgaon and volunteer there in response to the news of the outbreak of the Holy Spirit among the students.<ref name=":3" />

[[File:Pandita Ramabai, Manoramabai, and European workers and friends.jpg|thumb|Pandita Ramabai, Manorama, European and American Missionary supporters]]

==Personal life==
Pandita Ramabai's family life departed from the norms expected of women in her day. Her childhood was full of hardships and she lost her parents early. Her marriage to Bipin Bihari Medhvi crossed caste lines and she was widowed after just two years of marriage. Under ordinary circumstances, such a tragedy put nineteenth-century Indian women in a vulnerable condition, dependent upon their deceased husband's family for support. Pandita Ramabai, however, persevered as an independent woman, and a single mother to Manorama Bai. She ensured that Manorama Bai was educated, both in [[Wantage]] by the sisters of the CSMV, and later at [[University of Mumbai|Bombay University]], where Manorama earned her BA. After going to the United States for higher studies, Manorama Bai returned to India where she worked side-by-side with Ramabai. Serving first as Principal of Sharada Sadan, she also assisted her mother in establishing Christian High School at Gulbarga (now in [[Karnataka]]), a backward district of south India, during 1912. In 1920 Ramabai's health began to flag and she designated her daughter as her designated successor at the Mukti Mission. However, Manorama predeceased her mother in 1921. Her death was a shock to Ramabai. Nine months later, on 5 April 1922, Ramabai herself died from septic bronchitis, at age 63.<ref>''Panditha Ramabai Sarasvathi'' – Book in Kannada (1962) Pub by Christ Sahitya Sangha, Bangalore</ref>

==Awards and honors==
[[File:Pandita Ramabai 1989 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Ramabai on a 1989 stamp of India]]
* "Pandita" and "Sarasvati" at Bengal (before going to Britain), recognising her skills in Sanskrit.<ref name="WHN" />
* [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal|''Kaisar-i-Hind'' Medal]] for community service in 1919, awarded by the British Colonial Government of India.<ref>Butler (1922), [https://archive.org/details/panditaramabais00butlgoog/page/n98 p. 83]</ref>
* She is [[Calendar of saints (Church of England)|remembered]] in the [[Church of England]] with a [[Commemoration (observance)|commemoration]] on 30 April.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Calendar|url=https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar|access-date=27 March 2021|website=The Church of England|language=en}}</ref>
* On 26 October 1989, in recognition of her contribution to the advancement of Indian women, the Government of India issued a commemorative stamp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx |title=Indian Postage Stamps 1947–2000 |publisher=Department of Posts, Ministry of Communications, Government of India |access-date=9 April 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210123/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kartini]]

== References ==
{{Notelist}}{{Reflist}}

{{Library resources box|by=yes|onlinebooks=yes|viaf=50029736}}

==Further reading==
* [[Antoinette Burton|Burton, Antoinette]]. "Colonial encounters in late-Victorian England: Pandita Ramabai at Cheltenham and Wantage 1883–6." ''Feminist Review'' 49.1 (1995): 29–49.
* {{cite book |title=Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati: Pioneer in the movement for the education of the child-widow of India|author=Butler, Clementina |publisher= Fleming H. Revell Company, New York|year=1922|url= https://archive.org/stream/panditaramabaisa00butluoft#page/n5/mode/2up}}
* Case, Jay Riley. ''An Unpredictable Gospel'' (Oxford University Press, 2012)
* Chakravarti, Uma. ''Rewriting history: The life and times of Pandita Ramabai'' (Zubaan, 2014).
* Dyer, Helen S. ''Pandita Ramabai: the story of her life'' (1900) [https://archive.org/details/panditaramabais00dyergoog online]
* Khatua, Suchismito. "A Classroom of One's Own: Ramabai, Reform, and the 19th Century Woman Question," ''Women's Voices : Representation And Resistance'' (Anirban Bhattacharjee & Suranjana Choudhury eds., New Delhi and Kolkata: Worldview Publications, 2023).
* Kosambi, Meera. "Indian Response to Christianity, Church and Colonialism: Case of Pandita Ramabai." ''Economic and Political Weekly'' (1992): WS61–WS71. [http://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2015_50/11/indian_response_to_christianity_church_and_colonialism.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408195527/https://www.epw.in/system/files/pdf/2015_50/11/indian_response_to_christianity_church_and_colonialism.pdf |date=8 April 2023 }}
* Vatsal, Radha. ''No. 10 Doyers Street'' (2025). Work of fiction.
* White, Keith J. "Insights into child theology through the life and work of Pandita Ramabai." ''Transformation'' (2007): 95–102. {{JSTOR|43052697}}

===Primary sources===
* Ramabai, Pandita. ''Pandita Ramabai's American Encounter: The Peoples of the United States'' (1889), [https://books.google.com/books?id=oJGKf0efsRMC&dq=%22Pandita+Ramabai%22&pg=PP1 online]
* Ramabai Sarasvati, Pandita. ''The High-Caste Hindu woman'' (1888) [https://archive.org/details/highcastehinduw00saragoog/page/n11 online]
* Kosambi, Meera, ed. ''Pandita Ramabai through her own words: Selected works'' (Oxford University Press, 2000).
* Shah, A.B., ed.; Sister Geraldine, ed. ''The Letters and Correspondence of Pandita Ramabai'' (Maharashtra State Board for Literature and Culture, 1977)

==External links==
{{Commons category|Pandita Ramabai}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110624004608/http://www.jeevanmarg.com/testimonies/pandita-ramabai-founder-of-mukti-mission/ Life Testimony of Pandita Ramabai]
* [http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/entity/pandita-ramabai Pandita Ramabai materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180305200017/http://www.knoxpcea.org.au/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=72%3Athe-story-of-ramabai&catid=40%3Achurch-history&Itemid=93%2F The Story of Ramabai]
* [http://www.mukti-mission.org/mukti/History.htm A Short History of Mukti Mission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021141312/http://mukti-mission.org/mukti/History.htm |date=21 October 2013 }}

{{Authority control}}

{{Indian Independence Movement}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramabai, Pandita}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Converts to Anglicanism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Converts to Protestantism from Hinduism]]
[[Category:Indian Anglicans]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]
[[Category:Translators of the Bible into Marathi]]
[[Category:Indian women's rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian social reformers]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Marathi-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Dakshina Kannada district]]
[[Category:Activists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Women educators from Karnataka]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian women travel writers]]
[[Category:Christian revivalists]]
[[Category:Indian Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Women biblical scholars]]

Yajnavalkya

2026-03-26T04:04:11Z

Blshastri2: slightly enhance section for clarity to improve readability

{{short description|8th century BCE Indian sage and philosopher}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| image = Yajnavalkya and Janaka.jpg
| caption = Yajnavalkya teaches [[Brahman|Brahma Vidya]] to King [[Janaka]]
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| honors = [[Rishi]]
| spouse = [[Maitreyi]], Katyayani
| philosophy = [[Upanishad]]
| influences = [[Aruni]]
| notable_ideas = [[Neti neti]]
| birth_place = [[Videha]]
| birth_date = Fifth day during the waxing phase of moon in Phalgun Hindu month
| home_town = [[Jagban]]
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| disciples = [[Janaka]]
| honorific prefix = [[Brahmistha]]
}}
{{See also|Yajnavalkya Ashram}}{{Hinduism}}
'''Yajnavalkya''' or '''Yagyavalkya''' ({{langx|sa|याज्ञवल्क्य}}, [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]:{{IAST|Yājñavalkya}}) is a [[Hindu]] Vedic sage prominently mentioned in the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] (c. 700 BCE) and [[Taittiriya Upanishad|''Tattiriya Upanishad'']].<ref name=staal3>{{cite book|author=Frits Staal|author-link=Frits Staal|title=Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HcE23SjLX8sC&pg=PA3| year=2008|publisher= Penguin Books |isbn= 978-0-14-309986-4|page=3}}, '''Quote:''' "Yajnavalkya, a Vedic sage, taught..."</ref>{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|pp=3, 52–71}}<ref name=benami9>Ben-Ami Scharfstein (1998), ''A comparative history of world philosophy: from the Upanishads to Kant'', Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 9-11</ref><ref name=olivelle7thcen>{{harvnb|Olivelle|1998|p=xxxvi with footnote 20}}</ref> Yajnavalkya proposes and debates [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] questions about the nature of existence, consciousness and impermanence, and expounds the [[epistemology|epistemic]] doctrine of [[neti neti]] ("not this, not this") to discover the [[Brahman|universal Self]] and [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]].<ref name="Ganeri2007p27">{{cite book|author= Jonardon Ganeri|title= The Concealed Art of the Soul: Theories of Self and Practices of Truth in Indian Ethics and Epistemology|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5dITDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA27| year=2007|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-920241-6|pages=27–28, 33–35}}</ref> Texts attributed to him include the ''[[Yajnavalkya Smriti]]'', ''[[Yoga Yajnavalkya]]'' and some texts of the [[Vedanta]] school.<ref name=fisher55/><ref>{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=The Asrama System: The History and Hermeneutics of a Religious Institution|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYkPtXiXRYcC |year=1993|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534478-3|pages=92 with footnote 63, 144, 163}}</ref> He is also mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' as well as various [[Puranas]], [[Brahmana]]s and [[Aranyaka]]s.<ref name=fisher55/><ref name="mandliklvi" /><ref name=":1" />

[[File:Imagery of Sage Yagnavalkya.JPG|thumb|Imagery of Sage Yagnavalkya kept at [[Buddinni]] village in Karnataka]]

==Name==
The name Yajnavalkya is derived from ''[[yajna]]'', which connotes ritual.<ref name="staal3" />

==Depiction in texts==
Yajnavalkya was a pupil of Vaisampayana and the compiler of the ''Shukla Yajurveda Samhita''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Divanji |first=P. C. |date=1953 |title=Bṛhad-Yogi Yājñavalkya-Smṛti and Yoga Yājñavalkya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41784838 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=34 |issue=1/4 |pages=27 |issn=0378-1143 |jstor=41784838}}</ref> Yajnavalkya was the pupil of [[Uddālaka Āruṇi]], and belongs to [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Macdonell|first1=Arthur Anthony|title=Vedic Index of Names and Subjects|last2=Keith|first2=Arthur Berriedale|publisher=John Murray|year=1912|volume=II|pages=189|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bharadwaj |first=O. P. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.78825 |title=Ancient Kuruksetra |date=1991}}</ref>

Within both the ''Sukla Yajur Veda'' and the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', he is depicted as being blunt, provocative and sarcastic.{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=VII}} In the first verse of the [[Yājñavalkya Smṛti|''Yajnavalkya Smriti'']], Yajnavalkya is described as the "yogesvara: meaning "the king of yogis."{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=XIII}}

Yajnavalkya plays a central position in a debate known as [[Bahudakshina Yajna]] hosted by [[Janaka|King Janaka]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], Videha, which is in the Southern Nepal near Janakpur, where Yajnavalkya defeats philosophers from all around the country.{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}} The debate ended with [[Gārgī Vāchaknavī|Gargi]], a female scholar and one of the nine gems of [[Court of King Janaka|King Janaka’s court]], clearly asserting Yajnavalkya as the most superior brahmin of them all.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Ayushi |date=December 2018 |title=Comprehending Queer: An Analysis of Gender Identities in Indian Literature |journal=Research Chronicler |volume=VI |issue=XII}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Grinshpon |first=Yohanan |date=1998 |title=The Upaniṣadic Story and the Hidden "Vidyā"; Personality and Possession in the Bṛhadāraṇyakopaniṣad |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23496368 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=26 |issue=5 |pages=373–385 |doi=10.1023/A:1004366418482 |jstor=23496368 |issn=0022-1791|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Gargi Vachaknavi.jpg|thumb|Memorial Statue of [[Gārgī Vāchaknavī|Gargi]] at the complex of [[Uchhaith|Uchchaith Bhagawati Mandir]]]]

In the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', a set of dialogues portrays Yajnavalkya as having two wives, [[Maitreyi]] and Katyayani.{{sfn|Pechilis|2004|pp=11–15}} Maitreyi, as opposed to Katyayani, was more intrigued to gain spiritual knowledge.<ref name=":5" /> Maitreyi was known as a brahmavadini, a discusser of Brahman.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Lindquist |first=Steven E. |date=2008 |title=Gender at Janaka's Court: Women in the Br̥hadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad Reconsidered |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23497306 |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=405–426 |doi=10.1007/s10781-008-9035-y |jstor=23497306 |issn=0022-1791|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Katyayani is merely described as "striprajna," which translates to "woman-like knowledge;" this can be interpreted as one who is well-versed in traditionally females roles.<ref name=":6" /> While Yajnavalkya and Katyayani lived in contented domesticity, Maitreyi studied metaphysics and engaged in theological dialogues with her husband in addition to "making self-inquiries of introspection."{{sfn|Pechilis|2004|pp=11–15}}<ref name="muir246">John Muir, {{Google books|VPMfAAAAMAAJ|Metrical Translations from Sanskrit Writers|page=251}}, page 246–251</ref> In contrast to the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', the epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'' states Maitreyi is a young beauty who is an Advaita scholar but never marries.<ref name="muir251">John Muir, {{Google books|VPMfAAAAMAAJ|Metrical Translations from Sanskrit Writers|page=251}}, pp. 251–253</ref>

Scharfstein considers Yajnavalkya to be one of the [[History of philosophy|earliest philosophers]] in [[recorded history]].<ref name="benami9" /> Yajnavalkya is credited by Witzel for coining the term ''[[Advaita]]'' (non-duality of Atman and Brahman).<ref name="Staal2008p365">{{cite book|author=Frits Staal|title=Discovering the Vedas: Origins, Mantras, Rituals, Insights |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HcE23SjLX8sC&pg=PA365 |year=2008| publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-309986-4|page=365 note 159}}</ref> The ideas attributed to him for renunciation of worldly attachments have been important to Hindu [[sannyasa]] traditions.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|author=Patrick Olivelle|title=The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fB8uneM7q1cC |year=1992|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-536137-7|pages=92, 140–146}}</ref>

==Scriptural references==
Yajnavalkya is associated with several major ancient texts in Sanskrit, namely the ''[[Shukla Yajurveda]]'', the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana]]'', the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', the ''Taittiriya Upanishad'', the [[Dharmasastra|dharma sastra]] named ''[[Yājñavalkya Smṛti]]'', ''Vriddha Yajnavalkya'', and ''Brihad Yajnavalkya''.<ref name="fisher55">I Fisher (1984), Yajnavalkya in the Sruti traditions of the Veda, ''Acta Orientalia'', Volume 45, pages 55–87</ref> He is also mentioned in the ''Mahabharata,'' Puranas,<ref name="mandliklvi">Vishwanath Narayan Mandlik, {{Google book|3AwYAAAAYAAJ|The Vyavahára Mayúkha, in Original, with an English Translation}}, pages lvi, xlviii–lix</ref>{{sfn|White|2014|pp=xiii, xvi}} as well as in ancient [[Jainism]] texts such as the ''[[Isibhasiyaim]]''.<ref>Hajime Nakamura (1968), Yajnavalkya and other Upanishadic thinkers in a Jain tradition, The Adyar Library Bulletin, Volume 31–32, pages 214–228</ref> In the Jainism text Isibhasiyaim, the sage Yajnavalkya is also known as ''Jannavakka''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahopadhyaya Vinayasagar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.346406 |title=Isibhasiyaim Suttaim (rishibhashit Sutra) |pages=46}}</ref>

=== ''Taittiriya Upanishad'' ===
Yajnavalkya is referenced within the ''Taittiriya Upanishad''.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Sethumadhavan |first=TN |date=October 27, 2011 |title=Free Translation & Brief Explanation |url=http://www.jedisimon.com/ACQUA%20DI%20LUCE/Beings/TAITTIRIYA-UPANISHAD-TNS-COMPLETE.pdf |website=Esamskriti.com}}</ref> Once, the guru Vaisampayana got angry with Yajnavalkya, who was one of his leading disciples.<ref name=":7" /> He demanded that Yajnavalkya give back all of his knowledge he had learned from him. With such instructions, Yajnavalkya vomited all of the knowledge.<ref name=":7" /> The guru then instructed his other disciples to take the form of partridges (i.e., taittiriya birds) and consume what was regurgitated.<ref name=":7" /> This story is why the Upanishad was named the Taittiriya Upanishad.<ref name=":7" /> The story is meant to show Yajnavalkya’s genius.<ref name=":7" /> Yajnavalkya was also said to have taken the guru’s knowledge and to have added his own insight.<ref name=":7" /> Seeing such knowledge, the guru was pleased and instructed his other disciples to learn from Yajnavalkya.<ref name=":7" /> When a student has absorbed any knowledge and when he gives it out, it becomes more palatable to the other students who did not understand it directly from the teacher’s learned discourse. Seeing that the delivery of Yājñavalkya was masterly, the teacher in appreciation, asked the other students of the class to absorb it like ‘sparrows’, which they did.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chinmayananda |first=Swami |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/TAITTIRIYA_UPANISHAD/sAgrDwAAQBAJ?hl=en |title=TAITTIRIYA UPANISHAD |date=2014 |publisher=Central Chinmaya Mission Trust |isbn=978-81-7597-622-1 |language=en}}</ref> A student is encouraged to be active for a thirst of knowledge like Taittiriya birds through this metaphor.<ref name=":7" />

=== ''Brihadaranyanka Upanishad'' ===
The ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' is dated at c. 700 BCE.<ref name="olivelle7thcen" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Ben-Ami Scharfstein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC&pg=PA56 |title=A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7914-3683-7 |pages=56–57}}</ref> The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' is known for highlighting Yajnavalkya’s magnetic personality, focusing on his self-confidence.<ref name=":5" />

Yajnavalkya plays a central position within the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanisad'', which is a part of the ''Sukla Yajur Veda''.{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}} The scripture details one of the most famous debates in Hindu texts in the presence of King Janaka in Mithila, Videha, which is in the east of India, where Yajnavalkya defeats philosophers from all around the country.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanita |first=Ruth |date=2003 |title=The Self Is Not Gendered: Sulabha's Debate with King Janaka |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4316972 |journal=NWSA Journal |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=76–93 |doi=10.2979/NWS.2003.15.2.76 |doi-broken-date=1 July 2025 |jstor=4316972 |issn=1040-0656|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}}

In the first story of the ''Brihadaranyak Upanisad'', King Janaka hosts a sacrifice known as [[Bahudakshina Yajna]], where he is willing to donate one thousand cows with gold horns to the best brahmin called as [[Brahmistha]].<ref name=":5" /> Yajnavalkya immediately orders his disciple Samasrava to take the cows to his home. This causes an uproar in the palace amongst the other sages, led by [[Ashvala|Asvala]], who wondered why Yajnavalkya proclaimed himself as the greatest.<ref name=":5" /> Yajnavalkya responds saying that he does not claim himself to be the greatest ''Brahmistha'' and whoever the greatest Brahmistha is should indeed be honoured. Yajnavalkya says he merely just wanted the cows.<ref name=":5" /> This leads to a philosophical debate amongst the sages, in which Yajnavalkya defeats each opponent who faces him by rightly answering their questions.<ref name=":5" /> Some of the key participants of the debate include [[Ashvala|Asvala]], [[Uddālaka Āruṇi|Uddalaka Aruni]], [[Bhujyu]], [[Shakalya|Sakalya]], [[Artabhaga]], [[Ushasta]], [[Kahoda|Kahola]] and others, many who are well known within other Hindu literature.<ref name=":5" />

Gargi later appears in two sections of the debate in sections 3.6 and 3.8 of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanisad''. Gargi was a female scholar and she was one of the nine gems of King Janaka’s court.<ref name=":6" /> In 3.6, Gargi successively asks about what is the support or cause of different elements in the world, setting up a hierarchical ordering of the world.<ref name=":6" /> Gargi finally asks about the support of [[Brahman]]. Yajnavalkya responds, "Do not, O Gargi, question too much, lest your head should fall off. You are questioning too much about a deity whom we should not ask too much."<ref name=":4" />

Yajnavalkya threatens Gargi not to ask what is beyond Brahman.<ref name=":6" /> Gargi becomes silent. Yajnavalkya intended to explain that one cannot question who is the support of that which is the support of everything.<ref name=":6" /> Yajnavalkya’s threat is not produced out coercion to halt the asking of complex questions, but to end a discussion that had become finite, which Gargi had not realized yet.<ref name=":6" />

In 3.8, Gargi asks a final series of questions to Yajnavalkya proclaiming that if he can answer these questions, no other brahmin could beat him in this debate.<ref name=":6" /> This time, it is seen that Gargi’s rhetoric has shifted; rather than asking questions impetuously or over-eagerly like that in 3.6, Gargi’s questioning becomes more pointed and focused at reaching the pinnacle of the debate through a final test.<ref name=":6" /> She first asks, "That which is above the sky, that which is below earth, that which is between the sky and earth, and that which people call the past, present, and future – [what is the support of this all]?"<ref name=":6" /> Yajnavalkya responds by saying that the support of this is space.<ref name=":6" /> Gargi then asks what is the support of space. Yajnavalkya responds by discussing the metaphysical element known as Akshar (''Brihadaryanka Upanishad'' 3.8.8-9), or that which is imperishable.<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Book Company—Practical Lawyer |url=https://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/2005_7_3.htm#:~:text=On%20the%20other%20hand%20the,Prayaschit%20which%20deals%20with%20penance |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.ebc-india.com}}</ref> Yajnavalkya says, "This imperishable, Gargi, is the seer but isn’t seen; is the hearer, but isn’t heard; is the thinker, but isn’t thought of; is the perceiver, but isn’t perceived. Other than this, there is no seer. Other than this, there is no hearer. Other than this, there is no thinker. Other than this, there is no perceiver."<ref name=":6" />

Gargi’s scholarship is depicted through the fact that she is the first person in the entire debate to discuss the concept of Brahman.<ref name=":6" /> The debate ends when Gargi, a female scholar, clearly asserts Yajnavalkya as the most superior of them all.<ref name=":5" />

In the fourth chapter of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanisad'', Yajnavalkya decides to renounce and leave his family.<ref name=":6" /> At that time, Yajnavalkya’s wife, Maitreyi, inquires about the concept of the soul to Yajnavalkya.<ref name=":6" /> Maitreiyi, was also very wise and scholarly.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Banerjee |first=Sudeep |date=2008 |title=Where Knowledge Is Free |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27644287 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=36 |issue=7/8 |pages=29–36 |jstor=27644287 |issn=0970-0293}}</ref> She had once asked Yajnavalkya if she would become immortal with all the wealth in the world, in which Yajnavalkya responded with a denial. She then preaches, “"What should I do with that by which I do not become immortal?"<ref name=":8" />

The ''Brihadaranyaka Upanisad'' is one of the first texts to depict women in religious debate.<ref name=":6" /> Both Gargi and Maitreyi discuss the deepest spiritual topics of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanisad'', namely about Brahman and the atman, showing their knowledge and curiosity.<ref name=":6" />

== Works ==

=== ''Sukla Yajur Veda'' ===
Yajnavalkya was the seer of who received the [[Shukla Yajurveda]] from the Divine.{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}} Thus, he is known as the founder of the Sukla Yujurveda tradition.{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}} Yajnavalkya himself mentions, “Anyone who desires to master yoga should know the Aranyaka that I received from the sun as well as the yoga treatise that I proclaimed.” (Yajnavalkya Smriti 3.110).{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}}

=== ''Yajnavalkya Smriti'' ===
The ''[[Yājñavalkya Smṛti|Yagnavalkya Smriti]]'' provides instructions to people of all walks of life, including brahmins.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=L. |first=B. |date=1932 |editor-last=Jayaswal |editor-first=K. P. |title=Manu and Yājñavalkya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/754205 |journal=Journal of Comparative Legislation and International Law |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=291–295 |jstor=754205 |issn=1479-5949}}</ref> It is written as a discourse from Yajnavalka to his sagely disciples about the laws or dharmas of society.{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}} The scripture is broken into three sections discussing: (1) achara (i.e., behavior), (2) vyavahara (i.e., legal procedure), and (3) prayascita (i.e., atonement).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eastern Book Company—Practical Lawyer |url=https://www.ebc-india.com/lawyer/articles/2005_7_3.htm#:~:text=On%20the%20other%20hand%20the,Prayaschit%20which%20deals%20with%20penance |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=www.ebc-india.com}}</ref> In the second section, Yagnavalkya breaks down the entire court process into four steps: plaint, plea, evidence and verdict.{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}} In the third section, Yajnavalkya claims that through prayascita, the soul and the world are pleased. (''Yajnavalkya Smriti'' 3.20).<ref name=":7" />

The ''Yajnavalkya Smriti'' is often comparable to a priorly written dharma sastra, the ''Manu Smriti''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chemburkar |first=Jaya |date=1989 |title=Prāyaścitta (expiation) and Daṇḍa (punishment): A Study |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41693462 |journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute |volume=70 |issue=1/4 |pages=89–101 |jstor=41693462 |issn=0378-1143}}</ref> Both the Manu Smriti and ''Yajnavalkya Smriti'' are considered the ultimate sources of Hindu Law, however, Yagnavalkya’s smriti was considered more authoritative than that of Manu’s.<ref name=":9" /> Although both works are similar, Yajnavalkya places less emphasis on rigidity and more focus on practicality.<ref name=":2" /> Yajnavalkya’s smriti is also more precise and organized than that of Manu’s. The British also considered the ''Yajnavalkya Smriti'' the basis of what they called “the Hindu Law.”{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}}

The ''Yajnavalkya Smriti'' became even more well-known through a commentary written on it by Vijnaneshvara called the ''Mitakshara'' in the mid-twelfth century.{{sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=}}

=== ''Yoga Yajnavalkya'' ===
The ''[[Yoga Yajnavalkya]]'' is a commentary by Yajnavalkya on the knowledge of Yoga.<ref name=":2" />

The actual author of ''Yoga Yajnavalkya'' text was probably someone who lived many centuries after the Vedic sage Yajnavalkya.{{sfn|Larson|Bhattacharya|2008|pp= 476–477}} Ian Whicher, a professor of Religion at the University of Manitoba, states that the author of ''Yoga Yajnavalkya'' may be an ancient Yajnavalkya, but this Yajnavalkya is not to be confused with the Vedic-era Yajnavalkya "who is revered in Hinduism for ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad''".<ref>Ian Whicher (1999), The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0791438152}}, pages 27, 315–316 with notes</ref>

According to [[Vishwanath Narayan Mandlik]], these references to Yajnavalkya in other texts, in addition to the eponymous ''Yoga Yajnavalkya'', may be two different sages with the same name.<ref name="mandliklvi" />

== Ideas ==
[[File:Yajnavalkya.jpg|thumb|'''Statue of Yajnavalkya''' at the entrance of [[Uchhaith|Uchchaith Bhagawati Mandir]] near [[Benipatti]] town in the [[Madhubani district]] of the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] in Bihar]]
===On karma and rebirth===
One of the early expositions of [[karma]] and rebirth theories appears in the discussions of Yajnavalkya.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hock | first=Hans Henrich | title=The Yajnavalkya Cycle in the Brhad Aranyaka Upanisad | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=American Oriental Society | volume=122 | issue=2 | year=2002 | pages=278–286 | doi=10.2307/3087621 | jstor=3087621 }}</ref>

{{Blockquote|
<poem>
Now as a man is like this or like that,
according as he acts and according as he behaves, so will he be;
a man of good acts will become good, a man of bad acts, bad;
he becomes pure by pure deeds, bad by bad deeds;

And here they say that a person consists of desires,
and as is his desire, so is his will;
and as is his will, so is his deed;
and whatever deed he does, that he will reap.
</poem>
|''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] 4.4.5-6''|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130413042723/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/quotes/brihadaranyaka-upanishad-4-4-5-6 Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5-6] Berkley Center for Religion Peace & World Affairs, Georgetown University (2012)</ref>}}

[[Max Muller]] and [[Paul Deussen]], in their respective translations, describe the Upanishad's view of "Soul, Self" and "free, liberated state of existence" as, "[Self] is imperishable, for he cannot perish; he is unattached, for he does not attach himself; unfettered, he does not suffer, he does not fail. He is beyond good and evil, and neither what he has done, nor what he has omitted to do, affects him. (...) He therefore who knows it [reached self-realization], becomes quiet, subdued, satisfied, patient, and collected. He sees self in Self, sees all as Self. Evil does not overcome him, he overcomes all evil. Evil does not burn him, he burns all evil. Free from evil, free from spots, free from doubt, he became Atman-Brâhmana; this is the Brahma-world, O King, thus spoke Yajnavalkya."<ref name=pauldeussenc4b2>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, pages 475-507</ref><ref>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml#page/160/mode/2up Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.3-4], [[Oxford University Press]], pages 161-181 with footnotes</ref>

===On spiritual liberation===
The section 4.3 of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' is attributed to Yajnavalkya. It has a dialogue between [[Janaka]] and Yajnavalkya exploring the nature of the Atman in different states of consciousness and existence, including wakefulness, dream, deep sleep, death, migration, and final liberation. It discusses the premises of [[moksha]] (liberation, freedom), and provides some of its most studied hymns. Paul Deussen calls it, "unique in its richness and warmth of presentation", with profoundness that retains its full worth in modern times.<ref>Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120814684}}, page 482</ref>

=== On the light of man ===
When asked by [[Janaka|King Janaka]],"What is the light of man?" he replies, "The sun, O King; for, having the sun alone for his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns." Then the king asks, "When the sun sets, what is the light of man?" He replies, "The moon indeed is his light; for, having the moon alone for his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns." Then the king asks, "When the sun has set, O Yajnavalkya, and the moon has set, what is the light of man ?" He replies, "Fire indeed is his light; for, having fire alone for his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns." Then the king asks, "When the sun has set, O Yajnavalkya, and the moon has set, and the fire is gone out, what is then the light of man?" He replies, "Sound indeed is his light; for, having sound alone for his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns. Therefore, O King, when one cannot see even one's own hand, yet when a sound is raised, one goes towards it." Then the king asks, "When the sun has set, O Yajnaavalkya, and the moon has set, and the fire is gone out, and the sound hushed, what is then the light of man?" He replies, "The Self indeed is his light; for, having the Self alone as his light, man sits, moves about, does his work, and returns."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Müller|first=F. Max (Friedrich Max)|url=http://archive.org/details/upanishads02ml|title=The Upanishads|date=1879–84|publisher=Oxford, The Clarendon press|others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library|pages=162–163}}</ref>

=== On the self ===
He describes the self by a series of negations and says it is not, not (neti, neti) - not graspable, not destructible, not attached, not disturbed by anything good or bad done by himself. He then says, he who knows this truth remains "controlled, at peace, patient and full of faith" and "everyone comes to be his self" and "he becomes the self of everyone"<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scharfstein|first=Ben-Ami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC&pg=PA56|title=A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant|date=1998-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3683-7|pages=64|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=52}}

=== On dreams ===
Yajnavalkya believed that dreams are active projections of the self. To him, this is evidence that dreaming shares the creative nature of Reality in itself.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scharfstein|first=Ben-Ami|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZQy2lu70bwC&pg=PA56|title=A Comparative History of World Philosophy: From the Upanishads to Kant|date=1998-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3683-7|pages=63|language=en}}</ref>

===On love and soul===
The Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue in the ''[[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]]'' states that love is driven by "love for oneself (''ātman''),"{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=28}} and discusses the nature of Atman and Brahman and their [[Monism|unity]],{{Sfn|Hino|1991|pp=94–95}} which forms the core of later [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita philosophy]].{{sfn|Brereton|2006|pp=323–345}} The dialogue has survived in two manuscript [[recension]]s from the [[Madhyandina Shakha|Madhyamdina]] and [[Kanva Shakha|Kanva]] [[Shakha|Vedic schools]]. Although they have significant literary differences, they share the same philosophical theme.{{sfn|Brereton|2006|pp=323–45}}

This dialogue appears in several Hindu texts; the earliest is in chapter 2.4 – and modified in chapter 4.5 – of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'', one of the principal and oldest [[Upanishads]].{{Sfn|Marvelly|2011|p=43}}{{sfn|Hume|1967|pp=98–102, 146–48}} Adi Shankara, a scholar of the influential [[Advaita Vedanta]] school of Hindu philosophy, wrote in his ''Brihadaranyakopanishad bhashya'' that the purpose of the Maitreyi-Yajnavalkya dialogue in chapter 2.4 of the ''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' is to highlight the importance of the knowledge of Atman and Brahman, and to understand their oneness.{{Sfn|Hino|1991|pp=5–6, 94}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Paul Deussen|title=The System of the Vedanta: According to Badarayana's Brahma-Sutras and Shankara's Commentary thereon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DI7cCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=KB Classics Reprint|isbn=978-1-5191-1778-6 |pages=173–174 }}</ref> According to Shankara, the dialogue suggests renunciation is prescribed in the ''[[Sruti]]'' (vedic texts of Hinduism), as a means to knowledge of the Brahman and Atman.{{Sfn|Hino|1991|pp=54–59, 94–95, 145–149}} He adds, that the pursuit of self-knowledge is considered important in the ''Sruti'' because the Maitreyi dialogue is repeated in chapter 4.5 as a "logical finale" to the discussion of Brahman in the Upanishad.{{Sfn|Hino|1991|p=5}}

Concluding his dialogue on the "inner self", or soul, Yajnavalkaya tells Maitreyi:{{Sfn|Marvelly|2011|p=43}}
{{blockquote|
<poem>
One should indeed see, hear, understand and meditate over the Self, O Maitreyi;
indeed, he who has seen, heard, reflected and understood the Self – by him alone the whole world comes to be known.
</poem>
|''Brihadaranyaka Upanishad'' 2.4.5b{{sfn|Deussen|2010|p=435}}}}

=== On dharma ===
In Yajnavalkya Smriti, Yajnavalkya emphasizes the plurality of dharma, drawing from multiple sources including the Vedas, recollections, righteous conduct, self-satisfaction, and desire rooted in right intention. He introduces the idea that fulfilling desires with the right intention is part of dharma, a departure from previous texts. Yajnavalkya emphasizes the significance of gift-giving (''dana'') and yoga in dharma, considering them central practices. He suggests that those who understand the self hold superior knowledge of dharma. Yajnavalkya categorizes dharma into three divisions, covering everyday life, royal conduct, and extraordinary circumstances. He recognizes that not all dharma originates from Vedic sources; some are derived from worldly customs or enforced by rulers.{{Sfn|Yajnavalkya|2019|p=xxvi-xxviii}}

==See also==
*[[Neti neti]]
*[[Ancient Mithila University]]
*[[Janaka]] of [[Videha]]
*[[Gargi Vachaknavi]]
*[[Aruni|Uddalaka Aruni]]
*[[Ashtavakra]]
*[[Yajnavalkya Ashram]]
*[[Durwakshat Mantra]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===

*{{cite journal|first=Joel P.|last= Brereton|year= 2006| jstor= 20064512|title= The Composition of the Maitreyī Dialogue in the Brhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad|journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|volume=126|number= 3}}

*{{cite book|first=Paul|last= Deussen|year= 2010| title= Sixty Upanishads of the Veda|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|isbn= 978-81-208-1468-4}}

*{{cite book|last= Hino |first=Shoun |title=Suresvara's Vartika On Yajnavalkya'S-Maitreyi Dialogue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvcrBnKaIgEC |year =1991 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0729-7 |edition=2nd}}
*{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/thirteenprincipa028442mbp#page/n121/mode/2up|title= Brihadaranyaka Upanishad|first= Robert|last= Hume |publisher= (Translator), Oxford University Press|year=1967}}

* {{cite book|last1=Larson |first1= Gerald James|last2=Bhattacharya |first2=Ram Shankar|year= 2008|title=The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Yoga: India's philosophy of meditation|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 978-81-208-3349-4|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC}}

*{{cite book|last=Marvelly|first=Paula|title=Women of Wisdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AxcegJBHHNAC&pg=PT43|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-78028-367-8}}
* {{Cite book |translator-last=Mohan |translator-first=A. G. |translator-link=A. G. Mohan| year=2013 |title=Yoga Yajnavalkya | edition= 2nd |publisher= Svastha Yoga |isbn=978-9810716486 }}

* {{Cite book |last=Olivelle |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9-2jV7sRuEC |title=Upaniṣads |date=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-283576-5 |language=en}}

*{{cite book|first= Karen|last= Pechilis|year= 2004|title= The Graceful Guru: Hindu Female Gurus in India and the United States|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-514537-3}}

*{{cite book|last= White |first=David Gordon |title=The "Yoga Sutra of Patanjali": A Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZGrAgAAQBAJ |year=2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691143774}}
*{{cite book |author=Yajnavalkya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLH_swEACAAJ |title=Yajnavalkya - A Treatise on Dharma |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2019 |isbn=978-0-674-27706-9 |editor=Patrick Olivelle |series=Murty Classical Library of India 20 |pages=vii-xxxvii |translator=Patrick Olivelle}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Yajnavalkya}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=24967}}
* {{Internet Archive author |search=(Yájnavalkya OR Yajnavalkya OR Yājñavalkya)}}
* [http://www.shuklayajurveda.org/home.html Sukla Yajur Veda] from http://www.shuklayajurveda.org
* [http://www.shuklayajurveda.org/yagnavalkya-intro.html Yogeeswara Yagnavalkya]

{{Rishis of Hindu mythology}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yajnavalkya}}
[[Category:7th-century BC people]]
[[Category:8th-century BC people]]
[[Category:People from Videha]]
[[Category:Rishis]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Bihar]]
[[Category:8th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:7th-century BC Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:7th-century BC mathematicians]]
[[Category:Maithil Brahmin]]
[[Category:Upanishadic people]]
[[Category:8th-century BC Hindus]]
[[Category:7th-century BC Hindus]]

Digital literacy

2026-03-24T16:01:17Z

Blshastri2: minor adjusted structure as per guidelines additionally and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Competency in using digital technology}}
[[File:A. Stuart and Students.jpg|thumb|A teacher and his students in a [[computer lab]]]]
'''Digital literacy''' is an individual's ability to find, evaluate, and communicate [[information]] using digital devices or [[digital media]] platforms. Digital literacy combines technical and [[cognitive]] abilities; it includes using [[information and communication technologies]] to create, evaluate, and share information,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-19|title=Digital Literacy|url=https://literacy.ala.org/digital-literacy/|access-date=2020-10-22|website=Welcome to ALA's Literacy Clearinghouse|language=en-US}}</ref> and critically examining their social and political impacts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pangrazio |first=Luciana |date=2016-03-03 |title=Reconceptualising critical digital literacy |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01596306.2014.942836 |journal=Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education |volume=37 |issue=2 |pages=163–174 |doi=10.1080/01596306.2014.942836 |issn=0159-6306|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Digital literacy initially focused on digital skills and stand-alone computers, but the advent of the [[internet]] and [[social media]] use has shifted some of its focus to [[mobile devices]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lynch |first=Matthew |date=2022-07-25 |title=Digital Literacy Training Improves Mobile Learning Outcomes |url=https://www.thetechedvocate.org/digital-literacy-training-improves-mobile-learning-outcomes/ |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=The Tech Edvocate |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
Research into digital literacies draws from traditions of [[information literacy]] and research into [[media literacy]] which rely on socio-cognitive traditions, as well as research into multimodal composition, which relies on anthropological methodologies.<ref name="Reddy, P. 2020">Reddy, P., Sharma, B., & Chaudhary, K. (2020). Digital literacy: A review of literature. International Journal of Technoethics (IJT), 11(2), 65-94.</ref> Digital literacy is built on the expanding role of social science research in the field of literacy<ref>Au, K., and Jordan, C. (1981) "Teaching reading to Hawaiian children: Finding a culturally appropriate solution".</ref> as well as on concepts of [[visual literacy]],<ref>Dondis, 1973, A Primer in Visual Literacy</ref> [[computer literacy]],<ref>Molnar, A. (1979). The Next Great Crisis in America</ref> and [[information literacy]].<ref>{{cite report |title=The Information Service Environment Relationships and Priorities. Related Paper No. 5 |last1=Zurkowski |first1=Paul G. |date=November 1974 |id={{ERIC|ED100391}}}}</ref>

The concept of digital literacy has evolved throughout the 20th and into the 21st centuries from a technical definition of skills and competencies to a broader comprehension of interacting with digital technologies.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Digital literacies: concepts, policies and practices |date=2008 |publisher=Peter Lang |author1=Colin Lankshear |author2=Michele Knobel |isbn=978-1-4331-0169-4 |location=New York |oclc=213133349}}</ref>

Digital literacy is often discussed in the context of its precursor, [[media literacy]]. Media literacy education began in the United Kingdom and the United States due to war propaganda in the 1930s and the rise of advertising in the 1960s, respectively.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=boyd |first=danah |url=https://www.danah.org/books/ItsComplicated.pdf |title=It's Complicated: The Social Lives of Networked Teens |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-300-16631-6 |location=New Haven, Connecticut |pages=https://www.danah.org/books/ItsComplicated.pdf}}</ref> Manipulative messaging and the increase in various forms of media further concerned educators. Educators began to promote media literacy education to teach individuals how to judge and assess the media messages they were receiving. The ability to critique digital and media content allows individuals to identify biases and evaluate messages independently.<ref name=":0" /> Both digital and media literacy include the ability to examine and comprehend the meaning of messages, judge credibility, and assess the quality of a digital work.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Martens |first1=Hans |last2=Hobbs |first2=Renee |date=30 April 2015 |title=How Media Literacy Supports Civic Engagement in a Digital Age |url=https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1048&context=com_facpubs |journal=Atlantic Journal of Communication |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=4–5 |doi=10.1080/15456870.2014.961636 |s2cid=52208620|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

With the rise of file sharing on services such as [[Napster]] an ethics element began to get included in definitions of digital literacy.<ref>Bawden, D. (2008). Origins and concepts of digital literacy. Digital literacies: Concepts, policies and practices, 30(2008), 17-32.</ref> Frameworks for digital literacy began to include goals and objectives such as critically examining the political dimensions and power dynamics embedded in processes of [[digitization]] or [[datafication]];<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Markham |first1=Annette |last2=Pronzato |first2=Riccardo |date=2023-01-01 |title=A critical (theory) data literacy: tales from the field |url=https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ils-06-2023-0087/full/html |journal=Information and Learning Sciences |volume=125 |issue=5/6 |pages=293–320 |doi=10.1108/ILS-06-2023-0087 |issn=2398-5348|url-access=subscription }}</ref> as well as understanding the importance of becoming a socially responsible member of their community by spreading awareness and helping others find digital solutions at home, work, or on a national platform.<ref name=":1" />

Digital literacy may also include the production of multimodal texts.<ref>Selfe, C. L. (2007). Multi-Modal Composition. Cresskill: Hampton.</ref> This definition refers more to reading and writing on a digital device but includes the use of any modes across multiple mediums that stress [[Semiotic]] meaning beyond [[graphemes]].<ref name="Heitin">{{Cite news|last=Heitin|first=Liana|url=https://www.edweek.org/ew/articles/2016/11/09/what-is-digital-literacy.html|title=What Is Digital Literacy? - Education Week|date=2016-11-09|work=Education Week|access-date=2020-03-15}}</ref> It also involves knowledge of producing other types of media, like recording and uploading video.<ref name="Heitin" />

Overall, digital literacy shares many defining principles with other fields that use modifiers in front of the term "literacy" to define ways of being and domain-specific knowledge or competence. The term has grown in popularity in education and higher education settings and is used in both international and national standards.<ref>Knobel, M & Lanskear, C. (2008). Digital Literacies: Concepts, Policies, and Practices.{{page needed|date=January 2020}}</ref>

==Academic and pedagogical concepts==
The pedagogy of digital literacy has begun to move across disciplines.<ref name="Reddy, P. 2020"/> In academia, digital literacy is part of the computing subject area alongside [[computer science]] and [[information technology]],<ref>Furber, S. (2012). [https://royalsociety.org/~/media/education/computing-in-schools/2012-01-12-computing-in-schools.pdf ''Shut down or restart?: The way forward for computing in UK schools''.]</ref> while some literacy scholars have argued for expanding the framing beyond [[information and communication technologies]] into literacy education overall.<ref>Leu, D. J., Zawilinski, L., Castek, J., Banerjee, M., Housand, B., Liu, Y., & O'Neil, M. (2007). What is new about the new literacies of online reading comprehension. Secondary school literacy: What research reveals for classroom practices, 37-68.</ref>

Similar to other evolving definitions of [[literacy]] that recognize the cultural and historical ways of making meaning,<ref>The New London Group (1997). New Literacy Studies</ref> digital literacy does not replace traditional methods of interpreting information but rather extends the foundational skills of these traditional literacies.<ref name="Jenkins 2009">{{cite book |last=Jenkins |first=Henry |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/free_download/9780262513623_Confronting_the_Challenges.pdf |title=Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2009 |location=Cambridge, MA |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203213008/http://mitpress.mit.edu/sites/default/files/titles/free_download/9780262513623_Confronting_the_Challenges.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-03 }}</ref> Scholars have argued that digital literacy should be considered a part of the path towards acquiring knowledge.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |title=Digital Literacy Unpacked |date=2018-08-07 |isbn=978-1-78330-199-7 |editor-last=Reedy |editor-first=Katharine |doi=10.29085/9781783301997 |editor2-last=Parker |editor2-first=Jo |s2cid=151058124}}</ref>

The current model of digital literacy explores six skills listed below.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thinking in the Digital Era: A Revised Model for Digital Literacy |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312281798 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924231734/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312281798_Thinking_in_the_Digital_Era_A_Revised_Model_for_Digital_Literacy |archive-date=2024-09-24 |access-date=2024-12-28 |website=ResearchGate |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Times Square April 2022 by Don Ramey Logan.jpg|thumb|Photo-visual literacy skills can be put into practice by analyzing the visual elements of the images and billboards, understanding the context in which they are presented, evaluating their credibility and reliability, and making decisions based on that information.]]
# '''Reproduction literacy''': the ability to use digital technology to create a new piece of work or combine existing pieces of work to make it your own.
# '''Photo-visual literacy''': the ability to read and deduce information from visuals.
# '''Branching literacy''': the ability to successfully navigate in the non-linear medium of digital space.
# '''Information literacy''': the ability to search, locate, assess and critically evaluate information found on the web and on-shelf in libraries, including validity of that information
# '''Socio-emotional literacy''': the social and emotional aspects of being present online, whether it may be through socializing, and collaborating, or simply consuming content.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Aviram |first1=Aharon |last2=Eshet-Alkalai |first2=Yoram |date=2006-04-03 |title=Towards a Theory of Digital Literacy: Three Scenarios for the Next Steps |url=https://old.eurodl.org/?p=archives&year=2006&halfyear=1&article=223 |journal=European Journal of Open, Distance and E-learning |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |issn=1027-5207}}</ref>
# '''Real-time thinking''': the ability to process large volumes of stimuli at the same time

=== Artificial intelligence (AI) ===
{{POV section|date=September 2024}}

Digital literacy skills continue to develop with the rapid advancements of [[artificial intelligence]] (AI) technologies in the 21st century. AI technologies are designed to simulate human intelligence through the use of complex systems such as machine learning algorithms, natural language processing, and robotics.<ref>{{Cite book |author=Russell, Stuart J. |author2=Norvig, Peter |title=Artificial intelligence: a modern approach |year=2016 |publisher=Pearson |isbn=978-1-292-15396-4 |oclc=1029506845}}</ref>

As these technologies emerge, so have different attempts at defining [[AI literacy]] - the ability to understand the basic techniques and concepts behind AI in different products and services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ng |first1=Davy Tsz Kit |last2=Leung |first2=Jac Ka Lok |last3=Chu |first3=Samuel Kai Wah |last4=Qiao |first4=Maggie Shen |date=2021-01-01 |title=Conceptualizing AI literacy: An exploratory review |journal=Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence |language=en |volume=2 |article-number=100041 |doi=10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041 |s2cid=244514711 |issn=2666-920X|doi-access=free }}</ref> Many framings leverage existing digital literacy frameworks and apply an AI lens to the skills and competencies. Common elements of these frameworks include:

* '''Know and understand:''' know the basic functions of AI and how to use AI applications<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lin |first1=Pei-Yi |last2=Chai |first2=Ching-Sing |last3=Jong |first3=Morris Siu-Yung |last4=Dai |first4=Yun |last5=Guo |first5=Yanmei |last6=Qin |first6=Jianjun |date=2021-01-01 |title=Modeling the structural relationship among primary students' motivation to learn artificial intelligence |journal=Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence |language=en |volume=2 |article-number=100006 |doi=10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100006 |s2cid=230594498 |issn=2666-920X|doi-access=free }}</ref>
* '''Use and apply:''' applying AI knowledge, concepts and applications in different scenarios<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Julie |first1=Henry |last2=Alyson |first2=Hernalesteen |last3=Anne-Sophie |first3=Collard |title=2020 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE) |chapter=Designing Digital Literacy Activities: An Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Approach |date=2020-10-21 |pages=1–5 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/fie44824.2020.9274165|isbn=978-1-7281-8961-1 }}</ref>
* '''Evaluate and create''': higher-order thinking skills (e.g., evaluate, appraise, predict, design)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Druga |first1=Stefania |last2=Vu |first2=Sarah T. |last3=Likhith |first3=Eesh |last4=Qiu |first4=Tammy |title=Proceedings of FabLearn 2019 |chapter=Inclusive AI literacy for kids around the world |date=2019-03-09 |pages=104–111 |location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=ACM |doi=10.1145/3311890.3311904|isbn=978-1-4503-6244-3 |s2cid=195776996 }}</ref>
* '''Ethical issues''': considering fairness, accountability, transparency, and safety with AI<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gong |first1=Xiaoyan |last2=Tang |first2=Ying |last3=Liu |first3=Xiwei |last4=Jing |first4=Sifeng |last5=Cui |first5=Wei |last6=Liang |first6=Joleen |last7=Wang |first7=Fei-Yue |title=2020 IEEE International Conference on Networking, Sensing and Control (ICNSC) |chapter=K-9 Artificial Intelligence Education in Qingdao: Issues, Challenges and Suggestions |date=2020-10-30 |pages=1–6 |publisher=IEEE |doi=10.1109/icnsc48988.2020.9238087|isbn=978-1-7281-6853-1 |s2cid=226265635 }}</ref>

== In society ==
[[File:Digital literacy class in NSS camp 2024.jpg|thumb|Digital literacy class in NSS camp 2024 at St Aloysious HSS Kollam]]
Digital literacy is necessary for the correct use of various digital platforms. Literacy in [[social network service]]s and [[Web 2.0]] sites help people stay in contact with others, pass timely information, and even buy and sell [[goods and services]]. Digital literacy can also prevent people from being taken advantage of online, as [[photo manipulation]], [[e-mail fraud]]s and [[phishing]] often can fool the digitally illiterate, costing victims money and making them vulnerable to [[identity theft]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Longardner|first=Tara|date=2015|title=US News|work=The Growing Need for Technical and Digital Literacy|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/03/16/the-growing-need-for-technical-and-digital-literacy}}</ref> However, those using technology and the internet to commit these manipulations and fraudulent acts possess the digital literacy abilities to fool victims by understanding the technical trends and consistencies; it becomes important to be digitally literate to always think one step ahead when utilizing the digital world.

The emergence of [[social media]] has paved the way for people to communicate and connect with one another in new and different ways.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burns|first=Kelli S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTpFDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA99|title=Social Media: A Reference Handbook: A Reference Handbook|date=2017-03-20|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-4356-3|language=en}}</ref> Websites like [[Facebook]] and [[Twitter]] (now X), as well as personal websites and [[blogs]], have enabled a new type of journalism that is subjective, personal, and "represents a global conversation that is connected through its community of readers."<ref>{{cite web |last=Marlow |first=Cameron |title=Audience, Structure, and Authority in the Weblog Community |publisher=MIT Media Laboratory |url=http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.pdf |access-date=2 June 2006 |archive-date=28 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928143757/http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~cameron/cv/pubs/04-01.pdf }}</ref> These online communities foster group interactivity among the digitally literate. Social media also help users establish a [[digital identity]] or a "symbolic digital representation of identity attributes."<ref>Dixon, Mark (2005). [https://blogs.oracle.com/identity/entry/identity_map_core_identity "Identity Map"] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126133624/https://blogs.oracle.com/identity/entry/identity_map_core_identity |date=2016-11-26}}. Oracle.</ref> Without digital literacy or the assistance of someone who is digitally literate, one cannot possess a personal digital identity (this is closely allied to web literacy).

Research has demonstrated that the differences in the level of digital literacy depend mainly on age and education level, while the influence of gender is decreasing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hargittai |first1=Eszter |date=1 April 2002 |title=Second-Level Digital Divide: Differences in People's Online Skills |journal=First Monday |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.5210/fm.v7i4.942 |s2cid=245248 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=van Dijk |first=Jan |title=Introduction |date=2005 |url=http://sk.sagepub.com/books/the-deepening-divide/n1.xml |work=The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society |pages=1–8 |place=Thousand Oaks |publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-1-4129-0403-2 |doi=10.4135/9781452229812.n1 |access-date=2021-05-03|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Deursen |first1=A.J.A.M. |last2=van Dijk |first2=J.A.G.M. |date=April 2009 |title=Improving digital skills for the use of online public information and services |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=333–340 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2008.11.002|url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6812950/Deursen09improving.pdf }}</ref> Among young people, digital literacy is high in its operational dimension. Young people rapidly move through hypertext and have a familiarity with different kinds of online resources. However, for young people, the skills to critically evaluate the content found online show a deficit.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gui |first1=Marco |last2=Argentin |first2=Gianluca |date=1 September 2011 |title=Digital skills of internet natives: Different forms of digital literacy in a random sample of northern Italian high school students |journal=New Media & Society |volume=13 |issue=6 |pages=963–980 |doi=10.1177/1461444810389751 |hdl-access=free |s2cid=41647591 |hdl=10281/10985}}</ref> With the rise of digital connectivity amongst young people, concerns of digital safety are higher than ever. A study conducted in Poland, commissioned by the Ministry of National Knowledge, measured the digital literacy of parents in regards to digital and online safety. It concluded that parents often overestimate their level of knowledge, but clearly had an influence on their children's attitude and behavior towards the digital world. It suggests that with proper training programs, parents should have the knowledge in teaching their children about the safety precautions necessary to navigate the digital space.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.sajournalofeducation.co.za/index.php/saje/article/view/1833/1058 |access-date=2021-04-30 |title=Tomczyk |website=www.sajournalofeducation.co.za |doi=10.15700/saje.v41n1a1833 |s2cid=233816145|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Digital divide ===
{{main|Digital divide}}

Digital divide refers to disparities (such as those living in the developed vs the developing world) concerning access to and the use of [[Information and communications technology|information and communication technologies (ICT)]],<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last1=Lim |first1=Ee-Peng |title=Digital Libraries: People, Knowledge, and Technology: 5th International Conference on Asian Digital Libraries, ICADL 2002, Singapore, December 11-14, 2002, Proceedings |last2=Foo |first2=Schubert |last3=Khoo |first3=Chris |last4=Chen |first4=Hsinchun |last5=Fox |first5=Edward |last6=Urs |first6=Shalini |last7=Thanos |first7=Costanino |publisher=Springer Verlag |year=2002 |isbn=3-540-00261-8 |location=Berlin |pages=379}}</ref> such as computer hardware, software, and the Internet, among people.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |author1=R. Babu |author2=S. Kalaivani |author3=K. Saileela |title=Empowering India Through Digital Literacy (Vol. 1) |date=26 April 2019 |publisher=Lulu |isbn=978-0-359-52763-2 |pages=111}}</ref> Individuals within societies that lack economic resources to build ICT infrastructure do not have adequate digital literacy, which means that their digital skills are limited.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|title=Information and Technology Literacy: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications |publisher=IGI Global |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5225-3418-1 |location=Hershey, PA|pages=587}}</ref> The divide can be explained by [[Max Weber]]'s [[Three-component theory of stratification|social stratification theory]], which focuses on access to production, rather than ownership of the capital.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Ragnedda |first1=Massimo |title=The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective |last2=Muschert |first2=Glenn W. |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-415-52544-2 |location=Oxon |pages=172}}</ref> Production means having access to ICT so that individuals can interact and produce information or create a product without which they cannot participate in learning, collaboration, and production processes.<ref name=":6" /> Digital literacy and digital access have become increasingly important competitive differentiators for individuals using the internet.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last1=Celik|first1=Aliye Pekin |date=2007 |title=Our common humanity in the information age |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/690767|language=en|publisher=UN, Global Alliance for Information and Communication Technologies and Development |isbn=978-92-1-104570-3}}</ref> In the article "The Great Class Wedge and the Internet's Hidden Costs", [[Jen Schradie]] discusses how social class can affect digital literacy.<ref name=":3" /> This creates a digital divide.

Research published in 2012 found that the digital divide, as defined by access to information technology, does not exist amongst youth in the United States.<ref name="Cohen, C. J. 2011">Cohen, C. J., & Kahne, J. (2011). Participatory Politics: New Media and Youth Political Action. Chicago, IL: MacArthur Network on Youth and Participatory Politics.</ref> Young people report being connected to the internet at rates of 94–98%.<ref name="Cohen, C. J. 2011" /> There remains, however, a [[Participation (decision making)#Civic opportunity gap|civic opportunity gap]], where youth from poorer families and those attending lower socioeconomic status schools are less likely to have opportunities to apply their digital literacy.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |url=http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/WorkingPapers/WP59Kahne.pdf |title=Democracy for some: The civic opportunity gap in high school |last1=Kahne |first1=Joseph |last2=Middaugh |first2=Ellen |citeseerx=10.1.1.431.9197 |year=2008}}</ref> The digital divide is also defined as emphasizing the distinction between the "haves" and "have-nots", and presents all data separately for rural, urban, and central-city categories.<ref name=":14">{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2012-12-01|encyclopedia=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|entry=Krugman, Prof. Paul Robin |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u254875 |title=Krugman, Prof. Paul Robin, (Born 28 Feb. 1953), Professor of Economics and International Affairs, Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, since 2000; Centenary Professor, London School of Economics and Political Science}}</ref> Also, existing research on the digital divide reveals the existence of personal categorical inequalities between young and old people.<ref name=":15">{{Cite book|last1=Ragnedda|first1=Massimo|title=The Digital Divide: The Internet and Social Inequality in International Perspective|last2=Muschert|first2=Glenn W.|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|isbn=978-0-415-52544-2|location=Oxon|page=33}}</ref> An additional interpretation identified the gap between technology accessed by youth outside and inside the classroom.<ref name=":16">{{Cite book|last=Buckingham|first=David|title=Beyond Technology: Children's Learning in the Age of Digital Culture|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2013|isbn=978-0-7456-5530-7|location=Hoboken, NJ|pages=1988–1989}}</ref>

=== Participation gap ===
Media theorist [[Henry Jenkins]] coined the term participation gap<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Henry|date=June 21, 2006|title=MySpace and the Participation Gap|url=http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2006/06/myspace_and_the_participation.html|access-date=2020-02-05|website=Confessions of an Aca-Fan|language=en-US}}</ref> and distinguished the participation gap from the digital divide.<ref name=":0" /> According to Jenkins, in countries like the United States, where nearly everyone has access to the internet, the concept of the digital divide does not provide enough insight. As such, Jenkins uses the term participation gap to develop a more nuanced view of access to the internet. Instead of referring to the "haves" vs "have-nots" when referring to digital technologies, Jenkins proposes the participation gap refers to people who have sustained access to and competency with digital technologies due to [[media convergence]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Jenkins|first1=Henry|chapter=Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide|date=2017-05-04|title=Is the Universe a Hologram?|publisher=The MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-03601-6 |last2=Plasencia|first2=Adolfo |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262036016.003.0012}}</ref> Jenkins states that students learn different sets of technology skills if they only have access to the internet in a library or school.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=MySpace and the Participation Gap|url=http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2006/06/myspace_and_the_participation.html |access-date=2021-05-04 |website=Henry Jenkins|date=21 June 2006 |language=en-US}}</ref> In particular, Jenkins observes that students who have access to the internet at home have more opportunities to develop their skills and have fewer limitations, such as computer time limits and website filters commonly used in libraries.<ref name=":9" /> The participation gap is geared toward millennials. As of 2008, when this study was created, they were the oldest generation to be born in the age of technology. As of 2008, more technology has been integrated into the classroom. The issue with digital literacy is that students have access to the internet at home, which is equivalent to what they interact with in class. Some students only have access while at school and in a library. They aren't getting enough or the same quality of the digital experience. This creates the participation gap, along with an inability to understand digital literacy.<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal|last=Dalton|first=Russell J.|date=2017-11-23|title=The Participation Gap|journal=Oxford Scholarship Online |volume=1 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198733607.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-873360-7}}</ref>

=== Digital rights ===
{{Main|Digital rights}}

[[Digital rights]] are an individual's rights that allow them freedom of expression and opinion in an online setting, with roots centered on human theoretical and practical rights. It encompasses the individual's privacy rights when using the Internet,<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Timofey Grigorievich Makarov|display-authors=etal|date=2020-11-19|title=Digital Rights |url=https://zenodo.org/record/4280122 |doi=10.5281/zenodo.4280122 |journal=Utopía y Praxis Latinoamericana}}</ref> and is essentially concerned with how an individual uses different technologies and how content is distributed and mediated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Collins |first=Steve |date=2014-03-16 |title=The Digital Rights Movement: the role of technology in subverting digital copyright |journal=Information, Communication & Society |language=en |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=388–390 |doi=10.1080/1369118X.2013.808368 |s2cid=144350490 |issn=1369-118X}}</ref> Government officials and policymakers use digital rights as a springboard for enacting and developing policies and laws to obtain rights online in the same way that we obtain rights in real life. Private organizations that possess their online infrastructures also develop rights specific to their property.<ref name=":23">{{Cite journal|last1=Pangrazio|first1=Luci|last2=Sefton-Green|first2=Julian|date=2021-01-15|title=Digital Rights, Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy: What's the Difference?|url=https://naerjournal.ua.es/article/view/v10n1-1|journal=Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=15–27|doi=10.7821/naer.2021.1.616 |s2cid=231783781 |issn=2254-7339|doi-access=free|hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30147291|hdl-access=free}}</ref> In today's world, most, if not all materials have shifted into an online setting and public policy has had a major influence in supporting this movement.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=Kim M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JaJjBAAAQBAJ&q=importance+of+digital+literacy+in+digital+rights&pg=PA36|title=Digital Literacy and Digital Inclusion: Information Policy and the Public Library|last2=Jaeger|first2=Paul T.|last3=Taylor|first3=Natalie Greene|last4=Subramaniam|first4=Mega|last5=Bertot|first5=John Carlo|date=2014-08-20|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8108-9272-9|language=en}}</ref> Going beyond traditional academics, ethical rights such as [[copyright]], citizenship and conversation can be applied to digital literacy because tools and materials nowadays can be easily copied, borrowed, stolen, and repurposed, as literacy is collaborative and interactive, especially in a networked world.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner|first=Kristen Hawley|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iX_QDwAAQBAJ&q=importance+of+digital+literacy+in+digital+rights&pg=PA1|title=The Ethics of Digital Literacy: Developing Knowledge and Skills Across Grade Levels|date=2019-12-31|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4758-4677-5|language=en}}</ref>

=== Digital citizenship ===
{{Main|Digital citizen}}

[[Digital citizenship]] refers to the "right to participate in society online". It is connected to the notion of state-based citizenship, which is determined by the country or region in which one was born, and concerns being a dutiful citizen who participates in the electoral process and online through mass media.<ref name=":23" /> A literate digital citizen possesses the skills to read, write and interact with online communities via screens and has an orientation towards social justice. This is best described in the article, ''Digital Citizenship during a Global Pandemic: Moving beyond Digital Digital Literacy,'' "Critical digital civic literacy, as is the case for democratic citizenship more generally, requires moving from learning about citizenship to participating and engaging in democratic communities face‐to‐face, online, and in all the spaces in between."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Buchholz|first1=Beth A.|last2=DeHart|first2=Jason |last3=Moorman|first3=Gary|date=2020|title=Digital Citizenship During a Global Pandemic: Moving Beyond Digital Literacy|url= |journal=Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy|language=en|volume=64|issue=1|pages=11–17|doi=10.1002/jaal.1076|issn=1936-2706|pmc=7405058 |pmid=32834710}}</ref> Through the various digital skills and literacy one gains, one is able to effectively solve social problems that might arise through social platforms. Additionally, digital citizenship has three online dimensions: higher wages, democratic participation, and better communication opportunities that arise from the digital skills acquired.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Milenkova |first1=Valentina |last2=Lendzhova |first2=Vladislava |title=Digital Citizenship and Digital Literacy in the Conditions of Social Crisis |journal=Computers |date=25 March 2021 |volume=10 |issue=4 |page=40 |doi=10.3390/computers10040040 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Digital citizenship also refers to online awareness and the ability to be safe and responsible online. This idea came from the rise of social media in the past decade, which has enhanced global connectivity and faster interaction. The idea of a good 'digital citizen' directly correlates with knowledge of, for example, how react to instances of predatory online behaviors, such as cyberbullying.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Falloon |first=Garry |date=2020-10-01 |title=From digital literacy to digital competence: the teacher digital competency (TDC) framework |journal=Educational Technology Research and Development |language=en |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=2449–2472 |doi=10.1007/s11423-020-09767-4 |s2cid=255166145 |issn=1556-6501|doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Digital natives and digital immigrants ===
{{Main|Digital native}}

[[File:Digital Natives in Car.png|thumb|Digital natives using a smart car]]
[[Marc Prensky]] invented and popularized the terms digital natives and digital immigrants. A digital native is an individual born into the digital age who has used and applied digital skills from a young age,<ref name=":5">{{cite journal |last1=Prensky |first1=Marc |date=September 2001 |title=Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants Part 1 |url=http://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/ESMP/article/view/58020 |journal=On the Horizon |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=1–6 |doi=10.1108/10748120110424816|s2cid=145451571|hdl=11323/5915 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> whereas 'digital immigrant' refers to an individual who adopts technology later in life. These two groups of people have had different interactions with technology since birth, a generational gap.<ref name=":17">{{Cite journal|last1=Jarrahi|first1=Mohammad Hossein|last2=Eshraghi|first2=Ali|date=2019-10-11 |title=Digital natives vs digital immigrants: A multidimensional view on interaction with social technologies in organizations |journal=Journal of Enterprise Information Management|language=en|volume=32|issue=6|pages=1051–1070|doi=10.1108/JEIM-04-2018-0071 |s2cid=204812220 |issn=1741-0398}}</ref> This directly links to their individual and unique relationship with digital literacy. Digital natives brought the creation of ubiquitous information systems (UIS). These systems include mobile phones, laptop computers and personal digital assistants, as well as digital cars and buildings (smart cars and smart homes), creating a new unique technological experience.

Carr claims that digital immigrants, although they adapt to the same technology as natives, possess a sort of "accent" that prevents them from communicating the way natives do. Research shows that, due to the brain's malleable nature, technology has changed the way today's students read, perceive, and process information.<ref name=":18">{{cite journal|last1=Carr|first1=Nicholas|date=October 2008|title=Is Google Making Us Stupid?|journal=Yearbook of the National Society for the Study of Education|volume=107|issue=2|pages=89–94 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7984.2008.00172.x|s2cid=149316349 }}</ref> Marc Prensky believes this is a problem, because today's students have a vocabulary and skill set that educators (digital immigrants at the time of his writing), may not fully understand.<ref name=":5" />

Statistics and popular representations of the elderly portray them as digital immigrants. For example, in Canada in 2010, it was found that 29% of its citizens were 75 years of age and older; 60% of its citizens between the ages of 65-74 had browsed the internet in the past month.<ref name=":2">Allen, Mary (2013). [http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-006-x/2013001/article/11768-eng.htm "Cultural consumption on the Internet by older Canadians"]. Statistics Canada. Perspectives on Canadian Society.</ref> Conversely, internet activity reached almost 100% among its 15 to 24-year-old citizens.<ref name=":2" />

However, the concept of a digital native has been contested. According to two studies, it was found that students over the age of 30 were more likely to possess characteristics of a digital native when compared to their younger peers. 58% of the students that participated in the study were over 30 years old.<ref name=":27">{{Cite journal |last1=Kirschner |first1=Paul A. |last2=De Bruyckere |first2=Pedro |date=October 2017 |title=The myths of the digital native and the multitasker |journal=Teaching and Teacher Education |volume=67 |pages=135–142 |doi=10.1016/j.tate.2017.06.001 |issn=0742-051X }}</ref> One study conducted by Margaryan, Littlejohn, and Vojt (2011), found that while college students born after 1984 frequently used the internet and other digital technology, they showed restricted use of technologies for educational and socializing purposes.<ref name=":27" /> In another study conducted at Hong Kong University, it was found that young students are using technology as a means of consuming entertainment and ready-made content, rather than creating content, or engaging with academic content.<ref name=":27" />

== Applications ==

=== In education ===
Society is trending towards a technology-dependent world.<ref name=":25">{{Cite journal |last1=Mentsiev |first1=A U |last2=Almurzaeva |first2=P H |last3=Ashakhanova |first3=M Z |last4=Anzorova |first4=A I |last5=Dauletukaeva |first5=K D |date=2019-12-01 |title=The impact of digital technology on the study of languages and the development of digital education |journal=Journal of Physics: Conference Series |volume=1399 |issue=3 |article-number=033085 |doi=10.1088/1742-6596/1399/3/033085 |bibcode=2019JPhCS1399c3085M |s2cid=212903275 |issn=1742-6588|doi-access=free }}</ref> It is now necessary to implement digital technology in education;<ref name=":25" /> this often includes having [[computers in the classroom]], the use of educational software to teach curricula, and course materials that are made available to students online. Students are often taught literacy skills such as how to verify [[source criticism|credible sources]] online, [[citation|cite]] websites, and prevent plagiarism. Google and Wikipedia are frequently used by students "for everyday life research,"<ref>{{cite report |last1=Head |first1=Alison J. |last2=Eisenberg |first2=Michael B. |title=Lessons Learned: How College Students Seek Information in the Digital Age |date=2009 |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2281478}}</ref> and are just two common tools that facilitate modern education. Digital technology has impacted the way materials are taught in the classroom. Digital literacy not only helps students navigate online information but also enhances their ability to critically evaluate, synthesize, and apply digital content in academic and real-world settings.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ng |first1=Wan |title=Can We Teach Digital Natives Digital Literacy? |journal=Computers & Education |date=2012 |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=1065–1078 |doi=10.1016/j.compedu.2012.04.016}}</ref> With the use of technology rising in this century, educators are altering traditional forms of teaching to include course material on concepts related to digital literacy.<ref name="MIT Press">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HyIsDAAAQBAJ&q=education+and+social+media+toward+a+digital+future+pdf+jstor&pg=PR5 |title=Education and Social Media: Toward a Digital Future |last1=Greenhow |first1=Christine |last2=Sonnevend |first2=Julia |date=6 May 2016 |publisher=MIT Press |language=en |last3=Agur |first3=Colin |isbn=978-0-262-33486-0}}{{page needed|date=January 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Student on computer.jpg|thumb|Student working on assignment using computer<ref>{{Citation |title=computer class |author=woodleywonderworks |date=2010-10-11 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/wwworks/5073550323/ |access-date=2022-06-12}}</ref>]]
Educators have also turned to social media platforms to communicate and share ideas with one another.<ref name="MIT Press"/> Social media and social networks have become a crucial part of the information landscape. Social media allows educators to communicate and collaborate with one another without having to use traditional educational tools.<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last1=Luo |first1=Tian |last2=Freeman |first2=Candice |last3=Stefaniak |first3=Jill |date=2020-08-01 |title="Like, comment, and share"—professional development through social media in higher education: A systematic review |journal=Educational Technology Research and Development |language=en |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=1659–1683 |doi=10.1007/s11423-020-09790-5 |s2cid=255153332 |issn=1556-6501}}</ref> Restrictions such as time and location can be overcome with the use of social media-based education.<ref name=":26" />

New models of learning are being developed with digital literacy in mind. Several countries have developed their models to emphasize ways of finding and implementing new digital didactics, finding more opportunities and trends via surveys of educators and college instructors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ille |first1=Marina |last2=Bartkowiak |first2=Aleksandra |last3=Hoischen |first3=Johanna |last4=Naundorf |first4=Hannah |last5=Schaper |first5=Elisabeth |date=2024 |title=Preliminary outcomes of a joint project on digital teaching and learning: why looking beyond the veterinary horizon is a good idea |url=https://elib.tiho-hannover.de/receive/tiho_mods_00011799 |journal=Veterinary Medicine & Agriculture; VetEd Conference 2024, Dublin (Ireland) |language=en |via=}}</ref> Additionally, these new models of learning in the classroom have aided in promoting global connectivity, enabling students to become globally-minded citizens. According to one study by Stacy Delacruz, ''Virtual Field Trips, (VFT)'', a new form of multimedia presentation has gained popularity over the years because they offer the "opportunity for students to visit other places, talk to experts and participate in interactive learning activities without leaving the classroom". They have been used as a vessel for supporting cross-cultural collaboration amongst schools, including: "improved language skills, greater classroom engagement, deeper understandings of issues from multiple perspectives, and an increased sensitivity to multicultural differences". They also allow students to be the creators of their own digital content, a core standard from The International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Delacruz|first=Stacy|date=2019|title=Building Digital Literacy Bridges Connecting Cultures and Promoting Global Citizenship in Elementary Schools through School-Based Virtual Field Trips |journal=TechTrends: Linking Research and Practice to Improve Learning|volume=63|pages=428–439|doi=10.1007/s11528-018-0350-1|s2cid=69284677}}</ref>

The [[COVID-19 pandemic]] pushed education into a more digital and online experience where teachers had to adapt to new levels of digital competency in software to continue the education system.<ref name=":21" /> As academic institutions discontinued in-person activity,<ref name="Nash2020">{{Cite journal|last=Nash|first=Carol|date=December 2020 |title=Report on Digital Literacy in Academic Meetings during the 2020 COVID-19 Lockdown |journal=Challenges |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=20 |doi=10.3390/challe11020020|s2cid=225358779|doi-access=free}}</ref> different online meeting platforms were utilized for communication.<ref name="Nash2020"/> An estimated 84% of the global student body was affected by this sudden closure due to the pandemic.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last1=Jackman|first1=Joshua A.|last2=Gentile |first2=Douglas A.|last3=Cho|first3=Nam-Joon|last4=Park|first4=Yuhyun|date=2021-03-11|title=Addressing the digital skills gap for future education|journal=Nature Human Behaviour|volume=5|issue=5|language=en|pages=542–545 |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01074-z|pmid=33707657|s2cid=232209681|issn=2397-3374|doi-access=free}}</ref> Because of this, there was a clear disparity in student and school preparedness for digital education due, in large part, to a divide in digital skills and literacy that both the students and educators experienced.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-01|title=The Digital Divide in Online Education: Inequality in Digital Preparedness of Students and Schools before the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=15316432&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA633945430&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=TB & Outbreaks Week|language=English|page=291}}</ref> For example, countries like Croatia had already begun work on digitalizing its schools countrywide. In a pilot initiative, 920 instructors and over 6,000 pupils from 151 schools received computers, tablets, and presentation equipment, as well as improved connection and teacher training, so that when the pandemic struck, pilot schools were ready to begin offering online programs within two days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EIB Group Activities in EU cohesion regions in 2021 |url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/online/eib-group-activities-in-eu-cohesion-regions-2021.htm |access-date=2022-09-07 |website=EIB Group}}</ref>

The switch to online learning has brought about some concerns regarding learning effectiveness, exposure to cyber risks, and lack of socialization. These prompted the need to implement changes in how students can learn much-needed digital skills and develop digital literacy.<ref name=":22" /> As a response, the DQ (Digital Intelligence) Institute designed a common framework for enhancing digital literacy, digital skills, and digital readiness.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pandemic emphasizes need for digital literacy education |url=https://www.news.iastate.edu/news/2021/03/11/digitalskills#:~:text=In%20a%20commentary,%20published%20by,global%20standard%20for%20digital%20literacy.|access-date=2021-04-30|website=www.news.iastate.edu}}</ref> Attention and focus was also brought to the development of digital literacy in higher education.

A study in Spain measured the digital knowledge of 4883 teachers of all education levels over recent school years and found that they needed further training to advance new learning models for the digital age. These programs were proposed using the joint framework. INTEF (National Institute of Educational Technologies and Teacher Training), as a reference.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal|last1=Sánchez-Cruzado|first1=Cristina|last2=Santiago Campión|first2=Raúl|last3=Sánchez-Compaña|first3=Mª Teresa|date=2021-02-08|title=Teacher Digital Literacy: The Indisputable Challenge after COVID-19 |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=4 |page=1858 |doi=10.3390/su13041858 |bibcode=2021Sust...13.1858S |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Europe, the Digital Competence of Educators (DigCompEdu), developed a framework to address and promote the development of digital literacy. It is divided into six branches: professional engagement, digital sources resources, teaching and learning, assessment, empowerment of learners, and the facilitation of learners' digital competence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Tejedor |first1=Santiago|last2=Cervi |first2=Laura|last3=Pérez-Escoda|first3=Ana|last4=Jumbo|first4=Fernanda Tusa|date=December 2020 |title=Digital Literacy and Higher Education during COVID-19 Lockdown: Spain, Italy, and Ecuador|journal=Publications|language=en|volume=8|issue=4 |page=48|doi=10.3390/publications8040048|s2cid=228813553|doi-access=free}}</ref> The [[European Commission]] also developed the "Digital Education Action Plan", which focuses on using the COVID-19 pandemic experience to learn how technology is being used on a large scale for education and adapting the systems used for learning and training in the digital age. The framework is divided into two main strategic priorities: fostering the development of a high-performing digital education ecosystem and enhancing digital skills and competencies for digital transformation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-14|title=Digital Education Action Plan (2021-2027)|url=https://ec.europa.eu/education/education-in-the-eu/digital-education-action-plan_en|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Education and Training - European Commission |language=en}}</ref>

====Digital competences====
In 2013 the Open Universiteit Nederland released an article defining twelve digital competence areas. These areas are based on the knowledge and skills people have to acquire to be digitally literate.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=José |last2=Stoyanov |first2=Slavi |last3=Ferrari |first3=Anusca |last4=Punie |first4=Yves |last5=Pannekeet |first5=Kees |last6=Sloep |first6=Peter |title=Experts' views on digital competence: Commonalities and differences |journal=Computers & Education |date=October 2013 |volume=68 |pages=473–481 |doi=10.1016/j.compedu.2013.06.008 |hdl=1820/4986 |url=https://research.ou.nl/en/publications/6b2f243b-9f4f-48d5-a6f6-fb6ae8af0fe5 }}</ref>

* A. General knowledge and functional skills. Knowing the basics of digital devices and using them for elementary purposes.
* B. Use in everyday life. Being able to integrate digital technologies into the activities in everyday life.
* C. Specialized and advanced competence in work and creative expression. Being able to use ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) to express your creativity and improve your professional performance.
* D. Technology-mediated communication and collaboration. Being able to connect, share, communicate, and collaborate with others effectively in a digital environment.
* E. Information processing and management. Using technology to improve your ability to gather, analyze, and judge the relevance and purpose of digital information.
* F. Privacy and security. Being able to protect your privacy and take appropriate security measures.
* G. Legal and ethical aspects. Behaving appropriately in a socially responsible way in the digital environment and being aware of the legal and ethical aspects of the use of ICT.
* H. Balanced attitude towards technology. Demonstrating an informed, open-minded, and balanced attitude towards an information society and the use of digital technologies.
* I. Understanding and awareness of the role of ICT in society. Understanding the broader context of use and development of ICT.
* J. Learning about and with digital technologies. Exploring emerging technologies and integrating them.
* K. Informed decisions on appropriate digital technologies. Being aware of the most relevant or common technologies.
* L. Seamless use demonstrating [[self-efficacy]]. Confidently and creatively applying digital technologies to increase personal and professional effectiveness and efficiency.

The competencies mentioned are based on each other. Competencies A, B, and C are the basic knowledge and skills a person has to have to be a fully digitally literate person. When these three competencies are acquired you can build upon this knowledge and those skills to acquire the other competencies.

====Digital writing====
University of Southern Mississippi professor, Dr. Suzanne Mckee-Waddell<ref>{{cite journal |last1=McKee-Waddell |first1=Suzanne |title=Digital Literacy: Bridging the Gap with Digital Writing Tools |journal=Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin |volume=82 |issue=1 |year=2015 |pages=26–31 |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/c1589b1988c8a2653af3e0d542adf01d/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=47978 }}</ref> conceptualized the idea of digital composition as: the ability to integrate multiple forms of communication technologies and research to create a better understanding of a topic.{{vague|date=December 2018}} Digital writing is a pedagogy that is increasingly taught in universities. It is focused on the impact technology has had on various writing environments; it is not simply the process of using a computer to write. Educators in favor of digital writing argue that it is necessary because "technology fundamentally changes how writing is produced, delivered, and received."<ref>{{Cite web|title=why teach digital writing? > foreword|url=https://kairos.technorhetoric.net/10.1/coverweb/wide/|access-date=2021-05-04|website=kairos.technorhetoric.net}}</ref> The goal of teaching digital writing is that students will increase their ability to produce a relevant, high-quality product, instead of just a standard academic paper.<ref>Beers, Kylene; Probst, Robert; Rief, Linda (2007). ''Adolescent Literacy: Turning Promise into Practice.'' UK: Heinemann Publishing. {{ISBN|9780325011288}}.{{page needed|date=January 2020}}</ref>

One aspect of digital writing is the use of [[hypertext]] or [[LaTeX]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=LaTeX {{!}} computer programming language|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/LaTeX-computer-programming-language|access-date=2021-05-04|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> As opposed to printed text, hypertext invites readers to explore information in a non-linear fashion. Hypertext consists of traditional text and [[hyperlinks]] that send readers to other texts. These links may refer to related terms or concepts (such is the case on [[Wikipedia]]), or they may enable readers to choose the order in which they read. The process of digital writing requires the composer to make unique "decisions regarding linking and omission." These decisions "give rise to questions about the author's responsibilities to the [text] and objectivity."<ref>{{cite web |last1=McAdams |first1=Mindy |last2=Berger |first2=Stephanie |title=Hypertext |url=https://www.journalofelectronicpublishing.org/hypertext/index.html |website=Journal of Electronic Publishing }}</ref>

===In the workforce===
[[File:Librarian accessing pdq.jpg|thumb|A librarian at the [[United States National Library of Medicine|National Library Medicine]] of the United States accessing the [[Physician Data Query]] using an [[IBM Personal Computer|IBM PC]] (1987)]]
The US [[Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (H.R. 803; 113th Congress)|2014 Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (WIOA)]] defines digital literacy skills as a workforce preparation activity.<ref>IMLS press release: [https://www.imls.gov/news/22-billion-reasons-pay-attention-wioa $2.2 Billion Reasons to Pay Attention to WIOA]. 2014.
</ref> In the modern world employees are expected to be digitally literate, having full digital competence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müller|first1=Mirela|last2=Aleksa Varga|first2=Melita|date=2019-06-30|title=Digital competences of teachers and associates at higher educational institutions in the Republic of Croatia|journal=Informatologia|volume=52|issue=1–2|pages=28–44|doi=10.32914/i.52.1-2.4|doi-access=free}}</ref> Those who are digitally literate are more likely to be economically secure,<ref name=":4">Wynne, M., & Cooper, L. (2007). ''[http://www.digitalaccess.org/pdf/White_Paper.pdf Digital Inclusion Imperatives Offer Municipalities New Social and Economic Opportunities]''. Retrieved from POWER UP: The Campaign for Digital Inclusion.</ref> as many jobs require a working knowledge of computers and the Internet to perform basic tasks. Additionally, digital technologies such as mobile devices, production suites, and collaboration platforms are ubiquitous in most office workplaces and are often crucial in daily tasks, since many [[White-collar worker|White collar]] jobs today are performed primarily using digital devices and technology.'''<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Ramiro Montealegre |author2=Wayne F. Cascio|title=Technology-Driven Changes in Work and Employment |url=https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2017/12/223043-technology-driven-changes-in-work-and-employment/fulltext|access-date=2021-05-04 |website=cacm.acm.org|date=December 2017 |language=en}}</ref>''' Many of these jobs require proof of digital literacy to be hired or promoted. Sometimes companies will administer their tests to employees, or official certification will be required. A study on the role of digital literacy in the EU labour market found that individuals were more likely to be employed the more digitally literate they were.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Bejaković|first1=Predrag|last2=Mrnjavac|first2=Željko|date=2020-01-01|title=The importance of digital literacy on the labour market|journal=Employee Relations: The International Journal|volume=42|issue=4|pages=921–932|doi=10.1108/ER-07-2019-0274|s2cid=216189711 |issn=0142-5455}}</ref>

As technology has become cheaper and more readily available, more [[blue-collar]] jobs have required digital literacy as well. Manufacturers and retailers, for example, are expected to collect and analyze data about productivity and market trends to stay competitive. Construction workers often use computers to increase employee safety.<ref name=":4" />

=== In entrepreneurship ===
The acquisition of digital literacy is also important when it comes to starting and growing new ventures. The emergence of the World Wide Web and other digital platforms has led to a plethora of new digital products or services<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Lyytinen |first1=Kalle |last2=Yoo |first2=Youngjin |last3=Boland |first3=Richard J. Jr. |date=2016 |title=Digital product innovation within four classes of innovation networks |journal=Information Systems Journal |language=en |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=47–75 |doi=10.1111/isj.12093 |s2cid=730525 |issn=1365-2575}}</ref> that can be bought and sold. Entrepreneurs are at the forefront of this development, using digital tools or infrastructure<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Liang|last2=Su|first2=Fang|last3=Zhang|first3=Wei|last4=Mao|first4=Ji-Ye|date=2017-06-20 |title=Digital transformation by SME entrepreneurs: A capability perspective|journal=Information Systems Journal |volume=28 |issue=6 |pages=1129–1157|doi=10.1111/isj.12153|s2cid=53089894|issn=1350-1917|doi-access=free}}</ref> to deliver physical products, digital artifacts,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ekbia|first=Hamid R.|date=December 2009|title=Digital artifacts as quasi-objects: Qualification, mediation, and materiality |journal=Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology|volume=60|issue=12|pages=2554–2566 |doi=10.1002/asi.21189 |issn=1532-2882}}</ref> or internet-enabled service innovations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kuester|first1=Sabine|last2=Konya-Baumbach |first2=Elisa|last3=Schuhmacher|first3=Monika C.|date=February 2018|title=Get the show on the road: Go-to-market strategies for e-innovations of start-ups|journal=Journal of Business Research|volume=83|pages=65–81|doi=10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.09.037|s2cid=52103641 |issn=0148-2963}}</ref> Research has shown that digital literacy for entrepreneurs consists of four levels (basic usage, application, development, and transformation) and three dimensions (cognitive, social, and technical).<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Neumeyer|first1=Xaver|last2=Santos|first2=Susana C.|last3=Morris|first3=Michael H.|date=2020|title=Overcoming Barriers to Technology Adoption When Fostering Entrepreneurship Among the Poor: The Role of Technology and Digital Literacy|journal=IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management|volume=68 |issue=6 |pages=1605–1618|doi=10.1109/TEM.2020.2989740|s2cid=219958045 |issn=0018-9391}}</ref> At the lowest level, entrepreneurs need to be able to use access devices as well as basic communication technologies to balance safety and information needs. As they move to higher levels of digital literacy, entrepreneurs will be able to master and manipulate more complex digital technologies and tools, enhancing the absorptive capacities and innovative capability of their venture. In a similar vein, if small to medium enterprises, (SMEs), possess the ability to adapt to dynamic shifts in technology, then they can take advantage of trends, marketing campaigns, and communication with consumers to generate more demand for their goods and services. Moreover, if entrepreneurs are digitally literate, then online platforms like social media can further help businesses receive feedback and generate community engagement that could potentially boost their business's performance as well as their brand image. A research paper published in ''The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics, and Business'' provides critical insight that suggests digital literacy has the greatest influence on the performance of SME entrepreneurs. The authors suggest their findings can help craft performance development strategies for SME entrepreneurs, arguing that their research shows the essential contribution of digital literacy in developing business and marketing networks.<ref name=":24">{{Cite journal |last1=Sariwulan |first1=Tuty |last2=Suparno |first2=Suparno |last3=Disman |first3=Disman |last4=Ahman |first4=Eeng |last5=Suwatno |first5=Suwatno |date=2020 |title=Entrepreneurial Performance: The Role of Literacy and Skills |url=https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO202032462596948.view?orgId=kodisa|journal=The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=269–280 |doi=10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no11.269 |s2cid=228860837 |issn=2288-4637|doi-access=free }}</ref> Additionally, the study found that digitally literate entrepreneurs can communicate and reach wider markets than non-digitally literate entrepreneurs because of the use of web-management and e-commerce platforms that were supported by data analysis and coding. That said, constraints do exist for SMEs using e-commerce, including a lack of technical understanding of information technologies, and the high cost of internet access (especially for those in rural/underdeveloped areas).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Astuti |first1=Novika Candra |last2=Nasution |first2=Reza Ashari |title=Technology Readiness and E-Commerce Adoption among Entrepreneurs of SMEs in Bandung City, Indonesia |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287039017 |journal=Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business |date=28 February 2014 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=69 |doi=10.22146/gamaijb.5468|doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Global impact==
The [[United Nations]] included digital literacy in its [[Sustainable Development Goals]] for 2030, under thematic indicator 4.4.2, which encourages the development of digital literacy proficiency in teens and adults to facilitate educational and professional opportunities and growth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tcg.uis.unesco.org/sdg-4-global-and-thematic-indicator-lists/|title=SDG 4 Global and Thematic Indicator Lists – Technical Cooperation Group on the Indicators for SDG 4|date=11 August 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> International initiatives like the Global Digital Literacy Council (GDLC) and the Coalition for Digital Intelligence (CDI) have also highlighted the need for digital literacy, and strategies to address this on a global scale.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gdlcouncil.org/|title=Global Digital Literacy Council {{!}} Just another WordPress site|website=www.gdlcouncil.org|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dqinstitute.org/news-post/worlds-first-global-standard-for-digital-literacy-and-skills-launched-by-the-coalition-for-digital-intelligence/|title=World's first global standard for digital literacy, skills and readiness launched by the Coalition for Digital Intelligence {{!}} DQ Institute|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> The CDI, under the umbrella of the DQ Institute, created the Common Framework for Digital Literacy, Skills, and Readiness in 2019, that conceptualizes eight areas of digital life; identity, use, safety, security, [[emotional intelligence]], communication, literacy, and rights; three levels of maturity: citizenship, creativity, and competitiveness; and three components of competency: knowledge, attitudes and values, and skills.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dqinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/DQGlobalStandardsReport2019.pdf|title=DQ Global Standards Report 2019: Common Framework for Digital Literacy, Skills and Readiness|last=Park|first=Y|date=2019|website=DQ Institute|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref> The [[UNESCO]] [[UNESCO Institute for Statistics|Institute for Statistics (UIS)]] also works to create, gather, map, and assess common frameworks on digital literacy across multiple member-states around the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/ip51-global-framework-reference-digital-literacy-skills-2018-en.pdf |title=A Global Framework of Reference on Digital Literacy Skills for Indicator 4.4.2|author1=Law, N. |author2=Woo, D. |author3=de la Torre, J. |author4=Wong, G.|date=2018|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://uis.unesco.org/sites/default/files/documents/ip56-recommendations-assessment-tools-digital-literacy-2019-en.pdf |title=Recommendations on Assessment Tools for Monitoring Digital Literacy within UNESCO's Digital Literacy Global Framework |last=Laanpere|first=M.|date=2019|website=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=2020-04-28}}</ref>

In an attempt to narrow the Digital Divide, on September 26, 2018, the United States [[Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] passed legislation to help provide access to the internet in developing countries via the H.R.600 Digital Global Access Policy Act. The legislation itself was based on Senator [[Ed Markey]]'s Digital Age Act, which was first introduced to the senate in 2016. In addition, Senator Markey provided a statement after the act was passed through the Senate: "American ingenuity created the internet and American leadership should help bring its power to the developing world," said Senator Markey. "Bridging the global digital divide can help promote prosperity, strengthen democracy, expand educational opportunity and lift some of the world's poorest and most vulnerable out of poverty. The Digital GAP Act is a passport to the 21st-century digital economy, linking the people of the developing world to the most successful communications and commerce tool in history. I look forward to working with my colleagues to get this legislation signed into law and to harness the power of the internet to help the developing world."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senator Markey Praises Senate Passage of His Legislation to Help Expand Internet Access and Increase Digital Literacy in Developing Countries {{!}} U.S. Senator Ed Markey of Massachusetts|url=https://www.markey.senate.gov/news/press-releases/senator-markey-praises-Senate-passage-of-his-legislation-to-help-expand-internet-access-and-increase-digital-literacy-in-developing-countries|access-date=2021-05-03|website=www.markey.senate.gov|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Philippines]]' [[Department of Education (Philippines)|Education Secretary]] [[Jesli Lapus]] has emphasized the importance of digital literacy in Filipino education. He claims a resistance to change is the main obstacle to improving the nation's education in the [[globalized]] world. In 2008, Lapus was inducted into Certiport's "Champions of Digital Literacy" Hall of Fame for his work emphasizing digital literacy.<ref>Philippine Information Agency (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626063509/http://www.pia.gov.ph/default.asp?m=12&fi=p080826.htm&no=19 ''DepEd: Use ICT to improve learning outcomes''<nowiki> [Press Release]</nowiki>''.'']</ref>

A 2011 study by the Southern African Linguistics & Applied Language Studies program did an observation of some South African university students regarding digital literacy.<ref name=":10">{{cite journal|last1=Kajee|first1=Leila|last2=Balfour|first2=Robert|s2cid=34081026|date=June 2011|title=Students' access to digital literacy at a South African university: Privilege and marginalisation|journal=Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies|volume=29|issue=2|pages=187–196|doi=10.2989/16073614.2011.633365}}</ref> While their courses did require some sort of digital literacy, very few students actually had access to a computer. Many had to pay others to type any work, as their digital literacy was almost nonexistent. Findings show that class, ignorance, and inexperience still affect access to learning that South African university students may need.<ref name=":10" />

==See also==
* [[Computer literacy]]
* [[Content moderation]]
* [[Cyber self-defense]]
* [[Data literacy]]
* [[Digital citizen]]
* [[Digital intelligence]]
* [[Digital rhetoric]]
* [[Digital rights]]
* [[Fact-checking]]
* [[Media literacy]]
* [[Web literacy]]
* [[Digital divide]]
* [[21st century skills]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* Vuorikari, R., Punie, Y., Gomez, S. C., & Van Den Brande, G. (2016). DigComp 2.0: The Digital Competence Framework for Citizens. Update Phase 1: The Conceptual Reference Model (No. JRC101254). Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre. https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/digcomp and https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/digcomp-20-digital-competence-framework-citizens-update-phase-1-conceptual-reference-model
*{{cite journal |last1=Janssen |first1=José |last2=Stoyanov |first2=Slavi |last3=Ferrari |first3=Anusca |last4=Punie |first4=Yves |last5=Pannekeet |first5=Kees |last6=Sloep |first6=Peter |title=Experts' views on digital competence: Commonalities and differences |journal=Computers & Education |date=October 2013 |volume=68 |pages=473–481 |doi=10.1016/j.compedu.2013.06.008 |hdl=1820/4986 |url=https://research.ou.nl/en/publications/6b2f243b-9f4f-48d5-a6f6-fb6ae8af0fe5 }}
*Ng, D. T. K., Leung, J. K. L., Chu, S. K. W., & Qiao, M. (2021). [[doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041|"Conceptualizing AI Literacy: An Exploratory Review"]] (Vol. 2, Article 100041). ''Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence.'' https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100041

==External links==
{{Wikiversity}}
{{scholia|topic}}
* [http://www.digitalliteracy.gov/ digitalliteracy.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120172111/https://digitalliteracy.gov/ |date=2017-01-20 }} An initiative of the Obama administration to serve as a valuable resource to practitioners who are delivering digital literacy training and services in their communities.
* [http://www.digitalliteracy.org/ digitalliteracy.org] A Clearinghouse of Digital Literacy and Digital Inclusion best practices from around the world.
* [http://www.digitalliteracy.us/ DigitalLiteracy.us] A reference guide for public educators on the topic of digital literacy.

{{Literacy}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Digital literacy}}
[[Category:Digital literacy|*]]
[[Category:Digital divide]]
[[Category:Literacy]]

Ram Bilas Pachori

2026-03-21T16:19:10Z

Blshastri2: Started New Data

{{Short description|Indian electrical engineer (born 1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ram Bilas Pachori
| image = [[File:Ram embs.jpg|frameless]]
| alt =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1979}}
| birth_place = [[Morena, Madhya Pradesh]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur]], [[Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidyalaya]]
| field = [[Signal processing]], [[machine learning]]
| work_institutions = [[Indian Institute of Technology Indore]], [[International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad]], [[University of Technology of Troyes]]
| honours = Fellow of [[IEEE]], [[Indian National Academy of Engineering|INAE]], [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|IET]], [[IETE]], [[Institution of Engineers (India)|IEI]], AAIA
|Textbook
| website = [https://people.iiti.ac.in/~pachori/ Webpage]
}}

'''Ram Bilas Pachori''' (born 1979) is Institute Chair Professor and Professor (HAG) in the Department of [[Electrical Engineering]] at the [[IIT Indore|Indian Institute of Technology Indore]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Wigner-Specific Research
|url=https://www.iue.tuwien.ac.at/wigner-wiki/doku.php?id=ram_bilas_pachori#ram_bilas_pachori
|website=Wigner Initiative
|access-date=January 27, 2025
}}</ref><ref name="Berlin">{{cite web
|title=Neural Dynamics of Visual Cognition
|url=https://www.ewi-psy.fu-berlin.de/en/psychologie/arbeitsbereiche/neural_dyn_of_vis_cog/Former-Members-and-Visitors/Visiting-professors/Ram-Bilas-Pachori/index.html
|website=Freie Universität Berlin
|date=18 July 2022
|access-date=January 27, 2025
}}</ref><ref name = "dep">{{cite web
| title = Faculty - Electrical Engineering
| website = Indian Institute of Technology Indore
| url = https://people.iiti.ac.in/~pachori/
| access-date = April 10, 2025
}}</ref> He is also [[Adjunct Professor]] in the Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering at [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar]], India.<ref name="dep"/> His research focuses on [[signal processing]], [[image processing]], biomedical signal processing, non-stationary signal processing, [[speech processing]], [[brain–computer interface]], [[machine learning]], and [[artificial intelligence]] and [[internet of things]] in healthcare.<ref name="Berlin"/><ref name="ieee_dl_pachori">{{cite web | title=Ram Bilas Pachori |url=https://www.embs.org/membership/chapters/distinguished-lecturers-program/distinguished-lecturers/ram-bilas-pachori/ |website=IEEE Engineering and Medicine Biology Society |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>

== Recognitions==

He was named a [[Fellow of the IEEE|Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)]] in 2025,<ref name="ieee_fellow">{{cite web | title=IEEE Fellow Class of 2025 |url=https://www.ieee.org/content/dam/ieee-org/ieee/web/org/about/fellows/2025-fellows-class-announcement.pdf |website=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |access-date= April 10, 2025}}</ref><ref name="ieee_fellow_directory">{{cite web | title=IEEE Fellow Directory |url=https://services27.ieee.org/fellowsdirectory/getdetailprofile.html?custNum=p2sUM6p3UgsHdvJYKNdFCw%3D%3D&bccaptions=Search%20Results&bclocations=%2Ffellowsdirectory%2Fkeywordsearch.html%3Fkeyword%3Dram%2520bilas%2520pachori |website=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |access-date= April 10, 2025}}</ref> "for contributions to application of signal decomposition methods to biomedical engineering".<ref name="ieee_fellow_directory"/><ref>{{Cite journal
|last=
|first=
|date=2025
|title=Chapter of the Year and New IEEE Fellows
|journal=IEEE Signal Processing Magazine
|volume=42
|issue=1
|pages=12–14
|doi=10.1109/MSP.2025.3531196
}}</ref> He was also elected as a fellow of [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]] (INAE),<ref>{{cite web
|title=Nomination Information
|url=https://www.inae.in/nomination-information/
|website=Indian National Academy of Engineering
|publisher=INAE
|access-date=3 September 2025
}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web
|title=Pachori Profile
|url=https://www.inae.in/profile/pachori%40iiti.ac.in
|website=Indian National Academy of Engineering
|publisher=INAE
|access-date=15 October 2025
}}</ref> [[Institution of Engineering and Technology|Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET)]], [[IETE|Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (IETE)]], [[Institution of Engineers (India)|Institution of Engineers (India) (IEI)]], and Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association (AAIA).
<ref name="aaia_fellow">{{cite web | title=AAIA Fellows |url=https://aaia-ai.org/fellows?words=Ram%20Bilas%20Pachori |website=Asia-Pacific Artificial Intelligence Association |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref>
He is an elected member of National Academy of Artificial Intelligence (NAAI).<ref name="naai_member">{{cite web | title=NAAI |url=https://thenaai.org/index/index/newsdata1/id/760.shtml |website=National Academy of Artificial Intelligence |access-date=July 10, 2025}}</ref> He was awarded IETE-Prof [[S. V. C. Aiya|SVC Aiya]] Memorial Award in 2021<ref name="prof_svc_aiya_memorial_award">{{cite web | title=IETE Awards 2021: List of the Winners |url=https://www.coempt.in/pdf/Awardees-2021.pdf |website=COEMPT |access-date=May 12, 2025}}</ref><ref name="prof_svc_aiya_memorial_award2">{{cite web | title=IETE Awardees (Main Awards)- 2021 |url=https://www.iete.org/files/Awardees-2021-FINAL_WITH%20PHOTOGRAPH_.pdf |website=IETE |access-date=July 25, 2025}}</ref> and IETE-Ram Lal Wadhwa Award in 2025.<ref name="IETE AWARDS 2025 WINNERS">{{cite web | title= IETE AWARDS 2025 WINNERS |url=https://www.iete.org/files/IETE-AWARDEES-2025.pdf |website=IETE |access-date=August 26, 2025}}</ref> He has been appointed as IEEE EMBS Distinguished Lecturer<ref name="ieee_distinguished_lecturer">{{cite web | title=Current Distinguished Lecturers |url=https://www.embs.org/membership/chapters/distinguished-lecturers-program/distinguished-lecturers/ |website=IEEE Engineering and Medicine Biology Society |access-date=April 10, 2025}}</ref> and Academy Mentor for [[EURASIP]] Academy.<ref name="academy_mentor_eurasip">{{cite web | title=Academy Mentors |url=https://academy.eurasip.org/academy-mentors/ |website=EURASIP Academy |access-date=September 24, 2025}}</ref> Pachori was awarded IET Journals Premium Award for Best Paper in IET Science, Measurement & Technology for consecutive two years (2019 and 2020).<ref name="iet_prizes">{{cite web |title=IET Research Journal Prizes |url=https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/17518830/homepage/prizes |website=IET Research Journals |access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> He has also received the Best Paper Award in XXIV International Conference on Digital Signal Processing and Its Applications (DSPA 2022) held at Moscow, Russia.<ref name="dspa_wip">{{cite web |title=Work in Progress – DSPA Conference |url=http://dspa-conf.org/pages/work-in-progress |website=Data Science and Predictive Analytics Conference |access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref> He has been recognized as a Top Cited Scholar for three consecutive years, from 2023 to 2025, on the Scilit website.<ref name="scilit">{{cite web |title=Dr. Ram Bilas Pachori|url=https://www.scilit.com/scholars/9534671 |website=Scilit |access-date=August 4, 2025}}</ref>

==Scientific contributions==
Pachori pioneered the development of the relation between [[frequency domain]] and order of the [[Fourier-Bessel series]] expansion (FBSE) coefficients. This led to applicability of the FBSE for analyzing nonstationary signals. He has also extended the FBSE based methods for the analysis and processing of biomedical images. He has also proposed [[multiresolution analysis]] tools based on FBSE for biomedical signals and images.<ref name="fbse_review">{{cite journal |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Pradeep Kumar |last2=Gupta |first2=Vipin |last3=Pachori |first3=Ram Bilas |title=Fourier-Bessel representation for signal processing: A review |journal=Digital Signal Processing |volume=135 |date=30 April 2023 |article-number=103938 |doi=10.1016/j.dsp.2023.103938 }}</ref>
He has proposed non-stationary signal analysis method based on [[eigenvalue decomposition]] of [[Hankel matrix]] (EVDHM) for the first time in literature.<ref name="jain2015">{{cite journal |last1=Jain |first1=Pooja |last2=Pachori |first2=Ram Bilas |title=An iterative approach for decomposition of multi-component non-stationary signals based on eigenvalue decomposition of the Hankel matrix |journal=Journal of the Franklin Institute |volume=352 |issue=10 |pages=4017–4044 |date=October 2015 |doi=10.1016/j.jfranklin.2015.05.038 }}</ref>

Pachori has also developed EVDHM-based methods resulting the [[time-frequency representation]] to get better insight of the signal being analysed.<ref name="ievdhm_eeg">{{cite journal |last1=Sharma |first1=Rishi Raj |last2=Pachori |first2=Ram Bilas |title=Time–frequency representation using IEVDHM–HT with application to classification of epileptic EEG signals |journal=IET Science, Measurement & Technology |date=2018 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1049/iet-smt.2017.0058 }}</ref>
He has developed a sifting-based signal decomposition method with EVDHM, in a way similar to [[empirical mode decomposition]] method, for non-stationary signal processing.<ref name="singh2025">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Vivek Kumar |last2=Pachori |first2=Ram Bilas |title=Iterative eigenvalue decomposition of Hankel matrix: An EMD like tool |journal=Journal of the Franklin Institute|date=September 2025 |doi=10.1016/j.jfranklin.2025.108104|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2025.108104 |access-date=29 September 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
He has developed a new way of obtaining the time-frequency representation of a signal based on time-varying eigenvalues.<ref name="singh2026">{{cite journal |last1=Singh |first1=Vivek Kumar |last2=Pachori |first2=Ram Bilas |title=Eigenvalues-based time-frequency analysis |journal=Journal of the Franklin Institute|date=March 2026 |doi=10.1016/j.jfranklin.2026.108561|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfranklin.2026.108561 |access-date=7 March 2026|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Pachori has extended several [[univariate]] signal decomposition methods, including empirical wavelet transform to decompose multichannel signals.<ref name="bhattacharyya2017">{{cite journal |last1=Bhattacharyya |first1=Abhijit |last2=Pachori |first2=Ram Bilas |title=A Multivariate Approach for Patient-Specific EEG Seizure Detection Using Empirical Wavelet Transform |journal=IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering |volume=64 |issue=9 |pages=2003–2015 |date=September 2017 |doi=10.1109/TBME.2017.2650259 |pmid=28092514 |publisher=IEEE }}</ref>

He studied the effect of mantra meditation like listening to [[Shri Rudram|Shri Rudram Mantra]] and chanting of [[Hare Krishna (mantra)|Hare Krishna Maha Mantra]] on human brain activity.<ref name="fbse_meditation">{{cite conference
|last1=Mahato
|first1=Ashok
|last2=Bhalerao
|first2=Shailesh Vitthalrao
|last3=Pachori
|first3=Ram Bilas
|last4=Gadre
|first4=Vikram M.
|last5=Mahapatra
|first5=Dipika Das
|title=Neurological Responses to Meditation with EEG Analysis Using Novel Empirical Fourier-Bessel Decomposition Approach
|book-title=Proceedings of the 2025 10th International Conference on Signal Processing and Communication (ICSC)
|date=20–22 February 2025
|location=Noida, India
|doi=10.1109/ICSC64553.2025.10968250
|publisher=IEEE
}}</ref><ref name="chanting_eeg">{{cite conference
|last1=Das
|first1=Kritiprasanna
|last2=Verma
|first2=Pankaj
|last3=Pachori
|first3=Ram Bilas
|title=Assessment of Chanting Effects Using EEG Signals
|book-title=Proceedings of the 2022 24th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing and its Applications (DSPA)
|date=30 March – 1 April 2022
|location=Moscow, Russian Federation
|doi=10.1109/DSPA53304.2022.9790754
|publisher=IEEE
}}</ref><ref name="mahamantra_peace">{{cite AV media
|title=Chanting of the Hare Krishna Mahamantra brings peace of mind Research | HKTV NEWS #shorts
|people=Hare Krsna TV
|date=20 November 2022
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3QHerKQihv8
|publisher=YouTube
|access-date=24 May 2025
|language=en
|format=Video
|type=Online video
}}</ref><ref name="timesnow_harekrishna">{{cite AV media
|title=Hare Krishna मंत्र के जाप से मिलता है गजब का फायदा, जानिए क्या? | Hindi News
|people=TIMES NOW Navbharat
|date=15 November 2022
|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjdybUnaRA4
|publisher=YouTube
|access-date=24 May 2025
|language=hi
|format=Video
|type=Online video
}}</ref>

He authored the textbook ''Time-Frequency Analysis Techniques and their Applications'' ([[CRC Press]], 2023).<ref name="textbook">{{cite book | title=Time-Frequency Analysis Techniques and their Applications |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.1201/9781003367987/time-frequency-analysis-techniques-applications-ram-bilas-pachori |date=2023 |doi=10.1201/9781003367987 |access-date=May 12, 2025 |last1=Pachori |first1=Ram Bilas |isbn=978-1-003-36798-7 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pachori, Ram Bikas}}
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]

ITC Grand Chola Hotel

2026-03-21T03:21:56Z

Blshastri2: started stub

{{short description|Luxury hotel in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox hotel
| name = ITC Grand Chola
| logo =
| logo_size = 225px
| image = ITC-Grand-Chola-Chennai-2.JPG
| image_size =
| caption = ITC Grand Chola Hotel is one of the prominent hotels in India.
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| address = 63, [[Anna Salai]], [[Guindy]] [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] 600 032
| hotel_chain = [[ITC Welcomgroup Hotels, Palaces and Resorts]]
| coordinates =
| opening_date = 15 September 2012
| developer = Larsen & Toubro
| architect = SRSS Architects ([[Singapore]])
| structural_engineer = Sterling Engineering Consultancy Services ([[Mumbai]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.builtconstructions.in/OnlineMagazine/Bangalore/Pages/Kamal-Hadker---Sterling-Engineering-Consultancy-Services-Pvt-Ltd-068.aspx|title = Built Expressions Bangalore :: Kamal Hadker - Sterling Engineering Consultancy Services PVT Ltd}}</ref>
| operator = [[ITC Welcomgroup Hotels, Palaces and Resorts|ITC Welcomgroup]]
| owner = ITC Hotels
| number_of_rooms = 600
| number_of_suites = 14
| number_of_restaurants = 10
| floor_area = {{convert|1624000|sqft|m2|adj=on}}<ref name="CRN_ITCGrandChola"/>
| floor_count = 10
| height = {{convert|49|m|abbr=on}}<ref name="HelipadRejected"/>
| parking = 800 cars
| website = {{URL|https://www.itchotels.com/in/en/itcgrandchola-chennai|itchotels.com/grandchola-chennai}}
| footnotes =
}}

The '''ITC Grand Chola''' is a 5-star luxury [[hotel]] in [[Chennai]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=ITC Grand Chola: Where Luxury Meets Responsibility |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/stay/story/66684/itc-grand-chola-where-luxury-meets-responsibility |access-date=2022-06-27 |magazine=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref> It is located in [[Guindy]], opposite [[SPIC building, Chennai|SPIC building]] and along the same row of buildings as [[Ashok Leyland]] Towers. The building, designed by [[Singapore]]-based SRSS Architects, is of [[mixed-use development]] with three separate wings and is themed after traditional [[Dravidian architecture]] of the [[Chola dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The ITC Grand Chola, Chennai |url=https://spearswms.com/the-grand-chola-chennai/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=spearswms.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> The hotel is the ninth hotel in [[The Luxury Collection]] brand.<ref>{{cite web | title = ITC's 600-room Chennai hotel to open doors by end 2011 | work = The Hindu | publisher = ITC Hotels | date=12 January 2011 | url = http://www.itcportal.com/about-itc/newsroom/press-reports/PressReport.aspx?id=1046&type=C&news=ITC-600-room-Chennai-hotel-to-open-doors-by-end-2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015041723/http://www.itcportal.com/about-itc/newsroom/press-reports/PressReport.aspx?id=1046&type=C&news=ITC-600-room-Chennai-hotel-to-open-doors-by-end-2011 | archive-date = 15 October 2012 }}</ref>

The hotel, built on over 1,600,000 sq ft, is dubbed the largest stand-alone hotel in the country<ref>{{cite news | last = Sanjai | first = P. R. | title = The Grand Chola Scheme of Things | newspaper = Executive Traveller | publisher = Exec—Executive Traveller | url = http://executivetraveller.in/articles/the-grand-chola-scheme-of-things#.UFQHc2c_69s | access-date = 16 September 2012 | archive-date = 1 September 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120901034129/http://executivetraveller.in/articles/the-grand-chola-scheme-of-things#.UFQHc2c_69s | url-status = dead }}</ref> built with an investment of {{INR}} 12,000 million and has the largest convention centre in the country built on 100,000 sq ft with a 30,000-sq ft pillar-less ballroom.<ref>{{cite news | last = Sanjai| first = P. R.| title = Hotels, convention halls betting on bigger size| newspaper = LiveMint | publisher = LiveMint.com | date = 19 April 2012 | url = http://www.livemint.com/2012/04/18215212/Hotels-convention-halls-betti.html?atype=tp}}</ref> In terms of room inventory, with 600 rooms, it is the third largest hotel in India<ref name="TOI_GrandChola">{{cite news
| last = Joshi
| first = Sonam
| title = ITC Grand Chola
| newspaper = The Times of India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 22 October 2018
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/hotels/10-plush-stays-in-chennai/itc-grand-chola/articleshow/24529619.cms
| access-date = 22 December 2024}}</ref> after [[Renaissance Hotels|Renaissance]] Mumbai Convention Centre Hotel {{ndash}} now rebranded as [[The Westin]] Mumbai Powai Lake (759 rooms) and [[Grand Hyatt Mumbai|Grand Hyatt]] (694 rooms), both in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite news|date=16 April 2012|title=ITC flags off world's largest green hotel|newspaper=The Hindu|location=Chennai|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3900875.ece|access-date=16 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310154604/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/article3900875.ece |archive-date=10 March 2014 }}</ref>

==History==
[[ITC Limited]] started its [[ITC Hotels|Hotels division]] in Madras (Chennai) with their first hotel, the [[Chola Sheraton]], which is now rebranded as Welcomhotel Chennai. In 2000, ITC Hotels Group bought the 8-acre land at the [[Campa Cola]] campus on [[Anna Salai]] for {{INR}} 800 million. As part of a major investment plan announced by the then chairman, Y. C. Deveshwar, the hotel was planned at an initial cost of {{INR}} 8,000-10,000 million. The hotel was inaugurated on 15 September 2012 by the Chief Minister of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[J. Jayalalithaa]].<ref name="EconomicTimes_CholaOpens">{{cite news | title = ITC inaugurates Rs 1,200 crore Grand Chola hotel in Chennai | newspaper = The Economic Times | location = Chennai | publisher = The Times Group | date = 15 September 2012 | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/services/hotels-/-restaurants/itc-inaugurates-rs-1200-crore-grand-chola-hotel-in-chennai/articleshow/16410358.cms | access-date = 16 September 2012}}</ref> The signature restaurant concept 'Peshawri' moved address from the erstwhile Sheraton Chola to the ITC Grand Chola with the opening of the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peshawri: ITC Mughal's Crown Jewel Could Easily Be Agra's Best Luxury Restaurant |url=https://food.ndtv.com/reviews/peshawri-itc-mughals-crown-jewel-could-easily-be-agras-best-luxury-restaurant-1930428 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=NDTV Food |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:South Chennai Skyline.jpg|thumb|left|500px|Guindy skyline showing the hotel under construction]]

ITC Grand Chola became the largest hotel in the world to achieve the LEED Zero Carbon Certification.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITC Grand Chola, Chennai, is the largest hotel in the world to achieve the LEED Zero Carbon Certification! |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/msociety/2021/dec/17/itc-grand-chola-chennai-is-the-largest-hotel-in-the-world-to-achieve-the-leed-zero-carbon-certific-37808.html |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.indulgexpress.com |language=en}}</ref> When [[COVID-19 pandemic in Tamil Nadu|COVID-19 pandemic]] outbreak in Chennai, then 85 peoples from the hotel got tested for positive.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pathak |first=Analiza |date=2021-01-03 |title=ITC Grand Chola: Chennai's luxury hotel turns Covid hotspot; 85 test positive |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/itc-grand-chola-chennai-luxury-hotel-turns-covid-hotspot-after-85-test-positive-675697 |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=www.indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Since, the pandemic got under control, the new year eve was celebrated in the hotel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2021 |first=Priya |last=Menon |title=Chennai: Safety first is mantra for hotels on New Year eve amid fear of Omicron variant {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chennai-safety-first-is-mantra-for-hotels-on-new-year-eve-amid-fear-of-omicron-variant/articleshow/88316280.cms |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, the hotel hosted the meeting of [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Xi Jinping]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi-Xi meet: Security beefed up outside ITC Grand Chola, traffic affected in and around Chennai |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/modi-xi-meet-security-beefed-up-outside-itc-grand-chola-traffic-affected-in-and-around-chennai20191011115831/ |access-date=2022-06-27 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

==Architecture==
[[File:ITC-Grand-Chola-Chennai-6.JPG|left|thumb|Inside at a walking ground in the hotel]]
The hotel is built in [[South Indian Temple Architecture|South Indian temple architecture]] and has four entrances similar to the temples in South India, accordingly named as 'Vallavan' (North), 'Sembiyan' (East), 'Killi' (South), and 'Chola' (West). There are 43 single bed room, 33 double bed room, and 2 triple bed room apartments. Other features similar to the temples include tall pillars, grand columns, and sweeping staircases.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth">{{cite news | last = Sridhar | first = Vijayalakshmi | title = Project of the month: A Citadel in the City | publisher = Chennai Realty.biz | url=http://www.chennairealty.biz/top_project.php | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130530142948/http://chennairealty.biz/top_project.php | archive-date = 30 May 2013 }}</ref>

The white and soft-cream floral motifs in close clusters in the hotel, found on the walls, ceilings, and pillars, such as the sunflower motif in the portico and the kolam-inspired motifs in the food and beverage areas, are themed after the Chola empire, which ruled parts of [[South India]] and [[Southeast Asia|South-East Asia]] from 300 BCE to 1250 CE.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /><ref name="CNTraveller_SneakPeak" /> The bronze horse in front of the lobby is based on the one that was yoked to the chariots of the Chola kings.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /> The marble walls are interspersed with panels of carvings of the wheel of life, the four-petalled flower, and are echoed in the etchings on the glass doors leading to the rooms and lounge area.<ref name="HospBiz_AmalgamationOfBothWorlds" />

The architectural theme is reinforced with 462 pillars,<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /><ref name="AManyPillaredStorey" /> most of them with hand-carved design work inspired by the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple|Brihadeeshwara temple]] of [[Tanjore]].<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /> The hotel has over 1 million square feet of [[marble]] with 57 varieties of the stone,<ref name="AManyPillaredStorey">{{cite news | last = Singh | first = Kishore | title = A many-pillared storey | newspaper = Business Standard | location = New Delhi | date = 20 October 2012 | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/a-many-pillared-storey/490117/}}</ref> for which the company bought a marble quarry in whole in [[Italy]] and shipped several tonnes of the stone to Chennai for the construction.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Sanghvi
| first = Vir
| title = The rapidly-changing face of the Chennai hotel scene
| newspaper = Vir Sanghvi
| url = http://virsanghvi.com/Article-Details.aspx?key=854
| access-date = 14 October 2012}}</ref> The hotel has 7 lounges, and the average room size is 625 sq ft.<ref name="AManyPillaredStorey" /> The intricate stonework in the building were created by 4,000 artisans from [[Mamallapuram]] who worked on site.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Muthalaly
| first = Shonali
| title = Live life king-size
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 24 October 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/leisure/live-life-kingsize/article4027811.ece?homepage=true
| access-date = 25 October 2012}}</ref> The overall construction of the hotel took five years to complete.<ref name="HotelTimes_ITCGrandChola">{{cite news
| title = Luxury hotel in Chennai; The ITC Grand Chola
| newspaper = The Hotel Times
| publisher = thehoteltimes.in
| url = http://www.thehoteltimes.in/index.php/2011-04-17-13-14-11/news-a-reports/180-luxury-hotel-in-chennai-the-itc-grand-chola
| access-date = 5 April 2014
| archive-date = 7 April 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093732/http://www.thehoteltimes.in/index.php/2011-04-17-13-14-11/news-a-reports/180-luxury-hotel-in-chennai-the-itc-grand-chola
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==Green features==
[[File:View from Chennai Street ITC Chola 7 Star hotel Chennai 105620.jpg|left|thumb|Construction of the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Chennai Metro line]] in front of the hotel]]
The hotel avoided cutting down trees at the property ever since the pre-construction phase by transplanting all the existing trees around the hotel. Of the building material value of the hotel project, over 10 percent is composed of recycled raw materials, over 40 percent is composed of materials manufactured and/or extracted within a radius of 800 km, and over 5 percent is made of plant products that are typically harvested with a 10-year span or shorter. During construction of the hotel complex, about 17 percent of Portland cement by weight was replaced by flyash. Over 50 percent of the wood products used in the construction of the hotel are from Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)–certified forests.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" />

With its own solar and wind farms,<ref name="LuxEd"/> the whole of the hotel's energy requirements are met through renewable sources, including waste water.<ref name="Law2013"/> The hotel saves over 40 percent of energy by means of various [[Energy efficiency implementation|energy efficiency features]].<ref name="HospBiz_AmalgamationOfBothWorlds"/> A 12.6-MW [[windmill]] caters to the power requirement of the hotel complex,<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth"/> the excess of which is contributed to the [[Tamil Nadu Electricity Board]].<ref name="CNTraveller_SneakPeak">{{cite news
| last = Daswani
| first = Divia Thani
| title = Sneak peak[sic]: ITC Grand Chola Chennai
| newspaper = Condé Nast Traveller
| location = Chennai
| publisher = CNTraveller.in
| date = 18 September 2012
| url = http://www.cntraveller.in/story/sneak-peak-itc-grand-chola-chennai
| access-date = 5 April 2014}}</ref> The heating, ventilation and air conditioning in the complex are optimally controlled using a technology known as ''Hartman Loop''.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth"/> The envelope materials of the building comprising composite wall assembly, multi-glazed windows, and roof-top insulation, well exceed the fenestration standards of ASHRAE/ECBC.<ref name="HospBiz_AmalgamationOfBothWorlds"/> The roof is a combination of green roof, and the reflective paints and high SRI finish on the domes of the complex reduce [[thermal gradient]] differences after daylight hours. The hotel also has independent, programmable lighting controls installed in each area. Water is heated by means of solar concentrators. The hotel uses water-cooled refrigerants in place of air-cooled ones. Energy is saved by means of a [[jet fan]] ventilation system.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth"/>

All of the water requirements for irrigation, flushing, and cooling tower is met through treated effluent. The water-efficient fixtures in the complex is estimated to reduce the water usage in the hotel by 35 percent compared with conventional benchmarks.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth"/> The external pervious areas and green roofs along with water-harvesting structures will retain all of storm-water catchment on-site.<ref name="HospBiz_AmalgamationOfBothWorlds"/> Waste generated by the hotel is completely recycled by waste segregation at source and utilisation for useful purposes. The hotel has an onsite organic waste converter, capable of converting all of the organic waste produced daily into manure, installed.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth"/>

==Facilities==
[[File:Chennai metro during trail run.JPG|thumb|Grand Chola (centre), amidst surrounding buildings]]
[[File:ITC-Grand-Chola-Chennai-4.JPG|left|thumb|A lit hall in the hotel]]
The hotel has 600 rooms and features {{convert|1600000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} of built area, {{convert|75000|sqft|m2|adj=on}} of retail space and {{convert|100000|sqft|m2}} of conference and exhibition facilities, which includes a pillar-less main ballroom of 26,540 sq ft named the Rajendra Hall,<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /> which can accommodate 5,000 guests.<ref name="CNTraveller_SneakPeak" /> The ballroom is a stand-alone structure gently sloping into a carpeted area.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /> The total area of the ballroom, including the pillar-less portion, is 55,000 sq ft.<ref name="CNTraveller_SneakPeak" /> The hotel also has a 48-seater preview theater.<ref name="HospBiz_AmalgamationOfBothWorlds">{{cite news
| title = ITC Grand Chola: Amalgamation of both Worlds
| newspaper = Hospitality Biz India
| location = Chennai
| publisher = HospitalityBizIndia.com
| date = 6 November 2012
| url = http://www.hospitalitybizindia.com/detailNews.aspx?aid=15084&sid=31
| access-date = 5 April 2014}}</ref> The hotel covers 1.5 million square foot area on an eight-acre plot.<ref name="EconomicTimes_CholaOpens" /> Of the 8 acres, about 10 percent has been given to the [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority]] (CMDA) as part of the Open Space Reservation that has been taken over by the [[Chennai Corporation]]. The hotel has been designed by the [[Singapore]]-based SRSS Architects and the local architects is CRN.<ref name="CRN_ITCGrandChola">{{cite web
| title = ITC Grand Chola Hotel
| publisher = CRN.co.in
| url = http://www.crn.co.in/portfolio_details.asp?pid=4&hnam=Retail
| access-date = 5 April 2014
| archive-date = 7 April 2014
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140407075653/http://www.crn.co.in/portfolio_details.asp?pid=4&hnam=Retail
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
[[File:ITC-Grand-Chola-Chennai-13.JPG|left|thumb|A typical room at the hotel]]
The hotel's 600 rooms include 522 rooms and 78 serviced apartments. The rooms include 326 Executive Club rooms, 31 Eva rooms, 132 Towers rooms, 48 ITC One rooms, 14 Deluxe Suites each measuring 1,164 sq ft, a presidential suite named the ''Karikalan Suite'' and a six-bay grand presidential suite named the ''Rajaraja Chola Suite'' spread over 4,380 sq ft. The single rooms occupy an area of 615 sq ft with exclusive lounge and private butler, and a distinct wing—named the Eva wing—for female guests spanning the entire wing of the second floor, with rooms measuring 405 sq ft. The hotel has three wings: the first or primary wing houses all Executive Club rooms, and the second wing contains ITC One rooms, Towers rooms and all the Suites. The third wing has been constructed exclusively for the Residences, offering the luxury accommodation.<ref>{{cite web
| title = ITC Grand Chola Chennai
| publisher = ITC Hotels
| url = http://www.itchotels.in/greathotels/ITC-Chola-factsheet.pdf| access-date = 13 November 2011}}</ref> Spread over an area of 615 sq ft, the Towers rooms have an exclusive entrance and are spread across the first floor all the way up to the seventh floor. The Executive Club rooms, with an area of 405 sq ft, are spread across the second floor all the way up to the tenth floor of the first wing. The hotel has a total of 10 food and beverage locations,<ref name="5StarPlatter" /><ref name="LuxEd"/> including Peshawri, which serves cuisine from the Northwest Frontier, and Royal Vega, a vegetarian restaurant. Others include Madras Pavilion, Cafe Mercara, Nutmeg, Cheroot Lounge, Pan Asian, Modo Mio, The Pub, Tranquebar,<ref name="WIDNNews" /> and Ottimo-Cucina Italiana.<ref name="ITCGrandChola_ChennaiConventionHub" /> Leisure facilities include a 23,000-sq-ft Kaya Kalp Spa with 12 treatment rooms, 2 hamams, a yoga studio, a tea lounge, a men's salon and a salon for women;<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /> outdoor pools (with one exclusively for families);<ref name="LuxEd">{{cite news
| title = Best Luxury Hotels in Chennai
| newspaper = The Luxury Editor
| date = n.d.
| url = https://theluxuryeditor.com/best-luxury-hotels-in-chennai/
| access-date = 28 August 2023}}</ref> gyms for each of the three wings; and a shopping area.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Tan
| first = Mick
| title = ITC Grand Chola to Open in Chennai
| newspaper = ha+d online
| date = 2 November 2011
| url = http://had.hotelworldasia.com/content/itc-grand-chola-open-chennai?src=related
| access-date = 9 January 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120704005823/http://had.hotelworldasia.com/content/itc-grand-chola-open-chennai?src=related
| archive-date = 4 July 2012
}}</ref> There are three swimming pools in the hotel—the rooftop pool with twin smaller pools, a children's pool, and a Jacuzzi, all situated above the banquet hall.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /><ref>{{cite news
| title = The Luxury Collection Hotels & Resorts to open Chennai hotel
| newspaper = IndUS Business Journal
| publisher = Indusbusinessjournal.com
| date = May 2012
| url = http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=FA8BD98E46864F41ABB47A622A659176
| access-date = 27 May 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131211072438/http://www.indusbusinessjournal.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=FA8BD98E46864F41ABB47A622A659176
| archive-date = 11 December 2013
}}</ref> The WelcomArt Gallery at the hotel showcases curated selection of art pieces that reflect the Chola-theme of the hotel.<ref name="WIDNNews">{{cite news
| title = ITC Hotels to open Grand Chola in Chennai
| newspaper = World Interior Design Network
| publisher = WIDN
| date = 12 September 2011
| url = http://www.worldinteriordesignnetwork.com/news/itc_hotels_to_open_grand_chola_in_chennai_110912/
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130209232108/http://www.worldinteriordesignnetwork.com/news/itc_hotels_to_open_grand_chola_in_chennai_110912/
| archive-date = 9 February 2013
| access-date = 9 March 2012
}}</ref> RFID columns are installed in the floors to enable the staffs greet the guests by names and offer them a personalised service.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /> The hotel also uses iPad-controlled technology.<ref name="HotelTimes_ITCGrandChola" />

Commercial facilities in the hotel include restaurants, a health spa, 30,000-sq-ft banquet space to accommodate up to 600 guests, an exhibition space, a 2,625-sq-ft auditorium named ''Kalai'' with a seating capacity of 45,<ref name="ITCGrandChola_ChennaiConventionHub">{{cite news
| title = ITC Grand Chola strengthens Chennai as a convention hub
| newspaper = Express Hospitality
| publisher = ExpressHospitality.com
| date = 31 October 2012
| url = http://www.expresshospitality.com/latest-updates/637-itc-grand-chola-strengthens-chennai-as-a-convention-hub
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130122205049/http://www.expresshospitality.com/latest-updates/637-itc-grand-chola-strengthens-chennai-as-a-convention-hub
| archive-date = 22 January 2013
| access-date = 2 November 2012
}}</ref> and discreet levels that consist of board room and four meeting rooms, a private multiplex with a capacity of 100 guests and underground parking for 1,000 cars.<ref>{{cite web
| title = ITC Grand Chola, Chennai, India
| publisher = Smallwood, Reynolds, Stewart, Stewart
| url = http://www.srssa.com/project.php?cat=International_Projects&subCat=South_Asia&subCatID=18
| access-date = 30 December 2011}}</ref> The hotel has obtained a Platinum rating (the highest on the scale) from [[Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design]] (LEED), an internationally recognised green building certification system. The hotel is currently the world's largest LEED-certified green hotel.<ref name="5StarPlatter">{{cite news
| last = Anand
| first = Swati
| title = 5-star platter for city
| newspaper = The Times of India epaper
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 27 January 2011
| url = http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2011%2F01%2F27&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=3&EntityId=Ar00300&AppName=1
| access-date = 5 January 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131210023621/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Layout/Includes/TOINEW/ArtWin.asp?From=Archive&Source=Page&Skin=TOINEW&BaseHref=TOICH%2F2011%2F01%2F27&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T&PageLabel=3&EntityId=Ar00300&AppName=1
| archive-date = 10 December 2013
}}</ref> The hotel has a total workforce close to 4,000 people with over 1,000 people engaging in day-to-day operations.<ref name="EconomicTimes_CholaOpens" /> Initially, the hotel also planned to construct a [[helipad]] on the terrace,<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Mohan
| first = R.
| title = The Grand Chola a fitting tribute to a great southern dynasty
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 13 February 2012
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/grand-chola-fitting-tribute-great-southern-dynasty-618
| access-date = 16 September 2012
| archive-date = 25 October 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025123747/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/grand-chola-fitting-tribute-great-southern-dynasty-618
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> for which the multi-storey building panel of [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]] has denied permission in October 2011.<ref name="HelipadRejected">{{Cite news
| title = Hotel plea to erect helipad rejected
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 28 October 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/article2575492.ece
| access-date = 20 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="HelipadDemolishing">{{Cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = CMDA grounds ITC hotel's helipad plans
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 2 March 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article2951462.ece
| access-date = 9 March 2012}}</ref>

==Awards and ratings==
[[File:ITC GRAND CHOLA HOTEL in Chennai - panoramio (17).jpg|thumb|ITC Grand Chola at night]]
In February 2013, the hotel obtained a 5-star GRIHA rating—the highest national rating for green buildings, conceived by The Energy Research Institute (TERI) and the Union Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE)—which was presented by President [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref name="Law2013">{{Cite news | last = Law | first = Abhishek | title = ITC Grand Chola, Chennai gets 5-star GRIHA rating | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Kolkata | date = 15 February 2013 | url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/5star-griha-rating-for-itc-grand-chola/article4418662.ece | access-date = 17 February 2013}}</ref> The hotel is the first in the country to obtain a 5-star rating from the Association for Development and Research of Sustainable Habitats (ADaRSH). It was rated on 34 criteria, categorised under various sections, including site selection and planning, conservation, utilisation of resources, and building operation and maintenance.<ref name="Law2013" /> The hotel has won Times Food Guide awards for two of its restaurants: Peshawri (for Best North Indian restaurant) and Ottimo-Cucina Italiana (for Best Italian restaurant). It has also been awarded with the title of Greenest Washrooms by ''Washrooms and Beyond'' magazine.<ref name="ChennaiRealty_ProjectOfTheMonth" /> In June 2014, the hotel was awarded the "Best Business Hotel" award at the third Annual Lonely Planet Magazine Travel Awards 2014.<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Luxury hotel in Chennai wins award
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 12 June 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/luxury-hotel-in-chennai-wins-award/article6105258.ece
| access-date = 22 June 2014}}</ref>

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:ITC-Grand-Chola-Chennai-7.JPG|alt=|A guestroom in ITC Grand Chola
File:ITC-Grand-Chola-Chennai-5.JPG|alt=|Bar at hotel
File:ITC GRAND CHOLA HOTEL in Chennai - panoramio (32).jpg|alt=|A small swimming pool in enclave of hotel
File:ITC GRAND CHOLA HOTEL in Chennai - panoramio (13).jpg|alt=|ITC Hotel at night
File:ITC-Grand-Chola-Chennai-11.JPG|alt=|The marbled interiors of the hotel
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hotels|India|Architecture}}
* [[Hotels in Chennai]]
* [[List of tallest buildings in Chennai]]
{{-}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web|last=Phadnis |first=Ashwini |title= ITC goes for integrated hotel complex in Chennai |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/06/03/stories/2006060304420100.htm|work=The Hindu Business Line|access-date=31 May 2010|date=3 June 2006}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* [https://www.itchotels.com/in/en/itcgrandchola-chennai Official website]
* [https://www.itchotels.in/content/dam/projects/hotelswebsite/itc-hotels/luxury-collection/destination/chennai/itc-grand-chola/Website/ITC%20Grand%20Chola%20FactSheet.pdf ITC Grand Chola—Factsheet]

{{ITC}}
{{Hotels in Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Hotel chains}}

{{coord|13.010574|80.220194|display=title}}

[[Category:Hotels in Chennai]]
[[Category:Hotels established in 2012]]
[[Category:Skyscraper hotels in Chennai]]
[[Category:ITC Limited]]
[[Category:2012 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)

2026-03-17T13:00:02Z

Blshastri2: revised

{{short description|Member of a State Legislature in India}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox official post
| post =Member
| body =the Legislative Assembly
| native_name = 
| insignia = Emblem of India.svg
| insigniasize = 50px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| insigniaalt =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 150px
| flagalt =
| flagborder =
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| imagecaption =
| incumbent =
| acting =
| incumbentsince =
| department =[[State legislative assemblies of India|Legislative Assembly]]
| style =
| type =
| status =
| abbreviation =MLA
| reports_to =Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Respective Legislative Assemblies of India
| residence =
| seat =
| nominator =Elected By Voting
| appointer =
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength =5 Years
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument =
| precursor =
| inaugural =[[1951–52 elections in India|1952 State Legislative Assembly]]
| formation ={{start date and years ago|1952|df=y|p=y}}
| first =
| last =
| abolished =
| superseded_by =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}

A '''member of the Legislative Assembly''' ('''MLA''') is a representative elected by the voters of an [[electoral district]] (constituency) to the [[legislature]] of a [[States of India|state government]] in the Indian system of [[government]]. From each constituency, the people elect one representative who then becomes a member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA). Each state has between seven and nine MLAs for every [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] (MP) that it has in the [[Lok Sabha]], the [[lower house]] of India's [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of India|parliament]]. There are also members in three [[unicameral]] legislatures in [[Union Territories]]: the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]] and the [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]. Only an MLA can work as a minister for more than six months. If a non-MLA becomes a Chief Minister or a minister, they must become an MLA within six months to continue in the job. Only an MLA can become the Speaker of the Legislature.

== Introduction ==
In states where there are two houses, there is a [[State Legislative Council (India)|State Legislative Council]], and a [[State Legislative Assembly (India)|State Legislative Assembly]]. In such a case, the Legislative Council is the [[upper house]], while the Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the state legislature.

The Governor shall not be a member of the Legislature or Parliament, shall not hold any office of profit, and shall be entitled to emoluments and allowances. (Article 158 of the Indian constitution).

The Legislative Assembly consists of not more than 500 members and not fewer than 60. The biggest state, [[Uttar Pradesh]], has 403 members in its Assembly. States which have small populations and are small in size have a provision for having an even smaller number of members in the Legislative Assembly. [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] has 33 members, of which three are nominated by central government.<ref name="nominatedmlaPondicherry">{{cite news |title=Explained: The trust vote in Puducherry|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/puducherry-congress-v-narayanasamy-confidence-motion-kiran-bedi-7198641/ | last = Roy | first = Chakshu |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |date= 24 February 2021 |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref> [[Mizoram]] and [[Goa]] have only 40 members each. [[Sikkim]] has 32. All members of the Legislative Assembly are elected based on [[Universal suffrage|adult franchise]], and one member is elected from one constituency. Until January 2020, the President had the power to nominate two [[Anglo-Indian|Anglo Indians]] to the [[Lok Sabha]] and the [[Governors of states of India|Governor]] had the power to nominate one member<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kkhsou.in/main/polscience/government_state.html|title=Indian Government Structure at State Level|publisher=KKHSOU}}</ref> from the Anglo Indian community deems fit if the governor thinks that they are not adequately represented in the Assembly. In January 2020, the Anglo-Indian reserved seats in the Parliament and State legislatures of India were abolished by the [[One Hundred and Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India|104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/constitution-104th-amendment-act-to-come-into-force-151919|title=Anglo Indian Representation To Lok Sabha, State Assemblies Done Away; SC-ST Reservation Extended For 10 Years: Constitution (104th Amendment) Act To Come Into Force On 25th Jan|website=www.live law.in|date=23 January 2020 |access-date=25 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/government/anglo-indian-mps.html|title=Anglo Indian Members of Parliament (MPs) of India - Powers, Salary, Eligibility, Term|website=www.elections.in}}</ref>

== Nominated MLAs in states and UTs ==
Up to three MLAs can be nominated in the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] by the central government who enjoy equal powers as elected MLAs.<ref name=nominatedmlaPondicherry/> As clarified by the Supreme Court of India, these MLAs hold the same voting powers as the elected MLAs.<ref>{{cite web|title=How BJP's nominated MLAs sealed Congress's fate in Puducherry|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/how-bjp-s-nominated-mlas-sealed-congress-s-fate-in-puducherry-1771774-2021-02-22 | last = Datta | first = Prabhash K |work=[[India Today]] |date= 22 February 2021 |access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>

Since 2019, Jammu and Kashmir has five nominated MLAs. The nominated MLAs are appointed by the lieutenant governor and enjoy the same voting powers as the elected MLA's.

==Qualification==
The qualifications to become a member of the Legislative Assembly are largely similar to the qualifications to be a member of Parliament.

# The person should be a citizen of India.
# Not less than 25 years of age<ref name="test">{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/faq/Contesting.asp |title=Election Commission of India: FAQs - Contesting for Elections |access-date=2010-02-18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005144743/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/faq/Contesting.asp |archive-date=2010-10-05 }}</ref> to be a member of the Legislative Assembly and not less than 30 years (as per Article 173 of Indian Constitution) to be a member of the Legislative Council.
# No person can become a member of the Legislative Assembly or the Legislative Council of any state unless the individual is a voter from any constituency of the state. Those who cannot become members of Parliament also cannot become members of the state legislature.
# The person should not be convicted of any offence and sentenced to imprisonment of 2 years or more.
# Person must be sound of mind.

==Term==

The term of the Legislative Assembly is five years. However, it may be dissolved earlier than that by the Governor at the request of the Chief Minister, when the Chief Minister has actual majority support in the Assembly. The Assembly may be dissolved earlier if no one can prove majority support and become Chief Minister. The term of the Legislative Assembly may be extended during an emergency,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Postponement of elections in Kerala frustrates many politicians in the opposition|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/Indiascope/story/19760930-postponement-of-elections-in-kerala-frustrates-many-politicians-in-the-opposition-819356-2015-04-11|date=2015-04-11|access-date=2021-04-23|website=India Today}}</ref> but not more than six months at a time. The Legislative Council is the upper house of the State. Just like the [[Rajya Sabha]], it is a permanent House. The members of the state's upper house are selected based on the strength of each party in the lower house and by state gubernatorial nomination. The term is six years, and a third of the members of the House retire after every two years. The upper house of a state legislature, known as a [[State legislative councils of India|state legislative council]], unlike the upper house of the Parliament, can be abolished by the lower house, if it passes a specific law bill, which states to dissolve the upper house, and gets it attested in both houses of parliament and then signed by the president into law. Only Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Telangana, and Uttar Pradesh have their upper houses in existence with a six-year term. All other states have abolished the upper house by the above-mentioned method, as the upper house causes unnecessary problems, expenditures and issues.<ref>[https://sapfullform.com/mla-full-form/ MLA Post Tenure]</ref>

==Powers==
The most important function of the legislature is law-making. The state legislature has the power to make laws on all items on which Parliament cannot legislate. Some of these items are police, prisons, irrigation, agriculture, local governments, public health, pilgrimage, and burial grounds. Some topics on which both Parliament and states can make laws are education, marriage and divorce, forests, and the protection of wild animals and birds.

As regards money bills, the position is the same. Bills can originate only in the Legislative Assembly. The Legislative Council can either pass the bill within 14 days of the date of the receipt of the Bill or suggest changes to it within 14 days. These changes may or may not be accepted by the Assembly.

The state legislature, besides making laws, has one electoral power, in electing the President of India. Elected members of the Legislative Assembly along with the elected members of Parliament are involved in this process.

Some parts of the Constitution can be amended by Parliament with the approval of half of the state legislatures. Thus, the state legislatures take part in the process of amendment to the Constitution.

== MLAs by States ==
Members of Legislative Assembly by their political party ({{As of|2026|03|17
}})
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! rowspan="2" |State/UT
! rowspan="2" |Total
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Ruling
Party
| Colspan=3 bgcolor=#FF9933|
| Colspan=3 bgcolor=#00BFFF|
| Colspan=2 bgcolor=#939393|
! rowspan="2"|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
! rowspan="2"|NOM
! rowspan="2"|Vacant
|-
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!Colspan=2|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
! [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
!Colspan=2 |[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance | INDIA]]
!Colspan=2 | Others
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]
| rowspan="2" | 175
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Telugu Desam Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" | [[ Telugu Desam Party | TDP]]
| rowspan="2" | 8
| {{Party name with color | Telugu Desam Party}} (135)
|Colspan=3 rowspan="2" | 0
| {{Party name with color | YSR Congress Party | rowspan=2}} (11)
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| {{ Party name with color | Jana Sena Party }} (21)
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly | Arunachal Pradesh ]]
| rowspan="4" | 60
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{ party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4" | BJP
| rowspan="4" | 46
| {{Party name with color| People's Party of Arunachal}} (6)
|rowspan="4" | 1
| colspan="2" rowspan="4"| 0
| colspan="2" rowspan="4"| 0
| rowspan="4"|
| rowspan="4"|
| rowspan="4"|
|-
| {{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}} (3)
|-
| {{ Party name with color | National People's Party (India)}} (1)
|-
| bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[ Assam Legislative Assembly | Assam]]
| rowspan="3"|126
| rowspan="3"bgcolor="{{party color | Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"|BJP
| rowspan="3"|64
| {{Party name with color |Asom Gana Parishad}} (8)
| rowspan="3"|22
| {{Party name with color | Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| rowspan=2 }} (1)
| {{Party name with color | All India United Democratic Front
| rowspan=2 }}(15)
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
|-
| {{Party name with color | Bodoland People's Front}}(3)
|-
| bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]](5)
| {{Party name with color | Raijor Dal }} (1)
| {{Party name with color | United People's Party Liberal}} (7)
|-
| rowspan="4" | [[Bihar Legislative Assembly | Bihar]]
| rowspan="4" | 243
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
| rowspan="4"|[[Janata Dal (United) | JD(U)]]
| rowspan="4"|89
| {{Party name with color |Janata Dal (United)|shortname=JD(U)}} (85)
| rowspan="4"|6
|{{Party name with color| Rashtriya Janata Dal}} (25)
|{{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen |rowspan=2}} (5)
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |
|-
| {{ Party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} (19)
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation }}(2)
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Hindustani Awam Morcha}}"|
|[[Hindustani Awam Morcha|HAM]](5)
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} (1)
| {{ Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}} (1)
|-
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Morcha}} (4)
| {{Party name with color |Indian Inclusive Party}} (1)
|-
| [[Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly | Chhattisgarh]]
| 90
| bgcolor=" {{ party color| Bhartiya Janata Party }}" |
| BJP
| 54
|Colspan=2 | 0
| 35
|Colspan=2 | 0
| {{Party name with color | Gondwana Ganatantra Party }} (1)
|
|
|
|-
| [[Delhi Legislative Assembly | Delhi]]
| 70
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party| BJP}}"|
| BJP
| 48
| Colspan=2|0
| 0
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}(22)
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Goa Legislative Assembly|Goa]]
| rowspan="2" | 40
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color | Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"|BJP
| rowspan="2"| 27
| {{Party name with color | Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party}} (2)
| rowspan="2"| 3
| {{Party name with color | Aam Aadmi Party }} (2)
| {{Party name with color | Revolutionary Goans Party| rowspan=2}}(1)
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | 1
|-
| bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)
|{{Party name with color|Goa Forward Party}} (1)
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly | Gujarat]]
|rowspan="2" | 182
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color | Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|rowspan="2" | BJP
| rowspan="2" |161
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#757575"|
| rowspan="2" |[[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
| rowspan="2" |12
| {{Party name with color | Samajwadi Party
}} (1)
|Colspan=2 rowspan="2" |0
| rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" |
|rowspan="2" | 1
|-
|{{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}} (4)
|-
|[[Haryana Legislative Assembly | Haryana ]]
| 90
| bgcolor="{{party color | Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 48
| bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]] (3)
| 37
|Colspan=2 |0
|{{Party name with color | Indian National Lok Dal}} (2)
|
|
|
|-
| [[Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Himachal Pradesh]]
| 68
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|INC
| 28
|Colspan=2|0
| 40
|Colspan=2|0
|Colspan=2| 0
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| rowspan="3"|95
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color| Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}"|
| rowspan="3" | [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|JKNC]]
| rowspan="3" |29
|Colspan=2 rowspan="3"|0
| rowspan="3" |6
|{{Party name with color | Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}} (41)
|{{Party name with color |Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party }}
(4)
| rowspan="3" | 3
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" | 5
|-
|{{Party name with color |Communist Party of India (Marxist) }} (1)
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party}}(1)
|-
| {{Party name with color| Independent politician |shortname = IND}}(4)
|{{Party name with color| Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference}} (1)
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharkhand Legislative Assembly|Jharkhand]]
| rowspan="3" |81
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
| rowspan="3" |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| rowspan="3" | 21
|{{Party name with color | All Jharkhand Students Union}}(1)
| rowspan="3" | 16
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} (34)
| {{Party name with color|Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=3}} (1)
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
| rowspan="3" |
|-
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)}} (1)
|{{Party name with color| Rashtriya Janata Dal}} (4)
|-
| {{Party name with color | Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) }} (1)
| {{Party name with color | Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}} (2)
|-
| [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly |Karnataka]]
| 224
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| INC
| 63
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|shortname=JD(S) }} (18)
| 136
| bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]](3)
| {{Party name with color| Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha}} (1)
| 1
|
| 2
|-
| rowspan="8" | [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala]]
| rowspan="8" | 140
| rowspan="8" bgcolor=" {{ party color | Communist Party of India (Marxist) }}"|
| rowspan="8" | [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) | CPI(M) ]]
|rowspan="8" | 0
|{{Party name with color|Janata Dal (Secular)|shortname=JD(S) |rowspan=8 }} (2)
| rowspan="8" |21
|{{Party name with color |Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} (62)
| {{Party name with color|Democratic Congress Kerala |shortname=DCK}}(1)
| rowspan="8" | 4
| rowspan="8" |
| rowspan="8" | 1
|-
| {{Party name with color| Communist Party of India }} (16)
| {{Party name with color|National Secular Conference}} (1)
|-
| {{Party name with color |Indian Union Muslim League }} (15)
| {{Party name with color | Janadhipathya Kerala Congress}}(1)
|-
| {{Party name with color | Kerala Congress (M) }} (5)
| {{Party name with color |Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}} (1)
|-
| {{Party name with color | Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)}} (2)
| {{Party name with color| Congress (Secular) }} (1)
|-
| {{Party name with color|Kerala Congress}} (2)
| {{Party name with color | Indian National League}} (1)
|-
| {{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}} (1)
| {{Party name with color |Kerala Congress (Jacob) }} (1)
|-
| {{Party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist) }} (1)

|{{Party name with color | Kerala Congress (B)}} (1)
|-
| [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly | Madhya Pradesh ]]
| 230
| bgcolor=" {{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 165
| Colspan=2 |0
| 64
| Colspan=2 |0
| {{Party name with color | Bharat Adivasi Party }}(1)
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Maharashtra]]
| rowspan="7" | 288
|rowspan="7" bgcolor="{{party color | Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="7" |BJP
| rowspan="7" |131
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}} (57)
|Rowspan="7" | 16
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) |rowspan=2}} (20)
| {{Party name with color| Samajwadi Party|rowspan=4 }} (2)
| rowspan="7" |
| rowspan="7" |
| rowspan="7" | 2
|-
|{{Party name with color | Nationalist Congress Party}} (40)
|-
| {{Party name with color | Jan Surajya Shakti }} (2)
|{{Party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|rowspan=2}} (10)
|-
|bgcolor="#FFF200"|
| [[Rashtriya Samaj Paksha|RSPS]] (1)
|-
|bgcolor="#F58E7D"|
|[[Rajendra Patil Yadravkar|RSVA]](1)
| {{Party name with color| Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}} (1)
|{{Party name with color | All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=3}}(1)

|-
|bgcolor="#1A34BB"|
| [[Ravi Rana|RYSP]] (1)

|-
| bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
|{{Party name with color | Peasants and Workers Party of India}} (1)
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Manipur]]
| rowspan="4"| 60
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color | Bharatiya Janata Party }}"|
| rowspan="4" |BJP
| rowspan="4" | 36
| {{Party name with color | National People's Party (India)}} (6)
| rowspan="4" | 5
| Colspan=2 rowspan=4|0
| {{Party name with color | Kuki People's Alliance|rowspan=4}} (2)
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" | 2
|-
|{{Party name with color| Naga People's Front }} (5)
|-
| {{Party name with color|Janata Dal (United)| shortname=JD(U)}}(1)
|-
|bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]](3)
|-
| rowspan="4"| [[ Meghalaya Legislative Assembly | Meghalaya]]
| rowspan="4"| 60
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}"|
| rowspan="4"| [[National People's Party (India) | NPEP ]]
| rowspan="4"| 2
| {{Party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}(33)
| rowspan="4"| 0
| {{Party name with color | All India Trinamool Congress | rowspan=4 }} (5)
| {{Party name with color| Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya) | rowspan=4 }} (4)
| rowspan="4"|
| rowspan="4"|
| rowspan="4"|
|-
| {{Party name with color | United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) }} (12)
|-
| {{Party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party}} (2)
|-
| bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]](2)
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly|Mizoram]]
| rowspan="2" | 40
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=" {{party color|Zoram People's Movement}} "|
| rowspan="2" | [[Zoram People's Movement | ZPM]]
| rowspan="2" | 2
|Colspan=2 rowspan="2" |0
| rowspan="2" | 1
|Colspan=2 rowspan="2" |0
| {{Party name with color | Zoram People's Movement }} (27)
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| {{Party name with color|Mizo National Front}} (10)
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Nagaland]]
| rowspan="5" | 60
| rowspan="5" bgcolor=" {{party color | Naga People's Front}}"|
| rowspan="5" | [[Naga People's Front|NPF]]
| rowspan="5" | 11
| {{Party name with color | Naga People's Front }} (34)
| colspan="3" rowspan="5"| 0
| colspan="2" rowspan="5"| 0
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="5" | 1
|-
| {{Party name with color|National People's Party (India) }} (5)
|-
| {{Party name with color | Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) }} (2)
|-
|{{Party name with color| Republican Party of India (Athawale) }} (2)
|-
| bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]](5)
|-
| [[Odisha Legislative Assembly | Odisha]]
| 147
| bgcolor="{{ party color|Bhartiya Janata Party }}"|
| BJP
| 79
| Colspan=2 |0
| 11
| {{Party name with color |Communist Party of India (Marxist) }} (1)
| {{Party name with color | Biju Janata Dal}} (48)
| 8
|
|
|-
|[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly |Puducherry]]
| 33
|bgcolor=" {{party color | All India N.R. Congress}}"|
|[[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]]
|9
| {{Party name with color | All India N.R. Congress}} (10)
|2
| {{Party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} (6)
| colspan="2"|0
| 6
|
|
|-
|Rowspan=2 | [[ Punjab Legislative Assembly | Punjab ]]
|Rowspan=2 | 117
| rowspan="2" bgcolor=" {{ party color | Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
| rowspan="2" | [[Aam Aadmi Party | AAP]]
|Rowspan=2 | 2
| Colspan=2 rowspan="2" |0
|Rowspan=2 | 16
| {{Party name with color | Shiromani Akali Dal }} (3)
| {{Party name with color|Aam Aadmi Party | rowspan=2 }} (94)
| rowspan="2" | 1
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}} (1)
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[ Rajasthan Legislative Assembly | Rajasthan]]
| rowspan="3" |200
| rowspan="3"bgcolor="{{ party color|Bhartiya Janata Party }}"|
| rowspan="3" | BJP
| rowspan="3" | 118
|{{Party name with color|Shiv Sena}} (2)
| rowspan="3" | 67
| colspan="2"rowspan="3"|0
| {{Party name with color | Bharat Adivasi Party | rowspan=3}} (4)
| rowspan="3"|
| rowspan="3"|
| rowspan="3"|
|-
|{{Party name with color | Rashtriya Lok Dal}} (1)
|-
| bgcolor="#757575"|
| [[Independent politician|IND]] (8)
|-
| [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly | Sikkim]]
| 32
| bgcolor=" {{party color |Sikkim Krantikari Morcha }}"|
| [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|SKM]]
| 0
| {{Party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}(32)
| colspan="5"|0
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan=4|[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
| rowspan=4|234
| rowspan=4 bgcolor="{{party color |Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
| rowspan=4|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
| rowspan=4|4
| {{party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}} (60)
| rowspan=4"|17
| {{party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}} (133)
| {{party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi|rowspan=4}} (5)
| rowspan=4| 4
| rowspan=4|
| rowspan=4| 3
|-
| {{party name with color|Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi}} (4)
|-
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} (2)
|-
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}} (2)
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Telangana]]
| rowspan="2"| 119
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color| Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"|INC
| rowspan="2"|7
|Colspan=2 rowspan="2"|0
| rowspan="2" |76
|{{Party name with color|Communist Party of India | rowspan=2 }} (1)
| {{Party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi}} (27)
| rowspan="2" |1
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" |
|-
| {{Party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen}} (7)
|-
| rowspan="2"| [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Tripura]]
| rowspan="2"| 60
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| BJP
| rowspan="2"| 32
| {{Party name with color|Tipra Motha Party}} (13)
| rowspan="2"| 3
| {{Party name with color| Communist Party of India (Marxist)| rowspan=2 }} (10)
|Colspan=2 rowspan="2"|0
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"|
|rowspan="2"| 1
|-
| {{Party name with color|Indigenous People's Front of Tripura}} (1)
|-
|Rowspan="4" | [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly | Uttar Pradesh ]]
|Rowspan="4"| 403
| rowspan="4" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="4"| BJP
|Rowspan="4"| 257
| {{Party name with color | Apna Dal (Sonelal)}} (13)
|Rowspan="4"| 2
| {{Party name with color | Samajwadi Party |rowspan=4}} (104)
| {{Party name with color | Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik) | shortname=JSD(L) | rowspan=2}} (2)
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" |
| rowspan="4" | 3
|-
|{{Party name with color | Rashtriya Lok Dal}} (9)
|-
| {{Party name with color|Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party}} (6)
| {{Party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party |rowspan=2}} (1)
|-
| {{Party name with color | NISHAD Party }} (5)
|-
| [[Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly | Uttarakhand]]
| 70
| bgcolor="{{party color | Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| BJP
| 47
| bgcolor="#757575" |
| [[Independent politician|IND]] (2)
| 20
| Colspan=2 |0
| {{Party name with color | Bahujan Samaj Party}}(1)
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly| West Bengal]]
|rowspan="2" | 294
|rowspan="2"bgcolor="{{party color |All India Trinamool Congress }}"|
|rowspan="2" | AITC
|rowspan="2" | 65
| colspan="3" rowspan="2"| 0
| {{Party name with color |All India Trinamool Congress}}(223)
| {{Party name with color|Indian Secular Front | rowspan=2 }}(1)
| rowspan="2" | 2
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="2" | 2
|-
|{{Party name with color | Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha}} (1)
|-
!Total
!4131
!
!
!1653
!colspan="2" |623
!635
!colspan="2" |863
!colspan="2" |302
!31
!0
!24
|}

==MLAs by party affiliation==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!
!colspan="2"|Party
!MLAs
|-
|1
| {{ Full party name with color | Bharatiya Janata Party }}
| 1653
|-
|2
| {{ Full party name with color | Indian National Congress }}
| 635
|-
|3
| {{ Full party name with color | All India Trinamool Congress }}
| 230
|-
|4
| {{ Full party name with color| Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam }}
| 139
|-
|5
| {{ Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party }}
| 135
|-
|6
| {{ Full party name with color | Aam Aadmi Party }}
| 123
|-
|7
| {{Full party name with color | Samajwadi Party }}
| 108
|-
|8
| {{ Full party name with color | Janata Dal (United) | dab=yes }}
| 87
|-
|9
| {{ Party name with color | Communist Party of India (Marxist) | dab=yes }}
| 79
|-
|10
| {{Full party name with color | Independent (politician) }}
| 76
|-
|11
| {{ Full party name with color | All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam }}
| 60
|-
|12
| {{ Full party name with color | Shiv Sena (2022-present)}}
| 59
|-
|13
|{{ Full party name with color | Biju Janata Dal }}
| 48
|-
|14
| {{ Full party name with color | National People's Party (India) }}
| 45
|-
|15
| {{ Full party name with color | Nationalist Congress Party }}
| 43
|-
|16
|{{Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir National Conference }}
| 41
|-
|17
|{{Full party name with color | Naga People's Front }}
| 39
|-
|18
| {{Full party name with color | Jharkhand Mukti Morcha }}
| 34
|-
|19
| {{ Full party name with color | Sikkim Krantikari Morcha }}
| 32
|-
|20
| {{ Full party name with color | Rashtriya Janata Dal }}
| 30
|-
|rowspan=2|21
| {{ Full party name with color | Bharat Rashtra Samithi }}
| 27
|-
| {{Full party name with color | Zoram People's Movement }}
| 27
|-
|23
| {{ Full party name with color | Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas) | dab=yes}}
| 22
|-
|24
| {{ Full party name with color | Jana Sena Party }}
| 21
|-
|rowspan="2"|25
| {{ Full party name with color | Janata Dal (Secular)|dab=yes }}
| 20
|-
| {{Full party name with color | Shiv Sena (Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray) | dab=yes }}
| 20
|-
| 27
| {{ Full party name with color | Communist Party of India }}
| 19
|-
| rowspan="2" |28
| {{ Full party name with color | All India United Democratic Front }}
| 15
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Indian Union Muslim League }}
| 15
|-
| rowspan="3"|30
| {{ Full party name with color |Apna Dal (Sonelal) | dab=yes }}
| 13
|-
|{{Full party name with color | All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen }}
| 13
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Tipra Motha Party }}
| 13
|-
| rowspan="2"|33
| {{ Full party name with color | Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar) | dab=yes }}
| 12
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) }}
| 12
|-
|35
| {{ Full party name with color | YSR Congress Party }}
| 11
|-
| rowspan="3" |36
| {{Full party name with color | All India N.R. Congress}}
| 10
|-
| {{Full party name with color | Mizo National Front }}
| 10
|-
| {{Full party name with color | Rashtriya Lok Dal }}
| 10
|-
| 39
| {{Full party name with color | Asom Gana Parishad }}
| 8
|-
| 40
|{{Full party name with color | United People's Party Liberal }}
| 7
|-
| rowspan="2"| 41
| {{Full party name with color | Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party }}
| 6
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | People's Party of Arunachal}}
| 6
|-
| rowspan="5"| 43
| {{ Full party name with color | Bharat Adivasi Party }}
| 5
|-
| {{Full party name with color | Kerala Congress (M)|dab=yes }}
| 5
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Hindustani Awam Morcha }}
| 5
|-
| {{Full party name with color | NISHAD Party }}
| 5
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Pattali Makkal Katchi }}
| 5
|-
| rowspan="6" |48
| {{ Full party name with color | Bahujan Samaj Party }}
| 4
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation | dab=yes }}
| 4
|-
|{{ Full party name with color | Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi }}
| 4
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Voice of the People Party (Meghalaya)}}
| 4
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Rashtriya Lok Morcha }}
| 4
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party }}
| 4
|-
| rowspan="2" |54
| {{ Full party name with color | Bodoland People's Front }}
| 3
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Shiromani Akali Dal }}
| 3
|-
| rowspan=7" |56
| {{ Full party name with color | Hill State People's Democratic Party }}
| 2
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Indian National Lok Dal }}
| 2
|-
| {{Full party name with color | Jansatta Dal (Loktantrik)|dab=yes}}
| 2
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Kerala Congress}}
| 2
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Kuki People's Alliance }}
| 2
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party }}
| 2
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Republican Party of India (Athawale) |dab=yes }}
| 2
|-
| rowspan="25" |63
| {{ Full party name with color | All Jharkhand Students Union }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Bharatiya Gorkha Prajatantrik Morcha }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Congress (Secular) | dab=yes }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Democratic Congress Kerala }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Goa Forward Party }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Gondwana Ganatantra Party }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Indian Inclusive Party }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Indian National League }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Indian Secular Front }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Indigenous People's Front of Tripura }}
| 1
|-
|{{ Full party name with color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Janadhipathya Kerala Congress }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color| Jharkhand Loktantrik Krantikari Morcha }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Kerala Congress (B) |dab=yes }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Kerala Congress (Jacob) | dab=yes }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | National Secular Conference }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Peasants and Workers Party of India }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Raijor Dal }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Rajendra Patil Yadravkar}}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Ravi Rana }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Rashtriya Samaj Paksha }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Revolutionary Goans Party }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Revolutionary Marxist Party of India }}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Revolutionary Socialist Party (Leninist) | dab=yes}}
| 1
|-
| {{ Full party name with color | Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha }}
| 1
|-
|colspan=3 |Vacant
| 24
|- class="sortbottom"
|colspan=3 |'''Total'''
| '''4131'''
|}

== See also ==
* [[Election Commission of India]]
*[[2024 elections in India]]
*[[List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha]]
*[[Member of the Legislative Assembly]]
*[[List of current members of the Rajya Sabha]]
*[[Rajya Sabha]]
*

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:State lower houses in India|*]]
[[Category:State legislatures of India|*]]
[[Category:Members of the state Legislative Assemblies of India]]

Mudinepalli

2026-03-17T06:30:18Z

Blshastri2: Adding post

{{More citations needed|date=March 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mudinepalli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| website = http://mudinepalli.in
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.4280|N|81.1150|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder = Chaitanya Kumar B
| named_for =
| government_type = TDP
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 7
| population_total = 6463
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627506|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 521 325
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = +91–8674
| registration_plate = AP–40
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 59%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Eluru
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Kaikalur
| footnotes = http://mudinepalli.in
}}
'''Mudinepalli''' is a village in the Eluru District (previously [[Krishna district|Krishna district]]) of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. Mudinepalli hosts nearly all species of Indian snakes, which can survive in this southern region of India.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2019}} (according to the [[Census of India]]), the town had a population of {{formatnum:7463}}. The population consists of {{formatnum:4280}} males, {{formatnum:3183}} females and {{formatnum:543}} children aged 0–6 years. The average literacy rate stands at 77.85% with {{formatnum:4608}} literates, significantly higher than the national average of 73%.<ref name="population" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate)
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|accessdate=24 August 2014|format=PDF}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bus stand : According to the town had a Bus stand. Major buses coming from Gudivada depot. Good connectivity from all around to villages and major towns / cities like Vijayawada, Gudivada, Kaikaluru, Gudlavalleru, Bantumilli, Bhimavaram & Machilipatnam.

Railway Station : Gudivada Junction is the nearest Railway station, around 13km.

==Education==
Major Schools & Colleges

== Etymology ==
Mudinepalli was formerly known as Mudi Naagula Palli. The village derives its name from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''mudi'' which means 'old', ''nāgá'' which means 'snake' (or 'cobra'), and ''palli'' which means 'village'. The name also relates to [[Nagadevatha|Nāgá Devatha]], a [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]]. Mudinepalli was earlier known as Mudi Nagula Palli. The name of the village is derived from the Sanskrit words 'gramam' meaning 'snake' ('cobra') meaning 'old' and 'naga' meaning 'mudi'. The name is related to the Hindu deity Naga. [[File:Pancha muka siva nagendra swamy, Mudinepalli.jpg|thumb|Pancha muka siva nagendra swamy, Mudinepalli]]

== See also ==
*[[List of villages in Krishna district#M|Villages in Mudinepalli mandal]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mandal headquarters in Krishna district}}

[[Category:Villages in Krishna district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Krishna district]]

Abel Biju

2026-03-16T12:47:17Z

Blshastri2: done

{{short description|Indian model}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| name = Abel Biju Ottappally
| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Kottayam]], [[Kerala]], India
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| height = {{height|m=1.85}}
| occupation = {{hlist|Model}}
| title = Mister India Supranational 2025
| competitions = [[Mr India 2025 (Season 2)|Mister India 2025]] (Mister India Supranational) Mister Supranational 2026 (TBA)
| alma_mater = Marian College, Kuttikkanam
| years_active =
}}
'''Abel Biju''' is an Indian model and beauty pageant titleholder who was crowned [[Mr India 2025 (Season 2)|Mister India Supranational 2026]] at the [[Mr India 2025 (Season 2)]] pageant, held on 21 August 2025 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/htcity/cinema/mr-india-supranational-abel-biju-reflects-on-his-journey-from-bank-to-representing-india-at-mister-supranational-101756618009172.html | title=Mr India Supranational Abel Biju reflects on his journey from bank to representing India at Mister Supranational | publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] | work=Akash Bhatnagar | date=31 August 2025 | accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/lifestyle/fashion/bihars-shevam-singh-wins-mr-india-world-2025-article-152503816 | title=A Night of Glamour, Grit, and Glory: Mr India 2025 Season 2 Announces Winners | publisher=[[Times Now]] | date=22 August 2025 | accessdate=12 October 2025 | work=Namya Sinha}}</ref> He is set to represent India at the upcoming Mister Supranational competition to be held in [[Poland]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/fashion/meet-mr-india-2025-winners-shevam-singh-shiv-chordia-and-abel-biju-before-this-i-was-working-in-a-bank-101756287894384.html | title=Meet Mr India 2025 winners Shevam, Abel and Shiv: A banker, animal lover and 18 year old multi talented student | publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] | date=22 August 2025 | accessdate=12 October 2025 | work=Akanksha Agnihotri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://guwahatiplus.com/india/mr-india-2025-shevam-singh-abel-biju-and-shiv-chordia-declared-winners | title=Mr India 2025: Shevam Singh, Abel Biju, and Shiv Chordia Declared Winners | publisher=Guwahati Plus | date=22 August 2025 | accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref>

== Pageantry ==
=== Mister India 2025 ===
On 11 August 2025, Abel was named among the Top 100 contestants for Mister India 2025.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.femina.in/beauty-pageants/mr-india/meet-the-top-100-the-faces-of-mr-india-2025-season-2/meet-the-top-100-of-mr-india-2025-season-2-the-journey-has-just-begun/eventshow/152452101.cms | title=Meet the Top 100: The Faces of Mr India 2025 Season 2 | publisher=[[Femina (India)|Femina]] | date=12 August 2025 | accessdate=22 August 2025}}</ref> After the final auditions in [[Mumbai]] on 13 August 2025, he was selected as one of the Top 22 finalists. At the grand finale, held on 21 August 2025 at One8 Commune in [[Juhu]], Mumbai, Abel was crowned Mister India Supranational 2026, succeeding Shubham Sharma.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://firstindia.co.in/news/press-releases/meet-your-new-mr-india-winners | title=Meet Your New Mr India Winners! | publisher=First India | date=22 August 2025 | accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref>

=== Mister Supranational 2026 ===
Abel is slated to represent India at the Mister Supranational 2026 competition, which is scheduled to take place in [[Poland]] in July 2026.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ddtnews.in/mr-india-2025-winners-announced | title=Glamour Meets Grit: Mr India 2025 Titles Awarded in Spectacular Show | publisher=DDT News | work=Dileepsingh Dudi | date=23 August 2025 | accessdate=12 October 2025}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Instagram|id=_abel.biju_}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=Shubham Sharma}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Mr India|Mister India Supranational]]
|years=[[Mr India 2025 (Season 2)|2026]]}}
{{S-aft|after=Incumbent}}
{{S-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Biju, Abel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male models]]
[[Category:People from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Kottayam]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Male beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Vishnu Circle

2026-03-10T08:26:34Z

Blshastri2: Started A Post

{{Short description|2019 Indian Kannada-language film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vishnu Circle
| image =
| caption =
| director = Lakshmi Dinesh
| producer = B Hanumantha Raju
| writer =
| screenplay = Puttanna Kanagal
| based_on = {{Based on|''Avadhana''|Dodderi Venkatagiri Rao}}
| starring = [[Gururaj]] [[Samhita Vinya]] Janvi Jyothi Divya Gowda [[Aruna Balraj]]
| music = Shree Vathsa
| cinematography = P. L. Ravee
| editing = Satish Chandraiah
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2019|09|06}}
| runtime = 101 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
}}

'''''Vishnu Circle''''' is a 2019 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by Lakshmi Dinesh and produced by RB. The movie cast includes [[Gururaj]], [[Samhita Vinya]], Janvi Jyothi and Divya Gowda are in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vishnu Circle draws on Vishnuvardhan lore |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vishnu-circle-draws-on-vishnuvardhan-lore-759554.html |website=Deccan Herald |date=2019-09-06}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Gururaj]] as Vishnu
*[[Samhita Vinya]] as Aakruthi
*Janvi Jyothi as Samskurthi
*Divya Gowda
*[[Aruna Balraj]] as Pramila
*Hanumanthe Gowda as Rajanna
*[[H. G. Dattatreya|Dattanna]]

==Reception==
===Critical response===
A Sharadhaa from [[The New Indian Express]] wrote "While a few of them have done justice, there are some who use them only to their advantage. As far as Vishnu Circle is concerned, it would be better for cinema-goers to watch a genuine Vishnuvardhan film instead".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/Sep/07/vishnu-circle-review-circle-of-chaotic-ignorance-2029979.html |title='Vishnu Circle' film review: Circle of chaotic ignorance |date=7 September 2019|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|language=en|access-date=30 November 2023|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628012406/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2019/sep/07/vishnu-circle-review-circle-of-chaotic-ignorance-2029979.amp |archive-date=28 June 2021}}</ref> A reviewer of [[Vijaya Karnataka]] says "Even when I saw the movie 'Vishnu Circle', such a question arose. Apart from the fact that the hero of the story is a fan of Dr. Vishnu and the story unfolds in Vishnu's circle, the rest of the circle is a shambles".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/gururaj-jaggesh-starer-vishnu-circle-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/71011216.cms |title=ಪ್ರೇಮ, ವಿರಹದಲ್ಲೇ ಸರ್ಕಸ್‌ ಮಾಡುವ ಸರ್ಕಲ್‌:.. |date=6 September 2019|work=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |language=kn|access-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191013150114/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/review/gururaj-jaggesh-starer-vishnu-circle-review-rating-in-kannada/moviereview/71011216.cms |archive-date=13 October 2019}}</ref> Kesava Murthy from [[Asianet News Network|Asianet News]] wrote "You can be the beneficiary of 'Vishnu Circle' only if you don't expect anything from the cinematography, appropriate composition of scenes, thought-provoking dialogues. The liveliness in Duttanna's love episode. PL Ravi's cinematography is the highlight of the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/sandalwood-movie-vishnu-circle-film-review-pxg1yh |title=ಚಿತ್ರ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ: ವಿಷ್ಣು ಸರ್ಕಲ್‌ |date=7 September 2019|work=[[Asianet News Network|Asianet News]]|language=kn|access-date=30 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915163802/https://kannada.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/sandalwood-movie-vishnu-circle-film-review-pxg1yh |archive-date=15 September 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14773710|Vishnu Circle}}

[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:2019 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2019 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:2019 directorial debut films]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Jairam Kulkarni

2026-03-08T00:56:13Z

Blshastri2: started pg

{{Short description|Indian actor (1932–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jairam Kulkarni
| image = Jairam Kulkarni.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Jairam Kulkarni
| birth_date = 17 October 1932
| birth_place = [[Barshi]], [[Solapur district]], [[Bombay Presidency]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|3|17|1932|10|17}}
| death_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1956–2020
| spouse = {{marriage|Hema Kulkarni|1962|2020}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-17 |title=Mrinal Kulkarni pens heartfelt note as she mourns the demise of her father-in-law Jairam Kulkarni |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mrinal-kulkarni-pens-heartfelt-note-as-she-mourns-the-demise-of-her-father-in-law-jairam-kulkarni/articleshow/74668491.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM= |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives = [[Mrinal Kulkarni]] (daughter-in-law)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-03-17 |title=Mrinal Kulkarni pens heartfelt note as she mourns the demise of her father-in-law Jairam Kulkarni |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/mrinal-kulkarni-pens-heartfelt-note-as-she-mourns-the-demise-of-her-father-in-law-jairam-kulkarni/articleshow/74668491.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM= |access-date=2023-12-13 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| website =
| awards =
}}

'''Jairam Kulkarni''' (17 October 1932 – 17 March 2020)<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-17 |title=Marathi actor Jairam Kulkarni dies at the age of 88 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/marathi-actor-jairam-kulkarni-dies-at-the-age-of-88/story-iqw8vUi9lXLmToAmkRZLAK.html |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> was an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film actor who worked in several Marathi films, television, and theatre.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |last2= |first2= |date=2020-03-17 |title=Marathi actor Jairam Kulkarni dies at the age of 88 |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/marathi-actor-jairam-kulkarni-dies-at-the-age-of-88-598940 |access-date= |website= |language=en}}</ref> He is better known for ''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]] (1988)'', ''Maza Pati Karodpati (1988)'', ''[[Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich|Aamchya Sarkhe Aamhich]] (1990)'' and ''[[Zapatlela]] (1993)''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marathi actor Jairam Kulkarni dies at 88 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/marathi-actor-jairam-kulkarni-dies-at-88-1656353-2020-03-17 |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kulkarni was born on 17 October 1932, in Ambejavalge, [[Barshi taluka]], [[Solapur district]]. After studying at Sulakhe High School, he moved to [[Pune]] and joined [[Sir Parashurambhau College|S P College]]. During college, he befriended actors [[Shrikant Moghe]] and [[Sharad Talwalkar]]. Once done with his education, he joined All India Radio's Pune station, working as an assistant to the renowned author [[Vyankatesh Madgulkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interesting facts about Jairam Kulkarni |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/veteran-actor-jairam-kulkarni-dies-at-87/articleshow/74680742.cms?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_ct=1702498410145&amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17024943151085&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fpune%2Fveteran-actor-jairam-kulkarni-dies-at-87%2Farticleshow%2F74680742.cms}}</ref>

Kulkarni began his stage career with the play ''Jwalet Ubhi Mee'', produced by the Progressive Dramatic Association. As film roles started coming his way, he left his job at AIR to pursue acting full-time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-17 |title=Marathi actor Jairam Kulkarni passes away |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/marathi-actor-jairam-kulkarni-passes-away-6318844/ |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kulkarni has two children named Rupak and Ruchir who is the husband of [[Marathi language|Marathi]] and [[Hindi]] film and television actress [[Mrinal Kulkarni]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Noted Marathi actor Jairam Kulkarni, father-in-law of 'Son Pari' fame Mrunal Kulkarni dies at age of 88 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-noted-marathi-actor-jairam-kulkarni-father-in-law-of-son-pari-fame-mrunal-kulkarni-dies-at-age-of-88-2817498/amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM=#amp_ct=1702498167077&amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17024943151085&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-noted-marathi-actor-jairam-kulkarni-father-in-law-of-son-pari-fame-mrunal-kulkarni-dies-at-age-of-88-2817498 |access-date= |website=www.dnaindia.com}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|1976
|''Ha Khel Sawalyancha''
|Tangewala
|Film debut
|-
|1979
|''Duniya Kari Salaam''
|Sarpanch
|
|-
|1982
|''Mai Baap''
|Bhima
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1983
|''Savitri''
|Desai Kaka
|
|-
|''Sasu Varchad Jawai''
|Diwanji
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1984
|''[[Mumbaicha Faujdar]]''
|Mama
|
|-
|''[[Navri Mile Navryala]]''
|Nanasaheb Inamdar
|
|-
|''Savvasher''
|Jairam
|
|-
|''Streedhan''
|Appasaheb
|
|-
|''Jugalbandi''
|Anna
|
|-
|''[[Lek Chalali Sasarla]]''
|Desai Kaka
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1985
|''[[Dhum Dhadaka]]''
|Nana Jawalkar
|
|-
|''Ardhangi''
|Bhujangrao
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1986
|''Tuzya Wachun Karmena''
|DS Nathu
|
|-
|''Aai Tulja Bhavani''
|Madhu's Father
|
|-
|''Dhondi Dhondi Pani De''
|Shridhar Jawalkar
|
|-
|''[[Maaficha Sakshidar]]''
|College Professor
|
|-
|''Mazhe Ghar Mazha Sansar''
|Balwant Mama
|
|-
|''Khara Varasdar''
|Malharrao Sarkar
|
|-
|''Dhakti Sun''
|Ashram's Secretary
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1987
|''[[De Danadan]]''
|DSP K.R. Doiphode
|
|-
|''Chal Re Laxya Mumbaila''
|Commissioner
|
|-
|''[[Gammat Jammat]]''
|Gautam's employer
|
|-
|''Kashyasathi Premasathi''
|Appaji
|
|-
|''Khatyal Sasu Nathal Soon''
|Shridhar Pant
|
|-
| rowspan="6" |1988
|''Maza Pati Karodpati''
|Mr. Deshmukh
|
|-
|''[[Ashi Hi Banwa Banwi]]''
|Chhaburao
|
|-
|''Rangat Sangat''
|Geeta's Father
|
|-
|''Majjach Majja''
|Robert
|
|-
|''Nashibwan''
|Mr. Shroff
|
|-
|''Ek Gadi Baaki Anadi''
|Mr. Saranjame
|
|-
| rowspan="9" |1989
|''[[Balache Baap Brahmachari]]''
|Bapusaheb Aasankar
|
|-
|''Rajane Wajvila Baja''
|Bhimrao
|
|-
|''[[Thartharat]]''
|Zunjaarrao Ghorpade
|
|-
|''Atmavishwas''
|Rajendra's Uncle
|
|-
|''[[Bhutacha Bhau]]''
|Rao Saheb
|
|-
|''Gavran Gangu''
|Ganga's Father
|
|-
|''Navra Baiko''
|Ashok's Father
|
|-
|''Dharla Tar Chavtay''
|Mr. Inamdar
|
|-
|''De Dhadak Be Dhadak''
|Inspector N.K Dongre
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1990
|''Godi Gulabi''
|Himself
|Special appearance
|-
|''[[Aamchyasarkhe Aamhich]]''
|Diwanji
|
|-
|''Rickshawali''
|Sujata's Father
|
|-
|''Dhumakool''
|Mr. Pradhan
|
|-
|''[[Eka Peksha Ek (film)|Eka Peksha Ek]]''
|Commissioner Ramdas Phutane
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1991
|''[[Aayatya Gharat Gharoba]]''
|Sakharam
|
|-
|''Bandal Baaz''
|Commissioner
|
|-
| rowspan="7" |1992
|''[[Prem Deewane]]''
|Letter Giver
|[[Cameo appearance]]
|-
|''Zunj Tujhi Majhi''
|Vishnu Chavan
|
|-
|''Aaplee Maanse''
|Mr. Dongre
|
|-
|''Anuradha''
|Appasaheb
|
|-
|''Vaat Pahate Punvechi''
|Mr. Manorkar
|
|-
|''Gruhpravesh''
|Mama
|
|-
|''Hach Sunbaicha Bhau''
|Tatya
|
|-
|1993
|''[[Zapatlela]]''
|Superintendent Jairam Ghatge
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1994
|''[[Bajrangachi Kamal]]''
|DSP Pradhan
|
|-
|''Maza Saubhagya''
|Bapu
|
|-
|''Sasar Maher''
|Shirpati Patil
|
|-
|''Kunku''
|Nanasaheb
|
|-
|''Hirwa Chuda Suwasinicha''
|Dinkar
|
|-
|1995
|''Jamla Ho Jamla''
|Mr. Tenkshe
|
|-
|2002
|''Aadhar''
|Vasantrao Deshmukh
|
|-
|2003
|''Mala Jagaychay''
|Ajay's Father
|
|-
|2004
|''Ranragini''
|Joshi Kaka
|
|-
|2020
|''Khel Ayushyacha''
|Aajoba
|
|}

== Death ==

Kulkarni died on 17 March 2020 in [[Pune]], Maharashtra due to heart failure. He was survived by his wife Hema Kulkarni, sons Rupak and Ruchir Kulkarni, and daughter-in-law [[Mrinal Kulkarni]]. Many celebrities like [[Ashok Saraf]] and [[Sachin Pilgaonkar]] mourned this great loss.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Developer |first=Web |title=Jairam Kulkarni: Actress Mrinal Kulkarni's father-in-law passes away |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/jairam-kulkarni-noted-marathi-actor-and-mrinal-kulkarni-s-father-in-law-passes-away-22678225?amp_gsa=1&_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM= |access-date=2023-12-13 |website=Mid-day}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Marathi cinema]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm2518232}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kulkarni, Jayram}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]

Mirapakay

2026-03-07T13:44:10Z

Blshastri2: enhance content as per guidelines to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mirapakay
| image = Mirapakay Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Harish Shankar]]
| producer = Ramesh Puppala
| story = Harish Shankar
| screenplay = Ramesh Reddy A. Deepak Raj [[Vikram Sirikonda]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Harish Shankar}}
}}
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[Ravi Teja]]|[[Richa Gangopadhyay]]|[[Deeksha Seth]]|[[Prakash Raj]]}}
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ram Prasad]]
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Yellow Flowers]]
| distributor = [[R. R. Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2011|1|13}}
| runtime = 160 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 

₹17 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Tollywood Top 10 Box Office Collection Movies In 2011 |url=https://t2blive.com/tollywood-top-10-box-office-collection-movies-in-2011/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=16 June 2025}}</ref>
}}
'''''Mirapakay''''' ({{translation}} [[Chili pepper|Chilli]]) is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film]] directed by [[Harish Shankar]] and produced by Ramesh Puppala under [[Yellow Flowers]]. The film stars [[Ravi Teja]] in the lead role, alongside [[Richa Gangopadhyay]], [[Deeksha Seth]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] and [[Nagababu]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]], while cinematography and editing were handled by [[Ram Prasad (cinematographer)|C. Ram Prasad]] and Gautham Raju.

''Mirapakay'' was released on 13 January 2011, coinciding with [[Makara Sankranti]], and became a commercial success at the box office.

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=August 2024}}
Rishi alias ''Mirapakay'', an [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|IB]] officer, is assigned by IB chief Murthy to nab Shankar, who is the agent of Kittu, a crime boss, as Kittu is planning to spread his operations in the country. Rishi finds Shankar's location in [[Hyderabad]] and goes undercover as a college lecturer. Rishi meets Vinamra, who also studies in the college where Rishi is the lecturer. Rishi and Vinamra soon fall in love with each other. Rishi learns from Murthy that Vaishali, Kittu's daughter, is also studying in the same college. Murthy asks Rishi to extract information about Kittu from Vaishali. Rishi makes Vaishali fall for him and reaches Kittu after killing Shankar and Linga. Rishi finally arrests Kittu and his gang, where he meets Vinamra and convinces her to marry him.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Rishikesha "Rishi"/ ''Mirapakay''
* [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] as Vinamra
* [[Deeksha Seth]] as Vaishali
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Kittu, Vaishali's father
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Shankar
* [[Nagababu]] as Narayana Murthy
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]] as Charukesha
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Al Pacino
* Sanjay Swaroop as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police|ACP]] Srinivas
* [[Ajay (actor)|Ajay]] as Kittu's son
* [[Supreeth]] as Linga, Shankar's son
* [[Chandra Mohan (Telugu actor)|Chandra Mohan]] as Vishwanath Shastri, Vinamra's father
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]] as Vinamra's mother
* [[Brahmaji]] as Ram Gupta
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]] as Amma Subramanyam
* [[Rao Ramesh]] as college principal
* Surekha Vani as college principal's wife
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
* [[Fish Venkat]]
* [[Narsing Yadav]]
* [[Karate Kalyani]]
* [[Swati Reddy]] in a cameo appearance
}}

==Production==
After the [[box office bomb|commercial disappointment]] of ''[[Shock (2006 film)|Shock]]'', Harish Shankar faced struggles in his career and narrated the script of ''Mirapakay'' in the title ''Romantic Rishi'' to [[Pawan Kalyan]], After listening to interval episode, Pawan Kalyan agreed to star in the project, but the project did not materialise due to certain reasons. It was [[Ravi Teja]], who gave Harish's birth and rebirth as a director. During the shooting time of ''Shock'', Ravi Teja said that he would do another film with him irrespective of the commercial outcome of the film. Harish Shankar was feeling guilty and did not approach him. Ravi Teja called him and asked for a story, where he narrated the script of Mirapakay.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/harishshankar.html|title=Harish Shankar interview - Telugu film director|website=idlebrain.com|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref> [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] was signed after Harish Shankar had noticed her at the success party of her previous film ''[[Leader (2010 film)|Leader]]''. Harish Shankar initially offered her the role played by Deeksha as she was an [[Indian diaspora|NRI]]. When they met to review the script, Harish was convinced that she would do justice to the character of Vinamra, a traditional Brahmin girl.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-richa-on-her-sankranti-release-mirapakai/20110110.htm|title='My character in Mirapakai is just too cute to handle'|publisher=Rediff|date=10 January 2011|first=Radhika|last=Rajamani|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Mirapakay
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 12 November 2010
| recorded = 2010–2011
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 26:25
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Ragada]]
| prev_year = 2010
| next_title = [[Mambattiyan]]
| next_year = 2011
}}

The audio of the film was launched on 5 December 2010 at Taj Deccan Hotel, Hyderabad. [[T. G. Venkatesh]], [[Ram Gopal Varma]] and Atchi Reddy launched audio cassettes, CDs and trailers respectively. [[D. Ramanaidu]], [[S. S. Rajamouli]], [[V. V. Vinayak]], [[Gopichand Malineni]], [[Vamsi Paidipally]], [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandra Bose]] and others attended the function.{{cn|date=November 2024}} The songs "Vaishali", "Silakaa" and "Dhinaku Dhin" were reused by Thaman in Tamil films ''[[Osthe]]'' and ''[[Ishtam (2012 film)|Ishtam]]'' respectively.<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Osthe is mildly appealing |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-osthi-is-mildly-appealing/20111024.htm |website=Rediff}}</ref>

{{tracklist
| headline = Track-List
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 26:25
| title1 = Adigora Choodu
| lyrics1 = [[Anantha Sreeram]]
| extra1 = [[Ravi Teja]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Aalap Raju]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length1 = 4:12
| title2 = Vaishali Vaishali
| lyrics2 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar|Bhaskarabhatla]]
| extra2 = S. Thaman
| length2 = 4:22
| title3 = Gadi Thalupula
| lyrics3 = [[Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry]]
| extra3 = [[Geetha Madhuri]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], S. Thaman
| length3 = 4:48
| title4 = Silakaa
| lyrics4 = [[Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra4 = [[K. S. Chithra]], Rahul Nambiar
| length4 = 4:39
| title5 = Dhinaku Dhin
| lyrics5 = [[Chandrabose (lyricist)|Chandrabose]]
| extra5 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length5 = 4:46
| title6 = Chirugaley
| lyrics6 = Sahithi
| extra6 = [[Rita Thyagarajan]], [[Megha (singer)|Megha]], Janani, [[Sravana Bhargavi]], Vardhini, Ranjith, Naveen Madhav
| length6 = 2:22
| title7 = Mirapakaay
| lyrics7 = [[Harish Shankar]]
| extra7 = Ranjith, [[Rita Thyagarajan]]
| length7 = 1:16
}}

== Release ==
''Mirapakay'' was released on 13 January 2011, coinciding with [[Makara Sankranti]]. The film has been dubbed in [[Hindi]] as ''Khallas'' and into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Murattu Singam''.

==Reception==
''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Despite a banal storyline, the film has entertainment value, punch and a decent presentation. This Ravi Teja starrer comes as a pucca mass entertainer for Sankranthi."<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140111075825/http://www.sify.com/movies/mirapakay-review-one-for-ravi-teja-fans-review-telugu-14960405.html Movie Review : ''Mirapakay'' review: One for Ravi Teja fans]</ref> ''Telugu Cinema'' wrote "If you are not tired of seeing Ravi Teja doing same role again and again, showing off same histrionics without much variation, then Mirapakay may seem time-pass one."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/mirapakay_moviereview.php |title=Mirapakaay Movie Review |work=Telugu Cinema |access-date=2012-10-30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116034823/http://www.telugucinema.com/c/publish/moviereviews/mirapakay_moviereview.php |archive-date=16 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ''[[Idlebrain]]'' wrote "It is a proven fact that Ravi Teja’s movies have scant respect for story and screenplay and majorly depend on the entertainment aspect."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mr-mirapakai.html|title=Mirapakai film review - Telugu cinema Review - Ravi Teja, Richa Gangopadhyay & Deeksha Seth|website=www.idlebrain.com|access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1814797}}
{{Harish Shankar}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]
[[Category:2011 masala films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Harish Shankar]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]
[[Category:2011 action films]]

Sattekalapu Satteyya

2026-03-03T20:39:29Z

Blshastri2: Started New Post

{{short description|1969 film directed by K. Balachander}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sattekalapu Satteya
| image = Sattekalapu Satteya.JPG

| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| producer = V. K. Prasad
| writer = K. Balachander
| starring = [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] [[Sobhan Babu]] [[Rajasree]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = N. Balakrishna
| editing = N. R. Kittu
| studio = Prasad Arts
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1969|06|19}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Sattekalapu Satteyya''''' ({{translation|Truthful Satteyya}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ&q=Sattekalapu+Satteya |title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films |publisher=Flicks Books |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-948911-40-8 |pages=24 |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908111749/https://books.google.com/books?id=UYUjAQAAIAAJ&q=Sattekalapu+Satteya |archive-date=8 September 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> is a 1969 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film written and directed by [[K. Balachander]], starring [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]], [[Sobhan Babu]] and [[Rajasree]]. It was released on 19 June 1969. The film was later remade in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Patham Pasali]]'' (1970) by Balachander himself, in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Mastana (1970 film)|Mastana]]'' (1970) and in [[Kannada]] as ''[[Manku Thimma]]'' (1980).<ref name="maalaimalar">{{Cite news |date=3 March 2017 |title=பாலசந்தர் உருவாக்கிய இருகோடுகள்- மகத்தான வெற்றி |language=ta |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/03/03233727/1071734/Cine-history-Balachander-direction-iru-kodugal.vpf |url-status=live |access-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161655/https://www.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2017/03/03233727/1071734/Cine-history-Balachander-direction-iru-kodugal.vpf |archive-date=21 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dasagrandhi |first=Madhuri |date=23 June 2019 |title=Sattekalapu Satteya turns 50 |work=[[Telangana Today]] |url=https://telanganatoday.com/sattekalapu-satteya-turns-50 |url-status=live |access-date=15 July 2019 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190715140639/https://telanganatoday.com/sattekalapu-satteya-turns-50 |archive-date=15 July 2019}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=September 2022}}

== Cast ==
* [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]]
* [[Sobhan Babu]]
* [[Rajasree]]
* [[Roja Ramani]]
* [[Gummadi (actor)|Gummadi]]
* [[S. Varalakshmi]]
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana|Satyanarayana]]
* Vijaya Lalitha

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], while the lyrics were written by [[Acharya Aatreya]], [[Aarudra]], [[Sri Sri (writer)|Sri Sri]], [[Rajasri (writer)|Rajasri]] and [[Kosaraju]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathekaalapu Sathayya (1969)-Song_Booklet |url=https://indiancine.ma/documents/CGT/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221119063018/https://indiancine.ma/documents/CGT/info |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>

1.alaga chudu ilaga chudu , lyrics: Sri.Sri , singer.pitapuram nageswararao

2.e inti pantavu muddu muddu navvu, lyrics: aatreya, singer.p.b.srinivas

3.nannu evaro thakuri kannu evaro, lyrics:arudra,singer.ghantasala,p.shuseela

4.prajalantha kolicheti bhagavanthudu, lyrics:rajasri, singer.s.p.balu,b.vasantha

5.muddu muddu navvu buggalo ruvvu, lyrics: aatreya, singer.p.b.srinivas

6.padaharella vayase vayasu, lyrics:arudra,singer.p.shuseela.
{{empty section|date=July 2019}}

== Release and reception ==
''Sattekalapu Satteyya'' was released on 19 June 1969.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathekaalapu Sathayya |url=https://indiancine.ma/NPU/info |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20221119063225/https://indiancine.ma/NPU/info |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=7 June 2019 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> Following Balachander's death in 2014, ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' named ''Sattekalapu Satteyya'' as one of his "memorable" films.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=25 December 2014 |title=K Balachander's work shaped Telugu cinema |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141225/entertainment-kollywood/article/k-balachander%25E2%2580%2599s-work-shaped-telugu-cinema |url-status=dead |access-date=23 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223164724/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141225/entertainment-kollywood/article/k-balachander%25E2%2580%2599s-work-shaped-telugu-cinema |archive-date=23 February 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0155146}}

{{K. Balachander}}

[[Category:1969 Indian films]]
[[Category:1969 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1969 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1969 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]

Laughing Buddha (film)

2026-03-03T12:12:12Z

Blshastri2: Adding entry...

{{Short description|2024 Indian comedy drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Laughing Buddha
| image = Laughing Buddha (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = M. Bharath Raj
| producer = [[Rishab Shetty]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = M. Bharath Raj Anirudh Mahesh Raghu Niduvalli
}}
| screenplay = {{Ubl| M. Bharath Raj
| Anirudh Mahesh
| Akarsh H P}}
| story = M. Bharath Raj
| starring = {{plainlist| * [[Pramod Shetty]]
* Teju Belawadi
* [[Sundar Raj]]
* [[Diganth]] }}
| music = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| cinematography = S. Chandrasekaran
| editing = K. M. Prakash
| studio = Rishab Shetty Films
| distributor = [[KRG Studios]]<ref name=":ETV" />
| released = {{film date|2024|8|30|df=yes}}
| runtime = 136 minutes<ref name=":THR1" />
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Laughing Buddha''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama]] film written and directed by M. Bharath Raj. The film is produced by [[Rishab Shetty]] under Rishab Shetty Films banner. The film stars [[Pramod Shetty]], Teju Belawadi, [[Sundar Raj]], and [[Diganth]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Kannada Film Laughing Buddha, Produced By Rishab Shetty, To Release In July |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/kannada-film-laughing-buddha-produced-by-rishab-shetty-to-release-in-july-8838315.html |work=News18 |date=3 April 2024 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=10 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410113622/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/kannada-film-laughing-buddha-produced-by-rishab-shetty-to-release-in-july-8838315.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The cinematography was handled by S. Chandrasekaran, while the editing was done by K. M. Prakash and music by [[Vishnu Vijay]] in his Kannada Debut.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rishab Shetty shares his admiration for police officers and reason to back Laughing Buddha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2024/Apr/03/rishab-shetty-shares-his-admiration-for-police-officers-and-reason-to-back-laughing-buddha |work=Cinema Express |date=10 April 2024 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830112904/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/kannada/news/2024/Apr/03/rishab-shetty-shares-his-admiration-for-police-officers-and-reason-to-back-laughing-buddha |url-status=live}}</ref>

The film was released on 30 August 2024 to generally positive reviews from critics and audience alike.

== Plot ==
The film involves a soft-hearted cop who loves food, family and his profession—in that order—and the chaos that ensues when he is told that his weight could lead to his dismissal from his job. Can he reduce his weight in time to get back into the police force like he wishes to?

== Cast ==
* [[Pramod Shetty]] as Govardhan, a Police Constable
* Teju Belawadi as Sathyavathi, Govardhan's wife
* [[Sundar Raj]] as Sathyavathi's father
* [[Diganth]] as Vishwa
* SK Umesh as Senior Police Officer

== Production ==

=== Development ===
''Laughing Buddha'' was produced by [[Rishab Shetty]] under his banner Rishab Shetty Films,<ref>{{cite news |title=Rishab Shetty's 'Laughing Buddha' Trailer Is 'Fat' Artistic |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/rishab-shetty-s-laughing-buddha-trailer-is-fat-artistic-article-112552799/amp |work=Times Now |date=16 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830113032/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/rishab-shetty-s-laughing-buddha-trailer-is-fat-artistic-article-112552799/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> marking his fourth production venture. M. Bharath Raj conceived the story with [[Pramod Shetty]] in mind for the lead role, after co-directing with Rishab Shetty on ''[[Sarkari Hi. Pra. Shaale, Kasaragodu, Koduge: Ramanna Rai]]''. Bharath Raj narrated the story to Rishab, who was impressed and decided to produce the film.<ref>{{cite news |title=ಪ್ರಮೋದ್‌ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಹೊಸ ಸಿನಿಮಾ 'ಲಾಫಿಂಗ್‌ ಬುದ್ಧ'! ಹೀರೋ ಪಾತ್ರಕ್ಕಾಗಿ 110 ಕೆಜಿ ಆಗಲಿರುವ ನಟ! |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/bell-bottom-fame-actor-pramod-shetty-new-film-laughing-buddha/articleshow/77863228.cms |work=Vijay Karnataka |date=1 September 2020 |language=kn |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409111348/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/bell-bottom-fame-actor-pramod-shetty-new-film-laughing-buddha/amp_articleshow/77863228.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> The project was officially announced on 31 August 2020, with the unveiling of the first look poster and title.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Pramod Shetty to be face of Laughing Buddha |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/Sep/01/pramod-shetty-to-be-face-of-laughing-buddha-2190772.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=3 September 2020 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830112909/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/world/2024/Aug/30/10-years-after-ferguson-black-students-still-are-kicked-out-of-school-at-higher-rates |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Principal photography was initially scheduled for October 2020 but was delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and scheduling conflicts with the cast.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pramod Shetty-ಅತಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ತೂಕವಿರುವ ಹೆಡ್‌ ಕಾನ್‌ಸ್ಟೆಬಲ್‌ ಕಥೆಯೇ 'ಲಾಫಿಂಗ್ ಬುದ್ಧ'; ಪ್ರಮೋದ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ಹೀರೋ |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/pramod-shetty-starrer-laughing-buddha-movie/articleshow/100088601.cms |work=Vijay Karnataka |date=9 May 2023 |language=kn |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509071940/https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/pramod-shetty-starrer-laughing-buddha-movie/amp_articleshow/100088601.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rishab Shetty & Co. seek divine blessings as comedy-drama Laughing Buddha gets underway |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/rishab-shetty-co-seek-divine-blessings-as-comedy-drama-laughing-buddha-gets-underway/649603c93e776 |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=ottplay.com |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830112907/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/rishab-shetty-co-seek-divine-blessings-as-comedy-drama-laughing-buddha-gets-underway/649603c93e776 |url-status=live}}</ref> During this time, director M. Bharath Raj utilized the production delays to rewrite and improvise the script, further refining the story. Filming eventually resumed in March 2023<ref>{{cite news |title=Laughing Buddha, backed by Rishab Shetty, goes on floors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2023/Mar/13/laughing-buddha-backed-by-rishab-shetty-goes-on-floors-2555448.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 March 2023 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830112913/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/world/2024/Aug/30/10-years-after-ferguson-black-students-still-are-kicked-out-of-school-at-higher-rates |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Pramod Shetty Starrer Laughing Buddha Goes On Floors In Bhadravathi |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/amp/story/entertainment-spotlight/pramod-shetty-starrer-laughing-buddha-goes-on-floors-in-bhadravathi-news-270192 |work=Outlook India |date=15 March 2023 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=15 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815044115/https://www.outlookindia.com/amp/story/entertainment-spotlight/pramod-shetty-starrer-laughing-buddha-goes-on-floors-in-bhadravathi-news-270192 |url-status=live}}</ref> and concluded on 29 June 2023.<ref name=":N18">{{cite news |title=Rishab Shetty Backed Laughing Buddha's Shooting Wrapped Up |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/rishab-shetty-backed-laughing-buddhas-shooting-wrapped-up-8218435.html |work=News18 |date=30 June 2023 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719192117/https://www.news18.com/amp/movies/rishab-shetty-backed-laughing-buddhas-shooting-wrapped-up-8218435.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Major portions were filmed in [[Bhadravati, Karnataka]], with additional scenes shot in [[Bangalore]] and [[Kargal]].<ref>{{cite news |title=ರಿಷಬ್ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ ನಿರ್ಮಾಣದ 'ಲಾಫಿಂಗ್ ಬುದ್ಧ' ಚಿತ್ರತಂಡದಿಂದ ಪೊಲೀಸ್ ಧ್ವಜ ದಿನದ ಶುಭಾಶಯ - Laughing Buddha |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/!entertainment/police-flag-day-wishes-from-laughing-buddha-movie-team-kas24040203275 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=2 April 2024 |language=kn |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830112919/https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/kn/!entertainment/police-flag-day-wishes-from-laughing-buddha-movie-team-kas24040203275 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ಪೊಲೀಸರ ಕಥೆ-ಲಾಫಿಂಗ್ ಬುದ್ಧನ ವ್ಯಥೆ; ಕಾಂತಾರ ಶೆಟ್ರ ಈ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ಇದೀಗ ಎಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಬಂತು ಮಾರಾಯ್ರೆ? |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/sandalwood-rishab-shetty-produced-laughing-buddha-film-latest-updates-rvj-pvn-1637177.html |work=News18 ಕನ್ನಡ |date=2 April 2024 |language=kn |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080218/https://kannada.news18.com/amp/news/entertainment/sandalwood-rishab-shetty-produced-laughing-buddha-film-latest-updates-rvj-pvn-1637177.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The crew transformed an old building located in Bhadravati into a police station for the production.<ref name=":OTTP">{{cite news |title=Pramod Shetty's cop flick Laughing Buddha sets theatrical release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pramod-shettys-cop-flick-laughing-buddha-sets-theatrical-release-date/adc5a9f5df636 |work=ottplay.com |date=9 July 2024 |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080219/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/pramod-shettys-cop-flick-laughing-buddha-sets-theatrical-release-date/adc5a9f5df636 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":N18" />

=== Casting ===
Pramod Shetty underwent a substantial physical transformation, gaining thirty kilograms in weight, to prepare for his role.<ref>{{cite news |title=Laughing Buddha's Pramod Shetty says that Rishab and Rakshit Shetty did not believe he could get in shape for Richard Anthony |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/laughing-buddhas-pramod-shetty-says-rishab-and-rakshit-shetty-did-not-believe-he-could-lose-weight/4d1b08ca15527 |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> Teju Belawadi, known for her role in ''[[Gantumoote]]'' (2019), was cast as the female lead in this film.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Teju Belawadi: Rishab Shetty producing Laughing Buddha a bumper offer |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/interviews/2024/Aug/22/teju-belawadi-rishab-shetty-producing-laughing-buddha-a-bumper-offer |work=Cinema Express |date=11 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Rishab Shetty was initially considered for a pivotal role but, due to scheduling conflicts, [[Diganth]] was cast instead.<ref>{{cite news |title=Laughing Buddha: Kantara star Rishab Shetty was to play THIS role in Pramod Shetty-led film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/laughing-buddha-kantara-star-rishab-shetty-was-to-play-this-role-in-pramod-shetty-led-film/089be06964879 |access-date=25 August 2024 |work=ottplay.com |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080221/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/laughing-buddha-kantara-star-rishab-shetty-was-to-play-this-role-in-pramod-shetty-led-film/089be06964879 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Laughing Buddha' gets a new release date |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/10/laughing-buddha-gets-a-new-release-date |work=The New Indian Express |date=12 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=11 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811025345/https://www.newindianexpress.com/amp/story/entertainment/kannada/2024/Aug/10/laughing-buddha-gets-a-new-release-date |url-status=live}}</ref> Diganth's involvement in the film was officially announced in May 2023.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sharadhaa |first1=A. |title=Diganth joins the cast of Rishab Shetty's Laughing Buddha |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2023/May/08/diganth-joins-the-cast-of-rishab-shettys-laughing-buddha-43141.html |work=Cinema Express |date=8 May 2023 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080244/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/amp/story/kannada/news/2023/May/08/diganth-joins-the-cast-of-rishab-shettys-laughing-buddha-43141.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack of the film was composed by [[Vishnu Vijay]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Entha Chendane Ivalu (From "Laughing Buddha") MP3 Song Download {{!}} Entha Chendane Ivalu (From "Laughing Buddha") @ WynkMusic |url=https://wynk.in/music/song/entha-chendane-ivalu-from-laughing-buddha/wm_085365006010_IND292217019 |website=Wynk Music |access-date=25 August 2024 |language=en |archive-date=22 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822130906/https://wynk.in/music/song/entha-chendane-ivalu-from-laughing-buddha/wm_085365006010_IND292217019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Belagge Belagge (From "Laughing Buddha") (Full Song) - Belagge Belagge (From "Laughing Buddha") - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/belagge-belagge-from-laughing-buddha/KjkmeS5KaGc |website=[[JioSaavn]] |access-date=30 August 2024 |date=27 August 2024}}</ref>
{{Infobox album
| name = Laughing Buddha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Feature film soundtrack
| length = 7:12
| language = Kannada
| label = Rishab Shetty FIlms
| producer = Vishnu Vijay
| chronology = [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| prev_title = [[Premalu]]
| prev_year = 2024
| next_title = [[Pravinkoodu Shappu]]
| next_year = 2025
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Entha Chendane Ivalu
| length1 = 3:40
| lyrics1 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| extra1 = [[Kapil Kapilan]], [[Vishnu Vijay]]
| title2 = Belagge Belagge
| length2 = 3:32
| lyrics2 = Pramod Maravanthe
| extra2 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| total_length = 7:12
}}

== Release ==
''Laughing Buddha'' was initially announced to be released on 23 August 2024,<ref name=":OTTP" /> but was rescheduled and released on 30 August 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pramod Shetty's Laughing Buddha gets a new release date |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/pramod-shettys-laughing-buddha-gets-a-new-release-date/36badc83fb696 |work=ottplay.com |date=7 August 2024 |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080228/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/news/pramod-shettys-laughing-buddha-gets-a-new-release-date/36badc83fb696 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rishab Shetty's 'Laughing Buddha' Set For August 30 Release |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/rishab-shetty-s-laughing-buddha-set-for-august-30-release-article-112377129/amp |work=Times Now |date=8 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080240/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/rishab-shetty-s-laughing-buddha-set-for-august-30-release-article-112377129/amp |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Laughing Buddha', from Rishab Shetty Films, gets a new release date |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laughing-buddha-from-rishab-shetty-films-gets-a-new-release-date/article68509258.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=10 August 2024 |language=en-IN |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080724/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laughing-buddha-from-rishab-shetty-films-gets-a-new-release-date/article68509258.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":ETV">{{cite news |title=ಆ.15ಕ್ಕೆ ಟ್ರೇಲರ್, 30ಕ್ಕೆ ಸಿನಿಮಾ: ಚಿತ್ರದ ಅನುಭವ ಹಂಚಿಕೊಂಡ 'ಲಾಫಿಂಗ್ ಬುದ್ದ' ತಂಡ - Laughing Buddha |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/kn/!entertainment/laughing-buddha-team-shares-their-film-experience-karnataka-news-kas24080806302 |work=ETV Bharat News |date=8 August 2024 |language=kn |access-date=25 August 2024 |archive-date=25 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240825080752/https://www.etvbharat.com/amp/kn/!entertainment/laughing-buddha-team-shares-their-film-experience-karnataka-news-kas24080806302 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
The film generally received positive reviews with appreciation towards the story, direction and the acting of the entire cast.

Shashiprasad SM of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "Unlike most police stories which show them in bad light, this one focuses on the personal side with some good humour attached to it."<ref>{{cite news |title=Laughing Buddha Movie Review: A Sensible Police Story Which Is Fit, Fat And Fun To Watch |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/laughing-buddha-movie-review-a-sensible-police-story-which-is-fit-fat-and-fun-to-watch-review-112906106/amp |work=Times Now |date=30 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830113041/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/kannada/laughing-buddha-movie-review-a-sensible-police-story-which-is-fit-fat-and-fun-to-watch-review-112906106/amp |url-status=live}}</ref> Prathibha Joy of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave it three out of five stars and wrote, "Bharath Raj M’s film is simple fun; there’s nothing ground-breaking about it and you’ll probably figure out where it’s headed miles before you get to the finish line. It’s a decent one-time watch with family, even though a couple of expletives are slipped in."<ref>{{cite news |title=Laughing Buddha movie review: Pramod Shetty's film is a simple and satisfactory one-time watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/laughing-buddha-movie-review-pramod-shettys-film-is-a-simple-and-satisfactory-one-time-watch/5f29612d04263 |work=ottplay.com |date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830112912/https://www.ottplay.com/amp/review/laughing-buddha-movie-review-pramod-shettys-film-is-a-simple-and-satisfactory-one-time-watch/5f29612d04263 |url-status=live}}</ref> Reviewing for [[Deccan Herald]], Sujay B.M wrote "A gentle, humorous take on obesity in the police force and added the film is timely amid growing concerns about the lack of physical fitness amongst the police — largely attributed to overworking and a high-stress work environment."<ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Sujay B. |title='Laughing Buddha' movie review: A gentle, humorous take on obesity in the police force |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/laughing-buddha-movie-review-a-gentle-humorous-take-on-obesity-in-the-police-force-3171491 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

Sunayana Suresh of ''The South First'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote, "''Laughing Buddha'' is an ideal family film, blending laughter, romance, and drama in just the right amounts."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Suresh |first1=Sunayana |title=Laughing Buddha review: A flab-ulous Pramod Shetty fronts a fun watch |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/laughing-buddha-movie-review/ |work=The South First |date=30 August 2024 |language=en |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830113415/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/kannada/laughing-buddha-movie-review/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Vivek M. V. of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote that "''Laughing Buddha'' is more enjoyable for its empathetic take on the stressful lives of police officers than for its sub-plot involving a mysterious criminal".<ref name=":THR1">{{cite news |last1=M.V |first1=Vivek |title='Laughing Buddha' movie review: A humorous, non-judgemental look at the everyday lives of police officers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laughing-buddha-movie-review-a-humorous-non-judgemental-look-at-the-everyday-lives-of-police-officers/article68584353.ece/ |work=The Hindu |date=30 August 2024 |language=en-IN |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830113414/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/laughing-buddha-movie-review-a-humorous-non-judgemental-look-at-the-everyday-lives-of-police-officers/article68584353.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Despite a few minor flaws, ''Laughing Buddha'' is a worthwhile watch for a weekend."<ref>{{cite news |title=Laughing Buddha Movie Review: Laughing Buddha: A refreshing change from the usual cop films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/laughing-buddha/amp_movie_review/112920470.cms |work=The Times of India |date=30 August 2024 |access-date=30 August 2024 |archive-date=30 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240830113415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/laughing-buddha/amp_movie_review/112920470.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> A Sharadhaa of [[Cinema Express]] rated the movie 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "''Laughing Buddha'' is proof that it can and that even hefty topics can be approached with humour, keeping audiences entertained while reflecting on real-life challenges."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharadhaa |first=A. |date=31 August 2024 |title=Laughing Buddha Movie Review: Takes on police obesity with a witty crime twist |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/review/2024/Aug/31/laughing-buddha-movie-review-takes-on-police-obesity-with-a-witty-crime-twist |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27706855}}

[[Category:2024 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Karnataka Police]]
[[Category:Films about obesity]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]

Idi Minnal Kadhal

2026-03-03T02:26:54Z

Blshastri2: started new entry

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Idi Minnal Kadhal.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Balaji Madhavan
| writer = Balaji Madhavan
| producer = {{ubl|Jayachander Pinnamneni|Balaji Madhavan}}
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]]|[[Bhavya Trikha]]|[[Yasmin Ponnappa]]|Jay Adithya|[[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]]|[[Radha Ravi]]||[[Balaji Sakthivel]]}}
| cinematography = Jayachander Pinnamneni
| editing = [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]]
| music = [[Sam CS]]
| studio = Pavaki Entertainment
| distributor = [[Dream Warrior Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|29}}
| country = India
| runtime = 131 minutes
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Idi Minnal Kadhal''''' ({{translation|Thunder, lightning, love}}) is a 2024 Indian Tamil-language [[suspense thriller film]] written and directed by debutant Balaji Madhavan and produced by Pavaki Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=2024-03-12 |title=Idi Minnal Kadhal: Love, thunder, fight sequence and shooting experiences |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/12/idi-minnal-kadhal-love-thunder-fight-sequence-and-shooting-experiences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064157/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2024/Mar/12/idi-minnal-kadhal-love-thunder-fight-sequence-and-shooting-experiences |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> It stars [[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]], [[Bhavya Trikha]], [[Yasmin Ponnappa]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=dt |title=Read all Latest Updates on and about இடி மின்னல் காதல் |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/tags/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064159/https://www.dailythanthi.com/tags/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref> Jay Adithya, [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]], [[Radha Ravi]] and [[Balaji Sakthivel]] in central roles.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-10 |title=Ciby-starrer Idi Minnal Kadhal teaser out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/10/ciby-starrer-idi-minnal-kadhal-teaser-out |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322011436/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Mar/10/ciby-starrer-idi-minnal-kadhal-teaser-out |archive-date=22 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MellowPlex |title=Teaser for Ciby movie 'Idi Minnal Kadhal' released |url=https://www.mellowplex.io/stories/14838-teaser-for-ciby-movie-idi-minnal-kadhal-released |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064157/https://www.mellowplex.io/stories/14838-teaser-for-ciby-movie-idi-minnal-kadhal-released |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=MellowPlex |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Idi Minnal Kadhal - Official Teaser {{!}} Tamil Movie News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/idi-minnal-kadhal-official-teaser/videoshow/108610673.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/tamil/idi-minnal-kadhal-official-teaser/videoshow/108610673.cms |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

The film began its production in March 2022 with filming primarily taking place in [[Chennai]] and [[Yelagiri]]. Following a three-month rigorous schedule, the film completed its shoot in July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=jyothika |date=2024-03-08 |title=Idi Minnal Kadhal Official Teaser, Balaji Madhavan, Ciby, Sam C.S, Jayachander Pinnamneni, Tamil Cinema, Idi Minnal Kadhal |url=https://kalakkalcinema.com/idi-minnal-kadhal-official-teaser/245622/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064157/https://kalakkalcinema.com/idi-minnal-kadhal-official-teaser/245622/ |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Kalakkal Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref>

The film released theatrically on 29 March 2024. The Tamil Nadu theatrical release rights of the film were acquired by [[Dream Warrior Pictures]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Idi Minnal Kadhal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/idi-minnal-kadhal/movieshow/108616174.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064157/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/idi-minnal-kadhal/movieshow/108616174.cms |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Characters undo the wrongs that they have done against each other in the aftermath of an accident.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Ciby Bhuvana Chandran]] as Haran
* [[Bhavya Trikha]] as Janani
* [[Yasmin Ponnappa]] as Anjali
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Father Edwin
* [[Balaji Sakthivel]] as Govindraj
* Jay Adithya as Abhishek Jain
* [[Jagan (actor)|Jagan]] as Raja
* Vincent Nagul as Arul Pandian
* Manoj Mullath as Ritesh Jain
* Mona Bedre as Soniya
* [[Aruldoss]] as Saami
}}

== Production ==
Balaji Madhavan had previously assisted [[Mysskin]] over a period of four years before joining [[R. Madhavan]] in his directorial debut ''[[Rocketry: The Nambi Effect]]''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Kumudam |date=2024-03-15 |title=போர் நினைவுச் சின்னம் பகுதியில் படமாக்கப்பட்ட முதல் படம்… இடி மின்னல் காதல் உருவான கதை இதுதான்! |url=https://kumudam.com/Idi-Minnal-Kadhal:-Director-Balaji-Madhavan-about-Idi-Minnal-Kadhal-movie |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240315162601/https://kumudam.com/Idi-Minnal-Kadhal:-Director-Balaji-Madhavan-about-Idi-Minnal-Kadhal-movie |archive-date=15 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Kumudam |language=en}}</ref> Over the course of this period, Balaji Madhavan came up with the plot for what would soon become Idi Minnal Kadhal. He then pitched the film to Jayachander Pinnamneni, his childhood friend, who is also the cinematographer of the film.<ref name=":1" /> They met up with a few investors and along with them, produced the film. The pre-production took place from March 2022 to May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சிபி சந்திரன் நடிக்கும் 'இடி மின்னல் காதல்' படத்தின் இசை, முன்னோட்டம் வெளியீடு |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/179533 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064157/https://www.virakesari.lk/article/179533 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Virakesari.lk |language=en}}</ref>

In May 2022, the central characters were finalised and announced in the film's puja. The cinematography was to be handled by Jayachander Pinnamneni. Music and editing were assigned to award-winners [[Sam C. S.|Sam CS]] and [[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-15 |title=இயக்குநரின் குரல்: மனசாட்சியை உதறினால் 'விபத்து' |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1215661-accident-if-you-shake-your-conscience.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064157/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/supplements/hindu-talkies/1215661-accident-if-you-shake-your-conscience.html |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref> Filming took place in Chennai and Yelagiri in three schedules over a span of 27 days.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} All post-production work for the film was carried out in intervals from October 2022 to October 2023.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Idi Minnal Kadhal
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = [[Sam CS]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2024
| recorded = 2022–24
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=14|s=57}}
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label =
| producer = [[Sam CS]]
| prev_title = [[Parking]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Siren (2024 film)|Siren]]
| next_year = 2024
| misc =
}}
The music for the film has been composed by Sam CS. The first single "Siragaatchi Poove" was released at the film's audio and trailer launch on 21 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=யுவராஜ் |first=லாவண்யா |date=2024-03-22 |title=Cibi |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/ciby-speech-at-idi-minnal-kadhal-trailer-launch-174316 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064157/https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/ciby-speech-at-idi-minnal-kadhal-trailer-launch-174316 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=tamil.abplive.com |language=ta}}</ref> The lyrics were penned by lyricist [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]].

{{Track listing
| headline = ''Idi Minnal Kadhal'' Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Siragaatchi Poove
| length1 = 3:30
| extra1 = Kapil Kapilan, Priyanka NK
| title2 = Aagayam Illaamale
| length2 = 4:02
| extra2 = Madhu Balakrishnan
| title3 = Adikadi Adi
| length3 = 3:50
| extra3 = Maalavika Sundar, Sathya Prakash
| title4 = Netru Kandein
| length4 = 3:35
| extra4 = R.P. Krishaang
| total_length = 14:57
}}

== Release ==
The film is slated for theatrical release on 29 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deccan Chronicle ePaper |url=http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=17903951 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324064158/http://epaper.deccanchronicle.com/articledetailpage.aspx?id=17903951 |archive-date=24 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The Tamil Nadu theatrical release rights of the film have been acquired by [[Dream Warrior Pictures]].
=== Reception ===
A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film three out of five stars and wrote that "''Idi Minnal Kadhal'' may not be a perfect action entertainer but it by no means is boring. In other words, this is a decent attempt at narrating a fresh story that looks to drive home a significant message".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2024 |title=Idi Minnal Kadhal Review: A Fairly Engaging Entertainer That Could Have Been So Much Better |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/idi-minnal-kadhal-review-a-fairly-engaging-entertainer-that-could-have-been-so-much-better-review-108799616 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240327033213/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/tamil/idi-minnal-kadhal-review-a-fairly-engaging-entertainer-that-could-have-been-so-much-better-review-108799616 |archive-date=27 March 2024 |access-date=27 March 2024 |website=TimesNow}}</ref>

Sreejith Mullappilly of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' stated that “The most interesting character in ''Idi Minnal Kadhal'' is Yasmin Ponnappa’s Anjali”.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullappilly |first=Sreejith |date=2024-03-29 |title=Idi Minnal Kadhal Movie Review: An interesting premise ruined by needless exaggerations |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/29/idi-minnal-kadhal-movie-review-an-interesting-premise-ruined-by-needless-exaggerations-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329081247/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2024/Mar/29/idi-minnal-kadhal-movie-review-an-interesting-premise-ruined-by-needless-exaggerations-3 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31646764}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pavitra Rishta

2026-03-02T12:08:23Z

Blshastri2: minor changes

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Long plot|date=December 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Pavitra Rishta.jpg
| caption = 
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on = ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]'' by S. Kumaran
| developer = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| story = S Kumaran
| screenplay = R M Joshi Anil Nagpal Gitangshu Dey Vikas Tiwari Nidhi Singh Neha Shrivastava Ved Raj Shweta Bhardwaj '''Dialogues''' Shirish Latkar<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exploring India's diversity|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/exploring-india-s-diversity/story-4zP9c5gTL9t8FDkHgmrvYJ.html|website=Hindustan Times|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| director = [[Ravindra Gautam]] Mujammil Desai Kushal Zaveri Jignesh Vaishnav V.G.Roy Ajay Veermal Jafar Sheikh [[Sangieta Rao]] [[Partho Mitra]] Sameer Kulkarni Bhavin Thakkar Vicky Chauhan
| creative_director = Doris Dey Tanushree Dasgupta Sukriti Saxena Neeshi Oza Shravan Pundir Mitu Meghana Amal
| starring = [[Ankita Lokhande]] [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] [[Hiten Tejwani]] [[Asha Negi]] [[Shakti Arora]] [[Rithvik Dhanjani]] [[Karan Veer Mehra]]
| theme_music_composer = Sunil Singh Devendra Kafir
| open_theme = "Āsamāna Mēṁ Jaba Taka" by Priya Bhattacharya
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 1,424<ref>{{cite web|url=https://comingsoon.zee5.com/comingsoon/index.php|title=ZEE5|website=comingsoon.zee5.com|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=31 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331004243/https://comingsoon.zee5.com/comingsoon/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor = Vikas Sharma Vishal Sharma Manas Majumdar
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]].
| cinematography = Suhas Shirodkar Rajan Singh
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| network = [[Zee TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2009|06|01|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2014|10|25|df=y}}
| image_alt =
| num_seasons = 4
| list_episodes =
| related = ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]''
}}

'''''Pavitra Rishta''''' (International title: '''''Sacred Relationship''''') is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi-language]] soap opera produced by [[Ekta Kapoor]] of [[Balaji Telefilms]] that aired on [[Zee TV]] from 1 June 2009 to 25 October 2014 starring [[Ankita Lokhande]], [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], [[Hiten Tejwani]], [[Asha Negi]], [[Shakti Arora]], [[Rithvik Dhanjani]] and [[Karan Veer Mehra]] in lead roles .<ref>{{Cite web|title='Pavitra Rishta' Dances Its Way To Final Episode|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/pavitra-rishta-dances-its-way-to-final-episode/15709169|website=Mid Day|date=25 October 2014 }}</ref> It is an adaptation of Tamil television series ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hindi remake of South Indian shows - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Hindi-remake-of-South-Indian-shows/articleshow/9197322.cms|access-date=2020-06-10|website=The Times of India|date=12 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref> It is the [[List of longest-running Indian television series|third longest-running Indian television series of Zee TV]].

In late 2018 and later in 2020, after the death of [[Sushant Singh Rajput]], who starred in this series, it was rebroadcast on [[Zee TV]]. After this rerun received good ratings, they decided to bring a new series. A series titled ''Pavitra Rishta – It's Never too Late'' aired on [[ZEE5]] from 15 September 2021 starring [[Ankita Lokhande]] reprising her role as Archana and [[Shaheer Sheikh]] as Manav.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-11|title=Pavitra Rishta 2: Shaheer Sheikh replaces Sushant Singh Rajput as Manav, poses with Ankita Lokhande in first pics|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/pavitra-rishta-2-shaheer-sheikh-replaces-sushant-singh-rajput-as-manav-poses-with-ankita-lokhande-in-first-pics-101626011608389.html|access-date=2021-08-11|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
Homely and hard-working Archana Karanjkar marries Manav Deshmukh, a mere mechanic. They gradually come to support and fall in love with each other, despite their respective families being at loggerheads, as Manav’s mother, Savita, lied to Archana’s mother about his profession. Manav's brother Sachin dies in an accident while his fiancée, Shravani, is pregnant, and Manav is asked to take Shravani's responsibility. Archana and Manav divorce for the future of Shravani's unborn child, and Archana leaves Mumbai to complete her higher education.

Archana is now educated and returns to Mumbai, while Manav is raising Shravani's son, who is named after Sachin. Eventually, Archana-Manav reunite and Shravani leaves abroad, giving Jr. Sachin to them. Archana has a miscarriage and Manav determines himself to become successful. He meets a rich businessman, Digvijay Kirloskar, and starts working with him.

Manav is now a rich business tycoon. Manav and Archana now have a son, Soham, who is specially liked by Archana's childless sister, Varsha. Later, Archana delivers twin daughters, Ovi and Tejaswini. Varsha abducts Soham and they're presumed dead. Archana gets blamed for the loss of Soham as she had previously ignored Manav's warning to keep Soham away from Varsha.

Manav decides to move to [[Canada]] with his family to further his business. He sends flight tickets to Archana through Savita, who doesn't tell her anything about the tickets and misinforms Archana that Manav wants divorce. Later, Savita signs on the divorce papers on Archana's behalf and lies to Manav that Archana wants divorce. Thus, Manav moves abroad without Archana, who is left shattered and later adopts an orphaned baby girl, Purvi. Archana’s other sister, Vaishali leaves her husband, Dharmesh due to his abusive behavior on herself and her children.

Manav returns to India with his family to finalize their divorce, and is ordered a six-month courtship together with Archana. Varsha and Soham are revealed to be alive as goons "Jhumri" and "Vishnu Lala" in [[Bihar]]. Ovi's marriage is fixed with Digvijay's son, Arjun, while he is in love with Purvi. He soon reveals his love for Purvi and breaks his alliance with Ovi, leaving her shattered. Ovi tells Purvi that if she lets her marry Arjun instead, then she will stop Manav from divorcing Archana. For Archana's happiness, Purvi begs Arjun to marry Ovi and thus, Arjun-Ovi get married. Tejaswini and Manav’s father, Damodar expose Savita's conspiracy, uniting Archana and Manav. The couple learn about Soham but he refuses to accept them as his parents. Archana’s niece, Punni, creates a rift between Ovi and Purvi, making Ovi believe that Arjun and Purvi are having an extra-marital affair. To save Ovi-Arjun's marriage life, Purvi shifts to [[Kolkata]].

Six months later, Purvi, who is pregnant, is married to Dr. Onir, a gynecologist. Ovi is also pregnant having complications. Onir and Purvi return Mumbai to treat Ovi. Soham eventually accepts both Manav and Archana as his parents. It is revealed that Purvi actually got pregnant with Arjun's child when they accidentally made love while taking shelter in a cabin. Ovi loses her son while Purvi delivers a daughter. She replaces her daughter with Ovi's child with Onir's help. Arjun and Purvi's daughter is named Pari. Soon, Ovi-Arjun and Onir-Purvi divorce. Manav and Archana decide to get Arjun and Purvi married so that Pari gets her full family. Arjun and Purvi get married. Ovi moves to Canada and finds out that she's pregnant again with Arjun's child.

Tejaswini falls in love with Snehlata's son, Sunny, who also falls in love with Punni's sister, Ruchita. But they have to break up as Savita and Snehlata are rivals. Soham falls in love with Dr. Gauri but her alliance gets fixed with Jr. Sachin. He kidnaps Gauri and tries to forcefully marry her in the temple. Gauri gets accidentally shot by Soham and falls into a river with him. Arjun meets Ovi in Canada and is shocked on learning about his and Ovi's daughter, Pia. Purvi misunderstands that Arjun has cheated on her with Ovi. She shifts to Canada with Pari and the entire family while Ovi moves to Australia with Pia.

Purvi returns to Mumbai and realizes that Arjun never cheated on her with Ovi. Arjun is revealed to have brain tumor, so he and Purvi move to Australia for treatment. Pia helps Ovi to unite with her parents and family. Soham, revealed to be alive, has changed his name to Raghav Mhatre, and lives with his five children who are struggling financially due to his alcoholism. His eldest daughter, Ankita, resembles Archana and is the sole earner of the family. She meets Naren Karmarkar, a mentally challenged businessman grieving the loss of his lover, Ahaana.

Soon, Naren starts assuming Ankita as Ahaana. Ankita is compelled to marry Naren at the behest of his mother, Rushali, who agrees to offer her money and support her siblings financially. Gradually, Ankita falls in love with Naren, who recovers, and they consummate their marriage, leaving Ankita pregnant. Pari reluctantly agrees to marry Shekhar after the disappearance of her lover, Aman. On Shekhar and Pari's wedding day, Naren discovers that Pari is Ahaana and she discovers that Naren is Aman. It is revealed that Naren and Pari met each other in London where they exchanged fake names and fell in love but unfortunately a car accident separated them. Soham meets his family but still holds a grudge against them. Naren forgets his memories with Ankita and reconciles with Pari.

Rushali lies to everyone that Ankita had a contract marriage with Naren which was valid only until Naren's recovery. Ankita decides to sacrifice her love for Naren's happiness and conceals her pregnancy. Despite Soham's pleas, Naren and Pari marry. For Naren and Pari's happy married life, Ankita leaves Mumbai. Soon, Pari gets pregnant but miscarries and is declared infertile. Ankita gives birth to Naren's child but it is declared stillborn by the doctors. Naren and Pari adopt a baby girl and name her as Ashi.

Ankita returns to Mumbai and Manav makes her the managing director of his company. Pari starts getting jealous of Ankita and plans her murder. Naren and Ankita learn that Ashi is their biological daughter. It is revealed that Rushali had stolen Arushi from Ankita and bribed the doctors to misinform her that her child was stillborn. Naren learns about Pari's evil schemes, divorces her, and reunites with Ankita. Pari realizes their true love. She is reunited with Purvi and Arjun, who return to Mumbai, and accepts Arjun as her father. Soham overcomes his grudge and finally reconciles with Manav and Archana.

Ankita and Naren remarry. Manav-Archana, Arjun-Purvi, and Ankita-Naren together commemorate their "Pavitra Rishta" (sacred relationship). Manav meets with a fatal accident and Archana dies of grief. Their family mourns their death. Their souls are shown to be in heaven together, expressing their undying love for each other.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Ankita Lokhande]] as
** Archana "Archu" Karanjkar Deshmukh – Sulochana and Manohar's eldest daughter; Vinod, Varsha and Vaishali's sister; Manav's wife; Soham, Ovi and Tejaswini's mother; Purvi's adoptive mother; Pia, Ankita, Prashant, Mansi, Pranav and Sonali's grandmother; Pari, Gaurav and Pushti's adoptive grandmother; Priya and Arushi's great-grandmother (2009–2014)
** Ankita Deshmukh Karmarkar – Soham's eldest daughter; Prashant and Mansi's sister; Pranav and Sonali's half-sister; Naren's wife; Arushi's mother (2013–2014)
* [[Sushant Singh Rajput]] as Manav Deshmukh – Savita and Damodar's elder son; Sachin and Vandita's brother; Archana's husband; Soham, Ovi and Tejaswini's father; Purvi's adoptive father; Pia, Ankita, Prashant, Mansi, Pranav and Sonali's grandfather; Pari, Gaurav and Pushti's adoptive grandfather; Priya and Arushi's great-grandfather (2009–2011)
** [[Hiten Tejwani]] replaced Rajput as Manav (2011–2014)
* [[Asha Negi]] as Purvi Deshmukh Kirloskar – Archana and Manav's adopted daughter; Soham, Ovi and Tejaswini's adopted sister; Onir's ex-wife; Arjun's wife; Pari's mother (2011–2014)
* [[Rithvik Dhanjani]] as Arjun Kirloskar – Digvijay and Ashna's son; Ovi's ex-husband; Purvi's husband; Pari and Pia's father (2011–2014)
* [[Karan Veer Mehra]] as Naren "Aman" Karmarkar – Rushali and Shirish's elder son; Raunak's brother; Pari's ex-husband; Ankita's husband; Arushi's father (2013–2014)

===Recurring===
* [[Savita Prabhune]] as Sulochana Karanjkar – Manohar's widow; Archana, Varsha, Vaishali and Vinod's mother; Poornima, Ruchita, Aniket, Soham, Ovi and Tejaswini's grandmother; Purvi's adoptive grandmother; Pia, Ankita, Prashant, Mansi, Pranav and Sonali's great-grandmother; Priya and Arushi's great-great-grandmother (2009–2014)
* Ajay Rohila as Manohar Karanjkar – Sulochana's husband; Archana, Varsha, Vaishali and Vinod's father; Poornima, Ruchita, Aniket, Soham, Ovi and Tejaswini's grandfather (2009)
** Kishori Govind Mahabole replaced Rohila as Manohar (2009–2011)
* [[Parag Tyagi]] as Vinod Karanjkar – Sulochana and Manohar's son; Archana, Varsha and Vaishali's brother; Manjusha's husband; Poornima and Ruchita's father (2009–2013)
* [[Priya Marathe]] as Varsha "Varshu" Karanjkar (alias Jhumri Singh)– Sulochana and Manohar's second daughter; Archana, Vaishali and Vinod's sister; Satish's ex-wife; Balan's fake wife; Soham's adoptive mother (2009–2013)
* [[Prarthana Behere]] as Vaishali "Vaishu" Karanjkar – Sulochana and Manohar's youngest daughter; Archana, Varsha and Vinod's sister; Dharmesh's ex-wife; Aniket's mother; Varun's step-mother (2009–2011)
** Madhumita Das replaced Behere as Vaishali (2011–2012)
* Swati Anand as Manjusha "Manju" Lokhande Karanjkar – Rasika's daughter; Ajit's sister; Vinod's wife; Poornima and Ruchita's mother (2009–2013)
* Meghna Kinare as Ruchita "Ruchi" Karanjkar – Manjusha and Vinod's younger daughter; Poornima's sister (2011)
* [[Shivani Tomar]] replaced Kinare as Ruchita (2013)
* [[Usha Nadkarni]] as Savita Deshmukh – Damodar's wife; Manav, Sachin and Vandita's mother; Soham, Ovi, Tejaswini, Jr. Sachin and Munni's grandmother; Purvi's adoptive grandmother; Pia, Ankita, Prashant, Mansi, Pranav, Sonali, Gaurav and Pushti's great-grandmother; Priya and Arushi's great-great-grandmother (2009–2014)
* [[Ajay Wadhavkar]] as Damodar Rao Deshmukh – Vishwas's brother; Savita's husband; Manav, Sachin and Vandita's father; Soham, Ovi, Tejaswini, Jr. Sachin and Munni's grandfather; Purvi's adoptive grandfather; Pia, Ankita, Prashant, Mansi, Pranav, Sonali, Gaurav and Pushti's great-grandfather; Priya and Arushi's great-great-grandfather (2009–2014)
* Sunil Godse as Vishwas Rao Deshmukh – Damodar's brother (2009–2010)
* Raj Singh Suryavanshi as Sachin Deshmukh – Damodar and Savita's younger son; Manav and Vandita's brother; Shravani's fiancé; Jr. Sachin's father; Gaurav and Pushti's grandfather (2009)
* [[Ankit Narang]] as Soham Deshmukh aka Vishnu Lala / Raghav Mhatre – Archana and Manav's son; Ovi and Tejaswini's brother; Purvi's adopted brother; Ratna's ex-husband; Ankita, Prashant, Mansi, Pranav and Sonali's father; Priya and Arushi's grandfather (2012–2014)
** Ahaan as Baby Soham Deshmukh (2011)
* Shruti Kanwar as Ovi Deshmukh – Archana and Manav's elder daughter; Soham and Tejaswini's sister; Purvi's adopted sister; Arjun's ex-wife; Pia's mother (2011–2014)
* Mrinalini Tyagi as Tejaswini "Teju" Deshmukh – Archana and Manav's younger daughter; Ovi and Soham's sister; Purvi's adopted sister; Sunny's former love interest (2011–2014)
* [[Puru Chibber]] / Anubhav Krishna Srivastava as Jr. Sachin "Sachu" Deshmukh – Sachin and Shravani's son; Gauri's ex-fiancé; Neena's husband; Gaurav and Pushti's father (2011—2012) / (2012–2014)
** Harsh Katara as Child Jr. Sachin Deshmukh (2011)
* [[Mansi Sharma]] as Neena Deshmukh – Jr. Sachin's wife; Gaurav and Pushti's mother (2013–2014)
* Nishant Raghuwanshi as Prashant Deshmukh – Soham's elder son; Ankita and Mansi's brother; Pranav and Sonali's half-brother (2013–2014)
* Akash Nath as Pranav Deshmukh – Soham and Ratna's son; Sonali's brother; Ankita, Prashant and Mansi's half-brother (2013–2014)
* Kreesha Shah as Sonali "Sonu" Deshmukh – Soham and Ratna's daughter; Pranav's sister; Ankita, Prashant and Mansi's half-sister (2013–2014)
* Niveen A Ramani as Gaurav Deshmukh – Jr. Sachin and Neena's son; Pushti's brother (2013–2014)
* Jinal Jain as Pushti Deshmukh – Jr. Sachin and Neena's daughter; Gaurav's sister (2013–2014)
* Yamini Thakur as Vandita "Vandu" Deshmukh Lokhande – Savita and Damodar's daughter; Manav and Sachin's sister; Ajit's wife; Munni's mother (2009–2013)
* Smita Oak as Rasika Lokhande – Manjusha and Ajit's mother; Poornima; Ruchita and Munni's grandmother (2009–2012)
* Prabhat Bhattacharya / Pankaj Vishnu as Ajit Lokhande – Rasika's son; Manjusha's brother; Vandita's husband; Munni's father (2009–2011, 2013)
* [[Anurag Sharma (actor)|Anurag Sharma]] as Satish Deshpande – Mohan and Bhavna's son; Varsha's ex-husband (2009–2011)
* [[Shalini Arora]] as Bhavna Deshpande – Mohan's wife; Satish's mother (2009–2011)
* Pawan Mahendru as Mohan Deshpande – Bhavna's husband; Satish's father (2009–2011)
*Pooja Pihal as Shravani Mahadik – Girish's daughter; Sachin's fiancée; Jr. Sachin's mother; Gaurav and Pushti's grandmother (2009–2011)
*Anil Mishra as Girish Mahadik – Shravani's father; Jr. Sachin's grandfather (2009–2011)
* Sumeet Arora as Dharmesh Jaipurwala – Meena's son; Madhuri and Vaishali's ex-husband; Varun and Aniket's father (2010–2011)
* Sujata Vaishnav as Meena Jaipurwala – Dharmesh's mother; Varu and Aniket's grandmother (2010–2011)
* [[Divjot Sabarwal]] as Madhuri – Dhamresh's ex-wife; Varun's mother (2011)
* Karan Hukku as Varun Jaipurwala – Madhuri and Dharmesh's son; Aniket's half-brother (2011)
* Rahul Tandon as Aniket Jaipurwala – Vaishali and Dharmesh's son; Varun's half-brother (2012–2013)
* [[Naved Aslam]] as Digvijay Kirloskar aka DK – Manav's former boss and friend; Ashna's husband; Arjun's father; Pari and Pia's grandfather (2011–2013)
* [[Manasi Salvi]] as Ashna Kirloskar – Digvijay's wife; Arjun's mother; Pari and Pia's grandmother; (2011)
* Ruhee Bagga as Pari "Ahaana" Kirloskar – Purvi and Arjun's daughter; Pia's half-sister (2013–2014)
** [[Hetal Gada]] as Child Pari Kirloskar (2013)
* [[Karishma Sharma]] as Pia Kirloskar – Ovi and Arjun's daughter; Pari's half-sister (2014)
* Jia Mustafa as Poornima "Punni" Karanjkar Mittal – Manjusha and Vinod's elder daughter; Ruchita's sister; Malik's wife (2011—2013)
* Krunal Pandit as Malik Mittal – Poornima's husband (2011–2013)
* [[Shakti Arora]] as Dr. Onir Dutt – Purvi's ex-husband; Shalini's husband (2012–2013)
* [[Menaka Lalwani]] as Shalini Dutt – Onir's second wife (2013)
* [[Karan Sharma (TV actor)|Karan Sharma]] as Sunny Khandeshi – Mukesh and Snehlata's younger son; Jignesh's brother; Tejaswini's former love interest (2012–2013)
* [[Ketki Dave]] as Snehlata Khandeshi – Mukesh's wife; Jignesh and Sunny's mother (2012–2013)
* Mark Parakh as Jignesh Khandeshi – Mukesh and Snehlata's elder son; Sunny's brother (2012–2013)
* [[Priyanka Kandwal]] as Dr. Gauri Shahane – Umesh and Rajni's daughter; Atul's sister; Jr. Sachin's ex-fianceé; Soham's former love interest (2013)
* Sanjay Bhatia as Umesh Shahane – Rajni's husband; Gauri and Atul's father (2013)
* Amita Desai as Rajni Shahane – Umesh's wife; Gauri and Atul's mother (2013)
* Om Daftary as Atul Shahane – Umesh and Rajni's son; Gauri's brother (2013)
* [[Sheeba Chadha]] as Rushali Karmarkar – Shrish's wife; Naren and Raunak's mother; Priya and Arushi's grandmother (2013–2014)
* [[Vikrant Chaturvedi]] as Shirish Karmarkar – Sunanda's brother; Rushali's husband; Naren and Raunak's father; Priya and Arushi's grandfather (2013–2014)
* Sumukhi Pendse as Sunanda Karmarkar – Shirish's sister (2013–2014)
* Ranjeet Singh as Raunak Karmarkar – Rushali and Shirish's younger son; Naren's brother; Kinnari's husband; Priya's father (2013–2014)
* Minal Mogam as Kinnari Nadkarni Karmarkar – Raunak's wife (2013–2014)
* Angel as Ashi Karmarkar – Ankita and Naren's daughter; Pari's foster daughter (2014)
* [[Aparna Dixit]] as Mansi "Manu" Deshmukh Kamble – Soham's second daughter; Ankita and Prashant's sister; Pranav and Sonali's hald-sister; Shashank's wife; Priya's mother (2013–2014)
* [[Manish Naggdev]] as Shashank Kamble – Mansi's husband; Priya's step-father (2013–2014)
*Unknown as Priya Kamble – Mansi and Raunak's daughter; Shashank's step-daughter (2014)
* Vandana Mittal as Mrs. Kamble – Shashank's mother; Priya's adoptive grandmother (2013–2014)
* [[Eva Shirali]] as Swati Rane – Jaywant's sister (2009–2010)
* [[Amit Sarin]] as Ashwin Sagar – Satish's cousin; Varsha's former lover; Urmila's husband (2009–2010)
* [[Ashlesha Sawant]] as Urmila Sagar – Ashwin's wife (2009–2010)
* [[Mahesh Shetty]] as Jaywant Rane – Swati's brother; Archana's proposed groom (2010)
* Neha Sehgal as Ria Gupta – Manav's assistant (2010–2011)
* Savita Shivaskar as Sundari – Maidservant in the Deshmukh household (2011–2014)
* Mandar Jadhav as Vinay Apte – Purvi's colleague and ex-fiancé (2012–2013)
* [[Karan Suchak]] as Shekhar Gupta – Lawyer; Naren's friend; Pari's ex-fiancé (2013–2014)
* Mukul Harish as Ranvijay – Gopal and Neelima's younger son; Vishnu's brother; Vaishnavi's father (2014)
* Riya Raval as Vaishnavi aka Vaishu – Ranvijay's daughter; Ankita's foster daughter; Ashi's friend (2014)
* [[Bhanujeet Sudan]] as Rishabh Kapoor – A businessman; Sonia's former husband and murderer; (2013–2014)
* [[Kali Prasad Mukherjee]] / Abhay Bhargava as Balan Lala Singh – Varsha's fake husband; Soham's foster father (2012–2013) / (2013–2014)
* [[Tanvi Thakkar]] as Rashmi (2009–2010)
* Syed Zafar Ali as Dr. Agarwal (2013)
* Irfan Razaa Khan as Prakash (2010)
* [[Aryan Prajapati]] as Nikhil (2013)
* Anuradha Namdar as Charulata Mehta (2012–2013)
* [[Mohit Sehgal]] as Pradeep Saini (2013)
* [[Manish Khanna]] as Kashinath Sharma (2013)
* Suman Shastri Kant as Kinshuk Banerjee (2013)

==Production==
===Casting===
Sushant Singh Rajput who was playing the parallel lead in ''[[Kis Desh Mein Hai Meraa Dil]]'' of [[StarPlus]] was cast as Manav. Zee TV did not accept him for casting as Manav as he was a parallel lead of the show in their rival channel. But Producer Ekta Kapoor convinced the channel to accept him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sushant Singh Rajput 'didn't look the part' for Pavitra Rishta, Ekta Kapoor convinced channel his smile would win a million hearts|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sushant-singh-rajput-didn-t-look-the-part-for-pavitra-rishta-ekta-kapoor-convinced-channel-his-smile-would-win-a-million-hearts/story-Pia3WVscWpNRgbx5wbQcRK.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=2 June 2020 }}</ref> In November 2011 Rajput quit the series and was replaced by Hiten Tejwani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hiten Tejwan to replace Sushant Singh Rajput in 'Pavitra Rishta '|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-hiten-tejwan-to-replace-sushant-singh-rajput-in-pavitra-rishta-1607244|website=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> However, during the final of the series on 25 October 2014, Tejwani paved way for Rajput who appeared in the final episode as Manav.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Pavitra Rishta' nears its end|url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/pavitra-rishta-nears-its-end/15667174|website=Mid Day|date=9 October 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Shooting last episode of Pavitra Rishta was emotional: Sushant Singh Rajput|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/shooting-last-episode-of-pavitra-rishta-was-emotional-sushant-singh-rajput/story-AvdYb6InesM4dOPANOfsHN.html|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

===Schedule===
The show's time slot was changed from 21:00 to 18:30 on 15 April 2014 and the 21:00 slot was taken by [[Kumkum Bhagya]], also produced by Ekta Kapoor.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Pavitra-Rishta-to-see-a-time-slot-change/articleshow/28792436.cms|title=Pavitra Rishta to see a time slot change|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 January 2014 }}</ref>

==Reception==
Around late 2008, producer Ekta Kapoor and her production house Balaji Telefilms declined when the ratings and popularity of all her hit soaps of the 2000s decreased and were axed and also when newly launched ones performed poorly. Since then most channels did not accept her to work. It was due to the chance given by Zee TV for this series, the career of Kapoor and her production house was revived when it became one of the top-rated Hindi television programs.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kyunki Saas Bhi Kabhi Bahu Thi to Kasautii Zindagii Kay: A look at Ekta Kapoor's career-defining shows on her birthday|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kyunki-saas-bhi-kabhi-bahu-thi-to-kasautii-zindagii-kay-a-look-at-ekta-kapoors-career-defining-shows-on-her-birthday/photostory/69689399.cms?picid=69689463|website=The Times of India| date=7 June 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=As Pavitra Rishta clocks 10 years, Ekta Kapoor, says the show revived her career|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/as-pavitra-rishta-clocks-10-years-ekta-kapoor-gets-nostalgic-says-the-show-revived-her-career/articleshow/69612598.cms|website=The Times of India|date=June 2019 }}</ref>

==Accolades==

''Pavitra Rishta'' received several awards and nominations. Lokhande and Rajput received multiple awards for their roles Archana and Manav in the Best Actress and Best Actor categories, as has Nadkarni in the Best Negative Actress category and Ekta Kapoor in the Best Serial category.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Role
! Result
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2009
| rowspan="4" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| ''Most Popular Actress In A Supporting Role''
| Savita Prabhune
| Sulochana Karanjkar
| {{won}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|title=The Ninth Indian Telly Awards > Winners|website=tellyawards.indiantelevision.com|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211052223/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/winners/winners.htm|archive-date=11 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Most Popular Fresh New Face (Female)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
| rowspan="3" {{nom}} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm |title=Nominees of 9th Indian Telly Awards, 2009 |access-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160115061924/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k9/nomination/nominee_list.htm |archive-date=15 January 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''Most Popular Actor(Male)''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Deshmukh
|-
| ''Most Popular Daily Serial''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
|2010
|[[Seoul International Drama Awards]]
|''Special Jury Award''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Producer
|{{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/pavitra-rishta-bags-international-honour/story-u2PRR4iz3gRp5uAEBdG56H.html|title=Pavitra Rishta bags International Honour|publisher=Hindustantimes.com|date=2010-10-06|access-date=2016-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seouldrama.org/en/archive/Awards2010.aspx|title=Winners of Seoul International Drama Awards 2010|access-date=2016-04-06|archive-date=29 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829231925/http://www.seouldrama.org/EN/archive/Awards2010.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| rowspan="2" | [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| ''Best Actor Popular(Male)''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Deshmukh
| rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref>[http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 Winners of 10th Indian Television Academy Awards 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820113113/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2010 |date=20 August 2010 }}</ref>
|-
| ''GR8 Face Of The Year(Female)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2010
| rowspan="8" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| ''Most Popular Drama Series''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
| {{won}} <ref name="10th-Indian-Telly-Awards">{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|title=The Tenth Indian Telly Awards|website=tellyawards.indiantelevision.com|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040245/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k10/winners.php|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actress In A Negative Role(Popular)''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
| rowspan="7" {{nom}}<ref name="10th-Indian-Telly-Awards"/>
|-
| ''Best Actress In A Supporting Role(Popular)''
| Savita Prabhune
| Sulochana Karanjkar
|-
| ''Best Actress In A Lead Role(Popular)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best Actor In A Lead Role(Popular)''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best Daily Serial''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| ''Best Continuing TV Programme''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| ''Best Story Writer''
| [[Rajesh Joshi (poet)|Rajesh Joshi]]
| Crew
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2010
| rowspan="4" | [[Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| ''Best TV Show ruling TRP Charts of The Year''
| Pavitra Rishta Team
| Pavitra Rishta
| rowspan="4" {{won}}
|-
| ''Best TV Actor(Male)''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Damodar Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best TV Debut(Female)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Manav Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best TV Actor for Negative Role (Female)''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Damodar Deshmukh
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010
| rowspan="3" | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| ''Most Entertaining TV Actor(Male)''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Deshmukh
| {{won}}<ref name="Big Star 2010">{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/discussion/big-star-entertainment-awards-winners|title=BIG Star Entertainment Awards Winners|website=PINKVILLA|access-date=11 February 2019|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911054502/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/discussion/big-star-entertainment-awards-winners|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Most Entertaining TV Actor(Female)''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}<ref name="Big Star 2010"/>
|-
| ''Most Entertaining Television Show(Fiction)''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| rowspan="1" | 2011
| rowspan="1" | [[Apsara Awards]]
| ''Best TV Actor (Female)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainmenttags/apsara-awards-2011/apsara-awards-2011-winners|title=Apsara Awards 2011 Winners|website=PINKVILLA}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2011
| rowspan="6" | BIG Television Awards
| ''Favourite Teekha Character''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
| rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref name="Big TV">{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/channels/starplus|title=Watch StarPlus Serials & Shows Online on hotstar.com|website=Hotstar}}</ref>
|-
| ''Favourite Meetha Character''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Deshmukh
|-
| ''Favourite Namkeen Character''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
| rowspan="4" {{nom}}<ref name="Big TV"/>
|-
| ''Favourite Garma Garam Jodi''
| Sushant Singh Rajput and Ankita Lokhande
| Manav and Archana Deshmukh
|-
| ''Favourite Dulara Character(Male)''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Deshmukh
|-
| ''Favourite Dulara Character(Female)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| rowspan="3" | [[FICCI Frames]] Excellence Honours
| ''Best TV Actor(Female)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
| {{nom}}<ref name="FICCI 2011">{{cite web|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/ficci-frames-excellence-awards-2011-during-12th-edition-of-federation-of-indian-chambers-of-commerce-1301311194-1|title=FICCI Frames Excellence Awards 2011 during 12th edition of Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce|date=28 March 2011|website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best TV Actor(Male)''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Deshmukh
| rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref name="FICCI 2011"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/|title=Featured Movie News – Featured Bollywood News – Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] }}</ref>
|-
| ''Best TV Show (Fiction)''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| rowspan="8" | 2011
| rowspan="8" | [[Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| ''Best Supporting Actor(Female)-Popular''
| Savita Prabhune
| Sulochana Karanjkar
| rowspan="5" {{won}}<ref>[http://www.indiantvinfo.com/4th-boroplus-gold-awards-2011-on-zee-tv/ Winners List: 4th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2011]</ref>
|-
| ''Best Negative Actor(Female)-Popular''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best TV Actor(Male)-Popular''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best TV Actor(Female)-Popular''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best TV Show Of The Year''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| ''Best Negative Actor(Female)-Critics''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/gold-awards/|title=Nominees of 4th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2011|access-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107001454/http://www.glamsham.com/gold-awards/|archive-date=7 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Supporting Actor(Female)-Critics''
| Savita Prabhune
| Sulochana Karanjkar
|-
| ''Best Celebrity Jodi''
| Sushant Singh Rajput and Ankita Lokhande
| Manav and Archana Deshmukh
|-
| 2011
| [[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
| ''The GR8! Laurel For Ensemble Acting 2011''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
| rowspan="1" {{won}}<ref>[http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 Winners of 11th Indian Television Academy Awards, 2011] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120526070936/http://www.indiantelevisionacademy.com/site/awards_hhita_details_new.php?year=2011 |date=26 May 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2011
| rowspan="3" | [[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| ''Most Entertaining TV Actor(Male)''
| Sushant Singh Rajput
| Manav Deshmukh
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/44580_big-star-entertainment-awards-unveils-nominees.html|title=Nominees of Big Star Entertainment Awards, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| ''Most Entertaining TV Actor(Female)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
|-
| ''Most Entertaining Television Show(Fiction)''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| rowspan="11" | 2012
| rowspan="11" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| ''Best Television Personality (Female)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
| {{won}}<ref name="11th-Indian-Telly-Awards">{{Cite web |url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |title=Winners & Nominations of 11th Indian Telly Awards, 2012 |access-date=27 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120702115232/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k11/poll/winners.php |archive-date=2 July 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actress In A Negative Role(Popular)''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
| rowspan="10" {{nom}}<ref name="11th-Indian-Telly-Awards"/>
|-
| ''Best Actress In A Lead Role(Popular)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best Actor In A Lead Role(Popular)''
| Hiten Tejwani
| Manav Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best Onscreen Couple''
| Sushant Singh Rajput and Ankita Lokhande
| Manav and Archana Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best Daily Serial''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| ''Best Continuing TV Programme''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| ''Best Drama Series''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| ''Best Story Writer''
| [[Rajesh Joshi (poet)|Rajesh Joshi]]
| Crew
|-
| ''Best Actress In A Negative Role(Jury)''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best Actor In A Negative Role(Jury)''
| Sumit Arora
| Dharmesh Jaipurwala
|-
| rowspan="9" | 2012
| rowspan="9" | [[Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| ''Best Actor(Female)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
| rowspan="4" {{Nominated}}<ref name="5th Gold Awards">{{cite web|url=http://ww1.careermasti.com/5th-boroplus-gold-awards-2012-photos-videos-winners-list-9502/|title=careermasti.com – Informationen zum Thema careermasti.|website=ww1.careermasti.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Stellar Performer Of The Year''
| Asha Negi
| Purvi Deshmukh
|-
| ''Stellar Performer Of The Year''
| Shakti Arora
| Dr. Onir Dutt
|-
| ''Most Stylish Actor Of The Year''
| Rithwik Dhanjani
| Arjun Kirloskar
|-
| ''Best Actress in Negative Role (Critics)''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best Actor(Male)''
| Hiten Tejwani
| Manav Deshmukh
| rowspan="6" {{nom}}<ref name="5th Gold Awards"/>
|-
| ''Best Supporting Actor (Female)''
| Savita Prabhune
| Sulochana Karanjkar
|-
| ''Best Negative Actor (Male)''
| [[Puru Chibber]]
| Sachin Deshmukh
|-
| ''Gold Debut In A Lead Role (Female)''
| Asha Negi
| Purvi Deshmukh
|-
| ''Best Television Show''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
| rowspan="2" | [[People's Choice Awards India]]
| ''Favourite Most Good Looking Onscreen Jodi''
| Shakti Arora and Asha Negi
| Onir and Purvi Dutt
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}<ref>[http://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php Nominees & Winners List of People's Choice Awards India, 2012] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225214759/https://peopleschoiceindia.com/winners2012.php |date=25 February 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Favourite TV Drama''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2013
| rowspan="5" | [[Indian Telly Awards]]
| rowspan="2" {{nom}}<ref name="12th-Indian-Telly-Awards">{{cite web|url=http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php|title=The Twelfth Indian Telly Awards – Nominate your Favourites – Login|website=tellyawards.indiantelevision.com|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016123445/http://tellyawards.indiantelevision.com/y2k13/poll/winners.php|archive-date=16 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Make-Up Artist''
| Abdul Rehman Shaikh
| Crew
|-
| ''Best Fresh New Face(Female)''
| Asha Negi
| Purvi Dutt
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}<ref name="12th-Indian-Telly-Awards"/>
|-
| ''Best Daily Serial''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| ''Best Continuing TV Programme''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2013
| rowspan="6" | [[Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| ''Best Actress In Comic Role (Critics)''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
| rowspan="2" {{won}}<ref name="6th Gold Awards">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2013/2013-boroplus-gold-awards-2013-winners-list-115204.html|title=Photos: 2013 Boroplus Gold Awards Winners List!|first=Girija|last=Narayan|date=22 July 2013|website=www.filmibeat.com}}</ref>
|-
| ''Gold Producer’s Honour'' ''for Completing 1000 episodes''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| ''Best Actress (Popular)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Archana Deshmukh
| rowspan="4" {{nom}}<ref name="6th Gold Awards"/>
|-
| ''Most Stylish Actress Of The Year''
| Asha Negi
| Purvi Dutt
|-
| ''Best Actor (Critics)''
| [[Shakti Arora]]
| Dr Onir Dutt
|-
| ''Best TV Show (Fiction)''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2014
| rowspan="2" | [[Star Guild Awards]]
| ''Best Actress in Leading Role''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Ankita Mahatre
| rowspan="1" {{won}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_apsara_awards_winners.html|title=Star Guild Awards – Winners|website=starguildawards.org|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324173348/http://starguildawards.org/9th_apsara_awards_winners.html|archive-date=24 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''Best Continuing Show of The Year''
| Ekta Kapoor
| Pavitra Rishta
| {{nom}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://starguildawards.org/9th_renault_apsara_awards_nominees.html|title=Star Guild Awards – Nominees|website=starguildawards.org|access-date=27 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116111739/http://starguildawards.org/9th_renault_apsara_awards_nominees.html|archive-date=16 January 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Boroplus Gold Awards]]
| ''Best Actress In Comic Role (Popular)''
| Usha Nadkarni
| Savita Deshmukh
| rowspan="3" {{nom}}<ref>[http://indiatellytalkies.com/zee-tvs-7th-boroplus-zee-gold-awards-2014-winners-list/ Nominees & Winners of 7th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2014]</ref>
|-
| ''Best Actor In Comic Role (Popular)''
| [[Karan Mehra]]
| Naren Karmarkar
|-
| ''Best Actress (Critics)''
| Ankita Lokhande
| Ankita Karmarkar
|}

==Broadcast==
In India, the series was re-aired on Zee TV from 3 September 3, 2020, due to popular demand.<ref name="Re-air">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/former-lovers-sushant-singh-rajput-and-ankita-lokhande-to-be-seen-again-on-tv/articleshow/65635306.cms|title=Former lovers Sushant Singh Rajput and Ankita Lokhande to be seen again on TV|website=The Times of India|date=September 2018 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* ''[https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/pavitra-rishta/0-6-133 Pavitra Rishta]'' at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|tt2282359|Pavitra Rishta}}

{{Balaji Telefilms|Past TV Shows}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:2009 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television series based on Tamil-language television series]]

Lakadbaggha

2026-03-02T04:34:47Z

Blshastri2: started new pg

{{Short description|2023 Hindi-language action thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lakadbaggha
| image = Lakadbaggha official poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = Victor Mukherjee
| writer = Alok Sharma
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| producer = [[Anshuman Jha]]
| starring = {{plainlist|*Anshuman Jha
*[[Riddhi Dogra]]
*Paresh Pahuja
*[[Milind Soman]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Jean Marc Selva
| editing = Aasif Pathan
| music = Simon Fransquet
| studio = First Ray Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|1|13}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Lakadbaggha ''''' ({{translation|[[Hyena]]}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by Victor Mukherjee, written by Alok Sharma and produced by First Ray Films. It stars [[Anshuman Jha]], [[Riddhi Dogra]], Paresh Pahuja and [[Milind Soman]].

''Lakadbaggha'' had its world premiere on 21 December 2022 at the prestigious [[Kolkata International Film Festival]] and its international premiere on 28 December 2022 at the HBO South Asian International Film Festival, [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/indias-first-ever-film-about-a-animal-lover-vigilante-starring-anshuman-jha-ridhi-dogra-milind-soman-11857851.html |title=India's first ever film about a animal lover vigilante starring Anshuman Jha, Ridhi Dogra, Milind Soman |date=22 December 2022 |access-date=22 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/lakadbaggha-to-screen-at-south-asian-international-film-festival-new-york-kiff/articleshow/96171614.cms |title='Lakadbaggha' to screen at South Asian International Film Festival New York, KIFF |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=24 January 2023 }}</ref> [[Anshuman Jha]] received the [[Best Actor]] award at the HBO South Asian International Film Festival for his humane portrayal of the animal lover vigilante.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/anshuman-jha-wins-the-best-actor-award-at-hbos-south-asian-international-film-festival-dedicates-award-to-irrfan-khan/articleshow/97127704.cms|title=Anshuman Jha wins the Best Actor award at HBO's South Asian International film festival; dedicates award to Irrfan Khan|newspaper=The Times of India|date=19 January 2023|accessdate=25 February 2025}}</ref>

The film was released on 13 January 2023 and had its European premiere as an official selection at the 20th Indisches International Film Festival at Stuttgart Germany in July 2023.

== Premise ==
Arjun Bakshi, a martial arts trainer and animal lover, becomes a vigilante after his dog Shanku goes missing. During the hunt, Arjun comes across an Indian black-striped [[hyena]] and learns about an illegal animal trade in [[Kolkata]] led by Aryan, the brother of [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Crime Branch]] officer Akshara D'Souza.

== Cast ==
*[[Anshuman Jha]] as Arjun Bakshi
*[[Riddhi Dogra]] as Akshara D'Souza
*Paresh Pahuja as Aryan D'Souza, Akshara's brother
*[[Milind Soman]] as Tarun Bakshi, Arjun's father.
*Eksha Kerung as Aryan's Bodyguard
*[[Bijou Thaangjam]] as Shopkeeper
*[[Kharaj Mukherjee]] as Arjun's uncle.
*[[Denzil Smith]] in a (Guest appearance)

== Reception ==
''Lakadbaggha'' received mixed reviews from critics.

=== Critical response ===
Yatamanyu Narain of ''[[CNN-News18]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Despite some flaws, Lakadbaggha will entertain you with its scrupulousness, an out-of-the-ordinary plot and top-notch performances."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/lakadbaggha-review-anshuman-jha-ridhi-dogras-vigilante-thriller-is-slick-and-stylish-6821437.html |title=Lakadbaggha Review: Anshuman Jha-Ridhi Dogra's Vigilante Thriller is Slick and Stylish |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 }}</ref>
Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "While the intentions are right and some of the fight sequences are impactful, the storytelling technique has an amateurish streak that demands too much suspension of disbelief from the audience."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lakadbaggha-movie-review-anshuman-jhas-film-has-a-wild-idea-let-down-by-tame-execution/article66373863.ece |title='Lakadbaggha' movie review: Anshuman Jha's film has a wild idea let down by tame execution |newspaper=The Hindu |date=13 January 2023 |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=17 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117091115/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/lakadbaggha-movie-review-anshuman-jhas-film-has-a-wild-idea-let-down-by-tame-execution/article66373863.ece |url-status=live |last1=Kumar |first1=Anuj }}</ref> Sameer Salunkhe of ''[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]]'' wrote "Anshuman Jha-starrer Lakadbaggha is a [[comic book]]-style action movie with a dash of romance."<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/anshuman-jha-starrer-lakadbaggha-is-a-comic-book-style-action-movie-with-a-dash-of-romance/cid/1909840 |title=Anshuman Jha-starrer Lakadbaggha is a comic book-style action movie with a dash of romance |access-date=24 January 2023 }}</ref> Archika Khurana of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Overall, 'Lakadbaggha' had a lot of potential, but its mediocre execution reduced it to a barely passable film."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/lakadbaggha/movie-review/96931002.cms |title=Lakadbaggha Movie Review : A unique concept that falls short in execution |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120141505/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/lakadbaggha/movie-review/96931002.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Deepa Gahlot of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "''Lakadbaggha'' takes up too many issues and does not do justice to them".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lakadbaggha-review/20230113.htm |title=Lakadbaggha Review: Shocking Climax |access-date=24 January 2023 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120132035/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/lakadbaggha-review/20230113.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|20319598}}

[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]

T. S. Tirumurti

2026-02-25T14:16:31Z

Blshastri2: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{short description|Former Indian diplomat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[His Excellency]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/news/chair-counter-terrorism-committee | title=H. E. Ambassador T. S. Tirumurti | publisher=United Nations }}</ref>
| image = T S Tirumurti.jpg
| caption = Tirumurti in 2018
| office = [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]]
| president = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| term_start = 19 May 2020
| term_end = 30 June 2022
| predecessor = [[Syed Akbaruddin]]
| successor = [[Ruchira Kamboj]]
| office1 = Secretary (Economic Relations) in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]]
| term_start1 = 5 February 2018<ref name="archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/ser.htm|title=MEA - About MEA : Profiles : Secretary (ER)|date=20 February 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220065333/http://www.mea.gov.in/ser.htm|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
| term_end1 = 30 April 2020
| predecessor1 = [[Vijay Keshav Gokhale]]<ref>[http://www.news18.com/news/india/diplomat-t-s-tirumurti-appointed-economic-relations-secretary-1624193.html Diplomat T S Tirumurti Appointed Economic Relations Secretary] ''News18''. Retrieved 29 August 2021</ref>
| successor1 = Rahul Chhabra
| office2 = [[High Commission of India, Kuala Lumpur|High Commissioner of India to Malaysia]]
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gokhale-tirumurti-rise-on-malaysia-experience/articleshow/62719699.cms|title=Vijay Gokhale, T S Tirumurti rise on Malaysia experience|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
| primeminister1 =
| term_start2 = 20 December 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianhighcommission.com.my/profile.html|title=Welcome to High Commission of India, Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia)|date=20 February 2018|url-status=bot: unknown|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220065916/https://www.indianhighcommission.com.my/profile.html|archive-date=20 February 2018}}</ref>
| term_end2 = 4 February 2018
| predecessor2 = [[Vijay Keshav Gokhale]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.babusofindia.com/2013/09/know-your-diplomat-indias-new.html|title=Know Your Diplomat: India's new ambassador to Germany Vijay Keshav Gokhale|website=www.babusofindia.com}}</ref>
| successor2 = Mridul Kumar<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianmandarins.com/mridul-kumar-is-next-hc-of-india-to-malaysia/|title = Indian Mandarins is Exclusive News, Views and Analysis News portal on Indian bureaucracy, governance, PSUs and Corporate}}</ref>
| office3 = 1st Representative of [[India]] to the [[State of Palestine]]<ref name="roiramallah.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.roiramallah.org/pages.php?id=12|title=Welcome to Representative Office of India, Ramallah, Palestine|website=www.roiramallah.org}}</ref>
| term_start3 = 1 January 1996
| term_end3 = 1 January 1998
| predecessor3 = ''Position established''
| successor3 = P. Harish
| office4 = [[ President of the United Nations Security Council ]]
| term4 = August 2021 — September 2021
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|03|07|df=y}}<ref name="archive.org"/>
| birth_place = [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = [[Diplomat]]
| children =
| party =
| profession = [[Civil Servant]]
| relatives = [[Ramanathan Krishnan]] {{small|(Father in-law)}}
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| spouse = Gowri Tirumurti<ref name="archive.org"/>
| sibling =
|alma_mater = ([[BCom]]) [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College|Vivekananda College]] [[University of Madras]] ([[Bachelor of Law|LLB]]) [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]
| website =
}}
'''T. S. Tirumurti''' (born 7 March 1962) is a retired [[Indian people|Indian]] [[diplomat]] from the 1985 batch of the [[Indian Foreign Service]].<ref>{{Citetweet|number=1542728773325361152|user=indiandiplomats|title=IFSA bid fond farewell to Mr T S Tirumurti, PR at UN, New York...|author=Indian Foreign Service}}</ref> He served as the [[Secretary to the Government of India|Secretary to Government of India]] in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] of India and later as [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]] in [[New York City|New York]]. It was then India became a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council for the 8th time.<ref>{{cite news |title=T S Tirumurti appointed India's Permanent Representative to the UN |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/t-s-tirumurti-appointed-indias-permanent-representative-to-the-un-1.1588183494233 |access-date=30 April 2020 |work=gulfnews.com |language=en}}</ref> He was also the President of the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] for August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-02 |title=Ambassador T. S. Tirumurti (India) on the programme of work for the month of August - Security Council Media Stakeout {{!}} UN Web TV |url=https://webtv.un.org/en/asset/k10/k10d9qnni5 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=webtv.un.org |language=en}}</ref>

After his retirement from the Indian Foreign Service, Tirumurti has been appointed as Distinguished Professor in Indian Institute of Technology Madras in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Madras, India |url=https://hss.iitm.ac.in/ts-tirumurti/ |access-date=7 March 2024 |website=IIT Madras}}</ref> He is also a member of the Board of Governors of the Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology, Gandhinagar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Governors {{!}} Dhirubhai Ambani Institute of Information and Communication Technology |url=https://www.daiict.ac.in/board-governors |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=www.daiict.ac.in}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tirumurti was born in [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web|author=A. Subramani|date=5 May 2020|title=Proud to be from Chennai, says civil servant made India's representative to UN {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/proud-to-be-from-chennai-says-civil-servant-made-indias-representative-to-un/articleshow/75548597.cms|access-date=2021-02-10|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> He completed his schooling at the [[Vidya Mandir Senior Secondary School|Vidya Mandir]], Chennai. He secured his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College]], Chennai of the [[University of Madras]]. The teachings of Swami Vivekananda, Sri Ramakrishna and the Holy Mother have since guided him in his life. He subsequently completed his [[LL.B.]] ([[Bachelor of Laws]]) from Campus Law Centre, [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] in 1985.<ref name="archive.org" /> He is the grandson of Dr. T. S. Tirumurti who was the Principal of [[Stanley Medical College]], Chennai and Vice-Chancellor of [[Andhra University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=INSA :: Deceased Fellow Detail|url=https://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=F00-0841|access-date=2021-02-15|website=insaindia.res.in|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306021058/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=F00-0841|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He is married to Gowri Tirumurti and they have two children - a daughter and a son.<ref name="archive.org" /> Tirumurti's wife Gowri is the daughter of the retired [[tennis]] player [[Ramanathan Krishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prtraveller.blogspot.in/2015/03/ramanathan-krishnan.html|title=Ramanathan Krishnan|website=prtraveller.blogspot.in|date=21 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/society/how-the-krishnans-brought-wimbledon-home/article5947982.ece|title=How the Krishnans brought Wimbledon home|first=Prince|last=Frederick|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 April 2014|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Gowri was the [[Indian people|Indian]] National Juniors Champion in 1982 and competed in French Open Juniors.<ref name="auto" /> She is currently a Partner in an [[Intellectual property|Intellectual Property]] Law firm, Delhi. Their son Vishwajit and daughter Bhavani are also [[tennis]] players.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collegetennisonline.com/UniversityofDenver-W-Tennis/Player.aspx?plId=69349|title=College Tennis Teams - University of Denver - Team Roster - Bhavani Tirumurti|website=www.collegetennisonline.com}}</ref>

==Career==
[[Ambassador]] T. S. Tirumurti joined the [[Indian Foreign Service]] in 1985. He served in [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Indian diplomatic missions]] in [[Cairo]], [[Geneva]], [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]], [[Washington, D.C.]], [[Jakarta]] and [[Kuala Lumpur]]. He has served at the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India]] in [[New Delhi]] as Under Secretary ([[Bhutan]]), Director ([[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary's Office]]), Joint Secretary ([[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]] and [[Maldives]]) as well as Joint Secretary ([[United Nations]] Economic and Social Division).<ref name="archive.org"/>

Tirumurti was the first Representative of [[India]] to the [[Palestinian National Authority]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/63602/12/12_chapter%204.pdf|title=Shodhganga : a reservoir of Indian theses @ INFLIBNET}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1041117/asp/opinion/story_4010441.asp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117172011/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1041117/asp/opinion/story_4010441.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 November 2004|title=The Telegraph - Calcutta : Opinion|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name="roiramallah.org"/> He was the [[Deputy Chief of Mission]] in [[Jakarta]] and the [[Indian people|Indian]] High Commissioner to [[Malaysia]].<ref name="archive.org"/> He served as Secretary of Economic Relations in the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs, India]], handling the Economic Relations portfolio (which included, inter alia, the Gulf and the Arab World, Africa, and India's Development Partnership).

Being an Arabic language speaker, and also having served in Egypt and Palestine, and having dealt with the Gulf and the Arab world as Secretary in Delhi, Tirumurti is widely recognised as an expert on the Arab world.

=== United Nations ===
On 19 May 2020, he took over as the [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]] succeeding [[Syed Akbaruddin]].<ref>{{cite news |title=TS Tirumurthy will permanent representative of India to UN to replace Syed Akbaruddin, {{!}} NewsCrab |url=https://www.newscrab.com/article/india/ts-tirumurthy-will-permanent-representative-of-india-to-un-to-replace-syed-akbaruddin-21792 |accessdate=30 April 2020 |work=www.newscrab.com |language=english}}</ref>

While he was Permanent Representative to the United Nations, India was elected to the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=India wins 184 out 192 votes to enter UN Security Council|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-mexico-norway-ireland-elected-to-un-security-council/articleshow/76435650.cms|access-date=2021-02-16}}</ref> India entered the UN Security Council for a two-year term on 1 January 2021. India was also elected to the [[United Nations Commission on the Status of Women|UN Commission on the Status of Women]] (CSW) for 2021-2025 and the Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions (ACABQ) for the term 2021–2023.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

He served as the Chair of the UN Security Council's Taliban Sanctions Committee (also called as 1988 sanctions committee), Libya Sanctions Committee (also called as 1970 Sanctions committee) in 2021-2022 and the Chair of the [[United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee|Counter-Terrorism Committee]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chair of the Counter-Terrorism Committee {{!}} Security Council - Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) |url=https://www.un.org/securitycouncil/ctc/content/chair-counter-terrorism-committee |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=www.un.org}}</ref>

In accordance with the monthly rotation policy, he was [[Presidency of the United Nations Security Council|President of the UN Security Council]] for August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India set to take over as President of UN Security Council for month of August|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2021/jul/31/india-set-to-take-over-as-president-of-un-security-council-for-month-of-august-2338103.html|access-date=2022-01-17|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> An important resolution passed under his presidency was the UN Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 2593 on Afghanistan (passed on 31 August), which took into account "collective concerns" in particular on terrorism, where it has noted the "commitment of the Taliban not to allow the use of the Afghan soil for terrorism, including from terrorists and terrorist groups designated under resolution 1267." It was important since it was the first resolution to be passed after the Taliban announced its government in Afghanistan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's envoy Tirumurti calls for inclusive dispensation in Afghanistan at UNSC |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indias-envoy-tirumurti-calls-for-inclusive-dispensation-in-afghanistan-at-unsc-412038 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=WION |language=en}}</ref>

In December, after several decades, for the first time India voted against the United Nations Security Council's draft resolution on [[Climate change|Climate Change]] and Security. Tirumurti underlined that UNSC was not the forum for discussion on climate, and called the resolution a motivated attempt to evade responsibility from the appropriate forum. India felt strongly that climate change should be dealt within [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|UNFCCC]] where all countries of the world participate in the decision making on climate change.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Haidar |first=Suhasini |date=2021-12-18 |title=Explained {{!}} Why did India reject UNSC draft on climate? |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/explained-why-did-india-reject-unsc-draft-on-climate/article37988088.ece |access-date=2022-07-30 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

After [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022]], Tirumurti explained India's abstentions from the UN Security Council vote after Russia militarily intervened in Ukraine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last1=Bengali|first1=Shashank|last2=Bigg|first2=Matthew Mpoke|date=2022-02-25|title=Live Updates: Kyiv Rocked by Explosions for Second Night|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/02/25/world/russia-ukraine-war|access-date=2022-02-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name="UN">[https://www.un.org/press/en/2022/sc14808.doc.htm Security Council Fails to Adopt Draft Resolution on Ending Ukraine Crisis, as Russian Federation Wields Veto], United Nations (25 February 2022).</ref> Out of the Council's 15 members, 11 voted in favor, 1 (Russia itself) voted against, and 3 (China, India, and the [[United Arab Emirates]]) abstained; the [[List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions|resolution thus failed]] due to [[United Nations Security Council veto power|Russia's use of its veto power]].<ref name="UN" />

Again in May 2022, Tirumurti was in the news when he replied to a tweet by the Ambassador of the Netherlands to the UK and Northern Ireland who stated that India should not have abstained from voting in the UN General Assembly's session on Ukraine. In the tweet, the Dutch envoy, Karel van Oosterom, said to Mr Tirumurti "You should not have abstained in the GA. Respect the UN Charter." He replied saying "Kindly don't patronize us Ambassador, we know what to do".<ref>{{Cite web |title="Don't Patronize Us Ambassador": India's UN Envoy On Tweet Over Ukraine |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dont-patronise-indias-un-ambassadors-curt-reply-to-dutch-envoy-over-ukraine-2950471 |access-date=2022-05-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

=== Environment and Climate Change ===
Tirumurti has been a negotiator for climate change for several years, right from his stint in Geneva with the Permanent Mission of India to the UN (1993) and later as Joint Secretary and Head of Division of UN on economic and social matters at Headquarters. Along with the Ambassador Burhan Gafoor of Singapore, he is credited with coining the term “Nationally Determined Contribution” at the [[2013 United Nations Climate Change Conference|Warsaw Conference of Parties of Climate Change]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-19 |title=How four Tamilians rescued Warsaw climate talks that led to Paris pact |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/opinion/how-four-tamilians-rescued-warsaw-climate-talks-that-led-to-paris-pact-7740261.html |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref> He has handled various environment-related issues, including biodiversity, desertification etc. He was also in charge of the [[International Solar Alliance]] as Secretary in the Ministry and helped organize its first meeting in New Delhi in 2018. Along with 9 other countries cutting across regions, Tirumurti drafted and read out an important statement on “Global Net Zero” at the UN during [[World Environment Day]] in June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cross- Regional Joint Statement on Global Net Zero Delivered by Ambassador T.S. Tirumurti, Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations |url=https://pminewyork.gov.in/others?id=NDYzNA |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=pminewyork.gov.in}}</ref>

==Publications==
Tirumurti has authored the following books-
* Kissing the Heavens: The Kailash - Manasarovar Yatra (1999)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19990531-book-review-of-kissing-the-heavens-by-t-s-tirumurti-780999-1999-05-31|title=Book review: T.S. Tirumurti's 'Kissing The Heavens'|date=31 May 1999|website=India Today}}</ref>
* Clive Avenue (2002)<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Literature|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030309/spectrum/book6.htm|access-date=2021-02-16|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
* Chennaivaasi (2012)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/books/book-review-56-481349.html|title=Tirumurti's 'Chennaivaasi' is a charming read|date=8 June 2012|publisher=}}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tirumurti, T. S.}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Foreign Service officers]]
[[Category:High commissioners of India to Malaysia]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Palestine]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]

Banaitangi

2026-02-25T06:39:32Z

Blshastri2: stub

{{Short description|Mizo Chieftainess of Western Lushai Hills}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Banaitangi
| image =
| title = Chiefainess {{lang|lus|Lal}}
| caption =
| succession =
| reign =
| coronation =
| cor-type =
| predecessor = [[Mângpawrha]]
| regent =
| reg-type =
| successor =
| suc-type =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1835
| birth_place =
| death_date = 1884
| death_place = Tanhril (borough of present-day [[Aizawl]])
| spouse = [[Ngursailova]] (February 1865)
| spouse-type = Spouse
| consort =
| issue = Laljachaja, Van Khampui
| issue-link =
| regnal name =
| house = Sailo
| father = [[Lalmanga]]
| mother = [[Pi Buki]]
| religion = [[Mizo religion|Sakhua]]
| type = chieftainess
| burial_date =
| burial_place =
| signature =
}}
'''Banaitangi'''{{efn|Variations: Banaithangi, Banaitongi, Vanhnuaithangi }} was a Lushai chieftainess known as the sister of [[Sukpilal]] and wife of [[Ngursailova]]. She is most known for her beauty and poetry at the time and her separation from her husband. She was the first Lushai chieftainess to venture into the plains of Bengal.

==Chieftainship==
After Banaitangi was married to Ngursailova, she gained a positive reputation as a kind and compassionate chief compared to others. Due to the fact that Ngursailova spent time with his father, [[Lalchukla]], who was captive in Sylhet, Banaitangi was encouraged to take an interest in public life and facets of chieftainship. She was the first Lushai chieftainess to come down to the plains of [[Sylhet]], [[Agartala]] and [[Dhaka]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=102}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=81}}

===Quarrel with her husband===
Ngursailova after marriage found Banaitangi to be an expensive wife. Banaitangi took control of managing estates and taking on roles of chieftainship in Ngursailova's absence. Laljeeka also raided Ngursailova's settlements as a revenge for Banaitangi'sa marriage rejection. In return, Sukpilal took revenge on Laljeeka and forced him to take refuge under the eastern chiefs. Due to these issues, and Banaitangi's acumen in accumulating influence over his own power, Ngursailova under the influence of ''Zu'' ([[rice beer]]) assaulted Banaitangi. Banaitangi in return swore revenge and Ngursailova ordered her arrest. In the middle of the night, Banaitangi with a few loyal nobles escaped Ngursailova's village in January 1871 and in three days managed to reach Sukpilal's village of Reiek. Petty chiefs such as Roona and Mona followed her as well. Sukpilal and her mother [[Pi Buki]] made peace with Laljeeka to invade Ngursailova's estate. Banaitangi ruled her own estates similar to before her marriage as an independent chieftainess. Ngursailova attempted to mend the separation and offer her to raise his sons but she refused and he died soon after.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=82}}

===Later life===
Banaitangi after the death of her husband followed customary practices on widowhood. She observed widow penance known as ''thlahual''. Upon meeting with Major Boyd in 1881 her poor health had physically aged her further than she truly was. She clad herself in a white sari during her widow years. She also conducted an interview in Bengali with Boyd's assistant Hari Charan Sharma in her settlement's [[zawlbuk]] on 3 February 1881. The interview was a surprise to British officials as the trial of her father-in-law Lalchukla had created opposition from chiefs to cooperate with the British. Due to this, she is considered the first Lushai lady and chieftainess to hold diplomatic relations with the British.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=83}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1985|p=94}}{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=103}}

==Biography==
{{Sukpilal family tree}}

===Early life===
Banaitangi was born to Chief [[Mângpawrha]] and his wife [[Pi Buki]] in 1835. She was the sister of [[Suakpuilala]] and granddaughter of [[Lallula]].{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=82}}

===Marriage and family===
Banaitangi was married to Ngursailova in February of 1885. She had two sons namely Laljachaja and Bamkhampui.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1990|p=103}} For her marriage, Sukpilal raided Adampore and provided several Bengali maidens to serve her in her new life. Due to this, Banaitangi became fluent in Bengali.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=83}}
Oral history recounts Banaitangi's beauty and how high her bride price was as a result which prevented many Lushai chiefs from being able to marry her. A southern chief named [[Laljeeka]] offered to marry Banaitangi but she refused him but she was already arranged to be married to her cousin [[Ngursailova]]. However, the marriage to Ngursailova was delayed due to the expenses of conducting the trial on [[Lalchukla]]. It is said it took two years for Ngursailova to afford the bride price for Banaitangi as a result. For their marriage, Banaitangi composed her own hla (song/poem).{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=82}}

===Death===
Banaitangi died in 1885 in her own settlement.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1995|p=81}} Her legacy saw a fusion and acceptance of cultural practices from the plains. She introduced Hindu melodies into ''Mizo hla'' and mixed traditional ''puan'' cloths with artistic embroideries through Muslim and Hindu accessories. However, most of her poems are lost or corrupted through village bards, largely lost to time.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=10}} Her son Bankhampui became a renowned poet.{{sfn|Chatterjee|1994|p=46}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1985 |title=British rule in Mizoram |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas|date=1994 |title=Making of Mizoram: Role of Laldenga |location=new Delhi |publisher=M D Publications |isbn=81-85880-38-7}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1995 |title=Mizo Chiefs and the Chiefdom |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YON9iVgsDRUC |location=New Delhi |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=81-85880-72-7}}

*{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Suhas |date=1990 |title=Mizo Encyclopaedia|location=Aizawl|publisher=Jaico Publishing House}}

[[Category:Western Lushai chiefs]]
[[Category:1885 deaths]]
[[Category:1835 births]]

Ranikhet Express

2026-02-21T17:08:59Z

Blshastri2: refined information after review per standard format

{{Italic title}}{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| color = A0A040
| name = Ranikhet Express
| image = File:15014 Ranikhet Express.jpg
| caption = Ranikhet Express hauled by an Izzatnagar based WAP-7 locomotive.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale = [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Uttarakhand]]
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2013|01|15}}
| last =
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Jaisalmer}} (JSM)
| stops = 38
| end = {{stnlnk|Kathgodam}} (KGM)
| distance = {{convert|1263|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 28 hrs 20 mins
| frequency = Daily
| class = AC First, AC 2 tier, AC 3 tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| observation =
| catering = On-board catering, E-catering
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| trainnumber = 15013 / 15014
| speed = {{convert|47|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Ranikhet Express (Jaisalmer - Kathgodam) route map.png|250px|Ranikhet Express (Jaisalmer–Kathgodam) route map]]
}}

The 15013 / 15014 '''Ranikhet Express''' is a [[Express train|Express]] train belonging to [[North Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[Jaisalmer railway station|Jaisalmer]] and [[Kathgodam railway station|Kathgodam]] in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/ranikhet_express-15013-train.html|title=Ranikhet Express – 15013|publisher=Make My Trip Portal|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926022100/http://www.makemytrip.com/railways/ranikhet_express-05013-train.html|archivedate=26 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiarailinfo.com/train/ranikhet-express-05013-dli-to-kgm/1375/349/951|title=Ranikhet Express|publisher=India Rail Info}}</ref>

The total travel time of this train is 28 hours and 20 mins. It has about 36 halts and covers a distance of over 1263 km at a speed of 42 km/h. This train runs of all days of the week and arrives at platform no. 11 at the Jaisalmer station.

==Route and halts==
It crosses the states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] & [[Uttarakhand]].

The train runs from Jaisalmer via {{stnlnk|Phalodi Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jodhpur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bhagat Ki Kothi}}, {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Bandikui Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Alwar}}, {{stnlnk|Rewari}}, {{stnlnk|Gurgaon}}, {{stnlnk|Delhi Cantonment}}, {{stnlnk|Old Delhi}}, {{stnlnk|Ghaziabad}}, {{stnlnk|Moradabad}}, {{stnlnk|Rampur}}, {{stnlnk|Haldwani}} to Kathgodam.

==Service==

The 15013 / 15014 Ranikhet Express covers the distance of 1256 kilometres in 28 hours and 05 min. It runs daily from both the side. Inaugural run was on 15 Jan 2013.

No RSA – Rake sharing, Total 3 rakes.

As the average speed of the train is below 45 km/h, as per Indian Railway rules, its fare does not include a Superfast surcharge.

==Traction==
The train hauled by an [[Izzatnagar railway station|Izzatnagar Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] and [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive from end to end.

==Coach composition==

The train has [[ICF coach|Utkrisht ICF rakes]] with max speed of 110 kmph.

* 1 AC I Tier
* 2 AC II Tier
* 3 AC III Tier
* 1 AC II Tire + AC III (Hybrid)
* 9 Sleeper coaches
* 5 General
* 3 Second-class Luggage/parcel van
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders unsortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| Loco
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 1
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 2
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 3
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 4
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 5
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 6
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 7
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 8
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 9
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 10
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 11
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 12
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 13
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 14
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 15
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 16
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:lightskyblue;"| 17
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Green;"| 18
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Green;"| 19
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Green;"| 20
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Green;"| 21
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Green;"| 22
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Green;"| 23
!scope="col" rowspan="1" style="background:Green;"| 24
|-
|[[File:BSicon LDER.svg|25px]] ||GRD||GEN||GEN||A1||A2||H1||B1||B2||S1||S2||S3||S4||S5||S6||S7||GEN||GRD||GEN||S||S||AB||B||GEN||GED
|}
[[File:Ranikhet Express.jpg|thumb|Ranikhet Express standing in Kathgodam Railway Station yard.]]
Note : – Coach '''S''', '''AB''', and '''B''' and 1'''GEN'''and '''GRD''' Splits at [[Moradabad railway station]]. Coaches and marked in green colour

==Direction reversal==
The train reverses its direction at {{stnlnk|Marwar Junction}}.

==Schedule==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Train number !! Station code !! Departure station !! Departure time !! Arrival station !! Arrival time
|-
| 15013 || JSM || Jaisalmer || Night 12:45 AM || Kathgodam || 4:55 AM (next day)
|-
| 15014 || KGM || Kathgodam || 8:40 PM || Jaisalmer || 11:25 PM (next day)
|}

==See also==

* [[Kathgodam railway station]]
* [[Jaisalmer railway station]]
* [[Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer City]]
* [[Kathgodam|Kathgodam City]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.indiarailinfo.com Indian Rail Info]
* [http://www.indianrailways.gov.in Indian Railways]

{{Indian Railways}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranikhet Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:Transport in Haldwani-Kathgodam]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Delhi]]
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Addiscombe Military Seminary

2026-02-18T14:17:01Z

Blshastri2: expand section additionally and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{short description|East India Company military academy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=Addiscombe Military Seminary
|image=Addiscombe Seminary photo c.1859.jpg
|caption=East front of Addiscombe Place, the main building of Addiscombe Seminary, photographed {{circa|1859}}. Cadets pose in the foreground. The inscription ''Non faciam vitio culpave minorem'' can be seen on the [[entablature]]
|dates=1809–1861
|country={{flag|United Kingdom}}
|branch={{army|United Kingdom}}
|command_structure=
|type=Training
|role=Army Officer Training
|size=
|current_commander=
|garrison=[[Addiscombe]], Surrey
|ceremonial_chief=
|ceremonial_chief_label=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|colonel_of_the_regiment_label=
|nickname=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
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The '''East India Company Military Seminary''' was a British [[military academy]] at [[Addiscombe]], Surrey, in what is now the [[London Borough of Croydon]]. It opened in 1809 and closed in 1861. Its purpose was to train young officers to serve in the [[East India Company]]'s [[Presidency armies|own army]] in [[India]].

The institution was formally known as the '''East India Company Military Seminary''' (a name the cadets always disliked) until 1855, when the name was changed to the '''East India Company Military College'''.<ref name="auto">Bourne 1979, p. 206.</ref><ref>Broadfoot 1893, p. 657.</ref> In 1858, when the college was taken over by the government, it was renamed the '''Royal India Military College'''. Colloquially, it was known as Addiscombe Seminary, Addiscombe College, or Addiscombe Military Academy.

The Seminary was a sister institution to the [[East India Company College]] in Hertfordshire, which trained civilian "writers" (clerks). In military terms it was a counterpart to the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Royal Military Academy]] at [[Woolwich]] and the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]] at [[Sandhurst, Berkshire|Sandhurst]].

==History==
[[File:Addiscombe Seminary Plan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Plan of the Seminary grounds]]

===Addiscombe Place===
Addiscombe Place, the mansion house which formed the central building of the later Seminary, was erected in about 1702 by William Draper, on land which he had inherited in 1700 from his aunt, Dame Sarah Temple. Draper's father-in-law was the diarist [[John Evelyn]], who in 1703 pronounced the house "in all points of good and solid architecture to be one of the very best gentleman's houses in Surrey, when finish'd". Its interior included many mural paintings of mythological subjects, supposed to be the work of Sir [[James Thornhill]]; while high up on the exterior east front was carved the Latin inscription, ''Non faciam vitio culpave minorem'' ("I will not lower myself by vice or fault"). By the late 18th century the house was in the ownership of Charles James Clarke, who leased it to the statesman [[Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool|Charles Jenkinson, Lord Hawkesbury]], later 1st Earl of Liverpool. Regular visitors during Liverpool's tenure included King [[George III]] and [[William Pitt the Younger|William Pitt]].<ref>Paget 1937, pp. 42–4.</ref>

===The military seminary===
Following the death of Lord Liverpool in December 1808, Addiscombe Place was put on the market by Emelius Delmé-Radcliffe (Clarke's brother-in-law). It was bought by the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]] for use as a military academy.<ref name="lewis">{{cite web |title=Crowfield - Croydon A Topographical Dictionary of England |url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp737-742 |website=British History Online |publisher=S Lewis, London 1848 |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref> Although the company was primarily a trading concern, it also maintained its [[Presidency armies|own army]], the officers of which had previously been trained at the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]], at the [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Royal Military College]] Junior Department at [[Marlow, Buckinghamshire|Great Marlow]], or privately. They were now to be trained at Addiscombe. The Seminary opened on 21 January 1809, although the formal transfer of title of the property did not take place until a year later, on 26 January 1810.<ref>Vibart 1894, p. 9.</ref><ref name="auto"/>

The initial purchase comprised the mansion house and 58 acres of land to the south of Lower Addiscombe Road, but a further 30 acres to the north were subsequently acquired.<ref>Vibart 1894, pp. 20–22, 310.</ref> New buildings were added, so that the mansion house, which originally housed the entire establishment, became a purely administrative block.<ref>Bourne 1979, pp. 215–6.</ref> The additions included barracks, a chapel, a drawing and lecture hall, a hospital, a dining-hall, a sand-modelling hall, a gymnasium, and service facilities including a bakehouse, dairy, laundry, and brew-house.

[[File:Addiscombe Seminary cadets 1826.jpg|thumb|left|Addiscombe cadets sketched by fellow cadet George Girdwood Channer in 1826–27]]
[[File:Addiscombe cadets.jpg|thumb|left|Addiscombe cadets photographed in ''c''.1858]]

===Cadets and the curriculum===
In the early days cadets entered the Seminary between the ages of 13{{frac|1|2}} and 16, and later between 15 and 18.<ref>Broadfoot 1893, p. 648.</ref> They normally remained for 2 years (4 terms), although it was possible to pass the final examination within a shorter period.<ref>Vibart 1894, pp. 15–17.</ref> The initial intake comprised 60 cadets, but numbers rose to about 75 a year, meaning that there were around 150 cadets in residence at any one time.<ref>Vibart 1894, p. 16.</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref name="lewis"/> Cadets or their families were required to pay fees (£30 a year when the Seminary first opened; £50 a term by 1835), but these were heavily subsidised and represented only a proportion of the true costs of their education.<ref>Vibart 1894, p. 18.</ref><ref>Bourne 1979, pp. 214–5.</ref>

Initially, the main purpose of the Seminary was to train cadets for the Engineer or Artillery arms of the service, but as an experiment in 1816–17, and more permanently from 1827, "general service" cadets destined for the Infantry were admitted.<ref name="auto"/> In all, some 3,600 cadets passed through Addiscombe during the years of its existence. Of these, over 500 entered the Engineers, nearly 1,100 the Artillery, and about 2,000 the Infantry, some of whom subsequently transferred to the Cavalry.<ref>Vibart 1894, p. 315. Vibart lists the names of 3,466 cadets at pp. 661–704.</ref>

The curriculum comprised instruction in the "sciences of Mathematics, Fortification, Natural Philosophy, and Chemistry; the [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], Latin, and French languages; in the art of Civil, Military, and Lithographic Drawing and Surveying; and in the construction of the several gun-carriages and mortar-beds used in the Artillery service, from the most approved models".<ref>Bourne 1979, p. 208; citing the Seminary's official Rules and Regulations.</ref> The Company paid well, and attracted some distinguished academic staff: [[John Shakespear]] published a standard Hindustani grammar, and [[Jonathan Cape (mathematician)|Jonathan Cape]] was a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Heathcote |first=T. A. |title=The Indian Army: the garrison of British Imperial India, 1822–1922 |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |year=1974 |page=131 |isbn=0715366351 }}</ref> In practice, the emphasis was on mathematics, and the Seminary was criticised for not including more training in practical "[[military science]]".<ref>Bourne 1979, pp. 208, 210–11.</ref> In the 1850s photography was also studied.<ref>Many of the photographs taken are reproduced in Birbeck 2023.</ref> J. M. Bourne concludes that the Seminary was "not a true military college at all, but a militarised [[Public school (United Kingdom)|public school]]"{{spaced ndash}}although he also judges that, by the standards of the age, its record as a military training school was not significantly worse than those of the establishments at [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Woolwich]] and [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Sandhurst]].<ref>Bourne 1979, p. 222.</ref>

Cadets were required to wear uniforms at all times, and were not permitted to go beyond the grounds or into Croydon without permission. However, they gained a reputation for indiscipline, and fights with the townspeople of Croydon were not infrequent.<ref>Broadfoot 1893, pp. 648–53.</ref><ref>Bourne 1979, pp. 220–21.</ref> There was no corporal punishment, but in the early years, cadets could be punished by being incarcerated in the so-called "Black Hole", and fed on bread and water.<ref>Vibart 1894, pp. 125–6.</ref><ref>Broadfoot 1893, p. 649.</ref> Until 1829 they worshipped regularly at [[Croydon Minster|Croydon Parish Church]] (marching there each Sunday in uniform, accompanied by their band): after that date they began to worship at the newly consecrated St James's Church, Addiscombe.

[[File:Pollock Medal (obverse).jpg|thumb|The original [[Pollock Medal]] ([[Obverse and reverse|obverse]])]]

===Public Examinations and Pollock Medal===
Examinations were held twice-yearly in June and December: they lasted about three weeks, and culminated in a Public Examination, a day-long affair of some ceremony before a distinguished invited audience, which included orchestrated demonstrations of book-learning and of military exercises such as [[swordsmanship]] and [[Pontoon bridge|pontoon-building]]; an exhibition of drawings and models; a formal inspection; and the distribution of prizes.<ref>Vibart 1894, pp. 51–4, 227–34.</ref> The day's events are described in one account as "a performance carefully prepared and rehearsed beforehand. Its object was to make a favourable impression on a carefully selected audience".<ref>Vibart 1894, p. 231.</ref> The Public Examiner, who presided, was an eminent general (see list below); while the audience usually included some of the Directors of the East India Company, and often the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], who had a residence nearby at [[Addington Palace]].

In 1848 the Seminary began awarding the [[Pollock Medal]] to the best cadet of the training season. The award was named after [[Field Marshal]] Sir [[George Pollock]]. The Pollock Prize was transferred to the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]] after Addiscombe was closed.

[[File:Addiscombe Seminary cartoon.jpg|thumb|left|Nostalgic cartoon by Cadet George B. Wymer, and poem by Cadet John F. Cookesley, marking their [[Passing out (military)|passing out]] from Addiscombe in 1859. The cadets' uniforms are: (left) the tailed [[coatee]] in use until 1858; (right) the [[Tunic#19th century|tunic]] introduced in that year.<ref>Vibart 1894, "Addenda and corrigenda", p. 3.</ref> Frontispiece to H.M. Vibart, ''Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note'' (1894)]]

===Closure and development of the site===
Following the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the East India Company was wound up in 1858. The college passed into government hands, becoming known as the Royal Indian Military College, Addiscombe, but continued to perform much the same function. With the amalgamation of the Royal and Indian services in 1861, there was initially a proposal that Addiscombe should be retained as a military college. However, the [[War Office]] decided that the establishments at [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich|Woolwich]] and [[Royal Military College, Sandhurst|Sandhurst]] were sufficient for their needs, and the college closed in June the same year.

[[File:Ashleigh Addiscombe Road.JPG|thumb|right|"Ashleigh", Addiscombe Road. The house was built in 1848, along with its neighbour, "India", as accommodation for professors at the Seminary]]
The site was sold on 30 August 1861 for £33,600 to the [[British Land|British Land Company]], who demolished most of the buildings.<ref>Vibart 1894, p. 310.</ref> All that remain are two former professors' houses, "Ashleigh" and "India", on the corner of Clyde Road and Addiscombe Road; and the former gymnasium on Havelock Road, now private apartments. The Land Company laid out five parallel roads over the greater part of the grounds, and built them up with villas. The five roads{{spaced ndash}}Outram, Havelock, Elgin, Clyde and Canning Roads{{spaced ndash}}all took their names from soldiers and politicians prominent on the British side in the events of 1857–58, although none was in fact a college alumnus.<ref>The roads are named after [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|Sir James Outram]]; [[Henry Havelock|Sir Henry Havelock]]; [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]]; [[Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde]]; and [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning]].</ref>

==Headship==
*1809–22: [[James Andrew (educator)|James Andrew]], styled Superintendent and Head Master
*1822–24: [[William Henry Carmichael-Smyth|Henry Carmichael-Smyth]], styled Resident Superintendent (this appointment was regarded as temporary)
*1824–34: [[Robert Louis Houston|Sir Robert Houston]], styled Lieutenant-Governor
*1834–50: [[Ephraim Gerrish Stannus|Sir Ephraim Stannus]], styled Lieutenant-Governor
*1851–60: [[Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer)|Sir Frederick Abbott]], styled Lieutenant-Governor

==Notable cadets==
Notable cadets include:<ref>Vibart 1894, pp. 661–704.</ref>
[[File:Sir James Abbott von B Baldwin.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[James Abbott (Indian Army officer)|Sir James Abbott]] in Afghan dress. (B. Baldwin, 1841)]]
[[File:HenryLawrence (1).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Sir Henry Lawrence]]]]
[[File:Robert Napier.jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala]]]]
[[File:Henry Yule (cropped).jpg|thumb|150px|right|[[Henry Yule|Sir Henry Yule]]]]
[[File:Frederick Sleigh Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts by John Singer Sargent.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|[[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts of Kabul and Kandahar]] by [[John Singer Sargent]]]]

===1810s===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Augustus Abbott]]<ref name="ODNB">{{cite odnb |first=R. H. |last=Vetch |first2=Roger T. (reviewer) |last2=Stearn |title=Abbott, Augustus (1804–1867) |origyear=2004 |year=2010 |id=11 }}</ref>
* [[Proby Cautley|Sir Proby Cautley]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Buchanan |first=Robert |date=1989 |title=The engineers: a history of the engineering profession in Britain, 1750-1914 |page=[https://archive.org/details/engineershistory0000buch/page/152 152] |publisher=Kingsley |isbn=9781853020360 |url=https://archive.org/details/engineershistory0000buch/page/152 }}</ref>
* [[John Colvin (engineer)|John Colvin]]<ref>Vibart 1894, p. 42.</ref>
* [[Arthur Cotton|Sir Arthur Cotton]]<ref>Cotton, Arthur Thomas (DNB01), https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Cotton,_Arthur_Thomas_(DNB01)&oldid=2390618 (last visited 28 Jan. 2018).</ref>
* [[Frederick Lester|Sir Frederick Lester]]<ref name=LesterOxfordDNB>{{ODNB|id=16505 |first1=H. M. |last1=Chichester |first2=James (revised) |last2=Falkner |title=Lester, Frederick Parkinson (1795–1858) |year=2004 }}</ref>
* [[George St Patrick Lawrence|Sir George Lawrence]]
* [[James Oliphant]]
* [[Charles Waddington (army engineer)|Charles Waddington]]<ref>{{ODNB|id=28371 |first1=R. H. |last1=Vetch |first2=M. G. M. (revised) |last2=Jones |title=Waddington, Charles (1796–1858) |year=2004 }}</ref>
* [[Archdale Wilson|Sir Archdale Wilson, Bt]]
{{div col end}}

===1820s===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer)|Sir Frederick Abbott]]
* [[Herbert Edward Stacy Abbott]]
* [[James Abbott (Indian Army officer)|Sir James Abbott]]
* [[Saunders Alexius Abbott]]
* [[William Erskine Baker|Sir William Erskine Baker]]
* [[John Archibald Ballard]]
* [[Arthur Conolly]]
* [[Alexander Cunningham|Sir Alexander Cunningham]]
* [[Henry Marion Durand|Sir Henry Marion Durand]]
* [[Vincent Eyre]]
* [[Hugh Fraser (East India Company officer)|Hugh Fraser]]
* [[William Cornwallis Harris]]
* [[John Jacob (East India Company officer)|John Jacob]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Lambrick |first=H.T. |author1-link=Hugh Trevor Lambrick |date=1975 |orig-date=1960 |title=John Jacob of Jacobabad |url=https://archive.org/details/JacobW/page/n19/mode/2up |location=Karachi |publisher=Civil & Military Press |page=7 |isbn=0195772016 |access-date=2025-06-05|edition=2nd}}Through the good offices of his cousin, Capt. William Jacob of the [[Bombay_Army#Artillery|Bombay Artillery]] in February 1826. His elder brother, Herbert, was then also serving out in India as a new [[Subaltern_(military)|subaltern]].</ref>
* [[Henry Atwell Lake|Sir Atwell Lake]]
* [[Henry Montgomery Lawrence|Sir Henry Lawrence]]
* [[Robert Montgomery (administrator)|Sir Robert Montgomery]]
* [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala]]
* [[Thomas Pears|Sir Thomas Townsend Pears]]
* [[Eldred Pottinger]]
* [[Bradshaw Reilly]]
* [[Richmond Shakespear|Sir Richmond Shakespear]]
* [[Andrew Scott Waugh|Sir Andrew Scott Waugh]]
{{div col end}}

===1830s===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Orfeur Cavenagh|Sir Orfeur Cavenagh]]
* [[Douglas Hamilton]]
* [[Arnold Burrowes Kemball|Sir Arnold Burrowes Kemball]]
* [[George Malcolm (Indian Army officer)|Sir George Malcolm]]
* [[William Olpherts|Sir William Olpherts]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Frederick Richard Pollock|Sir Frederick Pollock]]
* [[Joseph Medlicott Scriven]]
* [[Richard Baird Smith]]
* [[Richard Strachey|Sir Richard Strachey]]
* [[Henry Ravenshaw Thuillier]]
* [[Henry Tombs|Sir Henry Tombs]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[James Travers]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Henry Yule|Sir Henry Yule]]
{{div col end}}

===1840s===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[George Tomkyns Chesney|Sir George Tomkyns Chesney]]
* [[Peter Lumsden|Sir Peter Lumsden]]
* [[Donald Macintyre (VC)|Donald Macintyre]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[James John McLeod Innes]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[James Rose, 23rd of Kilravock]]<ref name="James Rose Who's Who">{{cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U190500|title=Who's Who; Rose, Major James|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U190500 }}</ref>
* [[John Carstairs McNeill|Sir John Carstairs McNeill]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Thomas George Montgomerie]]
* [[Francis Norman|Sir Francis Norman]]
* [[Lambert Playfair|Sir Lambert Playfair]]
* [[George Alexander Renny]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Richard Hieram Sankey|Sir Richard Sankey]]
* [[James Francis Tennant]]
* [[Mowbray Thomson|Sir Mowbray Thomson]]
* [[George Willoughby (soldier)|George Dobson Willoughby]]
{{div col end}}
===1850s===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Charles Bernard (civil servant)|Sir Charles Bernard]]
* [[James Browne (Indian Army officer)|Sir James Browne]]
* [[Thomas Tupper Carter-Campbell of Possil]]
* [[John Underwood Bateman-Champain|John Underwood Champain]]
* [[Henry Collett|Sir Henry Collett]]
* [[James Dundas (VC)|James Dundas]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[William Wilberforce Harris Greathed]]
* [[Frederick Edward Hadow]]
* [[James Hills-Johnes|Sir James Hills-Johnes]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Samuel Swinton Jacob|Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob]]
* [[Thomas Herbert Lewin]]
* [[William Merriman]]
* [[Charles Edward Nairne|Sir Charles Nairne]]
* [[John Pennycuick (British engineer)|John Pennycuick]]
* [[Harry Prendergast|Sir Harry Prendergast]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts of Kabul and Kandahar]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Oliver St John (civil servant)|Sir Oliver St John]]
* [[Edward Talbot Thackeray|Sir Edward Talbot Thackeray]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Henry Trotter (Indian Army officer)|Sir Henry Trotter]]
* [[Francis Ward (British Army officer)|Francis Ward]]
{{div col end}}

===1860s===
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Sir Bindon Blood]]
* [[Arthur George Hammond|Sir Arthur George Hammond]] [[Victoria Cross|VC]]
* [[Albert Henry Hime|Sir Albert Hime]]
* [[John Frederick Maurice|Sir John Frederick Maurice]]
* [[Thomas Price (soldier)|Thomas Price]]
* [[Edward Stedman|Sir Edward Stedman]]
* [[Robert Warburton|Sir Robert Warburton]]
{{div col end}}

==Notable staff==
[[File:Group of Professors at Addiscombe Military Seminary.jpg|right|150px|thumb|Group of Professors at Addiscombe Military Seminary]]
Staff at Addiscombe included:<ref>A full list of staff appears in Farrington 1976, pp. 119–21; and further biographical details for many are given in Vibart 1894.</ref>
* Sir [[Frederick Abbott (Indian Army officer)|Frederick Abbott]], Lieutenant-Governor 1851–61
* Dr [[James Andrew (East India Company)|James Andrew]], Superintendent 1809–22
* [[David T. Ansted]], Lecturer in Geology 1845–61
* [[John Callow]], Lecturer in Civil Drawing 1855–61
* Revd [[Jonathan Cape (mathematician)|Jonathan Cape]], Senior Professor of Mathematics 1822–61
* [[John Frederic Daniell]], Professor of Chemistry 1835–45
* [[Theodore Henry Adolphus Fielding]], Lecturer in Civil Drawing 1826–50
* [[Edward Frankland]], Professor of Chemistry 1859–61
* [[John Christian Schetky]], Lecturer in Civil Drawing 1836–55
* [[John Shakespear]], Professor of Hindustani, 1809–29
* [[William Sturgeon]], Lecturer in Science and Philosophy 1824–50
* [[William Frederick Wells]], Lecturer in Civil Drawing 1813–36

===Public Examiners===
The Public Examiners were:<ref>Farrington 1976, p. 119.</ref>
* 1809–20: Maj-Gen. [[William Mudge]]
* 1820–23: Maj-Gen. [[Howard Douglas|Sir Howard Douglas]]
* 1824–40: Maj-Gen. [[Alexander Dickson (British Army officer)|Sir Alexander Dickson]]
* 1840–55: Maj-Gen. [[Charles Pasley]]
* 1856–61: Maj-Gen. [[Frederick Smith (Conservative MP)|Sir Frederick Smith]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{Cite book |first=Kate |last=Birbeck |title=Addiscombe Military College and the Cadets who Forged an Empire |location=Ugley Green |publisher=Dreadnought |year=2023 |isbn=9781999958770 }}
*{{Cite journal |first=J. M. |last=Bourne |title=The East India Company's Military Seminary, Addiscombe, 1809–1858 |journal=Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research |volume=57 |year=1979 |pages=206–222 }}
*{{Cite journal |first=W. |last=Broadfoot |title=Addiscombe: The East India Company's Military College |journal=[[Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine]] |volume=153 |issue=931 |date=May 1893 |pages=647–57 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_blackwoods-magazine_1893-05_153_931/page/647/mode/1up |publisher= Blackwood, Pillans and Wilson}}
*{{Cite book |first=Anthony |last=Farrington |title=The Records of the East India College, Haileybury, & other institutions |place=London |publisher=H.M.S.O. |year=1976 |pages=111–23 }}
*{{Cite book |editor-first=John B. |editor-last=Gent |title=Victorian Croydon Illustrated |edition=2nd |place=Croydon |publisher=[[Croydon Natural History & Scientific Society]] |year=1987 |isbn=0-906047-00-5 |pages=20–21}}
*{{Cite book |first=Clarence G. |last=Paget |title=Croydon Homes of the Past |place=Croydon |publisher=Croydon Central Library |year=1937 |pages=34–45 }} (mainly on Addiscombe Place)
*{{Cite journal |first=Roger T. |last=Stearn |title=Addiscombe: the East India Company's Military Seminary |journal=Soldiers of the Queen: The Journal of the Victorian Military Society |volume=79 |year=1994 |pages=1–3 }}
*{{Cite book |first=Col. H. M. |last=Vibart |title=Addiscombe: Its Heroes and Men of Note |place=Westminster |publisher=[[Archibald Constable]] |year=1894 |ol=23336661M |url=https://archive.org/details/addiscombeitsher00viba/page/n7}}

==External links==
*{{cite web |url=https://search.fibis.org/frontis/bin/aps_browse_sources.php?mode=browse_dataset&id=2174&s_id=1122 |title=Index of Addiscombe officers |first=Annabelle |last=Sutton |publisher=[[Families In British India Society]] |work=Families In British India Society Database |year=2000 |access-date=18 June 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (based on Vibart 1894)

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{{authority control}}

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1809]]
[[Category:Training establishments of the British Army]]
[[Category:19th century in London]]
[[Category:History of the London Borough of Croydon]]
[[Category:Military history of London]]
[[Category:Military history of the British East India Company]]
[[Category:Military academies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:British East India Company buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary| ]]
[[Category:1809 establishments in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1861 disestablishments in England]]

Sindhuja Rajaraman

2026-02-12T02:45:23Z

Blshastri2: Started New Entry

{{Short description|Indian artist and businesswoman}}
{{Outdated as of|2015|07|2}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sindhuja Rajamaran
| image = Sindhuja Rajamaran.jpg
| caption = FicciFlo, Women Entrepreneurs Meet 21 June 2012 at Hyatt Regency, Chennai<ref>{{cite web|title=FicciFlo, Women Entrepreneurs Meet June 21, 2012 at Hyatt Regency, Chennai|url=http://www.ficciflo.com/events/fcc/year1213/21jun.html|accessdate=21 June 2012|archive-date=29 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141229080314/http://www.ficciflo.com/events/fcc/year1213/21jun.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| native_name_lang = Tamil
| birth_name = Sindhuja Kandamaran
| parents = Rajamaran Sumathi Rani
| occupation = [[Animator]], [[Artist]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|01|26}}
| birth_place = Chennai
}}

'''Sindhuja Rajamaran''' is an Indian animator and businesswoman. She became [[India]]'s youngest [[CEO]] and 2D animator at the age of 14. She is reported to hold a [[Guinness World Record]] for becoming the youngest [[CEO]] in India of a [[Chennai]]-based animation company called Seppan, which was founded in October 2010 and had ten employees in 2014.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 February 2014 |title=Meet the world's youngest CEOs |newspaper=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |url=https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/meet-the-world-s-youngest-ceo-s-slideshow/meet-world-s-youngest-ceo-s-photo-1392101325013.html |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142215/https://in.finance.yahoo.com/photos/meet-the-world-s-youngest-ceo-s-slideshow/meet-world-s-youngest-ceo-s-photo-1392101325013.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mullick |first=Rajeev |date=30 August 2013 |title=India's youngest CEO's message to youth: pursue your dream with sincerity |newspaper=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/india-s-youngest-ceo-s-message-to-youth-pursue-your-dream-with-sincerity/story-Cu4w0Q3puPArkDLbWFrDPI.html |accessdate=30 August 2013 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114131457/http://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/india-s-youngest-ceo-s-message-to-youth-pursue-your-dream-with-sincerity/story-Cu4w0Q3puPArkDLbWFrDPI.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="econ times2">{{cite news |last1=Kandavel |first1=Sangeetha |date=10 March 2011 |title=Sindhuja Rajaraman: Meet the 14-year old animator CEO |newspaper=The Economic Times |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-10/news/28675551_1_animation-film-nasscom-chennai-based-animation |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402165809/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-03-10/news/28675551_1_animation-film-nasscom-chennai-based-animation |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She has worked on three projects, including a project to create a replica of [[T. Nagar|Thyagaraya Nagar]]. She has also done an Ad-Film with [[Joy Alukkas|Joy-Alukas]]. She serves as a brand ambassador for [[Alludo|Corel]], who has described her as the youngest digital caricaturist in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sindhuja Rajamaran, youngest CEO. Raised in Chennai |url=https://www.scientificstudents.com/images/Sindhuja_Rajaraman.pdf |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425192103/http://scientificstudents.com/images/Sindhuja_Rajaraman.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Mooijman |first=Ruben |date=23 March 2011 |title=Jongste CEO ter wereld is 14 jaar oud |newspaper=[[De Standaard]] |url=http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20110323_033 |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402162703/http://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20110323_033 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History ==
Sindhuja Rajamaran was born on January 26, 1997. Her father is the first digital caricaturist in Tamil Nadu hailing from [[Ramanathapuram district|Ramanathapuram]] district and her younger sister is the youngest Indian to write [[haiku]] in India.

She started learning animation in her sixth standard. Later she worked four years under Kumaran Mani who was the founder of Tenth Planet Technologies. In Class IX, she took part in an animation competition held by an NGO where she made a three-minute-long animation film within 10 hours, entering the World Records as the fastest animation film. She was awarded the Fastest 2D Animator by Nasscom the Gaming and Animation Conclave 2010 which was held in Hyderabad. She went to her school, Velammal Matriculation School, till Class 10, and then was homeschooled.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Sindhuja Rajaraman {{!}} Femina.in |url=https://www.femina.in/achievers/people/interview-with-sindhuja-rajaraman-36572.html |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=www.femina.in |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203709/https://www.femina.in/achievers/people/interview-with-sindhuja-rajaraman-36572.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-03-26 |title=Meet the world's youngest CEO |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/coimbatore/meet-the-worlds-youngest-ceo/articleshow/19206940.cms |access-date=2023-12-25 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

At the age of 14, she was recognised as the youngest [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] in the country by National Association of Software and Service Companies after she took over as the CEO of Seppan Entertainment Pvt Ltd. A [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]] ‘First Planet Technology (FPT)' recognised her potential and gave her the resources to start a new venture called ‘Seppan.com’.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DHNS |title=At 14, girl CEO is making waves in animation arena |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/at-14-girl-ceo-making-2402073 |access-date=2023-12-25 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230133157/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/at-14-girl-ceo-making-2402073 |url-status=live }}</ref> The post was created by her mentor, Kumaran Mani, CEO of 10th Planet Technology, to honour her skill and speed in animation. She did her graduation from [[ICAT Design & Media College|iCAT Design & Media.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babu |first=Gireesh |title=Sindhuja Rajamaran - Animator & CEO at 14 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bs-people-sindhuja-rajamaran-111032400058_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170226182336/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bs-people-sindhuja-rajamaran-111032400058_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajaraman, Sindhuja}}
[[Category:Indian animators]]
[[Category:Indian chief executives]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Indian child businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian women chief executives]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Chennai]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesswomen]]
[[Category:Businesswomen from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian women animators]]

National Highway 127B (India)

2026-02-03T07:36:20Z

Blshastri2: Adding article

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{infobox road
| country = IND
| type = NH
| route = 127B
|map ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|zoom=7|frame-lat=25.96|frame-long=90.9|frame-align=center|type=line|id=Q54925304| stroke-width=3|title=National Highway 127B}}
|map_custom=yes
|map_notes=Map of the National Highway in red
| length_km = 401
| length_notes =
| direction_a = North
| direction_b = South
| terminus_a = Srirampur, [[Assam]]
| terminus_b = [[Nongstoin|Nongston]], [[Meghalaya]]
| junction =
| previous_type = NH
| next_type = NH
| previous_route = 27
| next_route = 106
| states = [[Meghalaya]], [[Assam]]
| destinations = |image_notes=Schematic map of National Highways in India
}}

'''National Highway 127B''', commonly called NH 127B is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in [[North East India]] that connects [[Srirampur, Assam|Srirampur]] in [[Assam]] to [[Nongstoin|Nongston]] in [[Meghalaya]].<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_276_2012_028.pdf|title=New highways notification dated February, 2012|website=[[The Gazette of India]] - [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=6 July 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://morth.nic.in/showfile.asp?lid=2924|title=State-wise length of National Highways (NH) in India as on 30.06.2017|website=[[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref>

== Route ==
Srimrampur – [[Dhubri|Dhuburi]] - Phulbari - [[Tura, Meghalaya|Tura]] - Rongram - Ronjeng - Nongstoin.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/fwire/two-inter-state-roads-declared-national-highways-in-assam-320042.html|title=Two inter-state roads declared national highways in Assam|date=24 May 2012|work=Firstpost|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref>

== Junctions ==
{{RJL|date=November 2021}}
* Terminal with [[National Highway 15 (India)|National Highway 15]] near Srimrampur.<ref name=":0" />
* Junction with [[National Highway 17 (India)|National Highway 17]] near [[Gauripur, India|Gauripur]]
* Junction with [[National Highway 217 (India)|National Highway 217]] near Tura
* Terminal with [[National Highway 215 (India)|National Highway 215]] near Nongston.<ref name=":1" />

== Geography ==
Major portion of NH-127B, over 300 km lies in state of Meghalaya. This highway passes through four districts, namely, [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo]], [[South West Garo Hills district|South West Garo]], [[East Garo Hills district|East Garo]] and [[West Khasi Hills district|West Khasi]] Hills of Meghalaya. The alignment of the road in Meghalaya starts initially from rolling terrain and then major portion passes mainly through a hilly terrain and the road has to cross numerous rivers and streams.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://megpwd.gov.in/nh.html|title=National highways in Meghalaya|website=Public works department, Government of Meghalaya|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India]]
* [[List of national highways in India by state]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/11663347 NH 127B on OpenStreetMap]

{{Indian Highways Network}}
{{IND NH27 sr}}

[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Assam]]
[[Category:National highways in Meghalaya]]

{{India-NH-stub}}

Hindu reform movements

2026-02-03T03:21:17Z

Blshastri2: info

{{short description|Contemporary reform Hindu denominations}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{More footnotes|date=October 2015}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Hinduism small}}
{{Redirect|Neo-Hinduism|related movement also sometimes called neo-Hinduism|Neo-Vedanta}}
Contemporary groups, collectively termed '''Hindu reform movements''', '''reform Hinduism''',{{sfn|Bose|1884}}{{sfn|Beckerlegge|2006|p=435}} '''neo-Hinduism''',{{sfn|Beckerlegge|2006|p=435}} or '''Hindu revivalism''', strive to introduce regeneration and reform to [[Hinduism]], both in a religious or spiritual and in a societal sense.{{sfn|Jones|1990|p=}} The movements started appearing during the [[Bengali Renaissance]].{{sfn|Killingley|2019|pp=36–53}}

==History==
{{Main|History of Hinduism}}
{{See also|Neo-Vedanta}}

From the 18th century onward, India was colonised by the [[British Raj|British]]. This process of colonisation had a huge impact on Indian society: social and religious leaders then integrated [[Western culture|Western ideas]] with [[Hindu culture]].{{sfn|Michaels|2004}}

==Social reform movements==
In social work, [[Swami Vivekananda]], [[Dayananda Saraswati]], [[Mahatma Gandhi]], [[Vinoba Bhave]], [[Baba Amte]] and [[Prabhat Ranjan Sarkar]] have been most important. [[Sunderlal Bahuguna]] created the ''[[chipko]]'' movement for the preservation of forestlands according to the Hindu ecological ideas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Future of the environment : the social dimensions of conservation and ecological alternatives|date=1988|publisher=Routledge|others=Pitt, David C.|isbn=0-415-00455-1|location=London|oclc=17648742}}</ref> The less accessible [[Vedas]] were rejected and parallel [[Vachanas]] were compiled.<ref>''Dalit: The Downtrodden of India''. Himansu Charan Sadangi. Isha books. 2008.</ref>

==Religious movements==
===Brahmo Samaj===
The [[Brahmo Samaj]] is a social and religious movement founded in [[Kolkata]] in 1828 by [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Ram Mohan Roy]]. The Brahmo Samaj movement thereafter resulted in the Brahmo religion in 1850 founded by [[Debendranath Tagore]], better known as the father of [[Rabindranath Tagore]].{{sfn|Farquhar|1915}}

==== Brahmo Samaj of South India ====
The faith and Principles of Brahmo Samaj had spread to South Indian states like [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], and [[Kerala]] with many followers.

In [[Kerala]] the faith and principles of Brahmo Samaj and Raja Ram Mohun Roy had been propagated by [[Ayyathan Gopalan]], and reform activities had been led by establishing Brahmo Samaj in 1898 in the Calicut (now [[Kozhikode]]) region. Gopalan was a doctor by profession, but dedicated his life to Brahmo Samaj, and was an active executive member of the Calcutta [[Sadharan Brahmo Samaj]] until his death.{{sfn|Bose|1884}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Nazir|first=Parwez|date=2011|title=Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Social Reform and Empowerment of Women|journal=Journal of Exclusion Studies|volume=1|issue=2|pages=1|doi=10.5958/j.2231-4547.1.2.013|issn=2231-4547|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Sati, a writeup of Raja Ram Mohan Roy about burning of widows alive|last=Rammohun Roy, Raja, 1772?-1833.|date=1996|publisher=B.R. Pub. Corp|isbn=8170188989|oclc=38110572}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Hatcher|first=Brian A.|title=Debendranath Tagore and the Tattvabodhinī Sabhā|date=2008-01-01|work=Bourgeouis Hinduism, or Faith of the Modern Vedantists|pages=33–48|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=9780195326086|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195326086.003.0003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Men I have seen; personal reminiscences of seven great Bengalis.|last=Śāstrī, Śibanātha, 1847-1919.|date=1948|publisher=Sadharan Brahmo Samaj|oclc=11057931}}</ref>{{sfn|Killingley|2019|pp=36–53}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=Reflections on the Bengal renaissance : [papers read at a seminar, "Perspectives of the Bengal Renaissance"]|last=Seminar on Perspectives of the Bengal Renaissance (1976 : Rajshahi University)|date=1977|publisher=Institute of Bangladesh Studies, Rajshahi University|oclc=557887410}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|chapter=Rabindranath Tagore: His Life and Thought|date=2016-02-24|pages=1–17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315554709|doi=10.4324/9781315554709-1|title=The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore}}</ref>

===Arya Samaj===
The [[Arya Samaj]] is a monotheistic [[Hindu]] [[reform movement]] founded in India by [[Dayananda Saraswati|Maharshi Dayananda]], an ascetic who believed in the [[infallible]] [[Moral absolutism|authority]] of the [[Vedas]].<ref>Hastings J. and Selbi J. (Ed.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=i53tYSX9SZEC&dq=Swami+Dayananda+Saraswati&pg=PA61 ''Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics''] Kessinger 2003 part 3. p. 57. {{ISBN|0-7661-3671-X}}</ref>

It aimed to be a universal structure based on the authority of the [[Vedas]]. Dayananda stated that he wanted 'to make the world noble', i.e., to return Hinduism to its universality of the Vedas. To this end, the Arya Samaj started [[Shuddhi (Hinduism)|Shuddhi]] movement in early 20th century to bring back [[Hinduism]] to people converted to [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]], set up schools and missionary organisations, and extended its activities outside India. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], the first prime minister of India in his book, [[The Discovery of India]] credits Arya Samaj in introducing [[Proselytism|proselytisation]] in Hinduism.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thursby|first1=G. R.|title=Hindu-Muslim relations in British India : a study of controversy, conflict, and communal movements in northern India 1923–1928|date=1975|publisher=Brill|location=Leiden|isbn=9789004043800|page=[https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur/page/3 3]|url=https://archive.org/details/hindumuslimrelat0000thur|url-access=registration|quote=arya samaj.}}</ref>

===Ramakrishna Movement===
{{Main|Neo-Vedanta|Swami Vivekananda|Ramakrishna Mission}}
Swami Vivekananda was a central personality in the development of another stream of Hinduism in late 19th century and the early 20th century that reconciled the devotional (''bhakti-mārga'') path of his guru [[Sri Ramakrishna]] (of the Puri dashanami sampradāya) with the ''gnana mārga'' (path of knowledge). His ideals and sayings have inspired numerous Indians as well as non-Indians, Hindus as well as non-Hindus. Among the prominent figures whose ideals were very much influenced by them were [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Gandhi]], [[Subhas Bose]], [[Satyendranath Bose]], [[Megh Nad Saha]], [[Sister Nivedita]], and [[Sri Aurobindo]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A history of modern yoga : Patañjali and Western esotericism|last=De Michelis, Elizabeth.|date=2004|publisher=Continuum|isbn=0-8264-6512-9|location=London|oclc=51942410}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandamayi.org/books/Bithika2.htm|website=www.anandamayi.org|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ayyathan Gopalan]]
* [[Bengal Renaissance]]
* [[Contemporary Sant Mat movements]]
* [[List of Hindu organisations]]
* [[Hinduism in the West]]
* [[Hindu Widows%27 Remarriage Act, 1856]]
* [[New religious movement]]
* [[Acharya Prashant]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book |surname=Bose |given=Ram Chandra |title=Brahmoism; or, History of reformed Hinduism from its origin in 1830 |year=1884 |publisher=Funk & Wagnalls |oclc=1032604831}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Beckerlegge |given=Gwilym |year=2006 |title=Neo-Hinduism |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of New Religious Movements |editor-surname=Clarke |editor-given=Peter B. |editor-link=Peter B. Clarke |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |pages=435–436 |isbn=9-78-0-415-26707-6}}
* {{Citation | last =Dense | first =Christian D. Von | year =1999 | title =Philosophers and Religious Leaders | publisher =Greenwood Publishing Group}}
* {{cite book|surname=Farquhar |given=John Nicol |title=Modern religious movements in India |url=http://archive.org/details/modernreligiousm00farquoft |year=1915 |place=New York |publisher=Macmillan |others=Robarts — University of Toronto}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |surname=Jones |given=Constance A. |surname2=Ryan |given2=James D. |title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism |url={{Google books|OgMmceadQ3gC|page=|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}} |year=2007 |place=New York |publisher=Facts On File |isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9 |series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402211115/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&pg=PR17 |archive-date=2020-04-02|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |surname=Jones |given=Kenneth W. |chapter=Socio-Religious Reform Movements in British India |title=[[The New Cambridge History of India]] |year=1990 |pages=36–53 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-24986-4}}
* {{cite book |surname=Killingley |given=Dermot |chapter=Rammohun Roy and the Bengal Renaissance |title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: Modern Hinduism |year=2019 |pages=36–53 |place=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780198790839 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198790839.003.0003}}
* {{Citation | last =Michaels | first =Axel | year =2004 | title =Hinduism. Past and present | place =Princeton, New Jersey | publisher =Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation | last = Mukerji | first =Mādhava Bithika | year =1983 | title =Neo-Vedanta and Modernity | publisher =Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan | url =http://www.anandamayi.org/books/Bithika2.htm}}
* {{Citation | last =Renard | first =Philip | year =2010 | title =Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg | place =Cothen | publisher =Uitgeverij Juwelenschip}}
* J. Zavos, ''Defending Hindu Tradition: Sanatana Dharma as a Symbol of Orthodoxy in Colonial India'', Religion (Academic Press), Volume 31, Number 2, April 2001, pp. 109–123.
* Ghanshyam Shah, ''Social Movements in India: A Review of the Literature,'' New Delhi, Sage India, 2nd ed. (2004) {{ISBN|0-7619-9833-0}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150318220319/http://www.pragoti.in/node/3947 Experiences of Struggles Against untouchability in Tamil Nadu]
* [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article2064040.ece Forum to fight against untouchability]
* [http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/dalits-given-entry-into-tamil-nadu-temple-after-decades-148842 Dalits given entry into Tamil Nadu temple after decades]

{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{New Religious Movements}}
{{paganism}}{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Reform Movements}}
[[Category:Hindu denominations]]
[[Category:Neo-Vedanta]]

Dale Martin (scholar)

2026-01-24T11:42:16Z

Blshastri2: stub

{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2020}}{{Use American English|date=September 2020}}{{Short description|American New Testament scholar (1954–2023)}}
'''Dale Basil Martin''' (July 26, 1954 – November 17, 2023) was an American [[New Testament]] scholar and [[history of Christianity|historian of Christianity]].

== Career ==
Martin joined the faculty of [[Yale University]] in 1999 and retired as the Woolsey Professor of Religious Studies in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Martin, Dale B. 1954–|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/educational-magazines/martin-dale-b-1954|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-17|website=[[Contemporary Authors]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072322/http://www.encyclopedia.com:80/arts/educational-magazines/martin-dale-b-1954 |archive-date=October 18, 2017 }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=September 2020}} Before Yale, he was a faculty member at [[Rhodes College]] and [[Duke University]].

Martin held degrees from [[Abilene Christian University]], [[Princeton Theological Seminary]], and Yale. He was elected a [[Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]] in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dale Martin|url=https://emeritus.yale.edu/fellows/dale-martin|url-status=live|access-date=2020-09-17|publisher=Henry Koerner Center for Emeritus Faculty, [[Yale University]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203210923/https://emeritus.yale.edu/fellows/dale-martin |archive-date=December 3, 2020 }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Dale was born on July 26, 1954 in Baytown, Texas, to Harold Kelly Martin, Jr. and Joan Watson Martin. Martin grew up in Texas and attended a fundamentalist church related to the [[Churches of Christ]].<ref name="YaleCourses">{{cite video|title=Introduction to the New Testament History and Literature|date=2011|publisher=[[Yale University]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.christchurchnh.org/sermon/2014/12/10/time-cyclical-and-time-linear-professor-dale-martin|title=Time Cyclical and Time Linear: Professor Dale Martin}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Episcopal Church (United States)|Episcopal Church]].<ref name="YaleCourses"/> Martin was openly gay.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Grosserode |first1=Sophie |title=Religion scholar defines sexual immorality, discusses ancient world and modern concepts |url=https://tnjn.com/blog/2017/02/17/religious-scholar-defines-sexual-immorality-discusses-ancient-world-and-modern-concepts/ |access-date=8 July 2024 |work=Tennessee Journalist |date=17 February 2017}}</ref> Dale Martin died peacefully on November 17, 2023, at 5:38 am at his home in Galveston, Texas, after a brief battle with cirrhosis of the liver.

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{cite book | title=Slavery as Salvation: The Metaphor of Slavery in Pauline Christianity | publisher=[[Yale University Press]], US | year=1990 | isbn=978-0300047356}}
* {{cite book | title=The Corinthian Body | publisher=[[Yale University Press]], US | year=1995 | isbn=978-0300081725}}
* {{cite book | title=Inventing Superstition: From the Hippocratics to the Christians | publisher=[[Yale University Press]], US | year=2004 | isbn=978-0674015340}}
* {{cite book | title=Sex and the Single Savior: Gender and Sexuality in Biblical Interpretation | publisher=[[Westminster John Knox Press]], US | year=2006 | isbn=978-0664230463}}
* {{cite book | title=Pedagogy of the Bible: An Analysis and Proposal | publisher=[[Westminster John Knox Press]], US | year=2008 | isbn=978-0664233068}}
* {{cite book | title=New Testament History and Literature | publisher=[[Yale University Press]], US | year=2012 | isbn=978-0300182194}}
* {{cite book | title=Biblical Truths: The Meaning of Scripture in the Twenty-first Century | publisher=[[Yale University Press]], US | year=2017 | isbn=978-0300227918}}
{{refend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Dale}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:American biblical scholars]]
[[Category:New Testament scholars]]
[[Category:Abilene Christian University alumni]]
[[Category:Princeton Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University alumni]]
[[Category:Yale University faculty]]
[[Category:Rhodes College faculty]]
[[Category:Duke University faculty]]
[[Category:Anglican biblical scholars]]
[[Category:20th-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:21st-century American Episcopalians]]
[[Category:LGBTQ Anglicans]]

{{Bible-scholar-stub}}

Nimbekaipura

2026-01-22T13:31:43Z

Blshastri2: Started New Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nimbekaipura
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0562815|N|77.7553715|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 898
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 560049
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 080
| registration_plate = KA 53
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Legislative Assembly]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]]<ref name="174_Mahadevapura">{{cite web|url=https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|title="174-Mahadevapura : BLO Details"|accessdate=2024-05-17|archive-date=17 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517042839/https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Nimbekaipura ''' is a village in a southern state of [[Karnataka]], India. Nimbekaipura village is located in [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]] taluka of Bangalore Urban district in Karnataka, India. It is situated 8 km away from [[Krishnarajapuram]] and around 5 km from [[Hoskote]]. As per 2009 stats, [[Mandur, Bengaluru East|Mandur]] is the gram panchayat of Nimbekaipura village.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder|title=2011 census of India Village: Nimbekaipura|accessdate=2024-05-16}} </ref><ref name="Map">{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Nimbekaipura,+Bengaluru,+Karnataka/@13.0562815,77.7553715,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m6!3m5!1s0x3bae0ffa8cf114b3:0xf51b423cc615b2a6!8m2!3d13.0580534!4d77.7560972!16s%2Fg%2F1hjgjp__p?entry=ttu|title=Nimbekaipura Map|accessdate=2024-05-17}} </ref>

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 census of India]] information the location code or village code of Nimbekaipura village is 613099. The total geographical area of the village is 194.33 hectares. Nimbekaipura has a total population of 898 people, out of which male population is 479 while female population is 419. The literacy rate of Nimbekaipura village is 68.26% out of which 73.07% of males and 62.77% of females are literate. There are about 200 houses in Nimbekaipura village. Pincode of Nimbekaipura village locality is 560049.<ref name="census_2011"/>

==Facilities==
Nimbekaipura has below types of facilities.

* Govt. Lower Primary School, NewBuilding, Nimbekaipura – The school is owned by the government of Karnataka, located in Nimbekaipura itself.<ref name="174_Mahadevapura"/>
* Balaharaka Football Club (BFC Turf Arena), Sports School<ref name="Balaharaka">{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/club/16025|title=Balaharaka Football Club|accessdate=2024-05-17}} </ref>
* Nimbekaipura Lake
* Overhead tank

==Temples==
* Basavesvara temple

==See also==
* [[Budigere]]
* [[Konadasapura]]
* [[Huskur, Bengaluru East|Huskur]]
* [[Bommenahalli, Bengaluru East|Bommenahalli]]
* [[Jyothipura, Bengaluru East|Jyothipura]]

==References==
*Book: Census of India, 1981: District census handbook. A. Village & town directory ; B. Village & townwise primary census abstract, Publisher: University of Minnesota, Contributor:India. Director of Census Operations, Karnataka
*Book: The Mysore Gazette, 1962
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/

{{Settlements in Bangalore Urban district}}
[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]
{{Bangalore Urban district}}
{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

Barhara Assembly constituency

2026-01-11T18:44:25Z

Blshastri2: added intro additionally and cleaned formatting per standard format

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Barhara Assembly constituency
| type = SLA
| map_image = 193-Barhara constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghvendra Pratap Singh]]
|party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Bhojpur district, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|193]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 312,103
| abolished = 
}}

''' Barhara Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 legislative assembly seats of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is part of [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] lok sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]], [[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]], [[Agiaon Assembly constituency|Agiaon]] (SC), [[Tarari Assembly constituency|Tarari]], [[Jagdishpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Jagdishpur]] and [[Shahpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Shahpur]].<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/arrah.html | title=Arrah Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

==Area/ Wards==
The Barhara Assembly constituency comprises:<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

* CD Block [[Barhara]]
* Gram Panchayats: Ijri, Sundarpur Barja, Agarsanda, Baghipakar, Basantpur, Dhamar & Khajuria of [[Arrah]] CD Block
* Gram Panchayats: Khesrahiya, Mathurapur, Rajapur, Daulatpur, Chanda, Gidha, Birampur & Kayam Nagar of the [[Koilwar]] CD Block.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The Barhara Assembly constituency was created in 1951. The list of the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) representing Barhara constituency is as follows:

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Barhara Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/barhara.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ram Vilash Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad}}
|-
|colspan="4" |{{center|''1957-1967: Constituency did not exit''}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|[[Ambika Sharan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Mahanth Mahadeva Nand Giri
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Ram Vilash Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|[[Ambika Sharan Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ramjee Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghwendra Pratap Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Feb]]
| rowspan="2" |Asha Devi
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 Oct]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
|[[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghwendra Pratap Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|Saroj Yadav
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghwendra Pratap Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhara<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barhara">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04193.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Barhara|date=14 November 2025|access-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208052850/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04193.htm|archive-date=8 December 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghwendra Pratap Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:79593}}
|percentage = 43.71
|change = -2.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ashok Kumar Singh
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:65190}}
|percentage = 35.8
|change = -7.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Surya Bhan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9268}}
|percentage = 5.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Saroj Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:8984}}
|percentage = 4.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ranvijay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3863}}
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Saurabh Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3189}}
|percentage = 1.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sourav Narang
|votes = {{formatnum:2361}}
|percentage = 1.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Banshidhar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1799}}
|percentage = 0.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3471}}
|percentage = 1.91
|change = +0.22
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:14403}}
|percentage = 7.91
|change = +4.89
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182096}}
|percentage = 58.34
|change = +5.74
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhara<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghwendra Pratap Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:76182}}
|percentage = 46.15
|change = +10.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Saroj Yadav
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:71209}}
|percentage = 43.13
|change = -1.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Asha Devi
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:7203}}
|percentage = 4.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manjee Kumar Shah
|votes = {{formatnum:2635}}
|percentage = 1.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2784}}
|percentage = 1.69
|change = -0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4973}}
|percentage = 3.02
|change = -6.06
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:165087}}
|percentage = 52.6
|change = +1.32
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhara<ref name="Barhara Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barhara|title=Barhara Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025|date=14 November 2025|work=|access-date=8 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208052756/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/barhara|archive-date=8 December 2025|publisher=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Saroj Yadav
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:65001}}
|percentage = 44.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Asha Devi
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:51693}}
|percentage = 35.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghwendra Pratap Singh]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:13638}}
|percentage = 9.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = Lalan Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3442}}
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1820}}
|percentage = 1.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ajay Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:1582}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustan Vikas Dal
|candidate = Dr. Anil Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1507}}
|percentage = 1.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Siyamati Rai
|votes = {{formatnum:1350}}
|percentage = 0.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2916}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:13308}}
|percentage = 9.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:146612}}
|percentage = 51.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Barhara}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Raghvendra Pratap Singh (Bihar politician)|Raghwendra Pratap Singh]]
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 46,102
|percentage = 41.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Asha Devi
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 45,019
|percentage = 40.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bhai Brahmeshwer
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6,084
|percentage = 5.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajiv Ranjan
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation
| CPI(ML) Liberation
|votes = 3,672
|percentage = 3.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 1,083
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,11,049
|percentage = 47.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,32,971
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{coords|25.68|84.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of Bhojpur district, India]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Mohammad Hussain Sarahang

2025-12-26T03:39:28Z

Blshastri2: Adding data

{{Short description|Afghan singer (1924–1983)}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Mohammad-Hussain Sarāhang {{nq|محمدحسین سرآهنگ}}
|image =
|caption =
|image_size =
[[File:P18-1|thumb|استاد سرآهنگ]]
|background = solo_singer
|birth_name = Mohammad-Hussain
|alias =
|birth_date = 1924
|death_date = {{Death year and age|1983|1924}}
|origin = [[Kharabat (Kabul)|Kharabat]], [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]
|genre = [[Khayal]], [[Thumri]], [[Tarana]] and [[Ghazal]]
|occupation = [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical]] vocalist
|years_active =
|label =
|website =
}}
'''Mohammad Hussain Sarāhang''' (Farsi: محمدحسین سرآهنگ - ''Sarāhang''; 1924–1983) was an [[Afghanistan|Afghan]] [[ghazal]] singer and an exponent of [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]] from [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]]. He is popularly known with the honorific '''[[Ustad]] Sarahang''' and has been renowned as the "crown of Afghanistan’s music".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Ghazal Maestro Sarahang 39 Years After His Death |url=https://tolonews.com/arts-culture-172659 |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=TOLOnews |language=en}}</ref>

==Career and education==
Mohammad-Hussain Sarahang ([[née]] '''Mohammad-Hussain''') was born in 1924 in the [[Kharabat (Kabul)|Kharabat]] area of Kabul, an old district known for producing some of the country's greatest musicians{{citation needed|date=June 2018}}. He was the second oldest son of musician Ghulam Hussain, who taught his son the basics of music. Sarahang studied [[Hindustani classical music|Indian classical music]] in the [[Patiala gharana|Patiala]] style of singing under Ashiq Ali Khan.

After 16 years, Sarahang returned to Kabul at the age of 25 (c. 1949). Sarahang typically performed various genres of classical and semi-classical music including [[khayal]], [[thumri]], [[tarana]] and [[ghazal]]. He usually sang the ghazals of [[Amir Khusrow]] and [[Abdul-Qādir Bedil|Abul Ma'āni Bedil]], famous poets who wrote in Persian, as he was a ''[[Abdul Qader Bedil|Bedil]] Shenās'' (Bedil Expert).

At the age of 25 (c. 1949), Sarahang participated in a festival of music held at Kabul's Pamir Cinema. Amongst the participants were Qasim and Bade Ghulam Ali Khan. At this festival, Sarahang was awarded a Gold Medal. A few years later, the government of Afghanistan awarded him the title of Sarāhang.

==Books==
He wrote two books about classical music, ''Qānūn-e Tarab'' (The Law of Music)<ref>Mohammad-Hussain Sarahang was the lead author of ''Qānūn-e Tarab'' {{OCLC|48368272}}, along with Shahrānī, ʻInāyat Allāh and Rahīn, ʻAbd al-Rasūl. It covered a history of Afghan music with selected biographies as well as music theory.</ref> and ''Mūssīqī-e Rāg-hā'' (Music of Ragas).<ref>[[WorldCat]] does not list ''Mūssīqī-e Rāg-hā''.</ref> He has also created or composed several ragas including ''Hazra'' and ''Minamalee''.

In addition he once also wrote articles for the Pashtun Ghag newspaper in Kabul.

==Honors==

{{Source needed|date=June 2024}}
He earned the following titles and degrees from various music schools of India:

* Degrees of Master, Doctor and Professor of Music from Kalakendra School of Music, [[Calcutta]]
* Title of “Koh-e Beland” (''High Mountain of Music'') from Chandigarh School of Music, [[Chandigarh]]
* Title of “Sar Taj-e Musiqee” (''Top Crown of Music'') from Central School of Music, [[Allahabad]]
* Title of “Baba-e Musiqee” (''The Father of Music'') in his final concert in [[New Delhi]], 1979
* Title of “Sher-e Musiqee” (''Lion of Music'') in his last performance in Allahabad, 1982

==Death==
Upon his last trip to India in 1982, Sarahang fell ill and was hospitalized and ordered not to sing and to keep his talking to a minimum. Sarahang told his doctors he was feeling homesick and he would get better if he went back to Afghanistan. He returned to Afghanistan but disregarded the orders of his doctors and continued his performance. In 1983 he became ill again and was hospitalized in Kabul where he died from a heart attack.

The Afghan Ministry of Information and Culture has commemorated his death in later years on the date of June 12. It commemorated the 39th anniversary of his death on that day in 2021 and mentions his age was 65, which would imply that Sarahang was born circa 1917 and his death year was 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoIC Remembers Ghazal Maestro Sarahang on His Death Anniversary {{!}} Ministry of Information and Culture |url=https://moic.gov.af/en/moic-remembers-ghazal-maestro-sarahang-his-death-anniversary |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=moic.gov.af}}</ref>

His son Eltaf Hussain Sarahang, is also a ghazal performer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aga Khan Museum |url=http://agakhanmuseum.org/programs/spotlight-afghanistan-ustad-eltaf-sarahang |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Aga Khan Museum |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sarangi.info/sarahang A collection of some of his performances from North Indian Classical Archive]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarahang}}
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:1983 deaths]]
[[Category:Pashtun male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Afghan musicians]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Male ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Afghan ghazal singers]]
[[Category:Persian-language Afghan singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Khyal singers]]
[[Category:Classical music in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:20th-century Afghan male singers]]

Satyendra Narayan Sinha

2025-11-25T07:53:37Z

Blshastri2: page updated

{{Short description|Indian politician (1917–2006)}}
{{distinguish|Satya Narayan Sinha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Satyendra Narayan Sinha
| nickname = Chhote Saheb, Satyendra Babu, SN Sinha
| image = Shri Satyendra Babu Chief Minister Bihar United.jpg
| imagesize = 150
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1917|7|12}}
| birth_place = [[Poiwan]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now in [[Bihar]], [[India]])
| residence = [[Sopan]], [[Patna]], Bihar
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2006|9|4|1917|7|12}}
| death_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| constituency =
| office = [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|19th Chief Minister of Bihar]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1940–1969,1984–2006) [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Indian National Congress-Organisation]] (1969–1977) [[Janata Party]] (1977–1984)
| term = 11 March 1989 – 6 December 1989
| predecessor = [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]
| successor = [[Jagannath Mishra]]
| office2 = [[Education Minister|Education Minister of Bihar]]<ref name="Education Minister">{{cite web|url=http://education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/1M/121M0101.htm |title=Ministers of Education |publisher=Central Advisory Board of Education |access-date=10 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930013052/http://education.nic.in/cd50years/g/12/1M/121M0101.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref>
| term_start3 = 18 February 1961
| term_end3 = 1 October 1963
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| term_start4 = 1 October 1963
| term_end4 = 5 March 1967
|1blankname4 = Chief Minister
|1namedata4 = [[Binodanand Jha]], [[K.B.Sahay]]
| predecessor4 = Acharya Badrinath Verma
| successor4 = [[Karpoori Thakur]]
| office5 = President of International Committee on Violations of Human Rights in Parliamentarians<ref name="lok_sabha_6373">{{cite web |url=http://164.100.24.208/debate14/debtext.asp?slno=6373&ser=&smode= |title=Lok Sabha Debates |access-date=10 July 2007}}</ref>
| term_start5 = 1977
| term_end5 = 1987
| 2blankname5 = Continent
| 2namedata5 = [[Asia]]
| office9 = [[Agriculture|Agriculture Minister of Bihar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1041.htm |title=Members Bioprofile |website=164.100.47.132 |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703141530/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/biodata_1_12/1041.htm |archive-date=3 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| term_start9 = 18 February 1961
| term_end9 = 1 October 1963
| term_start10 = 1 October 1963
| term_end10 = 5 March 1967
|1blankname10 = Chief Minister
|1namedata10 = [[Binodanand Jha]], [[K.B.Sahay]]
| office6 = [[Parliament of India|Member of Provisional Parliament]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/debates/facts.htm |title=Some Facts of Constituent Assembly |author= |publisher=Parliamentofindia.nic.in |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref>
| salary6 =
| term_start6 = 26 January 1950
| term_end6 = 17 April 1952
| predecessor6 = ''position established''
| successor6 = [[1st Lok Sabha]]
|1blankname6 = Prime Minister
|1namedata6 = [[Jawahar Lal Nehru]]
|2blankname6 = State
|2namedata6 = [[Bihar]]
| office7 = [[Lok Sabha|Member of Parliament]] for [[Aurangabad (Bihar) (Lok Sabha constituency)|Aurangabad]]
| salary7 =
| term_start7 = 1952
| term_end7 = 1961
| term_start8 = 1971
| term_end8 = 1989
| predecessor7 = ''position established''
| successor7 = Ramesh Prasad Singh
| predecessor8 = Mudrika Singh
| successor8 = Ram Naresh Singh
| office12 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]] for [[Nabinagar|Nabinagar (Aurangabad)]]
| salary12 =
| term_start12 = 1962
| term_end12 = 1967
| term_start13 = 1967
| term_end13 = 1969
| predecessor12 =
| successor12 =
| predecessor13 = Dr. Anugraha Narain Singh
| successor13 = Mahavir Pd. Akela
| office14 = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|Member of Bihar Legislative Assembly]] for [[Gopalganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Gopalganj]]
| salary14 =
| term_start14 = 1961
| term_end14 = 1962
| predecessor14 = Kamala Rai
| successor14 = [[Abdul Ghafoor (politician, born 1918)|Abdul Ghafoor]]
| office11 = President, Bihar [[Janata Party]]
|1blankname11 = National President
|1namedata11 = [[Chandra Shekhar]]
| term_start11 = 1973
| term_end11 = 1984
| predecessor11= Post Created
| successor11 = ''position abolished''
|office15 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start15 = 20 July 1989
| term_end15 = 6 May 1990
| constituency15 = ''elected by the Members of Bihar Legislative Assembly''
| predecessor15=Vacant
| successor15 =
| spouse = Smt. [[Kishori Sinha]]
| children = [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]
| alma_mater = [[Allahabad University]]
}}

'''Satyendra Narayan Sinha''' (12 July 1917 – 4 September 2006) was an Indian politician and statesman, participant in the [[Indian independence movement]], a leading<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other/A-couple-of-mps/articleshow/15764678.cms|title=A couple of mps|first1=Lakshmi |last=Iyer|date=8 December 2007|website=Mumbai Mirror}}</ref> light of [[Jayaprakash Narayan|Jaya Prakash Narayan]]'s ‘[[Bihar Movement|''complete revolution'']]’ movement during the [[Indian Emergency|Emergency]] and a former [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]].<ref name="ajphilip_tribune_gentleman">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060907/edit.htm#8 |title=A gentleman among politicians |author=A.J. Philip |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=5 September 2006}}</ref> Affectionately called ''Chhote Saheb'', he was also a seven-time Member of Parliament from the [[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad]] constituency, a three-term Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]], and a Member of the Bihar Legislative Council once. Regarded to be one of India's most influential regional people of the time, his reputation was synonymous with being a strict disciplinarian and tough taskmaster.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890331-i-believe-in-participative-democracy-and-not-dictatorial-attitudes-satyendra-narain-sinha-815897-1989-03-31|title=I believe in participative democracy and not dictatorial attitudes: Satyendra Narain Sinha|author=Prabhu Chawla |date=31 March 1989 |magazine=India Today}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[File:Shri Satyendra Narayan Sinha Provisional Parliament 1950.jpg|thumb|Shri S. N. Sinha, Hon’ble Member of India’s Provisional Parliament]]
Sinha was born in an aristocratic political family in [[Poiwan]], [[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad district]], Bihar. He belonged to the [[Rajputs in Bihar|Rajput]] caste.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&q=satyendra+narayan+sinha+rajput&pg=PA32 | title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar | publisher=Anthem Press | date=2008 | access-date=6 January 2019 | author=Ashwani Kumar | page=32| isbn=9781843317098 }}</ref> His father was a nationalist leader, Dr. [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]], who closely assisted [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/when-gandhi-became-mahatma.html |title=When Gandhi became Mahatma |website=www.dailypioneer.com |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421030213/http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/when-gandhi-became-mahatma.html |archive-date=21 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> along with Dr.[[Rajendra Prasad]] in the [[Champaran Satyagraha]] movement,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/remembering-the-first-satyagraha-100-years-of-champaran/story-myCg143UxOQJYuxlSrAqEJ.html|title=Remembering the first Satyagraha: 100 years of Champaran|date=14 April 2017|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> the first satyagraha movement in the country and also served as the<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH |title=First Bihar Deputy CM cum Finance Minister;Dr. A N Sinha |work=Indian Post |publisher=official Website |access-date=20 May 2008}}</ref> first [[List of Deputy Chief Ministers of Bihar|Deputy Chief Minister]] cum [[Finance Minister]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kamat.com/database/biographies/anugrah_narayan_sinha.htm |title=Biography: Anugrah Narayan Sinha |author=Kamat |publisher=Kamat's archive |access-date=25 June 2006}}</ref>

He spent his student years under the<ref name="SN Sinha-A Tribute">{{cite web |url=http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2963:s-n-sinha-a-tribute&catid=44:readers-write&Itemid=239 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715051816/http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2963:s-n-sinha-a-tribute&catid=44:readers-write&Itemid=239 |archive-date=15 July 2011 |title=SN Sinha -spent his student years under Lal Bahadur Shastri's (future PM) tutelage |publisher=Patna Daily Official Website |access-date=11 March 2011}}</ref> tutelage of [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] at Allahabad. Brought up in a political environment, S. N. Sinha completed his bachelor's degree from [[Allahabad University]] and earned a degree in law from [[Lucknow University]]. He practised law at the Patna [[High Courts of India|High Court]], but left his job to join the [[Indian Independence movement]] and participated in the [[Quit India Movement]] in 1942. He organised Legal Aid Programmes for political prisoners during pre-Independence days.

== Political career ==
=== Provisional Parliament ===
[[File:PM Lal Bahadur Shastri & Bihar Education Minister Shri Satyendra Narayan Sinha Chhote Saheb.jpg|thumb|India’s PM Shastri Ji & Bihar Education Minister SN Sinha during a public function]]
After Independence he was elected to the provisional [[Parliament]] from [[Bihar]] in 1950. He was part of the young Turk brigade of the Indian National Congress party during the time of the first Prime Minister of India<ref name="SN Sinha-A Tribute" /> [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].

=== Bihar state politics ===
Satyendra Narayan Sinha was a prominent educationist, and served as the [[Education Minister]] of unified [[Bihar]] in the government headed by Chief Minister [[Pandit Binodanand Jha]] from 1961 to 1963, and again for two consecutive terms in the Cabinet of [[K. B. Sahay]] from 1963 to 1967.<ref name="Education Minister" /> He also a held a range of portfolios including Local Self Government and Agriculture. He is credited with streamlining the entire education system of the Bihar state. As the state education minister, he played an instrumental role in the establishment of [[Magadh University]] in [[Bodh Gaya]], in the year 1962. He occupied the second position<ref name="SN Sinha-A Tribute" /> (second-in-command) in the Cabinet and played the role of a ''de facto'' Chief Minister during the period 1961–1967 under the Governments headed by [[K. B. Sahay]] and Pandit Binodanand Jha. He had<ref name="SN Sinha-A Tribute" /> a unique political acumen to determine the electoral prospects of candidates in assembly election by just sitting at home in Patna.

=== The Kingmaker ===
S. N. Sinha also played a key role in the installation of Governments headed by chief ministers Krishana Ballabh Sahay, [[Satish Prasad Singh]], [[B.P. Mandal]], Sardar Harihar Singh, Bhola Paswan Shastri and Ram Sundar Das. He never<ref name="SN Sinha-A Tribute" /> hankered after power even when it was well within his reach. When [[Indira Gandhi]] became [[Prime Minister of India]] in 1966, she<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120929014447/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/sir-is-it-true-that-when-mrs-indira-gandhi-became-pm-in-1966-she-wanted-to-make-the-then-influential-bihar-education-minister-satyendra-narain-singh-the-chief-minister-of-bihar-&-sent-dinesh-singh-to-convey-her-desire-but-late-s-n-singh-denied-because-he-wanted-to-be-elected-and-not-selected-will-we-ever-see-such-principled-stand-from-todays-bihar-leaders-like-nitish-ramvilas-&-lalu/1/117023.html Sir, is it true that when Mrs Indira Gandhi became PM in 1966, she wanted to make the then influential Bihar Education Minister Satyendra Narain Singh the chief minister of Bihar & sent Dinesh Singh to convey her desire but Late S N Singh denied because he wanted to be elected and not 'selected'. Will we ever see such principled stand from today's Bihar leaders like Nitish, Ramvilas & Lalu?]. ''India Today''.intoday.in (19 October 2010). Retrieved 21 May 2014.</ref> wanted him to become the next Chief Minister of Bihar and sent then External Affairs Minister Dinesh Singh to convey the proposal but he refused, since he did<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.patnadaily.com/index.php/readers-write/5659-s-n-sinha-a-tribute.html|title=S. N. Sinha - a Tribute - PatnaDaily|website=patnadaily.com}}</ref> not wish to unseat incumbent CM K B Sahay but wanted to be elected by the people of the state.

=== Emergency era ===
[[File:Satyendra Narayan Sinha Pratima near SN Sinha Sabhagaar Patna.jpg|thumb|Statue of Shri SN Sinha inaugurated by [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Bihar Chief Minister]] [[Nitish Kumar]] at Patna]]
He decided to side with the syndicate after the expulsion of Smt.[[Indira Gandhi]] from the Congress.The [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Indira Gandhi]], declared a [[state of emergency]] on 25 June 1975 due to internal political disturbances. Accordingly, all fundamental rights enjoyed in the [[Indian Constitution]] were suspended. Political dissidents, newspaper reporters, opposition leaders who opposed emergency were jailed. ''Chhote Saheb'', along with other prominent leaders, opposed this blatant misuse of state machinery. In 1977, during [[The Emergency (India)|the emergency in India]], he was made president of Bihar [[Janata Party]] and Chairman of State Election Committee.

{{quote box|align=right|width=20em|quote="''Chhote Saheb'', as he was popularly called, was an important political leader of Bihar, a distinguished Parliamentarian, and someone who had the interests of his state and people uppermost in his mind. During his long public life of over six decades, Sinha Ji made significant contributions in streamlining the education system of Bihar."|source= — [[Vice President]] of India [[Hamid Ansari]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=73161 |title=Vice President Delivers Satyendra Narayan Sinha Memorial Lecture |work=Vice President's Secretariat |date=12 July 2011 |access-date=29 July 2012 |author=PIB}}</ref>}}

He<ref name="Patna Daily">{{cite web |url=http://www.patnadaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1768:chhote-saheb-an-era-comes-to-an-end&catid=44:readers-write&Itemid=187 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101230234324/http://patnadaily.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1768:chhote-saheb-an-era-comes-to-an-end&catid=44:readers-write&Itemid=187 |archive-date=30 December 2010 |title=Chhote Saheb: Emergency era |work=Patna Daily |access-date=10 September 2006}}</ref> worked together with premier colleagues of Janata Party like [[Morarji Desai]], [[Chandra Shekhar Singh]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], [[Lal Krishna Advani]], [[Charan Singh]], [[Jagjivan Ram]], [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]], [[Madhu Limaye]], [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], [[Inder Kumar Gujral]], [[Raj Narain]], [[George Fernandes]] and [[Karpuri Thakur]] and the movement was a grand success in Bihar. He motivated the<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=73161 |title=Chhote Saheb |publisher=Press Information Bureau |access-date=15 July 2011}}</ref> youth and students to take an active role in politics, and ensured their representation in political affairs. During, the Bihar legislative assembly election 1977, a massive<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SVu8CgAAQBAJ&q=janta+party+satyendra+narayan+sinha&pg=PT298|title=Ruled or Misruled: Story and Destiny of Bihar|first=Santosh|last=Singh|date=9 October 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|via=Google Books|isbn=9789385436420}}</ref> crowd of youth leaders and activists used to converge at his residence.

Satyendra Narayan Sinha's political<ref name="Patna Daily" /> encouragement to the youths led to the emergence of then youth leaders of [[Janata Party]] like [[Raghuvansh Prasad Singh]], [[Nitish Kumar]], [[Ram Vilas Paswan]], [[Subodh Kant Sahay]], Kripanath Pathak, Ram Jatan Sinha, Jagdish Sharma, Thakur Muneshwar Nath Singh, Raghupati Singh and Narendra Singh. After the emergency was lifted on 21 March 1977, fresh general elections were held in India.

The Congress Party, led by Indira Gandhi suffered a defeat at the hands of the Janata Party coalition of several small parties created in 1977<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gort |first1=Jerald D. |last2=Jansen |first2=Henry |last3=Vroom |first3=H. M. |title=Religion, conflict and reconciliation: multifaith ideals and realities |isbn=978-90-420-1460-2 |year=2002 |publisher=Rodopi |page=246}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kesselman |first1=Mark |last2=Krieger |first2=Joel |last3=William A. |first3=Joseph |title=Introduction to Comparative Politics: Political Challenges and Changing Agendas |isbn=978-0-547-21629-4 |year=2009 |edition=5 |publisher=Cengage Learning |page=298}}</ref> and the alliance came to power, headed by [[Morarji Desai]], who became the first non-Congress [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1416/14160180.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021121061152/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1416/14160180.htm |archive-date=21 November 2002 |title=The Opposition and the Left |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |first=E.M.S. |last=Namboodiripad |access-date=9 August 2010 |volume=14 |issue=16 |date=9–22 August 1997 |url-status=usurped |location=India}}</ref> In Bihar, the Janata Party won all<ref name="Patna Daily" /> the fifty-four [[Lok Sabha]] seats in 1977 general elections under the mentorship of [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] and rose to power in Bihar assembly too. He<ref name="SN Sinha-A Tribute" /> struck by the Janata Party and preferred to be in opposition although he would have been considered a prize catch by the Congress party.

=== Return to Congress ===

He quit the party following differences with the then party president<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Chhote-Saheb-dies/articleshow/1957039.cms |title=Chhote Saheb dies (He quit Janata party following differences with ex PM Chandrashekhar) |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 September 2006 |date=5 September 2006}}</ref> [[Chandra Shekhar Singh]] and returned to the Congress fold in 1984. The<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060907/edit.htm |title=A gentleman among politicians:The Tribune (Return of SN SINHA in Congress fold) |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=4 September 2006}}</ref> then Prime Minister of India [[Indira Gandhi]] came down to [[Patna]] to formally admit him back to the Congress party.

=== Chief Ministership ===
As the [[List of Chief Ministers of Bihar|Chief Minister of Bihar]], ''Chhote Saheb'' also held the portfolio of Education for the fourth term in his later years 1989–1990. In the same year, he conceived,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newsmartimportedstories/NTPC-Railways-to-link-for-Bihar-power-JV/Article1-203330.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222020/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newsmartimportedstories/NTPC-Railways-to-link-for-Bihar-power-JV/Article1-203330.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2011 |title=S N Sinha's brainchild NTPC project gets approval |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |access-date=23 February 2007}}</ref> the proposal to set up a NTPC's super thermal power project at Nabinagar in Bihar's Aurangabad district to then [[Prime Minister of India]] and Congress leader [[Rajiv Gandhi]]; but the project went into limbo as the following state governments failed to follow it. In 2007, Manmohan Singh's<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newsmartimportedstories/NTPC-Railways-to-link-for-Bihar-power-JV/Article1-203330.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605222020/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newsmartimportedstories/NTPC-Railways-to-link-for-Bihar-power-JV/Article1-203330.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 June 2011 |title=PM Dr Manmohan Singh Approves NTPC Project in Bihar Promised By Then CM SN Sinha |work=Hindustan Times |location=India |access-date=23 February 2007}}</ref> government finally put a stamp of approval on it.

{{quote box|align=right|width=20em|quote="''I believe in participative democracy and not dictatorial attitudes''"|source= — Satyendra Narayan Sinha<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890331-i-believe-in-participative-democracy-and-not-dictatorial-attitudes-satyendra-narain-sinha-815897-1989-03-30 |title=India Today Official Website Archives |work=India Today Archives |date=31 March 1989 |access-date=16 November 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224111501/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/i-believe-in-participative-democracy-and-not-dictatorial-attitudes-satyendra-narain-sinha/1/323250.html |archive-date=24 December 2013 }}</ref>}}

{{quote box|align=right|width=20em|quote=" ''He was a great humanitarian and an educationist who changed the face of education in Bihar by his radical and innovative ideas that were far ahead of their time. The state owes a lot to him.''."|source= — [[Nitish Kumar]], [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://patnadaily.com/index.php/news/11890-governor-unveils-statue-of-former-cm-s-n-sinha.html |title=Bihar Governor, Chief Minister Unveils SN Sinha Statue |work=Official Website Online patnadaily.com News |date=12 July 2016 |access-date=16 July 2016 |author=Patnadaily}}</ref>}}

He is also credited for the<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brandbihar.com/english/patna_planetarium.html |title=Patna Planetarium Bihar, Indira Gandhi Planetarium, Patna, Bihar, India |publisher=Brandbihar.com |access-date=22 December 2013}}</ref> establishment of the [[Indira Gandhi Planetarium]] cum Science Centre in [[Patna]]. Under his regime, Panchayati Raj system of governance was introduced in Bihar.

In his autobiography ''Meri Yaadein, Meri Bhoolein'', released by the then Bihar Governor Buta Singh in the presence of Defence Minister [[Pranab Mukherjee]] (also former [[President of India]]), He accused his state colleagues of "fanning" the [[1989 Bhagalpur violence]] to malign him, specifically mentioning his predecessor and former chief minister Bhagwat Jha Azad and the former speaker Shivchandra Jha. He didn't agree with the over-ruling of his order to transfer the then superintendent of police K S Dwivedi who had failed miserably to discharge his duties. The decision was not only an encroachment of the Constitutional right of the state government but also a step detrimental to ongoing efforts to ease tensions.<ref name="Cong fanned fire">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=51405 |title=Cong fanned fire, frenzy: Ex-CM |date=25 July 2005 |access-date=8 February 2013 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> When he stepped down from the post of Chief Minister of Bihar, [[Jagannath Mishra]] succeeded him. He recalled when he met [[Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] later on, he informed him about the "role of some Congress leaders" in the riots. The Prime Minister expressed surprise and said "so, the riots were motivated!"<ref name="Cong fanned fire" />

=== Parliament of India ===
S. N. Sinha was elected as a Member of the [[First Lok Sabha|First]], [[Second Lok Sabha|Second]] and [[Fifth Lok Sabha|Fifth]] to [[Eighth Lok Sabha|Eighth]] [[Lok Sabha]]s from 1950 to 1961 and 1971—1989 representing Aurangabad parliamentary constituency of Bihar.<ref name="lok_sabha_6373" /> He retains the<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Chittorgarh-tag-sticks-to-Aurangabad-LS-constituency/articleshow/32097315.cms Chittorgarh tag sticks to Aurangabad LS constituency]. ''The Times of India''. (16 March 2014). Retrieved 21 May 2014.</ref> record of maximum parliamentary election victories in Bihar, next only to the late [[Jagjivan Ram]].

He served as the Chairman of Committee on Estimates from 1977 to 1979. He was also a Member of the Committee on Finance from 1950 to 1952; Committee on Estimates from 1956 to 1958 and thereafter during 1985–1986 and the Committee on Public Undertakings during 1982–83. He was a well-known social activist, and served as the Assistant Secretary to the Bihar Provincial Committee of the Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Fund and Secretary to the Bihar Provincial Committee of the Gandhi National Memorial Fund. He was also associated with a number of educational and social institutions in different capacities. He was member, Senate and Syndicate of [[Patna University]] from 1946 to 1960 and Bihar University from 1958 to 1960.<ref name="lok_sabha_6373" />

== International activities ==
A widely travelled person, S. N. Sinha attended Inter-Parliamentary Union Conference, Helsinki, [[Finland]] in 1955. He was the leader of the cultural delegation to Kabul on the occasion of ''Jasan'' in 1963.<ref name="lok_sabha_6373" /> He also led the Indian Parliamentary Delegation to the Spring Meetings of Inter-Parliamentary Council, [[Canberra]] in 1977 and also to its meeting at Lisbon in 1978. He was a member of the Indian Parliamentary Delegation to erstwhile USSR in 1976 and was elected a member of the Special Committee on Violations of Human Rights of Parliamentarians at Canberra in 1977 representing Asia.<ref name="lok_sabha_6373" /> He was also elected President of that committee (conferred upon the status of a [[Political union|Union]] [[Cabinet Minister]]) and served as its Chief from 1977 to 1988.<ref name="lok_sabha_6373" />

=== Posts held ===
S.N. Sinha held the following posts in his political career:<ref name="lok_sabha_6373" />
* 1946–1960: Member, Senate and Syndicate, [[Patna]] University
* 1948: Secretary, Bihar Provincial Committee of the Gandhi National Memorial Fund
* 1950 : Member, Provisional Parliament
* 1950–1952: Member, Committee on Finance
* 1952 : Elected to 1st [[Lok Sabha]]
* 1956–1958: Member, Committee on Estimates
* 1957: Re-elected to 2nd Lok Sabha (2nd term)
* 1958–1960: Member, Senate and Syndicate, Bihar University
* 1961–1963: Member, Bihar legislative assembly
* 1961–1962: State Cabinet Minister, Education, Bihar
* 1961–1962: State Cabinet Minister, Local Self Government (additional charge), Bihar
* 1963: Leader of the cultural delegation to [[Kabul]]
* 1962–1963: State Cabinet Minister, Education, Bihar
* 1962–1963: State Cabinet Minister, Local Self Government (additional charge), Bihar
* 1963–1967: Member, Bihar legislative assembly
* 1963–1967: State Cabinet Minister, Education, Bihar
* 1963–1967: State Cabinet Minister, Local Self Government (additional charge), Bihar
* 1963–1967: State Cabinet Minister, Agriculture (additional charge), Bihar
* 1967–1969: Member, Bihar legislative assembly
* 1969–1977: President, [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Congress(O)]], Bihar
* 1971: Re-elected to 5th [[Lok Sabha]] (3rd term)
* 1976: Member, Indian Parliamentary Delegation to erstwhile USSR
* 1977–1980: President, [[Janata Party]], Bihar
* 1977: Re-elected to 6th Lok Sabha (4th term)
* 1977: Member, Special Committee on Violations of Human Rights for Parliamentarians
* 1977–1988: President (Status of Union [[Cabinet Minister]]), Special Committee on Violations of Human Rights for Parliamentarians
* 1977: Leader, Indian Parliamentary Delegation to the Spring Meetings of Inter-Parliamentary Council, Canberra
* 1978: Leader, Indian Parliamentary Delegation to the Spring Meetings of Inter-Parliamentary Council, Lisbon
* 1977–1979: Chairman, Committee on Estimates
* 1980: Re-elected to 7th Lok Sabha (5th term)
* 1982–1983: Member, Committee on Public Undertakings
* 1984: Re-elected to 8th Lok Sabha (6th term)
* 1985–1986: Member, Committee on Estimates
* 1989–1990: Member, Bihar legislative council
* 1989–1990: Chief Minister, Bihar

== Personal life ==
[[File:Smt Kishori Sinha Ji SatyendraNarayanSinhaJi Governor Nikhil Kumar.jpg|thumb|left|206px|S. N. Sinha with [[Kishori Sinha]] & son [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]]]]S. N. Sinha's wife [[Kishori Sinha]] is a former Member of Parliament from [[Vaishali District|Vaishali]], and his daughter-in-law Shyama Singh is a former Member of Parliament from Aurangabad. His son, [[Nikhil Kumar (governor)|Nikhil Kumar]], a former IPS official, has served as the<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajbhavannagaland.gov.in/governor_15.html |title=Nagaland Governor|author=Official Website |publisher=Raj Bhavan |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Governor of the Indian state of [[Nagaland]] and also as the Governor of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nikhil-kumar-sworn-in-as-governor-of-kerala/article4541690.ece|title=Nikhil Kumar sworn in as Governor of Kerala|date=23 March 2013|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

S. N. Sinha wrote his autobiography ''Meri Yadein: Meri Bhoolein'', which incorporates the experiences and perceptions of a leader of his eminence and stature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=51405 |title=Meri Yaadein, Meri bhoolein (My Memories, My Mistakes) released by Bihar Governor Buta Singh in the presence of Defence Minister Pranab Mukherjee |work=The Indian Express |publisher=Express India |access-date=10 December 2005}}</ref>

His official residence in Delhi,<ref name="telegraphindia.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040808/asp/opinion/story_3596401.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203112429/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040808/asp/opinion/story_3596401.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 February 2013 |location=Calcutta, India |work=The Telegraph |title=Diary |date=8 August 2004}}</ref> 28 Akbar Road, had consistently won awards for being one of the best kept bungalows in the national capital. Its grand<ref name="telegraphindia.com" /> garden continually won awards at all Delhi's flower shows and was one of capital's landmark gardens.

==Criticism==
The Congress government led by Sinha is criticised for the lackadaisical approach towards the handling of <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1989-bhagalpur-riots-inquiry-report-blames-congress-police-287082-2015-08-07|title=1989 Bhagalpur riots: Inquiry report blames Congress, police}}</ref> the [[1989 Bhagalpur violence]]. The N.N Singh Committee report tabled in the Bihar legislative assembly held the government responsible for taking no action and the police showing complete inactivity during one of the biggest instances of human rights violations in Bihar, which led to the displacement of over 50,000 Muslims. The riots are said to have claimed the lives of thousands of Muslims, mostly poor weavers, while the police and Congress administration under Sinha took no action.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/1989-bhagalpur-riots-inquiry-report-blames-congress-police-287082-2015-08-07|title=bhagalpur-riots-inquiry-report-blames-congress-police|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

== Commemoration ==
The inaugural<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/VP-to-chair-Sinha-Memorial-Lecture-tomorrow/articleshow/9178955.cms|title=VP to chair Sinha Memorial Lecture tomorrow - Patna News - Times of India|date=11 July 2011|website=The Times of India}}</ref> lecture of the annual Satyendra Narayan Sinha Memorial Lecture Series was<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=73161 |title=VP delivers inaugural SN Sinha memorial lecture|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India |access-date=12 July 2011}}</ref> delivered by [[Vice-President of India]] Shri [[Hamid Ansari]] in Patna. In 2014, the then Bihar [[Chief Minister of Bihar|CM]] announced to rename Magadh University of which<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highereducationinindia.com/universities/magadh-university.php|title=Magadh University Bodh Gaya - Courses, Admissions, Exams & Results|website=highereducationinindia.com}}</ref> Late Sinha was the founder as<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/fresh-in-memory-card-lost-in-report-govt-silent-on-ambitious-ganga-driveway-private-university-progress/cid/295778|title=Fresh in memory card, lost in report - Govt silent on ambitious Ganga driveway, private university progress|website=The Telegraph|location=Kolkota}}</ref> Satyendra Narayan Sinha Magadh University. The<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Unlike-BJP-leaders-my-DNA-carries-values-says-Nitish/articleshow/48382562.cms|title=Unlike BJP leaders, my DNA carries values, says Nitish |first=Madhuri |last=Kumar |date=7 August 2015|website=The Times of India}}</ref> Children's Park in the capital Patna has now been rechristened as Satyendra Narayan Sinha Park and the foundation for installing a life-size statue of former Bihar CM was laid by [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]] Shri [[Nitish Kumar]] at a state function in 2015.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* ''Mere Sansmaran'', an autobiography by Dr. Anugrah Narayan Sinha
* Anugrah Abhinandan Granth samiti. 1947 '' Anugrah Abhinandan Granth.'' [[Bihar]].
* Anugrah Narayan centenary year celebration Committee. 1987. '' Bihar Bibhuti : Vayakti Aur Kriti '', [[Bihar]].
* Bimal Prasad (editor). 1980. ''A Revolutionary's Quest: Selected Writings of Jayaprakash Narayan.'' Oxford University Press, [[Delhi]].

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
before=[[Bhagwat Jha Azad]]|
title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]|
years=1989–1990|
after=[[Jagannath Mishra]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Chief Ministers of Bihar|Satyendra Narayan Sinha=Satyendra Narayan Sinha}}{{Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Satyendra Narayan}}
[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:India MPs 1971–1977]]
[[Category:India MPs 1977–1979]]
[[Category:India MPs 1980–1984]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (Organisation) politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian people imprisoned during the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad district, Bihar]]
[[Category:People from Gaya district]]
[[Category:People from Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of British India]]
[[Category:Education ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1967–1969]]

Story 9 Months Ki

2025-11-18T21:40:28Z

Blshastri2: Started Details

{{short description|2020 Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Story 9 Months Ki.jpg
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Anjum Abbas
| producer = Ashraf Abbas Akash Thakkar
| director = Aniruddha Rajderkar Ashish Ranglani
| creative_director = Danish Mansurie
| starring = [[Sukirti Kandpal]] [[Aashay Mishra]]
| narrator =
| story = Anjum Abbas
| screenplay = Amit Senchoudhary
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = ''Love Story Poore Nine Months Ki''
| end_theme =
| composer = Sarthak Nakul
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 102
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| editor = Sandeep Singh Vinay Mandal
| cinematography = Ankit Trivedi
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 25–26 minutes
| company = Rangrez Television Works<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/factual-documentary/rangrez-films-and-the-fine-art-of-making-tv-food-shows-160803|title=Rangrez Films and the fine art of making TV Shows|website=Indian Television|language=en|date=3 August 2016|access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2020|11|23}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2021|04|23}}
}}
'''''Story 9 Months Ki''''' ({{translation}} ''Story of 9 months'') is an Indian television drama series on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. It premiered on 23 November 2020. Produced by Rangrez Television Works, it stars [[Sukirti Kandpal]] and [[Aashay Mishra]]. The show ended on 23 April 2021.

== Plot ==
This drama centers on Alia Shroff, a headstrong woman who deals with her career, life with a father who disparages her absent mother, and a wish to have a child.

In Mathura, aspiring writer Sarangdhar Pandey sees Alia on TV discussing her plan to use [[In-Vitro Fertilization|In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF)]] to become a mother after divorcing her cheating husband Veer Malhotra. He comes to Mumbai and becomes an office runner at Alia’s company, “Direct Dil Se” (DDS.)
Alia’s assistant Rahul, who is unsuccessful wooing his friend Mala because she believes that he's gay, tricks Sarang into becoming the sperm donor for the IVF procedure after the original candidate cancels at the last minute.

Sarang’s father Brijmohan and old-fashioned aunt Bua disapprove of his move to Mumbai and plot to make him return. His mother Kalameshwari warns him not to go, but when Alia asks him to come to Mathura he realizes that he is attracted to her.

Although Sarang disguises himself as a Punjabi, he is recognized. Brijmohan bribes a doctor to advise Alia to stay in Mathura for at least three weeks after she faints during a family argument. Brijmohan, Bua and Elaichi (Bua’s candidate to marry Sarang) align against Alia, Sarang and Kalameshwari in a culture conflict between traditional and progressive viewpoints.

After Alia and Sarang’s impending parenthood is revealed, Alia tries to leave Sarang, but returns when she realizes that he was the "sweet" boy she met on her way to boarding school many years earlier.

After they learn that the pregnancy will be twins and once Alia is reassured that she will not be abandoned again, the couple agree to marry. Alia also reconciles with her mother and learns about the lies her father had told. Alia is injured in a car accident, and after Sarang pleads on [[Facebook]] for blood donations, pulls through with a donation from Elaichi.

Sarang and Alia’s relationship becomes widely known, and Sarang’s coworker Faheem tries to frame him for wrongdoing. Sarang’s family has come to Mumbai, and he goes missing. Brijmohan is found beaten up, and the police Alia find Sarang in a warehouse. In the hospital, Sarang and Alia make vows and promise to love each other forever.

During the wedding preparations, Sarang accepts a screenwriting job and leaves Mumbai. Multiple ominous events, or ''abshagun'', hint that a happy ending is not certain.

Six years later, Alia and her son Agastya live in Mumbai. Alia was told that her other twin was born dead. She has sold DDS, and struggles financially as a DDS employee. Agastya, who is bullied in school, wants to meet his favorite comics author, 'Azaad Roy'.

Sarang and his daughter Sayuri live in Mathura. He and Alia decided to part ways shortly before the wedding, and have not kept in touch. Sarang has become very successful writing children’s comics as ‘Azaad Roy’, and his old flame Kavya is now his secretary. He thinks Sayuri is the only living twin.

Alia and Sarang begin to share their day-to-day experiences on an online forum for single parents. The
doctor advises Sarang to take his daughter Sayuri, who has heart damage due to the car accident she survived before birth, to Mumbai for special treatment.

Sayuri and Agastya are schoolmates, and become friends. Alia encounters Sayuri without knowing of their relationship, and Sarang befriends Agastya under the same misconception. Alia’s job involves marketing the comic characters “Papa Toofan” (Father Storm) and “Chhotu Toofan” (Little Storm), and she makes an effort to locate ‘Azaad Roy’.

Alia’s father Gautam secretly brings her ex-husband Veer to join DDS, in order to gain her sympathy and remarry her. Her assistant Rahul, now married to Mala, works with Alia’s former employees and investors so that she can establish a new company.

Alia and Sarang, on the anonymous single parent forum, learn that their children share a birthday and agree to prepare a special celebration, at which they will meet in person.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Sukirti Kandpal]] as Alia Shroff: Founder and CEO-turned-employee at ''Direct Dil Se'' (DDS); Gautam and Nandini's daughter; Veer's ex-wife; Sarangdhar's ex-fiancée; Agastya and Sayuri's mother (2020–2021)
* [[Aashay Mishra]] as Sarangdhar "Sarang" Pandey / Azaad Roy – Kamaleshwari and Brijmohan's son; Kusum and Kumkum's brother; Alia's ex-fiancé; Agastya and Sayuri's father (2020–2021)

=== Recurring ===
* Bhumika Chheda as Dr. Rabia Ahmed – Alia's gynecologist and best friend (2020–2021)
* Dadhir Pandey as Brijmohan Pandey – Kamaleshwari's husband; Kusum, Kumkum, and Sarangdhar's father; Agastya and Sayuri's grandfather (2020–2021)
* Kanupriya Pandit as Kamaleshwari Pandey – Brijmohan's wife; Kusum, Kumkum, and Sarangdhar's mother; Agastya and Sayuri's grandmother (2020–2021)
* Monaa Mokhha as Kusum Pandey – Kamaleshwari and Brijmohan's elder daughter; Kumkum and Sarangdhar's sister; Pawan's wife (2020–2021)
* Sharat Sonu as Pawan – Kusum's husband (2020–2021)
* Anusubdha Bhagat as Kumkum Pandey – Kamaleshwari and Brijmohan's younger daughter; Kusum and Sarangdhar's sister; Suraj's wife (2020–2021)
* Rajan Singh as Suraj – Kumkum's husband (2020–2021)
* Hridaan Choudhary as Agastya "Aggu" Shroff – Alia and Sarangdhar's son; Sayuri's twin brother (2021)
* Avni Taywade as Sayuri "Chhoti" Pandey – Alia and Sarangdhar's daughter; Agastya's twin sister (2021)
* Ashish Nayyar as Gautam Shroff – Nandini's husband; Alia's father; Agastya and Sayuri's grandfather (2020–2021)
* Komal Chhabria as Nandini Sharma Shroff – Gautam's wife; Alia's mother; Agastya and Sayuri's grandmother (2020–2021)
* Tanvi Prabha as Sunita – Alia's housekeeper (2020–2021)
* [[Anant V Joshi]] as Veer Malhotra – New CEO of DDS; Alia's ex-husband; Nitya's fiancé. (2020–2021)
* Vidhi Chitalia as Nitya – Alia's friend; Veer's fiancée (2020–2021)
* Shruti Prakash as Kavya – Owner of Kavya's Green Café; Sarangdhar's friend; Vishu's sister (2020–2021)
* Mohit Tiwari as Vishu – Kavya's brother (2020–2021)
* Sayantan Banerjee as Param Chakroborty – DDS's HR (2020–2021)
* Nabeel Mirajkar as Faheem Saudagar – DDS's writer (2020–2021)
* Rajesh Singh as Rakesh – Sarangdhar's friend (2020–21)
* Kalpana Rao as Scarlett – DDS's receptionist (2020–21)
* Pooja Jadhav as Mala – DDS's employee (2020–21)
* Hardik Thakkar as Rahul – DDS's employee (2020–21)
*Sam as Sam – DDS's employee (2020–21)
* Nimesh Balaji Shinde as Ramesh Bhau – Sarangdhar's friend and roommate (2020–21)
* Shivanshu Sharma as Sarangdhar's friend (2020–21)
* Suryansh Patel as Suleiman – Sarangdhar's friend and roommate (2020–21)
* Deepak Soni as Gurupal: Sarangdhar's friend and roommate (2020–21)
* Kaushiki Rathore as Elaichi: Sarang's childhood friend (2021)
* Kavita Vaid as Buaji (2021)
* Aditya Jha as Chotelaal (2020)
*Lakshmi Mehta

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#AC0C64 |overall= |title= |airdate= |airdateR=<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/story-9-months-ki-1700000546|title=Story 9 Months Ki|website=SonyLIV}}</ref> |country=In |episodes=
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Staying Connected
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = In Alia's office, a clip for the company's advertisement shows how distance and work keep family and friends far from each other, but with the help of technology people can stay connected.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Enough For Sarangdhar
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sarangdhar decides to leave home in order to make his dreams come true, rejecting his father's focus on money and power.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Alia Is Upset Over Her Husband
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|25|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Alia's husband Veer is not giving her the time and care she needs due to work pressure. Alia motivates him and tries to release his stress.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Sarangdhar And His Dreams
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|26|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sarangdhar leaves his hometown for an unknown future. He meets a lady who annoys him.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Sarangdhar Reaches His Dream City
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sarangdhar reaches Mumbai, but his mother calls and scolds him for being out of contact.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Sarang Goes To The Police Station
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Sarang goes to the police station to lodge a complaint about his missing luggage. His bookseller friend makes up a story to hurry the case, but Sarang decides to tell the truth.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Alia Catches Veer Red-Handed
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|02|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = Alia spots Veer at a hotel, and he lies to her about how he came back early from Dubai.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Will Sarang Meet Alia?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|03|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary = A heart-broken Alia heads to the hotel to hear Veer out. Sarang is trying to find Alia so that he can speak to her.
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 9
|Title = Sarang Gets Hired at DDS
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|07|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 10
|Title = Alia Fires Manju
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|08|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 11
|Title = Sarang To Resign?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|09|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 12
|Title = Alia and Sarang's Humiliation
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|10|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 13
|Title = A Change In Alia's Life Goals
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|14|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 14
|Title = Alia's IVF Jitters
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|15|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 15
|Title = Alia's Sperm Donor Hunt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|16|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 16
|Title = Man With Loud Manners, Sarang
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|17|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 17
|Title = Mala's Carelessness, Alia's Fury
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|21|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 18
|Title = Sarang Gets Sacked
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|22|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 19
|Title = Sarang Celebrates Poonawala's Anniversary
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|23|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 20
|Title = Sarang Refuses Alia's Job Offer
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|24|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 21
|Title = Sarang Earns Praises
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|28|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 22
|Title = Sarang Gets Re-Hired?
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|29|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 23
|Title = Alia Versus Sarang
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|30|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 24
|Title = Sarang's Song Upsets Alia
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|12|31|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 26
|Title = Alia Finds A Donor
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|01|01|df=yes}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = AC0C64
}}
}}

==Reception==
[[News18]] termed the show's storyline 'progressive'.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/5-stars-of-indian-tv-who-made-a-comeback-in-2020-3176819.html |title=5 Stars of Indian TV Who Made a Comeback in 2020 |work=News 18 |author=Nilofar Shaikh |date=15 December 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref> The show was lauded by film producer [[Farah Khan]] and actress [[Anita Hassanandani]] for delving into the subject of motherhood through IVF and supporting a woman's choice to be a mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/farah-khan-on-being-an-ivf-mom-says-i-became-an-ivf-mom-at-43-and-am-glad-i-did-so/articleshow/79386239.cms |title=Farah Khan on being an IVF mom, says ; "I became an IVF mom at 43 and am glad I did so" |work=Times of India |date=24 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/people/preggers-anita-hassanandani-pens-down-heartfelt-note-on-embracing-motherhood-thanks-farah-khan-for-letter-2326530.html |title=Preggers Anita Hassanandani pens down heartfelt note on embracing motherhood, thanks Farah Khan for 'letter' |work=Zee News |date=25 November 2020 |access-date=3 January 2021}}</ref>

=== Ratings ===

In the UK, the show launched with 10,400 viewers on 23 November 2020 but showed a significant increase with 55,300 viewers the next day (24 November 2020), finishing the week with 37,200 viewers and third place for Sony TV on 26 November 2020. The show found 55,400 viewers in its second week (1 December 2020), ranking first on Sony TV and third overall. The show remained in Top-5 shows in the UK during the rest of the week.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|13322780}}
* [https://www.sonyliv.com/shows/story-9-months-ki-1700000546 Story 9 Months Ki] on [[Sony Liv]]

{{Sony Entertainment Television India Shows|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]

Chinmoy Guha

2025-10-31T20:10:32Z

Blshastri2: reworked section based on references

{{Short description|Indian essayist, translator, and French scholar}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Sir Chinmoy Guha
| image = Chinmoy Guha.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Chinmoy Guha in September 2013
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1958|09|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = Indian
| spouse = Anasuya Guha {{small|(Former Professor of English at [[Bethune College]])}}
| children = Surangama Guha
| relations =
| occupation = Professor Emeritus of English, essayist, translator, literary critic
| awards = [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques|Chevalier des Palmes Académiques]]; [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres|Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres]]; [[Ordre national du Mérite|Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Mérite]]; [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]; [[Vidyasagar Puroshkar]]
| signature =
| period =
| notable_works = Ghumer Darja Thele, Where the Dreams Cross: T.S. Eliot and French Poetry, Bridging East and West: Rabindranath Tagore and Romain Rolland Correspondence 1919-1940
| website = {{URL|www.chinmoyguha.blogspot.com}}
}}

'''Sir Chinmoy Guha''' (born September 1958 in [[Kolkata]], India) is an Indian essayist, translator, and a scholar of French language and literature, currently serving as [[Professor Emeritus]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://caluniv.ac.in/academic/English/Chinmoy-Guha.pdf |title=Chinmoy-Guha}}</ref> at the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/english-teacher/chinmoy.html |title=Teachers-Profile-chinmoy |publisher=Caluniv.ac.in |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=1 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101180910/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/english-teacher/chinmoy.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> He has served as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Rabindra Bharati University]] and Director of Publications, Embassy of France, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/French-honour-for-Professor-Chinmoy-Guha/articleshow/24311771.cms |title=French honour for Professor Chinmoy Guha – Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=18 October 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=5 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105100329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/French-honour-for-Professor-Chinmoy-Guha/articleshow/24311771.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier he taught English at [[Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College]] in Kolkata for more than two decades, and French at the [[Alliance Française]] and the [[Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture]] for eleven and five years respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lemauricien.com/article/passerelle-chinmoy-guha-les-litteratures-au-coeur |title=PASSERELLE : Chinmoy Guha, les littératures au cœur |publisher=Le Mauricien |date=5 April 2013 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=5 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105012154/http://www.lemauricien.com/article/passerelle-chinmoy-guha-les-litteratures-au-coeur |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://193.52.24.107/en/actuel/citescope/conf%C3%A9rence_du_professeur_chinmoy_guha |archive-url=https://archive.today/20131104183629/http://193.52.24.107/en/actuel/citescope/conf%C3%A9rence_du_professeur_chinmoy_guha |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |title=CONFERENCE DU PROFESSEUR CHINMOY GUHA | CitĂŠ internationale universitaire de Paris |publisher=193.52.24.107 |date=24 November 2009 |access-date=4 November 2013 }}</ref>

He has been awarded the Lila Ray Memorial Honour for Translation by the [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]] in 2008 and the Derozio Bicentenary Award in 2010. He has been knighted by the ministries of Education and Culture of the [[Cabinet of France|Government of France]] in 2010 and 2013 respectively. Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi and the [[Government of West Bengal]] conferred on him the Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar in 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards - Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi |url=https://pbba.wbicad.in/awards.php |website=Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi}}</ref> The [[President of France]] conferred on him in November 2019 the title of [[Ordre national du Mérite|Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Mérite]] for his contribution to intercultural exchange. He won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2019 in Bengali for his collection of essays ''Ghumer Darja Thele''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Akademi Awards (1955-2023): Bengali |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp#BENGALI |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=29 January 2025}}</ref>

== Education ==
Guha graduated in English literature from [[St. Xavier's College, Calcutta]] and followed up with an M.A. from the University of Calcutta. He completed his PhD on [[T. S. Eliot]] from [[Jadavpur University]] where he was a Teacher Fellow for one year.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/english-teacher/chinmoy.html|title=Teachers' Profile of Professor Chinmoy Guha|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909112700/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/academic/english-teacher/chinmoy.html|archive-date=9 September 2018|url-status=|access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref>

He has researched in France, Britain and [[Switzerland]]. He has lectured on [[Romain Rolland]] and India and other subjects at the India Festival in [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] (2002), at [[University of Avignon]] (2004), [[Ecole Normale Supérieure]] of [[Lyon]] (2005), [[Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales]] (2009), [[Cité internationale universitaire de Paris]] (2009), [[Edinburgh Napier University]] (2012), the [[Higher education in Mauritius|Mahatma Gandhi Institute, Mauritius]] (2012), [[Université de Paris-Sorbonne]] (2015), Académie des Belles Lettres et des Sciences, La Rochelle, France (2017) and the Institute of European Studies, Belgrade, Serbia (2017). He has been a visiting professor at the Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme, Paris (2009 and 2013).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msh-paris.fr/recherche/bourses-de-recherche-post-doctorales/dea/chercheurs-invites-dea/?tx_wfqbe_pi1%5Bshowpage%5D%5B11%5D=6 |title=Fondation Maison des sciences de l'homme: Chercheurs invités DEA |publisher=Msh-paris.fr |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109144353/http://www.msh-paris.fr/recherche/bourses-de-recherche-post-doctorales/dea/chercheurs-invites-dea/?tx_wfqbe_pi1%5Bshowpage%5D%5B11%5D=6 |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Academic career ==
Guha is currently Professor Emeritus at the Department of English, University of Calcutta. He was also Professor and former Head of the Department, former Convenor of the PhD Programme in English and former Chairperson of the Undergraduate Board of English Studies at the University. He has also lectured at multiple foreign universities including universities of Paris-Sorbonne, University of Paris 7 Denis Diderot, Edinburgh Napier University, Scotland; St John's College, Oxford; Manchester University, Warwick University, Worcester University College, University of Avignon, France; Institut des Langues Orientales, Paris et al.<ref name=":0" />

Guha was the Vice-Chancellor of Rabindra Bharati University and is a former director of Bureau du Livre, Embassy of France in New Delhi.<ref name=":0" />

== Literary activities ==
[[File:Chinmoy Guha with Derrida.jpg|thumb|left|Chinmoy Guha with [[Jacques Derrida]]]]
His translation of [[Molière]]'s ''[[George Dandin]]'', staged by Alliance Française de Chittagong, [[Bangladesh]] won an award in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=85024 |title=Int'l French Theatre Festival ends on a positive note |publisher=thedailystar.net |date=22 April 2009 |access-date=7 February 2014 |archive-date=21 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221212513/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=85024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

A review in the ''[[Times Higher Education]]'' praised his enthusiasm for [[T. S. Eliot|Eliot's]] poetry and his book ''Where the Dreams Cross'' as ''<nowiki/>'''thoughtful and instructive' which 'casts a fresh light on Eliot's poetry'.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/159675.article |title=Epiphany that unlocked a genius |publisher=Times Higher Education |date=11 May 2001 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=2 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102211027/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/159675.article |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Awards==

*Lila Ray Memorial Honour for Translation, [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]], Government of West Bengal, 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5nQcUMNpmc |title=Dr. Chinmoy Guha's speech on Leela Roy's birth centenary Part-5 |publisher=YouTube |date=12 August 2010 |access-date=4 November 2013 |archive-date=25 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125211755/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5nQcUMNpmc |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Ordre des Palmes Académiques|Chevalier des Palmes Académiques]], Government of France, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-04/kolkata/28118659_1_french-honour-french-ambassador-french-culture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014202003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-04/kolkata/28118659_1_french-honour-french-ambassador-french-culture |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 October 2013 |title=French honour for CU professor |date=4 April 2010 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>
*[[Chevalier des Arts et des Lettres]], Government of France, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/38865-17338625.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064211/http://epaper.telegraphindia.com/details/38865-17338625.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |title=Details |publisher=Epaper.telegraphindia.com |access-date=4 November 2013}}</ref>
*Vidyasagar Smriti Puraskar, [[Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi]], 2016.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awards - Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi |url=https://pbba.wbicad.in/awards.php |website=Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi}}</ref>
* [[Ordre national du Mérite|Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Mérite]], Government of France, 2019.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.ambafrance.org/Dr-Chinmoy-Guha-conferred-Chevalier-de-l-Ordre-national-du-Merite-17319|title=Dr Chinmoy Guha conferred "Chevalier de l'Ordre national du Mérite"|publisher=Consulate General of France in Calcutta|date=30 November 2019|access-date=12 December 2019|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212011548/https://in.ambafrance.org/Dr-Chinmoy-Guha-conferred-Chevalier-de-l-Ordre-national-du-Merite-17319|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=53069&boxid=38069|title=ফ্রান্সের সম্মান চিন্ময় গুহকে|publisher=Ei Samay|date=17 November 2019|access-date=28 November 2019}}{{Dead link|date=March 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]], [[Sahitya Akademi]], 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/pdf/sahityaakademiawards2019.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Press Release 2019|website=Sahitya Akademi}}</ref>

==Documentaries==
He has been the narrator of several documentaries produced by the ''Bhasha Mandakini'' project of the [[Central Institute of Indian Languages]].<ref name=":0" /> The documentaries pertained to subjects such as [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Arun Mitra]], [[Kaliprasanna Singha]], [[Peary Chand Mitra]], [[Bibhutibhushan Mukhopadhyay]] and [[Buddhadeb Bosu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bengali.bharatavani.in/media-type/bengali-bhasha-mandakini-series/|title=Bengali Bhasha Mandakini Series|access-date=21 August 2020|archive-date=26 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226151903/https://bengali.bharatavani.in/media-type/bengali-bhasha-mandakini-series/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Works==

===Books===

*''Maxims'' by la Rochefoucauld (Bengali translation from French), 1990, 1997. Dey's Publishing, 2007.
*''The Apu Trilogy'' by Robin Wood (Bengali translation from English), 1992, Parul Edition, 2012.
*''The Tower and the Sea: Correspondence between Romain Rolland and Kalidas Nag 1922–1938'' (Edited and French letters translated), Papyrus, 1996; Sahitya Akademi, 2010.'
*''Shirno Toron'' [''Strait is the Gate'' by André Gide] Sahitya Akademi, 1997, 2003, 2011.
*''George Dandin ''by Molière [co-translated with Arup Rudra and edited], Model Publications, 1998.
[[File:Chinmoy Guha with Le Clézio, the 2008 Nobel laureate in literature.jpg|thumb|right|Chinmoy Guha with Le Clézio, the 2008 Nobel laureate in literature]]
*''Conjugation of French Verbs'', Robert et Nathan, Tr. into English, W R Goyal, New Delhi, 2000.
*''Where the Dreams Cross: T S Eliot and French Poetry'', Papyrus, 2000; Macmillan 2011; Primus Books 2020.
*''Ahammaker Abhidhan'' [The Dictionary of Idiots] by Gustave Flaubert, Proma, 2001, Gangchil, 2007, 2009.
*''Danton: The Theatre of French Revolution'' by Romain Rolland, Anustup, 2002.
*''Victor Hugo: A Biography'', Papyrus, 2003.
*''Kendra o Anupastithir Majkhane: An Anthology of French Poetry'', Prativas, 2004.
*''Chilekothar Unmadini o Anyanya Prabandha'', Ananda Publishers, 2007.
*''Remembering Sartre'', co-edited with Sudeshna Chakravarti, Dasgupta and Co., 2007.
*''Time, Space, Text: Mapping Cultural Paradigms'', co-edited with Tirtha Prasad Mukhopadhyay, University of Calcutta and UGC-Academic Staff College, 2008.
*''Anya Jalbatash Anya Dheu: An Anthology of Twentieth Century French Poetry'', Deys Publishing, 2010.
*''Garho Sankher Khonje: A Collection of Essays'', Ananda Publishers, January 2011.
*''Aaina Bhangte Bhangte'', Conversations with Rabindra Kumar Dasgupta, Mrinal Sen, Badal Sircar, Father Detienne, P. Lal, [[Tapan Raychaudhuri]], Sankha Ghosh, Dipendu Chakraborty, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Gangchil, 2011.
*''Breaking the Silence: Virginia Woolf, Ashapurna Devi and Simone de Beauvoir'', co-edited with Sanjukta Dasgupta, Dasgupta and co, 2011.
* ''On the Seashore of Humanity: The Sesquicentenary Volume on Tagore'', co-edited with Professor Biswanath Roy, Chief Editor: Professor Suranjan Das, University of Calcutta, 2012.
*''Anubad Sangraha'', vol 1, Arun Mitra, Ed. Chinmoy Guha, Gangchil, 2012.
*''Prabandha Sangraha'', vol 1, Arun Mitra, Ed. Chinmoy Guha, Gangchil, 2013.
*''Tagore-At Home in the World'', co-edited with Sanjukta Dasgupta, Sage Publications, 2013.
*''Brishti ar Roddurer Kabita'', Jacques Prevert, co-edited with Palash Bhadra, Parul Publications, 2014.
*''Prabandha Sangraha'', vol 2, Arun Mitra, Ed. Chinmoy Guha, Gangchil, 2014.
*''Amar Chaplin'' [My Chaplin], Mrinal Sen, Trans. Chinmoy Guha, Ananda Publishers, 2015.
*''Ghumer Darja Thele'', Signet Press-Ananda Publishers, 2016.
*''Surer Bandhane'', Parampara, 2016.
*''Connecting Texts: Literature, Theatre and Cinema'', Co-edited with Sinjini Bandyopadhyay, Dasgupta and co, 2016.
*''Stage and Screen: Representations and Self-Discoveries'', Co-edited with Sinjini Bandyopadhyay, Dasgupta and co, 2017.
*''Bridging East and West: Rabindranath Tagore and Romain Rolland Correspondence 1919-1940'', Edited, introduced, annotated and French Letters Translated, Oxford University Press, 2018.
*''He Ananta Nakkhatrabithi'', Signet Press-Ananda Publishers, 2018.
*''Bindu Theke Bindute'', Parampara Prakashan, 2022.
*''Ek Akash Haiku'', Parampara Prakashan, 2024.
*''Andha Aaina'', Parampara Prakashan, 2024.
*''Broken Mirror: Conversations with Artists and Thinkers'', translated by Zenith Roy, Primus Books, 2024.

===Articles in books===

*''Voices from Bengal, An Anthology of Modern Poetry'', (Ed. Sukanta Chaudhuri), Sahitya Akademi Kolkata, 1997.
*''Whatever I Write and have Written is You'', An Anthology of Poems by Samarendra Sengupta, Cambridge Books, Kolkata, 1998.
*"Man with the Lamp", ''Be Vocal in Times of Beauty'', Ed. C. Venugopal, Writers Workshop, Kolkata, 2000.
*André Gide's Introduction to his French Translation of Tagore's ''[[Gitanjali]], Gitanjali'', Bilingual Edition, Visva-Bharati and UBS, 2003.
*"Out of Place: the Translator's Identity" in ''Poetry: Text and Context'', UGC Academic Staff College and Department of English, University of Calcutta, 2004.
*"The Return of the Dead: Laforgue and Eliot", in ''Phases of Twentieth Century Literature in English'' (Foreword. by Amiya Dev), Thakurpukur Vivekananda College, Kolkata, 2004.
*''Lessons on Lessons'', Writers Workshop, Kolkata, 2005.
[[File:Chinmoy Guha with Romain Rolland's biographer Bernard Duchatelet.jpg|thumb|left|Chinmoy Guha with Romain Rolland's biographer Bernard Duchatelet]]
*"Eliot-er Purbapurush", ''T S Eliot: Bangali Mon o Monone'', Ed Tapas Basu, Pustak Bipani, Kolkata, 1991.
*"The Golden Harp: Tagore and St-John Perse", ''Tagore and Modernity'', University of Calcutta, Dasgupta & Co., Kolkata, 2006.
*"Sunya Ainar Madhye", ''Anudito o Aunusari Bangla Sahitya'', University of Calcutta, Kolkata, 2006.
*"Alokeranjan Dasgupta" in ''Kritisches Lexikon der fremdsprachigen Gegenwartsliteratur: Indische Literatur der Gegenwart'', Edition text+ kritik in Richard Boorberg Verlag GmbH & Co KG, Germany
*''Lines in Anger: Protest in Literature and literature of Protest'', Sponsored by University Grants Commission, Gurudas College, 2006.
*"Thy Infinite Gifts, Article on Tagore and St John Perse", ''Gitanjali'', Parul Prakashani, Kolkata, September 2007.
*''Sampratik Biswasahitya: Manabik Mukh'', Paschim Banga Ganatantrik Shilpi Sangha, Kolkata, 2007.
*Article in French: "En quête d'un nouvel espace: Romain Rolland et l'Inde" in ''L'Usage de L'Inde dans les littératures francaises et contemporaines (XIIIe –XXe siecles) la Société Internationale des Littératures de l'Ere Coloniale'', Paris: Edition Kailash, 2008.
*"Questioning the Frontiers: Rabindranath and Romain Rolland", ''Narrating the (Trans)Nation'', University of Calcutta, Das Gupta and Co., Kolkata, 2008.
*"Quest for an Alternative Discourse", ''50 Years of Independence'', Ed. Ananda Dasgupta, Gangchil, 2008.
*''Thots n Jots'', UGC Academic Staff College, Calcutta University, 2009
*Introduction, ''Duti Natak'', Albert Camus, Tr. Palash Bhadra, Radiance, Kolkata, 2010.
*"La Guirlande des beaux Accords", ''Romain Rolland: Une Oeuvre de Paix'', Publications de la Sorbonne, Paris, June 2010.
*"On Buddhadev's Translation of Baudelaire", ''Buddhadev Bose: Boichitrer Nana Matra'', Ratnabali, 2010.
*"Rabindranath o Romain Rolland: Muchhe Jaoa Sanglap", ''Rabindranath: Vakpati Viswamana'', Adviser: Sankha Ghosh, Ed.Sudhir Chakrabarty, Calcutta University and Institute of Development Studies, Kolkata, May 2011.
*"Rabindranath o Romain Rolland", ''Rabindranath Thakur o Ekush Shataker Bangali'', Burdwan University, Ed. Sumita Chakrabarty, May 2011.
*"Romain Rolland and Annada Sankar Ray", ''Desh, Kal, Patra: Commemorative volume on Annada Sankar Ray'', Sahitya Akademi, 2011.
*"Tagore and Anna de Noailles", ''Avipshito Rabindranath'', Ed. Rajatsuvro Mukhopadhyay, Deep Prakashani, 2012.
*"Kamalakanta: Ek Bishphorak Aina", ''Bankim 175'', Advisor: Tapan Raychaudhuri, Ed. Satyajit Chaudhuri, Sahitya Akademi, 2014.
*"Rabindranath Tagore and Romain Rolland: Crossing the Frontiers", in ''Tagore's Vision of the Contemporary World'', Indian Council of Cultural Relations, and Har Anand, New Delhi, 2016.
*"Esquisse d'une Grande Oeuvre: Romain Rolland et Tagore", in ''Romain Rolland et l'Inde: Un échange fructueux'', Editions universitaires de Dijon, France, 2016.
*"Bankimchandra: Natun ek Siharon", in ''Bangla Academy Patrika: Nirbachito Nibandha'', Ed. Saoli Mitra, Paschimbanga Bangla Academy, 2017.
*"Kobitar Anubad-Samasya O Banglay Biswakobitar Anubad Prosango", Bichitra Prabandho, Ed. Samaresh Debnath, Dhaka: Chitrakatha Prakashani, 2021
*"Puroskar Baro, Na Purushkar?", Sampratik Samalochana Sahitya, Ed. Samaresh Debnath, Dhaka: Kakoli Prakashani, 2023

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
[[Category: Writers from Kolkata]]

==External links==
* [http://Chinmoyguha.blogspot.com "Chinmoy Guha's blog"]
* [http://www.playerwindow.com/video/bI96CksnjEI "Chinmoy Guha in conversation with Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak in Sunil Gangopadhyay Memorial Session"]{{Dead link|date=June 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130618124753/http://www.defimedia.info/news-sunday/interview/item/23202-chinmoy-guha--%E2%80%9Cthe-history-of-man-is-a-history-of-pain-injustice-wars-and-heroic-battles.html "Chinmoy Guha: The history of man is a history of pain, injustice, wars, and heroic battles..."]
* [https://archive.today/20130906172317/http://bengale.afindia.org/node/3625?page=8 "Romain Rolland et Rabindranath Tagore: Conférence à l'Alliance Française du Bengale"]
* [http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=6657&boxid=22325562 "Chinmoy Guha's essay on T. S. Eliot's 125th birthday"]
* [http://www.epaper.eisamay.com/Details.aspx?id=13140&boxid=3514609 "Chinmoy Guha on Nabarun Bhattacharya"]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Guha, Chinmoy}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:1958 births]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Indian male essayists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Translators from French]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian biographers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian male biographers]]

Patwant Singh

2025-10-30T04:24:07Z

Blshastri2: Started New Biography - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Patwant Singh''' (28 March 1925 – 8 August 2009) was an Indian writer, publisher, and Sikh scholar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/india/patwant-singh-writer-and-sikh-campaigner-mr2c5cz9fjb | title=Patwant Singh: writer and Sikh campaigner|newspaper=The Times|date=25 August 2009|accessdate=17 August 2025}}</ref> He was noted for his contributions to conservation and publishing.

==Biography==
Patwant Singh was born on 28 March 1925. The son of a builder, Singh spent his early years in the newly developing [[Lutyens' Delhi]], gaining practical experience in the [[construction industry]] through his father's firm, which proved more influential to his education than his formal schooling.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/19/obituary-patwant-singh | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326225941/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/aug/19/obituary-patwant-singh | archive-date=2012-03-26 | title=Patwant Singh | newspaper=The Guardian | date=19 August 2009 | last1=Wood | url-status=live | first1=Antony }}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-lover-patwant-passes-away/articleshow/4872116.cms|title=Delhi lover Patwant passes away|newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 August 2009}}</ref>

In 1952, Singh established a magazine publishing firm in [[Bombay]].<ref name="auto1"/> His initial venture, ''The Indian Builder'', was a monthly publication focused on India's post-independence building industry, highlighting its challenges and achievements.<ref name="auto1"/> He then launched ''The Pharmaceutist'', a magazine dedicated to the growing [[pharmaceutical industry]], despite his lack of background in the field.<ref name="auto1"/>

Singh's next major publication was ''Design'', a magazine that critically examined [[architecture]], [[urban planning]], [[industrial design]], [[graphics]], and [[visual arts]].<ref name="auto1"/> The magazine, which he edited for 31 years, served as a forum for various professionals in these fields, featuring contributions from architects and artists such as [[Peter Blake (artist)|Peter Blake]] and [[Eero Saarinen]].<ref name="auto1"/>

Relocating to Delhi in 1962, Singh's interests expanded to include political commentary, particularly focusing on the governance of post-colonial India and its reliance on Western economic and technological models.<ref name="auto1"/> His first book, ''India and the Future of Asia'', published in 1966, reflected these themes.<ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto"/>

Singh was instrumental in the establishment of a statutory body in 1974 for monitoring new building projects and conserving historic structures in Delhi.<ref name="auto1"/>

During the [[Operation Blue Star|1984 Golden Temple crisis]], Singh attempted to mediate between the Sikh hard-liners and the Indian army, reflecting his commitment to the Sikh faith.<ref name="auto1"/> His book 'The Golden Temple', published in 1989, aimed to clarify misconceptions about Sikhism.<ref name="auto1"/>

In his later years, Singh wrote extensively on political and social issues in India.<ref name="auto1"/> His works, such as ''Of Dreams and Demons'' (1994) and ''The Second Partition: Fault-Lines in India's Democracy'' (2007), critiqued contemporary Indian politics and societal challenges.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/6c37186c-8581-11de-98de-00144feabdc0|title=A city under siege by the torchbearers|website=www.ft.com}} {{subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f7fc2428-075c-11dc-80b9-000b5df10621|title=A caste of millions|website=www.ft.com}}</ref> He also authored ''The Sikhs'' (1999) and co-authored ''Empire of the Sikhs'' (2008) with Jyoti M Rai, providing insights into Sikh history.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b075t5mn|title=BBC Radio 4 - In Our Time, The Sikh Empire|website=BBC}}</ref> ''The World According to Washington'' (2004) was his critique of global military policies.<ref name="auto1"/>

Singh also chaired a family trust responsible for establishing the Kabliji Hospital and Rural Health Centre near Delhi, a facility aimed at serving medically underserved villages.<ref name="auto1"/> His second wife, Meher, managed the administration of the hospital.<ref name="auto1"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Patwant}}
[[Category:1925 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Sikh writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]

[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian scholars of Sikhism]]

Pentas lanceolata

2025-10-29T21:34:40Z

Blshastri2: fix formatting per standard format and corrected details

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Penta.JPG
|image_caption = ''P. lanceolata'' at [[Frederik Meijer Gardens and Sculpture Park]]
|genus = Pentas
|species = lanceolata
|authority = ([[Peter Forsskål|Forssk.]]) Deflers<ref>{{cite web |title= EOL Pentas Lanceolata |url= http://eol.org/pages/1096145 |accessdate=2009-05-23}}</ref>
|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies and varieties
|subdivision = 8; see text
|subdivision_ref = <ref name=powo>{{cite web |title=''Pentas lanceolata'' (Forssk.) Deflers |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:760275-1 |website=[[Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=6 September 2024}}</ref>
|synonyms =
*''Manettia lanceolata'' {{small|(Forssk.) Vahl (1790)}}
*''Mussaenda aegyptiaca'' {{small|Poir. (1797), nom. illeg.}}
*''Mussaenda lanceolata'' {{small|(Forssk.) Spreng. (1824), nom. illeg.}}
*''Mussaenda luteola'' {{small|Delile (1827), nom. illeg.}}
*''Neurocarpaea lanceolata'' {{small|(Forssk.) R.Br. ex Hiern (1898)}}
*''Ophiorrhiza lanceolata'' {{small|Forssk. (1775)}}
*''Pseudomussaenda lanceolata'' {{small|(Forssk.) Wernham (1916)}}
*''Vignaldia luteola'' {{small|Schweinf. (1867), nom. superfl.}}
*''Virecta lanceolata'' {{small|(Forssk.) Baill. (1880)}}
|synonyms_ref = <ref name = powo/>
}}

'''''Pentas lanceolata''''', commonly known as '''Egyptian starcluster''',<ref>{{cite web |title= Pentas lanceolata on the British Database of World Flora and Fauna |url= http://british-towns.net/nature/07_specie_detail.asp?GetLSID=235247 |accessdate= 2008-09-15 |archive-date= 2012-07-07 |archive-url= https://archive.today/20120707172633/http://british-towns.net/nature/07_specie_detail.asp?GetLSID=235247 |url-status= dead }}</ref> is a species of [[flowering plant]] in the [[Rubia|madder]] family, [[Rubiaceae]] that is native to tropical Africa from Sudan to Democratic Republic of the Congo and Mozambique, as well as [[Saudi Arabia]] and [[Yemen]] on the Arabian Peninsula.<ref name=powo/> It is sometimes planted in [[Butterfly gardening|butterfly gardens]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Pentas lanceolata Floridata |url= http://floridata.com/ref/p/pen_lanc.cfm |accessdate=2008-09-15}}</ref>

==Subspecies and varieties==
Eight subspecies and varieties are accepted.<ref name = powo/>
*''Pentas lanceolata'' var. ''angustifolia'' {{small|Verdc.}} – Tanzania (Ufipa)
*''Pentas lanceolata'' subsp. ''cymosa'' {{small|(Klotzsch) Verdc.}} – Comoro Islands
*''Pentas lanceolata'' subsp. ''lanceolata'' – Eritrea to Mozambique and Saudi Arabia and Yemen
*''Pentas lanceolata'' var. ''leucaster'' {{small|(K.Krause) Verdc.}} – eastern DR Congo to Ethiopia and northern Tanzania
*''Pentas lanceolata'' var. ''nemorosa'' {{small|(Chiov.) Verdc.}} – Ethiopia, Kenya, and northern Tanzania
*''Pentas lanceolata'' var. ''oncostipula'' {{small|(K.Schum.) Verdc.}} – Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique
*''Pentas lanceolata'' subsp. ''quartiniana'' {{small|(A.Rich.) Verdc.}} – Eritrea, Ethiopia, Burundi, and eastern DR Congo
*''Pentas lanceolata'' var. ''usambarica'' {{small|Verdc.}} – eastern [[Usambara Mountains]] of Tanzania

<gallery>
File:Pentas lanceolata Flowers.JPG|White flowers
File:Pentas lanceolata2.jpg|Pink flowers
File:Pentas lanceolata In Guntur.jpg|Pink flowers
File:Cologne Germany Flora-Köln-Pentas-lanceolata-01.jpg|Red flowers
</gallery>

==References==
{{Commons category}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3336507}}

[[Category:Pentas|lanceolata]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1775]]
[[Category:Flora of the Comoros]]
[[Category:Flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Flora of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Flora of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Flora of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Flora of Kenya]]
[[Category:Flora of Malawi]]
[[Category:Flora of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Flora of Sudan]]
[[Category:Flora of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Flora of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Flora of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Flora of Uganda]]
[[Category:Flora of Yemen]]

{{Rubioideae-stub}}

Manam Pole Mangalyam

2025-09-27T13:21:48Z

Blshastri2:

{{short description|Malayalam-language television program}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Manam Pole Mangalyam.jpg
| writer = Shekhar Dhavalikar
| director = A.M.Nazeer
| editor = Ajith Raj
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Niyaz Musliyar
* Meera Nair
* [[Swasika]]
* Rajendran N
* Prem Jacob
}}
| language = Malayalam
| country = India
| first_aired = {{start date|2020|12|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2022|1|2|df=y}}
| producer = Sudeep Karakkat and Arun Devassia
| runtime = 22 minutes
| network = [[Zee Keralam]]
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 260
| composer = [[Ranjin Raj]] [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
| open_theme = ''Kaatte Kaatte''
}}

'''Manam Pole Mangalyam''' ({{Translation|Marriage to partner of your own choice}}) is a [[Malayalam language]] television series airing on [[Zee Keralam]] and streams on [[Zee5]]. It stars Niyaz Musliyar, Meera Nair, [[Swasika]], Rajendran N and Prem Jacob. It premiered on 28 December 2020. It is an official remake of [[Zee Marathi]] series ''[[Aggabai Sasubai]]'' aired from 2019 to 2021.<ref name="timesofindia3">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/swasika-vijay-back-on-tv-with-a-new-show-to-play-a-daughter-in-law-hunting-groom-for-her-mother-in-law/articleshow/79740276.cms|title=Manampole Mangalyam: Swasika Vijay back on TV with a new show, to play a daughter-in-law hunting groom for her mother-in-law|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-26}}</ref><ref name="indiantvinfo">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/manampole-mangalyam-zee-serial/|website=indiantvinfo.com|title=Manampole Mangalyam Zee Keralam Television Serial Telling a Different Story|date=9 December 2020 |accessdate=2020-12-26}}</ref>

== Plot outline ==
Meera is a widow, she takes care of her family and faces all of life's issues calmly. She raised her son "Nikhil" and also takes care of her father-in-law but she always pays less attention to herself, loving everyone else except herself. After the marriage of Nikhil, the show focuses on how Meera's daughter in law "Nila" strives to bring a little joy in Meera's life. After the marriage of Nikhil and Nila, the family celebrates their marriage party in Arvind Raj's restaurant. The chef, Arvind Raj notices Meera and falls in love with her and the story begins.

==Cast==
===Main cast===
* Niyaz Musaliyar as Aravind Raja
**A popular chef and owner of Raja's kitchen
**Meera's second husband
* Meera Nair as Meera
**A widow, dedicated house wife and kind hearted women. She is Unnithan's daughter-in-law; Nikhil's mother and Nila's mother-in-law.
* [[Swasika]] as Nila Nikhil
**A bold and straight forward girl. She is Nikhil's lover and turns wife; Meera's daughter-in-law; Unnithan's grand daughter-in-law.
* Rajendran N as Radhakrishnan Unnithan
* Sreekanth Sasidharan (Episode 1–100) / Prem Jacob (Episode 100 – present) as Nikhil Mukundan
**Unnithan's grandson, Mukundan and Meera's son and Nila's husband

===Recurring cast===
* [[Boban Alummoodan]] as Mukundhan/Babuji
** Unnithan's son and Nikhil's father
* Ann Maria as Sona
** Babuji's caretaker
* Jolly Easow as Clara; Meera's neighbor
* Rahul Mohan as Ravishankar; Nila's father
* Kishore as Dr.Nambeesan
* Sayana Krishna as Vimala; Cunning and jealous lady in Meera's neighborhood
* Sunitha as Latha; Vimala's mother in law
* Hari as Udayan; Vimala's husband
* Adya Aurora as Medha
* Jayan as Mahadevan; Unnithan's younger brother
* Lakshmi Sanal as Sreedevi Thankachi; Mahadevan's wife
* Bindhu Aneesh as Hemalatha; Nila's mother
* Riya as Julie; Nikhil's boss and Aravind Raja's friend
* [[M. R. Gopakumar]] as Retd.[[Captain#Indian Army|Captain]] Rajaraja Varma/Varmaji
* Anil Narayanan as Gopi; Vimala's father in law
* Vandana Krishnan as Mili; Raja's personal assistant
* Della George as Thinkal Mariyam
* Sumi Santhosh

===Cameo appearance===
*[[Mridula Vijay]] as Samyuktha
**Nila's friend (in Nila-Nikhil Wedding Episode)
*Sushmitha Prabhakaran as Sreelakshmi
**Nila's friend (in Meera's Haldi Episode)
*[[Prayaga Martin]] as herself (guest in Meera-Aravind Raja Marriage Maha episode)
*[[Meghna Vincent]] as Jyothi (promo presence)
*Amala Gireesan as Kalyani (promo presence)
*[[Shanavas Shanu]] as Hitler (promo presence)

== Production ==
The production team involves Sudeep Karakkat Arun Devassia and Umesh Unnikrishnan (Umesh Nair).

===Music===
The title song been composed by Ranjin Raj and sung by [[Sithara Krishnakumar]] and B.K.Harinarayanan.<ref name="timesofindia2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sithara-krishnakumar-leaves-fans-awed-with-her-soulful-rendition-of-manampole-mangalyam-title-track-watch/articleshow/79869997.cms|title=Manampole Mangalyam: Sithara Krishnakumar leaves fans awed with her soulful rendition of Manampole Mangalyam title track, watch|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2022-07-05|date=22 December 2020}}</ref>

===Casting===
Swasika plays the role of Nila, the daughter-in-law. This marks her comeback to Malayalam Television after 2 years. Actor Niyas Musliar also plays the lead role of Arvind Raj. Meera Nair who made her debut in [[Njan Prakashan]] plays the character of Meera, the progressive mother-in-law. Newcomer Srikanth plays Meera's conservative son Nikhil. Later replaced by Prem Jacob<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/sithara-krishnakumar-to-sing-title-track-of-manampole-mangalyam-shares-video-saying-progressive-storylines-will-have-positive-influence/articleshow/79754326.cms|title=Manampole Mangalyam: Sithara Krishnakumar to sing title track of 'Manampole Mangalyam'; shares video saying 'progressive storylines will have positive influence'|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 December 2020 |access-date=2020-12-26}}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin-right:0;"
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Language
! style="background:Violet; width:25%;"| Title
! style="background:Violet; width:20%;"| Original release
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Network(s)
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Last aired
! style="background:Violet; width:10%;"| Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Aggabai Sasubai]]'' अग्गंबाई सासूबाई
| 22 July 2019
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 13 March 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''Manam Pole Mangalyam'' മനംപോലെ മംഗല്യം
| 28 December 2020
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 2 January 2022
| rowspan="4" | Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (TV series)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' புதுப்புது அர்த்தங்கள்
| 22 March 2021
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 20 November 2022
|-
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| ''[[Sasse Ni Sasse Tu Khushiyan Ch Vasse]]'' ਸੱਸੇ ਨੀ ਸੱਸੇ ਤੂੰ ਖੁਸ਼ੀਆਂ ਚ ਵੱਸੇ
| 25 April 2022
| [[Zee Punjabi]]
| 23 September 2022
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Shreerastu Shubhamastu]]'' ಶ್ರೀರಸ್ತು ಶುಭಮಸ್ತು
| 31 October 2022
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 31 August 2025
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/manampole-mangalyam/0-6-3142 ''Manam Pole Mangalyam''] at [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=tt13906008}}

[[Category:Zee Keralam original programming]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television shows]]
[[Category:2020 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language television series based on Marathi-language television series]]

Lalburah

2025-09-11T17:33:18Z

Blshastri2: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Lalburha]]

Jamal-ud-Din Barah

2025-09-01T21:30:34Z

Blshastri2: started a entry

{{Short description|Indian Muslim noble}}
{{Orphan|date=April 2023}}

'''Jamal-ud-Din Barah''' was an [[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Indian Muslim]] noble in the early [[Mughal Empire]] in the court of [[Akbar]]. He belonged to the [[Sadaat-e-Bara]]. He was the son of Mahmud Khan Barah, and his relative Sayyid Shujaat Khan Barah was governor of [[Allahabad]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jjNuAAAAMAAJ&q=mahmud+barah |title=Encyclopaedia of Muslim Biography |author=Nagendra Kr Singh |date=2001 |page=247 |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |isbn=9788176482356 |quote=Shuja'at Khan Barah, Saiyid (17th Century) Saiyid Shuja'at Khan was appointed as the Governor of Allahabad in the reign of Akbar. His name was Saiyid Ja'far, and he was the son of Saiyid Jahangir, son of Saiyid Mahmud Khan Barah }}</ref> Jamal-ud-Din Barah had a love affair with Siyah Yamin, a dancing girl of the Emperor Akbar. He then fled to the mountains and collected a force and gave himself up to looting the parganas of Gujarat and robbed its highways. He was finally captured by Sayyid Qasim and sent to [[Lahore]], where he was executed by arrows.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LIraAAAAMAAJ&q=mahmud+barah |title=Crime and Punishment in Mughal India |author=Satyaprakāśa Saṅgara |date=1998 |page=60 |publisher=Reliance Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7510-022-0 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXH4RHYwkEsC&dq=mahmud+barah&pg=PA67 |title= Islamic Concept of Crime and Justice: Political justice and crime |page=67 |author=N. Hanif |date=1999 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn= 978-81-7625-063-4 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Sadaat-e-Bara]]
*[[Sayyid Brothers]]
*[[Akbar]]
*[[Barha dynasty]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Nobility from the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:People executed by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century Mughal Empire people]]

Sankhya (journal)

2025-08-27T13:49:17Z

Blshastri2: cleanup section to improve readability and added references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox journal
| title = Sankhya
| cover = Sankhyaː Indian Journal of Statistics, first issue, title page, June 1933.jpg
| caption = Sankhyaː Indian Journal of Statistics, first issue, title page, June 1933
| discipline = [[Statistics]]
| publisher = [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
| country = India
| abbreviation = Sankhya
| history = 1933–present
| frequency = Quarterly
| impact =
| impact-year =
| website = http://sankhya.isical.ac.in/index.html
| link1 =
| link1-name =
| ISSN = 0972-7671
| eISSN =
| LCCN =
| OCLC = 475703733
| JSTOR =
}}
'''''Sankhyā: The Indian Journal of Statistics''''' is a quarterly [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] [[scientific journal]] on [[statistics]] published by the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] (ISI).

It was established in 1933 by [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]], founding director of ISI, along the lines of [[Karl Pearson]]'s ''[[Biometrika]]''.<ref name=obit>{{cite book | first = C. R | last = Rao | author-link = Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao | year = 1973 | title = Prasantha Chandra Mahalanobis. 1893–1972 | publisher = Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society| volume = 19 | pages=454–492}}</ref> Mahalanobis was the founding [[editor-in-chief]].<ref name=sbrao>{{cite web
| url = http://pib.nic.in/feature/fe0799/f0207991.html
| title = Indian Statistical Institute – A Tradition
| author = S. B. Rao
| author-link = S. B. Rao
| publisher = [[Press Information Bureau]], Government of India
| accessdate = 11 February 2013
}}</ref>

Each volume of ''Sankhya'' consists of four issues, two of them are in Series A, containing articles on theoretical statistics, [[probability theory]], and [[stochastic process]]es, whereas the other two issues form Series B, containing articles on applied statistics, i.e. applied probability, applied stochastic processes, [[econometrics]], and statistical computing.<ref name=sankhya>{{cite web | url = http://sankhya.isical.ac.in/index.html | title = Sankhya Home | accessdate = 11 February 2013}}</ref>

''Sankhya'' is considered as "core journal" of statistics by the [[Current Index to Statistics]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.statindex.org/CIS/news/CIS_core_journals.pdf | page = 3 | title = Core Journal List | publisher = [[Current Index to Statistics]] | accessdate = 11 February 2013 | archive-date = 17 March 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120317033725/http://www.statindex.org/CIS/news/CIS_core_journals.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Publication history ==
''Sankhya'' was first published in June 1933. In 1961, the journal split into two series: Series A which focused on mathematical statistics and Series B which focused on statistical methods and applications. A third series, Series C, was added in 1974 and covered sample surveys and quantitative economics in alternating issues. In 1978, the quantitative economics portion became Series D. In 1981, the journal returned to two series when Series B-D were merged. In 2003, Series A and B were recombined into a single journal, but then split again in 2008. ISI began publishing ''Sankhya A'' and ''B'' via [[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite conference|last=Khatri|first=N.K.|date=October 2009|title=E-Journal Publishing in India: A Case Study of Indian Statistical Institute Publication: Sankhya – The Indian Journal of Statistics|url=http://crl.du.ac.in/ical09/papers/index_files/ical-65_186_390_1_RV.pdf|conference=International Conference on Academic Libraries (ICAL-2009)}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Statistics journals}}

[[Category:Statistics journals]]
[[Category:Quarterly journals]]
[[Category:English-language journals]]
[[Category:Academic journals established in 1933]]
[[Category:Indian Statistical Institute]]

Indian agroforestry policy

2025-08-24T02:10:24Z

Blshastri2: started details

{{Short description|National Agroforestry policy of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2016}}

The '''National Agroforestry Policy''' of India is a comprehensive policy framework designed to improve agricultural livelihoods by maximizing agricultural productivity for mitigating climate change. The [[Government of India]] launched the policy in February 2014 during the World Congress on Agroforestry, held in [[Delhi]].<ref name="Downtoearth">{{cite web |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/news/india-becomes-first-country-to-adopt-an-agroforestry-policy-43518 |title=India becomes first country to adopt an agroforestry policy |date=14 February 2014 |access-date=2020-05-09}}</ref> [[India]] became the first country in the world to adopt an agroforestry policy.<ref name="Downtoearth" />

The policy aims to improve productivity and [[environmental sustainability]] by integrating trees, crops, and livestock into the same plot of land. It was created to counteract limited agricultural productivity due to consistent decreases in the land-holding share of farmers, which was caused by rapid population growth and agricultural activity dependent on seasonal rainfall.

==Background==
Throughout the world, most agroforestry systems have been practiced since the [[Neolithic|Neolithic period]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chavan |first1=S. B |last2=Keerthika |first2=A. |last3=Shyani |first3=S. K |last4=Handa |first4=A. K |last5=Newaj |first5=Ram |last6=Rajarajan |first6=K. |title=National Agroforestry Policy in India: a low hanging fruit |journal=Current Science |date=2015 |volume=108 |issue=10 |page=1826 |jstor=24905606 |ref=JSTOR}}</ref> Indians consider [[Ashok Vatika]], a garden in Hindu epic [[Ramayana]], which consisted of plants and fruit-bearing trees, as an example of an agroforestry system. Even today, there are many rituals associated with the trees and agricultural farms in India. Since the 1970s, in line with initiatives taken by other countries, the Indian government has also promoted research in the field of agroforestry. Even though agriculture was valued by social and religious practices; some experts noted that various government regulations were seen as an impediment in advancing agroforestry.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=S |last2=Nair |first2=PKR |title=Agroforestry research for development in India: 25 years of experiences of a national program |journal=Agroforestry Systems |date=July 2004 |volume=61 |issue=437–452 (2004) |pages=437–438 |doi=10.1023/B:AGFO.0000029014.66729.e0 |bibcode=2004AgrSy..61..437P }}</ref>

Another aspect for the need of an agroforestry policy was the lack of the forest and tree cover in India. According to the [[Forest Survey of India]] in 2019, the country had 80.7 million hectares of forest and tree cover, which accounts to 24.56% of the total geographic area in the country;<ref name="FSI-2019">{{cite web |url=http://fsi.nic.in/isfr19/vol1/executive-summary.pdf |title=Forest Survey of India-2019, Executive Summary |access-date=2020-05-13}}</ref> however, the country requires one third (33.3%) of its land under forest and tree cover, according to the National Forest Policy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1988 |title=National Forest Policy |url=https://mpforest.gov.in/img/files/Policy_NFP.pdf |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Government of India, Ministry of Environment and Forests, New Delhi}}</ref>

==Policy==
Before 2014, as there was no dedicated government agency overlooking agroforestry in India, it could not amass enough encouragement from the government. Although agroforestry was practiced on a restricted scale, 60% of the country's timber requirement was fulfilled by the same. Experts traced the reasons for such limited results to mainly technical, regulatory, and financial hurdles faced by farmers, which raised the need for an agroforestry policy in India.<ref>{{cite periodical |vauthors=Singh VP, Sinha RB, Nayak D, Neufeldt H, van Noordwijk M, Rizvi J |title=The national agroforestry policy of India: experiential learning in development and delivery phases |periodical=ICRAF Working Papers |number=240 |publisher=World Agroforestry Centre |date=2016 |page=3 |doi=10.5716/WP16143.PDF |url=http://www.worldagroforestry.org/publication/national-agroforestry-policy-india-experiential-learning-development-and-delivery|doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Goals===
* Setting up a national nodal authority to bring in coordination among different schemes, programs, and policies pertaining to agroforestry spread across diverse agriculture development sectors of the government.
* Raising the economic condition of small farmers by increasing productivity and exploiting agroforestry systems.
* Preserving the environment and meeting the increasing requirements of timber and other agroforestry products.
* Growing the forest and tree cover in the country.<ref name="Policy">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=National Agroforestry Policy |url=https://agricoop.gov.in/sites/default/files/National_agroforestry_policy_2014.pdf |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Government of India. Department of Agriculture & Cooperation. Ministry of Agriculture }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Strategy===
* Establishing a Mission or a Board under the [[Ministry of Agriculture]] to coordinate, plan, and implement between various inter-ministerial agencies, agroforestry related requirements, and policies like mobilization of financial resources, technical and management assistance to the farmers, and facilitation of capacity building initiatives.
* Leveraging various ongoing schemes and programs of the [[Government of India]] to carry out and promote agroforestry systems like [[MGNREGA]], [[National Rural Livelihood Mission|NRLM]], and [[Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana|RKVY]]. Various state governments may establish a nodal authority to implement agroforestry schemes at the district level by partnering with [[Krishi Vigyan Kendra|KVGs]], NGOs, farmers' cooperative societies, and private sector and other concerned agencies.
* Encouraging research in agroforestry and nominating [[Indian Council for Agricultural Research|ICAR]] and ICRAF to initiate the research and development (R&D) of agroforestry.
* Simplifying various laws and procedures related to harvest and transit of agroforestry products within the state.
* Decentralizing the regulatory mechanisms and empower various institutions at the local level.
* Creating and maintenance of a database and information systems relating to various aspects of agroforestry systems.
* Providing easy access for farmers to quality seeds, fertilizers, and other agroforestry planting materials through certifying nurseries and leveraging private sector cooperation. Arranging easy access to markets for farmers.
* Arranging institutional credit and insurance facilities to farmers practicing agroforestry systems.<ref name="Policy"/>

==Reception==
===Challenges===
Any policy or government scheme needs wide acceptance among its beneficiaries to be successful. Among the many challenges to the national agroforestry policy are that farmers believe cultivating trees around farmland is counterproductive to their main source of income by reducing the crop yield by 40–60%.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Puri |first1=S |last2=Nair |first2=PKR |title=Agroforestry research for development in India: 25 years of experiences of a national program |journal=Agroforestry Systems |date=July 2004 |volume=61 |issue=437–452 (2004) |page=439 |doi=10.1023/B:AGFO.0000029014.66729.e0 |bibcode=2004AgrSy..61..437P }}</ref> The government has a challenge in educating farmers towards plant-to-plant interactions and making suggestions to the farmers based on empirical evidence on productive plantations.

===Criticism===
Many experts believe the agroforestry policy is a damage control measure against the National Forest Act of 2006, which intends to provide forest land to tribals, allowing them to practice agriculture. However, Kishore Rithe, a former member of the [[National Board for Wildlife]], observes that [[Tribe|tribals]] will eventually cut down trees and practice agriculture. Both policies are contradictory to each other.<ref name="Criticism">{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/developmental-issues/Proper-implementation-of-agroforestry-policy-a-big-challenge/articleshow/30580278.cms |title='Proper implementation of agroforestry policy a big challenge|work=The Times of India|date=18 February 2014 |access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref> Some commentators have questioned the profit-sharing method, which involves private owners in afforestation efforts. They believe the government, through this policy, is converting the agricultural land into a manufacturing enterprise, which could damage the ecological balance in the region.<ref name="Criticism-1">{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/india-must-re-evaluate-its-agroforestry-policy/story-BaBpWdZsM3vVsuMdkGq46K.html |title=India must re-evaluate its agroforestry policy|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2020-05-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=CkVSeRpmIx8C&pg An Introduction to Agroforestry by P.K.R Nair]

==External links==
* [http://agricoop.gov.in/sites/default/files/National_agroforestry_policy_2014.pdf National Agroforestry Policy document] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117000815/http://agricoop.gov.in/sites/default/files/National_agroforestry_policy_2014.pdf |date=17 January 2021 }}

{{policies of India}}

[[Category:Agroforestry]]
[[Category:Environmental policy]]
[[Category:Policies of India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in India]]

Domohani, Jalpaiguri

2025-08-15T00:11:07Z

Blshastri2: stub

{{short description|Village in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Domohani
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|26.57|N|88.77|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jalpaiguri]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1507
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|2011]]
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 735302<ref>{{Cite web|title= Domohani Pin Code|work = abplive.com |url= https://news.abplive.com/pincode/west-bengal/jalpaiguri/domohani-pincode-735302.html|access-date= 19 May 2025}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Maynaguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maynaguri]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Domohani''' is a village located in [[Maynaguri (community development block)|Maynaguri CD block]] in the [[Jalpaiguri district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK JALPAIGURI|work=[[2011 census of India]], DIRECTORATE OF CENSUS OPERATIONS WEST BENGAL |url= https://westbengal.census.gov.in/DCHB_2011_WB_Part_A/1902_PART_A_DCHB_JALPAIGURI.pdf |access-date= 19 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= Domohani village|work=Villageinfo|url= https://villageinfo.org/village/307525 |access-date= 19 May 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{ Jalpaiguri District}}

[[Category:Villages in Jalpaiguri district]]

{{Jalpaiguri-geo-stub}}

Barharwa (community development block)

2025-08-08T03:02:24Z

Blshastri2: further adjust formatting per standard format further and added references based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Barharwa
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|51|28|N|87|46|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sahebganj district|Sahibganj]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 171.39
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 38
| population_total = 180,770
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| demographics_type2 = Literacy (2011)
| demographics2_title2 = Total literates
| demographics2_info2 = 85,281 (58.54%)
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 816109 (Sahibganj)
| area_code_type = Telephone/STD code
| area_code = 06436
| registration_plate = JH 18
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Rajmahal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Pakaur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pakaur]]
| website = {{URL|sahibganj.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Barharwa''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in the [[Rajmahal subdivision]] of the [[Sahibganj district]], [[Jharkhand]] [[States and territories of India|state]], [[India]].

==Geography==
[[Barharwa]], the eponymous CD block headquarters, is located at {{coord|25|51|28|N|87|46|27|E}}.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wikimapia.org/14009470/Barharwa-Junction-Rail-Station-ER | title= Barharwa Junction Rail Station (ER) | work= Jharkhand| publisher= Wikimapia | access-date = 12 January 2016}}</ref>

Sahebganj district may be divided into three natural divisions – (i) the hilly portion stretching from the Ganges on the north to the borders of West Bengal on the south, (ii) the uplands, undulations, long ridges and depressions, with fertile lands, and (iii) the low fertile alluvial plains lying between the hills and the Ganges, with the [[Sahibganj loop]] line passing through the narrow strip.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 13: Physical aspects, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref> Three rivers flowing through this region – the [[Ganges]], Gumani and [[Bansloi River|Bansloi]] – make the plains rich and cultivable.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/profile.html | title = District Profile – Physical Aspects | work = Jharkhand | publisher = Sahibganj district administration | access-date = 14 November 2020 | url-status = dead | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095412/http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/profile.html | archive-date = 4 March 2016 }}</ref>

Barharwa CD block is bounded by [[Udhwa (community development block)|Udhwa]] CD block on the north, [[Farakka (community development block)|Farakka]] and [[Samserganj (community development block)|Samserganj]] CD blocks in Murshidabad district of West Bengal on the east, [[Pakur block|Pakur]] and [[Hiranpur block|Hiranpur]] CD blocks in Pakur district on the south, and [[Pathna]] CD block on the west.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/sahibganj.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Sahibganj | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/westbengal/tehsil/murshidabad.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Murshidabad | publisher = Maps of India | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/jharkhand/tehsil/pakur.html | title = CD block/ tehsil map of Pakur | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

Barharwa CD block has an area of 171.39 km2.<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 25: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>[[Barharwa]] and [[Kotalpokhar]] police stations serve this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| title = District Police Profile - Sahibganj| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 14 November 2020| archive-date = 24 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201124041957/https://jhpolice.gov.in/sahibganj| url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://sahibganj.nic.in/police/ | title = Police | publisher = Government of Jharkhand | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref> Headquarters of this CD block is at [[Barharwa]] town.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2007_PART_B_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Sahibganj on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

Barharwa CD block has 155 inhabited (chiragi) and 86 uninhabited (bechiragi) villages.<ref name=admin>{{cite web | url = http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/profile.html | title = District Profile – Physical Aspects | work = Jharkhand | publisher = Sahibganj district administration | access-date = 12 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095412/http://sahibganj.nic.in/en/profile.html | archive-date = 2016-03-04 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==

===Population===
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Barharwa CD block had a total population of 180,770, of which 168,153 were rural and 12,617 were urban. There were 92,228 (51%) males and 88,542 (49%) females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 35,102. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 20,645 (11.42%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 15,191 (8.40%).<ref name=census2011/>

[[Barharwa]], a [[census town]] in Barharwa CD block had a population of 12,617 in 2011.<ref name=census2>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-JK.html |title = 2011 Census C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= Jharkhand – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 12 January 2016}}</ref>

===Literacy===
According to the 2011 census, the total number of literate persons in Barharwa CD block was 85,281 (58.54% of the population over 6 years) out of which 48,679 (57%) were males and 36,602 (43%) were females. The [[Literacy#Gender disparities|gender disparity]] (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 14%.<ref name=census2/>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]
{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Sahibganj district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in Barharwa Block (2011)<ref name="Religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|52.35}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|45.33}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Jharkhand|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|1.10}}
{{bar percent|[[Sarnaism|Sarna]]|maroon|1.09}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.13}}
}}

Muslims (mainly Bengali Muslims) are the majority, while Hindus are in the minority. Christians and Sarna are a small percentage.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date = 2011}}</ref> In 2001, Muslims were 50.22% and Hindus 47.67% of the population respectively.<ref name="religion2001">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21482/download/24614/PC01_C01_20.xls |website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]|date = 2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Barharwa block (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 61.05 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value2 = 14.78 |color2 = red
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 9.47 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value4 = 6.56 |color4 = darkturquoise
|label5 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] |value5 = 3.73 |color5 = gold
|label6 = [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] |value6 = 1.39 |color6 = mediumseagreen
|label7 = [[Urdu]] |value7 = 1.33 |color7 = green
|label8 = Others |value8 = 1.69 |color8 = grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 61.05% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 14.78% [[Khortha language|Khortha]], 9.47% [[Hindi]], 6.56% [[Santali language|Santali]], 3.73% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 1.39% [[Kurukh language|Kurukh]] and 1.33% [[Urdu]] as their first language.<ref name="language">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10207/download/13319/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
50-60% of the population of Sahibganj district were in the [[Below Poverty Line|BPL]] category in 2004–2005, being in the same category as Pakur, Deoghar and Garhwa districts.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/45258/1/MPRA_paper_45258.pdf | title = Rural Poverty in Jharkhad, India| work = Table I: Spatial Distribution of Poverty in Jharkhand | publisher = Munich Personal RePEc Archive | access-date = 1 November 2020}}</ref>"Based on the number of the total rural households in Census 2011 and BPL Revision Survey of 2010-11 the percentage of BPL households in rural areas is 86.03 percent."<ref>{{cite web | url = https://sahibganj.nic.in/profile/ | title = Sahibganj | work = District Profile | publisher = Jharkhand Government | access-date = 22 October 2020}}</ref> [[Rural poverty]] in Jharkhand declined from 66% in 1993–94 to 46% in 2004–05. In 2011, it has come down to 39.1%.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Jharkhand%20presentation.pdf | title = Eliminating poverty | publisher = Jharkhand government | access-date = 1 November 2020}}</ref>

==Economy==
===Livelihood===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Livelihood in Barharwa CD block'''
|value1 = 9.26
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 41.49
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 3.70
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 45.55
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Barhrwa CD block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 6,658 and formed 9.26%, agricultural labourers numbered 29,842 and formed 41.49%, household industry workers numbered 2,664 and formed 3.70% and other workers numbered 32,762 and formed 45.55%. Total workers numbered 76,356 and formed 42.24% of the total population. Non-workers numbered 104,414 and formed 57.76% of total population.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj | work = Tables 34, 30 Series 21, Part XII A, 2011 census| publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand | access-date = 14 November 2020 }}</ref>

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned. When a person who works on another person's land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers and entertainment artistes.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf | title= District Census Handbook 2011 Sahibganj, Series 21 Part XII A | work= Page 16: Census Concepts |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand| access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 162 inhabited villages in Barharwa CD block. In 2011, 37 villages had power supply. 13 villages had tap water (treated/ untreated), 142 villages had well water (covered/ uncovered), 110 villages had hand pumps, and all villages had drinking water facility. 13 village had post offices, 10 villages had sub post offices, 6 villages had telephones (land lines), 12 villages had public call offices and 47 villages had mobile phone coverage. 115 villages had pucca (paved) roads, 5 villages had bus service (private/public), 6 villages had auto/ modified auto, 35 villages had taxis/ vans, 41 villages had tractors, 17 villages had navigable waterways. 11 villages had bank branches, 3 villages had [[Automated teller machine|ATMs]], 1 village had agricultural credit society, 2 villages had cinema/ video hall. 30 villages had [[public distribution system]], 6 villages had weekly haat (market) and 38 villages had [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] [[Polling place|polling stations]].<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 811-814 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

===Agriculture===
A large part of Sahibganj district is hilly and most of the thick forests are gone. Some of the plains are cultivable.<ref name=admin/> The livelihood scenario presented above indicates that a large population depends on agriculture. In Barharwa CD block 74.55% of the total area is cultivable area and 14.43% of the cultivable area is irrigated area.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2007_PART_A_DCHB_SAHIBGANJ.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Sahibganj, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Table 41: Distribution of villages according to land use, 2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Sahibganj district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund created by the Government of India is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 21 districts of Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 14 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 14 November 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Barharwa Junction railway station]] on the [[Sahibganj Loop]] connects to the [[New Farakka railway station]] (95 km away) on the [[Howrah-New Jalpaiguri line]] and is a link for trains crossing the [[Farakka Barrage]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.distancemonk.com/barharwa-to-new-farakka-junction-railway-station/1953f0886d398520/ | title= Distance from Barharwa to New Farakka| publisher= Distance Monk | access-date = 12 January 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
Barharwa CD block had 18 villages with pre-primary schools, 89 villages with primary schools, 43 villages with middle schools, 7 villages with secondary schools, 4 villages with senior secondary schools, 71 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory/>
 *Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

==Healthcare==
Barharwa CD block had 4 villages with [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]], 17 villages with primary health subcentres, 5 villages with dispensaries, 1 village with veterinary hospital, 1 village with family welfare centre, 7 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

==See also==
*[[Kankjol]], a village in this block

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Sahibganj district]]