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Trailokyavarman

2026-05-05T12:36:25Z

BlissKetoSupplement: creating first article v1

{{Short description|King of Jejakabhukti from 1203 to 1245}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Trailokyavarman
| title = Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara, Kalanjaradhipati
| succession = King of [[Jejakabhukti]]
| reign = 1203–1245
| predecessor = [[Paramardideva|Paramardi-deva]]
| successor = [[Viravarman]]
| death_date = 1245
| dynasty = [[Chandela]]
}}

'''Trailokyavarman''' (reigned c. 1203–1245) was a king of the [[Chandela]] dynasty of central India. He ruled the Jejakabhukti region ([[Bundelkhand]] in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]]). Epigraphic evidence suggests that he recaptured [[Kalanjara]] from the [[Delhi Sultanate]].

== Early life ==
Chandela inscriptions suggest that Trailokyavarman succeeded [[Paramardi]] as the Chandela ruler. He was probably Paramardi's son, although this cannot be said with certainty based on the available evidence.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=155}}

== Reign ==
Seven inscriptions of Trailokyavarman have been found at [[Ajaygarh]], Banpur, Garra near [[Chhatarpur]], and Tehri ([[Tikamgarh]]). A number of other places in the [[Bundelkhand]] region are mentioned in these inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=156-157}} The inscriptions give him the usual imperial titles ''Parama-bhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshvara Parama-Maheshvara Shri-Kalanjaradhipati''.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=164}} His coins have been found in [[Banda district (India)|Banda district]]. This indicates that he controlled a large part of the traditional Chandela dominions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=156-157}}

Trailokyavarman bore the title ''Kalanjaradhipati'' ("Lord of Kalanjara"), which suggests that he recovered the [[Kalanjara]] fort from the Turkic rulers of the [[Delhi Sultanate]]. The Garra copper-plate inscription of Trailokyavarman as well as the [[Ajaygarh]] inscription of his successor [[Viravarman]] support this hypothesis. The Garra inscription records the grant of a village to the son of Rauta Pape, who was killed in a battle with the Turushkas (Turkic people) at Kakadadaha.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=129}} The Ajaygarh inscription states that like [[Vishnu]], he lifted the earth submerged in the ocean formed by the Turushkas.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=133}}

The Muslim chronicle ''[[Tabaqat-i Nasiri]]'' also suggests that Kalanjara had slipped from the Delhi Sultanate control, before it was raided by [[Iltutmish]]'s officer Malik Nusrat-ud-din Taisi (or Tayasi) in 1233 CE. According to the text, Taisi marched to Kalanjara from Gwalior, forcing the ruler of Kalanjara to flee, and then plundered the city.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=129-130}}{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=158}}

According to the [[Ajaygarh]] rock inscription from [[Bhojavarman]]'s reign, Trailokyavarman's general Ananda subjugated several tribes, including the [[Bhil people|Bhillas]], the [[Sabar people|Shabaras]] and the [[Pulindas]]. He is also said to have defeated Bhojuka, whose identity is uncertain.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=132-133}}

Some earlier scholars believed that Trailokyavarman captured the northern portion of the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] kingdom as well as [[Kanyakubja]]. This theory was based on the identification of "Trailokyamalla" mentioned in the 1212 CE Dhureti inscription with Trailokyavarman. However, the discovery of the 1197 CE Jhulpur inscription nullifies this assumption: [[Trailokyamalla (Kalachuri dynasty)|Trailokyamalla]] was actually a son of Kalachuri king [[Vijayasimha]].{{sfn|V. V. Mirashi|1957|pp=497-498}}

Like his predecessors, Trailokyavarman issued gold coins featuring a seated goddess,{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|p=55}} and copper coins featuring the deity [[Hanuman]].{{sfn|P. C. Roy|1980|p=59}} He was succeeded by [[Viravarman]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=27}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA53 |title=The Coinage of Northern India |author=P. C. Roy |publisher=Abhinav |year=1980 |isbn=9788170171225 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |author=R. K. Dikshit |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=V. V. Mirashi |author-link=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi |chapter=The Kalacuris |editor=R. S. Sharma |title=A Comprehensive history of India: A.D. 985–1206 |volume=4 (Part 1) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ahFuAAAAMAAJ |year=1957 |publisher=Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House | isbn=978-81-7007-121-1 }}
{{refend}}

{{Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}

[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]]
[[Category:13th-century Indian monarchs]]

Indrajit Saroj

2026-04-28T06:16:21Z

BlissKetoSupplement:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1963)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Indrajit Saroj
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|14 January 1963}}
| birth_place = [[Kaushambi district|Nagreha Khurd]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = '''Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start = 10 March 2022
| term_end =
| predecessor = Lal Bahadur
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 = 1996
| term_end1 = 2017
| successor1 = Lal bahadur
| constituency1 = [[Manjhanpur Assembly constituency|Manjhanpur]]
| office2 = [[Samajwadi Party|National General Secretary Samajwadi Party]]
| term_start2 = 2019
| term_end2 =
| office3 = [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Cabinet Minister Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start3 = 2007
| term_end3 = 2012
| 1blankname3 = [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata3 = [[Mayawati]]
| 2blankname3 = Ministry & Department's
| 2namedata3 = *Social Welfare
*SC/ST Welfare
*Child Development & Nutrition
*Agricultural Marketing.
| party = [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|20px]] [[Samajwadi Party]]
| other_party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
| spouse = Pushpa Devi
| children = [[Pushpendra Saroj]]
| parents = Maideen
}}
'''Indrajit Saroj''' (born 14 January 1963) is a senior politician and National General Secretary of [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UP News: अखिलेश यादव की नई टीम घोषित, शिवपाल, स्वामी प्रसाद, आजम खां सहित 14 लोग बनाए गए राष्ट्रीय महासचिव |url=https://www.amarujala.com/lucknow/sp-s-national-executive-declared-shivpal-and-swami-prasad-national-general-secretaries-2023-01-29 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He is currently Member of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly from [[Manjhanpur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-11 |title=Manjhanpur Vidhan sabha seat: मंझनपुर में इंद्रजीत सरोज ने लहराया समाजवादी पार्टी का परचम, दर्ज की बंपर जीत |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/elections/uttar-pradesh-assembly-election-2022/up-assembly-election-2022-manjhanpur-vidhan-sabha-seat-uttar-pradesh-vidhan-sabha-chunav-manjhanpur-election-result-1095863.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref>

==Political life==
Indrajit Saroj was born on 1 January 1963 in Nagreha Khurd Paschim Sharira of then [[Allahabad]] now [[Kaushambi district|Kaushambi]]. His father Maideen was a farmer. Influenced by the ideas of [[Babasaheb Ambedkar]] from his student life, Indrajit Saroj continued to participate in political activities and movements, he graduated from [[Allahabad University]] in 1985, after which he came into the main political stream and Bahujan Samaj Party inspired by Manyavar [[Kanshi Ram]] joined in. He was elected MLA for the first time from Manjhanpur in the 1996 assembly elections. He has been cabinet minister of Uttar Pradesh several times. He is a four time MLA from Manjhanpur Vidhansabha till now and though he lost the election to BJP's Lal Bahadur in 2017 assembly election. After differences with Mayawati, he left Bahujan Samaj Party in 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=मायावती को झटकाः इंद्रजीत सरोज ने 250 समर्थकों समेत बसपा छोड़ी |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/lucknow-city-indrajit-saroj-left-the-bsp-with-their-250-upporters-16479355.html |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> and joined [[Samajwadi Party]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=यूपी : बसपा नेता इंद्रजीत सरोज सपा में शामिल, अखिलेश बोले- पार्टी को अपना घर समझिए, यहां है लोकतंत्र |url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/up/lucknow/1058435 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=Prabhat Khabar |date=21 September 2017 |language=hi}}</ref> currently he is the Deputy Leader of opposition the House in [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=मिश्रा |first=अविनीश |date=2023-02-01 |title=स्वामी, राजभर और सरोज... 'कौशांबी मॉडल' से बीजेपी को फिर मात देंगे अखिलेश? |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/up-uk/akhilesh-yadav-stake-6-defector-makes-general-secretary-samajwadi-party-abpp-2323106 |access-date=2023-02-24 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> and also National General Secretary of [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=जानें कौन हैं 25 साल के पुष्पेंद्र सरोज जिन पर सपा ने कौशांबी से लगाया दांव? |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-up-lok-sabha-election-2024-samajwadi-party-candidate-pushpendra-saroj-from-kaushmabi-seat-8238676.html |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Indrajit Saroj is married to Pushpa Devi. They have three daughters and a son. Their son [[Pushpendra Saroj]] is the youngest [[Member of Parliament]] of India in [[18th Lok Sabha]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-05 |title=SP's Pushpendra Saroj is now the youngest MP in country |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/sps-pushpendra-saroj-is-now-the-youngest-mp-in-country/articleshow/110715535.cms |access-date=2024-10-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> educated in accounting and management at [[Queen Mary University of London]] .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatv.in/uttar-pradesh/lok-sabha-elections-2024-pushpendra-saroj-kaushambi-samajwadi-party-candidate-2024-04-17-1038941 | title=25 की उम्र...जानें कौन हैं पुष्पेंद्र सरोज जो लंदन से सीधे यूपी के रणक्षेत्र में कूदे | date=17 April 2024 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saroj, Indrajit}}
[[Category:Alumni of Queen Mary University of London]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Bahujan Samaj Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
{{UttarPradesh-SP-politician-stub}}

Angel Glady

2026-04-27T01:40:36Z

BlissKetoSupplement: entry.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Angel Glady
| image = Portrait_Angel-Glady.jpg
| caption = A portrait of Glady
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|02|05}}
| occupation = Actor, Writer, Theatre Artist, Transgender Rights Activist
}}

'''Angel Glady''' is an Indian [[Activism|activist]], [[Teacher|educator]], and [[theatre]] artist from [[Tamil Nadu]], where she was born and raised. She is best known for her advocacy work in the [[LGBT|LGBTQ+]] community and her contributions to the arts, particularly through theatre.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2010/Nov/29/breaking-barriers-206595.html|title=Angel Glady, the first transgender to do a regular programme in an Indian university, recounts her campus experiences.|last=X|first=dennis.|date=2012-05-16|work=newindianexpress.|access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://openthemagazine.com/shorts/how-to-break-walls-between-genders/|title=How to Break Walls between Genders|last=KK|first=Shahina|date=2014-12-18|work=OPEN THE MAGAZINE|access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="None">{{Cite news|url=https://thefederal.com/tags/angel-glady-and-living-smile-vidya|title=angel glady and living smile vidya | last=Shanmugam|first=Kavitha |date=2022-06-25|work=THE FEDERAL | access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/transgenders-plead-for-mercy-killing-upset-over-their-plight/articleshow/48842950.cms?from=md|title=Transgenders plead for mercy killing upset over their plight| last=Rajendra|first=Ranjani |date=2015-09-06 |work= economictimes |access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref> She made history by becoming the first [[trans woman]] to pursue a master's degree in Mass Communication from the [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://broadcastdialogue.com/event/from-queer-to-shining-queer-building-trans-non-binary-and-two-spirit-inclusiveness/|title=From queer to shining queer: Building trans, non-binary and two-spirit inclusiveness|last=X|first=NABS.|date=2012-06-29|work=broadcastdialogue.|access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Career==

=== Theatre ===
Angel Glady is a co-founder of Panmai Theatre, an independent trans artist collective based in Chennai. Panmai Theatre focuses on various art forms, including theatre, dance, painting, photography, and films. The collective's debut production, "Color of Trans," explores the experiences and stories of transgender individuals through a blend of movement, clown theatre, cabaret, rap, and audio-visuals.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-chat-with-panmai-the-first-transgender-theatre-group-in-tamil-nadu/article7495717.ece|title=Breaking new ground
|last=Rajendra|first=Ranjani |date=2016-03-29|work= THE HINDU |access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/upset-over-their-plight-transgenders-plead-for-mercy-killing-261460-2015-09-06|title=Upset over their plight, transgenders plead for mercy killing| last=X|first=Guest |date=2015-09-06 |work= Indian Today |access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref>

=== Filmography ===
Angel Galdy is an actress known for her roles in the films ''[[Onaayum Aattukkuttiyum]]'' and ''Vallavanukkum Valavan''. She also starred in [[Leena Manimekalai]]'s 2017 film "Is it Too Much to Ask?", where she plays a trans woman seeking housing in Chennai but facing discrimination. The film, a mix of fiction and documentary, was based in part on her own extensive experiences with housing discrimination.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-chat-with-panmai-the-first-transgender-theatre-group-in-tamil-nadu/article7495717.ece|title=Two transwomen in Chennai go looking for a house to rent. 'Is it Too Much To Ask? is aptly named|last=Ramnath|first= Nandini |date=2017-11-28|work= THE HINDU |access-date=2024-08-04| language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="None"/>

==Activism==
Angel Glady is an advocate for trans rights and inclusivity, local and international.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/transgenders-plead-for-mercy-killing-upset-over-their-plight-115090600112_1.html|title=Transgenders plead for mercy killing upset over their plight| last=XX|first=Sapeth |date=2015-09-06 |work= business-standard. |access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/tamil-nadu/story/upset-over-their-plight-transgenders-plead-for-mercy-killing-261460-2015-09-06|title=Upset over their plight, transgenders plead for mercy killing| last=XX|first=Chish |date=2015-09-06 |work= Indian Today |access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref>

Angel is Co-founding Panmai Theatre, which is significant for being one of the first trans artist movements in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/WZsQt76ZOfTr13q37AUrZP/The-making-of-a-warrior.html|title=The making of a warrior | last=Ratnam|first= Dhamini |date=2016-11-11|work=Live Mint | access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/transgender-woman-dies-chennai-she-was-found-burnt-outside-police-station-52639|title=Transgender woman dies in Chennai, she was found burnt outside a police station| last=Mathew|first=Pheba|date=2016-11-09 |work= business-standard. |access-date=2024-08-03 | language=en-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glady, Angel}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Activists from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actresses from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian transgender actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian transgender rights activists]]

Gaurav More

2026-04-26T10:37:32Z

BlissKetoSupplement: New

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gaurav More
| image =
| caption = More in 2021
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Powai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| alma_mater = S. K. Somaiya College, Mumbai<ref name=":3" />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian}}
| years_active = 2009–present
}}

'''Gaurav More''' is an Indian actor known for his work in the Marathi-language television show ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Happy Birthday Gaurav More: From surviving on Rs. 100 to tasting immense success in his career; a look at the inspirational journey Maharashtrachi Hasya Jatra fame actor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/happy-birthday-gaurav-more-from-surviving-on-rs-100-to-tasting-immense-success-in-his-career-a-look-at-the-inspirational-journey-maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-actor/photostory/97170367.cms |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> He appeared as supporting actor in several notable Marathi and Hindi films such as ''[[Balkadu]]'' (2015), ''[[Sanju]]'' (2018), and ''[[Vicky Velingkar]]'' (2019)<ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-29 |title=Marathi Actor Gaurav More Shares The Dance Floor With BJP MP Sujay Vikhe Patil |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/watch-marathi-actor-gaurav-more-dances-with-bjp-mp-sujay-vikhe-patil-7412407.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Gaurav More was born in the slums of Filterpada, [[Powai|Powai, Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-20 |title="पवईच्या चाळीमध्ये राहतो पण..." लंडन गेलेला गौरव मोरे तेथील अनुभव सांगताना भावुक" |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/3206010/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fem-gaurav-more-share-experience-of-shooting-in-london-for-marathi-film-see-details-kmd-95/ |access-date=2023-08-09 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> He is a [[Buddhist]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hiwale |first=Sandesh |date=2022-04-07 |title=40 मराठी बौद्ध कलाकार {{!}} Marathi Buddhist Celebrities |url=https://dhammabharat.com/marathi-buddhist-artists/ |access-date=2025-04-21 |website=धम्म भारत |language=en-GB}}</ref> Gaurav More shared that he faced financial struggles early in his career, living in challenging conditions across several areas including [[Ulhasnagar]], [[Vithalwadi]], [[Kalyan]], and [[Bhandup]]. Eventually settling in Filterpada, he recalled the difficulty of managing water seepage during monsoons, which required constant effort from the family.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-29 |title=Marathi Actor Gaurav More Credits Dr B R Ambedkar For His Success |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/marathi-actor-gaurav-more-credits-dr-b-r-ambedkar-for-his-success-8948752.html |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Along with attending [[One act festival|one-act festivals]], he studied at S. K. Somaiya College, Ambedkar College in Mumbai and finally CKT College Panvel. In addition, he was performing in the drama "''Jalu Bai Halu''" as an actor Ananda Karekar's [[stand-in]]. Gaurav began contributing to [[Prasad Khandekar]]'s [[one-act play]] "''Padadyaaad''" when he was working on this drama, for which he was acknowledged. As a result of their bonding, Gaurav began performing in plays and [[Sketch comedy|sketches]] that Prasad Khandekar wrote.<ref name=":3" />

He made his television debut in 2010 with the serial [[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]], and [[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]] helped him gain notoriety.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-28 |title=Shirdi: सुजय विखे पाटील आणि गौरव मोरे यांचा डान्स; पाहा व्हिडीओ |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/maharashtra/maharashtra-shirdi-program-sujay-vikhe-patil-and-gaurav-more-dance-video-viral-ahmednagar-1163333 |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref> From 2015 to 2020, he acted as a supporting actor in many films including ''[[Balkadu]]'' (2015), 2018's ''[[Gavthi]]'', ''[[Sanju]]'', ''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]'', 2019's ''[[Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet]]'', ''[[The Zoya Factor (film)|The Zoya Factor]]'', ''[[Vicky Velingkar]]'' and 2020's ''[[Kaamyaab]]''. He also appeared in television programmes such as [[Hasyasamrat]] and [[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Marathi actor Gaurav More: My friends didn't talk to me because of my financial status, but now they click pics with me |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-marathi-actor-gaurav-more-my-friends-didnt-talk-to-me-because-of-my-financial-status-but-now-they-click-pics-with-me/photostory/84822455.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He made an appearance in ''Hawa Hawai'' in 2022 alongside [[Siddhartha Jadhav]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम गौरव मोरेची आंबेडकर जयंतीनिमित्त खास पोस्ट, फोटो शेअर करत म्हणाला, "बाबासाहेब..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/ambedkar-jayanti-2023-maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-gaurav-more-shared-special-post-kak-96-3588435/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> In 2023, he featured in ''[[Ankush (2023 film)|Ankush]]'', ''[[Boyz 4]]'', and ''Salman Society''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> In 2024, the comedy horror ''[[Alyad Palyad]]'', directed by Pritam SK Patil, was led by Gaurav More, and supported by [[Saksham Kulkarni]], [[Sandeep Pathak (actor)|Sandeep Pathak]], Anushka Pimputkar, Bhagyam Jain, and [[Suresh Vishwakarma]].<ref name=":5" />

His first release in 2025 was ''[[Sangee (2025 film)|Sangee]],'' along with the actors [[Sharib Hashmi]], [[Vidya Malvade]], Sanjay Bishnoi.<ref name=":6" /> The same year he appeared in ''Jay Bhim Panther'' and he will next portray in ''Mahaparinirvan''.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-12 |title=Gaurav More New Movie: गौऱ्याभाई फुल्ल फॉर्ममध्ये! 'हास्यजत्रा' फेम गौरव मोरे 'परिनिर्वाण' चित्रपटात साकारणार महत्वाची भूमिका |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-gaurav-more-new-film-parinirvaan-doing-important-role-pvm91 |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Language
!Ref(s)
|-
|2009
|''[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]''
|[[Hindi]]
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="news18.com"/>
|-
|2015
|''[[Balkadu]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Gavthi]]''
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|''[[Sanju]]''
|Hindi
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Exclusive - Marathi actor Gaurav More: My friends didn't talk to me because of my financial status, but now they click pics with me |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-marathi-actor-gaurav-more-my-friends-didnt-talk-to-me-because-of-my-financial-status-but-now-they-click-pics-with-me/photostory/84822455.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Mauli (film)|Mauli]]''
| rowspan="2" |Marathi
| rowspan="2" |<ref name="news18.com"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Salman Society to feature Raees' young SRK |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/popular-marathi-child-actors-roped-in-for-salman-society/articleshow/64526788.cms |access-date=2023-04-28 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gavthi Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-details/gavthi/movieshow/63093898.cms |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Sarva Line Vyasta Ahet]]''
|-
|''[[The Zoya Factor (film)|The Zoya Factor]]''
|Hindi
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्राः 'पडद्याआड' राहून चमकला गौरव मोरे |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/maharashtrachi-haasyajatra-gaurav-more-journey/articleshow/78474306.cms |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Vicky Velingkar]]''
|Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vicky Velingkar Movie Review : Back to the future, on a loop |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/vicky-velingkar/movie-review/72402531.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-04-27 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Kaamyaab]]''
|Hindi
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2022
|''Hawa Hawai''
| rowspan="7" |Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Borade |first=Aarti Vilas |title=Gaurav More: 'समीर चौगुले फक्त महाराष्ट्रात सुपाऱ्या घेतो पण मी...', गौरव मोरेचा व्हिडीओ चर्चेत |url=https://marathi.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-gaurav-more-video-viral-on-social-media-141668061166071.html |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=[[Hindustan Times|Hindustan Times Marathi]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Ankush (2023 film)|Ankush]]''
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-27 |title=Ankush Film Music Launch Event: केतकी माटेगावकरच्या आगामी चित्रपटाचा दिमाखदार म्युझिक लॉंच सोहळा संपन्न, ६ ऑक्टोबरला होणार चित्रपट प्रदर्शित |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/marathi-movie-ankush-teaser-and-music-launch-event-ketaki-mategaonkar-sayaji-shinde-shashank-shende-bharat-ganeshpure-gaurav-more-movie-cb99 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Boyz 4]]''
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2023-09-08 |title='Boyz 4': Vishal Devrukhkar announces the sequel of his comedy-drama; Poster out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/boyz-4-vishal-devrukhkar-announces-the-sequel-of-his-comedy-drama-poster-out/articleshow/103499318.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''Salman Society''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title='सलमान सोसायटी'चा ट्रेलर प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला, पाहून तुमचेही डोळे पाणावतील |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/entertainment/seeing-the-trailer-of-salman-society-will-bring-tears-to-your-eyes/759101 |access-date=2023-11-07 |website=[[Zee 24 Taas]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[London Misal]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=गौरव मोरे, भरत जाधव यांचा 'लंडन मिसळ' चित्रपट 'या' दिवशी येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीला |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/bollywood/london-misal-marathi-movie-poster-out-film-will-release-on-8-december-actor-gaurav-more-and-bharat-jadhav-movie-1222418 |access-date=2023-12-11 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Alyad Palyad]]''
|<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title=Actors Saksham Kulkarni, Gaurav More Gear Up For Their Horror Flick; Poster Out |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/actors-saksham-kulkarni-gaurav-more-gear-up-for-their-horror-flick-poster-out-8821395.html |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Phullwanti]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |2025
|''[[Sangee (2025 film)|Sangee]]''
| rowspan="2" |Hindi
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2024-01-25 |title='फॅमिली मॅन' फेम अभिनेत्यासाठी गौरव मोरेची पोस्ट, शरीब हाश्मी कमेंट करत म्हणाला- भाई... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/maharashtrachi-hasyajatra-fame-gaurav-more-shared-post-for-sharib-hashmi-on-his-birthday-a-a971/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Deva (2025 film)|Deva]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deva Movie Star Cast|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/deva/cast/|date=2025-01-31|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref>
|-
|''Jay Bhim Panther''
| rowspan="4" |Marathi
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=मेढे |first=जयदीप |date=2025-01-01 |title=हास्यजत्रेचा गौरव मोरे 'जयभीम पँथर'मध्ये झळकणार, यंदाच्या एप्रिलमध्ये 'संघर्ष' मोठ्या पडद्यावर! |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/actor-gaurav-more-film-jai-bhim-panther-film-will-be-released-on-april-2025-know-detail-information-in-marathi-1336231 |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|''Vaajav Re''
|
|-
|{{Pending film|MahaParinirvaan}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-06 |title='महापरिनिर्वाण' चित्रपटाचा फर्स्ट लूक प्रदर्शित, प्रसाद ओक, गौरव मोरे झळकणार महत्त्वाच्या भूमिकेत |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/marathi-cinema/mahaparinirvaan-maathi-upcoming-movie-first-look-relese-prasad-oak-gaurav-more-starrer-nrp-97-4085081/ |access-date=2024-05-29 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
|{{TableTBA}}
|{{Pending film|Thappa}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thappa Film: एकाच सिनेमात दिसणार 7 लई भारी मराठी कलाकार, प्रेक्षकांना पाहायला मिळणार रहस्यमय कथा? |url=https://marathi.ndtv.com/entertainment/marathi-multi-starrer-thappa-film-by-siddhartha-vinchurkar-rinku-rajguru-gaurav-more-danny-pandit-siddharth-bodke-sakhee-gokhale-9242053 |access-date=2025-10-12 |website=NDTV Marathi}}</ref>
|}

== Television ==

* ''[[Maziya Priyala Preet Kalena]]''
* ''[[The Great Indian Laughter Challenge]]''
* ''[[Hasyasamrat|Hasya Samrat]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-18 |title="पवई ते अंधेरी चालत जायचो", 'महाराष्ट्राची हास्यजत्रा' फेम गौरव मोरेने सांगितला कठीण प्रसंग; म्हणाला, "१५० रुपये..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-gaurav-more-shared-his-first-audition-incidence-sva-00-4107238/ |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* ''[[Maharashtrachi Hasyajatra]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gaurav More: फ्लिटरपाड्याच्या गौरवची पहिल्यांदाच लंडन वारी; 'त्याने करुन दाखवल', चाहत्यांची खास कमेंट |url=https://www.saamtv.com/entertainment/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-fame-gaurav-more-share-his-first-london-foreign-trip-experience-and-visit-the-dr-babasaheb-ambedkar-house-at-london |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=[[Saam TV]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* ''[[Madness Machayenge – India Ko Hasayenge]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-15 |title=Maharashtrachi Hasya Jatra Comedian Gaurav More Joins Madness Machayenge? What We Know |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/maharashtrachi-hasya-jatra-comedian-gaurav-more-joins-madness-machayenge-what-we-know-8852246.html |access-date=2024-05-09 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
* ''[[Chala Hawa Yeu Dya]]''

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=6192873}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:More, Gaurav}}
[[Category:Indian actors]]
[[Category:Marathi actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Marathi television]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Marathi comedians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian comedians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1998 births]]

Sukhbir Singh Sandhu

2026-04-24T19:37:15Z

BlissKetoSupplement: creating first bio v1

{{Short description|Indian election commissioner and civil servant}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sukhbir Singh Sandhu
| native_name = ਸੁਖਬੀਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੰਧੂ
| image = Shri Sukhbir Singh Sandhu, Election Commissioner of India.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|7|6|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| office = [[Election Commissioner of India]]
| predecessor = [[Arun Goel]]
| successor =
| term_start = 14 March 2024
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Secretary]] to the [[Lokpal]] of [[India]]
| term_end1 = 14 March 2024
| term_start1 = 5 February 2024
| predecessor1 = Bharat Lal
| successor1 = Pradip Kumar Tripathi
| office2 = [[List of chief secretaries of Uttarakhand|Chief Secretary of Uttarakhand]]
| predecessor2 = Om Prakash Singh
| successor2 = Radha Raturi
| term_start2 = 6 July 2021
| term_end2 = 31 January 2024
| office3 = Chairman of [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
| predecessor3 = N. N. Sinha
| successor3 = [[Giridhar Aramane]]
| term_start3 = 28 October 2019
| term_end3 = 5 July 2021
| alma_mater = (MBBS) [[Government Medical College, Amritsar]]
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|Retired IAS Officer]]
}}

'''Sukhbir Singh Sandhu''' (born 6 July 1963) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of 1988-batch belonging to the [[Uttarakhand, India|Uttarakhand]] cadre. He is serving as [[Election Commissioner of India]] since March 2024.<ref name="The Times of India 2024 n303">{{cite web | title=Who is Sukhbir Sandhu, newly appointed election commissioner? | website=The Times of India | date=14 March 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/who-is-sukhbir-sandhu/articleshow/108489055.cms | access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times 2024 f359">{{cite web | title=Who are new election commissioners Sukhbir Singh Sandhu and Gyanesh Kumar? | website=Hindustan Times | date=14 March 2024 | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/who-are-new-election-commissioners-sukhbir-singh-sandhu-and-gyanesh-kumar-101710406142882.html | access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="f067">{{cite web | title=Shri Gyanesh Kumar and Shri Sukhbir Singh Sandhu assumed charge as the Election Commissioners | website= Press Information Bureau | date=14 March 2024 | url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2014866 | ref={{sfnref| Press Information Bureau |2024}} | access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>

==Education==
He did his [[MBBS]] from [[Government Medical College, Amritsar]]. He also has a master's degree in history from [[Guru Nanak Dev University]], [[Amritsar]].

==Career==
Previously, he served as Secretary, Lokpal of India, from 5 February 2024 till 14 March 2024. Before this, he served as the Chief Secretary, Government of Uttarakhand from July 2021 to January 2024. Prior to that, he served as Chairman, National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) for about 2 years. He also served in Government of India as Additional Secretary, Higher Education, where he looked after IITs, IIMs etc.

Earlier, he served in various positions in the Government of Uttarakhand, Government of Punjab and Government of Uttar Pradesh. He worked as Secretary in several departments including Infrastructure Development, Highways, PPP Projects, Urban Development, Power, Industries, New & Renewable Energy, Finance, etc.

He served as Principal Secretary to 4 CMs from 3 different political parties, for about eight years from 2007 to 2014.

In NHAI, arbitration disputes worth Rs. 30,000 Cr were resolved by conciliation during his tenure, bringing great relief to the contractors and banks. Nationwide compulsory ‘Fastag’ for Toll Collection was implemented by him, resulting in annual saving of about Rs.35,000 Cr to the nation. NHAI was made one of the most digitalised, drone monitored and portal governed organization during this period.

During his tenures as Chief Secretary, Govt of Uttarakhand, 35 policies of different departments were changed to make them more effective and delivery oriented, which led to better delivery, major investments and employment generation in almost all areas.

He had also served as Collector / District Magistrate of Haridwar, Gautam Budh Nagar (NOIDA) and Udham Singh Nagar districts.

He simplified the processes / procedures for effective delivery and found solution to many challenges.

He has been a hockey player. He has interest in trekking and mountaineering and had scaled Black Peak (22,000 feet) in Uttarkashi District of Uttarakhand.

He delivered a talk on ‘De-stressing Indian Cities’ at Harvard Business School, Boston, U.S.A, on invitation.

==Publications==
He has published papers on 'Urban Reforms' and 'Municipal Management and Capacity Building'. He was conferred the President [[Medal]] in recognition of his services as [[Commissioner]], [[Municipal]] [[Corporation]], [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}<ref name="s251">{{cite web | last=Biswas | first=Sayantani | title=Who is Sukhbir Singh Sandhu? Everything to know about new election commissioner | website=mint | date=14 March 2024 | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/who-is-former-ias-sukhbir-singh-sandhu-all-you-need-to-know-about-new-election-commissioner-11710405274891.html | access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="w514">{{cite web | title=Who is Sukhbir Singh Sandhu, new Election Commissioner appointed ahead of LS polls | website=The Indian Express | date=14 March 2024 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/sukhbir-singh-sandhu-new-election-commissioner-9214016/ | access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref><ref name="l822">{{cite web | last=Sharma | first=Ashutosh | title=Who are Gyanesh Kumar and Sukhbir Singh Sandhu, the two new Election Commissioners? What is their political affiliation? | website=Frontline | date=15 March 2024 | url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/news/who-are-gyanesh-kumar-and-sukhbir-singh-sandhu-the-two-new-election-commissioners-what-is-their-political-affiliation/article67953751.ece | access-date=29 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttarakhand cadre civil servants]]
[[Category:Members of the Election Commission of India]]
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Guru Nanak Dev University alumni]]

Bhagyalakshmi

2026-04-23T07:13:49Z

BlissKetoSupplement: new

{{short description|Indian dubbing artist}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bhagyalakshmi
| image =Bhagyalakshmi DS.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1961|11|01}}<ref name="bio">{{harvnb|Bhagyalakshmi|2012|p=1}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India
| other_names = Bhagyam
| occupation = {{hlist|Dubbing artist|Television host}}
| years_active = 1972–present<ref>{{harvnb|Bhagyalakshmi|2012|p=49}}</ref>
| spouse = {{marriage|K. Ramesh Kumar|1985|2014|end=div}}
| partner =
| website =
}}

'''Bhagyalakshmi''' (born 1 November 1961) is an Indian actress, activist, and [[dubbing]] artist. She works predominantly in the Malayalam film industry. She has collaborated with several actresses from Malayalam industries as well as other south Indian languages including [[Shobana]], [[Revathi]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]], [[Soundarya]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Jyothika]].<ref>Mahadevan, G. (20 August 2007) [https://web.archive.org/web/20080921151253/http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/20/stories/2007082052522300.htm "A CD full of morals"]. ''The Hindu''. Retrieved 21 September 2014.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131002045032/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/article379962.ece?service=print "Resul Pookutty makes his onscreen debut"]. ''The New Indian Express''. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2014.</ref><ref>Karnaver, Aswathy. (1 December 2012) [https://web.archive.org/web/20121214202339/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article1362193.ece News New Indian Express 1 December 2012]. ''The New Indian Express''. Retrieved 5 January 2014.</ref> Bhagyalakshmi's autobiography, ''Swarabhedangal,'' was awarded the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf |title=2013–ലെ കേരള സാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാര്‍ഡുകള്‍ പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |date=December 2014 |accessdate=28 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613132951/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/pdf/Akademi%20Award%20-%202013_final.pdf |archive-date=13 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Career==

Bhagyalakshmi began dubbing for young performers at the age of ten,<ref>{{cite web |title=Magical sounds of film industry: Bhagyalekshmi & Krishnachandran |url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/Programs/Episode/2970/magical-sounds-of-film-industry-bhagyalekshmi-krishnachandran-avar-kandumut/E |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034552/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/Programs/Episode/2970/magical-sounds-of-film-industry-bhagyalekshmi-krishnachandran-avar-kandumut/E |archive-date=4 March 2016 |accessdate=3 May 2015 |publisher=mathrubhuminews.in}}</ref> and debuted as an actress in ''[[Manassu]]'' (1973).<ref name="mathrubhumi.com">{{cite web |title=അതിജീവനത്തിന്റെ ശബ്ദവീചികള്‍ |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/interview/2824/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321065423/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/books/article/interview/2824/ |archivedate=21 March 2014 |accessdate=21 March 2014 |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> She made her film dubbing debut in ''Aparathi'' (1977),<ref name="mathrubhumi.com" /> and from 1978 to 1980 continued to dub films for child actors and supporting actress. She later rose to prominence in ''[[Kolilakkam]]'' (1981), in which she dubbed for [[Sumalatha]]. Her breakthrough came in the [[Malayalam film industry]] with ''[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]]'' (1984). In 2021 she competed in the reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 3)|Bigg Boss Malayalam Season 3]]'', but was evicted on day 49.

She has won the [[Kerala State Film Award]] for Best Dubbing Artist three times.<ref>[http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/64966_വിവാഹവും_വിവാഹമോചനവും]{{Dead link|date=June 2019|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}. mangalam.com (10 June 2013). Retrieved 5 January 2014.</ref> She was also a traveller who works for Safari channel for a special program "Ente Yatre".

==Personal life==
[[File:Bhagyalakshmi.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Bhagyalakshmi in 2010]]
Bhagyalakshmi was born on 1 November 1961 in [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], India to Kumaran Nair and Bhargavi Amma.<ref name="bio">{{harvnb|Bhagyalakshmi|2012|p=1}}</ref> She has an older sister Indira Nair, and a brother Unni Nair.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mangalam.com/women/personality/29065 |title=ഭാഗ്യതാരകം |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207095911/http://www.mangalam.com/women/personality/29065 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |work=mangalam.com |date=29 January 2013}}</ref> Both of her parents died while she was young.

She started her career as a dubbing artist at the age of 10 and went on to complete her pre-university course while working in the film industry.<ref name="mathrubhumi.com" />

Bhagyalakshmi married K. Ramesh Kumar on 27 October 1985.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mangalam-Varika-10-Jun-2013 |url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/91/14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613115919/http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/91/14 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=13 June 2013 |publisher=mangalamvarika.com |accessdate=31 October 2013}}</ref> The couple has two sons. They separated in 2011 and divorced in September 2014.<ref name=divorce>[http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/485547/.htm "ഭാഗ്യലക്ഷ്മി വിവാഹമോചിതയായി"]{{dead link|date=November 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Mathrubhumi''. Retrieved 21 September 2014.</ref>

==Publication==

Bhagyalakshmi published her [[autobiography]], ''Swarabhedangal,''<ref>[http://www.mangalam.com/mangalam-varika/66818 ആ മനുഷ്യന്‍ എന്തിനായിരുന്നു എന്നെ പ്രണയിച്ചിരുന്നത്?]. mangalam.com (16 June 2013). Retrieved 5 January 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-352069 |title=ഉള്ളില്‍ തീക്കനല്‍ സ്വരങ്ങള്‍ – articles, infocus_interview – Mathrubhumi Eves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210154135/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-352069 |archive-date=10 December 2013 |work=Mathrubhumi.com |date=10 December 2013}}</ref> which was selected by Nielsen Data for its best-seller list, the first time a Malayalam book had been selected.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Athira |date=7 March 2013 |title=Making herself heard |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/making-herself-heard/article4484366.ece |access-date=5 October 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-100499 |title=അതിജീവനത്തിന്റെ ശബ്ദവീചികള്‍ – articles, infocus_interview – Mathrubhumi Eves |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905005440/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/mb4eves/online/malayalam/kerala/women/articles/infocus_interview-article-100499 |archive-date=5 September 2014 |work=Mathrubhumi.com |date=5 September 2014}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
===Assault case===
On 26 September 2020, Bhagyalakshmi and two other activists, Diya Sana and Sreelakshmi Arakkal, poured black motor oil on a [[YouTuber|YouTube vlogger]] named Vijay P. Nair at his [[Thiruvananthapuram]] residence. Nair had uploaded a number of derogatory videos about women, and the trio claims there had been no action on the multiple complaints they had filed with police.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/youtuber-assault-case-kerala-hc-grants-anticipatory-bail-bhagyalakshmi-2-activists-137305 |title=YouTuber assault case: Kerala HC grants anticipatory bail to Bhagyalakshmi, 2 activists |date=10 November 2020}}</ref> They also alleged that one of his videos was a personal insult to her, even though her name was not explicitly mentioned. She and the other two were charged with [[non-bailable]] offences, including [[trespass]] and intimidation.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/12/youtuber-assault-case-bhagyalakshmi-two-others-approach-hc-seeking-anticipatory-bail-2209352.html |title=YouTuber assault case: Bhagyalakshmi, two others approach HC seeking anticipatory bail |date=12 October 2020}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
{{BLP sources section|date=December 2022}}

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Award
! Award Category
! Awarded Work
! Dubbed for
|-
| 1991 ||[[Kerala State Film Awards]]|| [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]|| |[[Ulladakkam]] [[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]]

Bali
|[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]

Kanya bharathi
|-
| 1995 || Kerala State Film Awards || Best Dubbing Artist||Ormayundayirikkanam Kusruthikattu

Shashinas
|Priyambada Ray [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]
Geetha vijayan
|-
| 2002 || Kerala State Film Awards || Best Dubbing Artist||[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]||[[Soundarya]]
|-
| 2002 || Kerala Film Critic Award || Kerala Film Critic Award for Best Dubbing Artist || Yathrakarude Sradhakku||Soundarya
|-
| 2015 || Kerala State Television Awards || Best Anchor || Selfi (talk show)||
|-
| 2013 || Kerala Film Critic Award || [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Biography and Autobiography]] || ''Swarabhedangal''<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Sahitya-Akademi-award-for-Meeras-Aarachar/articleshow/45583043.cms |title=Sahitya Akademi award for Meera's 'Aarachar' |newspaper=The Times of India |date=20 December 2014 |accessdate=23 December 2014}}</ref>||
|-
| 2012 || [[Asianet Television Awards]]||Best Dubbing Artist|| [[Kumkumapoovu]]||[[Asha Sharath]]
|-
|2018
|Kerala State Film Critic Award
|Chalachithra Prathiba Award
|For Various Film Works
|
|-
|2014
|Kerala State Film Critic Award
|Special Honour
|The Contribution to the Malayalam Film Industry (As A Dubbing Artist And As An Actress)
|
|-
|2017
|National Film Awards
|[[National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film]] as Producer
|Name, Place, Animal, Thing
|
|}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation |last=Bhagyalakshmi |title=Swarabhedhangal |language=Malayalam |publisher=[[DC Books]] |place=Kottayam, Kerala |year=2012 |isbn=9788126439348}}

==Partial filmography==
===As dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
|-
! | Dubbed for
! | Films
|-
| rowspan="2" |Child Artist
|Chanchala (1974)
|-
|Manimuzhakkam (1976)
|-
|[[Karan (actor)|Master Karan]]
|Aparadhi (1977)
|-
|Child artist
|Air hostess (1980)
|-
|[[Thiranottam|Renu Chandra]]
|[[Thiranottam]] (1978) [[Manassinte Theerthayathra]] (1981)
|-
|[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]]
|[[Deepam (film)|Deepam]] (1980)
|-
|[[Jayshree T.|Jayshree Talpade]]
|[[Abhinayam]] (1981)
|-
|[[Nisha Noor]]
|Avatharam (1981)
|-
|[[Sumalatha]]
|[[Kolilakkam]] (1981) Aranjanam (1982) [[Ee Thanutha Veluppan Kalathu]] (1990)
|-
|[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
|[[Premageethangal]] (1981) [[Marakkillorikkalum]] (1983) [[Puzhayozhukum Vazhi]] (1985) Nirabhedangal (1987) [[Swathi Thirunal (film)|Swathi Thirunal]] (1987) [[Ezhuthapurangal]] (1987)
|-
|[[Radha (actress)|Radha]]
|[[Revathikkoru Pavakutty]] (1986)
|-
|[[Sathyakala]]
|[[Thaalam Thettiya Tharattu]] (1983) [[Changatham]] (1983) [[Ee Vazhi Mathram]] (1983)
|-
|[[Vidhubala]]
|[[Abhinayam]] (1981) (One scene only)
|-
|[[Jalaja]]
|[[Onnu Chirikku]] (1983) Kudumbam Oru Swargam Bharya Oru Devatha (1984)
|-
|[[Rani Padmini (actress)|Rani Padmini]]
|[[Kathayariyathe]] (1981)
|-
|[[Nithya Ravindran|Nithya]]
|[[Paanchajanyam]] (1981) [[Maniyan Pilla Adhava Maniyan Pilla]] (1981)
|-
|[[Sadhana (Malayalam actress)|Sadhana]]
|[[Ariyappedatha Rahasyam]] (1981)
|-
|[[Anjali Naidu]]
|[[Angachamayam]] (1982)
|-
|[[Rajyalakshmi]]
|[[Aarambham]] (1982) [[Ahankaram]] (1983)
|-
|[[Poornima Jayaram]]
|[[Gaanam]] (1982)
|-
|[[Kakka (film)|Arundhati]]
|[[Kakka (film)|Kakka]] (1982)
|-
|[[Uma Bharani|Uma]]
|[[Sandhyakku Virinja Poovu]] (1983) [[Ashtapadi (film)|Ashtapadi]] (1983) [[Itha Innu Muthal]] (1984)
|-
|[[Reena (actress)|Reena]]
|[[Aadyathe Anuraagam]] (1983)
|-
|[[Vanitha Krishnachandran]]
|[[Belt Mathai]] (1983)
|-
|[[Kanakalatha]]
|[[Parasparam]] (1983) [[Jagratha]] (1989)
|-
|[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
|Shesham Kazhchayil (1983) [[Thirakal]] (1984) [[Onnum Mindatha Bharya]] (1984) [[Veendum Chalikkunna Chakram]] (1984) [[Naale Njangalude Vivahum]] (1986) [[Doore Doore Oru Koodu Koottam]] (1986) [[Living Together (2011 film)|Living Together]] (2011) [[Vaadhyar]] (2012)
|-
|[[Bhagyalakshmi (actress)|Bhagyalakshmi]]
|[[Manasariyathe]] (1984)
|-
|[[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]]
|[[Aalkkoottathil Thaniye]] (1984)
|-
|[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
|[[Raajavembaala]] (1984) [[Jeevante Jeevan]] (1985) Ithu Nalla Thamasha (1985)
|-
|[[Swapna (actress)|Swapna]]
|Postmortem (1982) [[Minimol Vathicanil]] (1984) [[Kadathanadan Ambadi]] (1990)
|-
|[[Kuthiravattam Pappu]]
|Post Mortem (1982) (Female portion)
|-
|[[Ilavarasi]]
|[[Oru Kochu Swapnam]] (1984)
|-
|[[Mammootty]]
|[[Sandarbham]] (1984) (Female portion-One scene only)
|-
|[[Unni Mary]]
|[[Poomadathe Pennu]] (1984) Pathamudayam (1985) Arapatta Kettiya Gramathil (1986)
|-
|[[Viji]]
|[[Uyarangalil]] (1984)
|-
|[[Nadhiya|Nadiya Moidu]]
|[[Nokkethadhoorathu Kannum Nattu]] (1984) [[Kandu Kandarinju]] (1984) [[Onningu Vannengil]] (1985) [[Koodum Thedi]] (1985) [[Vannu Kandu Keezhadakki]] (1985) [[Panchagni]] (1986) [[Shyama (film)|Shyama]] (1986)
[[Poovinu Puthiya Poonthennal]] [[Sevenes]] (2011) [[Girls (2016 film)|Girls]] (2016)

|-
| [[Shobhana]]
|[[Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove]] (1984) [[Eeran Sandhya]] (1985) [[Thammil Thammil]] (1985) [[Upahaaram]] (1985) [[Yatra]] (1985) [[Aalorungi Arangorungi]] (1986) [[Chilambu]] (1986) [[ee Thedi]] (1986) [[Rareeram]] (1986) [[Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku]] (1986) Moonu Masangalkk Munpe (1986) [[Naalkavala]] (1987) [[Aalilakkuruvikal]] (1988) [[Kalikkalam]] (1990) [[Innale]] (1990) [[Meleparambil Anveedu]] (1993) [[Manichithrathazhu]] (1993) (only Ganga's character) [[Minnaram]] (1994) [[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]] (1994)
Vishnu (1994) [[Thenmavin Kombathu]] (1994) [[Manathe Vellitheru]] (1994) [[Mazhayethum Munpe]] (1995) [[Minnaminuginum Minnukettu]] (1995) [[Sindoora Rekha]] (1995) [[Aramana Veedum Anjoorekkarum]] (1996) [[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]] (1996) [[Rajaputhran]] (1996) [[Kunkumacheppu]] (1996) [[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]] (1997) [[Kalyana Kacheri]] (1997) [[Kaliyoonjal]] (1997) [[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agnisakshi]] (1999) [[Valliettan]] (2000) [[Mampazhakkalam]] (2004) [[Sagar Alias Jacky]] (2009) [[Varane Aavashyamundu]] (2020) [[Thudarum]] (2025) (Effects only)
|-
|[[Revathi (actress)|Revathi]]
|[[Ente Kaanakkuyil]] (1985) [[Aankiliyude Tharattu]] (1987) [[Puravrutham]] (1988) Najagalude Kochu Doctor (1989) [[Kilukkam]] (1991) (after interval scenes) [[Adhwaytham]] (1992) [[Devasuram]] (1993) Padheyam (1993) [[Raavanaprabhu]] (2001) Krishna Pakshakilikal (2002) [[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]] (2002) [[Gramaphone (film)|Gramaphone)]] (2003) [[Kilukkam Kilukilukkam]] (2006) (Phone call) [[Paattinte Palazhy]] (2010) 
[[Penpattanam]] (2010) [[Virus (2019 film)|Virus]] (2019)
|-
|[[Kalaranjini]]
|[[Swandam Enna Padam]] (1980) [[Ente Mohangal Poovaninju]] (1982) [[Paavam Krooran]] (1984)
|-
|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|Ente Ammu Ninte Tulasi Avante Chakki (1985) [[Dheivatheyorthu]] (1985) Karimpoovinakkare (1985) Pathamudayam (1985) Nirakootu (1985) [[Mizhineerppoovukal]] (1986) Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku (1986) Moonnu Masangalkku Munpe (1986) [[Onnu Randu Moonnu]] (1986) [[Sukhamo Devi]] (1986) Sunil Vayassu 20 (1986) Yuvaganostavam (1986) [[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]] (1987) [[Anuragi]] (1988) [[Mattoral]] (1988) [[Thanthram]] (1988) [[Mazhavilkavadi]] (1989) New Year (1989) [[Swagatham (1989 film)|Swagatham]] (1989) [[Kuttettan]] (1990) [[Lal salam]] (1990) Nanma Niranja Sreenivasan (1990) [[Thalayanamanthram]] (1990) Vyuham (1990) [[Kalippattam]] (1993) Kanalkattu (1991) Thiruthalvaadi (1992) [[Midhunam]] (1993) [[Urvashi (actress)|Sthreedhanam]] (1993) [[Aayirappara]] (1993) [[Injakkadan Mathai & Sons]] (1993) [[Venkalam]] (1993) [[Urvashi (actress)|Kudumbavishesham]] (1994) [[The City (1994 film)|The City]] (1994) [[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]] (1994) Bharya (1994) [[Sukham Sukhakaram]] (1994) [[Thovalapookkal]] (1995) [[Simhavalan Menon]] (1995) [[Spadikam]] (1995) [[Garshom]] (1999)
|-
|[[Neelima Azeem]]
|[[Kaliyil Alpam Karyam]] (1984)
|-
|Aarti Gupta
|[[Jeevante Jeevan]] (1985)
|-
|[[Surekha (actress)|Surekha Marie]]
|[[Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu]] (1985)
|-
|[[Mahalakshmi (Kannada actress)|Mahalakshmi]]
|[[Angadikkappurathu]] (1985) [[Vilichu Vilikettu]] (1985)
|-
|[[Mucherla Aruna]]
|[[Mulamoottil Adima]] (1985) [[Sreekrishna Parunthu]] (1984)
|-
|Ahalya
|[[Surabhi Yaamangal]] (1986)
|-
|Sunanda Biswas
|[[Parasparam]] (1983) [[Kochu Themmadi]] (1986)
|-
|[[Lissy Priyadarsan|Lissy]]
|[[Dheem Tharikida Thom]] (1986) [[Hello My Dear Wrong Number]] (1986) [[Sarvakalashala]] (1987) [[Rugmini]] (1989)
[[Manivathoorile Aayiram Sivarathrikal]] (1987)
|-
|[[Karthika (Malayalam actress)|Karthika]]
|[[Manicheppu Thurannappol]] (1985) [[Thalavattam]] (1986) [[Kariyilakkattu Pole]] (1986) [[Gandhinagar 2nd Street]] (1986) [[Deshadanakkili Karayarilla]] (1986) [[January Oru Orma]] (1987) [[Neeyethra Dhanya]] (1987)
|-
|[[Ennennum Kannettante|Soniya]]
|[[Ennennum Kannettante]] (1986)
|-
|[[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare|Asha Jayaram]]
|[[Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare]] (1986)
|-
|[[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]]
|[[Annoru Ravil]] (1986) Kaiyethum Dhoorathu(1987) Asthikal Pookkunnu (1989)
|-
|Jayaragini
|Hello My Dear Wrong Number (1986)
|-
|[[Sabitha Anand]]
|[[Kanamarayathu]] (1984) Kaveri (1986)
|-
|[[Kannur Sreelatha]]
|[[Muhurtham Pathnonnu Muppathinu]] (1985)
|-
|[[Sudha Chandran]]
|[[Malarum Kiliyum]] (1986) [[Cleopatra (2013 film)|Cleopatra]] (2013)
|-
|Cecily
|[[Poomukhappadiyil Ninneyum Kaathu]] (1986)
|-
|[[Nalini (actress)|Nalini]]
|Snehamulla Simham (1986)
|-
|[[Jayalalita]]
|[[Uppu]] (1987)
|-
|[[Pallavi Joshi]]
|[[Theertham (film)|Theertham]] (1987)
|-
|[[Parvathi Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|[[Vivahithare Ithile]] (1986) [[Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam]] (1987) [[Aparan (film)|Aparan]] (1988) [[Witness (1988 film)|Witness]] (1988) [[Jagratha]] (1989) [[Adhipan]] (1989) [[Anagha (film)|Anagha]] (1989) [[Vadakkunokkiyantram]] (1989) [[Akkare Akkare Akkare]] (1990) [[Radha Madhavam]] (1990)
|-
|[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
|[[Achuvettante Veedu]] (1987) [[CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.]] (1994) [[Payyans]] (2011) [[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]] (2012)

Cheriya lokavum valiya Manushyarum (1990)
|-
|Mini Arun
|[[Innaleyude Baakki]] (1988)
|-
|[[Varshangal Poyathariyathe|Reshmi Kailas]]
|[[Varshangal Poyathariyathe]] (1987)
|-
|[[Shari (actress)|Shari]]
|[[Shari (actress)|Archana Pookal]] (1987) [[Naradhan Keralathil]] (1987) [[Savidham]](1992)
|-
|[[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
|[[Chithram]] (1988) [[Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu]] (1988) Nanma Niranjavan Sreenivasan (1990) [[Anantha Vruthantham]] (1990) Agni Nilavu (1991)
|-
|Sandhya Rani
|[[Vida Parayan Mathram]] (1988)
|-
|[[Saleema]]
|[[Aranyakam]] (1988)
|-
|[[Ramya Krishnan]]
|[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]] (1988) [[Janmandharam]] (1988) [[Ramya Krishnan|Appavum Veenjum]] (2015) [[Aadupuliyattam]] (2016)
|-
|[[Urmila Unni]]
|Marattam (1988)
|-
|[[Aksharathettu (film)|Sudha Swarnalakshmi]]
|[[Aksharathettu (film)|Aksharathettu]] (1989)
|-
|[[Girija Shettar]]
|[[Vandanam]] (1989)
|-
|[[Sunitha (actress)|Sunitha]]
|[[Mrigaya (1989 film)|Mrigaya]] (1989) [[Mukha Chithram]] (1991) [[Snehasagaram]] (1992) [[Aardram]] (1992)
|-
|[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
|[[Hello Madras Girl]] (1983) [[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]] (1989)
|-
|[[Saranya Ponvannan|Saranya]]
|[[Artham]] (1989) [[Aakasha Kottayile Sultan]] (1991)
|-
|Devishri
|[[Ponnaranjanam]] (1990)
|-
|[[Raadhu (actress)|Raadhu]]
|[[Ennu Nathante Nimmi]] (1986) [[Kadathanadan Ambadi]] (1990)
|-
|[[Sreeja]]
|[[Annakutty Kodambakkam Vilikkunnu]] (1989) [[Cheriya Lokavum Valiya Manushyarum]] (1990) [[Uncle Bun]] (1991)
|-
|[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|[[Ramji Rao Speaking]] (1989) [[Randam Varavu]] (1990)
[[Pavam Pavam Rajakumaran]] (1990) [[Aye Auto]] (1990) [[Pookkalam Varavayi]] (1991)

[[Santhwanam|Swanthwanam]] (1991)

[[Kizhakkunarum Pakshi]] (1991)

''Mumpe Parakkunna Pakshi (1995)'' [[Ivar Vivahitharayal]] (2009) [[Bangalore Days]] (2014)

[[Jo and the Boy]] (2015)
|-
|[[Maathu (actress)|Maathu]]
|[[Kuttettan]] (1990)
|-
|[[Geetha Vijayan]]
|[[In Harihar Nagar]] (1990) [[Ganamela]] (1991) Sasinas (1995)
|-
|[[Rupini]]
|[[Midhya]] (1990) [[Bandhukkal Sathrukkal]] (1993)
|-
|[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]
|[[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]] (1991) [[Ulladakkam]] (1991)
|-
|[[Shyama (Malayalam actress)|Shyama]]
|[[Kilukkam]] (1991) (One Scene only)
|-
|[[Roopa Sree]]
|Kallanum polisum (1992)
|-
|[[Santhi Krishna]]
|[[Tharattu]] (1981) [[Ennum Nanmakal]] (1991) [[Sukrutham]] (1994)
|-
|Radha Prashanthi
|Pavam I.A. Ivachan (1994)
|-
|[[Madhoo|Madhu Bala]]
|[[Neelagiri (film)|Neelagiri]] (1991) [[Ottayal Pattalam]] (1992) [[Ennodu Ishtam Koodamo]] (1992) [[Yoddha (1992 film)|Yoddha]] (1992) [[Manorathangal]] (2024)
|-
|[[Charmila]]
|[[Kabooliwala]] (1994)
|-
|[[Ashwini (actress)|Ashwini]]
|Ee Kannu Koodi (1990)
|-
|[[Archana (actress)|Archana]]
|[[Onnaam Muhurtham]] (1991) Madamma (1996)
|-
|[[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]]
|[[Uncle Bun]] (1991)
|-
|[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]
|[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]] (1991) [[Ezhara Ponnana]] (1991) [[Vietnam Colony]] (1992) [[Golanthara Vartha]] (1993) [[Pingami]] (1994) [[Vardhakyapuranam]] (1994) [[Kusruthikaatu]] (1995) [[Mangalyasootram]] (1995) [[Mannadiar Penninu Chenkotta Checkan]] (1996) [[Manthri Kochamma|Manthrikochamma]] (1998) [[Narasimham (film)|Narasimham]] (2000)
|-
|[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
|[[Athirathan (film)|Athirathan]] (1991) [[Panthaya Kozhi]] (2007)
|-
|[[Suchitra Krishnamoorthi]]
|Kilukkampetti(1991)
|-
|[[Neeta Puri]]
|[[Mahanagaram]] (1992)
|-
|[[Neena Gupta]]
|[[Aham (film)|Aham]] (1992)
|-
|[[Gautami]]
|[[Daddy (1992 film)|Daddy]] (1992) [[Ayalathe Adheham]] (1992) [[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]] (1993) [[Aayiram Naavulla Ananthan]] (1996)
|-
|[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos|Seena Dadi]]
|[[Pappayude Swantham Appoos]] (1992)
|-
|[[My Dear Muthachan|Madhurima Nerla]]
|[[My Dear Muthachan]] (1992)
|-
|[[Rudra (actress)|Rudra]]
|[[Kauravar]] (1992)
|-
|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|[[Yaadhavam]] (1993) [[Anubhoothi]] (1997) [[Stalin Sivadas]] (1999) [[Independence (1999 film)|Independence]] (1999) [[Mr. Marumakan]] (2012)
|-
|[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]
|[[Vachanam]] (1990) [[Bhagyavan]] (1993) Journalist (1993) [[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]] (2013)
|-
|[[Suchitra Murali]]
|[[Kanyakumariyil Oru Kavitha]] (1993)
|-
|[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
|[[Ghazal (1993 film)|Ghazal]] (1993) [[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]] (1994) [[Kudumbakodathi]] (1996) Mayoora Nirtham (1996) [[Meenakshi Kalyanam]] (1998) [[Vesham]] (2004)
|-
|[[Suhasini Maniratnam]]
|[[Samooham]] (1993) [[Bharatheeyam|Bhaaratheeyam]] (1997) [[Nammal]] (2002) [[Vilapangalkkappuram]] (2008) [[Love 24x7]] (2015) [[Salt Mango Tree]] (2015)
[[Kalimannu]] (2013) [[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]] (2017)

[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea|Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian]] Sea (2021-2022)
|-
|[[Priya Raman]]
|[[Arthana]] (1993) [[Sainyam]] (1994) [[No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North]] (1995) Bhoopathi (1997)
|-
|[[Kanchan (actress)|Kanchan]]
|[[Gandharvam]] (1993)
|-
|[[Ranjitha]]
|[[Chamayam (1993 film)|Chamayam]] (1993) Sundari Neeyum Sundaran Njanum (1994)
|-
|Priyanka Anoop
|[[Venkalam]] (1993)
|-
|[[Anju (actress)|Anju]]
|[[Varaphalam]] (1994)
|-
|[[Chippy Renjith|Chippy]]
|[[Santhanagopalam]] (1994) [[Sargavasantham]] (1995)
|-
|[[Urmila Matondkar]]
|[[Chanakyan]] (1989) [[Thacholi Varghese Chekavar]] (1995)
|-
|[[Ooha|Shivaranjini]]
|[[Pandu Pandoru Rajakumari]] (1992) Manikya Chempazhukka (1995)
|-
|[[Suma Jayaram]]
|Mazhayathum munpe (1995) (One scene only)
|-
|[[Sudha Rani]]
|[[Aadyathe Kanmani]] (1995)
|-
|[[Vinduja Menon]]
|[[Sreeragam]] (1995)
|-
|[[Vani Viswanath]]
|[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]] (1995) [[Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta]] (1995) [[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]] (1996) Swarna Kireedam (1996) [[Kaliveedu]] (1996) [[Kilukil Pambaram]] (1997) [[The Truth (1998 film)|The Truth]] (1998) [[Harthaal]] (1998) [[James Bond (1999 film)|James Bond]] (1999) [[India Gate (film)|India Gate]] (2000) [[Indriyam]] (2000) (Except Ghost scenes) [[Nagaravadhu]] (2001) [[Puthooramputhri Unniyarcha]] (2002) [[Black Dalia]] (2009)
|-
|Priyamvatha Rai
| Ormakalundayirikanam (1995)
|-

|[[Heera Rajagopal]]
|[[Nirnayam (1995 film)|Nirnayam]] (1995)
[[Minnaminuginum Minnukettu]] (1995)

[[Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary|Oru Abhibhashakante Case Diary(1995]])

''Poothiruvathira Ravil'' (1998)
|-
|[[Kasthuri (actress)|Kasthuri]]
|[[Chakravarthy (1991 film)|Chakravarthy]] (1991)
[[Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava]] (1995) Panchapandavar (1999)
|-
|[[Annie (actress)|Annie]]
|Puthukkottayile Puthumanavalan (1995) [[Swapna Lokathe Balabhaskaran]] (1996)
|-
|[[Prema (Kannada actress)|Prema]]
|[[The Prince (1996 film)|The Prince]] (1996)
|-
|[[Vijayashanti]]
|[[Yuvathurki]] (1996)
|-
|[[Bhanupriya]]
|[[Azhakiya Ravanan]] (1996) [[Kulam (film)|Kulam]] (1997) Rishyasringan(1997) [[Manjupoloru Penkutti]] (2004)
|-
|Chandini Saju
|[[Sathyabhamakkoru Premalekhanam]] (1996)
|-
|[[Divya Unni]]
|[[Churam]] (1996) [[Shibiram]] (1997) [[Karunyam]] (1997) [[Sooryaputhran]] (1998) [[Mark Antony (2000 film)|Mark Antony]] (2000) [[Nakshathragal Parayathirunnathu]] (2000)
|-
|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
|[[Thooval Kottaram]] (1996) [[Kaanaakkinaavu]] (1996)
[[Udayon]] (2007) [[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]] (2008)
|-
|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|[[Kaalapani]] (1996) [[Cover Story (2000 film)|Cover Story]] (2000)
|-
|[[Kanya Bharathi]]
|The Hitlist (1996)
|-
|Aparna Rao
|Masmaram (1997)
|-
|[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|[[Varnapakittu]] (1997) [[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]] (1999) [[Olympian Anthony Adam]] (1999) [[Dreams (2000 film)|Dreams]] (2000) [[Rakshasa Rajav]] (2001) [[Mr. Brahmachari]] (2003) [[Udayananu Tharam]](2005) [[Chandrolsavam]] (2005) [[Magic Lamp (film)|Magic Lamp]] (2008)
|-
|[[Pooja Batra]]
|[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]] (1997) [[Daivathinte Makan]] (2000)
|-
|[[Suma Kanakala]]
|Istadanam (1997)
|-
|[[Vaishnavi MacDonald]]
|Oru Mutham Manimutham (1997)
|-
|[[Sangita Madhavan Nair]]
|[[Kattathoru Penpoovu]] (1998) [[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]] (1998) [[Vazhunnor]] (1999) Saphalyam (1999) [[Pallavur Devanarayanan]] (1999) [[Nagara Varidhi Naduvil Njan]] (2014)
[[Hridayapoorvam]] (2025)
|-
|[[Sreelakshmi]]
|[[Mattupetti Machan]] (1998)
|-
|Jayaswathi
|Malabaril Ninnoru Manimaran (1998)
|-
|[[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]]
|[[Samantharangal]] (1998)
|-
|[[Vineetha]]
|Mayajalam (1998)
|-
|[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
|[[Oral Mathram]] (1997) [[Kottaram Veettile Apputtan]] (1998)
|-
|[[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]]
|[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]] (1998) [[Karumadikkuttan]] (2001) [[Thachiledathu Chundan]] (1999) [[Naranathu Thampuran]] (2001) [[Sundara Purushan (2001 film)|Sundara Purushan]] (2001) Jameendar (2001 Udayam (2004) IG (2009)
|-
|Anitha Nair
|[[My Dear Karadi]] (1999)
|-
|[[Priya Gill]]
|[[Megham]] (1999)
|-
|[[Sangeetha Krish]]
|English Medium (1999)
|-
|[[Indraja]]
|[[Ustaad (1999 film)|Ustaad]] (1999) [[Chronic Bachelor]] (2003) ''[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]'' (2005)
|-
|[[Samyuktha Varma]]
|[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]] (1999) [[Angene Oru Avadhikkalathu]] (1999) Chandranudikkunna Dikhil (1999) [[Thenkasi Pattanam]] (2000) [[Life Is Beautiful (2000 film)|Life Is Beautiful]] (2000) [[Madhuranombarakattu]] (2000) [[Nadanpennum Naattupramaaniyum]] (2000) [[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]] (2001) [[Saivar Thirumeni]] (2001) [[Meghamalhar]] (2001) [[Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka]] (2001) [[Kuberan (2002 film)|Kuberan]] (2002)
|-
|[[Namrata Shirodkar]]
|[[Ezhupunna Tharakan]] (1999)
|-
|[[Dada Sahib|Athira]]
|[[Dada Sahib]] (2000) [[Bharthavudyogam]] (2001) Www.anukudumbam.com (2002)
|-
|[[Geethu Mohandas]]
|[[Thenkasi Pattanam]] (2000) [[Valkannadi]] (2002) [[Pakalppooram]] (2002)
[[Bharathan Effect]] (2007)
|-
|Rehana Navas
|Neelakasham Niraye (2002)
|-
|[[Vaibhavi Merchant]]
|[[Snehapoorvam Anna]] (2000)
|-
|[[Poornima Indrajith]]
|[[Varnakkazhchakal]] (2000)
|-
|[[Jaya Prada]]
|[[Devadoothan]] (2000)
|-
|[[Aswathi Menon]]
|[[Sathyam Sivam Sundaram (2000 film)|Sathyam Sivam Sundaram]] (2000)
|-
|[[Lakshmi Gopalaswami]]
|[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]] (2000) [[Achaneyanenikkishtam]] (2001) Punyam (2001) [[Smart City (film)|Smart City]] (2006) [[Evidam Swargamanu]] (2009) [[Oru Indian Pranayakatha]] (2013)
|-
|[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]]
|[[Sathyameva Jayathe]] (2000) [[Praja]] (2001) Jackpot (1993) [[Inspector Garud]] (2007)
|-
|[[Manya (actress)|Manya]]
|[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]] (2001) [[Vakkalathu Narayanankutty]] (2001) [[Aparichithan]] (2004)
|-
|[[Rajashree (actress)|Rajashree Nair]]
|[[Megasandesam]] (2001) [[Ravanaprabhu]](2001) [[Bhoopadathil Illatha Oridam]] (2012) [[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]] (2012)
|-
|[[Anjala Zaveri]]
|[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]] (2001)
|-
|[[Arzoo Govitrikar]]
|[[Kakkakuyil]] (2001)
|-
|[[Nandita Das]]
|[[Kannaki (film)|Kannaki]] (2001)
|-
|[[Suresh Gopi]]
|Meghasandesham (2001) (Effects only)
|-
|[[Jayasudha]]
|[[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)|Ishtam]] (2001)
|-
|[[Sudeep Kumar|Sophia Sudeep Kumar]]
|Www.anukudumbam.com (2002)
|-
|[[Soundarya]]
|[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]] (2002) [[Kilichundan Mampazham]] (2003)
|-
|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|[[Gangotri (2003 film)|Gangotri]] (1997) [[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam]] (2002)
|-
|[[Nagma]]
|[[Chathurangam (2002 film)|Chathurangam]] (2002)
|-
|Nivedita
|[[Uttara (2003 film)|Uttara]] (2003)
|-
|Nivia Rebin
|[[Chronic Bachelor]](2003)
|-
|[[Tessa Joseph]]
|[[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]] (2003)
|-
|[[Saritha]]
|[[Ammakilikkoodu]] (2003) Kathodu Kathoram (1986) [[Kanikanum Neram]] (1987)
|-
|[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
|[[Balettan]] (2003) [[Naran (film)|Naran]] (2005) [[Oru Naal Varum]] (2010)
|-
|[[Gayatri Jayaraman]]
|[[Njan Salperu Ramankutty]] (2004)
|-
|Gayatri Shastri
|Thekkekara Superfast (2004)
|-
|[[Navya Nair]]
|[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]] (2004) (Ghost portions only)
|-
|[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
|[[Kaazhcha]] (2004) [[Rajamanikyam]] (2005) [[Bhargavacharitham Moonam Khandam]] (2006) [[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]] (2007) [[Time (2007 film)|Time]] (2007) [[Pachamarathanalil]] (2008) Bharya Swantham Suhruthu (2009) [[Maad Dad]] (2012)
|-
|[[Bhavna Pani]]
|[[Vettam]] (2004)
|-
|[[Riya Sen]]
|[[Ananthabhadram]] (2005)
|-
|[[Shriya Reddy]]
|Oraal (2005)
|-
|[[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]]
| Dubai (2001) Isra (2005)
|-
| [[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|[[Notebook (2006 film)|Notebook]] (2006) [[Vinodayathra]] (2007) [[Currency (film)|Currency]] (2007) [[My Boss]] (2012)
[[Aaraattu (2022 film)|Aaraattu]] (2022)

|-
|[[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
|[[Udayon]] (2005) [[Alice In Wonderland (2005 film)|Alice In Wonderland]] (2005) [[Thommanum Makkalum]] (2005) [[Rashtram]] (2006)
|-
|[[Mamta Mohandas]]
|[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]] (2006)
|-
|[[Sindhu Menon]]
|[[Pathaaka]] (2006) [[Thommanum Makkalum]](2005) [[Vesham]] (2004) [[Rajamanikyam]] (2005)
|-
|[[Keerthy Suresh]]
|[[Marakkar: Lion of the Arabian Sea]]
(2021) Effects only
|-
|[[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]]
|[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]] (2006)
|-
|[[Gopika]]
|[[Smart City (film)|Smart City]] (2006) (Emotional scene)
|-
|[[Meera Vasudevan]]
|[[Eakantham]] (2006) [[Oruvan (2006 film)|Oruvan]] (2006)
|-
|[[Lakshmi Sharma]]
|[[Ayur Rekha]] (2007) [[Nagaram (2007 film)|Nagaram]] (2007) [[Makaramanju]] (2011)
|-
|[[Jyothika]]
|[[Rakkilippattu]] (2007)
|-
|[[Bharathi (Tamil actress)|Bharathi]]
|[[Aayudham (2008 film)|Aayudham]] (2008)
|-
|[[Kavya Madhavan]]
|[[Madampi]] (2008)
|-
|[[Nithya Menon]]
|[[Aakasha Gopuram]] (2008)
|-
|[[Bhavana]]
|[[Winter (2009 film)|Winter]] (2009)
|-
|[[Gowri Munjal]]
|[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paler Manikyam]] (2009)
|-
|Saba Khan
|[[Red Chillies (film)|Red Chillies]] (2009)
|-
|[[Sharbani Mukherjee]]
|[[Sufi Paranja Katha]] (2010)
|-
|[[Nayanthara]]
|[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]] (2010) Lakshmi (2005) (Malayalam-dubbed movie) Yogi (2007) (Malayalam-dubbed movie)
|-
|[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|[[Pramaani]] (2010)
|-
|[[Kiran Rathod]]
|[[Manushyamrugam]] (2011)
|-
|[[Shwetha Menon]]
|[[Salt N' Pepper]] (2011) Ithramatram (2012) [[Queen Elizabeth (2023 film)|Queen Elizabeth]] (2023)
|-
|[[Dileep]]
|[[Mayamohini]] (2012) Effects only
|-
|[[Zarina Wahab]]
|[[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]] (2013)
|-
|[[Manisha Koirala]]
|Dil Se (1998) (Malayalam-dubbed movie)
|-
|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
|[[Ramaleela]] (2017) [[Ittymaani: Made in China|Ittymani: Made in China]] (2019)
|-
|[[Muthumani]]
||[[Njaan]] (2014)
|-
|Maya Vishwanath
|Alroopangal (2016)
|-
|[[Seema (actress)|Seema]]
|[[Stand Up (2019 film)|Stand Up]] (2019)
|-
|[[Lena (actress)|Lena]]
|[[Indriyam]] (2000)
|-
|[[Kaniha]]
|[[Bavuttiyude Namathil]](2012)
[[To Noora with Love]] (2014)
|-
|[[Remya Nambeesan]]
|[[Soorya Kireedam]] (2007) Frenzy part
|-
|[[Jyothirmayi]]
|[[Kerala Cafe]] (2009) [[Pakal (film)|Pakal]] (2006)
|-
|Chanchal
|Ormacheppu (1998)
|-
|[[Vinaya Prasad]]
|[[Mookilla Rajyathu]] (1991) Bhadra (2001)
|-
|[[Nithya Das]]
|[[Soorya Kireedam]] (2007)
|-
|[[Monisha]]
|[[Oru Kochu Bhoomikulukkam]] (1992)
|-
|[[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]]
|[[Thillana Thillana]] (2003)
|-
|[[Raai Laxmi|Lakshmi Rai]]
|[[Arabeem Ottakom P. Madhavan Nayarum in Oru Marubhoomikkadha]] (2012)
|-
|[[Reena Basheer]]
|[[Pakal Nakshatrangal]] (2008)
|-
|[[Richa Pallod]]
|Salt N' Pepper (2011) (One scene only)
|-
|[[Sonia Agarwal]]
|[[Grihanathan]] (2012)
|-
|[[Parvati Nair]]
|[[Yakshi - Faithfully Yours]] (2012)
|-
|[[Vimala Raman]]
|[[Oppam]] (2016)
|-
|[[Katrina Kaif]]
|Malleshwari (2004) (Malayalam-dubbed movie)
|-
|[[Sreedevi]]
|English Vinglish (2012)
(Malayalam-dubbed movie)
|-
|[[Uma Shankari]]
|Lakshmi (2005)
(Malayalam Dubbed Movie)
|-
|[[Anushka Shetty]]
|Arundhati (2009) Rudrama Devi (2018)
(Malayalam-dubbed movies)
|-
|[[Simran Bagga|Simran]]
|Kannathil Muthamittal (2002)
(Malayalam-dubbed movie)
|-
|[[Vidya Balan]]
|Kahaani (2012)
(Malayalam-dubbed movie)
|-
|[[Gowri Nandha]]
|[[Kanyakumari Express (film)|Kanyakumari Express]] (2010)
|-
|}
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Film
! Year
! Dubbed for
! Notes
|-
! Solo
!
!
!
|-
|[[Aadupuliyattam]]
|2016
|[[Ramya Krishnan]]
|
|-
|[[Aadyathe Kanmani]]
|1995
||[[Sudha Rani]]
|
|-
|[[Aamayum Muyalum]]
|2015
|[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]] [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
|
|-
| [[Aankiliyude Tharattu]]
|1987||[[Revathi|Revathy]]
|
|-
|[[Aaru Sundarimaarude Katha]]
|2013
|| [[Zarina Wahab]]
|-
| [[Achaneyanenikkishtam]]
|2001
||[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
|
|-
|[[Agnisakshi (1999 film)|Agni Sakshi]]
|1999
||[[Shobana]]
|
|-
| [[Aakasha Gopuram]]
|2008
||[[Nithya Menen]]
|
|-
| [[Alice in Wonderland (2005 film)|Alice in Wonderland]]
|2005
||[[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
|
|-
| [[Ammakilikkoodu]]
|2003
||[[Saritha]]
|-
|Anagha
|
||[[Parvathy Jayaram|Parvathy]]
|
|-
| [[Anandabhadram]]
|2005
||[[Riya Sen]]
|-
|[[Angene Oru Avadhikkalathu]]
|1999
||[[Samyuktha Varma]]
|
|-
|[[Annakutty Kodambakkam Vilikkunnu]]
|
||[[Sreeja]]
|
|-
| [[Annoru Ravil]]
|1986
||[[Chithra (actress)|Chitra]]
|
|-
|[[Anubhoothi|Anuboothi]]
|1997
||[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|
|-
|[[Aparadhi (1977 film)|Aparadhi]]
|1977
||Master Raghu Karan
|
|-
|[[Appavum Veenjum]]
|2015
||Ramya Krishnan
|
|-
|[[Aparichithan]]
|||[[Manya (actress)|Manya]]
|
|-
|[[Aramana Veedum Anjoorekkarum]]
|||Shobana
|
|-
|[[Ariyappedatha Rahasyam|Ariyapedatha Rahasyam]]
|||[[Sadhana (Malayalam actress)|Sadhana]]
|
|-
|[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]
|||Ramya Krishnan
|
|-
|[[Athirathan (film)|Athirathan]]
|||[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
|
|-
|[[Azhakiya Ravanan]]
|||[[Bhanupriya]]
|
|-
|[[Ayal Kadha Ezhuthukayanu]]
|||[[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]]
|
|-
|[[Ayalathe Adheham|Ayalathe Addeham]]
|||[[Gautami|Gauthami]]
|
|-
|[[Aye Auto]]
|||[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|
|-
|[[Ayur Rekha]]
|||[[Lakshmi Sharma]]
|
|-
|[[Baba Kalyani (film)|Baba Kalyani]]
|||[[Mamta Mohandas]]
|
|-
|[[Balettan]]
|||[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani]]
|
|-
|Bali
|||...........
|
|-
|[[Bangalore Days]]
|||Rekha
|
|-
|[[Ben Johnson (film)|Ben Johnson]]
|||[[Indraja]]
|
|-
|Bharya
|||[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|
|-
|[[Bhoopadathil Illatha Oridam]]
|||Rajasree Nair
|-
|[[Black Butterfly (2013 film)|Black Butterfly]]
||| Sithara
|
|-
|[[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]]
|||[[Nayantara]]
|
|-
|[[Chanakya Soothrangal]]
|||[[Lissy (actress)|Lissy]]
|
|-
|[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]
|||[[Pooja Batra]]
|
|-
|[[Chandranudikkunna Dikhil]]
|||Samyuktha Varma
|
|-
|[[Chandrolsavam]]
|||[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|
|-
|[[Chathurangam (2002 film)|Chathurangam]]
|||[[Nagma]]
|
|-
| ''[[Chilambu]]''
||| Shobana
|
|-
|[[Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala]]
|||[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangeetha]]||Sangeetha won [[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
|[[Chitram]]
|||[[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
|
|-
|[[Chronic Bachelor]]
|2003||[[Indraja]]
|
|-
|[[CID Unnikrishnan B.A., B.Ed.]]
|||[[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
|
|-
|[[Classmates (2006 film)|Classmates]]
|||[[Radhika (Malayalam actress)|Radhika]]||Radhika won Best Supporting Actress in Amrita Film Awards 2006
|-
|[[Commissioner (film)|Commissioner]]
|||Shobana
|
|-
|[[Cover Story (2000 film)|Cover Story]]
|||[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|-
|[[Currency (film)|Currency]]
|||[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|
|-
|[[Deepam (film)|Deepam]]
|||Priya
|
|-
|[[Devadoothan]]
|||[[Jaya Prada|Jayapradha]]
|
|-
|[[Devasuram]]
|||Revathi
|
|-
|[[Daivathinte Makan]]
|||Pooja Batra
|
|-
|[[Dheem Tharikida Thom]]
|||Lissy
|
|-
|[[Diamond Necklace (film)|Diamond Necklace]]
|||Rohini
|
|-
|[[Dreams (2000 film)|Dreams]]
|||Meena
|
|-
|[[Dubai (2001 film)|Dubai]]
|||[[Anjala Zaveri]]
|
|-
|[[Innathe Chintha Vishayam]]
|||[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
|
|-
| [[Eakantham]]
|||[[Meera Vasudev]]
|
|-
|[[Edavappathy]]
|2016
|[[Manisha Koirala]]
|
|-
|[[Ente Sooryaputhrikku]]
|||[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]] ||[[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]
|-
|[[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]]
|||Meena
|
|-
|[[Ganamela]]
|||[[Geetha Vijayan]]
|
|-
|[[Gandharvam]]
|||[[Kanchan (actress)|Kanchan]]
|
|-
|[[Gandhinagar Second Street]]
|||Karthika
|
|-
|[[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]]
|||[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]
|
|-
|[[Golanthara Vartha]]
|||Kanaka
|
|-
|[[Hello My Dear Wrong Number]]
|||Lissy
|
|-
|''[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]''
|||[[Vani Viswanath]] Shobana
|
|-
| Hitlist
|||Kanya
|
|-
|[[Ilaneer]]
|||Shobana
|
|-
|[[Indiriam]]
|||Lena Geetha Nair Vani Vishwanath
|
|-
|[[India Gate (film)|India Gate]]
|||Vani Viswanath
|
|-
|[[In Harihar Nagar]]
|||Geetha Vijayan
|
|-
|[[Ishtam (2001 Malayalam film)|Ishtam]]
|||[[Jayasudha]]
|
|-
|[[Ithramathram (2012 film)|Ithramatham]]
|||[[Swetha Menon]]
|
|-
|Isra
||| [[Vindhya (actress)|Vindhya]]
|
|-
|Ithu Nalla Thamasha
|||[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
|
|-
|[[Ivar Vivahitharayal]]
|||[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|
|-
|[[Evidam Swargamanu]]
|||[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
|
|-
|Janmadharam
|||Ramya Krishnan
|
|-
|January Oru Orma
|||Karthika
|
|-
| [[Jeevante Jeevan]]
|||Aarti Gupta
|
|-
|Journalist
|||[[Sithara (actress)|Sithara]]
|
|-
|Kaiyethum Doorath
|||Revathi
|
|-
|[[Kakkakuyil]]
|2001|| Aarzoo Gowitrikar
|
|-
|[[Kala Pani (1996 film)|Kala Pani]]
|1996||[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]
|
|-
|[[Kallipattam]]
|1993||Urvashi
|-
|Kalliyuungal
||| rowspan="2" |[[Shobana]]
|
|-
|Kalyana Kacheri
|
|
|-
|[[Kaanaakkinaavu]]
|||[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
|
|-
|Kandu Kandarinju
|1996||[[Nadhiya|Nadia Moidu]]
|
|-
|Kannaki
|||[[Nandita Das]]
|
|-
||[[Kanyakumari Express (film)|Kanyakumari Express]]
|||[[Gowri Nandha]]
|
|-
|Kareelakattupole
|||Karthika
|-
|Karumadikuttan
|||[[Kausalya (actress)|Nandini]]
|
|-
|Karunyam
||| [[Divya Unni]]
|
|-
|Kattodu Kathoram
|||[[Saritha]]
|
|-
|Kazhcha
||| [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
|
|-
|Kerala Cafe
||| [[Jyothirmayi]], [[Swetha Menon]]
|
|-
|[[Kilichundan Mampazham]]
|2003||[[Soundarya]]
|
|-
|Kilukkam
|||[[Revathi]], [[Shyama (Malayalam actress)|Shyama]]
|
|-
|Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal
|||[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
|-
| Kochu Themmadi
||| Sunanda
|
|-
|Kollilakam
|||Sumalatha
|
|-
|Koodum Thedi
|||[[Nadhiya|Nadia Moidu]]
|
|-
|Kottaram Veetil Appukuttan
|||[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
|
|-
|Krishna Pakshakkilikal
|||Revathi
|
|-
|Kshamichu ennoru vakku
|||Shobana
|
|-
|Kuberan
|||Samyuktha Varma
|
|-
|Kukumacheppu
|||Shobana
|
|-
|Kusruthikaatu
|||Kanaka ||[[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]
|-
|Koritharicha Naal
|||Various
|
|-
| Kudumbam Oru Swargam Bharya Oru Devatha
||| [[Jalaja]]
|
|-
|[[Lakshmi (2006 film)|Lakshmi]]
|2007
|[[Nayanthara]]
|-
|[[Life Is Beautiful (2012 film)|Life Is Beautiful]]
|2012
|[[Samyuktha Varma]]
|
|-
|[[Living Together (2011 film)|Living Together]]
|2011
|[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
|
|-
|[[Love 24x7]]
|2015
|[[Suhasini Maniratnam]]
|
|-
|[[Madampi]]
|2008
||[[Kavya Madhavan]]
|
|-
|Madamma
|||Archana
|
|-
|[[Madhuranombarakattu]]
|2000
|[[Samyuktha Varma]]||[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| [[Magic Lamp (film)|Magic Lamp]]
|2008
|[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|
|-
|[[Makaramanju]]
|2011
|[[Lakshmi Sharma]]
|
|-
|[[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam]]
|2002
|[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]
|
|-
|[[Mambazhakkalam]]
|2004
|[[Shobana]]
|
|-
|[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]
|1995
|Vani Viswanath
|
|-
|Manathe Vellitheru
|||Shobana
|
|-
|Manichithrathazhu
|||Shobana||Only for Ganga's character (Nagavalli's voice was dubbed by Tamil dubbing artist Durga<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/fazil-gives-dubbing-artist-durga-her-due-after-23-years-maybe-she-should-have-said-vidamaate |title=Fazil gives dubbing artist Durga her due after 23 years, maybe she should have said 'Vidamaate' |date=10 January 2016}}</ref> [[Shobana]] won [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actress]].
|-
| Maniyanpilla Athava Maniyanpilla
||| Nithya
|
|-
|Manjupoloru penkutty
|||[[Bhanupriya]]
|
|-
|Mannadiar Penninu Chenkotta Checkan
|||Kanaka
|
|-
|Manthri Kochamma
|||Kanaka
|
|-
|[[Manushyamrugam]]
|||[[Kiran Rathod]]
|
|-
|Mazhavil Kavadi
|||Urvashi || Urvashi won [[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
|Mazhayethum Munpe
|||Shobana
|
|-
|Meenakshi Kalyanam
|||[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
|
|-
|Megasandesam
|||Rajasree Nair
|
|-
|Megham
|||[[Priya Gill]]
|
|-
|Meghamalhar
|||Samyuktha Varma
|
|-
|Meleparambil Aanveedu
|||Shobana
|
|-
|Midhunam
|||Urvashi
|
|-
|Minnaminunginum Minnukettu
|||Shobana
|
|-
|Minnaram
|||Shobana
|
|-
|Moonu Masangalk munpe
|||Urvashi
|
|-
|Mr bhramachari
|||Meena
|
|-
|Mr Marumakan
|||[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]
|
|-
|Mukunthetta Sumitra Vilikkunnu
|||[[Ranjini (actress)|Ranjini]]
|
|-
|My DearMuthachann
||| [[Madhurima]]
|
|-
|Nadan Pennum Natupramaniyum
|||Samyuktha Varma
|
|-
|Nagaram
|||[[Lakshmi Sharma]]
|
|-
|Naale Njagalude Vivaham
||| [[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
|
|-
|Nammal
|||[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]
|
|-
|Nandanam
|||Revathi
|
|-
|Naran
|||[[Devayani (actress)|Devayani)]]
|
|-
|Narasimham
|||Kanaka
|
|-
|Narendran Makan Jayakanthan Vaka
|||Samyuktha Varma
|
|-
|Neelagiri
|||[[Madhoo|Madhubala]]
|
|-
|Neeyethra Dhanya
|||karthika
|
|-
|Njan Salperu Ramankutty
|||[[Gayatri Jayaraman]]
|
|-
|No. 1 Snehatheeram Bangalore North
|||[[Priya Raman]]
|
|-
|Nokketha Doorathu Kannum Nattu
|||[[Nadhiya|Nadia Moidu]]
|
|-
|Notebook
|||[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|
|-
|Olympiyan Anthony Adam
|||Meena
|
|-
|One man show
|||Samyuktha Varma,
[[Manya (actress)|Manya]]
|
|-
|Onningu Vannengil
|||[[Nadhiya|Nadia Moidu]]
|
|-
|Onnu Muthal Poojyam Vare
|||Asha jayaram
|
|-
|Onnum Mindatha Bharya
|||[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
|
|-
| Oraal
||| [[Sriya Reddy|Shriya Reddy]]
|
|-
|Oral Mathram
|||[[Shruti (actress)|Shruti]]
|
|-
|Ormakalundayirikanam
|||[[Sreeja]] ||[[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]
|-
|[[Oru Indian Pranayakatha]]
||| [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
|
|-
|Oru marubhomi kadha
|||[[Raai Laxmi|Lakshmi Rai]]
|
|-
|Oru Minnaminunginte Nurunguvettam
|||Parvathy
|
|-
|Oru vadakan veeragadha
|||[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
|
|-
|Ottayal Pattalam
|||[[Madhoo|Madhu Bala]]
|
|-
|[[Pachamarathanalil]]
||| [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
|
|-
| [[Pakal (film)|Pakal]]
||| [[Jyothirmayi]]
|
|-
| [[Pakal Nakshatrangal]]
|||Reena Bhasheer
|
|-
| [[Pakalppooram]]
|||[[Geethu Mohandas]]
|
|-
| [[Pakshe]]
|||Shobana
|
|-
|[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)]]
|||[[Gowri Munjal]]
|
|-
|Panchagni
|||[[Nadhiya|Nadia Moidu]]
|
|-
|Panthayakozhi
|||[[Geetha (actress)|Geetha]]
|
|-
|Pappayude Swantham Appoos
|||Sainu dadi (Seena Dadi)
|
|-Ni
|[[Parinayam (1994 film)|Parinayam]]
|||[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
|
|-
|Pattalam
|||Tessa
|
|-
|Pattente palazhy
|||Revathi
|
|-
| Pavam Krooran
||| [[Kalaranjini]]
|
|-
|Payyans
|||Rohini
|
|-
|Penpattanam
|||Revathi
|
|-
|Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu
|||Urvashi
|
|-
|Pingami
|||Kanaka
|
|-
|Pramani
|||[[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]]
|
|-
|Putturam puthri unniyarcha
|||Vani Viswanath
|
|-
| Puzhayozhugum Vazhi
||| [[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]]
|
|-
|Rajamanikyam
|||[[Sindhu Menon]]/ [[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
|
|-
|''[[Rakkilippattu]]''
|||[[Jyothika]]|| [[Priyadarshan|Priyadarshan's]] 50th movie Remade into other languages.
|-
|[[ramaleela]]
|2017
|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]
|
|-
|Ramji Rao Speaking
|||[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|
|-
|Raskshasa rajavu
|||Meena
|
|-
| Rashtram
||| [[Laya (actress)|Laya]]
|
|-
|Ravanaprabhu
|||Rajasree nair,
Revathi
|
|-
|Red chillies
|||Sana khan
|
|-
|Rugmini
|||[[Lissy (Malayalam actress)|Lissy]]
|
|-
|Sagar alias Jacky Reloaded
|||Shobana
|
|-
|Sainyam
|||Priya Raman
|
|-
|Saivar Thirumeni
|||Samyuktha Varma
|
|-
|[[Salt Mango Tree]]
|2015
|[[Suhasini Maniratnam]]
|
|-
|Salt n pepper
|||[[Shwetha Menon]]|| Shweta won [[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
|[[Samaantharangal]]
|||Renuka okk
|
|-
|Sammohanam
|||Archana
|
|-
|Samooham
|||[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]
|
|-
|Santhanagopalam
|||[[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]]
|
|-
|[[Sarvakalashala]]
|||[[Lissy Priyadarshan|Lissy]]
|
|-
|[[Savidham]]
|||[[Shari (actress)]]
|
|-
|Sevenes
|||[[Nadhiya|Nadia Moidu]]
|
|-
|[[Sindoora Rekha]]
|||Shobana
|
|-
|[[Solo (2017 film)|Solo]]
|2017
|[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]
|
|-
|[[Spadikam]]
|||Urvashi
|
|-
|[[Sradha]]
|2000
||Shobana
|
|-
|[[Sufi Paranja Katha (film)|Sufi Paranja Katha]]
|||[[Sharbani Mukherjee]]
|
|-
|[[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]]
|||Shobana
|-
|[[Shyama (film)|Shyama]]
|||[[Nadhiya|Nadia Moidu]]
|
|-
|[[Thalavattam|Thalavattom]]
|||karthika
|
|-
|[[Thalayana Manthram]]
|||Urvashi
|
|-
|[[Thanmathra]]
|||[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|
|-
|[[Thenmavin Kombath]]
|||Shobana
|
|-
|[[Thillana Thillana]]
|||[[Kaveri (actress)|Kaveri]]
|
|-
|Thommanum Makkalum
|||[[Laya (actress)|Laya]],
Sindhu
|
|-
|[[Thooval Kottaram]]
|||[[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
|
|-
|Time
|||[[Padmapriya Janakiraman|Padmapriya]]
|
|-
|[[Ulladakkam]]
|1991
||[[Amala Akkineni|Amala]]||[[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist|Best Dubbing Artist]]
|-
|[[Uncle Bun]]
|1991
||[[Charmila (actress)|Charmila]] [[Sreeja]] Rani (Raksha)
|
|-
|[[Unnikale Oru Kadha Parayam]]
|1987
||[[Karthika (actress)|Karthika]]
|
|-
|[[Ustaad (1999 film)|Ustaad]]
|1999
||[[Indraja]]
|
|-
|[[Utharam]]
|1989
||Heroine
|
|-
|[[Vaadhyar]]
|2012
||[[Menaka (actress)|Menaka]]
|
|-
|Vadhu Doctoranu
|1994||[[Nadhiya|Nadia Moidu]]
|
|-
|[[Vakkalathu Narayanankutty]]
|2001
||[[Manya (actress)|Manya]]
|
|-
|[[Valliettan]]
|2000
||Shobana
|
|-
|[[Valkannadi]]
|2002
||[[Geethu Mohandas]]
|
|-
|[[Vandanam]]
|1989
||[[Girija Shettar]]
|-
|[[Varaphalam]]
|1994
||[[Anju (actress)|Anju]]
|
|-
|[[Varavelpu]]
|1989
||[[Revathi]]
|
|-
|[[Vardhakya Puranam]]
|1994
||[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]
|
|-
|[[Varnapakittu]]
|1997
||[[Meena (actress)|Meena]]
|
|-
|[[Varnakkazhchakal]]
|2000
||[[Poornima Indrajith]]
|
|-
|[[Veendum Chila Veettukaryangal]]
|1999
||Samyuktha Varma
|
|-
|[[Venkalam]]
|1993
||[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] Priyanka
|
|-
|[[Vesham]]
|2004
||[[Sindhu Menon]] [[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]]
|
|-
|[[Vettam]]
|2004
||[[Bhavna Pani]]
|
|-
|[[Vietnam Colony]]
|1992
||[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]
|
|-
|[[Vilapangalkkappuram]]
|2008
||[[Suhasini (Telugu actress)|Suhasini]]
|
|-
|[[Vinodayathra]]
|2007
||[[Seetha (actress)|Seetha]]
|
|-
|[[Winter (2009 film)|Winter]]
|2009
||[[Bhavana (actress)|Bhavana]]
|
|-
|[[Yathrakarude Sradhakku]]
|2002
||[[Soundarya]]
|
|-
|[[Thenkasipattanam]]
|2000
|[[Samyuktha Varma]] [[Geethu Mohandas]]
|
|-
|[[Rajamanikyam]]
|2005
|[[Padmapriya Janakiraman]] [[Sindhu Menon]]
|
|-
|[[Thommanum Makkalum]]
|2006
|[[Laya (actress)|Laya]] [[Sindhu Menon]]
|
|-
|[[Vesham]]
|2005
|[[Mohini (Tamil actress)|Mohini]] [[Sindhu Menon]]
|
|-
|[[One Man Show (film)|One Man Show]]
|2001
|[[Samyuktha Varma]] Mayana
|
|-
|[[Udayon]]
|2005
|[[Laya (actress)|Laya]] [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]]
|
|-
|[[Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku]]
|1986
|[[Shobana|Shobhana]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]
|-
|[[Hitler (1996 film)|Hitler]]
|1996
|[[Vani Viswanath]] [[Shobana]]
|
|-
|[[Kerala Cafe]]
|2009
|[[Jyothirmayi]] [[Shwetha Menon]] [[Dhanya Mary Varghese]]
|
|-
|[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]
|2008
|[[Sindhu Menon]] [[Karthika Mathew]]
|
|-
|[[Uncle Bun]]
|1991
|[[Charmila]] [[Khushbu Sundar]]
|
|-
|[[Venkalam]]
|1994
|[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] [[Sonia (actress)|Sonia]]
|
|-
|[[Pakalppooram]]
|2002
|[[Geetu Mohandas|Geethu Mohandas]] Kavitha Jose
|
|-
|[[Soorya Kireedam]]
|2007
|[[Nithya Das]] [[Remya Nambeesan]]
|
|}

===Filmography as an actress===

====Malayalam====

# Manassu (1973)
# Samudram (1977)
# Madalasa (1978)
# Surya Daham (1978)
# Nivedyam (1978)
# Padmatheertham (1978)
# [[Chamaram]] (1980)
# [[Manassinte Theerthayathra]] (1981)
# [[Abhinayam]] (1981)
#''Ammakkorumma'' (1981)
#''Gaanam'' (1982)
# [[Dheera]] (1982)
# [[Mattuvin Chattangale]] (1982)
# Swantham Enna Karuthi (1989)
# [[Celluloid (film)|Celluloid]] (2013)
# ''Njan Samvidhanam Cheyyum'' (2015)
# ''Pava'' (2016)
# [[Oru Muthassi Gadha]] (2016) as Susaamma
# ''Premanjali'' (2018)
# ''Aniyan Kunjinum Thannalayathu'' (2019)
# ''Madhuram Jeevitham'' (2021-)

====Tamil====

# ''[[Adithya Varma]]'' (2019)

===Dialogues or effects between songs===
{| class="wikitable sortable"

|-
! | Year
! | Title
! | Film
! | Language
! | Composer
! | Co-artist
! | Dubbed for
|-
|1995 || "Parumala Cheruvile" || ''Sphadikam''||[[Malayalam]] || S P Venkitesh || [[K S Chitra]] || Uruvashi
|-
|1995 || "Theeram thedum" || ''Vandanam''|| Malayalam || Ouseppachan || [[M G Sreekumar]] || Gireeja Shettar
|-
|1998 || "Thanithangakinaponkal" || ''Friends''|| Malayalam || Ilayaraja || [[K J Yesudas]] and K S Chitra || Meena
|-
|1998 || "Kuppivalakilukilungattey" || ''Ayal Kadhayezhuthunath''|| Malayalam || Raveendaran || [[Sujatha Mohan|Sujatha]] || Nandhini
|-
|2000 || "Kannil Kashi Thumbikal" || ''[[Dreams (2000 film)|Dreams]]''|| Malayalam || Gireesh Puthencherry || [[P. Jayachandran]] and [[Gayatri Asokan]] || Meena
|-
|2004 || "Minna Minnuge Ninney" || ''[[Chathikkatha Chanthu]]'' || Malayalam || Gireesh Puthencherry || Dr Fahad [[Jyotsna]] and Rimi Tomy || Navya Nair
|-
|2006 || "Ente khalbiley vennilavu"
|| [[Classmates (2006 film)|''Classmates'']]|| Malayalam || Alex Paul || [[Vineeth Sreenivasan]] and Sujatha || Radhika
|-
|2004 || "Oru kathilola njan kandilla" || ''[[Vettam]]''|| Malayalam || Berney Ignatious || M G Sreekumar || Bhavana Pani
|-
|2010 || "Enneyano" || ''Bodyguard''||Malayalam || Anil Panachooran || M G Sreekumar, Biju Narayanan and [[Rimi Tomy]] || Nayanthara
|}

===Tamil movies dubbed===
*''[[Kilinjalgal]]'' - Dubbed for [[Poornima (Telugu actress)|Poornima Rao]] (1981)

==Television==
===As a television presenter===
* Manassiloru Mazhavillu seasons 1, 2 ([[Kairali TV]])
* Selfie ([[Kairali TV]])
* Fast Track
* Dream Drive
* [[Charithram Enniloode]]
* Chakkarapanathal (Autobiography of Shobhana)

===Television shows as judge===
*Tharolsavam 1, 2 ([[Kairali TV]])
*[[Star Singer]] 2008 ([[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]])

===Television shows as participant===
*MY G Flowers Oru Kodi
*[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam season 3)]]
* Smart Show

===Telefilm dubbed===
*''Miss Mary Therasa Paul'' — Dubbed for [[Beena Antony]]: (She won best actress telefilm in Kerala State Television Award (1996))
*''Melapadam'' -Dubbed for Mini Nair (1996)
*''Kilivathil''-Dubbed for Ambika (1999)

===Serials as dubbing artist===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Dubbed for
! scope="col" |Channel
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
|2004
|''Kadamattath Kathanar''
|[[Thara Kalyan]], [[Sukanya (actress)|Sukanya]], Poornima Anand
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|-
|2005
|''Adi Parasakthi''
|[[Sreeja Chandran]]
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|-
|2007
|''Nombarapoovu''
|[[Reshmi Soman]]
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|-
|2008
|''Mandaram''
|Rekha
|[[Kairali TV]]
|
|-
|2010
|''Mattoruval''
|[[Vani Viswanath]]
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|-
|2010-2013
|''[[Akashadoothu (TV series)|Akashadoothu]]''
|[[Chippy (actress)|Chippy]]
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|-
|2012-2015
|''[[Kumkumapoovu]]''
|[[Asha Sharath]]
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|-
|2019–2021
|''Koodathayi''
|[[Muktha (actress)|Muktha]]
|[[Flowers TV]]
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]''
|[[Shanthi Krishna]]
|[[Surya TV]]
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Manimuthu]]''
|[[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]]
|[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|-
|2023
|''Mayamayooram''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/industry-briefing-news/zee-keralam-ropes-in-shobana-to-promote-3-new-serials-131569.html |title=Zee Keralam ropes in Shobana to promote 3 new serials |date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
|[[Sobana]]
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|Launch Promo
|-
|2023
|''Subhadram''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.keralatv.in/shobana-introduces-new-serials-on-zee-keralam/ |title=Padmasree Shobana Introduces Three New Serials On Zee Keralam – Subhadram And Mayamayooram Launched |date=21 December 2023}}</ref>
|[[Sobana]]
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|Launch Promo
|-
|2023
|''Seethayanam''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indianbroadcastingworld.com/shobana-three-new-serials-zee/ |title=Shobana unveils three new serials on Zee Keralam |date=20 December 2023}}</ref>
|[[Sobana]]
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|Launch Promo (Dropped Project)
|}

===Serials as actress===
*Mangalyam (2023) as Adv.Radhika Raman
*[[Sukhamo Devi (TV series)|Sukhamo Devi]] (2023–present) as Dr. Janaki

===Ads===
*''Swayamvara Silks'' - Dubbed for [[Shobhana]] (2021)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm2366511}}

==Sources==
{{commons category|Bhagyalakshmi}}
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dubbing-artist-bhagyalakshmi-upset-over-social-media-attacks/articleshow/67850531.cms]
* [https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/02/04/bhagyalakshmi-new-look-cancer-day.html]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) contestants]]

Nagaland Lokayukta

2026-04-23T04:48:43Z

BlissKetoSupplement: starting a details

{{Short description|Parliamentary ombudsman in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox law enforcement agency
| agencyname = Nagaland Lokayukta
| nativename =
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| headquarters = Nagaland Lokayukta, New Secretariat Road, Thizama, Nagaland 797003.
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| chief1name = Mayang Lima.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref12">{{cite web |title=Lokayukta: Nagaland |url=https://lokayukta.nagaland.gov.in/org-structure.php |website=lokayukta.nagaland.gov.in |access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref>
| chief1position = Upa-Lokayukta.
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'''Nagaland Lokayukta''' is the [[Parliamentary Ombudsman]] for the state of [[Nagaland]] (India). It is a high level statutory functionary, created to address grievances of the public against ministers, legislators, administration and public servants in issues related to misuse of power, mal-administration and corruption. It was first formed under the Nagaland Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2014 and approved by the [[president of India]]. [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]] adopted by [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] had come into force on 16 January 2014 and required each state to appoint its [[Lokayukta]] within a year.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref3">{{cite news |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. |title=Delay in appointment of Lokpal & Lokayukta: Who will bell the graft? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-there-is-no-lokpal-at-centre-and-lokayukta-in-many-states/articleshow/66570168.cms |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha passes landmark Lokpal Bill |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-landmark-lokpal-bill/article20701403.ece1 |access-date=5 September 2021 |publisher=businessline |date=12 March 2018 |language=en}}</ref> As per the law, the Lokayukta bench should consist of judicial and non-judicial members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=Only four states have appointed judicial, non-judicial members of Lokayukta, says report |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/only-four-states-have-appointed-judicial-non-judicial-members-of-lokayukta-says-report/articleshow/79627314.cms?from=mdr |access-date=5 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 December 2020}}</ref> An Upa-Lokayukta is a deputy to the Lokayukta<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=No provision of advertising vacancies of Lokayukta: MP Govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/no-provision-of-advertising-vacancies-of-lokayukta-mp-govt/articleshow/50742053.cms |access-date=12 September 2021 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=27 January 2016}}</ref> and assists in her or his work and acts as the in-charge Lokayukta if the position falls vacant before time.

A [[Lokayukta]] of the state is appointed to office by the state [[Governor]] after consulting the committee consisting of State [[Chief Minister]], [[Speaker (politics)|Speaker]] of Legislative Assembly, [[Leader of Opposition]],<ref name="Hary Lok Ref1" /> or leader of largest opposition party in State Legislature, Chairman of Legislative Council and Leader of Opposition of Legislative Council and cannot be removed from office except for reasons specified in the Act and will serve the period of five years.

== History and administration ==

The Nagaland Lokayukta Bill, 2017 was passed in the Nagaland Assembly and was effective from 2017.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref2" /> Nagaland Government was recommended by the [[Supreme Court of India]] to appoint its first Lokayukta within three months in February 2019.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref1" /> In September 2021, Nagaland Lokayukta (Amendment No.2) Bill, 2021 was returned by Nagaland Governor RN Ravi to the state Legislative Assembly extending the time frame to appoint State Lokayukta after the resignation of first Lokayukta for the state Mr.Uma Nath Singh.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=governor returns Lokayukta amendment-no-2-bill-for-relook |url=http://www.nagalandpost.com/governor-returns-lokayukta-amendment-no-2-bill-for-relook/240283.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |publisher=nagalandpost.com |date=13 September 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921034821/http://www.nagalandpost.com/governor-returns-lokayukta-amendment-no-2-bill-for-relook/240283.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Provision regarding filling the post in Nagaland Lokayukta says that "The Nagaland Lokayukta Act, 2017": "A vacancy occurring in the office of the Lokayukta or Upa-Lokayukta by reason of his/her death, resignation, retirement or removal shall be filled in as soon as possible, but not later than six months from the date of occurrence of such vacancy."<ref name="Naga Lok Ref5">{{cite news |title=As deadline to appoint new Lokayukta approaches, Nagaland to amend Act |url=https://morungexpress.com/as-deadline-to-appoint-new-lokayukta-approaches-nagaland-to-amend-act |access-date=21 September 2021 |publisher=MorungExpress |date=2 August 2021}}</ref>

== Oath or affirmation ==

{{Blockquote|"I, <name>, having been appointed Lokayukta (or Upa-Lokayukta) do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will bear faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established and I will duly and faithfully and to the best of my ability, knowledge and judgment perform the duties of my office without fear or favour, affection or ill-will."|First Schedule, Nagaland Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act-2014}}

== Powers ==

Nagaland Lokayukta has complete and exclusive authority for enquiring into allegations or complaints against the State Chief Minister,<ref name="Naga Lok Ref8" /> State Deputy Chief Minister, Ministers of the state Government, Leader of Opposition and Government officials.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref6" /> Lokayukta Act of the state which serves as its tool against corruption covers Chief Ministers, ex-Chief Ministers, Government officials, Ministers, IAS officers and all public servants including from local administration, police, customs and heads of companies, and societies, trusts which are partly funded by state or centre.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref7" />

== Appointment and tenure ==

Nagaland Lokayukta got its first Lokayukta as Justice [[Uma Nath Singh]], a former Chief Justice of [[Meghalaya High Court]] from 13 March 2019<ref name="Naga Lok Ref2">{{cite news |title=Nagaland Lokayukta offers to resign, urges SC to protect him from state's action |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/nagaland/nagaland-lokayukta-offers-to-resign-urges-sc-to-protect-him-from-states-action.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |publisher=nenow.in |date=26 January 2021}}</ref> and will hold office for a term of five years or attaining the age of 70 years whichever is earlier.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref1">{{cite news |title=Uma Nath Singh appointed as Nagaland Lokayukta |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/uma-nath-singh-appointed-as-nagaland-lokayukta-119020200748_1.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=2 February 2019}}</ref> In January 2021, the Lokayukta offered to resign.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref2" /><ref name="Naga Lok Ref3">{{cite news |title=Willing to quit, seek safe and graceful exit, Nagaland Lokayukta to SC |url=https://www.sify.com/news/willing-to-quit-seek-safe-and-graceful-exit-nagaland-lokayukta-to-sc-news-national-vbzoktiegfehg.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126011917/https://www.sify.com/news/willing-to-quit-seek-safe-and-graceful-exit-nagaland-lokayukta-to-sc-news-national-vbzoktiegfehg.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 January 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=[[Sify]] |date=25 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Mr. Uma Nath Singh resigned the position of Nagaland Lokayukta in Feb'2021.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref9">{{cite news |title=SC allows Nagaland Lokayukta Justice Uma Nath Singh to resign |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/sc-allows-nagaland-lokayukta-justice-uma-nath-singh-to-resign20210202012228/ |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Naga Lok Ref10">{{cite news |title=After stormy 2-year term, Nagaland Lokayukta quits {{!}} India News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/after-stormy-2-year-term-nagaland-lokayukta-quits/articleshow/80640502.cms |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=2 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Naga Lok Ref11">{{cite news |title=SC accepts resignation of Nagaland Lokayukta Justice retd Uma Nath Singh |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2021/02/01/lgd3-sc-nagaland-lokayukta.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |publisher=The Week |date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court of India subsequent to the resignation of Nagaland Lokayukta transferred the duties and powers of latter to Nagaland Upa-Lokayukta Mayang Lima.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref13">{{cite news |title=Supreme Court issues notice on Nagaland plea against Lokayukta |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/supreme-court-issues-notice-on-nagaland-plea-against-lokayukta/article32416607.ece |work=The Hindu |date=21 August 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Notable cases ==

In 2020, Nagaland Lokayukta, in a complaint relating to [[abuse of power]] in manipulating the results of Nagaland Public Service Commission (NPSC) examination against Deputy Chief Minister Y Patton filed by a former student union leader, had dismissed the case.<ref name="Naga Lok Ref6">{{cite news |title=Lokayukta Dismisses Complaint Filed Against Nagaland Minister For "Misuse Of Power" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/nagaland-lokayukta-dismisses-complaint-filed-against-deputy-chief-minister-for-misuse-of-power-2298215 |access-date=21 September 2021 |publisher=NDTV.com |date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

In 2020, Nagaland Lokayukta in a complaint relating to issue of work order for a project missing technical approval and hurried sanction of funds in short time, issued prosecution orders against two retired [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) officers, who were former managing director (MD) of SFAC-N and former agriculture production commissioner and chairman of Small Farmers Agri-business Consortium-Nagaland (SFAC-N).<ref name="Naga Lok Ref7">{{cite news |title=Nagaland Lokayukta sanctions prosecution of 2 retired IAS officers; chargesheet filed |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nagaland-lokayukta-sanctions-prosecution-of-2-retired-ias-officers-chargesheet-filed/story-jZAwI9XcTmwe1vPxPFCSeP.html |access-date=21 September 2021 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=14 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Naga Lok Ref8">{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul |title=Nagaland Lokayukta orders probe against Deputy CM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/nagaland-lokayukta-orders-probe-against-deputy-cm/article30875228.ece |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=21 February 2020 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== See also ==

*[[Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013|Lokpal and Lokayukta Act 2013]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://lokayukta.nagaland.gov.in/ official website]


[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Lokayuktas]]

Tumin–Lingee Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:36:08Z

BlissKetoSupplement: creating first details needs work

{{Short description|Constituency of the Sikkim legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tumin Lingee
| mla = [[Samdup Tshering Bhutia]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Gangtok district|Gangtok]] and [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = BL
| electors = {{formatnum:15888}}<ref name="ceosikkim">{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219115258/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |publisher= CEO of Sikkim |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 16
}}

'''Tumin Lingee Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 32 [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Sikkim]] state in [[India]]. It lies half in [[Gangtok district]] and half in [[Namchi district]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

This constituency is reserved for members of the [[Bhutia-Lepcha]] community.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan=3 | [[Ugyen Tshering Gyatso Bhutia]] || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] ||rowspan=2| [[Samdup Tshering Bhutia]]|| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha|rowspan=2}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tumin–Lingee}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Samdup Tshering Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=8,265 |percentage=58.07% |change={{increase}}10.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Norzong Lepcha |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=4,177 |percentage=29.35% |change={{decrease}}20.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Gyalpu Bhutia |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=885 |percentage=6.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Passang Gyali Sherpa |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=593 |percentage=4.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samdup Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=197 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=115 |percentage=0.81% |change={{decrease}}0.07 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,088 |percentage=28.72% |change= {{increase}}26.31 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,232 |percentage=84.88% |change= {{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,767 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.53 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}8.19 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tumin–Lingee<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ugyen Tshering Gyatso Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,615 |percentage=49.89% |change={{decrease}}12.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Samdup Tshering Bhutia |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,295 |percentage=47.47% |change={{increase}}12.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhaichung Bhutia |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=234 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=116 |percentage=0.87% |change={{decrease}}0.03 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=320 |percentage=2.41% |change= {{decrease}}25.22 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,260 |percentage=83.46% |change= {{decrease}}1.42 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,888 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.76 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}12.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tumin–Lingee}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ugyen Tshering Gyatso Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=7,191 |percentage=62.26% |change={{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nidup Tshering Lepcha |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,999 |percentage=34.62% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pandup Lepcha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=151 |percentage=1.31% |change={{decrease}}39.45 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=105 |percentage=0.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Tshering Lepcha |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=104 |percentage=0.90% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,192 |percentage=27.64% |change= {{increase}}13.06 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,550 |percentage=84.88% |change= {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,607 |ref = |change= {{increase}}27.17 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{increase}}6.93 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Tumin–Lingee<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ugyen Tshering Gyatso Bhutia]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,026 |percentage=55.33% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Phuchung Bhutia |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,702 |percentage=40.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mingma Tharbu Sherpa |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=160 |percentage=1.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pema Bhutia |party=Independent politician |votes=152 |percentage=1.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,324 |percentage=14.58% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,084 |percentage=84.90% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,700 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gangtok district]]
* [[Namchi district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord|27.387|88.527|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tumin-Lingee Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Gangtok district]]
[[Category:Namchi district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Aami Dakini

2026-04-16T12:15:45Z

BlissKetoSupplement: article

{{Short description|Indian supernatural television series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = [[Supernatural]]
| creator = Shrikant Mohta
| based_on =
| developer =
| writer = Aditi Powar
| director = Anupam Hari
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = {{Plainlist |
* Sheen Dass
* [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]]
* [[Rachi Sharma]]
* [[Sudha Chandran]]}}
| judges =
| voices =
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 65
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Shrikant Mohta
| editor =
| cinematography =
| camera = Multi-camera
| runtime = 20 minutes
| company = [[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
| location =
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television]] [[SonyLIV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2025|6|23}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|09|19|df=y}}
| related =
}}

'''''Aami Dakini''''' is an Indian Hindi-language television [[supernatural]] series and was the second part of [[Aahat (Indian TV series)|Aahat]] chronology, that aired from 23 June 2025 to 19 September 2025 on [[Sony Entertainment Television]] and streams digitally on [[SonyLIV]]. Produced by [[Shree Venkatesh Films]], the show stars [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]] and [[Rachi Sharma]].

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]] as Ayaan Roy Choudhury
* [[Rachi Sharma]] as Meera Ghosh
* Sheen Dass as Dakini

=== Recurring ===
* Kanchan Kumar Ghosh
* Shraddha Tripathi
* Swaroopa Ghosh
* Amit Kaushik
* Amit Singh
* Aman Agarwal
* Kesar
* Jyoti Mukherjee
* Aman Chaoudry
* Rajeshwari Datta as Piyali
* [[Karanvir Bohra]] as Professor D.D. Kalkarni
* [[Sudha Chandran]] as Rajni: Anjali's elder sister; Guddi's mother; Sonia's aunt
*Unknown as Guddi: Rajni's daughter; Sonia's maternal cousin sister
*Unknown as Sonia: Mahesh and Anjali's daughter; Guddi's maternal cousin sister; Jagrut's ex-fiancee
*Unknown as Anjali: Rajni's younger sister; Mahesh's wife; Sonia's mother; Guddi's aunt
*Unknown as Mahesh: Anjali's husband; Sonia's father
* [[Preeti Amin]] as Mrs. Ghosh
* Dinesh Lwange as Ravi
* Keshvee Sisodiya as Sagarika
* Daksh Sharma as Pablo
* Ranveer Singh Malik as Jagrut: Guddi's murderer; Sonia's fiance (Dead)

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
Sheen Dass confirmed to play Ghost, Dakini.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=24 June 2025|title=Sheen Dass: I was told not to mention that I have done TV
|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/sheen-dass-i-was-told-not-to-mention-that-i-have-done-tv-aami-dakini-23577142|access-date=24 August 2025|work=[[Mid-Day]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Simran|date=18 June 2025|title=Aahat: TV's iconic horror show to return, but with a twist, Sheen Daas roped in to play...
|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-aahat-tv-s-iconic-horror-show-to-return-but-with-a-twist-sheen-daas-roped-in-to-play-aami-dakini-3161257|access-date=24 August 2025|work=[[DNA India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Rohit Chandel]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tanvi|first=Trivedi|date=25 March 2025|title=Rohit Chandel: I am no longer shooting for Aami Daakini; I wish the new leads all the best
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rohit-chandel-i-am-no-longer-shooting-for-aami-daakini-i-wish-the-new-leads-all-the-best/articleshow/119470830.cms|access-date=24 August 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> was approached to play male lead, Ayaan but [[Hitesh Bharadwaj]] replace it.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=26 June 2025|title=Hitesh Bharadwaj learns Bengali for the authenticity of his character Ayaan in Aami Daikini; says 'This is not just about delivering lines but about honouring the character's heritage'
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/hitesh-bharadwaj-learns-bengali-for-the-authenticity-of-his-character-ayaan-in-aami-daikini-says-this-is-not-just-about-delivering-lines-but-about-honouring-the-characters-heritage/articleshow/122090800.cms|access-date=24 August 2025|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> Rachi Sharma confirmed to play Meera Ghosh.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=29 March 2025|title=Rachi Sharma and Hitesh Bhardwaj roped in for the show Aami Dakini
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rachi-sharma-and-hitesh-bhardwaj-roped-in-for-the-show-aami-dakini/|access-date=24 August 2025|work=[[The Tribune India]]|language=en}}</ref> In July 2025, [[Karanvir Bohra]] was cast as Professor D.D. Kalkarni.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=25 July 2025|title=Karanvir Bohra opens up about his role as the mysterious professor in Aami Dakini; promises major twists ahead
|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/karanvir-bohra-opens-role-mysterious-professor-aami-dakini-promises-major-twists-ahead/|access-date=24 August 2025|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt35669140|Aami Dakini}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]

Sarairanjan Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T03:41:25Z

BlissKetoSupplement:

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sarairanjan
| type = SLA
| map_image = 136-Sarairanjan constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]] {{Small| [[Deputy Chief Minister of Bihar]]}}
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Samastipur district|Samastipur]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|136]]
| established = 1967
| electors = 283,203
| incumbent_image = Vijay Kumar Chaudhary with Umesh kushwaha, khiru Mahto, Nitish Kumar (cropped).jpeg
| abolished = 
}}
'''Sarairanjan Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Samastipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, No. 136 Sarairanjan Assembly constituency is composed of the following: Sarairanjan and Vidyapati Nagar [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Sarairanjan Assembly constituency is part of No. 22 [[Ujiarpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramvilas Mishra
| {{Full party name with color|Samyukta Socialist Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Chandreshwar Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Yashoda Nand Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ramvilas Mishra
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Ramashray Ishwar
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Ramvilas Mishra
| rowspan="2" style="background-color :{{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
| rowspan="2" |Ram Ashray Sahni
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Ramchandra Singh Nishad
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|-
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
<ref name="election1977">{{cite web| url = http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-results/sarairanjan.php|title = Sarairanjan Election Results since 1977| publisher = Travel India Guide|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref><ref name="election1977-1">{{cite web| url = http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S04/partycomp96.htm |title = 96 - Sarairanjan Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2011-10-25 }}</ref>
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarairanjan<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sarairanjan">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Sarairanjan |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04136.htm |access-date=22 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222190448/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04136.htm |archive-date=22 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:102792}}
|percentage = 49.37
|change = +6.89
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arbind Kumar Sahani|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes={{formatnum:81994}}|percentage=39.38|change=-0.98}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Kunal Kumar|votes={{formatnum:6182}}|percentage=2.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Jan Suraaj Party|candidate=Sajan Kumar Mishra|votes={{formatnum:5493}}|percentage=2.64|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Ranjit Kumar Pandit|votes={{formatnum:4059}}|percentage=1.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:4428}}|percentage=2.13|change=-0.33}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:20798}}|percentage=9.99|change=+7.87}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:208189}}|percentage=73.51|change=+12.65}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarairanjan<ref name="Bihar Election 2020">{{cite web |title=Bihar Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Chaudhary]]
|votes = {{formatnum:72666}}
|percentage = 42.48
|change = -10.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=Arbind Kumar Sahni|votes={{formatnum:69042}}|percentage=40.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Lok Janshakti Party|candidate=Abhash Kumar Jha|votes={{formatnum:11224}}|percentage=6.56|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Adhikar Morcha|candidate=Bulbul Kumar Sahni|votes={{formatnum:2885}}|percentage=1.69|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Rashtriya Lok Samta Party|candidate=Anita Kumari|votes={{formatnum:2657}}|percentage=1.55|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bhartiya Sablog Party|candidate=Ram Kishor Choudhary|votes={{formatnum:2298}}|percentage=1.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Nikki Jha|votes={{formatnum:2289}}|percentage=1.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|votes={{formatnum:4200}}|percentage=2.46|change=-2.33}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:3624}}|percentage=2.12|change=-20.24}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:171050}}|percentage=60.86|change=+1.54}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sarairanjan<ref name="election2015">{{cite web |date=2018-08-20 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:81055}}
|percentage = 53.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ranjeet Nirguni
|votes = {{formatnum:47011}}
|percentage = 30.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Lalan Kumar Ishwar
|votes = {{formatnum:3565}}
|percentage = 2.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rabindar Parsad Ray
|votes = {{formatnum:3051}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ram Vilas Roy Vimal
|votes = {{formatnum:2262}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Loktantrik Sarvjan Samaj Party
|candidate = Nandkishor Sah
|votes = {{formatnum:1492}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sajan Kumar Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:1487}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7294}}
|percentage = 4.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:34044}}
|percentage = 22.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152273}}
|percentage = 59.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Darbhanga Division topics}}
{{coord|25|44|48|N|85|45|26|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Samastipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Dhaurahra Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:48:31Z

BlissKetoSupplement: New!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dhaurahra
| constituency_no = 141
| map_image = 141-Dhaurahra.svg
| mla = [[Vinod Shankar Avasthi]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 307,467 (2012)
| loksabha_cons = Dhaurahra
| type= SLA
}}
'''Dhaurahra Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Lakhimpur Kheri district|Lakhimpur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the "DPACO (1956)" (delimitation order) was passed in 1956.<ref name="DPACO (1956)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1956)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-56-DCI.pdf}}</ref> After the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order" was passed in 2008, the constituency was assigned identification number 141.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 17 Dec 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dhaurahra.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vinod Shankar Avasthi of Bharatiya Janata Party is the MLA of Dhaurahra constituency elected in 2022.

==Wards / Areas==
Extent of Dhaurahra Assembly constituency is KCs Dhaurahra, Isanagar, Kattouli, PCs Dulhi, Jatpurwa, Lakhahi, Abhaypur, Devmaniya, Akathi, Kafara, Gurgutta Buzurg, Muri & Dihuwa Kalan of Ramiya Behar KC of Dhaurahra Tehsil.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! From !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]]!! Name !!colspan=2| Party
|-
| || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || colspan="4" | Constituency not in existence <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Apr-1957 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]]|| Jagannath Prasad <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mar-1962 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]]|| Taaj Narain Trivedi <ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mar-1967 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]]|| rowspan="2" | Jagannath Prasad <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Feb-1969 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]]<ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mar-1974 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Saraswati Pratap Singh <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=4}}
|-
| Jun-1977 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Jagannath Prasad <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Jun-1980 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Taaj Narain Trivedi <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-1985 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]]|| rowspan="2" | Saraswati Pratap Singh <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Dec-1989 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]]<ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jun-1991|| [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]]|| [[Awasthi Bala Prasad]]<ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| Dec-1993|| [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Yeshpal Chaudary <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| Oct-1996 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Saraswati Pratap Singh <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Feb-2002 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]]|| Yeshpal Chaudary <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>|| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| May-2007 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]]|| [[Awasthi Bala Prasad]]<ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Mar-2012 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]]|| [[Shamsher Bahadur (politician)|Shamsher Bahadur]]<ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=17 Dec 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| Mar-2017 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]]||[[Awasthi Bala Prasad]]<ref name="2017 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results |publisher=elections.in |access-date=4 November 2018 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dhaurahra.html}}</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| Mar-2022 || [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly|18th Vidhan Sabha]]||[[Vinod Shankar Avasthi]]<ref name="2022 Election Results">{{cite news|title=2012 Election Results |publisher=elections.in |access-date=4 November 2018 |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dhaurahra.html}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhaurahra<ref name="2022 Election Results"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Vinod Shankar Avasthi
|votes = {{formatnum:113498}}
|percentage = 49.49
|change = {{increase}}13.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Varun Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:88888}}
|percentage = 38.76
|change = {{increase}}4.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anand Mohan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:16122}}
|percentage = 7.03
|change = {{decrease}}17.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Mulander Kumar Awasthi
|party = Shiv Sena
|votes = {{formatnum:2566}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change = {{increase}}0.71
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2478}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change = {{decrease}}0.46
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:24610}}
|percentage = 10.73
|change = {{increase}}9.21
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:229315}}
|percentage = 69.04
|change = {{increase}}0.25
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dhaurahra<ref name="2017 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bala Prasad Awasthi
|votes = {{formatnum:79809}}
|percentage = 36.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Yeshpal Singh Chaudhari
|votes = {{formatnum:76456}}
|percentage = 34.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Shamsher Bahadur
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:54723}}
|percentage = 24.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Anuj Kumar
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:2065}}
|percentage = 0.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3360}}
|percentage = 1.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:3353}}
|percentage = 1.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221323}}
|percentage = 68.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Dhaurahra}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Shamsher Bahadur]]
|votes = 64,139
|percentage = 30.54
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Yashpal Chowdhary
|votes = 63,094
|percentage = 30.04
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kunwar Samar Pratap Singh
|votes = 54,035
|percentage = 25.73
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 7 candidates
|votes = 28,775
|percentage = 13.7
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 1,045
|percentage = 0.5
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 210,043
|percentage = 68.31
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Dhaurahra Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislature (Vidhan Bhawan)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Lakhimpur Kheri district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1956]]
[[Category:1956 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Gaddam Padmaja Reddy

2026-04-11T09:46:42Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Adding!

{{Short description|Indian Kuchipudi exponent (born 1967)}}
{{Family name hatnote|Gaddam|lang=Telugu}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Gaddam Padmaja Reddy
| image = Gaddam Padmaja Reddy 5.png
| caption = Reddy performing ''Kakatiyam'' in 2018
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|1|1|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]], Andhra Pradesh, India
| occupation = Kuchipudi dancer
| children = 1
| relatives = [[Gaddam Ganga Reddy]] (father-in-law)
| awards = [[#Awards|See Awards]]
}}

'''Gaddam Padmaja Reddy''' (born 1 January 1967) is an Indian [[Kuchipudi]] exponent and music teacher. She performs ballets on mythological themes and contemporary social issues. She choreographed ''Kakatiyam'', a Kuchipudi visual dance form. She was conferred with [[Kala Ratna]] in 2006, India's highest art award–[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 2015 and [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award, in the field of art for 2022.

== Early life ==
Padmaja Reddy was born on 1 January 1967<ref name=":abn">{{Cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=పద్మజారెడ్డికి నేడు మహిళా వర్సిటీ డాక్టరేట్‌ ప్రదానం |trans-title=Padmaja Reddy awarded doctorate from women's university today |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2022/andhra-pradesh/chittoor/padmaja-reddy-awarded-doctorate-from-mahila-varsity-today-943381.html |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[Andhra Jyothi]] |language=te}}</ref> in a [[Reddy]] family<ref name="idream">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mPTLOoUmLS8 |title=Kuchipudi Dancer Padmaja Reddy Exclusive Interview |date=12 September 2017 |last=Anjali |type=Videotape |language=te |publisher=iDream Telugu Movies}}</ref> to G. V. Reddy and Swarajyalakshmi in [[Pamarru, Krishna district]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name=":sakshi">{{Cite web |date=26 January 2022 |title=మాజీ ఎంపీ గడ్డం గంగారెడ్డి చిన్నకోడలికి 'పద్మశ్రీ' |trans-title='Padma Shri' for former MP Gaddam Ganga Reddy's younger daughter-in-law |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/nizamabad-kuchipudi-dancer-gaddam-padmaja-reddy-won-padma-shri-award-1430018 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |language=te}}</ref><ref name="eenadu" /> She grew up at her grandparents house in Pamarru.<ref name="eenadu">{{Cite web |last=Revalla |first=Venkateswarlu |date=27 January 2022 |title=ఇది శివుడిచ్చిన వరం |trans-title=This is [[Shiva]]'s boon |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/women/general/6207/122018232 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref> She later moved to Hyderabad.<ref name="namaste-telangana">{{Cite news |date=3 November 2016 |title=తెలంగాణ కోడలైనందుకు గర్వపడుతున్నా.. |trans-title=Proud to become Telangana's daughter-in-law |work=[[Namasthe Telangana]] |url=http://www.namasthetelangaana.com/telangana-news/telangana-kuchipudi-artist-padmajareddy-1-1-512190.html |url-status=dead |access-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106153414/http://www.namasthetelangaana.com/telangana-news/telangana-kuchipudi-artist-padmajareddy-1-1-512190.html |archive-date=6 November 2016}}</ref> Her family lived in [[Yousufguda]]. She was educated in St. Theresa School and then in Reddy College.<ref name="jayajaya-sankara">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56pA5XfiT9w |title=Exclusive Interview with Dr.Padmaja Reddy |date=2 January 2018 |type=Videotape |language=te |publisher=Jaya Jaya Shankara Tv}}</ref> She graduated in Bachelor of Arts.<ref name="idream" />

== Kuchipudi dance ==

Reddy trained in Kuchipudi from [[Shobha Naidu]].<ref name=":abn" /> Reddy gained recognition for her performance in the roles of [[Satyabhama]] and [[Rudrama Devi]].<ref name=":sakshi" /> In an interview, she said she wanted to perform on a unique topic rather than the mythological stories, which are in common occurrences.<ref name="idream" /> She developed and performed several Kuchipudi dance forms that build awareness on contemporary social issues, some of which includes the ballets ''Bruna Hatyalu'', ''Jagruthi'', ''Vajra Bharati'', ''Namaste India'', ''Season of Flowers''. ''Bruna Hatyalu'' condemns [[female foeticide]]s–selective [[abortions]] of female babies, ''Jagruthi'' explores issues surrounding [[HIV/AIDS]] and ''Vajra Bharati'' tries to ignite the ethos of national integrity among people.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2022 |title=Governor Biswabhusan lauds SPMVV for responding to challenges |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/governor-biswabhusan-lauds-spmvv-for-responding-to-challenges-768865 |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="eenadu" /><ref name="padmashri-citation">{{Cite web |date=2022 |title=Padma Shri - Smt. Gaddam Padmaja Reddy |url=https://www.padmaawards.gov.in/Content/CitationsForTickets/2022/202298.pdf |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[Government of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reddy |first=Nirmala |date=26 December 2021 |title=కాకతీయం: చారిత్రక నృత్య సౌరభం |trans-title=Kakatiyam: A historical dance aura |pages=12 |work=[[Sakshi (newspaper)|Sakshi]] |url=https://www.sakshi.com/sites/default/files/article_images/2022/01/27/26-Padmaja-Reddy.jpg |access-date=18 November 2022 |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118182332/https://www.sakshi.com/sites/default/files/article_images/2022/01/27/26-Padmaja-Reddy.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> Apart from social issues, she performs in ballets involving mythology. Some of her mythological works include ''Bhamakalapam'', ''Mahishashura Mardhini'', ''Navadurgalu'' and ''Kakatiyam''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=6 December 2017 |title=An honourable moment |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/061217/an-honourable-moment.html |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="padmashri-citation" />

She teaches Kuchipudi at "Pranav Institute of Kuchipudi Dance" academy, named after her son Pranav.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gudipoodi |first=Srihari |date=4 September 2014 |title=Youngsters take centre stage |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/youngsters-take-centre-stage/article6379494.ece |access-date=18 November 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name=":abn" />

== Kakatiyam ==
[[File:Gaddam Padmaja Reddy 1.png|left|thumb|Reddy performing ''Kakatiyam'' in 2018 in the character of [[Rudrama Devi]]]]
Reddy said in an interview that she wanted to develop a classical dance form that is based culture of [[Telangana]]. She developed ''Kakatiyam'', a two-part Kuchipudi classical visual dance form based on the history and themes of [[Ramappa Temple]], sculpture and dance forms during the period of [[Kakatiya dynasty]]. She said the dance concept was based on her research on the Ramappa Temple, [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] and [[Warangal Fort]] in formatting the dance form.<ref name="telanganatoday1">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2021 |title=Kuchipudi dancer Padmaja Reddy is all set to perform at Shilpakala Vedika |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kuchipudi-dancer-padmaja-reddy-is-all-set-to-perform-at-shilpakala-vedika |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="idream" /> According to her, it is based on ''Nritta Ratnavali'' – a book written by [[Jayapa Senani]], a military commander of the Kakatiyas, documenting the dance forms of 13th century.<ref name="eenadu" /><ref name="padmashri-citation" />

She performed the role of [[Rudrama Devi]], queen of the Kakatiya dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Papri |last2=Palaparthi |first2=Srividya |date=7 February 2017 |title=Kakatiyam, a melange of ethnic dance forms long forgotten in telangana |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/kakatiyam-a-melange-of-ethnic-dance-forms-long-forgotten-in-telangana/articleshow/57000796.cms |access-date=21 November 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> The first part of the dance was performed in February 2017 and the second part was presented in December 2021, both in [[Shilpakala Vedika]] in Hyderabad.<ref name="telanganatoday1" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2017 |title='Kakatiyam' dance to be showcased |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/%E2%80%98Kakatiyam%E2%80%99-dance-to-be-showcased/article17118319.ece |access-date=18 November 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> According to Reddy, the split of the ballet in two parts was due to the vastness of the dance concepts documented in ''Nritta Ratnavali'' and only some of them were chosen due to "budget and feasibility".<ref name=":indulgeexpress">{{Cite web |last=Chakravorty |first=Reshmi |date=24 December 2021 |title=Kuchipudi exponent Dr G Padmaja Reddy has taken up the challenge to revive dance forms of the Kakatiya era |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/culture/dance/2021/dec/24/kuchipudi-exponent-dr-g-padmaja-reddy-has-taken-up-the-challenge-to-revive-dance-forms-of-the-kakati-37960.html |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[Indulge Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Quote box
| quote = "I am just sowing the seed, nurturing and letting it grow is everyone’s responsibility. I consider the hurdles as my stepping stones and nothing would stop me from taking this art form to the people of Telangana."
| source = Padmaja Reddy on her intentions about ''Kakatiyam''<ref name=":indulgeexpress" />
| width = 30%
}}

Reddy said she plans to further study the book and present the dance concepts in future performances, which were currently omitted in the two-part play.<ref name=":indulgeexpress" />

== Other work ==
Reddy worked as a member of National Tourism Advisory Council in 2012 and had been a member of the General Assembly of Indian Council of Cultural Relations.<ref name=":sakshi" />

== Awards ==
Reddy was conferred several honours and awards.<ref name=":sakshi" /> Prominent ones include the doctorate degree from [[Sri Krishnadevaraya University]] in 2005 and an honorary doctorate by [[Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam]] in 2022.<ref name=":abn" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2022 |title=India's higher education second largest in world: Guv Harichandan |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/andhra-pradesh/2022/nov/12/indias-higher-education-second-largest-in-world-guvharichandan-2517540.html |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref> In 2006, she was awarded with [[Kala Ratna]] by the [[united Andhra Pradesh]] government.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2006 |title=Hamsa awards are now Kalaratna |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh//article58041585.ece |access-date=4 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was awarded the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], the highest award in arts in India,<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 July 2019 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Award to UoH professor |language=en-IN |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/sangeet-natak-akademi-award-to-uoh-professor/article28614913.ece |access-date=2 December 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> for her contributions to Kuchipudi in 2015 and became the first dancer from [[Telangana]] to receive the award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Deepu |date=2 October 2016 |title=Meet Telangana's first Sangeeta Nataka Akademi award winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/meet-telanganas-first-sangeeta-nataka-akademi-award-winner/articleshow/54628848.cms |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> Later in 2022, the [[Government of India]] conferred her with [[Padma Shri]], the country's fourth highest civilian award,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurana |first=Suanshu |date=28 April 2022 |title=Padma Shri awardee removed from govt accommodation as eviction starts |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/padma-shri-awardee-removed-from-govt-accommodation-as-eviction-starts-7890678/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref> in the field of arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2022 |title=Padma Awards 2022: Meet awardees conferred in the field of art for their distinguished contribution |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/art-and-culture/padma-awards-2022-artists-singers-awardees-art-field-7842324/ |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Padmaja Reddy married Gaddam Srinivas Reddy in 1988,<ref name="namaste-telangana" /> who is a son of [[Gaddam Ganga Reddy]], former [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]] and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]]. They have a son, Pranav.<ref name="eenadu" /> She resides in [[Begumpet]], a neighbourhood in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2022 |title=Padma Shri Awardee Dr. Padmaja Reddy joins Green India Challenge |url=https://telanganatoday.com/padma-shri-awardee-dr-padmaja-reddy-joins-green-india-challenge |access-date=18 November 2022 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Instagram}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaddam, Padmaja Reddy}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Krishna district]]
[[Category:Artists from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Musicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Kuchipudi dancers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kala Ratna]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:Dancers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dancers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]

Njan Kandatha Sare

2026-04-08T03:59:59Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Created first data needs work

{{short description|Indian thriller film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Njan Kandatha Sare
| image = Njan Kandatha Sare.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Varun G Panicker
| writer = Arun Karimuttam
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = Prakash Highline Ameer Abdulazeez
| starring = [[Indrajith Sukumaran]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Prasanth Krishna
| editing = MS Aiyappan Nair
| music = [[Manu Ramesan]]
| studio = Highline Pictures Ameer Abdulazeez Productions Lemon Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|11|22}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Njan Kandatha Sare''''' ({{Translation|Sir, I did see !}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[thriller film]] directed by Varun G Panicker, starring [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] in the lead role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/Apr/19/indrajiths-next-titled-njan-kandatha-sire-42495.html|title=Indrajith's next titled Njan Kandatha Sir'e|first=Vignesh|last=Madhu|date=19 April 2023|website=Cinema Express|access-date=25 January 2025|archive-date=1 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201094102/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/19/indrajiths-next-titled-njan-kandatha-sire-42495.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released to mixed-to-negative reviews upon release.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Joekuttan
* [[Baiju Santhosh]]
* [[Sudheer Karamana]]
* [[Deepu Karunakaran]]
* [[Anoop Menon]]
* [[Sabumon Abdusamad]]
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]]
* [[Mareena Michael Kurisingal]]
* [[Parvathy Arun]]
* [[Sampath Ram]]
* [[Biju Pappan]]
* [[Mallika Sukumaran]]
* [[Balaji Sarma]]
* Gibin Gopinath
* Binoj Kulathoor
* Ajith Dhanwanthari
* Sharath Vinayak
* Surya Rajesh
* Anjana Appukkuttan
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Manu Ramesan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Nov/14/njan-kandatha-sare-teaser-indrajith-sukumarans-film-promises-to-be-an-entertaining-crime-comedy|title=Njan Kandatha Sare Teaser: Indrajith Sukumaran's film promises to be an entertaining crime comedy|date=14 November 2024|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>
*"Bhoomiyil"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-music-video-of-bhoomiyil-song-from-indrajiths-njan-kandatha-sare-out-article-115425697|title=Watch: Music Video Of Bhoomiyil Song From Indrajith's Njan Kandatha Sare Out!|date=18 November 2024|website=Times Now|access-date=25 January 2025|archive-date=18 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241118232551/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-music-video-of-bhoomiyil-song-from-indrajiths-njan-kandatha-sare-out-article-115425697|url-status=live}}</ref>
*"Ambada Njane"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-music-video-of-ambada-njane-song-from-indrajith-film-njan-kandatha-sare-out-article-117338815|title=Watch: Music Video Of Ambada Njane Song From Indrajith's Njan Kandatha Sare Out!|date=18 January 2025|website=Times Now|access-date=25 January 2025|archive-date=24 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250124222659/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/watch-music-video-of-ambada-njane-song-from-indrajith-film-njan-kandatha-sare-out-article-117338815|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Swathi P Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "The film's strong point lies in the seamless blend of its technical elements. Both the cinematography and the background score are exceptional, adding to the overall impact. With a crisp runtime of under two hours, the film keeps the audience engaged by skillfully balancing humour with its underlying thriller vibe".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/11/22/njan-kandatha-sare-movie-review-indrajith-sukumaran-baiju-malayalam-film.html|title='Njan Kandhatha Sare': A thriller that balances suspense and humour | Movie Review|website='Njan Kandhatha Sare': A thriller that balances suspense and humour | Movie Review}}</ref> Rohit Panikker of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 and wrote, "''Njan Kandatha Sare'' is a fun, breezy watch that begins well, but fails to keep the momentum or the interest going because of an inconsistent screenplay, one that did not even allow a plethora of fantastic cast members a chance at contribute".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/njan-kandatha-sare-an-interesting-plot-that-fizzles-out-with-inconsistent-writing-review-115572825|title=Njan Kandatha Sare: An Interesting Plot That Fizzles Out With Inconsistent Writing|date=22 November 2024|website=Times Now|access-date=25 January 2025|archive-date=25 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225104809/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/njan-kandatha-sare-an-interesting-plot-that-fizzles-out-with-inconsistent-writing-review-115572825|url-status=live}}</ref> Sanjith Sidhardhan of ''[[OTTplay]]'' rated the film 1.5/5 and wrote, "Everything about ''Njan Kandatha Sare'' screams that it doesn't warrant a theatre or OTT viewing, from its lazy screenplay to its music that seems to be made from default audio tones on cellphones. The only place where it could find viewers would be TV, maybe a decade ago".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/njan-kandatha-sare-movie-review-a-meandering-mess-that-makes-you-feel-sorry-for-indrajith-sukumaran/5fdd5385cd983|title=Njan Kandatha Sare movie review: A meandering mess|website=OTTPlay|first=Sanjith|last=Sidhardhan|date=22 November 2024}}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|27518872}}

[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]

Siyal (caste)

2026-04-07T14:22:54Z

BlissKetoSupplement:

{{short description|South Asian social group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
'''Siyal''' (also known as '''Khajuria''')<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 1950 |title=THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 1950 |url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/CONSTITUTION%20(SC)%20ORDER%201950%20dated%2010081950.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnZCAAAAYAAJ&q=siyal+chamara |title=Adibasi |date=1969 |publisher=Tribal Research Bureau, Orissa |pages=57 |language=en}}</ref> is a community found in western [[Odisha]].<ref name="Singh Anthropological Survey of India 1992 p.">{{cite book |last=Singh |first=K.S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UHeuC65ii6wC&q=siyal+khajuria |title=People of India: Odisha (2 pts.) |author2=Anthropological Survey of India |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |year=1992 |isbn=978-81-7046-294-1 |page=1408 |access-date=2023-08-03}}</ref><ref name="Orissa (India). Tribal Research Bureau 1969 p. ">{{cite book | author=Orissa (India). Tribal Research Bureau | title=Adibasi | publisher=Tribal Research Bureau, Orissa | issue=v. 10 | year=1969 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UnZCAAAAYAAJ&q=siyal+chamara | access-date=2023-08-03 | page=}}</ref>

==Social status==
According to the [[1981 census of India|1981 census]], their population in Odisha is 18,677. The Siyals are an [[Endogamy|endogamous]] community and are divided into a number of totemic clans, like Kencho, Magoro, Salasa, Baraha and Sarpa.<ref name="Singh Anthropological Survey of India 1998 p. ">{{cite book | last=Singh | first=K.S. | author2=Anthropological Survey of India | title=India's Communities | publisher=Anthropological Survey of India | issue=v. 6 | year=1998 | isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=siyalo+jackal | access-date=2023-08-06 | page=}}</ref> They comes under [[List of Scheduled Castes in Odisha|Scheduled caste]] of the state.<ref name="Alte 1992 p. 58">{{cite book | last=Alte | first=I.D. | title=Rural Employment of Scheduled Castes | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | year=1992 | isbn=978-81-7100-378-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjZpYISpSgIC&pg=PA58 | access-date=2023-08-05 | page=58}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Indian castes]]

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Odisha]]

Bandra (film)

2026-03-28T18:08:25Z

BlissKetoSupplement: new.

{{Short description|2023 film by Arun Gopy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bandra
| image = Bandra (film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Arun Gopy
| producer = Vinayaka Ajith
| writer = [[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Udaykrishna]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Dileep]]
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]]
*[[Dino Morea]]
*[[Mamta Mohandas]]
*[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]]
*[[R. Sarathkumar]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Shaji Kumar]]
| music = [[Sam C. S.]]
| editing = [[Vivek Harshan]]
| studio = Ajith Vinayaka Films
| distributor = Ajith Vinayaka Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|11|10}}
| runtime = 156 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹35 crore<ref name="bo" />
| gross = ₹6 crore <ref name="bo" />
}}
'''''Bandra''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[masala film]] directed by Arun Gopy, written by [[Udaykrishna–Sibi K. Thomas|Udaykrishna]], and produced by Vinayaka Ajith. The film stars [[Dileep]] and [[Tamannaah Bhatia]] (in her Malayalam debut), alongside [[Dino Morea]], [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Kalabhavan Shajohn]], [[R. Sarathkumar]], [[Lena (actress)|Lena]], [[Easwari Rao]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], and [[VTV Ganesh]]. The film's original score was composed by [[Sam C. S.]], while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Shaji Kumar]] and [[Vivek Harshan]], respectively. In the film, Sakshi, a young filmmaker, is searching for a powerful story for her first movie. She becomes curious about an old apartment in Bandra where Tara Janaki, a famous Hindi film actress from the 1990s, was said to have committed suicide at the peak of her career.
As Sakshi investigates, she meets a mysterious old man named Mirchi, who seems connected to Tara’s past. Through her research, the film shifts to the past, revealing the real story behind Tara’s life and death.

''Bandra'' was released in theatres on 10 November 2023 during the [[Diwali]] holiday.<ref>{{cite web | last=S | first=Goutham | title=Jigarthanda DoubleX, Japan to Bandra: South movies releasing on 10th November; full list INSIDE | website=PINKVILLA | date=9 November 2023 | url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jigarthanda-doublex-japan-to-bandra-south-movies-releasing-on-10th-november-full-list-inside-1257463 | access-date=10 November 2023 | archive-date=10 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110100215/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/jigarthanda-doublex-japan-to-bandra-south-movies-releasing-on-10th-november-full-list-inside-1257463 | url-status=live }}</ref> The film received negative reviews from critics and underperformed at the box office.<ref name="bo" /><ref>{{cite web | title='Bandra' OTT release: When and where to watch Dileep's action drama | website=The Times of India | date=27 November 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bandra-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-dileeps-action-drama/articleshow/105530909.cms?from=mdr | access-date=27 November 2023 | archive-date=28 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128034837/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/bandra-ott-release-when-and-where-to-watch-dileeps-action-drama/articleshow/105530909.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
A budding filmmaker named Sakshi is eager to find inspiration for her debut movie. She fails to impress a male star with her script. Soon after, her car gets struck by an old man’s scooter. That day,while sipping coffee at a restaurant, she notices that it faces the infamous Tulsi Apartment, the place from which a 90s Bollywood icon, Tara Janaki, jumped to her death in 1993.Intrigued, Sakshi decides to make a film about Tara’s life. As she begins investigating, she comes across a photo album from Tara’s last movie and spots a man named Mirchi, who turns out to be the same old man who had hit her car earlier.
Sakshi follows Mirchi, and eventually, he reveals the true story of Tara Janaki.
As the story unfolds, the actress has sought refuge in the house of the very prosperous Aala or Alexander Dominic at the start of a shoot in [[Kerala]]. He was already besotted by her after a momentary glance of her beauty on the big screen, when he had gone to the theatre to catch a goon.

Thara tells Aala that she wants to escape her controlling adoptive mother Hema Janaki and RD company owner, Ragavendra Desai who is producing her films. While the [[Kerala Police|Kerala police]] are looking for the actress missing from the sets, she is having a relaxed time surrounded by the love of Aala's entourage, which includes his mother. But soon, the game is up and the don producer and her mother take her back to Mumbai.
Thara finishes the last film on her contract with Ragavendra Desai, but he nixes her chances on new projects, so Aala, who has now followed Thara to Mumbai, suggests that she produce her next film, the woman-centric story of Rani Padmini.

In order to finance the project, Aala, who has a vaguely-referred-to shady past, commits crimes in the contract of a former anti-terrorist squad officer [[Inspector general|IG]] Veera Raghavan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], who wanted to avenge the killing of his family. Aala's contract also includes resolving the matter of Ragavendra Desai. Sakshi finally learns from Mirchi (Aala's friend), Thara's death is not a suicide, she was actually killed by Ragavendra Desai. Aala gets enraged and brutally kills Ragavendra Desai for avenging Thara Janaki's death.
;10th November 2023
Sakshi completes the film and released the movie titled BANDRA in the theatres, Sakshi receives an unknown call and it was Aala who is now in [[Kazakhstan]] and tells Sakshi that the story doesn't end here, the story of 30 years remains untold.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Dileep]] as Alan "Aala" Alexander Dominic, Dreaded Gangster in Mumbai
*[[Tamannaah Bhatia]] as Tara Janaki, the bollywood actress and Alan's love interest
*[[Dino Morea]] as Raghavendra Desai, the don film producer (The Main Antagonist)
*[[Mamta Mohandas]] as Sakshi, an aspiring filmmaker
*[[Kalabhavan Shajohn]] as Mirchi, Alan's best friend
*[[R. Sarathkumar]] as Veera Raghavan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Lena (actress)|Lenaa]] as Hemaji, Tara Janaki’s adopted mother
*[[Easwari Rao]] as Rosamma, Alan’s mother
*[[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Babukka
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|SP]] Stanley IPS
*[[VTV Ganesh]] as Goswamy
*Rajveer Ankur Singh as Bala
*[[Darasing Khurana]] as Munna
*[[Amit Tiwari]] as Rashid Khan
*Rejoice as Rejoice
*[[G. Suresh Kumar]] as Sarath Kumar
*[[Suresh Chandra Menon]] as Rajeev Kumar
*Ubaidulla as Rarichan
*[[Sundar Raj]] as Santhanam
*Aryan Santhosh as [[Assistant commissioner of police#India|ACP]] Sanjay Bhatt
*Anjana Appukuttan as Sudha
*Bindu Sanjeev as Kausalya
*[[Gautam Rode]] as Arjun Pandey
*Sarath Sabha as Paulo
*Diya Deepan as Veera Raghavan’s daughter
*Saniya Rafi as Veera Raghavan’s daughter
;Cameo appearance
*[[Amika Shail]] as Bar Dancer (Mujhe Paale)
*[[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as John, Alan's henchman
*[[Shine Tom Chacko]] as Akbar, Alan's henchman
}}

== Production==
===Development===
''Bandra'' serves as Dileep's 147th film; hence, the film had the working title ''D147''. This film marks Tamannaah Bhatia's debut in the Malayalam film industry.<ref name=":1"/> According to Arun Gopy, although the film's story is fictional, it was inspired by a true incident.<ref>{{cite web |author1=Sanjith Sidhardhan |title=Bandra: Dileep is not an underworld gangster in the Tamannaah-starrer, says Arun Gopy {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bandra-dileep-is-not-an-underworld-gangster-in-the-tamannaah-starrer-says-arun-gopy-exclusive/24c1249067383 |publisher=[[OTT Play]] |access-date=7 November 2023 |date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519042132/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bandra-dileep-is-not-an-underworld-gangster-in-the-tamannaah-starrer-says-arun-gopy-exclusive/24c1249067383 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] began on 1 September 2022 with a pooja ceremony held at the [[Kottarakkara Sree Mahaganapathi Kshethram|Kottarakkara Ganapathy Temple]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 September 2022 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia To Star Opposite Dileep In Debut Malayalam Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamannaah-bhatia-to-star-opposite-dileep-in-debut-malayalam-film-5878507.html |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926000647/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamannaah-bhatia-to-star-opposite-dileep-in-debut-malayalam-film-5878507.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The first schedule was completed in December in [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |title=Tamannaah to begin second schedule of Malayalam debut film Bandra with Dileep on January 20 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamannaah-bhatia-to-begin-second-schedule-of-malayalam-debut-film-bandra-with-dileep-on-january-20-2319020-2023-01-09 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=India Today |date=9 January 2023 |language=en |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127192929/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/tamannaah-bhatia-to-begin-second-schedule-of-malayalam-debut-film-bandra-with-dileep-on-january-20-2319020-2023-01-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> After completing a two-day shoot of [[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|''Jailer'']] in [[Hyderabad]], Tamannaah joined the second schedule on 20 January 2023 in [[Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2023 |title=Tamannaah Bhatia to Rejoin Rajnikanth and Jailer Team in February for Shoot, Details Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamannaah-bhatia-to-rejoin-rajnikanth-and-jailer-team-in-february-for-shoot-details-inside-6891001.html |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=26 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126040000/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamannaah-bhatia-to-rejoin-rajnikanth-and-jailer-team-in-february-for-shoot-details-inside-6891001.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ratda |first=Khushboo |date=6 January 2023 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Tamannaah Bhatia to begin new schedule of Dileep's Malayalam film Bandra from THIS date in Kochi |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-tamannaah-bhatia-to-begin-new-schedule-of-dileeps-malayalam-film-bandra-from-this-date-in-kochi-1205725 |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428172442/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-tamannaah-bhatia-to-begin-new-schedule-of-dileeps-malayalam-film-bandra-from-this-date-in-kochi-1205725 |url-status=live }}</ref> The filming locations included [[Ahmedabad]], Siddhapur, [[Rajkot]], [[Gondal, India|Gondal]], [[Jaipur]], [[Mumbai]] and Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web | title=ബാന്ദ്ര'യുടെ സെക്കൻഡ് ടീസർ | website=News18 Malayalam | date=17 October 2023 | url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/dileep-tamannaah-movie-bandra-official-second-teaser-out-ak-632363.html | language=ml | access-date=17 October 2023 | archive-date=17 October 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017214540/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/dileep-tamannaah-movie-bandra-official-second-teaser-out-ak-632363.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The post-credit scenes were shot in Russia in April.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madhu |first=Vignesh |date=7 April 2023 |title=Dileep shoots for Bandra in Russia |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/07/dileep-shoots-for-bandra-in-russia-42065.html |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407174533/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/07/dileep-shoots-for-bandra-in-russia-42065.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] up on 14 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 September 2023 |title=Dileep's action extravaganza 'Bandra's shoot nears completion |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileeps-action-extravaganza-bandras-shoot-nears-completion/articleshow/103628622.cms |access-date=22 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=14 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914115937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/dileeps-action-extravaganza-bandras-shoot-nears-completion/articleshow/103628622.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The stunt choreographer was [[Anbariv]].<ref name="release">{{cite web |last=Nair |first=Aishwarya |date=27 October 2023 |title=Malayalam star Dileep announces release date of his next 'Bandra'; Check |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/malayalam-star-dileep-announces-release-date-of-his-next-bandra-check-anr-s368wg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027053535/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/malayalam-star-dileep-announces-release-date-of-his-next-bandra-check-anr-s368wg |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> The film was reportedly made on a budget of over ₹30 crore.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sidhardhan |first1=Sanjith |title=Bandra director Arun Gopy on why he doesn't doubt himself or the skills of Dileep and Udaykrishna |url=https://www.ottplay.com/interview/bandra-director-arun-gopy-on-why-he-doesnt-doubt-himself-or-the-skills-of-dileep-and-udaykrishna/8f2debcf7240 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]] |access-date=24 November 2023 |date=9 November 2023 |archive-date=24 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124174938/https://www.ottplay.com/interview/bandra-director-arun-gopy-on-why-he-doesnt-doubt-himself-or-the-skills-of-dileep-and-udaykrishna/8f2debcf7240 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bandra
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sam C. S.]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{start date|df=y|2023|11|29}}
| recorded = 2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=18|s=28}}
| language = Malayalam
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Raid (2023 film)|Raid]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title = [[Vela (film)|Vela]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|y7TOcXGgbJQ|Bandra (Official Audio Jukebox)}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Bandra
| type = Soundtrack
| single1 = Rakka Rakka
| single1date = 31 October 2023
| single2 = Vaarmeghame
| single2date = 7 November 2023
| single3 = Otta Kolakombanaada
| single3date = 11 November 2023
| single4 = Mujhe Paale
| single4date = 16 November 2023
}}
}}
The film's musical score is composed by Sam C. S. The audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]]. The first single, titled "Rakka Rakka", was released on 31 October 2023.<ref>{{cite web | last=Features | first=CE | title=Rakka Rakka song from Bandra is here | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=31 October 2023 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/31/rakka-rakka-song-from-bandra-is-here-49143.html | access-date=1 November 2023 | archive-date=1 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101033803/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/oct/31/rakka-rakka-song-from-bandra-is-here-49143.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The second single, titled "Vaarmeghame", was released on 7 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web | last=Features | first=CE | title=Vaarmeghame song from Dileeps's Bandra is out | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=8 November 2023 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/08/vaarmeghame-song-from-dileepss-bandra-is-out-49347.html | access-date=9 November 2023 | archive-date=9 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109022917/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/08/vaarmeghame-song-from-dileepss-bandra-is-out-49347.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The third single, titled "Otta Kolakombanaada", was released on 11 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web | title=Otta Kolakombanaada (Lyrical) | website=The Times of India | date=13 November 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/bandra-song-otta-kolakombanaada-lyrical/videoshow/105179844.cms | access-date=16 November 2023 | archive-date=16 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116151641/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/malayalam/bandra-song-otta-kolakombanaada-lyrical/videoshow/105179844.cms | url-status=live }}</ref> The fourth single, titled "Mujhe Paale", was released on 16 November 2023.<ref>{{cite web | last=ലേഖിക | first=മനോരമ | title=തകർപ്പൻ താളത്തിൽ ബാന്ദ്രയിലെ ഐറ്റം സോങ്; കത്തിക്കയറി 'മുഝേ പാലേ' | website=Manorama Online | date=20 November 2023 | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2023/11/20/mujhe-paale-song-from-the-movie-bandra.html | language=ml | access-date=30 November 2023 | archive-date=21 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121133859/https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2023/11/20/mujhe-paale-song-from-the-movie-bandra.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The entire album featuring 5 tracks was released on 29 November 2023.<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7TOcXGgbJQ |title=Bandra - Full album |year=2023 |type=motion picture |publisher=[[Saregama]] |place=India |access-date=29 November 2023 |archive-date=30 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130045439/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7TOcXGgbJQ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = Sam C. S.
| title1 = Rakka Rakka
| lyrics1 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]], Nakshatra Santhosh
| length1 = 3:14
| title2 = Vaarmeghame
| lyrics2 = Santhosh Varma
| extra2 = [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| length2 = 4:57
| title3 = Otta Kolakombanaada
| lyrics3 = Ajeesh Daasan
| extra3 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| length3 = 3:04
| title4 = Mujhe Paale
| lyrics4 = Sai Anand
| extra4 = Pavithra Chaari, Sarthak Kalyani
| length4 = 3:21
| title5 = Praanan Pol
| lyrics5 = Vinayak Sasikumar
| extra5 = Kapil Kapilan
| length5 = 3:34
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
Bandra received negative reviews from critics.

Bhawna Arya of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Bandra'' delves deep into the criminal world of Bombay in the late 1980s. The showcases the challenges in the life of a gangster and how he works for the welfare of his people and the ones who rely on them."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arya |first=Bhawna |date=10 November 2023 |title=Bandra Movie Review: Janapriya Nayakan Dileep's Swag Is Unmissable In Arun Gopy Directorial |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bandra-movie-review-janapriya-nayakan-dileeps-swag-is-unmissable-in-arun-gopy-directorial-review-105077905 |access-date= |website=Times Now |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110100211/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bandra-movie-review-janapriya-nayakan-dileeps-swag-is-unmissable-in-arun-gopy-directorial-review-105077905 |url-status=live }}</ref> Swathi P. Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "''Bandra'' holds promise for a stylish and action-packed film, but an unfocused portrayal somewhat steers it away from its original intent."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. Ajith |first=Swathi |date=10 November 2023 |title='Bandra' review: Dileep's action avatar is a feast for his fans |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/10/Bandra-movie-review-dileep-malayalam-film-tamannaah-dino-morea.html |access-date= |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110100221/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/11/10/Bandra-movie-review-dileep-malayalam-film-tamannaah-dino-morea.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Arun Gopy tries to build up some massy moments, but it doesn't have the energy of big entertainers. The film had a promising premise of the menacing underworld involvement in [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood film]] production in the 90s, but it has been wasted."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mathews |first=Anna |date=10 November 2023 |title=Bandra Movie Review : Dileep-Tamannaah fail to create a spark |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/bandra/movie-review/105122101.cms |access-date= |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110111150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/bandra/movie-review/105122101.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Arundhati Anil of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Overall, a dull script, decent performances from the cast and enticing action and dance sequences make ''Bandra'' a forgettable but somewhat entertaining action flick."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/11/10/bandra-review-dileeps-action-flick-is-entertaining-but-forgettable.html|title=Bandra' review: Dileep's action flick is entertaining but forgettable|website=The Week|access-date=10 November 2023|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110130026/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/11/10/bandra-review-dileeps-action-flick-is-entertaining-but-forgettable.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Vignesh Madhu of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 1 out of 5 stars and called it "a sluggish and sloppy potboiler".<ref>{{cite web | last=Madhu | first=Vignesh | title=Bandra Movie Review: A sluggish and sloppy potboiler | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=10 November 2023 | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/nov/10/bandra-movie-review-a-sluggish-and-sloppy-potboiler-49438.html | access-date=10 November 2023 | archive-date=10 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110142334/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/review/2023/nov/10/bandra-movie-review-a-sluggish-and-sloppy-potboiler-49438.html | url-status=live }}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Bandra'' starts off as an unpromising movie and ends pretty much the same way, after making the viewers experience too many [[déjà vu]]s."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=10 November 2023 |title=Bandra movie review: Dileep film is just a copy of a copy of a copy |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bandra-movie-review-dileep-film-is-just-a-copy-of-a-copy-of-a-copy-9020644/ |access-date= |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110111151/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/bandra-movie-review-dileep-film-is-just-a-copy-of-a-copy-of-a-copy-9020644/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ryan Gomez of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Bandra'' promises far too much and delivers far too little. Despite featuring a star-studded ensemble, director Arun Gopy's Malayalam film is devoid of originality, a coherent story, and compelling characters."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/bandra-review-a-contrived-tedious-and-hollow-masala-film/438a30a550449|title=Bandra review: A contrived, tedious, and hollow masala film|website=OTTplay|access-date=10 November 2023|archive-date=10 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110130024/https://www.ottplay.com/review/bandra-review-a-contrived-tedious-and-hollow-masala-film/438a30a550449|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Bandra'' collected ₹0.8 crore by the end of its second day of release and grossed approximately ₹6 crore during its theatrical run.<ref>{{cite web | title='Bandra' box office collections day 2: Dileep's film struggles; rakes in only Rs 2.8 crores | website=The Times of India | date=13 November 2023 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/bandra-box-office-collections-day-2-dileeps-film-struggles-rakes-in-only-rs-2-8-crores/articleshow/105178987.cms?from=mdr | access-date=1 December 2023 | archive-date=6 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206113418/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/box-office/bandra-box-office-collections-day-2-dileeps-film-struggles-rakes-in-only-rs-2-8-crores/articleshow/105178987.cms?from=mdr | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bo">{{cite web | last=Malayalam | first=IT | title=Bandra Malayalam Movie: ചിലവ് 35 കോടി, കളക്ഷൻ വെറും…: ബാന്ദ്രയുടെ വരവു ചെലവും തമന്നയുടെ പ്രതിഫലവും അറിഞ്ഞാൽ ആരും ഞെട്ടും | website=India Today Malayalam | date=25 November 2023 | url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/bandras-budget-and-collection-and-tamannaahs-salary-716473-2023-11-25 | language=ml | access-date=26 May 2024}}</ref> The film was a [[Box Office bomb]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt21990434}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sam C. S.]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ahmedabad]]

Thawb

2026-03-28T10:39:46Z

BlissKetoSupplement: add page per standard format after review

{{About|the garment worn by men in the [[Arab world]]|the traditional garment worn by women in Palestine|Palestinian thobe}}
{{Short description|Long-sleeved Middle Eastern robe}}
{{Infobox clothing type
|title=Thawb {{lang|ar|ثَوْب}}
|image_file=Dishdasha.jpg
|caption=[[Arab]] men wearing ''thobes'' in [[Salalah, Oman]], 2006
|type=[[Robe]]
|material= [[Polyester|Polyester fabric]], [[wool]] or [[cotton]]
|location= [[Arabian Peninsula]], [[Levant]], [[North Africa]]
}}

A '''thawb''',{{efn|alternatively spelled '''thobe''', '''thaub''', or '''thob'''}}{{efn|{{langx|ar|ثَوْب|lit=garment}}}} also known as a '''dishdashah'''{{efn|{{Langx|ar|دِشْدَاشَة}}}} or a '''kandura'''{{efn|{{Langx|ar|كَنْدُورَة}}}} in other [[varieties of Arabic]], is a garment traditionally worn by men in the [[Arab world]]. It is a long-sleeved, ankle-length [[robe]] that has regional variations in name and style.<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://aramco.esiteful.com/Compilations/2016/March-April-2016/The-Gown-That-Steals-Your-Heart.html |title=The Gown That Steals Your Heart|first1=Kay Hardy |last1=Campbell|first2= Leela|last2= Corman |journal= Aramco World |date= March–April 2016 |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages= 24–25}}</ref> It can be worn in formal or informal settings, depending on the social and cultural norms in question; thawbs are the main formal attire for men in [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 July 2016 |title=Saudi instructs overseas officials to wear national dress |work=Arabian Business |url=https://www.arabianbusiness.com/gcc/saudi-instructs-overseas-officials-wear-national-dress-638531 |access-date=13 September 2023}}</ref> Outside of the Arab world, the garment has been adopted in a number of [[Muslim world|Muslim-majority areas]], particularly in the [[Islam in South Asia|Indian subcontinent]], where it is commonly referred to as a ''jubbah<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2012 |title=What was Prophet Muhammad's dress like? |url=https://islamqa.org/hanafi/darulifta-deoband/26590/what-was-prophet-muhammad-s-dress-like/ |website=Islam QA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Khirqah |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/khirqah |website=Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The journey of Sufism in India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/readersblog/vigilantvoicesandpolitical-perspectives/the-journey-of-sufism-in-india-54964/ |website=Times of India}}</ref>'' and is frequently worn by those who regard it as ''[[sunnah]]'' (i.e., something practiced, spoken, or observed by [[Muhammad]], the founding [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]]) due to its modest appearance.<ref>{{Cite web |first= |title=Is the Jubbah a Sunnah? (Darul Uloom Beodand) |url=https://darulifta-deoband.com/home/en/clothing-lifestyle/60508 |website=Darul Ifta, Darul Uloom Deoband}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word ''thawb'' ({{Lang|ar|ثَوْب}}) is a [[Arabic|Standard Arabic]] word for "dress" or "garment". It is also romanized as ''thobe'' or ''thaub'' or ''thob.''<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2023-02-02 |title=Everything You Need To Know About Thobes {{!}} Thobe Encyclopaedia |url=https://al-aniq.com/what-are-thobes/ |access-date=2023-11-18 |website=Al-Aniq |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Name by locality===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Region/country !! Language !! Main
|-
| [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Yemen]], [[Bahrain]], [[Qatar]], [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]]|| [[Hejazi Arabic]], [[Yemeni Arabic]], [[Najdi Arabic]], [[Bahrani Arabic|Bahraini Arabic]], [[Palestinian Arabic]] || Thawb/Thōb ({{Lang|ar|ثوب}})
|-
| [[Levant]], [[Iraq]], [[Kuwait]], [[Oman]], [[Khuzestan province|Khuzestan]], Yemen ([[Hadhramaut]]) || [[Hadhrami Arabic]], [[Levantine Arabic]], [[Mesopotamian Arabic]], [[Omani Arabic]], [[Kuwaiti Arabic]], [[Khuzestani Arabic|Ahvazi Arabic]]|| Dishdashah ({{Lang|ar|دِشْدَاشَة}})
|-
| [[United Arab Emirates]], [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]], [[Libya]], [[Southeast Asia]]|| [[Gulf Arabic|Emirati Arabic]], [[Moroccan Arabic]], [[Algerian Arabic]], [[Tunisian Arabic]], [[Libyan Arabic]] || Kandūrah ({{Lang|ar|كَنْدُورَة}})/ Gandūrah  ({{Lang|ar|قَنْدُورَة}})
|}

==Regional variations==
[[File:معرض مسقط الدولي للكتاب - نمایشگاه بین المللی کتاب مسقط در کشور عمان 21.jpg|thumb|Omani men wearing ''dishdashas'' at the Muscat International Book Fair, 2017]]
The ''thawb'' is commonly worn by men in the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. It is normally made with [[Polyester|polyester fabric]], but heavier materials such as [[sheep's wool]] can also be used, especially in colder climates in the Levant.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://char.txa.cornell.edu/islamicclothes.htm |title=Islamic Clothing |last=Jirousek |first=Charlotte |publisher=Charlotte Jirousek |date=2004 |website=Art, Design, and Visual Thinking |access-date=May 25, 2019}}</ref> The style of the thawb varies between regions. In [[Iraq]], [[Kuwait]], [[Bilad al-Sham|the Levant]], and [[Oman]], ''dishdashah'' is the most common word for the garment; in the [[United Arab Emirates]] and the [[Maghreb]], the word ''kandura'' is used. In Pakistan and other parts of the sub-continent, it is often to referred to as a 'Jubbah' and designed in an ornate style in keeping with local traditions.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-13 |title=Thobes and Jubbahs from around the World |url=https://azaarya.com/blogs/news/everything-you-need-to-know-about-thobes |access-date=2024-11-13 |website=AZAARYA |language=en}}</ref>

=== Arabian Peninsula ===
In the Arabian Peninsula, thobes are typically made with white or beige polymer fabric, with coloured wool thobes worn in the winter months.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Nazaqat | first=Umair |title= Polyester vs Cotton Thobes |url= https://newarabia.co.uk/blogs/news/polyester-vs-cotton-thobes |website=newarabia}}</ref> Thobes are commonly worn by men and are considered symbols of national and cultural identity, and are appropriate attire for formal occasions and religious ceremonies. In recent years, the thobes have become a popular fashion item, with many fashion designers adding their own modern twists to the traditional garment.<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0047.013/--omani-mens-national-dress-displaying-personal-taste?rgn=main;view=fulltext |title= Omani Men's National Dress: Displaying Personal Taste, Asserting National Identity |first=Aisa |last=Martinez |journal=Ars Orientalis| date= 2017 |volume=47 |pages= 303–332|doi= 10.3998/ars.13441566.0047.013 }}</ref>

[[File:Sheikh Mohammed Bin Rashid and Mohammad Al Gergawi during World Government Summit.jpg|thumb|Sheikh [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum|Mohammed bin Rashid]] wearing a winter kandura]]
Thawb sleeves and collars can be stiffened to give a more formal appearance, front pockets and embroidery could be added, and [[placket]] buttons can be covered, exposed, or replaced by zippers.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Al Thawb |title= Why the Middle Eastern Thawb is Comfortable and Should be in Every Wardrobe|url= https://althawb.co.uk/al-thawb-blog/why-the-middle-eastern-thawb-is-comfortable-and-should-be-in-every-wardrobe |website= AlThawb.co.uk}}</ref> In the UAE and Oman, men's thobes have no collar, use [[Frog (fastening)|frog closures]] as placket fasteners, and include [[tassel]]s;<ref>{{Cite web |last= Thobe Company |title= Emirati Thobes: A symbol of UAE's rich cultural heritage |url= http://thobecompany.com/emirati-thobes-a-symbol-of-uaes-rich-cultural-heritage-everything-you-need-to-know/ |website=thobecompany.com|date= 18 April 2024 }}</ref> in Oman, tassels tend to be short, and in the UAE tassels extend to the waist.<ref>{{Cite web |last= Thobe Company |title= Emirati Thobes: A Symbol of UAE's Rich Cultural Heritage |url= http://thobecompany.com/emirati-thobes-a-symbol-of-uaes-rich-cultural-heritage-everything-you-need-to-know/ |website=thobecompany.com|date= 18 April 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0047.013/--omani-mens-national-dress-displaying-personal-taste?rgn=main;view=fulltext |title= Omani Men's National Dress: Displaying Personal Taste, Asserting National Identity |first=Aisa |last=Martinez |journal=Ars Orientalis| date= 2017 |volume=47 |pages= 303–332|doi= 10.3998/ars.13441566.0047.013 }}</ref>

==Cultural significance==

A thawb is sometimes worn with a ''[[Bisht (clothing)|bisht]]'' ({{lang|ar|بِشْت}}), also known in other parts of the [[Arabian Peninsula]] as a ''mishlah'' ({{lang|ar|مِشْلَح}}) or ''ʿabāʾ'' ({{lang|ar|عَبَاء}}), meaning 'cloak'. It is usually worn on ceremonial occasions or by officials. A bisht is usually worn by religious clergy, but can also be worn at weddings, [[Eid al-Fitr|Eids]], and funerals.
It may indicate wealth and royalty or sometimes a religious position.
It was originally manufactured in Syria, Iraq, and Jordan, and it is usually worn in the Arabian Peninsula, Jordan, Syria, and parts of southern Iraq.

== See also ==
* [[Jellabiya]]
* [[Palestinian thobe]]
* [[Sudanese thobe]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Portalbar|Fashion}}

{{Folk costume}}
{{Clothing}}

[[Category:Arabic clothing]]
[[Category:Saudi Arabian clothing]]
[[Category:Gowns]]
[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
[[Category:Middle Eastern clothing]]
[[Category:Yemeni clothing]]

Mindy Kaling

2026-03-28T06:02:28Z

BlissKetoSupplement: updated structure per standard format and corrected details

{{short description|American actress, comedian, and writer (born 1979)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mindy Kaling
| image = Mindy Kaling by Claire Leahy (cropped).jpg
| caption = Kaling in 2020
| birth_name = Vera Mindy Chokalingam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|6|24}}
| birth_place = [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]], [[Massachusetts]], U.S.
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[Dartmouth College]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Actress
* comedian
* writer
* producer}}
| years_active = 2002–present
| children = 3
}}
'''Vera Mindy Chokalingam'''<ref name=biography.com /> (born June 24, 1979),<ref name=biography.com>{{cite web|url= https://www.biography.com/people/mindy-kaling|title= Mindy Kaling: Television Actress, Writer (1979–)|publisher= [[Biography.com]] ([[FYI (TV network)|FYI]] / [[A&E Networks]])|access-date= April 19, 2018|archive-date= June 25, 2015|archive-url= https://archive.today/20150625160148/http://www.biography.com/people/mindy-kaling|url-status= dead}}Additional archive on June 25, 2015.</ref><ref name="Today">{{Cite web|title=Mindy Kaling celebrates birthday with new photo of daughter Katherine|url=https://www.today.com/parents/mindy-kaling-celebrates-birthday-photo-daughter-katherine-t185251|access-date=May 7, 2021|website=TODAY.com|date=June 26, 2020|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507152520/https://www.today.com/parents/mindy-kaling-celebrates-birthday-photo-daughter-katherine-t185251|url-status=live}}</ref> known professionally as '''Mindy Kaling''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|eɪ|l|ɪ|ŋ|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Mindy Kaling.wav}}), is an American actress, comedian, screenwriter, and producer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Christensen |first1=Lauren |title=Mindy Kaling Doesn't Want Your Pity |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/books/review/mindy-kaling-nothing-like-i-imagined.html |access-date=June 4, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=October 6, 2020 |quote=Kaling may be an A-list actor and television producer, but her genuineness and vulnerability make her struggle to balance being at the top of her career with being a single working mom ... |archive-date=December 16, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216095257/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/books/review/mindy-kaling-nothing-like-i-imagined.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Known for her work on television, she has received a [[Tony Award]] and six nominations at the [[Primetime Emmy Awards]]. Among other honors, she has also received the [[Producers Guild of America Award|Producers Guild of America]]'s [[34th Producers Guild of America Awards|Norman Lear Achievement in Television Award]] and was awarded the [[National Medal of Arts|National Medal of the Arts]], which is the highest honor given to artists and arts patrons by the United States government. Kaling founded the production company Kaling International in 2012.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine |last1=Dockterman |first1=Eliana |title=TIME100 Most Influential Companies 2022: Kaling International |url=https://time.com/collection-post/6159385/mindy-kaling-production-company-interview |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=September 8, 2023 |date=March 30, 2022 |archive-date=October 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001144221/https://time.com/collection-post/6159385/mindy-kaling-production-company-interview/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Kaling first gained recognition for playing [[Kelly Kapoor]] in the [[NBC]] [[sitcom]] ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]'' (2005–2013), on which she also worked as a writer.<ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112">{{cite news |last=Sittenfeld |first=Curtis |date=September 25, 2011 |title=A Long Day at 'The Office' With Mindy Kaling |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/magazine/a-long-day-at-the-office-with-mindy-kaling.html?hp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502141839/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/magazine/a-long-day-at-the-office-with-mindy-kaling.html?hp |archive-date=May 2, 2020 |access-date=September 23, 2011 |work=[[The New York Times Magazine]]}}</ref> Credited with twenty-four episodes, Kaling was the most prolific writer among the staff.<ref>{{Cite web |title="The Office" (2005) - Full cast and crew |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0386676/fullcredits |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114133036/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0386676/fullcredits |archive-date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2025-10-16 |website=IMDb}}</ref> For her work on it, she was nominated for a [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series]]. She gained wider attention for creating, producing and playing the title role in the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]]/Hulu sitcom ''[[The Mindy Project]]'' (2012–2017). She then created other television comedies, including ''[[Never Have I Ever (TV series)|Never Have I Ever]]'' (2020–2023), ''[[The Sex Lives of College Girls]]'' (2021–2025), and ''[[Running Point]]'' (2025–present).

Her film career includes voice roles in ''[[Despicable Me (film)|Despicable Me]]'' (2010), ''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]'' (2012), ''[[Mr. Peabody & Sherman]]'' (2014), and ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'' (2015) as well as live action roles in ''[[No Strings Attached (2011 film)|No Strings Attached]]'' (2011), ''[[The Five-Year Engagement]]'' (2012), ''[[A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)|A Wrinkle in Time]]'' (2018), ''[[Ocean's 8]]'' (2018), and ''[[Late Night (film)|Late Night]]'' (2019), the last of which she also wrote and produced. She wrote two memoirs both reaching [[The New York Times Best Seller list|''The New York Times'' Best Seller list]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/04/07/i-am-literally-living-the-dream-mindy-kaling-on-overcoming-prejudice-and-finding-success/?mcubz=1|title="I am literally living the dream": Mindy Kaling on overcoming prejudice and finding success|date=April 7, 2016|work=Women in the World in Association with The New York Times – WITW|access-date=September 27, 2017|archive-date=September 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927113757/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/04/07/i-am-literally-living-the-dream-mindy-kaling-on-overcoming-prejudice-and-finding-success/?mcubz=1|url-status=dead}}</ref> She also received a [[Tony Award for Best Musical]] as a producer for the musical ''[[A Strange Loop]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Julia |date=June 12, 2022 |title=Tony Awards 2022 Live Updates: 'A Strange Loop' Wins Best Musical |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/06/12/theater/tony-awards |access-date=June 13, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613033252/https://www.nytimes.com/live/2022/06/12/theater/tony-awards |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
Vera Mindy Chokalingam was born June 24, 1979,<ref name="Today"/> in [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]],<ref name=biography.com /> to a [[Tamils|Tamil]] father, Avudaiappan Chokalingam and [[Bengalis|Bengali]] mother, Swati Roysircar.<ref>{{cite web | title=No Church for My Daughter: The Significance of Mindy Kaling's 'Kind of Hindu' Identity | date=October 12, 2020 | url=https://americankahani.com/entertainment/no-church-for-my-daughter-the-significance-of-mindy-kalings-kind-of-hindu-identity/ }}</ref> Her parents who were then living in Nigeria, immigrated to the United States in 1979 with her elder brother, Vijay Chokalingam.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Riley|first=Naomi Schaefer|date=October 15, 2016|title=Mindy Kaling's family feud exposes America's cultural divide|url=https://nypost.com/2016/10/15/mindy-kalings-family-feud-exposes-americas-cultural-divide/|access-date=February 14, 2022|website=New York Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nguyen|first=Michael D.|title=Mindy Kaling's Brother: I Posed As Black to Get Into Med School|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/mindy-kalings-brother-i-posed-black-get-med-school-n337026|access-date=February 14, 2022|website=www.nbcnews.com|date=April 7, 2015 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112"/>
Her father was an architect, and mother was an obstretrician/gynecologist at St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston.<ref name="Parade">{{cite news|url=https://parade.com/167806/shawnamalcom/thoroughly-modern-mindy-kalings-house-rules|title=Thoroughly Modern Mindy Kaling|date=September 28, 2013|access-date=August 15, 2017|first=Shawna|last=Malcolm|work=[[Parade (magazine)|Parade]]|archive-date=April 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417081001/http://parade.com/167806/shawnamalcom/thoroughly-modern-mindy-kalings-house-rules|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BostonGlobe-TMP-20122">{{cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/09/24/cambridge-native-mindy-kaling-was-inspired-mother-for-new-passion-project/L1g1S1TFZdYNETPGrsIddM/story.html|title=Mindy Kaling's mother inspired new TV 'Project'|last=Rodman|first=Sarah|date=September 25, 2012|work=[[Boston Globe]]|access-date=March 8, 2014|archive-date=March 9, 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140309053053/http://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2012/09/24/cambridge-native-mindy-kaling-was-inspired-mother-for-new-passion-project/L1g1S1TFZdYNETPGrsIddM/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
Her mother died of [[pancreatic cancer]] in 2012.<ref name="BostonGlobe-Mom-Obit-20122">{{cite news|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/bostonglobe/obituary.aspx?pid=155735053|title=Swati Chokalingam M.D.: Obituary|date=February 2, 2012|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|access-date=January 28, 2015}}</ref><ref name="People-MomLove-20132">{{cite web|url=https://people.com/celebrity/mindy-kaling-my-late-mom-was-the-love-of-my-life/|title=Mindy Kaling: My Late Mom 'Was the Love of My Life'|last=Cosgrove Baylis|first=Shelia|date=November 12, 2013|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|access-date=February 26, 2014}}</ref>

Kaling has said she has never been called Vera, her first name, but has been referred to as Mindy since her mother was pregnant with her while her parents were living in [[Nigeria]]. They were already planning to move to the United States and wanted, Kaling said, a "cute American name" for their daughter, and liked the name Mindy from the show ''[[Mork & Mindy]]''.<ref name="ImproperBost-Office-20112"/>

Kaling graduated from [[Buckingham Browne & Nichols School]] in 1997. The following year, she entered [[Dartmouth College]], where she was a member of improvisational comedy troupe The Dog Day Players and [[a cappella]] group The Rockapellas, and wrote for the ''[[Dartmouth Jack-O-Lantern]],'' the college's humor magazine.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mindy-kaling-dartmouth-comic-strips_n_4598077|title=Here Are Mindy Kaling's Dartmouth Comic Strips|date=January 14, 2014|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|access-date=October 23, 2023|archive-date=November 9, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109002323/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mindy-kaling-dartmouth-comic-strips_n_4598077|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.dartmouth.edu/jacko/about-us/jack-o-lantern-history/|title=Jack-O-Lantern History|work=The DartmouthJack-O-Lantern|date=April 3, 2011 |access-date=October 23, 2023}}</ref> Kaling graduated from Dartmouth in 2001<ref name="Dartmouth-Graduation-20012">{{cite news|url=http://thedartmouth.com/2001/06/10/list-of-graduates|title=List of Graduates|date=June 10, 2001|work=[[The Dartmouth]]|quote=As "Vera Chokalingam"|last1=Dartmouth Staff|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=May 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529093906/http://thedartmouth.com/2001/06/10/list-of-graduates/|url-status=dead}}</ref> with a bachelor's degree in playwriting.<ref name="Dartmouth-Office-20062">{{cite web|url=http://www.thedartmouth.com/2006/05/23/kaling-01-embarks-on-acting-writing-career-for-the-office|title=Kaling '01 embarks on acting, writing career for 'The Office'|date=May 23, 2006|work=The Dartmouth|last1=Swiss|first1=Zach|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=January 29, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129103245/http://www.thedartmouth.com/2006/05/23/kaling-01-embarks-on-acting-writing-career-for-the-office/|url-status=dead}}</ref> She lists the comedy series ''[[Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist|Dr. Katz]]'', ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', ''[[Frasier]]'' and ''[[Cheers]]'' as early influences on her comedy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/10/magazine/mindy-kaling-late-night-diversity-comedy.html,%20https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/10/magazine/mindy-kaling-late-night-diversity-comedy.html|title=Mindy Kaling on Not Being the Long-Suffering Indian Woman|last=Marchese|first=David|date=June 10, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=June 16, 2019|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==Career==
===2002–2004: Career beginnings===
While a 19-year-old sophomore at Dartmouth, Kaling was an intern on ''[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]]''.<ref name="YouTube-Conan-Intern-20122">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e7f-R5ipL30 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211218/e7f-R5ipL30 |archive-date=December 18, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Mindy Kaling Was A Conan Intern – CONAN on TBS|date=November 7, 2012|publisher=[[Late Night with Conan O'Brien]] [[YouTube]] channel|format=Video interview|last1=O'Brien|first1=Conan|access-date=January 28, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She has said that she never saw a family like hers on TV, which gave her a dual perspective she uses in her writing.<ref name="NPR-Immigrants-20092">{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102572670|title=On TV, Immigrants' Kids Mine Cultural Convergence|author-link=Neda Ulaby|last=Ulaby|first=Neda|date=February 4, 2009|publisher=[[NPR]]|work=[[Morning Edition]]|access-date=February 25, 2013}}</ref> She thinks the "everyone against me" mentality is what she learned as a child of immigrants.<ref name="NPR-Immigrants-20092" /> She named her ''Mindy Project'' character [[The Mindy Project|Mindy Lahiri]] after author [[Jhumpa Lahiri]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/01/authors-share-their-all-time-favorite-summer-reads/slide/mindy-kaling/|title=Authors share their all-time favorite summer reads|date=June 28, 2013|access-date=February 20, 2015|magazine=Time|first=Mindy|last=Kaling|archive-date=February 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220192704/http://entertainment.time.com/2013/07/01/authors-share-their-all-time-favorite-summer-reads/slide/mindy-kaling/|url-status=live}}</ref> After college, she moved to [[Brooklyn, New York]].<ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112" /> She said one of her worst job experiences was as a production assistant for three months on the ''Crossing Over With [[John Edward]]'' psychic show.<ref name="ImproperBost-Office-20112">{{cite web|url=http://theoffice-us.livejournal.com/1322768.html|title=Mindy Kaling interview in Improper Bostonian|last=Soroff|first=Jonathan|work=[[The Improper Bostonian]]|access-date=September 23, 2011}}</ref> She described it as "depressing."<ref name="AVClub-Office-20072">{{cite news|url=http://www.avclub.com/article/mindy-kaling-14079|title=Mindy Kaling – Interview| date=April 4, 2007|work=[[The A.V. Club]]|last1=Phipps|first1=Keith|access-date=January 28, 2015}}</ref> During this same time, she performed [[stand-up comedy]].<ref name="NPR-Immigrants-20092"/>

Kaling devised her stage name after discovering while doing stand-up comedy that emcees would have trouble pronouncing her last name, Chokalingam, and sometimes made jokes about it.<ref name="NPR-Immigrants-20092" /> She toured solo and with [[Craig Robinson (actor)|Craig Robinson]], who was later a fellow cast member of ''The Office.''<ref name="WTF-Maron-20122">{{cite web |last1=Maron |first1=Marc |date=March 12, 2012 |title=Episode 261 – Mindy Kaling |url=http://www.wtfpod.com/podcast/episodes/episode_261_-_mindy_kaling |access-date=January 29, 2015 |publisher=WTFPod.com |format=Audio podcast}}</ref> In August 2002, she portrayed [[Ben Affleck]] in an [[off Broadway|off-Broadway]] play called ''Matt & Ben'',<ref name="NYTimes-BaM-Review-20032">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/mem/theater/treview.html?res=9b07e2d81031f931a2575bc0a9659c8b63|title=Theater Review; Bad Will Hunting, Armed With Venom Darts|date=August 12, 2003|work=[[The New York Times]]| last1= Weber| first1= Bruce| access-date= January 28, 2015}}</ref> which she co-wrote with her best friend from college, [[Brenda Withers]], who played [[Matt Damon]]. ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named it one of their "Top Ten Theatrical Events of The Year", and it was "a surprise hit" at the 2002 [[New York International Fringe Festival]].<ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112" />

Initially, Withers and Kaling had, "for their own entertainment, mockingly pretended to be the best friends Matt Damon and Ben Affleck; that pretending spawned ''Matt & Ben'', the goofy play that reimagined how Damon and Affleck came to write the movie ''[[Good Will Hunting]]''."<ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112" /> Kaling wrote a blog, ''Things I've Bought That I Love'',<ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112" /> which reemerged on her website on September 29, 2011.<ref name="OngoingConcerns-20122">{{cite web|url=http://theconcernsofmindykaling.com/ongoing-concerns| title= Ongoing Concerns| date= January 27, 2012|publisher=The Concerns of Mindy Kaling| format= Blog| last1= Kaling| first1= Mindy| access-date=January 28, 2015|url-status=usurped| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306085304/http://theconcernsofmindykaling.com/ongoing-concerns| archive-date= March 6, 2012}}</ref> She wrote it under the name Mindy Ephron, "a name Kaling chose because she was amused by the idea of her 20-something Indian-American self as a long-lost [[Nora Ephron|Ephron]] sister."<ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112" />

===2004–2011: ''The Office''===
In 2004, when ''The Office'' producer [[Greg Daniels]] was working to adapt ''The Office'' from the [[BBC]] TV series of the same name, he hired Kaling as a writer-performer after reading a [[spec script]] she wrote. He said, "She's very original ... If anything feels phony or lazy or passé, she'll pounce on it."<ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112" /> When Kaling joined ''The Office'', she was 24 years old and was the only woman on a staff of eight.<ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112" /> She took on the role of [[Kelly Kapoor]], debuting in the series' second episode, "Diversity Day".<ref name="Dartmouth-Office-20062" /> Her TV appearances include a 2005 episode of ''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]'', playing [[Richard Lewis (comedian)|Richard Lewis]]'s assistant. She is featured on the CD ''[[Comedy Death-Ray (album)|Comedy Death-Ray]]'' and guest-wrote parts of an episode of ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' in April 2006.<ref name="Dartmouth-Office-20062" /><ref name="AVClub-Office-20072" /> After her film debut in ''[[The 40-Year-Old Virgin]]'' with [[Steve Carell]], Kaling appeared in the film ''[[Unaccompanied Minors]]'' as a waitress.

[[File:MindyKaling08.jpg|thumb|upright|Kaling in 2008]]

In an interview with ''[[The A.V. Club]]'', she stated that Kelly is "an exaggerated version of what I think the upper-level writers believe my personality is."<ref name="AVClub-Office-20072" /> Kaling directed ''The Office'' webisode ''The 3rd Floor''.<ref name="OfficeTally-Webisodes-20102">{{cite news| url= http://www.officetally.com/the-office-webisodes-the-3rd-floor|title=The Office Webisodes: The 3rd Floor|date=November 5, 2010| work= OfficeTally.com| access-date=January 5, 2015}}</ref> She directed the [[The Office (U.S. season 6)|Season 6]] episode "[[Body Language (The Office)|Body Language]]," which marked her television directorial debut. In 2007, she had a small part in ''[[License to Wed]]'' alongside fellow ''Office'' actors [[John Krasinski]], [[Angela Kinsey]], and [[Brian Baumgartner]]. She starred in the 2009 film ''[[Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian]]'' as a [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] [[National Air and Space Museum]] tour guide.

On September 15, 2011, when her contract was set to expire at the end of Season 7, she signed a new contract to stay with the show for Season 8 and was promoted to full executive producer.<ref name="TVLine-Office-20112">{{cite web|url=http://www.tvline.com/2011/09/mindy-kaling-office-contract-promotion-exec-producer|title=Scoop: Mindy Kaling Gets Major Office Promotion — But There's a Twist!|last=Ausiello|first=Michael|date=September 15, 2011|work=[[TVLine]]}}</ref> Her [[Universal Television]] contract included a development deal for a new show (eventually titled ''The Mindy Project''), in which she appeared as an actress and contributed as a writer.<ref name="NYTimes-Office-20112" /> Kaling left ''The Office'' after the [[The Office (American season 9)|ninth-season]] episode "[[New Guys]]", but returned to guest-star in its [[Finale (The Office)|final episode]]. In 2011, Kaling published a memoir, ''[[Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me? (And Other Concerns)]]'', which appeared on the [[New York Times Best Seller list|''New York Times'' Best Seller list]].<ref name="NYTimes-BookDeal-20102">{{cite news|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/after-office-hours-mindy-kaling-writes-a-book|title=After 'Office' Hours, Mindy Kaling Writes a Book|date=April 22, 2010|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Itzkoff|first1=Dave|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=September 10, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910154101/http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/04/22/after-office-hours-mindy-kaling-writes-a-book/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her second book, ''[[Why Not Me? (Kaling book)|Why Not Me?]]'', covers the events that have happened in her life since 2011, and was published on September 15, 2015.<ref name="Mindy Kaling – Mindy Kaling">{{Cite news| url= http://theconcernsofmindykaling.com/about-mindy/| title= Mindy Kaling| access-date= April 1, 2017| language= en-US| archive-date= May 12, 2017| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170512204313/http://theconcernsofmindykaling.com/about-mindy/| url-status= usurped}}</ref> She published a third memoir, [[Nothing Like I Imagined|''Nothing Like I Imagined (Except For Sometimes)'']], with Amazon Original Stories in 2020.

Kaling and her fellow writers and producers of ''The Office'' were nominated five consecutive times for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series. In 2010, she was nominated with Daniels for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for the episode "Niagara."<ref name="Time100-20132">{{cite magazine|url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/mindy-kaling/|title=The 2013 Time 100 – Mindy Kaling: Comedian and creator, 33|last=Helms|first=Ed|date=April 13, 2013|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=March 8, 2020|archive-date=February 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222012227/https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/mindy-kaling/|url-status=live}}</ref> In a 2019 interview with ''Elle'' Magazine, Kaling spoke about the sexism she faced with the Television Academy, having had to go to great lengths to prove her contribution as a producer when the academy informed her she would be cut from the producer list because there were too many producers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 9, 2019 |title=Mindy Kaling Didn't Sign Up to Be a Role Model |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/a29340748/mindy-kaling-interview-2019/ |access-date=October 27, 2022 |website=Elle |language=en-us}}</ref> She said that to receive her rightful producing credit when ''The Office'' was nominated for an Emmy for Outstanding Comedy Series, "They made me, not any of the other producers, fill out a whole form and write an essay about all my contributions as a writer and a producer… I had to get letters from all the other male, white producers saying that I had contributed, when my actual record stood for itself."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Kaitlin |title=Mindy Kaling Calls Out The Emmys For Excluding Her In Favor Of The Office's White Male Staff |url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2019/10/8549922/mindy-kaling-excluded-emmy-nomination-the-office |access-date=October 27, 2022 |website=Refinery29 |language=en}}</ref> In 2011, she played the role of Shira, a doctor who is a roommate and colleague of the main character Emma (played by [[Natalie Portman]]) in ''[[No Strings Attached (2011 film)|No Strings Attached]]''. Kaling also made an appearance as Vanetha in ''[[The Five-Year Engagement]]'' in 2012.

===2012–present: producing and film work===
[[File: Mindy Kaling May 2019.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Kaling at [[Montclair Film Festival]] in 2019]]
In 2012, Kaling pitched a [[Single-camera setup|single-camera comedy]]<ref name="ImproperBostonian-TMP-20132">{{cite news|url=http://www.improper.com/features/mindy-kaling |title=Mindy Kaling: The star of The Mindy Project tells us about stereotypes and being a smart girl in Hollywood. |date= 2013| work=[[The Improper Bostonian]]|last1=Soroff|first1=Jonathan|access-date=January 28, 2015}}</ref> to [[Fox Broadcasting|Fox]] called ''[[The Mindy Project]]'', which Kaling wrote, produced and starred in.<ref name="AsiaPacificArts-TMP-20122">{{cite web|url=http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?fox_picks_up_mindy_kaling_pilot_17897.aspx|title=Fox picks up Mindy Kaling pilot|last=Ty|first=Kanara|date=February 1, 2012|work=Asia Pacific Arts|access-date=February 8, 2012|archive-date=August 26, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826045451/http://asiapacificarts.usc.edu/article@apa?fox_picks_up_mindy_kaling_pilot_17897.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Fox began airing the series in 2012. Also in 2012, Kaling founded the production company, Kaling International.<ref name="time"/>

In 2013, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named one of the [[Time 100|100 most influential people in the world]].<ref name="time100"/> Fox canceled her series ''[[The Mindy Project]]'' in May 2015, with it later being picked up by [[Hulu]] for a 26-episode fourth season and a 16-episode fifth season. In March 2017, Kaling announced that the show's sixth season, which would air starting September 2017, would be the last.<ref>{{cite news| url= https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2017/03/29/mindy-kalings-the-mindy-project-is-ending-after-six-seasons| title= Mindy Kaling's 'The Mindy Project' is ending after six seasons| first= Kevin| last= Slane| website= Boston.com| publisher= Boston Globe Media Partners| date= March 29, 2017| access-date= December 28, 2017}}</ref> The series concluded on November 14, 2017.

Kaling voiced Taffyta Muttonfudge in Disney's animated comedy film ''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]'' and Disgust in [[Pixar]]'s 2015 film ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]''. In 2017, [[NBC]] created ''[[Champions (American TV series)|Champions]],'' where Kaling is a co-creator, writer, and producer.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Mindy Kaling Has a New Show Coming to NBC |url=https://time.com/4778338/mindy-kaling-champions-nbc/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129071515/https://time.com/4778338/mindy-kaling-champions-nbc/ |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |access-date=March 9, 2018 |magazine=Time |language=en}}</ref> She had a recurring guest role on the show, which premiered March 8, 2018, on [[NBC]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ew.com/tv/2018/03/07/mindy-kaling-champions-preview/|title=Mindy Kaling explains why she wanted to tell a more male-centric story with 'Champions'|work=Entertainment Weekly|access-date=March 9, 2018|language=en}}</ref> It was cancelled after one season. In 2018, she played Mrs. Who in ''[[A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)|A Wrinkle in Time]]'', the live-action Disney adaptation of [[A Wrinkle in Time|the novel]], and starred alongside [[Helena Bonham Carter]], [[Sandra Bullock]], [[Cate Blanchett]], [[Anne Hathaway]], [[Awkwafina]] and [[Rihanna]] in ''[[Ocean's 8]]'', the all-female version of ''[[Ocean's Eleven]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/helena-bonham-carter-elizabeth-banks-mindy-kaling-sandra-bullocks-all-female-oceans-eleven-a7074011.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220515/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/helena-bonham-carter-elizabeth-banks-mindy-kaling-sandra-bullocks-all-female-oceans-eleven-a7074011.html |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title= That all-female Ocean's Eleven cast list adds three big names|date=June 10, 2016|work=[[The Independent]]|location=UK|language=en-GB |access-date=June 10, 2016}}</ref> In 2020, Kaling created the [[Netflix]] series ''[[Never Have I Ever (TV series)|Never Have I Ever]]'' with [[Lang Fisher]], a comedy partially based on Kaling's childhood story growing up in the Boston area.<ref>{{cite web |title=Critics and audiences are loving Mindy Kaling's new Netflix show, 'Never Have I Ever' |url=https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2020/05/06/never-have-i-ever-reviews |website=Boston |date=May 6, 2020 |access-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606143429/https://www.boston.com/culture/entertainment/2020/05/06/never-have-i-ever-reviews |url-status=live }}</ref> It premiered on Netflix on April 27, 2020, and is about an Indian American high school student, played by [[Maitreyi Ramakrishnan]], dealing with the death of her father.<ref>{{cite web |title=TV News Roundup: Netflix Releases 'Never Have I Ever' Trailer (Watch) |url=https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/tv-news-roundup-netflix-releases-trailer-mindy-kalings-never-have-i-ever-1234581321/ |website=Variety |date=April 15, 2020 |access-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-date=April 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416052852/https://variety.com/2020/tv/news/tv-news-roundup-netflix-releases-trailer-mindy-kalings-never-have-i-ever-1234581321/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The series received positive reviews.<ref>{{cite web |title=Never Have I Ever: Season 1 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/never_have_i_ever/s01 |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610051818/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/never_have_i_ever/s01 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[CNN]] and ''[[Teen Vogue]]'' have described the series as a watershed moment for South Asian representation in Hollywood, and praised Kaling for breaking South Asian stereotypes.<ref>{{cite web |title=6 ways 'Never Have I Ever' busts Asian stereotypes |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/02/entertainment/never-have-i-ever-asian-stereotypes-busted/index.html |website=CNN Entertainment |date=May 2, 2020 |access-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609190235/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/02/entertainment/never-have-i-ever-asian-stereotypes-busted/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=What South Asian Youth Are Saying About Devi from "Never Have I Ever" |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/what-south-asian-youth-saying-about-devi-from-never-have-i-ever |website=Teen Vouge |date=May 6, 2020 |access-date=June 17, 2020 |archive-date=June 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200609190900/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/what-south-asian-youth-saying-about-devi-from-never-have-i-ever |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2021, [[Max (streaming service)|HBO Max]] announced they had ordered the adult-oriented ''[[Scooby-Doo]]'' spin-off series ''[[Velma (TV series)|Velma]]'', with Kaling as executive producer as well as voicing the [[Velma Dinkley|titular character]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=White|first=Peter|date=February 10, 2021|title='Clone High' Reboot, Mindy Kaling 'Scooby-Doo' Spinoff 'Velma' & Pete Davidson Mars Comedy Set At HBO Max As Streamer Ramps Up Adult Animation|url=https://deadline.com/2021/02/clone-high-reboot-mindy-kaling-scooby-doo-spinoff-velma-pete-davidson-mars-comedy-hbo-max-adult-animation-1234690967/|access-date=July 23, 2021|website=Deadline|language=en-US|archive-date=February 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210163049/https://deadline.com/2021/02/clone-high-reboot-mindy-kaling-scooby-doo-spinoff-velma-pete-davidson-mars-comedy-hbo-max-adult-animation-1234690967/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Squires|first=Bethy|date=June 11, 2021|title=Mindy Kaling's Velma Will Be Without Scooby-Doo|url=https://www.vulture.com/2021/06/mindy-kalings-velma-will-be-without-scooby-doo.html|access-date=July 23, 2021|website=Vulture|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mondello|first=Bob|date=July 15, 2021|title=The Only 'New' Thing About Cross-Cultural Casting Is Who's Getting The Roles|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/15/1016048049/cross-cultural-casting-anne-boleyn-hamilton-othello-green-knight-bridgerton|access-date=July 23, 2021|website=NPR|language=en}}</ref> The series premiered on January 12, 2023, to mixed to negative reviews from critics.<ref name="slate">{{Cite web |url=https://slate.com/culture/2023/01/velma-mindy-kaling-hbo-max-review.html |title=HBO's Wokeified ''Scooby-Doo'' Reboot Achieves the Impossible |last=Goffe |first=Nadira |date=January 18, 2023 |access-date=January 19, 2023 |language=en-US |work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |archive-date=January 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119001037/https://slate.com/culture/2023/01/velma-mindy-kaling-hbo-max-review.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Telegraph">{{Cite news| issn = 0307-1235| last = Power| first = Ed| title = How Velma became the most hated TV show on TV| work = The Telegraph| access-date = January 19, 2023| date = January 18, 2023| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/velma-how-mindy-kalings-scooby-doo-update-became-hated-show/| archive-date = January 18, 2023| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230118175432/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/0/velma-how-mindy-kalings-scooby-doo-update-became-hated-show/| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Li |first1=Shirley |title=The Line That Velma Crossed |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2023/01/hbo-max-velma-review-mindy-kaling-backlash/672796/ |website=The Atlantic |access-date=January 24, 2023 |date=January 20, 2023 |archive-date=January 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123232455/https://www.theatlantic.com/culture/archive/2023/01/hbo-max-velma-review-mindy-kaling-backlash/672796/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Velma''<nowiki/>'s fan reception was even more polarizing and got overwhelming negative reviews due to the humor and criticized its [[Metafiction|meta storytelling]], characterization, writing, and departures from the traditional ''Scooby-Doo'' format.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://screenrant.com/velma-show-review-bombed-imdb-rotten-tomatoes/ | title=Scooby-Doo Spinoff Velma Show Review-Bombed on IMDb & Rotten Tomatoes | website=[[Screen Rant]] | date=January 12, 2023 | access-date=May 22, 2024 | archive-date=March 24, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324012033/https://screenrant.com/velma-show-review-bombed-imdb-rotten-tomatoes/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Velma Becomes IMDb's Worst-Rated Animated TV Series Ever |url=https://www.pride.com/gay-tv/velma-worst-show-imdb-rating |access-date=January 23, 2023 |website=Pride.com |language=en |author=Henderson, Taylor |date=January 20, 2023 |archive-date=January 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123045645/https://www.pride.com/gay-tv/velma-worst-show-imdb-rating |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Francis |first1=Katie |title=Scooby-Doo spin-off Velma sparks huge backlash following show's debut |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a42618583/scooby-doo-velma-imdb-worst-rated-animation/ |website=Digital Spy |access-date=January 24, 2023 |date=January 23, 2023 |archive-date=January 23, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123231850/https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a42618583/scooby-doo-velma-imdb-worst-rated-animation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="slate"/><ref name="Telegraph"/><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Losciale |first1=Marisa |title=HBO's ''Velma'' Series Slammed by Fans Following Season Premiere |url=https://parade.com/tv/hbo-velma-series-premiere-slammed-by-fans |magazine=Parade |access-date=January 29, 2023 |date=January 15, 2023 |archive-date=January 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129024231/https://parade.com/tv/hbo-velma-series-premiere-slammed-by-fans |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Velma'' was later ranked by several publications as one of the worst television series of 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cook|first=Meghan|title=10 of the best and 10 of the worst TV shows that came out this year|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/best-and-worst-shows-of-2023-critic-ranking|access-date=January 1, 2024|website=[[Business Insider]]|archive-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101211627/https://www.businessinsider.com/best-and-worst-shows-of-2023-critic-ranking|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 28, 2023|title=The 10 worst TV shows of 2023, ranked|url=https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/the-ten-worst-tv-shows-of-2023-ranked/|access-date=January 1, 2024|website=Digital Trends|archive-date=January 1, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240101211627/https://www.digitaltrends.com/movies/the-ten-worst-tv-shows-of-2023-ranked/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=December 5, 2023|title=2023 in Review: The 10 Worst Shows|url=https://tvline.com/lists/worst-tv-shows-2023-list/|access-date=January 1, 2024|website=TVLine|archive-date=December 18, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218235711/https://tvline.com/lists/worst-tv-shows-2023-list/|url-status=live}}</ref> That year, she was appointed as a board member along with historian June Li and [[Young Yang Chung]] for the Smithsonian's [[National Museum of Asian Art]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art Announces New Board Appointments: Actress Mindy Kaling and Art Historians June Li and Young Yang Chung |url=https://asia.si.edu/press-release/smithsonians-national-museum-of-asian-art-announces-new-board-appointments-3/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |website=Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art |language=en-US}}</ref>


In 2024, she joined the short film ''[[Anuja (film)|Anuja]]'', as a producer.<ref name="anuja:hr">{{Cite web |url= https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mindy-kaling-anuja-short-oscars-live-action-film-india-1236071593/ |title= Mindy Kaling Boards Her "Favorite Film of the Year," Live-Action Short 'Anuja,' as Producer (Exclusive) |author= Lily Ford |website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 26 November 2024 |access-date= 9 January 2025 |language= en |archive-date= January 9, 2025 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20250109133622/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/mindy-kaling-anuja-short-oscars-live-action-film-india-1236071593/ |url-status= live }}</ref> The film was nominated for the [[Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film]] at the [[97th Academy Awards]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-23 |title=Anuja, backed by Guneet Monga and Priyanka Chopra, nominated for Oscars 2025 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/guneet-monga-and-priyanka-chopra-backed-film-anuja-makes-it-to-oscar-2025-oscar-nominations-101737639315088.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123143937/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/guneet-monga-and-priyanka-chopra-backed-film-anuja-makes-it-to-oscar-2025-oscar-nominations-101737639315088.html |archive-date=January 23, 2025 |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=Hindustan Times |language=en-us |url-status=live }}</ref>

Kaling co-created the [[Netflix]] sports comedy ''[[Running Point]]'', which premiered in 2025. The series stars [[Kate Hudson]] as the new owner of a Los Angeles-based basketball team, and was inspired by the story of [[Jeanie Buss]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rice |first1=Lynette |title='Running Point' Trailer: It's Game On For Kate Hudson As Head Of The Most Famous Pro Basketball Franchise In The Country – Update |url=https://deadline.com/2025/01/running-point-netflix-premiere-date-kate-hudson-comedy-jeanie-buss-1236262384/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |access-date=6 March 2025 |date=30 January 2025}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Kaling has three children: a daughter, Katherine Swati, born in December 2017, a son, Spencer, born in September 2020 and a daughter, Anne, born in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=C8m3wCwvdYz |user=mindykaling |title=In late February I gave birth to my daughter, Anne. She's the best birthday present I could've ever imagined. When things are hard, whenever I veer towards cynicism, my three kids are such a great reminder of the pure joy in my life. I'm so lucky I live in a place where I could do this by myself, on my own timeline. Thanks for all the birthday wishes! |first=Mindy |last=Kaling |author=Mindy Kaling |date=June 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229051004/https://www.instagram.com/p/C8m3wCwvdYz/?utm_source=ig_web_copy_link&igsh=MzRlODBiNWFlZA== |archive-date=December 29, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref> She has kept the paternity of her children private.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/mindy-kaling-interview-2022/|title=The Metamorphosis of Mindy Kaling|magazine=Marie Claire|date=August 9, 2022|last=Prakash|first=Neha|access-date=May 8, 2023|archive-date=May 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508214402/https://www.marieclaire.com/celebrity/mindy-kaling-interview-2022/|url-status=live}}</ref> Kaling has expressed her desire to give her children a Hindu upbringing.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/mindy-kaling-maitreyi-ramakrishnan-devi-she-was-perfect-choice-never-have-i-ever-1674318-2020-05-04 | title=Mindy Kaling on Maitreyi Ramakrishnan: She was the perfect choice for Never Have I Ever | date=May 4, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://americankahani.com/entertainment/no-church-for-my-daughter-the-significance-of-mindy-kalings-kind-of-hindu-identity/|title=No Church for My Daughter: The Significance of Mindy Kaling's 'Kind of Hindu' Identity|first=Bhargavi|last=Kulkarni|date=October 12, 2020}}</ref>

Kaling has a close friendship with [[B. J. Novak]], whom she met through writing for ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]'', with Novak calling Kaling "the most important person in my life" (on ''[[Fresh Air]]'' with [[Terry Gross]]). They dated on and off while writing and acting on the show.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/summeranne/mindy-kaling-and-bj-novak-sitting-in-a-tree|title=33 Times Mindy Kaling And B.J. Novak's Best Friendship Killed You In The Heart|first=Summer Anne|last=Burton|website=BuzzFeed|date=February 7, 2014 |access-date=May 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011041146/https://www.buzzfeed.com/summeranne/mindy-kaling-and-bj-novak-sitting-in-a-tree|archive-date=October 11, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Novak is the godfather of Kaling's first two children.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://people.com/parents/mindy-kaling-reveals-bj-novak-godfather-to-her-daughter/|title=Mindy Kaling Reveals B.J. Novak Is Godfather to Her 16-Month-Old Daughter: He's 'Family Now'|newspaper=People|date=May 4, 2019|access-date=May 4, 2019|archive-date=May 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502072429/https://people.com/parents/mindy-kaling-reveals-bj-novak-godfather-to-her-daughter/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y32B5TEWuHc |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/y32B5TEWuHc |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|title=Mindy Kaling's Big Announcement: She Has A New Baby Boy Named Spencer!|website=[[YouTube]] |date=October 9, 2020 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>

In 2012, Kaling was included in the ''[[Time 100]]'' list of the world's most influential people.<ref>{{Citation|last=Helms|first=Ed|year=2013|title=The 2013 TIME 100|magazine=Time.|location=New York|url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/mindy-kaling/|access-date=August 30, 2017|archive-date=August 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818035132/http://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/mindy-kaling/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, she was named one of ''[[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]]''{{'}}s Women of the Year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Angelo|first=Megan|date=November 5, 2014|title=The Lady Boss: Mindy Kaling|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/mindy-kaling|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502121637/https://www.glamour.com/story/mindy-kaling|archive-date=May 2, 2020|access-date=October 9, 2020|website=Glamour}}</ref> On June 10, 2018, she received an [[honorary degree]] of [[Doctor of Humane Letters]] from [[Dartmouth College]] in [[Hanover, New Hampshire]].<ref>{{cite web|date=June 10, 2018|title=Mindy Kaling (Doctor of Humane Letters) – Dartmouth News|url=https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2018/06/mindy-kaling-doctor-humane-letters|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502120522/https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2018/06/mindy-kaling-doctor-humane-letters|archive-date=May 2, 2020|access-date=October 9, 2020|website=Dartmouth News}}</ref> In October 2023, Kaling took to social media to stand alongside Israel.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagmeister |first=Elizabeth |date=2023-10-09 |title=Gal Gadot, Madonna, Natalie Portman, The Rock And More Hollywood Stars Support Israel Amid Deadly Hamas Attacks |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/hollywood-stars-support-israel-palestine-conflict-1235749537/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2024, the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' featured Kaling in its "L.A. Influential" series as a "creator who is leaving their mark" in Los Angeles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 2, 2024 |title=The Creators: A Hollywood trailblazer, a gaming visionary, a horror genius ... |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-influential/story/2024-06-02/the-creators |access-date=June 17, 2024 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US |archive-date=December 4, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204145726/https://www.latimes.com/la-influential/story/2024-06-02/the-creators |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role(s)
! scope=“col” |Notes
|-
|2005
|''[[The 40-Year-Old Virgin]]''
|Amy
|
|-
|2006
|''[[Unaccompanied Minors]]''
|Restaurant Hostess
|
|-
|2007
|''[[License to Wed]]''
|Shelly
|
|-
|2009
|''[[Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian]]''
|The Docent
|Cameo
|-
|2010
|''[[Despicable Me (film)|Despicable Me]]''
|The Tourist Mom (voice)
|Cameo
|-
|2011
|''[[No Strings Attached (2011 film)|No Strings Attached]]''
|Shira
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2012
|''[[The Five-Year Engagement]]''
|Vaneetha
|
|-
|''[[Wreck-It Ralph]]''
|Taffyta Muttonfudge (voice)
|
|-
|2013
|''[[This Is the End]]''
|Herself
|Cameo
|-
|2014
|''[[Mr. Peabody & Sherman]]''
|[[Helen of Troy]] (voice)
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015
|''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]''
| rowspan="2" |Disgust (voice)
|-
|''[[Riley's First Date?]]''
|
|-
|''[[The Night Before (2015 film)|The Night Before]]''
|Sarah
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)|A Wrinkle in Time]]''
|Mrs. Who
|
|-
|''[[Ocean's 8]]''
|Amita
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Late Night (film)|Late Night]]''
|Molly Patel
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Locked Down (film)|Locked Down]]''
|Kate
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Title
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |Notes
|-
|2005
|''[[Curb Your Enthusiasm]]''
|Richard Lewis' Assistant
|Episode: "Lewis Needs a Kidney"
|-
|2005–2013
|''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]''
|[[Kelly Kapoor]]
|Main role
|-
|2012–2017
|''[[The Mindy Project]]''
|Dr. Mindy Lahiri
|Main role
|-
|2014
|''[[Sesame Street]]''
| rowspan="2" |Herself
|Episode: "The Enthusiastic Penelope Penguin"
|-
|2015
|''[[The Muppets (TV series)|The Muppets]]''
|Episode: "Single All the Way"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abc.go.com/shows/the-muppets/episode-guide/season-01/10-single-all-the-way|title=The Muppets: Single All the Way – Watch Season 1 Episode 10|website=ABC|access-date=January 6, 2016|archive-date=December 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212064705/http://abc.go.com/shows/the-muppets/episode-guide/season-01/10-single-all-the-way|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''[[Animals (American TV series)|Animals]]''
|Sandy (voice)
|Episode: "Squirrels"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
|''[[Future-Worm!]]''
|Additional voices
|Episode: "Megan Muck Wars"
|-
|''[[Champions (American TV series)|Champions]]''
|Priya Patel
|Also co-creator, writer, and producer 5 episodes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nbc.com/champions?nbc=1|title=Champions - NBC.com|access-date=October 19, 2017|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717051752/https://www.nbc.com/champions?nbc=1|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia]]''
|Cindy
|Episode: "The Gang Makes Paddy's Great Again"
|-
|2019
|''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral (miniseries)|Four Weddings and a Funeral]]''
|{{n/a}}
|Creator
|-
|2019–2023
|''[[The Morning Show (American TV series)|The Morning Show]]''
|Audra Khatri
|5 episodes
|-
|2020–2023
|''[[Never Have I Ever (TV series)|Never Have I Ever]]''
|{{n/a}}
|Creator
|-
| 2021–2024
|''[[Monsters at Work]]''
|Val Little (voice)
|20 episodes
|-
| 2021–2025
|''[[The Sex Lives of College Girls]]''
|{{n/a}}
|Creator
|-
|2023–2024
|''[[Velma (TV series)|Velma]]''
|[[Velma Dinkley]] (voice)
|Main role, also executive producer
|-
|2025–present
|''[[Running Point]]''
|{{n/a}}
|Creator
|}

====Writing credits====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Series
! Season
! Episode
! Title
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| rowspan="21" |''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]'' || Season 1 || Episode 6 || "[[Hot Girl (The Office)|Hot Girl]]"
|-
| rowspan="3" |Season 2 || Episode 1 || "[[The Dundies]]"
|-
| rowspan=3|2006 || Episode 12 || "[[The Injury]]"
|-
| Episode 18 || "[[Take Your Daughter to Work Day (The Office)|Take Your Daughter to Work Day]]"
|-
| rowspan=2|Season 3 || Episode 6 || "[[Diwali (The Office)|Diwali]]"
|-
| rowspan=2|2007 || Episode 15 || "[[Ben Franklin (The Office)|Ben Franklin]]"
|-
| rowspan=2|Season 4 || Episode 10 || "[[Branch Wars]]"
|-
| rowspan=2|2008 || Episode 15 || "[[Night Out (The Office)|Night Out]]"
|-
| rowspan=4|Season 5 || Episode 9 || "[[Frame Toby]]"
|-
| rowspan=5|2009 || Episode 16 || "[[Lecture Circuit|Lecture Circuit: Part 1]]"
|-
| Episode 17 || "[[Lecture Circuit|Lecture Circuit: Part 2]]"
|-
| Episode 19 || "[[Golden Ticket (The Office)|Golden Ticket]]"
|-
| rowspan=4|Season 6 || Episode 4 & 5 || "[[Niagara (The Office)|Niagara]]"
|-
| Episode 13 || "[[Secret Santa (The Office)|Secret Santa]]"
|-
| rowspan=4|2010 || Episode 16 || "[[The Manager and the Salesman]]"
|-
| Episode 22 || "[[Secretary's Day (The Office)|Secretary's Day]]"
|-
| rowspan=3|Season 7 || Episode 5 || "[[The Sting (The Office)|The Sting]]"
|-
| Episode 11 & 12 || "[[Classy Christmas]]"
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || Episode 21 || "[[Michael's Last Dundies]]"
|-
| rowspan=2|Season 8 || Episode 10 || "[[Christmas Wishes (The Office)|Christmas Wishes]]"
|-
| rowspan=5|2012 || Episode 17|| "[[Test the Store]]"
|-
| rowspan=25|''[[The Mindy Project]]'' || rowspan=8|Season 1 || Episode 1 || "Pilot"
|-
| Episode 2 || "Hiring and Firing"
|-
| Episode 5 || "Danny Castellano Is My Gynecologist"
|-
| Episode 8 || "Two is One"
|-
| rowspan=6|2013 || Episode 12 || "Hooking Up Is Hard"
|-
| Episode 13 || "Harry & Sally"
|-
| Episode 16 || "The One That Got Away"
|-
| Episode 24 || "Take Me With You"
|-
| rowspan=5|Season 2 || Episode 1 || "All My Problems Solved Forever..."
|-
| Episode 8 || "You've Got Sext"
|-
| rowspan=5|2014 || Episode 13 || "L.A."
|-
| Episode 14 || "The Desert"
|-
| Episode 22 || "Danny and Mindy"
|-
| rowspan=4|Season 3 || Episode 1 || "We're a Couple Now, Haters!"
|-
| Episode 6 || "Caramel Princess Time"
|-
| rowspan=4|2015 || Episode 15 || "Danny Castellano Is My Nutritionist"
|-
| Episode 21 || "Best Man"
|-
| rowspan=4|Season 4 || Episode 1 || "While I Was Sleeping"
|-
| Episode 13 || "When Mindy Met Danny"
|-
| rowspan=3|2016 || Episode 14 || "Will They or Won't They"
|-
| Episode 18 || "Bernardo & Anita"
|-
| Season 5 || Episode 1 || "Decision 2016"
|-
| rowspan=3|2017 || rowspan=3|Season 6 || Episode 1 || "Is That All There Is?"
|-
| Episode 9 || "Danny in Real Life"
|-
| Episode 10 || "It Had To Be You"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| rowspan="3" |''[[Champions (American TV series)|Champions]]'' || rowspan="3" |Season 1 || Episode 1 || "Pilot"
|-
| Episode 2 || "I Think I'm Gonna Tolerate It Here"
|-
| Episode 4 || "My Fair Uncle"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |''[[Four Weddings and a Funeral (miniseries)|Four Weddings and a Funeral]]'' || rowspan="2" |Season 1 || Episode 1 || "Kash With a K"
|-
| Episode 2 || "Hounslow"
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| rowspan="3" |''[[Never Have I Ever (TV series)|Never Have I Ever]]'' || rowspan="2" |Season 1 || Episode 1 || "Pilot"
|-
| Episode 4 || "...felt super Indian"
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021
|Season 2
|Episode 1
|"...been a playa"
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[The Sex Lives of College Girls]]''
| rowspan="2" |Season 1
|Episode 1
|"Welcome to Essex"
|-
|Episode 6
|"Parents Weekend"
|-
|2022
| rowspan="3" |''Never Have I Ever''
|Season 3
|Episode 1
|"...been slut-shamed
|-
| rowspan="2" |2023
| rowspan="2" |Season 4
|Episode 1
|"...lost my virginity"
|-
|Episode 10
|"...said goodbye"
|}

====Directing credits====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Season
! Episode
! Title
|-
| rowspan=3|2009 || rowspan=3|''[[The Office: Subtle Sexuality]]''||||Episode 1||"Creative Differences"
|-
| ||Episode 2||"The Replacement"
|-
| ||Episode 3||"The Music Video"
|-
| rowspan=4|2010 || ''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]'' || Season 6 || Episode 23 || "[[Body Language (The Office)|Body Language]]"
|-
| rowspan=3|''[[List of The Office (American TV series) episodes#The 3rd Floor (2010)|The Office: The 3rd Floor]]''||||Episode 1||"Moving On"
|-
| ||Episode 2||"Lights, Camera, Action!"
|-
| || Episode 3||"The Final Product"
|-
| rowspan=3|2011 || ''The Office''|| Season 7 || Episode 21 || "[[Michael's Last Dundies]]"
|-
|rowspan=2|''[[List of The Office (American TV series) episodes#The Girl Next Door (2011)|The Office: The Girl Next Door]]''||||Episode 1||"The Story of Subtle Sexuality"
|-
|||Episode 2||"The Girl Next Door"
|}

==Awards and nominations==
Over her career she has received two [[Screen Actors Guild Awards]] and the [[Tony Award]], and six [[Primetime Emmy Awards]] nominations. She was recognized by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine as [[Time 100|one of the 100 most influential people in the world]] in 2013. A decade later she received the [[Producers Guild of America Award|Producers Guild of America]]'s [[34th Producers Guild of America Awards|Norman Lear Achievement in Television Award]], and was awarded the [[National Medal of Arts|National Medal of the Arts]] from President [[Joe Biden]].<ref name="deadline.com">{{cite web |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |date=November 16, 2022 |title=Mindy Kaling to Be Lauded With Norman Lear Award at PGA Awards |url=https://deadline.com/2022/11/mindy-kaling-pga-awards-norman-lear-award-1235174022/ |access-date=December 8, 2022 |website=Deadline}}</ref>

In 2013, ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' identified Kaling as one of the "50 Coolest and Most Creative Entertainers" in Hollywood.<ref name="EW-Cover-20132">{{cite magazine|url=http://popwatch.ew.com/2013/07/31/mindy-kaling-new-hollywood/|title=This Week's Cover: The New Hollywood starring Mindy Kaling|date=July 31, 2013|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|last1=EW Staff|access-date=January 28, 2015|archive-date=March 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307133827/http://popwatch.ew.com/2013/07/31/mindy-kaling-new-hollywood/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same year, Kaling was recognized by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine as [[Time 100|one of the 100 most influential people in the world]].<ref name="time100">{{cite magazine|url=https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/mindy-kaling/|title=Time Magazine: 100 Most Influential People|date=April 18, 2013|magazine=[[Time Magazine]]|last=Helms|first=Ed|access-date=March 7, 2020|archive-date=February 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222012227/https://time100.time.com/2013/04/18/time-100/slide/mindy-kaling/|url-status=live}}</ref> In March 2023, Kaling was awarded the 2021 [[National Medal of Arts]] from the US president [[Joe Biden]] in the [[White House]].<ref name="THEWEEK">{{cite web|url= https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2023/03/22/biden-presents-national-humanities-medals-to-actress-mindy-kaling.html|title= Biden presents National Humanities Medals to actress Mindy Kaling|website= [[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date= March 22, 2023|access-date= March 22, 2023|archive-date= March 22, 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230322060255/https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2023/03/22/biden-presents-national-humanities-medals-to-actress-mindy-kaling.html|url-status= live}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| rowspan="2" |2005
| rowspan="2" |[[Writers Guild of America Awards]]
| [[Writers Guild of America Awards 2005#New Series|New Series]]
| rowspan="22" |''[[The Office (American TV series)|The Office]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards 2005#Comedy Series|Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2006
|[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series#2000s|Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards 2005#New Series|Writers Guild of America Awards]]
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards 2006#Comedy Series|Comedy Series]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2007
|[[Primetime Emmy Awards]]
|[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series|Outstanding Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series#2000s|Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards]]
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards 2007#Comedy Series|Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Asian Excellence Awards]]
|Supporting Television Actress
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |2008
|[[Primetime Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Comedy Series
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series#2000s|Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards 2005#New Series|Writers Guild of America Awards]]
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards 2008#Comedy Series|Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2009
|[[Primetime Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Comedy Series
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Prism Awards]]
|Performance in a Comedy Series
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series#2000s|Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards]]
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards 2009#Comedy Series|Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2010
|[[Primetime Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Comedy Series
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Primetime Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series, "Niagara"
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series#2010s|Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards]]
|[[63rd Writers Guild of America Awards#Comedy series|Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2011
|[[Primetime Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Comedy Series
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series#2010s|Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="4" |2012
|[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]
|[[Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series#2010s|Outstanding Ensemble in a Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards]]
|[[Writers Guild of America Awards 2012#New Series|New Series]]
| rowspan="14" |''[[The Mindy Project]]''
| style="background:#fdd;" |Nominated
|-
|[[People's Choice Awards]]
|Favorite New TV Comedy
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[2nd Critics' Choice Television Awards|Critics' Choice Television Awards]]
|[[Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series|Most Exciting New Series]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |2013
|[[Gracie Awards]]
|Outstanding Producer – Entertainment
| {{won}}
|-
|[[NAACP Image Award]]
|[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Comedy Series|Outstanding Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[TCA Awards]]
|[[TCA Award for Outstanding New Program|Outstanding New Program]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Teen Choice Awards]]
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Breakout Series|Choice TV: Breakout Show]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Comedy|Choice TV Actress: Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="5" |2014
|[[Gracie Awards]]
|Outstanding Female Actor – Comedy
| {{won}}
|-
|[[NAACP Image Award]]
|[[NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Comedy Series|Outstanding Comedy Series]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[TCA Awards]]
|[[TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy|Outstanding Achievement in Comedy]]<ref name="TVLine-TCA-Awards-20142">{{cite news|url=http://tvline.com/2014/05/27/tca-awards-2014-nominations-true-detective-breaking-bad-the-good-wife|title=TCA Awards 2014: True Detective Snags Four Nominations; Good Wife, Breaking Bad Land Three Each|date=May 27, 2014|work=[[TVLine]]|last1=Slezak|first1=Michael|access-date=January 28, 2015}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[TCA Award for Individual Achievement in Comedy|Individual Achievement in Comedy]]<ref name="TVLine-TCA-Awards-20142" />
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Teen Choice Awards]]
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice TV Actress Comedy|Choice TV Actress: Comedy]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|[[Satellite Awards]]
|[[Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy|Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy Series]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Readers Choice Award]]s
|Reader's Choice Award for Best Humor Book
|''[[Why Not Me? (Kaling book)|Why Not Me?]]''
| {{won}}
|-
|2018
|[[2018 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
|[[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Sci-Fi/Fantasy|Choice Movie Actress: Fantasy]]
|''[[A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film)|A Wrinkle in Time]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|[[2019 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
|Choice Summer Movie Actress
|rowspan="2"|''[[Late Night (film)|Late Night]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[45th People's Choice Awards|People's Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Comedy Movie Star
|{{nom}}
|-
| 2022
|[[Tony Award]]
|[[Tony Award for Best Musical|Best Musical]]
|''[[A Strange Loop]]''
| {{won}}<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://ew.com/theater/tony-awards-2022-nominations-list/|title=Tony Awards 2022: See the full list of nominees|last=Towers|first=Andreas|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=May 9, 2022|access-date=May 9, 2022}}</ref>
|}

==Bibliography==
* Kaling, Mindy, and Brenda Withers. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56892993 Matt & Ben: A New Play.]'' Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, 2004; {{ISBN|978-1-585-67571-5}}
* Kaling, Mindy. ''[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/fashion/20kaling.html Unbelievable Holiday Tales: Scripting a Fantasy of a Family]'', ''The New York Times,'' December 18, 2009.<ref name="NYTimes-FantasyFamily-20092">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/20/fashion/20kaling.html|title=Unbelievable Holiday Tales: Scripting a Fantasy of a Family|date=December 18, 2009|work=[[The New York Times]]|last1=Kaling|first1=Mindy|access-date=January 28, 2015}}</ref>
* Kaling, Mindy. ''[[Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me?|Is Everyone Hanging Out Without Me? (And Other Concerns)]]'', New York: Crown Archetype, 2011; {{ISBN|978-0-307-88627-9}}; {{OCLC|698332696}}
* Kaling, Mindy. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/806016207 Questions I Ask When I Want to Talk About Myself: 50 Topics to Share With Friends]'', Clarkson Potter, 2013; {{ISBN|978-0-449-81988-3}}
* Kaling, Mindy. ''[[Why Not Me? (Kaling book)|Why Not Me?]]'', New York : Crown Archetype, 2015; {{ISBN|978-0-804-13814-7}}; {{OCLC|910914690}}
* Kaling, Mindy. ''[[Nothing Like I Imagined|Nothing Like I Imagined (Except for Sometimes)]]'', Amazon Original Stories, 2020

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb name|1411676|Mindy Kaling}}

{{Mindy Kaling}}
{{National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s & 2020s}}
{{Norman Lear Achievement Award in Television}}
{{Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy}}

{{Authority control}}
{{sister bar|d=Q539917|c=Category:Mindy Kaling|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no|q=no}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaling, Mindy}}
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Gitaramayanam

2026-03-26T08:33:26Z

BlissKetoSupplement: New!

{{short description|2011 poem by Jagadguru Rambhadracharya}}
{{infobox book
| name = गीतरामायणम्
| title_orig = Gītarāmāyaṇam
| translator =
| image = Ramabhadracharya Works - Gitaramayanam (2011).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption= Cover page of Gītarāmāyaṇam, first edition
| author = [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = Sanskrit
| series =
| subject =
| genre = Epic Poetry
| publisher = Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University
| pub_date = January 14, 2011
| media_type = Print (hardcover)
| pages = 998 pp ''(first edition)''
| isbn =
| oclc =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}
{{Rambhadracharya sidebar}}
'''''Gītarāmāyaṇam''''' ({{langx|sa|गीतरामायणम्}}) (2011), literally ''The Rāmāyaṇa in songs'', is a Sanskrit [[Epic poetry|epic poem]] ([[Mahākāvya]]) of the Gītakāvya (lyrical poetry) genre, composed by [[Rambhadracharya|Jagadguru Rambhadracharya]] (1950–) in the years 2009 and 2010. It consists of 1008 songs in Sanskrit which are divided into seven Kāṇḍas (books), every Kāṇḍa being sub-divided into one or more Sargas (cantos). There are 28 cantos in all, and each canto consists of 36 songs. The songs of the epic are based on rhythms and tunes or [[Raga|Rāga]]s found in the [[Indian folk music|folk music]] and [[Indian classical music|classical music]] of India. In the epic, each song in sung by one or more characters of the [[Rāmāyaṇa]] or by the poet. The songs progressively narrate the Rāmāyaṇa via monologues, dialogues and multilogues. There are occasional Sanskrit verses between the songs, which take the narrative forward.

A copy of the epic with a Hindi commentary by the poet was published by the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, [[Chitrakoot district|Chitrakuta]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. The book was released by the Sanskrit poet [[Abhiraj Rajendra Mishra|Abhirāja Rājendra Miśra]] at Chitarkuta on the [[Makara Sankranti|Makara Saṅkrānti]] day of January 14, 2011.<ref name="stps-gr">{{cite journal | first=Sushil | last=Sharma | title=Gītarāmāyaṇapraśastiḥ |trans-title=Praise of Gītarāmāyaṇam | volume=14 | issue=9 | journal=Śrītulasīpīṭha Saurabha | publisher=Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas | language=Hindi | place=Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India | date=February 2011 | page=14}}</ref>

==Structure==

The work begins with four verses in the ''[[Mangalacharana|Maṅgalācaraṇa]]''. The poet invokes the blessings of [[Rama|Rāma]] in the first two verses, and [[Hanumān]] in the third verse. In the final verse, the work Gītarāmāyaṇam is introduced.

===Bālakāṇḍam===

'''Canto I. Stutasītārāmacandraḥ''' (Sanskrit: स्तुतसीतारामचन्द्रः), literally ''the canto with Sītā and Rāma eulogized''.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
| scope="row" | Song(s)
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Subject
|-
| 1–3,8,9–27,28,29
| Rāmabhadrācārya
| Praise of [[Sita|Sītā]] and Rāma
|-
| 4
| Rāmabhadrācārya
| ''Daśāvatārastutiḥ'', praise of the ten [[Avatar|Avatāra]]s of Rāma, similar to the Daśāvatārakīrtidhavalam in [[Gita Govinda|Gītagovindam]]
|-
| 5–7
| Rāmabhadrācārya
| Prayers to Rāma
|-
| 30–36
| Rāmabhadrācārya
| Praise of [[Bharata (Ramayana)|Bharata]], [[Lakshmana|Lakṣmaṇa]], Hanumān, [[Valmiki|Vālmīki]], [[Tulsidas|Tulasīdāsa]], [[Ayodhya|Ayodhyā]] and [[Chitrakoot Dham (Karwi)|Citrakūṭa]] respectively
|-
|}
'''Canto II. Gītarāghavāvirbhāvaḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतराघवाविर्भावः), literally ''the canto with the songs of Rāma's manifestation''.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
| scope="row" | Song(s)
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Subject
|-
| 1,4
| Rāmabhadrācārya
| Praise of Rāmāyaṇa and birth of Hanumān.
|-
| 2–3
| [[Devata|Devatās]], Rāma
| Devatās request Rāma for an Avatāra, Rāma assures them about his Avatāra in the dynasty of [[Raghu]]
|-
| 5
| [[Agni]]
| Presentation of the Pāyasa by Agni to [[Dasharatha|Daśaratha]].
|-
| 6,10–17,19
| Rāmabhadrācārya
| The manifestation of Rāma, description of the infant and the festivities in Ayodhyā on the [[Ramanavami|Rāmanavamī]] day
|-
| 7–9
| [[Kausalya|Kausalyā]]
| Address to and praise of the infant Rāma.
|-
| 18
| Nāpitī (barber's woman)
| The Nāpitī's demands Kasualyās bracelet as remuneration for cutting the nails of the infant Rāma
|-
| 20
| Vadhu
| A housewife of Ayodhyā tells her mother-in-law about the auspiciousness of Rāmanavamī
|-
| 21–23,26–30,35–36
| Rāmabhadrācārya
| The Rāmanavamī day, the Vardhāpana ceremony (the cutting of the umbilical cord) of Rāma, description of the infant
|-
| 24–25
| [[Sarasvati|Sarasvatī]]
| Sarasvatī, disguised as a midwife, performs the Vardhāpana of Rāma and demands Kausalyā's [[Sari]] as a reward
|-
| 32–34
| Sākhī (a maiden)
| The [[Saṃskāra#Jatakarman|Jātakarman Saṃskāra]], Ṣaṣṭhī (sixth day) and Dvādaśī (twelfth day) of the brothers
|-
|}
'''Canto III. Gītarāghavaśiśukeliḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतराघवशिशुकेलिः), literally ''the canto with the songs of infant Rāma's pastimes''.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
| scope="row" | Song(s)
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Subject
|-
| 1,3–8,11
| Rāmabhadrācārya
| The [[Saṃskāra#Namakarana|Nāmakaraṇa Saṃskāra]] (naming) of the four brothers by Vasiṣṭha, and description of Rāma with Kausalyā
|-
| 2
| Vasiṣṭha
| Prayer to Rāma.
|-
| 9–10,16
| Kausalyā, Sumitrā
| The mothers wish Rāma to grow up soon.
|-
| 12–13,23
| Sakhī
| The [[Saṃskāra#Nishkramana|Bahirniṣkramaṇa saṃskāra]] of the four brothers, Rāma in the lap of Daśaratha
|-
| 14–15, 30
| Daśaratha
| Monologue by Daśaratha about his great fortune
|-
| 17–18
| [[Kinnara]]s, Rāmabhadrācārya
| [[Kajari|Kajjalī]] describing Rāma on a swing
|-
| 19–20
| Kausalyā
| Request to her companions to move the swing slowly
|-
| 21–22,24–26,31
| Rāmabhadrācārya
| Rāma on the swing, in the courtyard of Daśaratha and in the care of Kausalyā
|-
| 27–29,32
| Kausalyā
| Urges Daśaratha to take a look at Rāma sitting in the courtyard, describes Rāma playing in the mud
|-
| 33–35
| Kausalyā
| Kausalyā sees Rāma simultaneously at two places during his [[Saṃskāra#Annaprashana|Annaprāśana Saṃskāra]], surrenders to Rāma
|-
| 36
| Rāma
| Rāma reveals his form to Kausalyā and asks her not to fear – rather meditate on his form
|-
|}
'''Canto IV. Gītarāghavabālalīlaḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतराघवबाललीलः), literally ''the canto with the songs of child Rāma's play''.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
| scope="row" | Song(s)
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Subject
|-
|1,3–4
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Rāma begins to walk, description of Rāma being given a bath and ornaments by the three mothers
|-
|2
|[[Kaikeyi|Kaikeyī]]
|Description of the four brothers playing
|-
|5
|[[Narada|Nārada]]
|Fortune of Daśaratha and the three queens
|-
|6–7
|Kausalyā, Rāma
|Rāma is amused on seeing the moon and asks for it
|-
|8–13
|Kausalyā, Kaikeyī, [[Sumitra|Sumitrā]]
|The mothers sing lullabies to make Rāma sleep. Kausalyā sings to wake up Rāma in the morning.
|-
|14,16–17,20
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|[[Arundhati (Hinduism)|Arundhatī]] marks a [[Tilak]]a on Rāma's forehead, description of Rāma playing and having a meal.
|-
|15,22
|Sakhī
|Rāma going out to play with his brothers
|-
|18
|Lakṣmaṇa
|Invites Rāma out to play
|-
|19,21
|Kaikeyī
|Requests Rāma not to go far, description of the brothers' play
|-
|23,25
|Vasiṣṭha
|[[Saṃskāra#Karnavedha|Karṇavedha]] and [[Saṃskāra#Chudakarana|Cūḍākaraṇa]] Saṃskāras of the four brothers
|-
|24,28
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Description of Rāma after his Karṇavedha, Sarasvatī teaches Rāma the [[Shiva Sutra|Śiva Sūtras]]
|-
|26–27
|Kausalyā
|Runs after Rāma to catch hold of him
|-
|29
|Rāma
|Requests parents for the [[Upanayana|Yajñopavīta]]
|-
|30
|Kausalyā
|Pleads Daśaratha for the Yajñopavīta of Rāma
|-
|31–32
|Sarasvatī
|The [[Saṃskāra#Upanayana|Upanayana Saṃskāra]] of the four brothers
|-
|33
|Vasiṣṭha's disciples
|Welcome Rāma to the [[Ashram|Āśrama]] of Vasiṣṭha
|-
|34–35
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Rāma and the brothers learn from Vasiṣṭha, being cared for by Arundhatī
|-
|36
|Vasiṣṭha
|Requests Rāma to return home after completion of his learning
|-
|}
'''Canto V. Gītasītāvirbhāvaḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतसीताविर्भावः), literally ''the canto with the songs of Sītā's manifestation''.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
| scope="row" | Song(s)
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Subject
|-
|1–4, 9–11
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Praise of [[History of Mithila|Mithilā]], manifestation of Sītā on Sītānavami day, celebrations in Mithilā
|-
|5–8
|Nārada
|Praises Sītā and requests her to assume an infant's form, praise of [[Janaka]] and Mithilā
|-
|12
|Sakhī
|Sītā playing in Mithilā
|-
|13
|Sunayanā
|Description of the happiness in Mithilā since Sītā's manifestation
|-
|14
|[[Maitreyi|Maitreyī]]
|Praise of Sunayana's fortune and Sītā
|-
|15–16
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Sītā's beauty and her care by Sunayanā
|-
|17
|Sunayanā
|Wishes Sītā to grow up soon
|-
|18–20
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Sītā playing in Mithilā
|-
|21–28
|[[Yajnavalkya|Yājñavalkya]]
|Fortune of Janaka, Nāmakaraṇa of Sītāa, description of her virtues, and revelation that she is the [[Shakti|Ādi Śakti]]
|-
|29–30
|Sītā
|Sītā teaches two pet birds - a myna and a parrot
|-
|31
|Sītā
|Description of a vision of Rāma in her dream to Sunayanā
|-
|32
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Sītā paints Rāma as she saw in her dream
|-
|33–34
|Sunayanā
|Wishes Rāma to be Sītā's groom, asks Sītā to worship [[Parvati|Pārvatī]]
|-
|35
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Sītā's beauty
|-
|36
|Sītā
|Prayer to Rāma
|-
|}
'''Canto VI. Gītayugalakaiśorakaḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतयुगलकैशोरकः), literally ''the canto with the songs of the youthful duo''.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align:center;" align="center"
|-
| scope="row" | Song(s)
! scope="col" | Singer
! scope="col" | Subject
|-
|1–5
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Sītā longs to see Rāma in person
|-
|6
|Sītā
|Describes the qualities of her desired groom to Nārada
|-
|7
|Nārada
|Description of Rama's virtues
|-
|8–10
|Sītā
|Asks Nārada how she can meet Rama, and the concept of Avatāra of the [[Brahman]]
|-
|11–17
|Nārada
|Explains the notion of Avatāra of Brahman, [[Saguna Brahman|Saguṇa]] and [[Nirguna Brahman|Nirguṇa]] aspects, and Sītā being Rama's [[Bhakti]]. Prophesizes Rāma's arrival in Mithilā to break the bow of [[Shiva|Śiva]]
|-
|18–19
|Sītā
|Tells a companion about her desire to see Rāma
|-
|20
|Sītā
|Asks an astrologer, who is Śiva in disguise, about her future
|-
|21–28
|Sītā
|Sītā's letter to Rama, delivered by [[Śuka]]deva in the form of a parrot, requesting Rāma to come to Mithilā
|-
|29–36
|Rāma
|Rāma's reply to Sītā, assuring him of his arrival in Mithilā
|-
|}
'''Canto VII. Gītasītāsvayaṃvaropakramaḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतसीतास्वयंवरोपक्रमः), literally ''the canto with the songs of the commencement of Sītā's Svayaṃvara''.
{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align:center;"
| scope="row" |Song(s)
! scope="col" |Singer
! scope="col" |Subject
|-
|1
|Sītā
|Question from Janaka regarding the Shiva Dhanusha
|-
|2
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Image of Sita pulling Shiva Dhanusha
|-
|3
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Sage Viśvāmitra's vision of four brothers playing on the banks of Saryu
|-
|4,6,7
|Viśvāmitra
|Rāma Prem, arrival of Rāma in the court, demanding Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa from Daśaratha
|-
|5
|[[Charan|Chāraṇa]]
|Song of glory of Rāma sitting in the court
|-
|8,9
|Daśaratha
|Refusing to give Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa to Viśvāmitra
|-
|10
|Vasiṣṭha, other Brāhmaṇas
|Farewell to Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa
|-
|11,12
|[[Devata|Devatās]]
|Scene of Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa walking away with Viśvāmitra, prayer to nature to bring joy to Rāma
|-
|13
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Glory song of Rāma, the destroyer of Tāḍakā and Subāhu and the savior of the [[yajna]]
|-
|14,16
|Ahilyā
|Prayer to Rāma to return, then a Rāma Stuti
|-
|15
|Viśvāmitra
|Prayer to Rāma for the salvation of Gautam's wife Ahilyā
|-
|17
|People of Mithilā
|Praise of Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa
|-
|18
|Rāmabhadrācārya
|Rāma Darshan by the people of Mithila
|-
|19-21
|Janaka, Viśvāmitra
|Inquiry about Rāma, Lakṣmaṇa from Viśvāmitra, Introduction by Viśvāmitra
|-
|22
|Janaka's ministers
|Praise of Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa
|-
|23,24
|Lakṣmaṇa, Rāma
|Lakṣmaṇa's desire to see Janakpur to Rāma, Praise of Janakpur by Rāma
|-
|24,36
|Children of Mithilā
|Visit of Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa to Mithila
|-
|26-34
|Sītā's eight friends
|Song the beauty and virtue of Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa, wishing for marriage of Sītā and Rāma, requesting Rāma to come to the flower garden
|-
|35
|Brāhmaṇa, Ministers
|Welcoming Rāma in the Dhanuṣayajñaśālā
|}
'''Canto VIII. Gītasītānīketakaḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतसीतानिकेतकः), literally ''the canto with the songs of Sītā's consort''.

'''Canto IX. Gītasītāsvayaṃvaraḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतसीतास्वयंवरः), literally ''the canto with the songs of Sītā's Svayaṃvara''.

'''Canto X. Gītasītārāmapariṇayaḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतसीतारामपरिणयः), literally ''the canto with the songs of the Sītā's marriage with Rāma''.

'''Canto XI. Gītasītārāmapratyudgamotsavaḥ''' (Sanskrit: गीतसीतारामप्रत्युद्गमोत्सवः), literally ''the canto with the songs of the festivities at the return of Sītā and Rāma''.

===Ayodhyākāṇḍam===

'''Canto XII. Śrīsītārāmavanavihāraḥ'''

'''Canto XIII. Śrīsītārāmaholīvihāraḥ'''

'''Canto XIV. Śrīsītārāmadolotsavaḥ'''

'''Canto XV. Gītaṣaḍṛtuvarṇanaḥ'''

'''Canto XVI. Gītarāṣṭradaivataḥ'''

'''Canto XVII. Gītarāghavavanavāsaḥ'''

'''Canto XVIII. Gītapathikābhīṣṭhaḥ'''

'''Canto XIX. Gītāyodhyakavirahālambanaḥ'''

'''Canto XX. Gītacitrakūṭamaṇḍanaḥ'''

===Araṇyakāṇḍam===

'''Canto XXI. Gītalalitanaralīlaḥ'''

===Kiṣkindhākāṇḍam===

'''Canto XXII. Gītamārutijayaḥ'''

===Sundarakāṇḍam===

'''Canto XXIII. Gītahanumatparākramaḥ'''

'''Canto XXIV. Gītaśaraṇāgatavatsalaḥ'''

===Yuddhakāṇḍam===

'''Canto XXV. Gītaraṇakarkaśaḥ'''

'''Canto XXVI. Gītarāvaṇāriḥ'''

===Uttarakāṇḍam===

'''Canto XXVII. Gītapaṭṭābhiṣekaḥ'''

'''Canto XXVIII. Gītarājādhirājaḥ'''



==Example song==

In the following song (1.4.6), the child Rāma asks Kausalyā why the moon appears dark.<ref>Rambhadracharya 2011, p. 96.</ref>

<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Devanagari|Devanāgarī]] 
शशाङ्के कुतः श्यामता जाता । 
पृच्छति जननीमतिकुतूहलाद्बालस्त्रिभुवनत्राता ॥ 
कृष्णमृगस्तव शरभयाद्विधुं यातो नैतन्मातः । 
कपटमृगं प्रणिहन्मि नापरं तस्य विमोहख्यातः ॥ 
दशमुखभयाद्भुवो याता या विधुं श्यामता दृष्टा । 
कथं राहुभीतोऽसौ पायान्मही मूढतास्पृष्टा ॥ 
त्वमथ वीक्ष्य चन्द्रमसं निजदयिताननरूपसमानम् । 
शशिनि गतो श्यामः किल दृष्टः कर्तुं तदधरपानम् ॥ 
नहि मातः पीये तव स्तनं श्रुत्वा मनुजेन्द्राणी । 
सस्मितमुखी विस्मिता जाता चकिता गिरिधरवाणी ॥
}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
IAST 
śaśāṅke kutaḥ śyāmatā jātā । 
pṛcchati jananīmatikutūhalādbālastribhuvanatrātā ॥ 
kṛṣṇamṛgastava śarabhayādvidhuṃ yāto naitanmātaḥ । 
kapaṭamṛgaṃ praṇihanmi nāparaṃ tasya vimohakhyātaḥ ॥ 
daśamukhabhayādbhuvo yātā yā vidhuṃ śyāmatā dṛṣṭā । 
kathaṃ rāhubhītoऽsau pāyānmahī mūḍhatāspṛṣṭā ॥ 
tvamatha vīkṣya candramasaṃ nijadayitānanarūpasamānam । 
śaśini gato śyāmaḥ kila dṛṣṭaḥ kartuṃ tadadharapānam ॥ 
nahi mātaḥ pīye tava stanaṃ śrutvā manujendrāṇī । 
sasmitamukhī vismitā jātā cakitā giridharavāṇī ॥
}}
{{col-end}}
{{Cquote| The protector of the three worlds, the child Rāma asks Kausalyā with great inquisitiveness, “Whence the darkness in the moon?” The mother says, “A [[blackbuck]] has entered the moon, afraid of your arrows.” Rāma says, “Not thus, mother. I slay only the deer in the disguise ([[Maricha|Mārīca]]) – whose delusion is renowned, and no other.” Kausalyā says, “[[Prithvi|Pṛthvī]] has gone into the moon out of the fear of Rāvaṇa, which is the darkness seen in the moon.” Rāma says, “How can the [[Chandra|Candra]], himself afraid of [[Rahu|Rāhu]] protect someone, surely Pṛthvī is not naive.” Kausalyā then says “You saw the moon to be similar to the face of your bride, hence you have entered the moon to kiss your wife, and hence the moon appears dark.” Rāma says, “No mother, its only your milk that I drink, so how is the moon dark?” On hearing this, the queen smiled and the speech of Giridhara was amazed. ॥ 1.3.6 ॥}}
</blockquote>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* {{cite book | date=January 14, 2011 | language=Sanskrit | title=Gītarāmāyaṇam (Gītasītābhirāmaṃ Saṃskṛtagītamahākāvyam) | trans-title=Gītarāmāyaṇam (Epic Sanskrit Lyrical Poem with the Songs of the Delight of Sītā) | first=Svami | last=Rambhadracharya | author-link=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya | place=Chitrakuta, Uttar Pradesh, India | publisher=Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University | url=http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JR2011Gitaramayanam.pdf | accessdate=August 1, 2011 | archive-date=January 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122045503/http://jagadgururambhadracharya.org/pdfs/JR2011Gitaramayanam.pdf | url-status=dead }}

[[Category:Epic poems in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:21st-century Sanskrit literature]]
[[Category:Sanskrit poetry]]
[[Category:Works by Rambhadracharya]]

Panchashikha

2026-03-26T06:04:16Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Created basic details basic info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}{{Short description|Philosopher of Mithila}}{{Distinguish|Pancasikha}}{{Infobox religious biography
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| name = Panchashikha
| native_name = पञ्चशिख
| native_name_lang = Sa
| birthname = Kapileya
| region = [[Mithila region]]
| lineage = Parasharagotriya
| notable works = Shashti Tantra
| school = [[Samkhya]]
| teachers = Asuri
| occupation = Philosopher
| profession = [[Acharya]]
| alma_mater = [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
| disciples = [[Janadeva Janaka]], [[Dharmadhwaja Janaka]]
| predecessor = [[Asuri (Samkhya)|Asuri]]
| mother = Kapilaa
}}
'''Panchashikha''' ([[Sanskrit]]: पञ्चशिख, [[Romanization|Romanised]]: ''Pañcaśikha'') was a [[Vedas|Vedic]] sage at the court of [[Janadeva Janaka|King Janadeva Janaka]] in [[Videha|Mithila]]. He was a prominent philosopher of [[Samkhya|Samkhya Shastra]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Bhagavad_g%C3%ADt%C3%A1_or_a_discourse_betwe.html?id=z5s-AAAAcAAJ#v=onepage&q=Panchashikha%20in%20Mithila&f=false |title=The Bhagavad-gítá; or a discourse between Kṛiṣhnạ and Arjuna on divine matters: A Sanskṛit philosophical poem: translated, with copious notes, an introduction on Sanskṛit philosophy, and other matter: by J. Cockburn Thomson |date=1855 |publisher=Steph. Austin |language=en}}</ref> He is mentioned in the [[Shanti Parva]] section of the epic text [[Mahabharata]]. He was appointed as the royal teacher of the King Janadeva Janaka in Mithila.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Manmathanatha |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/A_Prose_English_Translation_of_the_Mahab.html?id=EWIMAAAAIAAJ#v=onepage&q=Panchashikha%20in%20Mithila&f=false |title=A Prose English Translation of the Mahabharata: (tr. Literally from the Original Sanskrit Text) |date=1908 |publisher=M.N. Dutt |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Modī |first=Mīrā |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata_me%E1%B9%83_S%C4%81%E1%B9%85khya_dar%C5%9Bana.html?id=kkEqAQAAMAAJ#Panchashikha |title=Mahābhārata meṃ Sāṅkhya darśana |date=2007 |publisher=Satyam Pabliśiṅga Hāusa |isbn=978-81-88134-86-1 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bimali |first=Om Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata_Shanti_parva_Makshadharma.html?id=BT4pAAAAYAAJ#Panchashikha |title=Mahābhārata: Shanti parva (Makshadharma parva, ch. 174-365) |last2=Chandra |first2=Ishvar |date=2001 |publisher=Parimal Publications |isbn=978-81-7110-204-4 |language=en}}</ref> He was also the royal teacher of the [[Dharmadhwaja Janaka|King Dharmadhwaja Janaka]] after the King Janadeva Janaka.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Prabuddha_Bharata.html?id=ZgsnAQAAIAAJ#Panchashikha |title=Prabuddha Bharata: Or Awakened India |date=1952 |publisher=Swami Smaranananda |language=en}}</ref>

== Description ==
Panchashikha is considered as the second most important name among the authors of ''Sankhyashastra'' after the Vedic sage [[Kapila]]. He is considered to be the author of the ''Shashti Tantra'', which a text of the Samkhya philosophy. He is also known ''Parasharagotriya'' monk.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mumukshu Bhavan Books Collection |first=Varanasi |url=http://archive.org/details/zMBK_sankya-karika-missing-pages-mumukshu-bhavan-books-collection-varanasi |title=Sankya Karika Missing Pages Mumukshu Bhavan Books Collection, Varanasi |pages=37}}</ref> His doctrine "Shashti Tantra" translates to "Doctrine of 60 Conception" in the Samkhya school of [[Indian philosophy]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Indian philosophy - Samkhya, Dualism, Yoga {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/The-Samkhya-karikas |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260101112600/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-philosophy/The-Samkhya-karikas |archive-date=2026-01-01 |access-date=2026-02-19 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> In the text Mahabharata, he is described as a very revered [[Rishi]] in the tradition of Samkhya school of Indian philosophy. He was said to be free from any worldly pleasures and attechments.<ref name=":1" />

== Early life ==
According to the text Mahabharata, there was a lady [[Brahmin]] named ''Kapilaa'' from whose breasts, a child was fed with milk and cherished. Since the child was cherished by the lady Kapilaa, he was called ''Kapileya''. He later became known as ''Panchashikha''.<ref name=":0" /> The [[shloka]] describing the early life of Panchashikha is

{{Blockquote|text="तस्य पञ्चशिखः शिष्यो मानुष्या पयसा भृतः। ब्राह्मणी कपिला नाम काचिदासीत् कुटुम्विनी ।।"|author=[[Vyasa|Vedas Vyasa]]|title=Shanti Parva|source=Mahabharata}}

== Later life ==
In the text Mahabharata, [[Bhishma]] narrated the story of the sage Panchashikha to [[Yudhishthira]]. The story starts with the entry of the sage Panchashikha at the [[Court of King Janaka|court of the King Janadeva Janaka]] in Mithila. According to the story, the King Janadeva Janaka was not satisfied with the knowledge of the hundred acharyas at his court, then suddenly Panchashikha arrived at the court. The king was influenced by the knowledge of the sage Panchashikha. After that the king abandoned his hundred acharyas at the court and started following the knowledge of Panchashikha. The king became his disciple. After that, the sage Panchashikha taught the knowledge of the text Samkhya Shastra to the King Janadeva Janaka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=P C Ray |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283205 |title=The Mahabharata Of Krishna Dwaipayana Vyara 1891 |date=1891}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:Philosophers of Mithila]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]
[[Category:Mahabharata]]

Yashaswini Ghorpade

2026-03-24T15:17:08Z

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{{Short description|Indian table tennis player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}

'''Yashaswini Ghorpade''' (born 23 October 2004) is an Indian table tennis player from [[Karnataka]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=News Ghorpade Yashaswini Deepak (India) |url=https://www.tt-kharkiv.com/en/tags/ghorpade-yashaswini-deepak/news |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Table Tennis News and Tournament from Kharkiv, Ukraine and World |language=uk}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Sports News Yashaswini Ghorpade: National Table Tennis Champion |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/senior-national-inter-state-table-tennis-yashaswini-crowned-national-champion-3940045 |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She won her maiden National championship at Indore on 21 March 2026. She represents the Petroleum Sports Promotion Board in domestic tournaments.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manav Thakkar and Yashaswini Ghorpade Win Singles Titles at Senior National Table Tennis Championships 2026 |url=https://dailypioneer.com/news/manav-yashaswini-win-maiden-national-tt-crowns |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=dailypioneer.com |language=en}}</ref> She was selected for the Indian team for the Asian Championship along with [[Sreeja Akula]] and [[Ayhika Mukherjee|Ayhika]] after the Senior Nationals in 2026 at Indore.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-02-15 |title=Yashaswini Ghorpade, a rare table tennis player who attacks with pimples, ready to take on Asia |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/yashaswini-ghorpade-attacks-with-pimples-rare-asia-9837915/ |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ghorpade is from [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka. She began playing table tennis in 2010 under coach Anshuman Roy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karhadkar |first=Amol |date=2026-03-21 |title=Yashaswini Ghorpade gives coach ‘the best birthday gift’ with Senior National Championship title |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/table-tennis/senior-national-championship-table-tennis-yashaswini-ghorpade-maiden-title-coach-birthday-gift-quotes-latest/article70769592.ece |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She trains at his facility, UTT Skies High Performance Centre in [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore|JP Nagar]], Bengaluru.<ref name=":1" />

== Career ==
Ghorpade won her first senior national women's title defeating her teammate [[Syndrela Das]] in a 4-3 final at the 87th Senior National and Inter-State Table Tennis Championship in Indore on 21 March 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nag |first=Utathya |date=21 March 2026 |title=National Table Tennis Championships 2026: Manav Thakkar wins men’s title; Yashaswini Ghorpade new women’s champ - all winners |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/national-table-tennis-championships-2026-results-winners-list |access-date=22 March 2026 |website=Olympics}}</ref> On way to her final, she defeated top seed [[Sreeja Akula]] in the quarterfinals. She went into the tournament as the 8th seed but is ranked number 1 in the country after the victory.

Earlier, she won the national titles in both sub-junior (under 15) and junior (U 19) Nationals. She became the third player from Karnataka to win the National title after [[Archana Kamath]] (2019) and Usha Sunderraj (1968).<ref name=":1" />

She won a bronze medal at the 2022 Youth World Championships in [[Radès|Rades]], Tunisia in women's doubles. She won a bronze in the Junior mixed doubles at the Asian Youth Championship and was part of the Asian team that won a bronze at the World Cadet Challenge 2019 in the team category.<ref name=":0" />

She was part of the Goa Challengers team that won the [[Ultimate Table Tennis]] (UTT).<ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghorpade, Yashaswini}}
[[Category:2004 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female table tennis players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Karnataka]]
[[Category:People from Bengaluru]]

Ramanujan (film)

2026-03-23T21:06:26Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Created new article first draft

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Gnana Rajasekara}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ramanujan
| image = Ramanujan film.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Gnana Rajasekaran]]
| producer = Srivatsan Nadathur Sushant Desai Sharanyan Nadathur [[Sindhu Rajasekaran]]
| writer = Gnana Rajasekaran
| starring = [[Abhinay Vaddi]] [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas Mirza]] [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] Kevin McGowan [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] [[Michael Lieber]]
| music = [[Ramesh Vinayakam]]
| cinematography = [[Sunny Joseph]]
| editing = [[B. Lenin]]
| studio = Camphor Cinema
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|07|11}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India United Kingdom
| language = Tamil English
}}
'''''Ramanujan''''' is a 2014 [[biographical film]] based on the life of Indian mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]. The film, written and directed by [[Gnana Rajasekaran]], was shot [[back to back film production|back to back]] in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[English language|English]] languages.<ref name="cast">{{Cite news |title=Therein lies the genius |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/therein-lies-the-genius/article5947251.ece |access-date=26 April 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The film was produced by the independent Indian production house Camphor Cinema, ventured by Srivatsan Nadathur, Sushant Desai, Sharanyan Nadathur, [[Sindhu Rajasekaran]]. The cast consists of [[Indian cinema|Indian]] and [[British cinema|British]] film, stage and screen personalities. It marks the Tamil debut of [[Abhinay Vaddi]], the grandson of veteran actors [[Gemini Ganesan]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], as the protagonist.

Featuring an ensemble cast of [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], Kevin McGowan, [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas Mirza]], [[Nizhalgal Ravi]], [[Michael Lieber]], amongst others in supporting roles, the film was set in the early 1900s, tracing the life of Ramanujan, and shot across five different locations, across [[India]] and [[England]], which includes [[Kumbakonam]], [[Namakkal]], [[Chennai]], [[London]] and [[Cambridge]]. The film features, music and background score composed by [[Ramesh Vinayakam|Ramesh Vinayagam]], cinematography handled by [[Sunny Joseph]] and editing done by [[B. Lenin]].

''Ramanujan'' received [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film]] in 2013, although the film had released a year later. The film was released worldwide on 11 July 2014, across [[India]] and [[United Kingdom]]. It was released simultaneously in Tamil and English languages.

== Plot ==
Set in the early 1900s, the film traces the life of the prodigious math genius [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]] from the time he was a young Tamil Brahmin to his years in England, where he attended [[Cambridge University]] during [[World War I]]. The film follows his relationships with his mother Komalatammal, his wife Janaki, and his collaborator Professor [[G. H. Hardy]]. The film also showcases how Indian society viewed a mathematician of such great stature.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |last=KrishnamacharI |first=Suganthy |title=Travails of a genius |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/travails-of-a-genius/article4857108.ece |access-date=5 July 2013 |website=The Hindu |date=27 June 2013 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Abhinay Vaddi]] as [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Life of Srinivasa Ramanujan |url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/Ramanujachariar.htm |access-date=2014-07-15 |publisher=The Institute of Mathematical Sciences}}</ref>
** Anmol as Young Srinivasa Ramanujan
* [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] as [[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]]
* [[Suhasini Maniratnam]] as Komalatammal, Srinivasa Ramanujan's mother<ref>{{Cite web |title=Komalathammal, Srinivasa Ramanujan's mother |url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/komalathamal.htm |access-date=2014-07-15 |publisher=The Institute of Mathematical Sciences}}</ref>)
* [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] as Janaki, Srinivasa Ramanujan's wife<ref>{{Cite web |title=Janaki, Srinivasa Ramanujan's wife |url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan/newnow/marriage.htm |access-date=2014-07-15 |publisher=The Institute of Mathematical Sciences}}</ref>)
* Kevin McGowan as [[G. H. Hardy]]
* [[Michael Lieber]] as [[John Edensor Littlewood]]
* [[Richard Walsh (actor)|Richard Walsh]] as [[Francis Spring]]
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Diwan Bahadur [[R. Ramachandra Rao]] I. C. S.
* [[Radha Ravi]] as Prof. Singaravelu Mudaliar
* [[Madhan Bob]] as Prof. Krishna Shastri
* [[Y. G. Mahendran]] as S. Narayana Iyer
* [[Manobala]] as Krishna Rao
* [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Srinivasa Raghavan (Srinivasa Ramanujan's father)
* Satish Kumar as Anandhu
* [[Thalaivasal Vijay]] as Sathiyapriya Rayar
* Manibharathi as Krishnan
* [[Delhi Ganesh]]
* [[Kitty (actor)|Raja Krishnamoorthy]] as Seshu Iyer
* [[T. P. Gajendran]] as [[T. Namberumal Chetty]]
* [[Mohan V. Ram]]
* [[Cloudia Swann]] as Ms. Bourne
* Mike Parish as Doctor Charles
* Harsh Naik as Chatterjee
* Lizzie Bourne as Ms. Gertrude Hardy
{{colend}}

==Production==
=== Casting ===
{{quote box
|quote="We had very few photos of Ramanujan and his family. So, we had to purely depend on whatever information was available on the social setup of Iyengars and other castes of that period. We had to design costumes keeping in mind the three phases of his life and those surrounding him — the Kumbakonam phase, his life in Chennai and then, in London,"
|source= — Shakuntala, on designing the looks for ''Ramanujan''<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 September 2013 |title=Designers research for period look in Tamil films |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-19/news-interviews/42217473_1_vasanthabalan-period-film-kaaviya-thalaivan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921074642/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-19/news-interviews/42217473_1_vasanthabalan-period-film-kaaviya-thalaivan |archive-date=21 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|align=right
|width=50%
}}
[[Gnana Rajasekaran]] looked for an actor who would physically resemble Ramanujan and signed [[Abhinay Vaddi]], who is the grandson of veteran Tamil actor [[Gemini Ganesan]], for the main role. [[Michael Lieber]] was signed to play Edensor Littlewood. Lieber confessed he had no knowledge of Ramanujan, when he signed the film, and went as far as to meet [[Béla Bollobás]], who worked with Littlewood personally, for his research work. He found it difficult to speak the Tamil lines, but appreciated it later on, "I would be lying if I said that the task of learning Tamil was not daunting at first, but once I got the hang of it I was able to appreciate what a beautiful language it is. There were many different ways of learning the Tamil lines; some used audio tapes, prompting, flash cards, or word boards. I learnt the meaning of the words and memorised chunks of dialogue."<ref name="cast" /> Similarly, Kevin McGowan, who was signed for the role of [[G. H. Hardy]], was unfamiliar with the story of Ramanujan. The film also stars [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]], [[Suhasini Maniratnam]], [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] and [[Richard Walsh (actor)|Richard Walsh]] amongst others.<ref name="infoline">{{Cite web |title='Camphor Cinema' presents their first film 'Ramanujan' |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/camphor-cinema-presents-their-first-film-ramanujan/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130820212249/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/camphor-cinema-presents-their-first-film-ramanujan/ |archive-date=20 August 2013 |access-date=19 July 2013 |publisher=Boxofficeindia |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Harshikaa Udasi |date=2013-11-30 |title=Faces and facts |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/faces-and-facts/article5408410.ece |access-date=2014-06-24 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Sunny Joseph]], best known for his high-profile [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] works with directors [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]] and [[Shaji N. Karun]], was signed as [[cinematographer]].

=== Filming ===

The film has been shot in the five main locations of Ramanujan's life, [[Kumbakonam]], [[Namakkal]], [[Chennai]], [[London]] and [[Cambridge]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cast and Crew of Ramanujan |url=http://www.camphorcinema.com/projects/ |access-date=26 April 2014 |publisher=Camphor Cinema}}</ref> The first two schedules were shot in [[India]] while the third was done in [[England]], where they took the permission of [[Cambridge University]] to shoot.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ramanujan gets Cambridge University nod for film shoot |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Ramanujan-gets-Cambridge-University-nod-for-film-shoot/articleshow/22936125.cms |access-date=26 April 2014 |work=Times of India}}</ref> The task to create a script in multiple languages was described by [[Sindhu Rajasekaran]] as "quite a chore. Roxane de Rouen and I are working with Gnana Rajasekaran, the director of ‘Ramanujan,’ to make the characters speak words that make them real. No, you wouldn't find roadside urchins who speak in Queen's English here; people would speak what comes to them naturally: Tamil, English, Indian English, even Tamenglish. What a delight it is to live in this world where languages are not borders, but an element to experiment with..."<ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMPHOR CINEMA'S INDO – BRITISH COLLABORATION |url=http://www.thisweekguwahati.com/?p=23979 |access-date=26 April 2014 |publisher=This Week Guwahati |archive-date=26 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232306/http://www.thisweekguwahati.com/?p=23979 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Music==
{{Main|Ramanujan (soundtrack)}}
{{quote box
|quote="My music tries to delve into the unfathomable mysterious and mystical mind of Ramanujan in its own world, which invariably found bliss in the triumph of originating newer and newer theorems. The music represents the tribulations of Ramanujan's life torn between hope and despair, and the loneliness that came along with the genius".
|source= — Vinayakam, on composing the music for ''Ramanujan''<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 June 2014 |title=Ramanujan audio launched |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Ramanujan-audio-launched/articleshow/36536478.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|align=right
|width=50%
}}
The film's soundtrack and score were composed by [[Ramesh Vinayakam]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=2014-06-14 |title='Ramanujan' music represents his life's tribulations: composer |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/ramanujan-music-represents-his-lifes-tribulations-composer/article6114755.ece |access-date=2014-06-24 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The music consisted of classical and orchestral pieces, recorded by the GermanPops Orchestra, whereas the songs being related to mathematical terms.<ref name="thehindu2">{{Cite news |last=Srinivasa Ramanujam |title=Of music and mathematics |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/of-music-and-mathematics/article6136695.ece |access-date=2014-06-24 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> The soundtrack album of ''Ramanujan'', which features eight tracks, including four songs and four [[instrumental]]s, was released at the [[Suryan FM 93.5|Suryan FM]] radio station in [[Chennai]] on 13 June 2014 to positive reviews from critics.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Features |first=Express |title=Ramanujan's Audio Hits the Airwaves |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ramanujans-Audio-Hits-the-Airwaves/2014/06/14/article2279003.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224045105/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ramanujans-Audio-Hits-the-Airwaves/2014/06/14/article2279003.ece |archive-date=24 December 2014 |access-date=2014-06-24 |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramanujan audio launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/Ramanujan-audio-launched/articleshow/36536478.cms |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The official trailer of the film was released on 16 June 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Trailer of Ramanujan featuring Bhama is out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/Trailer-of-Ramanujan-featuring-Bhama-is-out/articleshow/36647926.cms |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=The Times of India |date=16 June 2014 |language=en}}</ref> On 9 July 2014, the producers of Ramanujan arranged a special screening at the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], receiving an invitation from the president [[Pranab Mukherjee]].<ref name=":0" /> The film was simultaneously released in [[India]] and [[United Kingdom]] in Tamil and English languages on 11 July 2014. After the film's theatrical run, the makers released the [[Video CD|VCD]] and [[DVD]] formats of the film in late 2014, which featured the making video, behind-the-scenes featurette, and deleted scenes from the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramanujan releases behind the scene featurette |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Ramanujan-releases-behind-the-scene-featurette/articleshow/35885103.cms |access-date=2020-08-06 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

==Reception==
The film received mixed reviews from critics, who generally praised the acting but criticized the writing. The ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' called ''Ramanujan'' "a brilliant piece on canvas with edifying moments and relevance to modern age" and went on to add that it was "not to be missed", giving it 3.5/5 stars.<ref>Anupama Subramanian (2014-07-11) [https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140711/entertainment-kollywood/article/movie-review-ramanujan-film-not-be-missed Ramanujan movie review – Deccan Chronicle] Retrieved 2014-07-12</ref> S. Saraswathi of ''[[Rediff]]'' wrote, "''Ramanujan'' is a brilliant film, a must watch" and gave the film 4/5.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-ramanujan-is-a-must-watch-south/20140711.htm Ramanujan movie review – Rediff] Retrieved 2014-07-12</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "The movie is a poignant look at the way a prodigy struggled and suffered in a penurious family, a mastermind whose mathematical wizardry invited ridicule and revulsion in far lesser mortals. Rajasekaran, who also scripted the film, takes us through a linear narrative to tell us about the intelligence of boy Ramanujan as he completely foxes his school-master with a little insight into the importance of zero, and later about his frustration when he hits a wall in his quest to sink into, and shine, with numbers".<ref>Gautaman Bhaskaran (2014-07-11) [http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-ramanujan-a-miscast-genius/article1-1239267.aspx Ramanujan movie review – The Hindustan Times] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714093340/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/reviews/movie-review-ramanujan-a-miscast-genius/article1-1239267.aspx |date=14 July 2014 }} Retrieved 2014-07-12</ref> ''[[Sify ]]''wrote, "Making biopics is indeed very challenging and the director has been successful to a very large extent to bring out each and every character. Gnana Rajasekaran has done a well-researched biopic on Ramanujam...it is a film that is definitely worth viewing".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140711164229/http://www.sify.com/movies/ramanujan-review-tamil-15057959.html Ramanujan movie review – Sify] Retrieved 2014-07-12</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]] gave it 3/5 and wrote, "Gnana Rajasekaran certainly knows the art and succeeds narrating an inspiring tale, but his work doesn’t resonate deep within. This is so because the director merely recreates several important episodes from Ramanujan’s life on the screen while ignoring the need to build a screenplay to keep the viewers hooked".<ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/ramanujan-inspiring-biopic-but-doesnt-resonate-tamil-movie-review/99/ Ramanujan movie review – IANS] Retrieved 2014-07-13</ref> Bharath Vijayakumar of ''Moviecrow'' rated 3/5 stars and said, "Ramanujan is a noble effort and a fascinating insight about the life and times of this Maths Wizard who lived all his life in unison with his true love.".<ref>[http://www.moviecrow.com/movie/1515/ramanujan-tamil-movie-review Ramanujan review – Moviecrow] Retrieved 2014-07-13</ref>

In contrast, ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "The director’s persistent effort to bring on celluloid lives of eminent people is laudable. But a movie is not only about the theme, but also about how it is presented on screen. And the presentation of the life and journey of the mathematical genius is disappointing and uninspiring".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140715065040/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/A-Disappointing-and-Uninspiring-Biopic/2014/07/12/article2325647.ece1 Ramanujan movie review – The New Indian Express] Retrieved 2014-07-13</ref> [[Baradwaj Rangan]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The film runs nearly three hours and it’s puzzling why it needed to. There appears to have been no effort to streamline the events of Ramanujan’s life. The writing, too, fails to make ''Ramanujan'' interesting", going on to add "The great man certainly deserved a better movie".<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/they-got-the-formula-wrong/article6203946.ece?secpage=true&secname=entertainmentRamanujan movie review – The Hindu] Retrieved 2014-07-13</ref> M. Suganth of ''[[The Times Of India]]'' gave 2.5/5 and wrote, "For a film that is about a man with astounding talent, the filmmaking is largely unimaginative. The staging is somewhat old-fashioned (read dated), the pacing staid and the film often slips into the kind of melodrama that you nowadays find in TV serials.".<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Ramanujan/movie-review/38265133.cms Ramanujan movie review] Retrieved 2014-07-13</ref> ''Daily India'' gave 2.5/5 and stated, "In overall, ''Ramanujan'' is a cleanly made and it's a very rare kind of movie in biopics genre. Editing and cinematography is worth praising. Abhinay Vaddi, the grandson of veteran Tamil film actor Gemini Ganesan done a good job and made justice to their roles.".<ref>[http://www.dailyindia.org/ramanujan-tamil-movie-review-rating/ Ramanujan movie review – Daily India] Retrieved 2014-07-13</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' gave 2.25/5 and wrote, "An honest attempt to drive through the life of a genius gets stuck at lot of bumpers.".<ref>[https://www.indiaglitz.com/ramanujan-tamil-movie-review-18329 Ramanujan movie review – Indiaglitz] Retrieved 2014-07-12</ref>

== Awards ==
''Ramanujan'' won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards|Tamil Nadu State Film Award]] for [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Film|Best Film]] of 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-07-14 |title=2009-14 Tamil Nadu film awards announced |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/140717/2009-14-tamil-nadu-film-awards-announced.html |access-date=2017-07-14 |work=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[The Man Who Knew Infinity (film)|''The Man Who Knew Infinity'' (film)]]
* [[List of films about mathematicians]]

== References ==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|3037162}}
{{Gnana Rajasekaran}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Biographical films about mathematicians]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:Films about mathematics]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ramesh Vinayakam]]
[[Category:Indian films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Srinivasa Ramanujan]]
[[Category:2010s biographical films]]
[[Category:2014 independent films]]
[[Category:2014 multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gnana Rajasekaran]]
[[Category:Tamil-language biographical films]]

Roopa (actress)

2026-03-23T13:38:59Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Created new details w/ sources

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Roopa
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| othername = Roopa Devi
| spouse =
| children =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1980–1990 2005–present|
| awards =
| mother = [[Advani Lakshmi Devi]]
}}

'''Roopa''', known as '''Roopa Devi''' is an Indian actress who has acted in [[Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] films. She is the daughter of [[Kalyanam Raghuramaiah]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raju |first=Aruna Chander |date=13 May 2013 |title=He was ahead of his times |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/he-was-ahead-of-his-times/article4711483.ece |access-date=27 July 2021 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> and veteran actress [[Advani Lakshmi Devi]]. She became famous as the debutante heroine of the tragic romantic film ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' in Tamil that ran for 365 days in which she was paired with newcomer [[Shankar (actor)|Shankar]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Ninaithu Ninaithu Parthen's music is brilliant |url=http://inhome.rediff.com/movies/2007/mar/13ssnnp.htm |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=13 March 2007 |accessdate=12 April 2010}}</ref> She has starred in Kannada, Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam movies during the 1980s. For her performance in the movie ''[[Avala Antharanga]]'', Roopa won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]] in 1984–85.

==Career==
Roopa Devi mainly worked in Kannada movies during the 1980s. She debuted as a heroine in the experimental film ''[[Kamala (film)|Kamala]]'' in 1979 and the role of a prostitute brought her wide acclaim. She entered commercial cinema in 1980 with ''[[Simha Jodi]]'' in which she played [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]'s sister. She was the first choice for second lead and supporting roles in Kannada movies during 1983–87. Her prominent Kannada movies include ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'', ''[[Mullina Gulabi]]'', ''[[Bandhana]]'', ''[[Avala Antharanga]]'', ''[[Marali Goodige]]'', ''Trishoola'', ''Aahuthi'', ''Dharma'' and ''Bala Nouke''. She won the [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]] (1984–85) for her stellar performance in ''[[Avala Antharanga]]''.<ref>{{Cite web | title=State Film awards, 1984-85: Roopa Devi, who bagged the (Best Actress) award in "AVALA... {{!}} The Hindu Images | url=https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=1148197 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921145944/https://thehinduimages.com/details-page.php?id=1148197 | access-date=2025-08-25 | archive-date=2021-09-21}}</ref>

She has worked with almost all leading Kannada actors of her time including [[Dr.Rajkumar]], [[Kalyan Kumar]], [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Ananth Nag|Anant Nag]], [[Shankar Nag]] and [[Ashok (Kannada actor)|Ashok]]. She was romantically paired with matinee idol Dr.Rajkumar in [[Haalu Jenu]], [[Samayada Gombe]] and [[Yarivanu]] which were all huge successes critically and commercially. She stopped acting after 1989. Almost twenty years later she returned to the silver screen with Ganga Kaveri in 2008. In 2011 she acted in ''[[Jarasandha (film)|Jarasandha]]'' as the mother of hero [[Duniya Vijay]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Review: Jarasandha is disappointing |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-review-jarasandha-is-disappointing/20111125.htm |work=rediff |date=26 November 2011 |accessdate=29 March 2015}}</ref>

[[Dr.Rajkumar]] holds the distinction of having played the hero to both Roopa Devi and her mother [[Advani Lakshmi Devi]] (in ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddha]]'')

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1978 || ''[[Naalaaga Endaro]]'' || || rowspan="3" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| ''Prema Paga'' || ||
|-
| ''Radha Krishna'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1979 || ''Kalikkoil Kabali'' || || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Pakka Kalla]]'' || Roopa || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''Kamala'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="9" | 1980 || ''[[Oru Thalai Ragam]]'' || Subhadra || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Theekkadal]]'' || || rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Hridhayam Paadunnu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Andharangam Oomaiyanathu'' || Rathi || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Ambalavilakku]]'' || Geetha || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Pappu (film)|Pappu]]'' ||Herself ||
|-
| ''Moogaku Matosthe'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Vasantha Azhaippugal]]'' || Roopa || Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Simha Jodi]]'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1981 || ''[[Sneham Oru Pravaham]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Malayalam ||
|-
| ''[[Aambalppoovu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Vazhikal Yaathrakkar'' || ||
|-
| ''Mayil'' || || rowspan="3" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''Adugal Nanaigindrana'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Kanneer Pookkal]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Aambalppoovu'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
| ''Avasarakari'' || || rowspan="5" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''Mouna Yuddham'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Engamma Maharani]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Andru Muthal Indru Varai'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="11" | 1982 || ''[[Echchil Iravugal]]'' ||||
|-
|''[[Enikkum Oru Divasam]]''|| Molykutty || Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Kanavugal Karpanaigal]]'' |||| Tamil ||
|-
| ''[[Haalu Jenu]]'' || Meena || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Mullina Gulabi]]'' || Radha ||
|-
| ''[[Raagam Thedum Pallavi]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Tamil ||
|-
| ''Nadamaadum Silaigal'' || ||
|-
| ''Budi Muchida Kenda'' || || Kannada ||
|-
| ''Thunaivi'' || || Tamil ||
|-
|''Pratigna''<ref>{{cite web |title=Prathignya (1982) |url=https://indiancine.ma/WYB/info |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
|Sarada
|Telugu
|
|-
| '' [[Chilanthivala]]'' || Sarada || rowspan="2" | Malayalam ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1983 || ''[[Pallaankuzhi]]'' ||Devu||
|-
|''[[Rangula Kala]]''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| ''[[Gayathri Maduve]]'' || || rowspan="17" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Nyaya Gedditu]]'' || Jyothi ||
|-
| rowspan="10" | 1984 || ''[[Bandhana]]'' || ||
|-
| ''Shiva Kanye'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yarivanu]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Avala Antharanga]]'' || || [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress]]
|-
| ''Pavithra Prema'' || ||
|-
| ''Maryade Mahalu'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Marali Goodige]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Samayada Gombe]]''|| Gowri ||
|-
| ''[[Maha Purusha]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Yarivanu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1985 || ''Dharma'' || ||
|-
| ''Bangalore Rathriyalli'' || ||
|-
| ''Thrishula'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Bettada Hoovu]]'' || Healthcare worker || Special Appearance
|-
| ''[[Aahuti (1985 film)|Aahuti]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Koodum Thedi]]'' || || Malayalam ||
|-
|''Aalaapana''
|
|Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1986 || ''[[Nenapina Doni]]''|| || rowspan="3" | Kannada ||
|-
| ''[[Ratha Sapthami]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1987 || ''Shiva Bhaktha Markandeya''|| ||
|-
|''Hanthakudi Veta''
|
| rowspan="2" |Telugu
|
|-
| ''Jaganmatha''|| ||
|-
| ''Bala Nouke''|| || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1988 || ''[[Daasi (1988 film)|Daasi]]''|| || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Samyuktha]]''|| Samyuktha || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1989 || ''[[Bhadrachitta]]''|| ||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Gandandre Gandu]]''|| || Kannada ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1990 || ''Appu ''|| Remani ||Malayalam||
|-
| ''[[Paattukku Naan Adimai]]'' || Ramarajan sister || Tamil ||
|-
| 1994 || ''Police Alludu'' || Janaki|| rowspan="4" | Telugu ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1995
|''[[Tapassu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Real Hero''
|
|
|-
|2001
|''Inspector Vikram''
|
|
|-
| 2005 || ''Karnana Sampattu'' || || Kannada || Delayed for 18 years
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kamli (2006 film)|Kamli]]'' || || Telugu ||
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Ganga Kaveri]]'' || Arjun's mother || Kannada ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Shh...]]'' || Occult practitioner || Telugu ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Mathe Mungaru]]'' || || rowspan="2" | Kannada ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Jarasandha (film)|Jarasandha]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Krishnam Vande Jagadgurum]]'' || || rowspan="3" | Telugu ||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]]'' || ||
|-
|2024 || ''[[Rakshana (2024 film)|Rakshana]]'' || ||
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Network
|-
|1997{{Ndash}}2000
|''[[Ruthuragalu]]''
|Sarada
|[[DD Saptagiri]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|2710308}}
{{Nandi Award for Best Actress}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Roopa}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Nandi Award winners]]

North India

2026-03-20T20:01:44Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Region of India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = North India
| other_name = Northern India
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =  
| image_alt = [[File:North India.png|thumb|North India]]
| image_caption = '''From top, left to right''': [[Chandra Taal|Chandra Taal, Spiti]]; [[Karzok|Karzok, Ladakh]]; [[Taj Mahal]]; [[Red Fort]]; [[Hawa Mahal]]; [[Lidder Valley]]; [[Lotus Temple]]; [[Kedarnath Temple]]; [[Golden Temple]]; [[Ram Mandir]]; [[Kullu Valley]]; [[Cyber City Gurgaon]]
| motto =
| image_map = {{box|type=transparent|[[File:Northwest India map.svg|300px]]}}
| map_caption = States and union territories commonly referred to as North India
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2/2/2/2
| image1 = Beauty of Chandratal Lake 05.jpg
| image2 = Karzok Tso Moriri (cropped) 02.jpg
| image3 = Taj Mahal (Edited).jpeg
| image4 = Red Fort in Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg
| image5 = East facade Hawa Mahal Jaipur from ground level (July 2022) - img 01.jpg
| image6 = Pahalgam Valley.jpg
| image7 = Lotus Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg
| image8 = Kedarnath Temple in Rainy season.jpg
| image9 = Golden Temple nighttime.jpg
| image10 = Pran Pratishtha ceremony of Shree Ram Janmaboomi Temple in Ayodhya, Uttar Pradesh on January 22, 2024.jpg
| image11 = Kullu Valley near Manali, Himachal Pradesh, India.jpg
| image12 = Cyber City View.jpg
}}
| map_alt =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| subdivision_type2 = [[States and union territories of India|States and union territories]]{{r|name=States}}
| subdivision_name2 = {{plainlist|
*[[Chandigarh]]
*[[Delhi]]
*[[Haryana]]
*[[Himachal Pradesh]]
*[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
*[[Ladakh]]
*[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
*[[Rajasthan]]
*[[Uttarakhand]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
}}
| subdivision_type3 = Most populous cities (2011)
| subdivision_name3 = {{Flatlist|
Chandigarh:
*[[Chandigarh]]
}}
{{Flatlist|
Delhi:
* [[New Delhi]]
}}
{{Flatlist|
Haryana:
* [[Gurgaon]]
* [[Rohtak]]
* [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]
* [[Panipat]]
* [[Karnal]]
}}
{{Flatlist|
Himachal Pradesh:
* [[Shimla]]
* [[Dharamsala]]
* [[Solan]]
* [[Mandi, Himachal Pradesh|Mandi]]
* [[Palampur]]
}}
{{Flatlist|
Punjab:
* [[Ludhiana]]
* [[Amritsar]]
* [[Jalandhar]]
* [[Patiala]]
* [[Bathinda]]
}}
{{Flatlist|
Uttarakhand:
* [[Dehradun]]
* [[Haridwar]]
* [[Roorkee]]
* [[Haldwani]]
* [[Rudrapur, Uttarakhand|Rudrapur]]
}}
{{Flatlist|
Uttar Pradesh:
* [[Kanpur]]
* [[Lucknow]]
* [[Ghaziabad]]
* [[Agra]]
* [[Meerut]]
}}
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Languages with official status in India|Official languages]]
| blank_info_sec1 = {{Flatlist|
* [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Hindi]]
* [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
* [[Urdu]]
}}
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1069867
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| population_total = 368065454
| population_as_of = 2025
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[North Indian]] 
{{collapsible list
| title = See all demonyms
|[[Awadhi people|Awadhi]]
|[[Bagheli]]
|[[Braj Bhasha|Brajwasi]]
|[[Bundeli]]
|[[Dogras|Dogra]]
|[[Garhwali people|Garhwali]]
|[[Haryanvi people|Haryanvi]]
|[[Himachal Pradesh|Himachali]]
|[[Kashmiri people|Kashmiri]]
|[[Kumaoni people|Kumaoni]]
|[[Mahasu (region)|Mahasui]]
|[[Marwari people|Marwari]]
|[[Mewari]]
|[[Punjabi people|Punjabi]]
}}
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30]])
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| official_name =
}}

'''North India''' is a [[geographical region]], loosely defined as a [[cultural region]] comprising the northern part of [[India]] (or historically, the [[Indian subcontinent]]) wherein [[Indo-Aryans]] (speaking Indo-Aryan languages) form the prominent majority population, while [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burmans]] (speaking Tibeto-Burman languages) form the significant minority population. It extends from the [[Himalayas|Himalayan mountain range]] in the north to the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], the [[Thar Desert]], till [[Central Highlands (India)|Central Highlands]]. It occupies nearly two-quarters of the area and population of India and includes one of the three [[List of Indian cities by population#List|mega cities of India]]: [[Delhi]]. In a more specific and administrative sense, North India can also be used to denote the northern [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] within this broader expanse, to the [[Thar Desert]].<ref name="Frykenberg2008">{{cite book |last1=Frykenberg |first1=Robert Eric |title=Christianity in India: From Beginnings to the Present |date=27 June 2008 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-154419-4 |quote=The central feature of Norh India is the gigantic Indo-Gangetic plain, together with all of the sacred rivers that flow into it.}}</ref>

Several major rivers flow through the region including the [[Indus]], the [[Ganges]], the [[Yamuna]] and the [[Narmada]] rivers. North India includes the states of [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], and union territories of [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]. Occasionally, states of [[Western India|Western]], [[Central India|Central]] and [[East India|Eastern]] India are referred as "North Indian" in a broader term.{{r|name=States|refs=<ref name="TheHindu-Apr2017"/><ref name="TNN-marriages"/><ref name="FP-overtake"/><ref name="The Hindu, July 27, 2016"/><ref name="The Hindu, May 22, 2016"/><ref name="Daily Bhaskar, May 12, 2015"/><ref name="The Hindu, January 26, 2016"/><ref name="Jharkhand" /><ref name="maha1">{{cite web|website=FACT|url=https://fact.co.in/home/Dynamicpages?MenuId=18|title=Marketing Division activities|quote=FACT is also expanding its market to North Indian states like Maharashtra, West Bengal, Odisha and Gujarat}}</ref><ref name="maha2">{{cite web|website=servdharm|url=https://servdharm.com/blogs/post/gowri-habba-celebrations-rituals-and-practices|title=Gowri Habba Celebrations, Rituals and Practices|quote=The festival is also celebrated in some North Indian states like Maharashtra, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Chattisgarh as Hartalika Teej}}</ref><ref name="maha3">{{cite web|website=Broadcast &Cablesat|url=https://www.broadcastandcablesat.co.in/how-south-indian-cinema-lured-viewers-across-india/|title=How South Indian cinema lured viewers across India|date=3 September 2021 |quote=Mansi Shrivastava, senior vice-president and head- content acquisitions and partnerships at MX Player, said the southern film category, including dubbed versions, was huge for the platform, drawing 75% of its overall viewing minutes from north Indian states like Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi NCR, Bihar, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.}}</ref><ref name="maha4">{{cite web|website=News18|url=https://www.news18.com/india/secret-sign-language-silent-trade-thrives-in-thenkasis-dried-chilli-market-8007367.html|title=Secret Sign Language: Silent Trade Thrives in Thenkasi's Dried Chilli Market|date=5 June 2023 |quote=Dried chillies from South Tamil Nadu have a huge demand in many countries, and hence they are exported to countries like Malaysia, U.A.E., and also sent to North Indian states like Maharashtra and Gujarat.}}</ref><ref name="maha5">{{cite web|website=Bharathidasan University|url=https://www.bdu.ac.in/cde/docs/ebooks/B-Ed/I/TEACHING_OF_ENGLISH.PDF|title=Teaching of English|quote= In non-Hindi north Indian states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, West Bengal, Odiya, their regional language is the first language, Hindi is the second language and English is the third language.}}</ref>}}
<ref name="Indian Zonal Council">{{Cite web|url=https://interstatecouncil.nic.in/genesis/|title=Genesis | ISCS|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref><ref name="isc.nic">{{cite web |title=The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 (Act No.37 of 1956) |url=https://interstatecouncil.nic.in/iscs/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/states_reorganisation_act.pdf |website=interstatecouncil.nic.in |access-date=29 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="MoM-GSI"/>

Majority in North India speak [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. The region was the historical centre of the ancient [[Vedic culture]], the [[Mahajanapada]]s, the medieval [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the modern [[Mughal India]] and [[British Indian Empire|Indian Empire]], among many others. It has a diverse culture, and includes the [[Hindu]] pilgrimage centres of [[Chota Char Dham|Char Dham]], [[Haridwar]], [[Varanasi]], [[Vindhyachal]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Mathura]], [[Prayagraj]], [[Vaishno Devi]] and [[Pushkar]], the [[Buddhist]] pilgrimage centres of [[Sarnath]] and [[Kushinagar]], the [[Sikh]] pilgrimage centre of [[Golden Temple]], [[Amritsar]], as well as world heritage sites such as the [[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]], [[Khajuraho|Khajuraho Temples]], [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan]], [[Jantar Mantar (Jaipur)]], [[Qutb Minar]], [[Red Fort]], [[Agra Fort]], [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and the [[Taj Mahal]]. North India's culture developed as a result of [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|interaction]] between Hindu and Muslim religious traditions.<ref name="Dhulipala2000"/>

== Northern Region/Zone ==
[[File:Zonal Councils.svg|thumb|300px|right|States under Northern Zonal Council in ''orange'']]
The terms 'North Zone,' 'North Region,' or 'Northern Cultural Zone' are used by various ministries of the Government of India to refer to the northernmost administrative division of the country, whether one of four or six. These terms are distinct from 'North India,' which refers to a much larger geo-cultural region.

=== Government of India definitions ===
The [[Northern Zonal Council]] is one of the advisory councils, created in 1956 by the [[States Reorganisation Act]] to foster interstate co-operation under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]], which included the states of [[Chandigarh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Indian Zonal Council"/><ref name="isc.nic"/>

The [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] established the [[Cultural Zones of India|North Culture Zone]] in [[Patiala]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] on 23 March 1985. It differs from the North Zonal Council in its inclusion of [[Uttarakhand]] and the omission of [[Delhi]].<ref name="MoC-North">{{cite web|title=North Zone Cultural Centre|url=https://www.culturenorthindia.com/|website=culturenorthindia.com|publisher=Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]]|access-date=25 March 2017}}</ref>

The [[Geological Survey of India]] (part of the [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Ministry of Mines]]) in its Northern Region, included [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Delhi]], but excluded [[Rajasthan]] and [[Chandigarh]], with a regional headquarters in [[Lucknow]].<ref name="MoM-GSI">{{cite web | url=https://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=108,957826&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL | title=Northern Region – Geological Survey of India | publisher=Geological Survey of India, MOI, Government of India | access-date=2 May 2015| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090521/https://www.portal.gsi.gov.in/portal/page?_pageid=108,957826&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL | archive-date=24 September 2015 | url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Colloquial definitions of Northern Region/Zone ===

==== Indian press definition ====
''[[The Hindu]]'' newspaper puts Bihar, Delhi and Uttar Pradesh related articles on its ''North'' pages.<ref name="TheHindu-Apr2017">{{cite web|title=The Hindu (NOIDA Edition)|url=https://www.dropbox.com/sh/12qm2uzgokj3n74/AAB8MYR9brTeCt77uHCtK13ka?dl=0|website=Dropbox|access-date=8 April 2017}}</ref> Articles in the Indian press have included the states of Bihar,<ref name="TNN-marriages" >{{cite news |title=Marriages last the longest in north India, Maharashtra; least in northeast |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Marriages-last-the-longest-in-north-India-Maharashtra-least-in-northeast/articleshow/50618599.cms |date=18 January 2016 |access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref> Gujarat,<ref name="The Hindu, May 22, 2016">{{cite news|title=Hot spell continues in North|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/hot-spell-continues-in-north-india/article8631131.ece|access-date=7 April 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=22 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu, July 27, 2016">{{cite news |title=North Indians in Coimbatore|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Coimbatore/North-Indians-make-Coimbatore-their-second-home/article14509980.ece|access-date=7 April 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=27 July 2016}}</ref> Jharkhand,<ref name="Jharkhand">{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Amin |title='Jharkhand is a North Indian state and for BJP to get decimated there is a statement in itself' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/toi-edit-page/jharkhand-is-a-north-indian-state-and-for-bjp-to-get-decimated-there-is-a-statement-in-itself/ |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]] Blog |date=25 December 2019}}</ref> Madhya Pradesh,<ref name="FP-overtake">{{cite news|title=Can North India overtake 'arrogant' South in growth?|url=https://www.firstpost.com/economy/can-north-india-overtake-arrogant-south-in-growth-292855.html|access-date=7 April 2021|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=30 April 2012}}</ref> and West Bengal<ref name="Daily Bhaskar, May 12, 2015">{{cite news|date=12 May 2015|title=Earthquake jolts North India |url=https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/DEL-earthquake-jolts-delhi-patna-west-bengal-bihar-afghanistan-epicenter-4990713-NOR.html|work=Bhaskar|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810193755/https://daily.bhaskar.com/news/DEL-earthquake-jolts-delhi-patna-west-bengal-bihar-afghanistan-epicenter-4990713-NOR.html |archive-date=10 August 2020|access-date=7 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu, January 26, 2016">{{cite news|last1=The Hindu|title=-Intense cold in North eight die in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Intense-cold-in-North-eight-die-in-Uttar-Pradesh-West-Bengal/article14020459.ece|access-date=7 April 2021|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 January 2016}}</ref> in North as well.

==== Latitude-based definition ====
The [[Tropic of Cancer]], which divides the [[temperate zone]] from the [[tropical zone]] in the [[Northern Hemisphere]], runs through India, and could theoretically be regarded as a geographical dividing line in the country.<ref name="dubey1961">Ram Nath Dubey, "Economic Geography of India", Kitab Mahal, 1961. ''... The Tropic of Cancer divides India roughly into two equal parts: the Warm Temperate and Tropical ... ''</ref> Indian states that are entirely above the [[Tropic of Cancer]] are [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], [[Delhi]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] and most of [[North East India]]n states. However that definition would also include major parts of [[Rajasthan]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Jharkhand]] and [[West Bengal]] and minor regions of [[Chhattisgarh]] and [[Gujarat]].

==== Anecdotal usage ====
In [[Maharashtra]], the term "North Indian" is sometimes used to describe migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, often using the term ''bhaiya'' (which literally means 'elder brother') along with it in a derogatory sense.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Dutta |first1=Prabhash K. |title=Who is a Bhaiya? |date=18 February 2022 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/news-analysis/story/bhaiya-uttar-pradesh-up-bihar-punjab-channi-1914880-2022-02-18 |publisher=[[India Today]] |quote=These 'bhaiyas' were identified with the migrants from Uttar Pradesh and Bihar who were working in Maharashtra.}}</ref><ref name="Deccan2012">{{cite web |title=Thackerays are 'infiltrators' in Maharashtra from Bihar: Lalu Prasad |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/thackerays-are-infiltrators-in-maharashtra-from-bihar-lalu-prasad-269315.html |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |access-date=11 December 2023 |date=9 September 2012 |quote=Lalu said the Thackerays have always been indulging in a campaign against North Indians, mostly Biharis.}}</ref> However within Uttar Pradesh (literally meaning "North Province" in Hindi) itself, "the cultural divide between the [[Eastern Uttar Pradesh|east]] and the [[Western Uttar Pradesh|west]] is considerable, with the ''purabiyas'' (easterners) often being clubbed with Biharis in the perception of the westerners."<ref name= mazumdar1988>{{cite web|url=https://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm |title=Unorganised Workers of Delhi and the Seven Day Strike of 1988 |publisher=Indrani Mazumdar, Archives of Indian Labour |access-date=21 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040401063623/https://www.indialabourarchives.org/publications/Indrani%20Mazumdar.htm |archive-date=1 April 2004 |url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="raghavan2007">Susheela Raghavan, "Handbook of Spices, Seasonings, and Flavorings", CRC Press, 2007, {{ISBN|0-8493-2842-X}}. ''... Maharashtra, in North India, has kala masala in many versions ... ''</ref> The [[Government of Bihar]] official site places the state in the eastern part of India.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/main/CitizenHome.html |title=Government of Bihar |access-date=15 August 2023}}</ref> Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are often considered as being a part of north India, however, within most modern definitions of North India, Bihar is not included.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hassankhan |first1=Maurits S. |last2=Roopnarine |first2=Lomarsh |last3=Mahase |first3=Radica |title=Social and Cultural Dimensions of Indian Indentured Labour and its Diaspora: Past and Present |date=10 November 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-98589-5 |quote=The north Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have the highest percentages of rural populations, with 18.6 and 11.1 percent of people living in villages, respectively, as per the 2011 census. These states are also the largest migrant-sending states. Substantial flows of labour migrants relocate from Uttar Pradesh to Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Haryana, Gujarat, and other states across northern and central India.}}</ref><ref name="Deccan2012"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Concern over north Indian workers in Tamil Nadu: What the numbers say about India's migrants |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-economics/tamil-nadu-migrant-attack-india-numbers-explained-8482919/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=11 December 2023 |date=7 March 2023}}</ref>

==History==
{{main|India#History}}

=== Ancient era ===
By 55,000 years ago, the first modern humans, or ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', had arrived on the Indian subcontinent from Africa, where they had earlier evolved.<ref name="PetragliaAllchin">{{harvnb|Petraglia|Allchin|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA10 10]}}, "Y-Chromosome and Mt-DNA data support the colonization of South Asia by modern humans originating in Africa. ... Coalescence dates for most non-European populations average to between 73–55 ka."</ref><ref name="Dyson2018p1">{{harvnb|Dyson|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 1]}}, "Modern human beings—''Homo sapiens''—originated in Africa. Then, intermittently, sometime between 60,000 and 80,000 years ago, tiny groups of them began to enter the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. It seems likely that initially they came by way of the coast. ... it is virtually certain that there were ''Homo sapiens'' in the subcontinent 55,000 years ago, even though the earliest fossils that have been found of them date to only about 30,000 years before the present."</ref><ref name="Fisher2018p23">{{harvnb|Fisher|2018|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}, "Scholars estimate that the first successful expansion of the ''Homo sapiens'' range beyond Africa and across the Arabian Peninsula occurred from as early as 80,000 years ago to as late as 40,000 years ago, although there may have been prior unsuccessful emigrations. Some of their descendants extended the human range ever further in each generation, spreading into each habitable land they encountered. One human channel was along the warm and productive coastal lands of the Persian Gulf and northern Indian Ocean. Eventually, various bands entered India between 75,000 years ago and 35,000 years ago."</ref> The earliest known modern human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago.<ref name="PetragliaAllchin" /> After 6500 BC, evidence for domestication of food crops and animals, construction of permanent structures, and storage of agricultural surplus appeared in [[Mehrgarh]] and other sites in [[Balochistan, Pakistan]].{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|pp = 104–105}} These gradually developed into the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]],{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp = 21–23}}{{sfn|Coningham|Young|2015|pp = 104–105}} the first urban culture in South Asia,{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 181}} which flourished during 2500–1900 BC north-western Indian subcontinent.{{sfn|Possehl|2003|p = 2}} Among its urban centres, [[Kalibangan]] (in Rajasthan) and [[Rakhigarhi]] (in Haryana) were prominent.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 181}} These cities participated in a complex system of urban planning, long-distance trade, and craft production, sustained through a variety of subsistence strategies.

[[File:Kalibangan pre-Harappan structures.jpg|thumb|Urban planning and fire altars at [[Kalibangan]] reflect Harappan-era religious and civic life in northwestern India.|right]]

Between 2000 BC and 1500 BC, several waves of Indo-Aryan migrations from Central Asia occurred and these migrants settled in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. The [[Vedas]], the oldest scriptures associated with [[Hinduism]],{{sfn|Singh|2009|pp = 186–187}} were composed during this period,{{sfn|Witzel|2003|pp = 68–69}} and historians have analysed these to posit a [[Vedic period|Vedic culture]] in the [[Punjab region]] and the upper [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Gangetic Plain]].{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 255}} During the period {{BCE|2000–500}}, many regions of the subcontinent transitioned from the [[Chalcolithic]] cultures to the [[Iron Age]] ones.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 255}} The [[caste system]], which created a hierarchy of priests ([[Brahmins]]), warriors [[Kshatriyas]], and commoners and peasants ([[Vaishyas]] and [[Shudras]]), and but which excluded certain peoples whose occupations were considered impure, arose during this period.{{Sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp=41–43}}

In the late Vedic period, around the 6th century BCE, the small states and chiefdoms of the Ganges Plain and the north-western regions had consolidated into 16 major oligarchies and monarchies that were known as the ''[[mahajanapadas]]''.{{sfn|Singh|2009|pp = 260–265}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp = 53–54}} Among these, [[Kuru kingdom|Kuru]], [[Panchala]], [[Kosala (Mahajanapada)|Kosala]], and [[Kāśī (kingdom)|Kashi]], all located in present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]] and Haryana, figured prominently. The emerging urbanisation gave rise to non-Vedic religious movements, two of which became independent religions. [[Jainism]] came into prominence during the life of its exemplar, [[Mahavira]].{{sfn|Singh|2009|pp = 312–313}} [[Buddhism]], based on the teachings of [[Gautama Buddha]], attracted followers from all social classes excepting the middle class; chronicling the life of the Buddha was central to the beginnings of recorded history in India.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp = 54–56}}{{sfn|Stein|1998|p = 21}}{{sfn|Stein|1998|pp = 67–68}} In an age of increasing urban wealth, both religions held up [[Nekkhamma|renunciation]] as an ideal,{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 300}} and both established long-lasting monastic traditions. Notably, cities like [[Sarnath]], [[Shravasti]], and [[Kushinagar]], became closely associated with the life of the Buddha and the early Buddhist sangha.

[[File:Ashoka Pillar, Allahabad, 1870.jpg|thumb|The [[Allahabad Pillar|Ashoka Pillar]] at [[Prayagraj]] also contains inscriptions attributed to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] emperor [[Samudragupta]].|left]]

Politically, by the 3rd century BCE, the [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Kingdom of Magadha]] had annexed or reduced other states and evolved into the Magadha Empire under the [[House of Maurya]].{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 319}} Although the Mauryan capital was located in [[Pataliputra]], cities such as [[Kosambi|Kaushambi]] and [[Prayagraj|Prayag]] in Uttar Pradesh gained prominence as administrative and religious centres. The Magadhan Mauryan emperors are known as much for their empire-building and determined management of public life as for [[Ashoka]]'s renunciation of militarism and far-flung advocacy of the Buddhist ''[[Dharma (Buddhism)|dhamma]]''.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 367}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|p = 63}} Under Ashoka, the spread of Buddhism was institutionalised, and pillar inscriptions appeared across northern India, including sites in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.

By the 4th and 5th centuries, the [[House of Gupta]] of Magadha had created a complex system of administration and taxation in the greater Ganges Plain; this system became a model for later Indian kingdoms.{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|2004|pp = 89–91}}{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 545}} Under the Guptas, a renewed Hinduism based on devotion, rather than the management of ritual, began to assert itself.{{sfn|Stein|1998|pp = 98–99}} This renewal was reflected in a flowering of [[Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent|sculpture]] and [[Architecture of India|architecture]], which found patrons among an urban elite.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 545}} [[Sanskrit literature#Classical Sanskrit literature|Classical Sanskrit literature]] flowered as well, and [[History of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent|Indian science]], [[Indian astronomy|astronomy]], [[Ayurveda|medicine]], and [[Indian mathematics|mathematics]] made significant advances.{{sfn|Singh|2009|p = 545}}

Following the decline of the Guptas, the Indian early medieval age, from 600 to 1200 AD, is defined by regional kingdoms and cultural diversity.{{sfn|Stein|1998|p = 132}} When [[Harsha]] of [[Kannauj]], who ruled much of the Indo-Gangetic Plain from {{CE|606 to 647}}, attempted to expand southwards, he was defeated by the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya]] ruler of the Deccan.{{sfn|Stein|1998|pp = 119–120}} When his successor attempted to expand eastwards, he was defeated by the [[Pala Empire|Pala]] king of [[Bengal]].{{sfn|Stein|1998|pp = 119–120}} In Rajasthan, a constellation of Rajput clans rose to power, forging new dynasties and asserting martial values through courtly traditions and fortified architecture.

At the same time, the hill regions of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and [[Uttarakhand]] remained under smaller principalities, shaped by geographic isolation and local cultural traditions. In the plains, cities such as [[Ajmer]], [[Kannauj]], and [[Varanasi]] emerged as religious and commercial centres, supported by an expanding temple economy and patronage networks. During this time, pastoral peoples, whose land had been cleared to make way for the growing agricultural economy, were accommodated within caste society, as were new non-traditional ruling classes.{{sfn|Stein|1998|pp = 121–122}} The caste system consequently began to show regional differences.{{sfn|Stein|1998|pp = 121–122}}

=== {{Anchor|Medieval era}}Indo-Muslim era ===
After the 10th century, Muslim Central Asian nomadic clans, using [[courser (horse)|swift-horse]] cavalry and raising vast armies united by ethnicity and religion, repeatedly overran South Asia's north-western plains. A general [[Qutub-ud-din Aibak]] declared his independence and established the [[Sultanate of Delhi]] in 1206.{{sfn|Ludden|2002|p = 68}} The sultanate was to control much of North India and to make many forays into South India. Although at first disruptive for the Indian elites, the sultanate largely left its vast non-Muslim subject population to its own laws and customs.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 47}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 6}} By repeatedly repulsing [[Mongol Empire|Mongol raiders]] in the 13th century, the sultanate saved India from the devastation visited on West and Central Asia, setting the scene for centuries of [[Immigration to India#Medieval era|migration]] of fleeing soldiers, learned men, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from that region into the subcontinent, thereby creating a syncretic Indo-Islamic culture in the north.{{sfn|Ludden|2002|p = 67}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|pp = 50–51}}

[[File:Babur introduced field guns at panipat, 1526.jpg|thumb|The three Battles of [[Panipat]] fought in [[First Battle of Panipat|1526]], [[Second Battle of Panipat|1556]], and [[Third Battle of Panipat|1761]] were pivotal in shaping the political landscape of North India.|right]]

In the early 16th century, northern India, then under mainly Muslim rulers,{{sfn|Robb|2001|p = 80}} fell again to the superior mobility and firepower of a new generation of Central Asian warriors.{{sfn|Stein|1998|p = 164}} A Turco-Mongol emir, [[Zahir-ud-din Mohammad]] "Babur", after defeating the Delhi Sultanate, upgraded himself from [[Emir]] and proclaimed himself as the [[Padishah of Hindustan]]. His successors were called [[Mughals]] or Moguls by European historians owing to the dynasty's Mongol origins. They did not stamp out the local societies it came to rule. Instead, it balanced and pacified them through new administrative practices{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 115}}{{sfn|Robb|2001|pp = 90–91}} and diverse and inclusive ruling elites,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 17}} leading to more systematic, centralised, and uniform rule.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 152}} Eschewing tribal bonds and Islamic identity, especially under [[Akbar]], the Mughals united their far-flung realms through loyalty, expressed through a Persianised culture, to an emperor who had near-divine status.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 17}}

The State's economic policies, deriving most revenues from agriculture{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 158}} and mandating that taxes be paid in the well-regulated silver currency,{{sfn|Stein|1998|p = 169}} caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 152}} The relative peace maintained by the empire during much of the 17th century was a factor in the economic expansion of the region,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 152}} resulting in greater patronage of [[Mughal painting|painting]], literary forms, textiles, and [[Mughal architecture|architecture]].{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 186}} During this time, religious movements such as [[Sikhism]] grew in strength in [[Punjab]], particularly under later Gurus, who adopted a militarised posture in response to growing Mughal intolerance.

=== Modern era ===
By the early 18th century, Mughal authority had weakened. In its place, regional powers in northern and western India, such as the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], the [[Rajput]]s, and the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] asserted political control.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 23–24}} This fragmentation, coupled with growing European trading influence,{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 44–49}} created conditions that favoured British expansion. The [[East India Company]], leveraging military superiority and access to local revenue systems, took control of much of North India by the early 19th century.{{sfn|Robb|2001|pp = 98–100}}{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 286}}{{sfn|Ludden|2002|pp = 128–132}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 51–55}} The annexation of [[Delhi]] (1803) and [[Oudh State|Oudh]] (1856) consolidated British political authority across the region.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 68–71}} By this time, with its economic power severely curtailed by the [[British Parliament]] and having effectively been made an arm of British administration, the East India Company began more consciously to enter non-economic arenas, including education, social reform, and culture.{{sfn|Asher|Talbot|2008|p = 289}}

[[File:Indian Rebellion of 1857.jpg|thumb|A 1912 map of Northern India, showing the major centres of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]|left]]

The appointment in 1848 of [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|Lord Dalhousie]] as [[Governor General of India]] set the stage for changes essential to a modern state. These included the consolidation and demarcation of sovereignty, the surveillance of the population, and the education of citizens. Technological changes—among them, railways, canals, and the telegraph—were introduced not long after their introduction in [[Europe]].{{sfn|Robb|2001|pp = 151–152}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 94–99}}{{sfn|Brown|1994|p = 83}}{{sfn|Peers|2006|p = 50}} However, disaffection with the company also grew during this time and set off the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. Fed by diverse resentments and perceptions, including invasive British-style social reforms, harsh land taxes, and summary treatment of some rich landowners and princes, the rebellion rocked many regions of northern and central India and shook the foundations of Company rule.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 100–103}}{{sfn|Brown|1994|pp = 85–86}} This widespread revolt saw intense fighting and significant uprisings in key northern cities like [[Delhi]], [[Kanpur]], [[Lucknow]], [[Jhansi]], and [[Meerut]], which became focal points of resistance against British control.

Although the rebellion was suppressed by 1858, it led to the dissolution of the East India Company and the [[British Raj|direct administration of British territories in India]] by the [[British Crown]]. Proclaiming a [[unitary state]] and a gradual but limited British-style parliamentary system, the new rulers also protected princes and landed gentry as a feudal safeguard against future unrest.{{sfn|Stein|1998|p = 239}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 103–108}} In 1861, a supreme legislature for India was established — the [[Imperial Legislative Council of India]]. Further reforms also created a unified bank — the [[Imperial Bank of India]], a police force — the [[Indian Imperial Police]] and a unified army — the [[British Indian Army|Imperial Indian Army]]. In 1876, the Crown-ruled India and the numerous Indian states under the Crown's suzerainty formed a loose political union called the [[British Raj|Indian Empire]], and [[Queen Victoria]] was crowned the [[Empress of India]] in 1877. In the decades following, public life gradually emerged all over India, leading eventually to the founding of the [[Indian National Congress]] in 1885.{{sfn|Robb|2001|p = 183}}{{sfn|Sarkar|1983|pp = 1–4}}{{sfn|Copland|2001|pp = ix–x}}{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 123}}

The rush of technology and the commercialisation of agriculture in the second half of the 19th century was marked by economic setbacks, and many small farmers became dependent on the whims of far-away markets.{{sfn|Stein|1998|p = 260}} There was an increase in the number of large-scale [[Famine in India|famines]],{{sfn|Stein|2010|p=245|ps=: An expansion of state functions in British and in princely India occurred as a result of the terrible famines of the later nineteenth century, ... A reluctant regime decided that state resources had to be deployed and that anti-famine measures were best managed through technical experts.}} and, despite the risks of infrastructure development borne by Indian taxpayers, little industrial employment was generated for Indians.{{sfn|Stein|1998|p = 258}} There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 126}} The railway network provided critical famine relief,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 97}} notably reduced the cost of moving goods,{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 97}} and helped nascent Indian-owned industry.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 126}} The imperial capital was shifted from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]] in 1911.

[[File:Delhi Rajpath India Gate.jpg|thumb|The [[India Gate]] stands as a memorial to 74,187 soldiers of the [[British Indian Army]] who died between 1914 and 1921 in the [[World War I|First World War]].|right]]

After World War I, in which approximately [[Indian Army during World War I|one million Indians served]] in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]],{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 163}} a new period began. It was marked by the enactment of the [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] as the Government of India Act 1919 but also [[Rowlatt act|repressive legislation]], by more strident Indian calls for self-rule, and by the beginnings of a [[nonviolent]] movement of non-co-operation, of which [[Mahatma Gandhi]] would become the leader and enduring symbol.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 167}} During the 1930s, slow legislative reform was enacted; the Indian National Congress won victories in the resulting elections.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|pp = 195–197}} The next decade was beset with crises: [[India in World War II|Indian participation in World War II]], the Congress's final push for non-co-operation, and an upsurge of [[Muslim nationalism in South Asia|Muslim nationalism]]. All were capped by the advent of independence in 1947, but tempered by the [[partition of India]] into two states: India and Pakistan.{{sfn|Metcalf|Metcalf|2006|p = 203}}

=== Contemporary era ===
The partition of India caused significant upheaval, especially in Punjab and Delhi, with widespread violence and population displacement.<ref>—{{cite journal |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |s2cid=147110854 |title=Partition of India: The Human Dimension |journal=Cultural and Social History |year=2009 |volume=6 |issue=4 |pages=403–410 |quote=The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims |doi=10.2752/147800409X466254}} —{{Cite book |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |last=D'Costa |first=Bina |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |isbn=978-0415565660|page=53}} —{{Cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html |title=The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India |last=Butalia |first=Urvashi |publisher=Duke University Press |year=2000 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325043612/https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/b/butalia-silence.html |url-status=live}} —{{Cite book |title=Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations |last=Sikand |first=Yoginder |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |isbn=978-1134378258 |page=5}} —{{Cite news |url=http://www.thefridaytimes.com/tft/a-heritage-all-but-erased/ |title=A heritage all but erased |date=25 December 2015|work=The Friday Times |access-date=26 June 2017|archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424215718/https://www.thefridaytimes.com/2015/12/25/a-heritage-all-but-erased/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], which acceded to India amid conflict, became a central point of territorial disputes involving India, Pakistan, and China.<ref name="americana">{{citation|chapter=Kashmir|title=Encyclopedia Americana|publisher=Scholastic Library Publishing|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7172-0139-6|page=328|access-date=18 December 2021|archive-date=17 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117135716/https://books.google.com/books?id=l_cWAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328|url-status=live}} C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";</ref> In the decades after independence, North India underwent major administrative changes. The princely states of the [[Rajputana Agency]] were merged to form Rajasthan in 1949.<ref name="GuptaBakshi2008PA143">{{cite book|author1=R.K. Gupta|author2=S.R. Bakshi|title=Studies in Indian History: Rajasthan Through The Ages The Heritage Of Rajputs (Set Of 5 Vols.)|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-841-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_S7dCkiyLJ6EC/page/n151 143]–|access-date=15 November 2015}}</ref> In 1966, Punjab was [[Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966|reorganised]] along linguistic lines, creating Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, and the present-day Punjab.<ref name="paul_brass_north_india">{{Cite book |last=Brass |first=Paul R. |title=Language, Religion and Politics in North India |publisher=iUniverse |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-595-34394-2 |page=326}}</ref> Punjab also experienced a separatist [[Insurgency in Punjab|insurgency]] in the 1980s.<ref name="Cynthia_Taksal77">{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=9780812215922 |page=77 |access-date=8 July 2018 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409094156/https://books.google.com/books?id=FqvTRUrwt2UC |url-status=live}}</ref> The Union Territory of Delhi was renamed the National Capital Territory of Delhi in 1991, gaining a legislative assembly with limited powers.<ref name="NCTact">{{cite web |url=https://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |title=The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 |access-date=8 January 2007 |work=Government of India |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/https://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm |archive-date=21 August 2016}}</ref> The [[Uttarakhand movement]], which gained traction in 1994, culminated with Uttarakhand being carved out of Uttar Pradesh as a separate hill state in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhaskar |first=Arushi |date=9 November 2022 |title=Uttarakhand Foundation Day: The long struggle for the hill state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttarakhand-foundation-day-the-long-struggle-for-the-hill-state-8258545/ |access-date=31 December 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=31 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231120258/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/uttarakhand-foundation-day-the-long-struggle-for-the-hill-state-8258545/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, the revocation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India]] changed Jammu and Kashmir's status, dividing it into two union territories [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/jammu-and-kashmir-crisis-live-updates-1564981600854.html|title=Jammu and Kashmir Live News: Article 370 to be revoked, J&K to be reorganised|date= 5 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/jammu-and-kashmir-news-live-updates-narendra-modi-speech-in-lok-sabha-on-article-370-35a-jammu-and-kashmir-reorganisation-bill-ladakh-mufti-omar-abdullah-arrested-119080600104_1.html|title=Kashmir debate LIVE: LS passes Bill reorganising Jammu and Kashmir|date= 6 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/jammu-kashmir-ladakh-article-370-live-news-updates/liveblog/70547109.cms|title=Article 370 Live News: Lok Sabha passes bill to bifurcate J&k, a step closer to becoming a law|date= 6 August 2019}}</ref>

==Geography==
[[File:A sunset on the dunes of the Great Indian Thar Desert Rajasthan India.jpg|right|thumb|Sunset on the sand dunes at [[Thar Desert]] located in North Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]]]
Towards its north are the Himalayas which define the boundary between the [[Indian subcontinent]] and the [[Tibetan Plateau]]. To its west is the [[Thar Desert]], shared between North India and [[Pakistan]] and the [[Aravalli Range]], beyond which lies the state of [[Gujarat]]. The [[Vindhya]] mountains are, in some interpretations, taken to be the southern boundary of North India.

The predominant geographical features of North India are:
*the Indo-Gangetic plain, which spans the states and union territories of Chandigarh, Delhi, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, and non-north indian states of Bihar, and West Bengal.
*the Himalayas and sub-Himalayan belt, which lie in the states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and West Bengal;
*the [[Thar Desert]], which lies mainly in the state of Rajasthan.

The states of Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Jammu and Kashmir also have a large forest coverage.<ref name=fsi2003>{{cite web|url=https://www.fsi.nic.in/sfr_2003.htm |title=Forest Survey of India – State of Forest Report 2003 |publisher=Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India |access-date=20 October 2008}}</ref>

===General climate===
[[File:India and South Asia Köppen climate map with legend.jpg|thumb|right|India's [[Köppen climate classification]] map<ref name="Peel">{{cite journal | author1=Peel, M. C. | author2=Finlayson, B. L. | author3=McMahon, T. A. | year=2007 | title= Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification | journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences | volume=11 | issue=5 | pages=1633–1644 |doi=10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007 | bibcode=2007HESS...11.1633P | url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00298818/file/hessd-4-439-2007.pdf | issn = 1027-5606| doi-access=free}} (''direct: [https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf Final Revised Paper]'')</ref> is based on native vegetation, temperature, precipitation and their seasonality. Major categories:
{{legend|#0077FF|[[tropical monsoon climate|(Am) Tropical monsoon]]}}
{{legend|#46A9FA|[[tropical savanna climate|(Aw) Tropical savanna, wet & dry]]}}
{{legend|#FE0000|[[hot desert climate|(BWh) Hot desert]]}}
{{legend|#FE9695|[[cold desert climate|(BWk) Cold desert]]}}
{{legend|#F5A301|[[hot semi-arid climate|(BSh) Hot semi arid]]}}
{{legend|#96FF96|[[Humid subtropical climate|(Cwa) Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical]]}}
{{legend|#63C764|[[subtropical highland climate|(Cwb) Subtropical highland]]}}
]]
North India lies mainly in the north [[temperate zone]] of the [[Earth]].<ref name="ref48buhij">{{Citation | title=Social Science Textbook for Class IX Geography | author=Yash Pal Singh | publisher=VK Publications | isbn=978-81-89611-15-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvq7wTsNxoQC | quote=... The Tropic of Cancer divides India into almost two equal parts. It makes the southern half of India in the Tropical Zone and the northern half in the Temperate zone ...| year=2006}}</ref> Though cool or cold winters, hot summers, and moderate monsoons are the general patterns, North India is one of the most climatically diverse regions on Earth. During summer, temperatures often rise above 35 °C across much of the Indo-Gangetic plain, reaching as high as 50 °C in the Thar Desert, Rajasthan, and up to 49 °C in Delhi. During winter, the lowest temperatures on the plains dip below 5 °C and drop below freezing in some states. Heavy to moderate snowfall occurs in Himachal Pradesh, Ladakh, Jammu & Kashmir, and Uttarakhand. Much of North India is also notorious for heavy fog during the winters.

Extreme temperatures among inhabited regions have ranged from {{convert|-45|°C|°F|0}} in [[Dras]], Ladakh<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=24534&refer=&units=metric|title=Dras, India Travel Weather Averages |website=Weatherbase}}</ref> to 50.6 °C (123 °F) in [[Alwar]], Rajasthan. [[Dras]] is claimed to be the second-coldest inhabited place on the planet (after [[Siberia]]), with a recorded low of −60 °C.<ref name="singh2003">Sarina Singh, "India: Lonely Planet Guide", Lonely Planet, 2003, {{ISBN|1-74059-421-5}}.</ref><ref name="ref71hoxij">{{Citation | title=Rediscovery of Ladakh | author=H. N. Kaul | publisher=Indus Publishing, 1998 | isbn=9788173870866 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mg8My6WaWRcC | quote=... With its altitude of 10000 ft. above the sea, Dras is considered to be the second coldest inhabited place in the world after Siberia where mercury sinks as low as -40 °C during winter, though it has also recorded a low of −60 °C ... | date=1 January 1998}}</ref><ref name="ref13puzoj">{{Citation | title=Many people come, looking, looking | author=Galen A. Rowell, Ed Reading | publisher=Mountaineers, 1980 | isbn=9780916890865 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjsTAQAAIAAJ | quote=... the bleak village of Dras, reportedly the second coldest place in Asia with recorded temperatures of {{convert|-80|°F|°C|abbr=on}} ... | date=June 1980}}</ref>
{{climate chart|[[New Delhi]]
|7.1|20.4|19
|10.2|23.4|20
|15.3|29.2|15
|21.2|36.0|21
|25.4|39.2|25
|27.4|38.8|70
|26.8|34.7|237
|26.3|33.6|235
|24.7|34.2|113
|19.4|33.0|17
|13.2|28.3|9
|8.5|22.9|9
|source=[ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IN/42182.TXT NOAA]
|float=left
|clear=none}}
{{Climate chart|[[Amritsar]]
|3.7|19.4|24
|6.0|21.6|33
|10.9|26.5|48
|16.3|33.8|29
|21.1|38.7|25
|24.6|39.4|62
|25.3|35.0|231
|25.1|34.2|187
|22.2|34.5|96
|15.1|32.3|18
|8.7|27.1|6
|4.4|21.3|18
|source=[https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/data/normals-old/WMO/1961-1990/RA-II/IN/42071.TXT NOAA]
|float=left
|clear=right}}

===Precipitation===
The region receives heavy rain in plains and light snow on Himalayas precipitation through two primary weather patterns: the Southwest [[Monsoon]] and the [[Western Disturbance]]s. The Monsoon carries moisture northwards from the [[Indian Ocean]], occurs in late summer and is important to the [[Kharif crop|Kharif or autumn harvest]].<ref name="katiyar1990">Vidya Sagar Katiyar, "Indian Monsoon and Its Frontiers", Inter-India Publications, 1990, {{ISBN|81-210-0245-1}}.</ref><ref name="jainchatterjee1972">Ajit Prasad Jain and Shiba Prasad Chatterjee, "Report of the Irrigation Commission, 1972", Ministry of Irrigation and Power, Government of India, 1972.</ref> Western Disturbances, on the other hand, are an extratropical weather phenomenon that carry moisture eastwards from the [[Mediterranean Sea]], the [[Caspian Sea]] and the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name=hbl2005>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/11/17/stories/2005111702801900.htm |title=Western disturbances herald winter in Northern India |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |date= 17 November 2005 |access-date=20 October 2008}}</ref><ref name="wang2006">Bin Wang, "The Asian Monsoon", Springer, 2006, {{ISBN|3-540-40610-7}}.</ref><ref name="datta1968">R.K. Datta (Meteorological Office, Dum Dum) and M.G. Gupta (Meteorological Office, Delhi), "Synoptic study of the formation and movements of Western Depressions", Indian Journal of Meteorology & Geophysics, India Meteorological Department, 1968.</ref><ref name="dimri2004">A.P. Dimri, "Models to improve winter minimum surface temperature forecasts, Delhi, India", ''[[Meteorological Applications]]'', 11, pp 129–139, Royal Meteorological Society, Cambridge University Press, 2004.</ref> They primarily occur during the winter season and are critically important for the [[Rabi crop|Rabi or spring harvest]], which includes the main staple over much of North India, [[wheat]].<ref name="wang2006" /> The states of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand receive very heavy snowfall in winter months, however glacial and alpine areas receive snowfall throughout the year in these states.

===Traditional seasons===
Northern Indian tradition recognises six distinct seasons in the region: summer (''grishma'' or ''garmi'' (jyesth- ashadh), May–June), rainy (''varsha'' (shravan-bhadra), July–August), post-monsoon (''sharad'' (ashivan-kartik), September–October, sometimes thought of as 'early autumn'), autumn (''hemant'' (margh-paush), November–December, also called ''patjhar'', lit. ''leaf-fall''), winter (''shishir'' or ''sardi'' (magh-phagun),January–February) and spring (''vasant'' (chaitra-baishakh), March–April). The literature, poetry and folklore of the region uses references to these six seasons quite extensively and has done so since ancient times when [[Sanskrit]] was prevalent.<ref name="ref38bujab">[https://books.google.com/books?id=dGaVXekPkngC Geography], Yash Pal Singh, pp. 420, FK Publications, {{ISBN|9788189611859}}, ''... The sequence of the six traditional seasons is correct only for northern and central parts of India ...''</ref><ref name="ref72yuvur">[https://books.google.com/books?id=19zvfkwXyzUC The Life of a Text: Performing the Rāmcaritmānas of Tulsidas], Philip Lutgendorf, pp. 22, University of California Press, 1991, {{ISBN|9780520066908}}, ''... likening the major episodes of the narrative to various features of the river and its banks, and to the appearance of the river in each of the six seasons of the North Indian year ...''</ref><ref name="ref08loqih">[https://books.google.com/books?id=XuyTqD0Ybw4C Essays on North Indian Folk Traditions], [[Susan Snow Wadley]], pp. 226, Orient Blackswan, 2005, {{ISBN|9788180280160}}, ''... Yet another cultural division of the year views it as six seasons ... This cycle of six seasons, while known and referred to today, is more widely recognised in Sanskrit literature ...''</ref> In the mountainous areas, sometimes the winter is further divided into "big winter" (e.g. [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] ''chillai kalaan'') and "little winter" (''chillai khurd'').<ref name="ref52dapeb">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZh3Zkoqtc4C Systematic Geography Of Jammu And Kashmir], S.A. Qazi, pp. 25, APH Publishing, 2005, {{ISBN|9788176487863}}</ref>

==Demographics==
The people of North India mostly belong to the [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] ethno-linguistic branch,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} and include various social groups such as [[Brahmins]], [[Rajput]]s, [[Gadaria people|Gadarias]], [[Kayastha]]s, [[Vanika|Banias]], [[Jats]], [[Ror]]s, [[Gurjar]]s, [[Kolis]], [[Yadav]]s, [[Khatri]]s and [[Kamboj]]s.<ref name="roy1996" >Sarat Chandra Roy and Ral Bahadur, "Man in India", A.K. Bose, 1996.{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref><ref name="abbi2002">Kumool Abbi, "Discourse of Zindaginama: A semio-anthropological critique", Harman Publishing House, 2002.</ref><ref name="haryana2002">Kiran Prem, Haryana Gazetteers Organization, "Haryana District Gazetteers", Government of Haryana, 1970.</ref> Minority ethno-linguistic groups including [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidians]], [[Tibeto-Burman]]s and [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatics]] exist throughout the region.

{{table alignment}}
{| class="wikitable sortable col2left" {{right}}
|+Population of states and union territories of North India ([[2011 Census of India]])
! rowspan=2|State or {{nowrap|Union Territory}}
! rowspan=2|Population <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of states with Population, Sex Ratio and Literacy Census 2011 |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/states.php |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2016 |title=Census 2011: Population in States and Union Territories of India |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/census-2011-population-in-states-and-union-territories-of-india-1476439733-1 |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=Jagranjosh.com}}</ref>
! rowspan=2|Growth (2001–2012)
!rowspan=2|2025 Population Estimate<ref>{{cite web |title=State/UT wise Aadhaar Saturation |url=https://uidai.gov.in/images/AadhaarSaturationReport.pdf |website=[[Unique Identification Authority of India]] |access-date=25 November 2025}}</ref>
! colspan=2|Rural pop.
!colspan=2| Urban pop.
! rowspan=2|Density {{nobold|(per sq km)}} {{efn|For determining population density of India and the State of Jammu and Kashmir, the data excludes areas claimed by India but controlled by Pakistan (78,114 km2) and China (5,180 km2 in [[Shaksgam Valley]] and 37,555 km2 under [[Aksai Chin]] and other areas).<ref name="jkexclude1">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND001_Jammu%20&%20Kashmir.pdf|title=J&K 2011 Population density census|access-date=6 January 2022|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225081903/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND001_Jammu%20%26%20Kashmir.pdf%20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="jkexclude2">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0100.xlsx|title=Religion PCA 2011 J&K census|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=9 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160209134331/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0100.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
!rowspan=2|[[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]] {{nobold|(per 1000 female)}}
|-
! Nos.
! %
! Nos.
! %
|-
!colspan=10|States
|-
|[[Haryana]]
|{{nts|25351462}}
|19.9%
|''30,936,000''
|{{nts|16509359}}
|{{pct|16509359|25351462|2}}
|{{nts|8842103}}
|{{pct|8842103|25351462|2}}
|573
|879
|-
|[[Himachal Pradesh]]
|{{nts|6864602}}
|12.9%
|''7,542,000''
|{{nts|6176050}}
|{{pct|6176050|6864602|2}}
|{{nts|688552}}
|{{pct|688552|6864602|2}}
|123
|972
|-
|[[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|{{nts|27743338}}
|13.89%
|''31,122,000''
|{{nts|17344192}}
|{{pct|17344192|27743338|2}}
|{{nts|10399146}}
|{{pct|10399146|27743338|2}}
|551
|895
|-
|[[Rajasthan]]
|{{nts|68548437}}
|21.3%
|''82,770,000''
|{{nts|51500352}}
|{{pct|51500352|68548437|2}}
|{{nts|17048085}}
|{{pct|17048085|68548437|2}}
|201
|928
|-
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|{{nts|199812341}}
|20.2%
|''240,468,000''
|{{nts|155317278}}
|{{pct|155317278|199812341|2}}
|{{nts|44495063}}
|{{pct|44495063|199812341|2}}
|828
|912
|-
|[[Uttarakhand]]
|{{nts|10086292}}
|18.8%
|''11,874,000''
|{{nts|7036954}}
|{{pct|7036954|10086292|2}}
|{{nts|3049338}}
|{{pct|3049338|10086292|2}}
|189
|963
|-
!colspan=11|Union Territories
|-
|[[Chandigarh]]
|{{nts|1055450}}
|17.2%
|''1,255,000''
|{{nts|28991}}
|{{pct|28991|1055450|2}}
|{{nts|1026459}}
|{{pct|1026459|1055450|2}}
|9,252
|818
|-
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|{{nts|12267032}}
|23.6%
|''13,798,000''
|{{nts|9064220}}
|{{pct|9064220|12267032|2}}
|{{nts|3202812}}
|{{pct|3202812|12267032|2}}
|297
|890
|-
|[[Ladakh]]
|{{nts|274000}}
|17.8%
|''304,000''
|{{nts|43840}}
|{{pct|43840|274000|2}}
|{{nts|230160}}
|{{pct|230160|274000|2}}
|2.8
|853
|-
|[[NCT of Delhi]]
|{{nts|16787941}}
|21.2%
|''22,146,000''
|{{nts|419042}}
|{{pct|419042|16787941|2}}
|{{nts|16368899}}
|{{pct|16368899|16787941|2}}
|11,297
|868
|}

===Religion===
[[Hinduism]] is the dominant religion in North India. Other religions practised by various ethnic communities include [[Islam]], [[Sikhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]], [[Christianity]], and [[Buddhism]]. Hindus constitute more than 80 per cent of the North India's population. The national capital of India, [[New Delhi]], is overwhelmingly Hindu-majority with Hindus constituting nearly 90% of the capital city's population. The states of [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] are overwhelmingly Hindu-majority. [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] are also Hindu majority states, but have a large Muslim minority (14% In Uttarakhand, 19% in Uttar Pradesh). The union territory of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] has a Muslim majority, while Ladakh has a Muslim plurality with minority Hindus and Buddhists. The state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] has a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] majority of 60% and is the homeland of Sikh religion.

===Languages===
{{Further|Languages of India}}
[[File:Indo-Aryan languages.png|right|thumb|250px|Distribution of [[Indo-Aryan languages]]]]
Linguistically, North India is dominated by [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. It is in this region, or its proximity, that [[Sanskrit]] and the various [[Prakrit]]s are thought to have evolved.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} [[Hindi]] is spoken in Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi and by a large number of people in many urban centres across North India. Many other languages of the Central Indo-Aryan languages such as Awadhi, Braj, Haryanvi, Chhattisgarhi, Bundeli and Bagheli are spoken in Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Marwari, Harauti, Malvi, Gujarati, Khandeshi, Marathi and Konkani are spoken in Rajasthan, extreme eastern Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Goa. Towards the far north, languages of Dardic (such as Kashmiri) and Pahari (such as Dogri, Kumaoni and Garhwali) groups are spoken in Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal and Uttarakhand. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is spoken in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Bengali is spoken in West Bengal. Languages of Bihari group, such as Maithili, Magahi and Bhojpuri are spoken in Bihar and Jharkhand.{{citation needed|date=April 2024}}

A number of aboriginal languages of Austroasiatic and Dravidian origin are spoken in some regions.<ref name=languages>{{cite web |url=https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |title= Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013) |publisher=Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India |access-date=21 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708012438/https://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM50thReport.pdf |archive-date=8 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Several [[Sino-Tibetan languages]] are spoken in the Himalayan region like [[Kinnauri]],<ref name=languages/> [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]], [[Balti language|Balti]], and [[Lahuli–Spiti languages]].

==Culture==
[[File:Hindu bride in Lehenga.jpg|thumb|North Indian Hindu bride in [[Lehenga]]]]
The composite [[North Indian culture|culture of North India]] is known as [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]], a result of the amicable interaction of Hindus and Muslims there.<ref name="Dhulipala2000">{{cite book |last1=Dhulipala |first1=Venkat |title=The Politics of Secularism: Medieval Indian Historiography and the Sufis |date=2000 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] |page=27|quote=The composite culture of northern India , known as the ''Ganga Jamuni tehzeeb'' was a product of the interaction between Hindu society and Islam.}}</ref>

===Dance===
{{see also|List of Indian folk dances}}

Dance of North India too has diverse ''folk'' and ''classical'' forms. Among the well-known [[Indian folk dance|folk dances]] are the ''[[Bhangra (dance)|bhangra]]'' of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], Ghoomar of Rajasthan, [[Nati (dance)|Nati]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]] and ''rouf'' and ''[[bhand pather]]'' of Kashmir. Main dance forms, many with narrative forms and [[Hindu mythology|mythological]] elements, have been accorded [[Indian classical dance|classical dance status]] by India's ''[[Sangeet Natak Academi|National Academy of Music, Dance, and Drama]]'' such as ''[[Kathak]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/indianclassicald00vats|title=Indian Classical Dance|first=Kapila|last=Vatsyayan|date=14 December 1992|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India|isbn=9788123005898|access-date=14 December 2019|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

===Clothing===
{{Further|Punjabi clothing|Jammu dress|Phiran}}
Each state of North India has its own regional forms of clothing:
# [[Uttar Pradesh]]: Chikan Suit, Pathani Salwar, Kurta Paijama, Lehenga, [[Gharara]], [[Sari]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
# [[Jammu]]: [[Kurta]]/[[Jammu dress|Dogri suthan]] and kurta/churidar pajama and kurta.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
# [[Kashmir]]: [[Phiran|Phiran and poots]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
# [[Himachal Pradesh]]: [[Shalwar kameez]], [[Kurta]], [[Churidar]], [[Dhoti]], [[Himachali cap]] and angarkha.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
# [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]/[[Haryana]]: [[Salwar (Punjabi) Suit]], [[Patiala salwar]], [[Punjabi Tamba and Kurta]], [[Dastar|Sikh Dastar]], [[Phulkari]], [[Punjabi Ghagra]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
# [[Uttarakhand]]: Rangwali Phichora.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
# [[Rajasthan]]: Traditional: [[Ghagra]], [[choli]], and [[Dupatta|odhni]] for women. Rajasthani [[pagri (turban)|pagdi]], [[angarkha]]/[[kurta]], and [[dhoti]]/[[pyjamas]] for Men. [[Mojari]] are worn for footwear. The pagdi is worn on many occasions, and is part of the heritage of Rajasthan with its many colours and textile design ([[Leheriya]], [[Bandhani|Bandhej]], and [[Gota Patti]]). Semi-Formal/Formal: Women often wear the [[Poshak]], historically worn by royalty, and men often wear the [[Pagri (turban)|Safa]]/Pagdi, [[Bandhgala]] (Jodhpuri suit) along with traditional pants like churidars, dhotis, and [[Jodhpurs|Jodhpuri pants]]. Footwear includes mojari, similar to the shoes found in Sindh.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Traditional Attire in Rajasthan: Explore the Rich Textile Heritage {{!}} IIAD | url=https://www.iiad.edu.in/the-circle/traditional-attire-in-rajasthan-explore-the-rich-textile-heritage/#Decoding | access-date=30 August 2025 | website=www.iiad.edu.in | date=17 May 2024}}</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
{{Further|Wildlife of India}}
[[File:Chinkara.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Chinkara]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]], India]]
[[File:Is this pose ok?.jpg|thumb|Goat at Great Himalayan national Park in [[Himachal Pradesh]]]]
North Indian forest vegetation is predominantly [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|subtropical moist deciduous forest]] in much of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|subtropical dry deciduous forest]] in [[East Rajasthan Uplands|East Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab]] and areas of [[Delhi]] under the [[Aravalli range]], alongside large patches of grasslands, which include [[Aravalli West Thorn Scrub Forests|Dry, Rocky Shrublands]] along the [[Deserts and xeric shrublands|hot desert]] in western [[Rajasthan]] and regions closer to the Central Highlands, [[Flooded grasslands and savannas|Seasonal Riverine Grasslands]] alongside Rivers in the [[Punjab Plain]] and [[Upper Doab]], in terms of colder areas there is [[Montane ecosystem]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]], and [[Cold Desert (biosphere reserve)|cold desert]] in Ladakh, and the [[Spiti|Spiti Valley]] of Himachal Pradesh. Of the moist deciduous trees [[Shorea robusta|sal]], [[teak]], Mahogany, [[Sheesham delbergia|sheesham]] (Indian rosewood) and [[Populus|poplar]] are some which are important commercially.<ref name="saxena1997">N.C. Saxena, "The Saga of Participatory Forest Management in India", Center for International Forestry Research, 1997, {{ISBN |979-8764-15-3}}.</ref> The thorn woodland region mainly contains shrubs and trees like [[Vachellia nilotica|babul]], [[Prosopis cineraria|khejri]], [[Vachellia leucophloea|ronjh]], and [[Senegalia catechu|khair]] along with [[Terminalia pendula|dhok]] and [[Butea monosperma|palash]] in upland regions. The Western Himalayan region abounds in [[chir pine|chir]], [[pine]], [[Cedrus deodara|deodar]] (Himalayan cedar), [[blue pine]], [[spruce]], various [[fir]]s, [[birch]] and [[juniper]]s.<ref name="singh1971">R.L. Singh, "India: A Regional Geography", National Geographical Society of India, 1971.</ref><ref name="kaul1995">Bansi Lal Kaul, "Ecodegradation of Himalayas", Vinod Publishers & Distributors, 1995.</ref><ref name="negi2002">S.S. Negi, "Himalayan Forests and Forestry", Indus Publishing, 2002, {{ISBN|81-7387-112-4}}. Snippet:''... Important Himalayan trees are sal, chir pine, deodar, oaks, fir, spruce, rhododendrons, and the giant evergreen trees of the Eastern Himalayas ...''</ref><ref name="sharma1946">R.P. Sharma, "The Indian Forester", v.72:6–12 (Jan–June 1946).{{full citation needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> The birch, especially, has historical significance in Indian culture due to the extensive use of birch paper ({{langx|sa|bhurja patra}}) as parchment for many ancient Indian texts.<ref name= "sgupta1972">Sanjukta Gupta, "Lakṣmī Tantra: A Pāñcarātra Text", Brill Archive, 1972, {{ISBN|90-04-03419-6}}. Snippet:''... the text recommends that the bark of the Himalayan birch tree (bhurja-patra) should be used for scribbling mantras ...''</ref><ref name="ghosh1990">Amalananda Ghosh, "An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology", BRILL, 1990, {{ISBN|90-04-09264-1}}. Snippet:''... Bhurja-patra, the inner bark on the birch tree grown in the Himalayan region, was a very common [[writing material]] ...''</ref> The Eastern Himalayan region consists of [[oak]]s, [[laurels]], [[maple]]s, [[rhododendron]]s, [[alder]], birch and [[dwarf willow]]s. Reflecting the diverse climatic zones and terrain contained in the region, the floral variety is extensive and ranges from Alpine to Cloud forests, coniferous to evergreen, and thick subtropical moist forests to cool temperate woods.<ref name="singh1971" /><ref name="wood1933">Casey A. Wood, "Through Forest and Jungle in Kashmir and Other Parts of North India: The Annual Smithsonian Institution Report, 1932", Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1933.</ref>

There are around 500 varieties of mammals, 2000 species of birds, 30,000 types of insects and a wide variety of fish, amphibians and reptiles in the region. Animal species in North India include [[elephant]], [[bengal tiger]], [[indian leopard]], [[snow leopard]], [[Sambar (deer)|sambar (Asiatic stag)]], [[Chital|chital (spotted deer)]], [[Kashmir stag|hangul (red deer)]], [[hog deer]], [[Chinkara|chinkara (Indian gazelle)]], [[blackbuck]], [[Nilgai|nilgai (blue bull antelope)]], [[porcupine]], [[wild boar]], [[Indian fox]], [[Tibetan sand fox]], [[rhesus monkey]], [[langur]], [[jungle cat]], [[striped hyena]], [[golden jackal]], [[Himalayan bear|black bear]], [[Himalayan brown bear]], [[sloth bear]], and the endangered [[caracal]].

Reptiles are represented by a large number of [[snake]] and [[lizard]] species, as well as the [[ghariyal]] and [[crocodile]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.north-india.in/fauna.htm|title=North India Online – India – Flora and Fauna – Animals – Trees – Birds – Mammals – Insects|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126023744/https://north-india.in/fauna.htm|archive-date=26 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Venomous snakes found in the region include [[king cobra]] and [[krait]]. Various [[scorpion]], [[spider]] and [[insect]] species include the commercially useful [[honeybee]]s, [[silkworm]]s and [[Lac (resin)|lac]] insects. The strikingly coloured [[Trombidiidae|bir bahuti]] is also found in this region.<ref name="shakespear1817">{{Citation | title=Dictionary: Hindustani and English | author=John Shakespear | year=1817 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=31cVAAAAIAAJ | quote=''... bir bahuti: a small insect with a back of a bright red colour; the scarlet or lady fly, commonly called the "Rain insect" as it makes its appearance when the first rains have fallen ...''}}</ref>

The region has a wide variety of birds, including [[peafowl]], [[parrot]]s, and thousands of immigrant birds, such as the [[Siberian crane]]. Other birds include [[pheasant]]s, [[goose|geese]], [[duck]]s, [[mynah]]s, [[parakeet]]s, [[pigeon]]s, [[crane (bird)|crane]]s (including the celebrated [[sarus crane]]), and [[hornbill]]s. [[Great hornbill|great pied hornbill]], [[Pallas's fish-eagle|Pallas's fishing eagle]], [[Grey-headed fish eagle|grey-headed fishing eagle]], red-thighed [[Microhierax|falconet]] are found in the Himalayan areas. Other birds found here are [[Tawny fish-owl|tawny fish owl]], scale-bellied woodpecker, [[red-breasted parakeet]], [[Himalayan swiftlet]], [[stork-billed kingfisher]] and [[White-tailed rubythroat|Himalayan or white-tailed rubythroat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianmirror.com/geography/geography.html|title=India Geography – indian rivers, indian flora & fauna wildlife, national symbols in india|work=indianmirror.com|access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref><ref name="Corbett">{{cite web|url=https://www.corbettnationalpark.com/wildpackage.htm
|title=Flora & Fauna North India|access-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070818212629/https://www.corbettnationalpark.com/wildpackage.htm |archive-date = 18 August 2007}}</ref>

===Wildlife parks and reserves===
Important national parks and tiger reserves of North India include:

[[File:Sultan- largest amongst all the tigers at PTR.png|thumb|right|200px|Sultan- The largest tiger of [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]]]]
[[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]]: It is the most narrowly-forested reserve among all the [[Tiger reserves of India]] with density of 11 tigers per 100 km2,{{efn|name="Tiger density"|total recorded tigers in the core area / area in square kilometres.}} The reserve's 97.6% area is located in [[Pilibhit district]] and 2.4% in [[Shahjahanpur district]] in the [[Rohilkhand]] region of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="district wise area percentage">{{cite web|url=https://dfe.gov.in/uploads/documents/pilibhit_tiger_reserve_coimbatore.pdf#:~:text=PilibhitTiger%20Reserve%20has%20won%20the%20first%20ever,in%20just%20four%20years%20from%202014%2D18%20period.|title=district wise area percentage of Pilibhit tiger reserve|publisher=Central Academy for state forest service}}</ref><ref name=Chanchani2015>{{cite journal |author=Chanchani, P. |year=2015 |title=Pilibhit tiger reserve: conservation opportunities and challenges |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=50 |issue=20 |page=19 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/20/reports-states-web-exclusives/pilibhit-tiger-reserve.html |access-date=18 August 2023 |archive-date=18 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230818135804/https://www.epw.in/journal/2015/20/reports-states-web-exclusives/pilibhit-tiger-reserve.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The core area of the reserve contains 127 species of [[mammal]]s,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pilibhit tiger reserve recorded 70% hike in the Barasingha Population|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/dtr-ptr-mark-record-increase-in-swamp-deer-population/articleshow/119387001.cms|website=timesofindia.com |date=24 March 2025}}</ref> 556 birds species,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upforest.gov.in/web/forestnew/upfd_PTR.aspx|title=556 birds species|work=Govt. of Uttar Pradesh|access-date=9 October 2025|archive-date=24 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124101744/http://upforest.gov.in/web/forestnew/upfd_PTR.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://pilibhittigerreserve.in/biodiversity.php|title=Biodiversity|work=pilibhittigerreserve.in/}}</ref> 37 species of [[reptile]]s and 87 species of [[amphibian]]s,<ref name=ReptileAmphibians>{{cite web |title=Pilibhit tiger reserve – Reptiles and Amphibians |work=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf}}</ref> as well as 79 species of fishes,<ref name=Fishes>{{cite web |title=Pilibhit tiger reserve- Fishes' species |work=[[National Tiger Conservation Authority]]|url=https://ntca.gov.in/assets/uploads/briefnote/pilibhit.pdf}}</ref> As of August 2025, reserve officials confirmed that reserve's core area hosts more than 79 adult tigers.{{efn|name="Tiger counting"|including 14 males, 53 females, and 12 tigers of undetermined gender. This count excludes 18 other tiger including the young cubs who have not reached the age of a year or the tigers straying outside core area roaming in the agricultural land, commonly called '''Sugarcane Tigers'''.}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/pilibhit-tiger-reserve-introduces-new-method-to-count-tigers-by-gender/articleshow/123317399.cms |title=Pilibhit tiger reserve introduces new method to count tigers by gender |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/three-tigresses-with-nine-cubs-spotted-at-pilibhit-tiger-reserve-sign-of-rise-in-big-cat-count/articleshow/120288498.cms |title=Three tigresses with nine cubs spotted at Pilibhit tiger reserve; sign of rise in big cat count|work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 April 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Corbett View.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Jim Corbett National Park]]]]
[[Corbett National Park]]: It was established in 1936 as Hailey National Park<ref name="corbett-national-park.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.corbett-national-park.com/blog/edward-jim-corbett-the-legendary-hunter-who-inspired-conservation-of-wild-life.html|title=Edward Jim Corbett – Hunter who Inspired Wildlife Conservation|first=Tanmay|last=Sharma|date=24 March 2012|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>
along the banks of the Ramganga River. It is India's first National Park, and was designated a Project Tiger Reserve in 1973. Situated in [[Nainital district]] of Uttarakhand, the park acts as a protected area for the critically endangered Bengal tiger of India. Cradled in the foothills of the Himalayas, it comprises a total area of 500 km2 out of which 350 km2 is core reserve. This park is known not only for its rich and varied wildlife but also for its scenic beauty.

[[Nanda Devi National Park]] and [[Valley of Flowers National Park]]: Located in West Himalaya, in the state of Uttarakhand, these two national parks constitute a biosphere reserve that is in the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves since 2004. The Valley of Flowers is known for its meadows of endemic alpine flowers and the variety of flora, this richly diverse area is also home to rare and endangered animals.

[[Dachigam National Park]]: Dachigam is a higher altitude national reserve in the state of Jammu and Kashmir that ranges from 5,500 to 14,000 feet above sea level. It is home to the [[Kashmir stag|hangul]] (a [[red deer]] species, also called the Kashmir stag).

[[Great Himalayan National Park]]: This park is located in Himachal Pradesh and ranges in altitude from 5,000 to 17,500 feet. Wildlife resident here includes the [[snow leopard]], the [[Himalayan brown bear]] and the [[musk deer]].

[[Desert National Park]]: Located in Rajasthan, this national reserve features extensive sand dunes and dry salt lakes. Wildlife unique to the region includes the desert fox and the [[great Indian bustard]].

[[Kanha National Park]]: The sal and bamboo forests, grassy meadows and ravines of Kanha were the setting for [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s collection of stories, "[[The Jungle Book]]". The Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh came into being in 1955 and forms the core of the Kanha Tiger Reserve, created in 1974 under Project Tiger.

[[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]]: Located in the state of Bihar, it is the only protected zone for the endangered [[Ganges and Indus river dolphin]].

[[Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary]]: It is one of the finest bird parks in the world, it is a reserve that offers protection to faunal species as well. Nesting indigenous water birds as well as migratory water birds and waterside birds, this sanctuary is also inhabited by sambar, chital, nilgai and boar.

[[Dudhwa National Park]]: It covers an area of 500 km2 along the Indo-Nepal border in [[Lakhimpur Kheri District]] of Uttar Pradesh, is best known for the [[barasingha]] or swamp deer. The grasslands and woodlands of this park, consist mainly of sal forests. The barasingha is found in the southwest and southeast regions of the park. Among the big cats, tigers abound at Dudhwa. There are also a few leopards. The other animals found in large numbers, are the [[Indian rhinoceros]], elephant, jungle cats, leopard cats, fishing cats, jackals, [[civet]]s, [[sloth bear]]s, sambar, [[otter]]s, crocodiles and [[chital]].

[[Ranthambhore National Park]]: It spans an area of 400 km2 with an estimated head count of thirty two tigers is perhaps India's finest example of [[Project Tiger]], a conservation effort started by the government in an attempt to save the dwindling number of tigers in India. Situated near the small town of [[Sawai Madhopur]] it boasts of variety of plant and animal species of North India.

[[Kalesar National Park]]: Kalesar is a [[Sal tree|sal]] forest in the [[Shivalik Hills]] of eastern Haryana state. Primarily known for birds, it also contains a small number of tigers and panthers.

[[Sultanpur National Park]]: Sultanpur is a [[Ramsar site|Ramsar wetland]] in [[Gurgaon district]] of southern Haryana along the [[Sahibi River]]. It is primarily known for the numerous migratory birds that come during winter with over 130 species being recorded such as [[Amur falcon]]s and [[Egyptian vulture]]s with antelopes like the [[nilgai]] also being common.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2020 |title=Gurugram: 130 species of migratory birds seen in Sultanpur National Park |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/130-species-of-migratory-birds-seen-in-sultanpur-national-park/articleshow/79960783.cms |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Guide: Sultanpur National Park {{!}} Roundglass Sustain {{!}} Roundglass {{!}} Sustain |url=https://roundglasssustain.com/habitats/sultanpur-guide |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=roundglasssustain.com}}</ref> Main vegetation is thorn forest which includes [[Vachellia nilotica|babul]], [[Azadirachta indica|neem]], and [[Senegalia catechu|khair]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Places |first=Diptarka Ghosh 11 July 2021 in |date=11 July 2021 |title=Sultanpur National Park, India |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/national-parks/sultanpur-national-park-india.html |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=WorldAtlas}}</ref>

[[Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary]]: Asola is a [[Thorn forest|dry forest]] spanning [[South Delhi district|South Delhi]], [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]], and [[Faridabad district]] in Delhi and Haryana. It is located in the foothills of the [[Aravalli Range]]. The main vegetation is thorn forest which includes [[Vachellia nilotica|babul]], [[Terminalia pendula|dhok]], [[Butea monosperma|palash]], [[Prosopis cineraria|khejri]], and [[Senegalia catechu|khair]]. The primary fauna of this forest includes the [[Indian leopard]], [[Indian jackal|golden jackal]], [[jungle cat]], and [[striped hyena]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2019 |title=Golden jackal numbers double in Asola |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/golden-jackal-numbers-double-in-asola/articleshow/68029020.cms |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Asola Bhati Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://abwls.eforest.delhi.gov.in/about.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502091453/https://abwls.eforest.delhi.gov.in/about.aspx |archive-date=2 May 2025 |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=abwls.eforest.delhi.gov.in}}</ref>

==Places of interest==
{{More citations needed section|date=January 2025}}
[[File:Akshardham Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham]] Temple, Delhi]]

===Nature===
The Indian [[Himalayas]], the [[Thar desert]] and the [[Indo-Gangetic plain]] dominate the natural scenery of North India. The region encompasses several of the most highly regarded hill destinations of India such as [[Srinagar]], [[Shimla]], [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Nainital]], [[Mussoorie]], [[Kausani]] and [[Mount Abu]]. Several spots in the states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh provide panoramic views of the snow-clad Himalayan range. The Himalayan region also provides ample opportunity for adventure sports such as mountaineering, trekking, river rafting and skiing. Camel or jeep safaris of the Thar desert are also popular in the state of Rajasthan. North India includes several national parks and reserve area such as the [[Pilibhit Tiger Reserve]], [[Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve]], [[Jim Corbett National Park]], [[Keoladeo National Park]] [[Ranthambore National Park]], [[Sundarbans National Park]] and the [[Kutch Desert Wildlife Sanctuary]].

===Pilgrimage===
North India encompasses several of the holiest pilgrimage centres of Hinduism ([[Varanasi]], [[Haridwar]], [[Allahabad]], [[Chota Char Dham|Char Dham]], [[Vaishno Devi]], [[Rishikesh]], [[Ayodhya]], [[Mathura]]/[[Vrindavan]], [[Pushkar]], [[Allahabad|Prayag]] and two of the twelve [[Jyotirlinga]] sites), the most sacred destinations of Buddhism ([[Bodh Gaya]], [[Sarnath]] and [[Kushinagar]]), the most regarded pilgrimage centres of Sikhism ([[Amritsar]] and [[Hemkund]]) and some of the highly regarded destinations in Sufi Islam ([[Ajmer]] and [[Delhi]]). The largest Hindu temple, [[Akshardham (Delhi)|Akshardham Temple]], the largest Buddhist temple in India, [[Mahabodhi Temple|Mahabodhi]], the largest mosque in India, [[Jama Masjid, Delhi|Jama Masjid]], and the largest Sikh shrine, [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]], are all in this region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-Hindu-temple/blog/467129/7691.html |title=Largest Hindu Temple: Guinness World Records |access-date=10 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208012231/https://community.guinnessworldrecords.com/_Largest-Hindu-temple/blog/467129/7691.html |archive-date=8 February 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiaexplorers.com/india/jama_masjid.htm|title=Jama Masjid, Delhi's biggest mosque, India|website=asiaexplorers.com|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref>

===Historical===
[[File:Taj Mahal, Agra, India.jpg|thumb|The [[Taj Mahal]] at [[Agra]]]]
[[File:Amberjpr.jpg|right|thumb|[[Amer Fort]] in [[Rajasthan]]]]
North India includes some highly regarded historical, architectural and archaeological treasures of India. The [[Taj Mahal]], an immense mausoleum of white marble in [[Agra]], is one of the universally admired buildings of world heritage.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/252 Taj Mahal] UNESCO " Culture " World Heritage Centre " World Heritage List</ref> Besides Agra, [[Fatehpur Sikri]] and [[Delhi]] also carry some great exhibits from the Mughal architecture. In Punjab, [[Patiala]] is known for being the city of royalty while [[Amritsar]] is a city known for its [[Sikh architecture]] and the [[Golden Temple]]. [[Lucknow]] has the famous Awadhi Nawab culture while [[Kanpur]] reflects Anglo-Indian architecture with monuments like [[Kanpur Memorial Church|All Souls Cathedral]], [[Kanpur Sangrahalaya|King Edward Memorial]], Police Quarters, [[British India Corporation|Cawnpore Woollen Mills]], [[Portuguese Cemetery, Kanpur|Cutchery Cemetery]] etc. [[Khajuraho|Khajuraho temples]] constitute another famous world heritage site. The state of Rajasthan is known for exquisite [[List of palaces in Rajasthan|palaces]] and [[Hill Forts of Rajasthan|forts]] of the [[Rajput]] clans. Historical sites and architecture from the ancient and medieval [[History of Hinduism|Hindu]] and [[History of Buddhism|Buddhist]] periods of Indian history, such as [[Jageshwar]], [[Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh|Deogarh]] and [[Sanchi]], as well as sites from the [[Bronze Age]] [[Indus Valley civilisation]], such as [[Manda, Jammu|Manda]] and [[Alamgirpur]], can be found scattered throughout northern India. [[Varanasi]], on the banks of the [[River Ganga]], is considered one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world and the second oldest in India after [[Nalanda]]. [[Bhimbetka]] is an archaeological site of the [[Paleolithic]] era, exhibiting the earliest traces of human life on the Indian subcontinent.

==Economy==

{{Further|Economy of India}}
The economy of North India varies from agrarian in the northern plains to very industrialised in the [[National Capital Region]]. Northwest Indian plains have prospered as a consequence of the [[Green Revolution in India|Green Revolution]] in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh, and have experienced both economic and social development.<ref name="ghonemy1986">[[Mohamad Riad El-Ghonemy]], "The Dynamics of Rural Poverty", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1986. ''... Haryana and West Uttar Pradesh recorded spectacular production increases ...''</ref><ref name="rastyannikov1981">V. G. Rastyannikov, "Agrarian Evolution in a Multiform Structure Society: Experience of Independent India", Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1981, {{ISBN|0-7100-0755-8}}.</ref><ref name="bhatia1985">B. M. Bhatia, "Food Security in South Asia", Oxford & IHB Pub. Co., 1985.</ref> The eastern areas of East Uttar Pradesh, however, have lagged<ref name="lucas1988">Robert E. B. Lucas, Gustav Fritz Papanek, "The Indian Economy: Recent Development and Future Prospects", Westview Press, 1988, {{ISBN|0-8133-7505-3}}.</ref><ref name="etienne1985">Gilbert Etienne, "Rural Development in Asia: Meetings With Peasants", Sage Publications, 1985, {{ISBN|0-8039-9495-8}}.</ref> and the resulting disparity has contributed to a demand for separate statehood in West Uttar Pradesh (the [[Harit Pradesh]] movement).<ref name="kudaisya2006">Gyanesh Kudaisya, "Region, Nation, Heartland: Uttar Pradesh in India's Body Politic", Sage Publications, 2006, {{ISBN|0-7619-3519-3}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070219/nation.htm#1 |title=RLD, BSP gear up as Mulayam exit looms |publisher=The Tribune, Chandigarh |date=19 February 2007 |access-date=18 October 2008 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104141043/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070219/nation.htm#1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The major industrial regions in North India are the Gurugram-Delhi-Meerut Belt ([[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]). North Indian state with highest GDP per capita in the Indian Union was [[Haryana]] in 2021. Other North Indian states which follow are [[Uttarakhand]] and [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Ranade|first=Sudhanshu|date=19 August 2004 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/08/19/stories/2004081900500500.htm|title=Maharashtra, richest State|work=Business Line|access-date=10 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415065855/https://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/08/19/stories/2004081900500500.htm|archive-date=15 April 2011}}</ref> Delhi has the highest per-capita State Domestic Product (SDP) of any Indian union territory.<ref name=mosapi>{{cite web |url=https://mospi.nic.in/cso_rept_pubn.htm |title=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation – Publications |publisher=Government of India |access-date=18 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040901150627/https://mospi.nic.in/cso_rept_pubn.htm |archive-date=1 September 2004}}</ref> The National Capital Region of Delhi has emerged as an economic power house with rapid industrial growth.

According to a 2009–10 report, a large number of unskilled and skilled workers have moved to [[southern India]] and other nations because of the unavailability of jobs locally.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=North India vs South India: Who is doing better? Report says South India |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/north-india-vs-south-india-who-is-doing-better-report-says-south-india-162101-2013-05-07 |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=India Today |date=23 September 2009}}</ref> The technology boom that occurred in the past three decades in southern India has helped many Indians from the northern region to find jobs and live prosperous lives in southern cities. An analysis by Multidimensional Poverty Index creators reveals that acute poverty prevails in eight Indian states including the northern states of Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=West Bengal: 8 Indian states have more poor than 26 poorest African nations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/8-Indian-states-have-more-poor-than-26-poorest-African-nations/articleshow/6158960.cms |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=12 June 2010}}</ref>

==Cuisine==

===Popular dishes===
The best-known<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.crazymasalafood.com/top-20-delicious-and-irresistible-north-indian-food|title = Top 20 Delicious and Irresistible North Indian Food|access-date=15 April 2022|website=Crazymasalafood.com|date = 20 October 2017}}</ref> North-Indian food items are:
*[[Tandoori chicken]]
*[[Reshmi kabab]]
*[[Kadai paneer]]
*[[Chole bhature]]
*[[Aloo paratha]]
*[[Butter chicken]]
*[[Siddu (bread)|Siddu]]

==See also==
* [[Northeast India]]
* [[South India]]
* [[Northern South Asia]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation|last1=Asher|first1=C. B.|last2=Talbot|first2=C.|year=2008|title=India Before Europe |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-51750-8}}
* {{Citation |last=Brown |first=Judith M. |author-link=Judith M. Brown |year=1994 |title=Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=480 |isbn=978-0-19-873113-9 |url=http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198731139 |access-date=2 March 2008 |archive-date=3 October 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081003054156/http://www.oup.com/uk/catalogue/?ci=9780198731139 |url-status=dead}}
* {{citation|last1=Coningham|first1=Robin|last2=Young|first2=Ruth|title=The Archaeology of South Asia: From the Indus to Asoka, c. 6500 BCE – 200 CE|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hB5TCgAAQBAJ|year=2015|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-84697-4}}
* {{citation|last=Copland|first=I.|year=2001|title=India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire|publisher=[[Longman]]|isbn=978-0-582-38173-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dw1uAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation|last=Dyson|first=Tim|title=A Population History of India: From the First Modern People to the Present Day|year=2018|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-882905-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3TRtDwAAQBAJ}}
* {{citation|last=Fisher|first=Michael H.|year=2018|title=An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century|location=Cambridge and New York|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1-107-11162-2 |lccn=2018021693|doi=10.1017/9781316276044|s2cid=134229667 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZVuDwAAQBAJ|doi-access=free}}
* {{citation|last1=Kulke|first1=H.|last2=Rothermund|first2=D.|author1-link=Hermann Kulke|year=2004|title=A History of India|series=4th|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC}}
* {{citation|last=Ludden|first=D.|year=2002|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|publisher=[[Oneworld Publications]]|isbn=978-1-85168-237-9}}
* {{citation|last1=Metcalf|first1=Barbara D.|last2=Metcalf|first2=Thomas R.|author1-link=Barbara Metcalf |author2-link=Thomas R. Metcalf|year=2006|title=A Concise History of Modern India|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-68225-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iuESgYNYPl0C}}
* {{citation|last=Peers|first=D. M.|year=2006|title=India under Colonial Rule: 1700–1885 |publisher=[[Pearson Education|Pearson Longman]]|isbn=978-0-582-31738-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6iNuAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{citation|last1=Petraglia|first1=Michael D. |last2=Allchin|first2=Bridget |author-link2=Bridget Allchin|editor=Michael Petraglia |editor2=Bridget Allchin|title=The Evolution and History of Human Populations in South Asia: Inter-disciplinary Studies in Archaeology, Biological Anthropology, Linguistics and Genetics|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qm9GfjNlnRwC&pg=PA6|year=2007|publisher=[[Springer Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-4020-5562-1| chapter=Human evolution and culture change in the Indian subcontinent}}
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== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=North India |commons=Category:North India |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no}}
{{Wikivoyage|Northern India}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/419263/North-Indian-temple-architecture North Indian temple architecture]
* [https://www.geographia.com/india/ Geographia.com: India]
* [https://eragenx.com/2016/07/20/north-india-tourist-places-attractions/ Tourist places in North India]

{{clear}}
{{Geographic location
|width = auto
|Centre = North India
|North = [[Afghanistan]] ([[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]])
|Northeast = [[China]] ([[Xinjiang]] {{·}} [[Tibet Autonomous Region|Tibet]])
|East = [[Nepal]]
|Southeast = [[East India]]
|South = [[Central India]]
|Southwest = [[Western India]]
|West = [[Pakistan]] ([[Sindh]] {{·}} [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]])
|Northwest = [[Pakistan]] ([[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]])
}}
{{Geography of India}}
{{Historical regions of North India}}

{{Coord missing|India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Regions of India]]
[[Category:North India| ]]

Arunachala Arts and Science College for Women

2026-03-14T00:08:03Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Redirect article

#REDIRECT [[List of colleges in Kanyakumari district#Arts and science]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Pal family

2026-03-13T06:17:13Z

BlissKetoSupplement: correct article based on references

{{Short description|Bengali aristocratic family}}
{{infobox family
| name = Pal পাল
| coat of arms =
| country =
| parent house = [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]]
| titles = {{unbulleted list
|[[Raja]]
|[[Dewan]]
|[[Rai Bahadur]]
|[[Chowdhury]]
}}
| styles =
| founder = Kalidas Pal
| final ruler = Ramjivan Pal
| founded = 12th century
| early_forms = Pala
| deposition =
| cadet branches = Chowdhurys of Bahadurpur
| region = [[Panchakhanda]]
| origin = [[Sylhet Division]]
| members =
| otherfamilies =
| distinctions =
| traditions =
| heirlooms =
| estate = Palbari, [[Beanibazar]]
| meaning = "Protector" ([[Sanskrit]])<ref>{{cite book|last=Moor|first=Edward|authorlink=Edward Moor|title=Oriental Fragments|url=https://archive.org/details/orientalfragmen00moorgoog|year=1834|publisher=Smith, Elder and Co.|location=Cornhill, London|page=[https://archive.org/details/orientalfragmen00moorgoog/page/n145 139]}}</ref>
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Pal family''' ({{langx|bn|পাল বংশ}}; also spelt '''Pala''') are a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] aristocratic family who historically held lands in what is now [[Sylhet region|Sylhet]], [[Bangladesh]].

==History==
{{external media
| float = right
| width = 270px
| image1 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20221107130437/https://52banglatv.com/files/uploads/2018/06/pic-3-1.jpg Front view of the Pal palace]
| image2 = [https://web.archive.org/web/20221107124831/https://52banglatv.com/files/uploads/2018/06/pic-1-1.jpg Side view] The Pal palace (locally known as the "Palbari") is located near the municipal town of Beanibazar and is presently in a dilapidated condition.<ref name=News>{{cite news|last=খালেদ|first=শিমুল|date=2018-06-06|script-title=bn:পাল রাজার প্রাসাদে|url=https://52banglatv.com/2018/06/658/#prettyPhoto|work=52 Bangla TV|language=bn|access-date=2020-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630124520/https://52banglatv.com/2018/06/658/#prettyPhoto|archive-date=2022-06-30}}</ref>
}}
{{Bengal Zamindars series}}

Among the most ancient families in their region, the Pals trace their descent from a branch of the imperial [[Pala Empire|Pala dynasty]] of [[Bengal]], claiming a '[[Raja]] Mahipala' as their ancestor, though it is not known which of the Pala kings of this name is being referred to. The Pals became established in Sylhet by one [[Kumar]] Kalidas Pal in the 12th century [[Gregorian calendar|CE]]. Kalidas, who may have migrated due to the disintegration of the Pala Empire, acquired land in [[Panchakhanda]] (in what is now [[Beanibazar Upazila|Beanibazar sub-district]]),<ref>{{cite book|last=Barua|first=Bharati|title=Glimpses into Religion in Kamarupa during the Reign of Kumara Bhaskaravarman : A study on Contemporary Evidences|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DDVuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Panchakhanda+pargana+within+Beanibazar+thana+of+Sylhet+now+in+Bangladesh%22&dq=%22Panchakhanda+pargana+within+Beanibazar+thana+of+Sylhet+now+in+Bangladesh%22|series=Proceedings of North East India History Association|year=1991|publisher=North East India History Association|page=129}}</ref> with the estate becoming hereditary among his descendants.<ref name=Choudhury144>{{cite wikisource|title=Srihattar Itibritta: Uttarrangsho|wslink=পাতা:শ্রীহট্টের_ইতিবৃত্ত_-_উত্তরাংশ.pdf/১|last=Choudhury|first=Achyut Charan|authorlink=Achyut Charan Choudhury|pages=144–45|year=1917|publisher=Kotha|edition=first|location=Kolkata|wslanguage=bn}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=পাল রাজবংশের উত্তরাধিকার|last=Husam|first=Samshad|pages=13–14|year=2021|publisher=Utso Prokashon|location=Dhaka|language=bn}}</ref> The Pals initially ruled their territory as feudal monarchs, styling themselves with the royal title ''[[Raja]]''.<ref name=Choudhury144/> Around the 13th century CE (7th century [[Bengali calendars|BS]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.banglatext.com/bangla-date-converter.html|last=Islam|first=Jahedul|title=Bangla Date Converter|website=BanglaText|publisher=BanglaText|access-date=March 25, 2020}}</ref> the Pal palace and the large ''dighi'' (reservoir) it sits beside were constructed by Kalidas's great-grandson, Varanasi Pal.<ref name=News/><ref>{{cite wikisource|title=প্রতিভা|wslink=পাতা:প্রতিভা_(বর্ষ_৪)_-_অবিনাশচন্দ্র_মজুমদার.pdf/১৩৭|last=মজুমদার|first=অবিনাশচন্দ্র|page=129|year=1914|publisher=ঢাকা সাহিত্য পরিষৎ|location=Dhaka|wslanguage=bn}}</ref> However, three generations later, during the reign of Ramjivan Pal, the kingdom lost its independence, coming under the suzerainty of the [[Bengal Sultanate|Muslim rulers of Bengal]].<ref name=Choudhury144/><ref>{{harvtxt|Choudhury|1917|p=385}}</ref>

In spite of this reduction in status, the family enjoyed considerable renown and success as private landowners. Under Pal governance, their territory (previously scarcely inhabited) was significantly developed and cultivated, allowing the migration of groups such as the [[Mahimal]]s (who were led by their two [[Sardar]]s Raghai and Basai) into the area.{{NoteTag|Mahimals subsequently maintained a presence in the region into modern times.<ref name=Choudhury144/>}} Successive members of the family became notable for their construction of ''dighi'' as well as their religious contributions, both through support of [[Brahman]]s as well as construction.<ref name=Choudhury144/> One younger son, Pratap Chandra Pal, converted to [[Islam]] under the name "Prachanda Khan" and established his [[Baghprachanda Khan|own separate territory]], with his heirs becoming prominent landowners themselves; among his descendants are the Muslim Chowdhurys of Kala and Bahadurpur, also in Beanibazar.<ref name=ali>{{cite book|last=Ali|first=Syed Murtaza|authorlink=Syed Murtaza Ali|title=আমাদের কালের কথা|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ExFXAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Baighara|page=27|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Choudhury|1917|p=174}}</ref>

The general preeminence of the Pal line is displayed in a proverb recorded by the historian [[Achyut Charan Choudhury]]:<ref name=Choudhury173>{{harvtxt|Choudhury|1917|p=173}}</ref>

{{blockquote|পাল, প্রচণ্ড, জাংদার।
এই তিন মিরাশদার। ''Pal, Prôchôṇḍô, Jangdar. Ei tin mirashdar''}}
Translated, this means "Pal, Prachanda, Jangdar. These are the three ''mirashdars''." Thus, making reference to the Pals, the [[Baghprachanda Khan#History|descendants of Prachanda Khan]] and the unrelated [[Dakshin Shahbazpur Union#History|Jangdar clan]], the proverb states that there were no other ''mirashdars''{{NoteTag|''Mirashdar'' is a term referring to a landowner who pays taxes directly to the government.<ref>{{cite book|last=Laskar|first=Nitish Ranjan|title=Mahishya Das of Cachar and their Social Background|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjRuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Mirashdar,+he+being+a+land+holder+in+his+own+right+and+paying+revenue+direct+to+the+Govt%22&dq=%22Mirashdar,+he+being+a+land+holder+in+his+own+right+and+paying+revenue+direct+to+the+Govt%22|series=Proceedings of North East India History Association|year=1985|publisher=North East India History Association|page=456}}</ref>}} beyond these families in the locality.<ref name=Choudhury173/>

The influence of the Pals continued into the [[British Raj|British era]], with [[Munshi]] Hari Krishna Pal serving as [[Dewan]] to the [[District magistrate|District Collector]] of Sylhet. Krishnatay Dewanji, his younger brother, was the first individual in Sylhet to be awarded the title ''[[Rai Bahadur]]'' by the ruling government.<ref name=Choudhury144/><ref>{{harvtxt|Husam|2021|pp=15, 18}}</ref> The latter's son, Krishna Kishore Pal Chowdhury, founded the ''Bihani Bazar'' (Morning Market), from which the town of Beanibazar (now expanded into the [[Beanibazar Upazila|sub-district]]) derives its name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beanibazar.sylhet.gov.bd/site/page/330bf992-0757-11e7-a6c5-286ed488c766/বিয়ানীবাজার%20উপজেলার%20পটভূমি|script-title=bn:উপজেলার পটভূমি|website=Beanibazar Upazila|publisher=Bangladesh National Portal|language=bn|date=2020-01-13|access-date=2020-01-14}}</ref>

Other subsequent family members include activists Surath Pal Chowdury, his wife Arpana Pal Chowdhury and her sister Ashita Pal Chowdhury, who were involved in the [[Nankar Rebellion]] of 1949.<ref>{{harvtxt|Husam|2021|p=18}}</ref> Among the Bahadurpur branch were Najmul Islam Chowdhury and Abdul Muyeed Chowdhury, elected [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]'s of [[Assam Legislature|Assam Provincial Legislature]] in 1923 and 1937 respectively,<ref>{{harvtxt|Husam|2021|p=40}}</ref><ref>{{harvtxt|Husam|2021|p=46}}</ref> the brothers [[C. M. Shafi Sami]] ([[Foreign Secretary (Bangladesh)|Bangladesh Foreign Secretary]]; 1999–2001) and [[AB Bank]] Chief Executive Officer C.M. Qais Sami,<ref>{{harvtxt|Husam|2021|pp=57–59}}</ref> and [[Abdul Mumit Chowdhury]] ([[Election Commissioner of Bangladesh|Bangladesh Election Commissioner]]; 1978–1986).<ref>{{harvtxt|Husam|2021|pp=65–66}}</ref> [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]] and his brother [[Syed Murtaza Ali]], both writers, were maternal descendants of the family.<ref name=ali/>

==See also==
*[[Nidhanpur copperplate inscription]], Panchakhanda

==Notes==
{{NoteFoot}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bengal Zamindars}}
{{Nobility of the Raj}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pal Family}}
[[Category:Medieval Bengal]]
[[Category:Asian noble families]]
[[Category:Bengali families]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi families]]
[[Category:People from Beanibazar Upazila]]
[[Category:Indian families]]
[[Category:Hindu families]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi Hindus]]

Wular Lake

2026-03-11T20:45:49Z

BlissKetoSupplement: refine content per sources and improved wording for clarity

{{Short description|Fresh water lake in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Wular Lake
| native_name =
| image = Boats in Wullar Lake.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Boats floating in Wular Lake
| alt = Boats floating in Wular Lake
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Wular lake within J&K, India
| location = [[Bandipora]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]], India
| coords = {{Coord|34|22|10.4|N|74|33|33.34|E|display=inline,title}}
| type = Freshwater [[Lake]]
| inflow = [[Jhelum River]]
| outflow = [[Jhelum River]]
| catchment =
| basin_countries = {{flag|India}}
| length = {{convert|16|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|9.6|km|abbr=on}}<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/NWIA_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Atlas.pdf |title=Slide 1 |access-date=2021-08-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819091423/http://moef.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/NWIA_Jammu_and_Kashmir_Atlas.pdf |archive-date=19 August 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| area = {{convert|30|to|189|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|14|m|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|1580|m|abbr=on}}
| islands = Zainul Lank
| cities = [[Bandipora]]
| mapframe = yes
}}
{{Designation list
| embed = no
| designation1 = Ramsar
| designation1_date = 23 March 1990
| designation1_number = 461<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wular Lake Social Studies grade 9|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/461|access-date=25 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510050833/https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/461|archive-date=10 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

[[File:Wular Lake1.jpg|thumb|right|Wular Lake seen from Wular Vantage Park, Garoora.]]
[[File:Wullar - Extraction of Aquatic Plants.jpg|thumb|right|A boat carrying aquatic plants extracted from the Wular Lake]]
[[File:Wular Lake – geese & cows.jpg|thumb|Domesticated geese and cows on the bank of Wular Lake]]
'''Wular Lake''' ({{IPA|ur|ʋʊlər}}), also known as '''Wolar''' ({{IPA|ks|ʋɔlar}}) in [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], is one of the largest [[fresh water|freshwater]] lakes in the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://phys.org/news/2016-11-majestic-kashmir-lake.html|title= Can mistake that ruined majestic Kashmir lake be fixed?|access-date= 29 August 2018}}</ref> It is located near [[Bandipore|Bandipora town]] in the [[Bandipora district]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/57361729/pictures/IN461map.pdf|title= Map of Wular Lake and Associated Wetlands|access-date= 29 August 2018}}</ref> The lake basin was formed as a result of [[tectonic]] activity and is fed by the [[Jhelum River]] and the streams Madhumati and Arin.

The lake's size varies seasonally from 30 to 189 square kilometres. In addition, much of the lake has been drained as a result of willow plantations being built on the shore in the 1950s.

==Background==

===Etymology===

In ancient times, Wular Lake was also called Mahapadmasar (Sanskrit: महापद्मसरः). Nilamata Purana also mentions it as ''Mahapadmasaras''. The lake, with its big dimensions and the extent of water, gives rise to high leaping waves in the afternoons, called Ullola in Sanskrit, meaning "stormy leaping, high rising waves". Therefore, it was also called ''Ullola''. It is believed to have gotten corrupted over the centuries to ''Wulor'' or ''Wular''.<ref name="ref56mozib">[https://books.google.com/books?id=a-RGAAAAYAAJ Ramsar Sites of India: Wular Lake, Jammu and Kashmir], World Wide Fund for Nature, India, 1994, ''... The name "Vulla" from which the present name Wular or Volar (Vulgo Woolar) seems to have been derived, is found in the Janarajas chronicle and can be interpreted as 'turbulent' or the lake with high-going waves' ...''</ref><ref name="ref30zaveb">[https://books.google.com/books?id=O39DAAAAYAAJ Imperial Gazetteer of India], Sir William Wilson Hunter, pp. 387, Clarendon Press, 1908, ''... Wular Lake - Lake in Kashmir State ... bad reputation among the boatmen of Kashmir, for when the winds come down the mountain gorges, the quiet surface of the lake changes into a sea of rolling waves ... corruption of ullola, Sanskrit for 'turbulent' ... The ancient name is Mahapadmasaras, derived from the Naga Mahapadma, who is located in the lake as its tutelary deity ...''</ref> The origin may also be attributed to a [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] word 'Wul', which means a gap or a [[fissure]], an appellation that must have come also during this period. The word Wul (gap or fissure) is also an indicator of its origin from a fissure or gap created.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wular Lake - about Wular Lake in Srinagar |url=https://tourism.webindia123.com/tourism/lakes_gardens/Wular_Lake/index.htm?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-05-16 |website=tourism.webindia123.com}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

===History===

The Kashmiri sultan [[Zayn al-Abidin the Great|Zain-ul-Abidin]] is reputed to have ordered the construction of the artificial island of Zaina Lank in the middle of the lake in 1444.<ref name=sameerbhat>{{cite web|url=http://sameerbhat.blogspot.com/2009/01/there-is-loch-ness-lake-in-scotland.html|title=How to kill a lake|access-date=17 March 2010|date=30 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304091115/http://sameerbhat.blogspot.com/2009/01/there-is-loch-ness-lake-in-scotland.html|archive-date=4 March 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>

According to the traditional beliefs in the vicinity of Wular Lake, there once stood a city whose king was Raja Sudrasen. By the reason of the enormity of his crimes, the waters of the lake rose and drowned him and his subjects. It was said that during the winter months, at low water, the ruins of the submerged idol temple might be seen rising from the lake. Zayn Ul Aabidin constructed a spacious barge which he sank in the lake and upon which he laid a foundation of bricks and stones till it rose high enough to be at level as the water. Upon this, he erected a Mosque and other buildings and gave the islet the name of Lanka. The expense of this work was defrayed by the fortunate discovery of two idols of solid gold, which had been brought up from the lake by divers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRxCAQAAMAAJ|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|year=1880|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal}}</ref>

==Ecology ==

===Fish===
Wular Lake is an important fish habitat, the main species being the [[common carp]] (''Cyprinus carpio''), [[rosy barb]] (''Barbus conchonius''), [[mosquitofish]] (''Gambusia affinis''), ''[[Nemacheilus]]'' species, ''[[Crossocheilus latius]]'', and various snowtrout species in the genera ''[[Schizopyge]]'' and ''[[Schizothorax]]''. Snowtrout species identified in the lake include the [[Sattar snowtrout]] (''Schizopyge curvifrons''), [[Chirruh snowtrout]] (''Schizopyge esocinus''), ''Schizothorax planifrons'', ''[[Schizothorax macropogon]]'', ''Schizothorax longipinus'' and [[Chush snowtrout]] (''Schizopyge niger'').<ref name=wwf_ramsar/>

===Birds===
The lake sustains a rich population of birds. Terrestrial birds observed around the lake include the [[black-eared kite]], [[Eurasian sparrowhawk]], [[short-toed eagle]], Himalayan [[golden eagle]], [[Himalayan monal]], [[chukar partridge]], [[koklass pheasant]], [[rock dove]], [[common cuckoo]], [[alpine swift]], [[Indian roller]], [[Himalayan woodpecker]], [[hoopoe]], [[barn swallow]], [[golden oriole]], and others.<ref name=wwf_ramsar/>

==Economy==

===Aquatic greens ===

Many other families harvest the [[aquatic plant]]s, such as the grass ''[[Phragmites]]'' and the waterlily-like ''[[Nymphoides]]'', from the lake for human consumption and animal fodder.<ref name=wwf_ramsar/>

===Fishing===

Fish from Wular Lake make up a significant part of the diet for many thousands of people living on its shores and elsewhere in the [[Kashmir Valley]]. More than eight thousand fishermen earn their livelihood from the lake, primarily fishing for the endemic ''Schizothorax'' species and the non-native carp. Their catch comprises about 60 percent of the total yield of fish in Kashmir. Hundreds of other local villagers are employed by cooperative societies that trade the fish catch..<ref name=wwf_ramsar/>

===Tourism===

Boating, water sports, and [[water skiing]] have been launched by the Government of India Tourism in collaboration with Kerala Tourism and J&K Tourism. The contract for the operation of the site was awarded in September 2011.<ref>{{cite news|first=Mohinder|last=Verma|title=Conservation of water bodies remains distant dream - Only Rs 90 lakh for Surinsar, Mansar lakes in 3 years|date=2011-01-09|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/web1/11jan10/news.htm#4|newspaper=Daily Excelsior|access-date=2019-07-16}}</ref>

== Issues ==

=== Environmental threats ===

The lake is one of the 80 Indian [[wetland]]s designated as a [[Ramsar site]]. However, it faces environmental threats including the conversion of large parts of the lake's catchment areas into agricultural land, pollution from fertilizers and animal wastes, hunting of waterfowl and migratory birds, and weed infestation in the lake itself.<ref name=wwf_ramsar>{{cite web|url=http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |title=Wular Lake |publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature]] India |access-date=17 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602011146/http://www.wwfindia.org/about_wwf/what_we_do/freshwater_wetlands/our_work/ramsar_sites/wular_lake_.cfm |archive-date=2 June 2009 }}</ref>

=== Lake degradation ===

The shores of Wular Lake, one of the biggest freshwater lakes in South Asia, are now filled with trash.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nagrika |date=2024-02-03 |title=From Definition to Conservation: A Study of Urban Wetlands of India |url=https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10613126 |journal=Zenodo |pages=40 |doi=10.5281/ZENODO.10613126}}</ref> Waste has piled up along the lake's edges and in the water, endangering the lake's fish and plants. Parts of the lake have become shallow, and areas that used to be wide open water are now covered in mud and garbage. This buildup of waste and mud has made the lake smaller and shallower.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=Cow Dung, Waste Dumped on Embankments of Wular Lake |url=https://www.kashmirnewsobserver.com/top-stories/cow-dung-waste-dumped-on-embankments-of-wular-lake-kno-175645 |access-date=6 May 2023 |website=Kashmir News Observer}}</ref>

== Conservation ==

===Recognition===

In recognition of its biological, hydrological, and socio-economic values, the lake was included in 1986 as a Wetland of National Importance under the Wetlands Programme of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, for intensive conservation and management purposes. Subsequently, in 1990, it was designated as a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__ |title=Ramsar Convention |access-date=30 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007162046/http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-home/main/ramsar/1_4000_0__ |archive-date=7 October 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1"/> Against the Ramsar Convention, the lake area is being used for garbage dumping.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/municipal-waste-in-wullar-lake/ |title=Municipal Waste in Wullar Lake |date=19 February 2019 |access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>

===Restoration===

Amongst other developments, two million trees will be cut to restore Wular Lake under the National Lake Conservation Programme.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srinagar/20-lakh-trees-to-be-cut-to-restore-Wullar-lake/Article1-704918.aspx |title=20 lakh trees to be cut to restore Wullar lake |work=Hindustan Times|date=2011-06-02 |access-date=2012-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003236/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/srinagar/20-lakh-trees-to-be-cut-to-restore-Wullar-lake/Article1-704918.aspx |archive-date=22 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The Environment Ministry of India approved Rs 4 billion for the restoration project for the lake that will take 5 to 10 years, and was, after long delays, scheduled to start in December 2011.<ref>{{cite web |author=GreaterKashmir.com (Greater Service) |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Nov/20/wullar-lake-to-get-breather-26.asp |title=Wullar Lake to get breather Lastupdate:- Sun, 20 Nov 2011 18:30:00 GMT |publisher=Greaterkashmir.com |date=2011-11-20 |access-date=2012-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121171635/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2011/Nov/20/wullar-lake-to-get-breather-26.asp |archive-date=21 November 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>
The partner organisation, South Asian Voluntary Association of Environmentalists (SAVE), is a joint initiative of individuals to protect the ecology and to conserve nature at Wular Lake.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orgs.tigweb.org/south-asian-voluntary-association-of-environmentalists--|title=South Asian Voluntary associat... - Organizations - TakingITGlobal|access-date=12 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113043901/http://orgs.tigweb.org/south-asian-voluntary-association-of-environmentalists--|archive-date=13 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Tulbul Lock Project===
{{anchor | Tulbul }}

The '''Tulbul Lock Project''' ('''Tulbul Barrage'''), is an under-construction "[[Lock (water navigation)|river navigation lock]]-cum-[[control lock|water level control lock]] structure" at the mouth of Wular Lake<ref>{{cite web|url= https://kashmirlife.net/wullar-barrage-an-unresolved-question-601/|title= Wullar Barrage: An Unresolved 'Question'|access-date= 29 August 2018|date= 2010-06-27}}</ref> the barrage structure of which is designed to be {{convert|439|ft|m}} long and {{convert|40|ft|m}} wide with maximum storage capacity of {{convert|300000|acre.ft|e6m3|abbr=on}} of water.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/reviewing-tulbul-navigation-project-can-put-pakistan-on-backfoot-officials-116092601242_1.html|title= Reviewing Tulbul navigation project can put Pakistan on backfoot: Officials|access-date= 29 August 2018|newspaper= Business Standard India|date= 2016-09-26}}</ref> The project aims to regulate the release of water from the natural storage in the lake to maintain a minimum draught of {{convert|4.5|ft|m}} in the river up to [[Baramulla]] during the lean winter months.<ref name=tulb1/> The lean season water inflows into the Wular Lake are enhanced from the [[Neelum River|Kishanganga River]] by the [[Kishanganga Hydroelectric Plant]] after generating electricity.

Other lakes, such as [[Manasbal Lake]], [[Anchar Lake]], [[Dal Lake]], etc., which are not located on the Jhelum Main river, can be used similarly to Wular Lake to impound flood waters for flood protection in downstream areas, hydro electricity generation, navigation throughout the year, irrigation, municipal and industrial uses.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.greaterkashmir.com/(X(1)S(wzlt15eshocoqs45sp1quf45))/news/opinion/indus-water-treaty-part-iii/312950.html|title= Indus Water Treaty - Part III|access-date= 15 February 2019}}</ref>

====History====

=====1980: Conception=====

The project was conceived in the early 1980s, and work began in 1984. The average annual inflows or outflows from the lake are nearly 7 billion cubic meters.<ref name=tulb1>{{cite web|url= http://www.compositerunoff.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2836100.html |title= Water flow data of Jhelum river at Baramulla |access-date= 29 August 2018}}</ref>

=====1987-2025: Work stopped due to IWT dispute=====

There was an ongoing dispute between India and Pakistan over the Tulbul Project between 1987 and 2025 (when India put the IWT in abeyance). In 1987, when Pakistan objected to the Tulbul construction project by stating that it violated the 1960 [[Indus Waters Treaty]] (IWT),<ref name=jtuljun1/><ref>{{cite web|url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/18090/12/12_chapter%206.pdf|title= The Tulbul Navigation Project Dispute and the Negotiation Process |access-date= 29 August 2018}}</ref> India stopped the construction work on the project that year, but has since attempted to restart construction. The Jhelum River passing through the Kashmir valley below Wular Lake, which is a connecting lake as per IWT, provides an important means of transport for goods and people. To sustain navigation throughout the year, a minimum depth of water is needed. India contends that the Tulbul Project is permissible per paragraphs 7 (c) and 9 of Annexure E, IWT, while Pakistan maintains that the project is a violation of the treaty if the storage is above {{convert|10000|acre.ft|e6m3|lk=in}} for non-power generation purposes.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/tulbul-dispute-india-seeks-international-arbitration/articleshow/12444082.cms |title= Tulbul dispute: India seeks international arbitration |access-date= 29 August 2018|newspaper= The Economic Times |date= 2012-03-28 }}</ref> India hold the position that the suspension of work harmed the interests of the people of Jammu and Kashmir and also deprived irrigation and power benefits to the people of Pakistan that may accrue from regulated water releases.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.natstrat.org/articledetail/publications/revitalising-the-tulbul-navigation-project-for-kashmir-s-development-200.html |title=Revitalising the Tulbul Navigation Project for Jammu and Kashmir’s Development|access-date=13 June 2025|date=26 May 2025 }}</ref> In 2025, India put the IWT in abayance under which Pakistan was blocking the construction of Wular Barrage, thus paving the way for India to revive the Wular Barrage construction project.<ref name=jtuljun1/>

=====2025: Project revived=====

In 2025, India suspended the IWT, and decided to expedite the work on the Tulbul project, construction of new [[Indira_Gandhi_Canal#CRBS|CRBS]] (200 km long Chenab-Ravi-Beas-Sutlej Link Canal with 12 tunnels to link the [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], [[Beas River|Beas]], and [[Sutlej River|Sutlej]] rivers to bring their water to the [[Indira Gandhi Canal]] at [[Harike_Wetland|Harike Barrage]]), work on increasing the capacity of major dams in Indus basin (such as [[Uri Dam|Uri]], [[Dul Hasti Hydroelectric Plant|Dulhasti]], [[Salal Dam|Salal]], [[Baglihar Dam|Baglihar]], [[Nimoo Bazgo Hydroelectric Plant|Nimu Bajgo]], and [[Chutak Hydroelectric Plant|Chutak]]) and the work on new major dams ([[Kishanganga Hydroelectric Project|Kishanganga]], [[Ratle Hydroelectric Plant|Ratle]], and [[Pakal Dul Dam|Pakal Dul]].<ref name=CRBSL>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/autos/news/%E0%A4%AD-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%88-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9C-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97/ar-AA1GltFU?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=52c388a0d8a84bbff35fbff381051916&ei=26 भारत की नई जल रणनीति बदल देगी रेगिस्तान की तस्वीर, जानें क्या चल रही प्लानिंग], MSN, 9 June 2025.</ref>

====Details====

The lake storage capacity will be increased per IWT to 300,000 acre feet or more, up to 1580 m [[Sea level|MSL]], by considering it as a reservoir for a run-of-the-river (RoR) hydro power plant, by envisaging a low-head (nearly 8 meters rated head) power plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/(X(1)S(j3wxfxef1nyqf545kfe132ap))/news/opinion/indus-water-treaty-v/314141.html |title=Can we actually stop the flow of water to Pakistan? |access-date=25 February 2019}}</ref> The available deepened river bed level at the toe of the dam will be below {{Convert|1570|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} MSL for a 4,000 [[cusec]]s flow.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/70554/9/09_chapter5.pdf|title= Hydrology and Water Budget of Wular Lake (refer Figure 5.5)|access-date= 29 August 2018}}</ref>

====Benefits====

The project offers several benefits.

Construction of a RoR power plant with sufficient sluice gates would also flush the sediment from the lake area to preserve the lake.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Climatic, geomorphic and anthropogenic drivers of the 2014 extreme flooding in the Jhelum basin of Kashmir, India |journal=Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk |volume=9 |pages=224–248 |doi=10.1080/19475705.2017.1417332 |year=2018 |last1=Romshoo |first1=Shakil A. |last2=Altaf |first2=Sadaff |last3=Rashid |first3=Irfan |last4=Dar |first4=Reyaz Ahmad |issue=1 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018GNHR....9..224R }}</ref>

The enlarged lake will also meet the downstream navigational requirements fully during the lean flow season.<ref name=tulbu1/><ref name=tulbu2/><ref name=tulbu3/>

The regulated buffer/surcharge water storage in the Wular lake would substantially enhance the power generation from the downstream Lower Jhelum (105 MW), [[Uri Dam|Uri]] (720 MW), proposed 1124 MW [[Kohala Hydropower Project|Kohala]] (in [[Pakistan administered Kashmir|PaK]]), proposed 720 MW [[Azad Pattan Hydropower Project|Azad Pattan]] (in PaK), 590-MW Mahl hydropower project (in PaK), and proposed 720 MW [[Karot Hydropower Project|Karot]] (in PaKistan) RoR hydel projects, though its own power plant's generation is marginal.<ref name=tulbu1>{{cite web|url= http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457|title= Lower Jhelum Weir W00457|access-date= 29 August 2018|archive-date= 9 March 2016|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160309064421/http://india-wris.nrsc.gov.in/wrpinfo/index.php?title=Lower_Jhelum_Weir_W00457|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name=tulbu2>{{cite web|title=GB: water conservation and preservation|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/317594/gb-water-conservation-and-preservation/| access-date=2 November 2018|date=November 2018}}</ref><ref name=tulbu3>{{cite web|title=AJK likely to get Rs 12bn annually as net hydel power profit|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1454573| access-date=3 January 2019|date=2018-12-31}}</ref><ref name=tulbu4>{{cite web|title=Pakistan plans hydro projects on Jhelum River with Chinese help|url=http://www.cpecinfo.com/news/Pakistan-plans-hydro-projects-on-Jhelum-River-with-Chinese-help/NjUzMg==|access-date=15 January 2019|archive-date=17 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117110343/http://www.cpecinfo.com/news/pakistan-plans-hydro-projects-on-jhelum-river-with-chinese-help/NjUzMg==|url-status=dead}}</ref>

====Current status====

* 2025 Jun: In the context of India putting the IWT in abeyance, the revised DPR was being prepared by India for the construction of the Tulbul barrage.<ref name=jtuljun1>[https://www.msn.com/hi-in/news/other/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%9D-%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AB-%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AF-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%A8-%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97-%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8/ar-AA1GDf7h?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=f61fb70d0a594d45aea8471255e988c0&ei=40 जम्मू-कश्मीर में वुलर झील पर सरकार फिर से शुरू करेगी तुलबुल परियोजना, पाकिस्तान की बढ़ेगी टेंशन!], MSN, 14 June 2025.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Lakes|Islands}}

* General
** [[Jhelum_River#Dams|Dams on Jhelum river]]
** [[Hathlangoo]], village nearby
** [[2014 India–Pakistan floods]]

* Other lakes in J&K
** [[Anchar Lake]]
** [[Dal Lake]]
** [[Gangbal Lake]]
** [[Khanpursar]]
** [[Manasbal Lake]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category}}
* Wetlands International, 2007. ''[http://www.jkwildlife.com/wild/pdf/pub/wurc_mgtplan_india_wular.pdf Comprehensive Management Action Plan for Wular Lake, Kashmir]''. jkwildlife.org.

{{Kashmir Valley}}
{{Hydrography of Jammu and Kashmir}}
{{Ramsar sites in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ramsar sites in India]]
[[Category:Lakes of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Bandipora district]]
[[Category:Islands of India]]
[[Category:Uninhabited islands of India]]

2011 National Games of India

2026-03-08T16:21:42Z

BlissKetoSupplement: stub

{{Short description|Multi-sport event in Jharkhand, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox games
| name = 34th National Games of India
| logo = National_games_2011_logo.jpg
| size = 250
| caption = 2011 National Games Logo By Dilip Kumar Toppo
| host_city = [[Ranchi]], [[Jamshedpur]], and [[Dhanbad]]
| motto =
| teams = 36
| athletes = 8511
| events = 444 in 33 sports
| opening = {{Start date|2011|02|12|df=yes}}
| closing = {{End date|2011|02|26|df=yes}}
| opened_by = [[M. O. H. Farook]] ([[Governor of Jharkhand]])
| closed_by = [[Suresh Kalmadi]] ([[Indian Olympic Association|Chairman of Indian Olympic Association]])<ref name="sify.com"/>
| athlete_oath = [[Deepika Kumari]]
| judge_oath =
| torch_lighter = [[Sylvanus Dung Dung]]
| stadium = [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium]], Ranchi
| previous = [[2007 National Games of India|2007]]
| next = [[2015 National Games of India|2015]]
}}

The '''2011 National Games of India''', also known as the '''''34th National Games of India''''' and informally as '''Jharkhand 2011''' was the 34th edition of [[National Games of India]], held from 12 February 2011 to 26 February 2011 in [[Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]] [[Jamshedpur]] [[Dhanbad]].

Services ([[Services Sports Control Board]] – SSCB), which was a combined team of the [[Indian Armed Forces]], retained the overall title with 70 gold medals. Services were presented with the [[Bhalindra Singh|Raja Bhalindra Singh Trophy]] for the champions team. The [[Maharashtra]] swimmer [[Virdhawal Khade]] who won 12 medals including 8 golds was adjudged the best male athlete while the [[Delhi]] swimmer [[Richa Mishra]] who won 16 medals including 11 golds was adjudged the best female athlete. The best state award was won by [[Manipur]] which won 48 gold medals to finish in second place overall.

==Opening ceremony==
The opening ceremony was held at the Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium in Ranchi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/news/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217230406/http://www.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/news/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2011|title=Official website for the 34th National Games, Jharkhand – Ranchi – Jamshedpur – Dhanbad – India|date=17 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>
The governor of Jharkhand, [[M. O. H. Farook]] had declared the Games open.
Jharkhand chief minister [[Arjun Munda]] presided over the function.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/national-games-2011/National-Games-open-amid-a-riot-of-colour/articleshow/7483923.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104192420/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-13/national-games-2011/28543431_1_national-games-virdhawal-khade-colour|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=National Games open amid a riot of colour |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>
The games torch was lit by Indian men's hockey player [[Sylvanus Dung Dung]].
[[Deepika Kumari]], double gold-winner at the Commonwealth Games took the oath on behalf of the athletes.
A short film on folk hero [[Birsa Munda]], arrival of mascot – the smiling deer 'Chhaua', fire dancers, a laser show highlighting five sporting icons of the state (hockey stars Jaipal Singh Munda, Samurai Tete, [[Sylvanus Dung Dung]], archer Sanjeeva Singh and India cricket skipper MS Dhoni) were the main attractions of the opening ceremony. Popular fusion rock band- "Manthan", composed of students of [[Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad|IIT (ISM) Dhanbad]] opened the event and entertained the esteemed dignitaries.<ref name=autogenerated1 />
[[Bollywood]] stars [[Sameera Reddy]], [[Vivek Oberoi]] and [[Amisha Patel]] performed in the ceremony along with singer [[Sukhwinder Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/vivek-ameesha-jazz-up-34th-national-games-opening-show-news-national-lcmwujhgjai.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019091404/http://www.sify.com/news/vivek-ameesha-jazz-up-34th-national-games-opening-show-news-national-lcmwujhgjai.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2012|title=Vivek, Ameesha jazz up 34th National Games' opening show|website=Sify.com|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.samaylive.com/sports-news/676482403/vivek-ameesha-performed-at-34th-national-games-opening-show.html|title=Vivek, Ameesha and shri Mukund Nayak performed at 34th National Games opening show|website=English.samaylive.com|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215091805/http://english.samaylive.com/sports-news/676482403/vivek-ameesha-performed-at-34th-national-games-opening-show.html|archive-date=2011-02-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Mascot==
[[File:National games 2011 mascot.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.8|'''Chhaua''', the deer.]]
The mascot of the games is '''Chhaua''', a [[deer]] in running motion holding the torch.
Chhaua depicts the body of a human and head of a stag, symbolising both stillness and energy that characterise Jharkhand's tribal communities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101216/jsp/jharkhand/story_13304436.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203164757/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101216/jsp/jharkhand/story_13304436.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) – Jharkhand – Games mascot lucky for dokra artisans|website=www.telegraphindia.com|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> Chhaua means "''little boy''" in the [[Jharkhand#Culture|local language]].<ref>[http://www.34thnationalgames.com/ 34th National Games 2011 Jharkhand Ranchi Jamshedpur Dhanbad] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211151752/http://www.34thnationalgames.com/ |date=11 February 2011 }}</ref>
The mascot of the games, Chhaua in famous dokra-art will be presented to all the players and officials by the games committee.
The National Games Organising Committee (NGOC) had issued orders for the same to Jharcraft for manufacturing 14,000 mementoes that will be given to players and guests as a remembrance of their arrival in the State.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/313166/Chhaua-in-dokra-art-form-is-mascot-of-Games.html The Pioneer :: Home : >> Chhaua in dokra art form is mascot of Games] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708221315/http://www.dailypioneer.com/313166/Chhaua-in-dokra-art-form-is-mascot-of-Games.html |date=8 July 2011 }}</ref> During the opening ceremony of the games, the Games mascot 'Chhaua' – baby deer—made an aerial entry into the athletics complex and ran around the stadium with the torch with echoes of ''[[Vande Mataram]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://currentaffairsappsc.blogspot.com/2011/02/34th-national-games-begins.html|title=CURRENT AFFAIRS & ANALYSIS: 34th National Games Begins|date=12 February 2011|website=Currentaffairsappsc.blogspot.com|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref>

==Participating teams==
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Assam]]
* [[Bihar]]
* [[Chhattisgarh]]
* [[Goa]]
* [[Gujarat]]
* [[Haryana]]
* [[Himachal Pradesh]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Jharkhand]]
* [[Karnataka]]
* [[Kerala]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Manipur]]
* [[Meghalaya]]
* [[Mizoram]]
* [[Nagaland]]
* [[Odisha]]
* [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
* [[Rajasthan]]
* [[Sikkim]]
* [[Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tripura]]
* [[Uttar Pradesh]]
* [[Uttarakhand]]
* [[West Bengal]]
* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[Chandigarh]]
* [[Delhi]]
* [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
* [[Daman and Diu]]
* [[Lakshadweep]]
* [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
* [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]]
{{div col end}}

==Sports==
There are a total of 444 gold medals in 35 events in the games.
The events are:-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | No:
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Event
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | No: of participants
! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Gold medals
|-
|1 || [[File:Athletics pictogram.svg|22px]] Athletics || 858 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/at/at_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219105606/http://117.239.23.67/at/at_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2011|date=19 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games - Athletics }}</ref> || 44
|-
|2 || [[File:Fencing pictogram.svg|22px]] Fencing ||225<ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/fe/fe_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225003112/http://117.239.23.67/fe/fe_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2011|date=25 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Fencing }}</ref> ||12
|-
|3 ||[[File:Karate pictogram.svg|22px]] Karate ||149<ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/ka/ka_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218011922/http://117.239.23.67/ka/ka_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2011|date=18 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Karate }}</ref> || 15
|-
|4 ||[[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|22px]] Swimming || 332<ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/sw/sw_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216115055/http://117.239.23.67/sw/sw_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2011|date=16 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Swimming }}</ref>|| 40
|-
|5 || [[File:Volleyball (indoor) pictogram.svg|22px]] Volleyball || 214<ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/vb/vb_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219133047/http://117.239.23.67/vb/vb_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2011|date=19 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Volleyball }}</ref> ||2
|-
|6 || [[File:Basketball pictogram.svg|22px]] Basketball || 226 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/bb/bb_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222151419/http://117.239.23.67/bb/bb_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2011|date=22 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Basketball }}</ref>||2
|-
|7 ||[[File:Wrestling pictogram.svg|22px]] Wrestling || 308 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/wr/wr_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226192809/http://117.239.23.67/wr/wr_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2011|date=26 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Wrestling }}</ref> ||21
|-
|8 ||[[File:Field hockey pictogram.svg|22px]] Hockey || 330 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/ho/ho_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216133436/http://117.239.23.67/ho/ho_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2011|date=16 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Hockey }}</ref>|| 2
|-
|9 ||[[File:Football pictogram.svg|22px]] Football || 406 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/fb/fb_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218011835/http://117.239.23.67/fb/fb_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2011|date=18 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Football }}</ref> || 2
|-
|10 || [[File:Rugby union pictogram.svg|22px]] Rugby || 121<ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/rb/rb_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221081156/http://117.239.23.67/rb/rb_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 February 2011|date=21 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Rugby }}</ref>||1
|-
|11 ||[[File:Wushu pictogram.svg|22px]] Wushu || 254 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/wu/wu_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217230538/http://117.239.23.67/wu/wu_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2011|date=17 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Wushu }}</ref> ||40
|-
|12 ||[[File:Badminton pictogram.svg|22px]] Badminton|| 132 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/bm/bm_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222142925/http://117.239.23.67/bm/bm_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2011|date=22 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Badminton }}</ref>||6
|-
|13 ||[[File:Table tennis pictogram.svg|22px]] Table tennis || 95 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/tt/tt_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225223046/http://117.239.23.67/tt/tt_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2011|date=25 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-TableTennis }}</ref> ||7
|-
|14 || [[File:Bowling pictogram.svg|22px]] Lawn Bowls||76<ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/bs/bs_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219133010/http://117.239.23.67/bs/bs_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2011|date=19 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Lawn Bowls }}</ref> ||8
|-
|15 ||[[File:Judo pictogram.svg|22px]] Judo || 129 <ref>[http://117.239.23.67/ju/ju_main.htm] {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>||16
|-
|16 ||[[File:Taekwondo pictogram.svg|22px]] Taekwondo || 144 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/ta/ta_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218192129/http://117.239.23.67/ta/ta_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2011|date=18 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Taekwondo }}</ref>||16
|-
|17 ||[[File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg|22px]] Gymnastics || 227 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/gy/gy_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222151547/http://117.239.23.67/gy/gy_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2011|date=22 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Gymnastics }}</ref>||20
|-
|18 ||[[File:Handball pictogram.svg|22px]] Handball || 265 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/hb/hb_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226151911/http://117.239.23.67/hb/hb_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2011|date=26 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34th National Games - Handball}}</ref>||2
|-
|19 || Kabaddi || 251 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/kb/kb_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216140051/http://117.239.23.67/kb/kb_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2011|date=16 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Kabaddi}}</ref>||2
|-
|20 || Kho-Kho || 220 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/kk/kk_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222151429/http://117.239.23.67/kk/kk_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2011|date=22 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Kabaddi}}</ref>||2
|-
|21 ||[[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|22px]] Cycling || 200 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/cy/cy_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222142928/http://117.239.23.67/cy/cy_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2011|date=22 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Cycling }}</ref>||24
|-
|22 || [[File:Shooting pictogram.svg|22px]] Shooting|| 565 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/sh/sh_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218191950/http://117.239.23.67/sh/sh_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2011|date=18 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Shooting }}</ref>||33
|-
|23 ||[[File:Tennis pictogram.svg|22px]] Tennis || 93 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/te/te_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225222314/http://117.239.23.67/te/te_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2011|date=25 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Tennis }}</ref>||6
|-
|24 || [[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|22px]] Boxing|| 303 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/bx/bx_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222151424/http://117.239.23.67/bx/bx_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2011|date=22 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Boxing }}</ref> ||20
|-
|25 || [[File:Archery pictogram.svg|22px]] Archery || 306 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/ar/ar_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223112814/http://117.239.23.67/ar/ar_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 February 2011|date=23 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34th National Games - Archery }}</ref>||12
|-
|26 ||[[File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|22px]] Weightlifting || 130 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/wl/wl_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225222319/http://117.239.23.67/wl/wl_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2011|date=25 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Weightlifting }}</ref> ||15
|-
|27 ||[[File:Equestrian pictogram.svg|22px]] Equestrian || 143 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/eq/eq_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219133020/http://117.239.23.67/eq/eq_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 February 2011|date=19 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Equestrian }}</ref> ||6
|-
|28 ||[[File:Netball pictogram.svg|22px]] Netball || 224 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/nb/nb_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226192721/http://117.239.23.67/nb/nb_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2011|date=26 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games - Netball }}</ref> || 2
|-
|29 ||[[File:Sepaktakraw pictogram.svg|22px]] Sepak Takraw || 285 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/st/st_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218192021/http://117.239.23.67/st/st_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2011|date=18 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Sepak Takraw }}</ref> || 4
|-
|30 ||[[File:Rowing pictogram.svg|22px]] Rowing || 432 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/ro/ro_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218192051/http://117.239.23.67/ro/ro_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 February 2011|date=18 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games - Rowing }}</ref> ||17
|-
|31 ||[[File:Canoeing (slalom) pictogram.svg|22px]] Kayaking & Canoeing||382 <ref>[http://117.239.23.67/ca/ca_main.htm] {{dead link|date=March 2011}}</ref>||31
|-
|32 ||[[File:Triathlon pictogram.svg|22px]] Triathlon|| 164 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/tr/tr_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226192736/http://117.239.23.67/tr/tr_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 February 2011|date=26 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Triathlon }}</ref> ||4
|-
|33 ||[[File:Squash pictogram.svg|22px]] Squash|| 87 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/sq/sq_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222151552/http://117.239.23.67/sq/sq_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2011|date=22 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34th National Games-Squash }}</ref> ||2
|-
|34 ||[[File:Diving pictogram.svg|22px]] Diving||47<ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/pl/pl_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222151439/http://117.239.23.67/pl/pl_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2011|date=22 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34th National Games - Diving }}</ref> ||6
|-
|35 ||[[File:Water polo pictogram.svg|22px]] Water Polo||188<ref>{{cite web|url=http://117.239.23.67/wp/wp_main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216133506/http://117.239.23.67/wp/wp_main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2011|date=16 February 2011|access-date=18 April 2018|title=34 th National Games-Waterpolo }}</ref> ||2
|-
!colspan=2| Total || 8511 ||444
|}

==Venues==
The 35 events in the games are held in 3 cities – [[Ranchi]], [[Jamshedpur]] and [[Dhanbad]], in a total of 21 venues.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www77.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217024435/http://www.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/spt_evt/dhanbad/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in|archive-date=17 February 2011|website=www77.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www77.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215135657/http://www.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/spt_evt/ranchi/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in|archive-date=15 February 2011|website=www77.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www77.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217024500/http://www.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in/spt_evt/jmshdpr/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in|archive-date=17 February 2011|website=www77.34thnationalgamesjharkhand.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | City
! scope="col" | Capacity
! scope="col" | Sports
! scope="col" | Ref
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium|Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium Mega Sports Complex]] || [[Ranchi]] || 35,000 || [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]] ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium|Sheikh Bhikhari Administrative Block]] || [[Ranchi]] || 22,000 || [[Karate]], [[Fencing]] ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium|Veer Budhu Bhagat Aquatic Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || 3,194 || [[List of water sports|Aquatics]] ||
|-
| [[Harivansh Tana Bhagat Indoor Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || 4,000 || [[Basketball]], [[Volleyball]], [[Wrestling]] ||
|-
| [[Astroturf Hockey Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || 5,000 || [[Field hockey|Hockey]] ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Football Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || 40,000 || [[Association football|Football]], [[Rugby 7s]] ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium|Thakur Vishwanath Shahdeo Indoor Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || 2,000 || [[Badminton]], [[Wushu (sport)|Wushu]], [[Table tennis]] ||
|-
| [[RK Anand Lawn Bowl Greens]] || [[Ranchi]] || 1,000 || [[Judo]], [[Lawn Bowls]] ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium|Ganpat Rai Indoor Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || 2,000 || [[Badminton]], [[Taekwondo]], [[Table tennis]], [[Gymnastics]], [[Handball]] ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium|Albert Ekka Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || n/a || [[Kho kho]], [[Kabbadi]] ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium|Sidhu Kanhu Velodrome Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || 2,000 || [[Cycle sport|Cycling]] ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium|Tikait Umrao Shooting Range]] || [[Ranchi]] || 2,000 || [[Shooting sports|Shooting]] ||
|-
| [[Birsa Munda Athletics Stadium|Tennis Stadium]] || [[Ranchi]] || 2,000 || [[Tennis]] ||
|-
| [[Keenan Stadium]] || [[Jamshedpur]] || n/a || [[Boxing]] ||
|-
| [[JRD Tata Sports Complex]] || [[Jamshedpur]] || n/a || [[Association football|Football]], [[Archery]] ||
|-
| [[XLRI- Xavier School of Management|XLRI Ground]] || [[Jamshedpur]] || n/a || [[Powerlifting|Weightlifting]] ||
|-
| Gopal Maidan || [[Jamshedpur]] || n/a || [[Equestrianism|Equestrian]] ||
|-
| [[Indian School of Mines|Indian School of Mines Ground]] || [[Dhanbad]] || n/a || [[Netball]] ||
|-
| Indoor Stadium || [[Dhanbad]] || n/a || [[Sepak Takraw]] ||
|-
| [[Maithon Dam]] || [[Dhanbad]] || n/a || [[Canoeing|Kayaking & Canoeing]], [[Triathlon]], [[Rowing (sport)|Rowing]] ||
|-
| [[Indian School of Mines|ISM & Officer Club]] || [[Dhanbad]] || n/a || [[Squash (sport)|Squash]] ||
|-
|}

==Medals tally==
{{Medals table
| caption =
| host = 5
| flag_template = flagcountry
| event =
| team = State
| gold_1 = 70 | silver_1 = 50 | bronze_1 = 42 | name_1 ={{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Armed Forces.svg}} [[Services Sports Control Board|Services]]
| gold_2 = 48 | silver_2 = 37 | bronze_2 = 33 | name_2 = [[Manipur]]
| gold_3 = 42 | silver_3 = 33 | bronze_3 = 40 | name_3 ={{flagicon image|..Haryana Flag(INDIA).png}}[[Haryana]]
| gold_4 = 41 | silver_4 = 44 | bronze_4 = 47 | name_4 ={{flagicon image|..Maharashtra Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Maharashtra]]
| gold_5 = 33 | silver_5 = 26 | bronze_5 = 37 | name_5 ={{flagicon image|Jharkhand Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Jharkhand]] | host_5 = yes
| gold_6 = 32 | silver_6 = 26 | bronze_6 = 41 | name_6 ={{flagicon image| Flag of Delhi Capital Territory.svg}} [[Delhi]]
| gold_7 = 30 | silver_7 = 29 | bronze_7 = 28 | name_7 ={{flagicon image|..Kerala Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Kerala]]
| gold_8 = 25 | silver_8 = 32 | bronze_8 = 46 | name_8 ={{flagicon image|..Madhya Pradesh Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| gold_9 = 23 | silver_9 = 38 | bronze_9 = 54 | name_9 ={{flagicon image|..Punjab Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| gold_10 = 20 | silver_10 = 22 | bronze_10 = 28 | name_10 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| gold_11 = 16 | silver_11 = 19 | bronze_11 = 20 | name_11 ={{flagicon image|..Karnataka Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Karnataka]]
| gold_12 = 14 | silver_12 = 12 | bronze_12 = 27 | name_12 ={{flagicon image|..Tamil Nadu Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tamil Nadu]]
| gold_13 = 6 | silver_13 = 2 | bronze_13 = 1 | name_13 ={{flagicon image|Tiripura Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Tripura]]
| gold_14 = 5 | silver_14 = 19 | bronze_14 = 25 | name_14 =[[Andhra Pradesh]]
| gold_15 = 5 | silver_15 = 11 | bronze_15 = 18 | name_15 ={{flagicon image|Seal of Assam.svg}} [[Assam]]
| gold_16 = 5 | silver_16 = 5 | bronze_16 = 6 | name_16 ={{flagicon image|}} [[Goa]]
| gold_17 = 5 | silver_17 = 4 | bronze_17 = 3 | name_17 ={{flagicon image|..Orissa Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Odisha]]
| gold_18 = 4 | silver_18 = 10 | bronze_18 = 21 | name_18 ={{flagicon image|Emblem of West Bengal (Banglarmukh) before 2018.png}} [[West Bengal]]
| gold_19 = 4 | silver_19 = 4 | bronze_19 = 5 | name_19 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Uttarakhand.svg}} [[Uttarakhand]]
| gold_20 = 4 | silver_20 = 1 | bronze_20 = 10 | name_20 ={{flagicon image|..Rajasthan Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Rajasthan]]
| gold_21 = 4 | silver_21 = 1 | bronze_21 = 2 | name_21 ={{flagicon image|Coat of arms of Chhattisgarh.svg}} [[Chhattisgarh]]
| gold_22 = 3 | silver_22 = 2 | bronze_22 = 2 | name_22 ={{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Andaman and Nicobar Administration Banner.png}} [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]}}
| gold_23 = 2 | silver_23 = 0 | bronze_23 = 5 | name_23 =[[Himachal Pradesh]]
| gold_24 = 1 | silver_24 = 5 | bronze_24 = 6 | name_24 ={{flagicon image|Bihar Government Banner.png}} [[Bihar]]
| gold_25 = 1 | silver_25 = 3 | bronze_25 = 2 | name_25 ={{flagicon image|Meghalaya Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Meghalaya]]
| gold_26 = 1 | silver_26 = 2 | bronze_26 = 1 | name_26 ={{flagicon image|Flag of the Government of Sikkim.svg}} [[Sikkim]]
| gold_27 = 0 | silver_27 = 4 | bronze_27 = 8 | name_27 ={{flagicon image|Flag of Jammu and Kashmir (1952-2019).svg}} [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| gold_28 = 0 | silver_28 = 3 | bronze_28 = 4 | name_28 ={{flagicon image|Flag of Gujarat.svg}} [[Gujarat]]
| gold_29 = 0 | silver_29 = 1 | bronze_29 = 10 | name_29 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| gold_30 = 0 | silver_30 = 1 | bronze_30 = 9 | name_30 = [[Chandigarh]]
| gold_31 = 0 | silver_31 = 1 | bronze_31 = 5 | name_31 ={{flagicon image|Mizoram Flag(INDIA).png}} [[Mizoram]]
| gold_32 = 0 | silver_32 = 0 | bronze_32 = 2 | name_32 =[[Nagaland]]
| source = [https://web.archive.org/web/20110216133430/http://117.239.23.67/common/mt_med_main_ORG.htm Source: Official website]
}}

==Closing ceremony==
The closing ceremony of the 34th National Games was held on 26 February 2011 at the Birsa Munda Athletic stadium in Ranchi, Jharkhand. The ceremony began with a monoplane performing aerobatics and showering coloured powder on the stadium. It was followed by an [[Indian Air Force]] helicopter showering flowers on the stadium, followed by the para-jump by 12 dare devils of the [[Indian Air Force|IAF]], who jumped from a height of 4300 feet and anded in the middle of the stadium. The games was officially closed by [[Suresh Kalmadi]], the chairman of the Indian Olympic Association (IOA). He ceremoniously handed over the Games flag to the [[Kerala]] officials. Kerala will host the 35th National Games in December 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/141380/colourful-end-party.html|title=Colourful end to the party|date=26 February 2011|website=Deccanherald.com|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> The Jharkhand chief minister [[Arjun Munda]] was the chief guest of the event. The Union sports minister Ajay Maken was supposed to be the chief guest, withdrew from the function due to differences with Suresh Kalmadi.<ref>[http://expressbuzz.com/nation/national-games-ends-without-maken/251688.html]{{dead link|date=September 2016|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/national-games-2011/Sports-university-to-come-up-at-Games-venue/articleshow/7583606.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104222537/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-27/national-games-2011/28638390_1_sports-university-chief-guest-games-venue|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Sports university to come up at Games venue |access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> The cultural evening showcased the cultural heritage and folk dances from the participating states, especially Jharkhand, Punjab and Manipur and a team from Kerala displayed their local martial arts and art forms as a prelude of the next games. Bollywood actress [[Katrina Kaif]] and singer [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] performed at the closing ceremony.<ref name="sify.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/glittering-ceremony-brings-down-curtain-on-national-games-news-national-lc1a4dbajha.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019162657/http://www.sify.com/news/glittering-ceremony-brings-down-curtain-on-national-games-news-national-lc1a4dbajha.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 October 2012|title=Glittering ceremony brings down curtain on National Games|website=Sify.com|access-date=18 April 2018}}</ref> A special song ''Vidai'' has been performed by the "folk artists and percussionists" which formed the "theme of the state's cultural show". There was also a ''paika dance'' to celebrate the success of the Games.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/events-tournaments/national-games-2011/Gala-closing-ceremony-to-draw-curtains-on-National-Games/articleshow/7572351.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104222549/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-02-25/national-games-2011/28633296_1_national-games-ceremony-national-award|url-status=live|archive-date=4 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|title=Gala closing ceremony to draw curtains on National Games |access-date=20 August 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110914142637/http://accsrvr.cmc.net.in/common/mt_med_main_ORG.htm Official website]

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box| before=[[2007 National Games of India]]| title=[[National Games of India]] | years= | after=[[2015 National Games of India]]}}
{{S-end}}

{{National Games of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2011 National Games Of India}}
[[Category:National Games of India]]
[[Category:2011 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:2011 in multi-sport events]]
[[Category:February 2011 sports events in India]]

Best of Luck (2013 film)

2026-03-08T02:49:19Z

BlissKetoSupplement: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Best of Luck
| image = Best of Luck Teaser Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Manmord Sidhu]]
| producer = [[Sippy Grewal]] [[Gunbir Singh Sidhu]]
| screenplay = [[Dheeraj Rattan]], [[Anugrah Bohrey]]
| story = [[Dheeraj Rattan]]
| starring = [[Gippy Grewal]] [[Jazzy Bains ]] [[Simran Kaur Mundi]] [[Sonam Bajwa]]
| music = Jatinder Shah
| cinematography = Toby Gorman
| editing = Manish More
| studio = [[White Hill Studios]]
| distributor = [[White Hill Studios]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|07|26}}
| country = India, Canada
| language = Punjabi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Best of Luck''''' is a Punjabi film starring [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Jazzy B]] (in his acting debut), [[Binnu Dhillon]], [[Simran Kaur Mundi]] (Miss India Universe 2008) and [[Sonam Bajwa]].

Music for the film was composed by Jatinder Shah. Shooting of the film started in May 2012 in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], [[Canada]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Jazzy B with Gippy Grewal in Punjabi Film|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/news-interviews/31764783_1_india-universe-miss-india-debut|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130716051756/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-18/news-interviews/31764783_1_india-universe-miss-india-debut|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2013|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=18 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Wallace|first=Ric|title=Best of Luck Shoot at White Rock Beach|url=http://whiterockbeach.ca/2012/06/13/best-of-luck-a-funny-and-strange-story-with-a-white-rock-connection-gippy-grewal-jazzy-b-upcoming-punjabi-movie/|publisher=www.whiterockbeach.ca|accessdate=13 June 2012}}</ref> and the second schedule was completed in [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.punjabicinema.org/2013/06/best-of-luck-2013-trailer-gippy-grewal.html
|title=Best of Luck Trailer
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629061129/http://www.punjabicinema.org/2013/06/best-of-luck-2013-trailer-gippy-grewal.html
|archivedate=2013-06-29
}}</ref>

==Plot==
Kallu ([[Gippy Grewal]]) and Happy ([[Binnu Dhillon]]) accidentally kidnap Goli ([[Jazzy B]]). Goli, a gangster, then uses these two to help him win over Preet([[Simran Kaur Mundi]])'s Grandfather so that he can marry Preet.

==Cast==
* [[Jazzy B]] as Goli
* [[Gippy Grewal]] as Kullu
* [[Simran Kaur Mundi]] as Preet
* [[Sonam Bajwa]] as Simran
* [[Binnu Dhillon]] as Happy
* Bobby Bedi as Shamsher singh
* Rishma Johal as Jot
* [[Puneet Issar]] as Jarnail Singh
* [[Karamjit Anmol]] as Servant Ballu
* Harpal singh as Harpal (Simran's father)
* [[Miss Pooja]] as Herself (Special Appearance)
* Parminder Bagga as Cop (Cameo)

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Best of Luck
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Gippy Grewal]], [[Jazzy B]], [[Javed Ali]], [[Kamal Khan (singer)|Kamal Khan]], [[Master Saleem]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 10 July 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]], [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]]
| length =
| label = Speed Records (India) Moviebox (UK)
| producer = Jatinder Shah
| prev_title = [[Carry On Jatta]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

*"Gal 91 Ya 92" - Gippy Grewal - Music: Jatinder Shah - Lyrics: Veet Baljit
*"Goli Hik Vich" - Gippy Grewal, Jazzy B - Music: Jatinder Shah - Lyrics: Veet Baljit
*"Happy Shappy" - Gippy Grewal, Jazzy B - Music: Jatinder Shah - Lyrics: Kumaar
*"Jatt Kaym" - Jazzy B - Music: Jatinder Shah - Lyrics: Gurminder Mado-K
*"Judaiyan" (Version 1) - Javed Ali - Music: Jatinder Shah
*"Judaiyan" (Version 2) - Master Saleem - Music: Jatinder Shah
*"Papa Nu Pata Lag Ju" - Gippy Grewal - Music: Jatinder Shah - Lyrics: Kumaar
*"Rattan Lamiyan" (Version 1) - Kamal Khan - Music: Jatinder Shah - Lyrics: Javed Ali
*"Rattan Lamiyan" (Version 2) - Javed Ali - Music: Jatinder Shah - Lyrics: Javed Ali

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130702222040/http://www.punjabicinema.org/2013/02/best-of-luck-gippy-grewal-jazzy-b.html ''Best of Luck'' Movie] on PunjabiCinema.org
* {{IMDb title|2215348|Best of Luck}}
* [http://www.cinepunjab.com/2012/06/best-of-luck-2012.html ''Best of Luck'' Movie] on CinePunjab.com
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130718180804/http://ballewood.in/movies/reviews/best-of-luck-review ''Best of Luck'' Review] on Ballewood.in

{{DEFAULTSORT:Best Of Luck}}
[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 Punjabi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Jatinder Shah]]

Leopard

2026-03-07T12:09:27Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Species of cat native to Africa and Asia}}
{{Other uses|Leopard (disambiguation)|Leopards (disambiguation)}}
{{Good article}}
{{Pp-semi-indef}}
{{Pp-move}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Leopard
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Early Pleistocene | Present}}
| image = African leopard male (cropped).jpg 
| image_caption = Male [[African leopard]] in [[Maasai Mara National Reserve]], [[Kenya]]
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus'' |name-list-style=amp |author1=Stein, A.B. |author2=Gerngross, P. |author3=Al Hikmani, H. |author4=Balme, G. |author5=Bertola, L. |author6=Drouilly, M. |author7=Farhadinia, M.S. |author8=Feng, L. |author9=Ghoddousi, A. |author10=Henschel, P. |author11=Jhala, Y. |author12=Khorozyan, I. |author13=Kittle, A. |author14=Laguardia, A. |author15=Luo, S.-J. |author16=Mann, G. |author17=Miquelle, D. |author18=Moheb, Z. |author19=Raza, H. |author20=Rostro-García, S. |author21=Shivakumar, S. |author22=Song, D. |author23=Wibisono, H. |year=2024 |article-number=e.T15954A254576956 |access-date=30 June 2024}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=IUCN/>
| taxon = Panthera pardus<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14000250 |pages=547 |heading=Species ''Panthera pardus''}}</ref>
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]])
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision = See [[#Living subspecies|text]]
| range_map = Leopard distribution.jpg
| range_map_caption = Present and historical distribution of the leopard<ref name=IUCN/>
| synonyms =
}}

The '''leopard''' ('''''Panthera pardus''''') is one of the five extant cat [[species]] in the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''[[Panthera]]''. It has a pale yellowish to dark golden fur with dark spots grouped in [[Rosette (zoology)|rosette]]s. Its body is slender and muscular, reaching a length of {{cvt|92|-|183|cm}} with a {{cvt|66|-|102|cm|}} long tail and a shoulder height of {{cvt|60|-|70|cm}}. Males typically weigh {{cvt|30.9|-|72|kg}}, and females {{cvt|20.5|-|43|kg}}.

The leopard was first [[Species description|described]] in 1758, and several [[subspecies]] were proposed in the 19th and 20th centuries. Today, eight subspecies are recognised in its wide range in [[Africa]] and [[Asia]]. It initially evolved in Africa during the [[Early Pleistocene]], before migrating into Eurasia around the Early–[[Middle Pleistocene]] transition. [[European leopard|Leopards were formerly present across Europe]], but became extinct in the region at around the end of the [[Late Pleistocene]]-early [[Holocene]].

The leopard is adapted to a variety of habitats ranging from [[rainforest]] to [[steppe]], including [[Aridity|arid]] and montane areas. It is an [[Generalist and specialist species|opportunistic]] predator, hunting mostly [[ungulate]]s and [[primate]]s. It relies on its spotted pattern for [[camouflage]] as it stalks and ambushes its prey, which it sometimes drags up a tree. It is a [[solitary animal]] outside the mating season and when raising cubs. Females usually give birth to a litter of 2–4 cubs once in 15–24 months. Both male and female leopards typically reach [[sexual maturity]] at the age 2–2.5 years.

Listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] on the [[IUCN Red List]], leopard populations are currently threatened by [[habitat loss]] and fragmentation, and are declining in large parts of the global range. Leopards have had cultural roles in [[Ancient Greece]], [[West Africa]] and modern Western culture. [[Animal print|Leopard skins]] are popular in fashion.

==Etymology==
The English name "leopard" comes from [[Old French]] {{lang|fro|leupart}} or [[Middle French]] {{lang|frm|liepart}}, that derives from [[Latin]] {{lang|la|leopardus}} and [[ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|λεόπαρδος}} ({{Transliteration|grc|leopardos}}). {{Transliteration|grc|Leopardos}} could be a [[Compound (linguistics)|compound]] of {{lang|grc|λέων}} ({{Transliteration|grc|leōn}}), meaning {{gloss|lion}}, and {{lang|grc|πάρδος}} ({{Transliteration|grc|pardos}}), meaning {{gloss|spotted}}.<ref name=lewis>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=C. T. |author1-link=Charlton Thomas Lewis |last2=Short |first2=C. |name-list-style=amp |year=1879 |title=A Latin Dictionary |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |chapter=lěǒpardus |page=1069 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61236/page/n1069}}</ref><ref name=liddell>{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=H. G. |author1-link=Henry Liddell |last2=Scott |first2=R. |author2-link=Robert Scott (philologist) |name-list-style=amp |year=1889 |title=A Greek–English Lexicon |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |chapter=λέο-πάρδος |page=884 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/greekenglishlex00liddrich/page/884}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Partridge |first=E. |author-link=Eric Partridge |title=Origins: A Short Etymological Dictionary of Modern English |publisher=Greenwich House |year=1983 |location=New York |isbn=978-0-517-41425-5 |page=349 |url=https://archive.org/details/originsshortetym0000part/page/349}}</ref> The word {{lang|drc|λεόπαρδος}} originally referred to a [[cheetah]] (''Acinonyx jubatus'').<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nicholas |first=N. |s2cid=56160515 |year=1999|title=A conundrum of cats: pards and their relatives in Byzantium |journal=[[Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies]] |volume=40 |pages=253–298}}</ref>

"Panther" is another common name, derived from Latin {{lang|la|panther}} and ancient Greek {{lang|grc|πάνθηρ}} ({{Transliteration|grc|pánthēr}});<ref name=lewis/> The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''Panthera'' originates in Latin {{lang|la|panthera}}, a hunting net for catching wild beasts to be used by the [[Roman people|Roman]]s in combats.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=C. T. |last2=Short |first2=C. |name-list-style=amp |year=1879 |title=A Latin Dictionary |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |chapter=panthera |page=1298 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61236/page/n1317}}</ref> {{lang|la|Pardus}} is the [[Grammatical gender|masculine singular]] form.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lewis |first1=C. T. |last2=Short |first2=C. |name-list-style=amp |year=1879 |title=A Latin Dictionary |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |chapter=''pardus'' |page=1302 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61236/page/n1321}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Panthera pardus subspecies map.png|thumb|Map showing approximate distribution of leopard subspecies]]

''Felis pardus'' was the [[scientific name]] proposed by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1758.<ref name="linnaeus">{{cite book |author=Linnaeus, C. |year=1758 |title=Caroli Linnæi Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |volume=Tomus I |edition=decima, reformata |location=Holmiae |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |pages=41−42 |chapter=Felis pardus |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mobot31753000798865#page/41/mode/2up}} {{in lang|la}}</ref>
The [[Generic name (biology)|generic name]] ''[[Panthera]]'' was first used by [[Lorenz Oken]] in 1816, who included all the known spotted cats into this group.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Oken |first1=L. |year=1816 |title=Lehrbuch der Zoologie. 2. Abtheilung |location=Jena |publisher=August Schmid & Comp. |page=1052 |chapter=1. Art, ''Panthera'' |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052 |access-date=2019-04-06 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145524/https://books.google.com/books?id=S5o5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1052#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
Oken's classification was not widely accepted, and ''[[Felis]]'' or ''[[Leopardus]]'' was used as the generic name until the early 20th century.<ref name=Ellerman1966>{{cite book|last1=Ellerman |first1=J. R. |last2=Morrison-Scott |first2=T. C. S. |year=1966 |url=https://archive.org/stream/checklistofindia00elle#page/314/mode/2up |title=Checklist of Palaearctic and Indian mammals 1758 to 1946 |edition=Second|publisher=British Museum of Natural History |location= London |pages=315–317}}</ref>

The leopard was designated as the [[type species]] of ''Panthera'' by [[Joel Asaph Allen]] in 1902.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Allen |first1=J. A. |year=1902 |title=Mammal names proposed by Oken in his 'Lehrbuch der Zoologie' |journal=Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History |volume=16 |issue=27 |pages=373−379 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/bc682fbb-d0d7-42a1-9906-bb50b3b0ae31 |access-date=2024-03-14 |archive-date=2023-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209013613/https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/items/bc682fbb-d0d7-42a1-9906-bb50b3b0ae31 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 1917, [[Reginald Innes Pocock]] also subordinated the [[tiger]] (''P. tigris''), [[lion]] (''P. leo''), and [[jaguar]] (''P. onca'') to ''Panthera''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pocock |first1=R. I. |year=1917 |title=The Classification of existing Felidae |journal=The Annals and Magazine of Natural History |series=Series 8 |volume=XX |pages=329–350 |doi=10.1080/00222931709487018 |url=https://archive.org/stream/annalsmagazineof8201917lond#page/n359/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Pocock |first= R. I. |year=1939 |title=The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Mammalia: Volume 1 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=London |pages=222–239 |chapter=''Panthera pardus'' |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/PocockMammalia1/pocock1#page/n273/mode/2up}}</ref>

===Living subspecies===
Following Linnaeus' first description, 27 leopard [[subspecies]] were proposed by naturalists between 1794 and 1956. Since 1996, only eight subspecies have been considered [[Valid name (zoology)|valid]] on the basis of [[mitochondrial]] analysis.<ref name=Miththapala1996>{{cite journal |last1=Miththapala |first1=S. |last2=Seidensticker |first2=J. |last3=O'Brien |first3=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogeographic subspecies recognition in leopards (''Panthera pardus''): molecular genetic variation |journal=Conservation Biology |year=1996 |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=1115–1132 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041115.x |bibcode=1996ConBi..10.1115M |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4298/Miththapala1996.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=2017-03-09 |archive-date=2016-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217074413/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/4298/Miththapala1996.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref> Later analysis revealed a ninth valid subspecies, the [[Arabian leopard]].<ref name="Uphyrkina">{{cite journal |last1=Uphyrkina |first1=O. |last2=Johnson |first2=E. W. |last3=Quigley |first3=H. |last4=Miquelle |first4=D. |last5=Marker |first5=L. |last6=Bush |first6=M. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Phylogenetics, genome diversity and origin of modern leopard, ''Panthera pardus'' |url=http://www.biosoil.ru/files/00001386.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |volume=10 |issue=11 |pages=2617–2633 |doi=10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01350.x |pmid=11883877 |bibcode=2001MolEc..10.2617U |s2cid=304770 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910162803/http://www.biosoil.ru/files/00001386.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-10}}</ref>

In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the Cat Specialist Group recognized the following eight subspecies as valid taxa:<ref name=CatSG2017>{{cite journal |author1=Kitchener, A. C. |author2=Breitenmoser-Würsten, C. |author3=Eizirik, E. |author4=Gentry, A. |author5=Werdelin, L. |author6=Wilting, A. |author7=Yamaguchi, N. |author8=Abramov, A. V. |author9=Christiansen, P. |author10=Driscoll, C. |author11=Duckworth, J. W. |author12=Johnson, W. |author13=Luo, S.-J. |author14=Meijaard, E. |author15=O'Donoghue, P. |name-list-style=amp |author16=Sanderson, J. |author17=Seymour, K. |author18=Bruford, M. |author19=Groves, C. |author20=Hoffmann, M. |author21=Nowell, K. |author22=Timmons, Z. |author23=Tobe, S. |year=2017 |title=A revised taxonomy of the Felidae: The final report of the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 11 |pages=73–75 |url=https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=73 |access-date=2019-07-25 |archive-date=2020-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200117172708/https://repository.si.edu/bitstream/handle/10088/32616/A_revised_Felidae_Taxonomy_CatNews.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y#page=73 |url-status=live}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Subspecies !! Distribution !! Image
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[African leopard]] (''P. p. pardus'') {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}<ref name=msw3/>
||It is the most widespread leopard subspecies and is native to most of [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], but likely [[Local extinction|locally extinct]] in [[Mauritania]], [[Togo]], [[Morocco]], [[Algeria]], [[Tunisia]] and [[Libya]] and most likely also in [[Gambia]] and [[Lesotho]].<ref name=IUCN/>
||[[File:Leopard (Panthera pardus) male ... (51890626416).jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Indian leopard]] (''P. p. fusca'') {{small|(Meyer, 1794)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Meyer, F. A. A. |year=1794 |title=Zoologische Annalen. Erster Band |location=Weimar |publisher=Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs |pages=394–396 |chapter=Über de la Metheries schwarzen Panther |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v4s-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA394 |access-date=2019-04-05 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145120/https://books.google.com/books?id=v4s-AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA394#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>
||It occurs in the [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Myanmar]] and southern [[Tibet]].<ref name=CatSG2017/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Laguardia, A. |last2=Kamler, J. F. |last3=Li, S. |last4=Zhang, C. |last5=Zhou, Z. |last6=Shi, K. |year=2017 |title=The current distribution and status of leopards ''Panthera pardus'' in China |journal=Oryx |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=153−159 |doi=10.1017/S0030605315000988 |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> It is listed as [[Near-threatened species|Near Threatened]].<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus ssp. fusca'' |author=Shivakumar, S. |author2=Khettry, A. |author3=Surve, N. |author4=Rahman, H. |author5=Ghimirey, Y. |author6=Tharchen, L. |author7=Zaw, T. |author8=Waseem, M. |author9=Jhala, Y. |name-list-style=amp |date=2023 |article-number=e.T215195524A215195533 |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>
||[[File:Indian male leopard (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Javan leopard]] (''P. p. melas'') {{small|([[Georges Cuvier|Cuvier]], 1809)}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cuvier, G. |year=1809 |title=Recherches sur les espėces vivantes de grands chats, pour servir de preuves et d'éclaircissement au chapitre sur les carnassiers fossils |journal=Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle |volume=Tome XIV |pages=136–164}}</ref>
||It is native to [[Java]] in [[Indonesia]] and has been assessed as [[Endangered species|Endangered]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus'' ssp. ''melas'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Wibisono, H. |author2=Wilianto, E. |author3=Pinondang, I. |author4=Rahman, D.A. |author5=Chandradewi, D. |year=2021 |article-number=e.T15962A50660931 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T15962A50660931.en |access-date=11 November 2023}}</ref>
||[[File:IG KusumoKintokoEko WA 082140100111 foto macan tutul jawa lokasi TN Baluran, Situbondo, Indonesia.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Arabian leopard]] (''P. p. nimr'') {{small|([[Wilhelm Hemprich|Hemprich]] and [[Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg|Ehrenberg]], 1830)}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hemprich |first1=W. |last2=Ehrenberg |first2=C. G. |year=1830 |chapter=Felis, pardus?, nimr |pages=Plate 17 |title=Symbolae Physicae, seu Icones et Descriptiones Mammalium quae ex Itinere per Africam Borealem et Asiam Occidentalem Friderici Guilelmi Hemprich et Christiani Godofredi Ehrenberg. Decas Secunda. Zoologica I. Mammalia II |location=Berolini |publisher=Officina Academica |editor=Dr. C. G. Ehrenberg |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/SymbolaephysicaMammEhreA/page/n60}}</ref>
||It is the smallest leopard subspecies and considered [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Arabian Peninsula]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spalton, J. A. |last2=Al Hikmani, H. M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and subspecies status |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 1 |pages=4–8 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/leopard/Spalton___Hikmani_2006_Status_of_the_Leopard_on_the_Arabian_Peninsula.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619075145/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/leopard/Spalton___Hikmani_2006_Status_of_the_Leopard_on_the_Arabian_Peninsula.pdf |archive-date=2015-06-19 |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2023, the population was estimated to comprise 100–120 individuals in [[Oman]] and [[Yemen]]; it was therefore assessed as [[Critically Endangered]] in 2023.<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus ssp. nimr'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Al Hikmani, H. |author2=Spalton, A. |author3=Zafar-ul Islam, M. |author4=al-Johany, A. |author5=Sulayem, M. |author6=Al-Duais, M. |author7=Almalki, A. |date=2023 |article-number=e.T15958A46767457 |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> It is locally extinct in Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=IUCN/>
||[[File:Arabian Leopard Panthera pardus nimr in Sharjah Photo Prof Dr Norman Ali Khalaf.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Panthera pardus tulliana|''P. p. tulliana'']] {{small|([[Achille Valenciennes|Valenciennes]], 1856)}}<ref name=Valenciennes>{{cite journal |author=Valenciennes, A. |date=1856 |title=Sur une nouvelles espèce de Panthère tué par M. Tchihatcheff à Ninfi, village situé à huit lieues est de Smyrne |journal=Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences |volume=42 |pages=1035–1039}}</ref>
||It occurs from eastern [[Turkey]] and the [[Caucasus]] to the [[Iranian Plateau]] and the [[Hindu Kush]] into the western [[Himalayas]]. It is listed as [[Endangered]].<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus ssp. tulliana'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Ghoddousi, A. |author2=Khorozyan, I. |date=2023 |article-number=e.T15961A50660903 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T15961A50660903.en |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> It is locally extinct in [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Tajikistan]].<ref name=IUCN/>
The Balochistan leopard population in the south of Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan is separated from the northern population by the [[Dasht-e Kavir]] and [[Lut Desert|Dasht-e Lut]] deserts.<ref name=Khorozyan2006>{{cite journal |last=Khorozyan |first=I. G. |author2=Gennady, F. |author3=Baryshnikov, G. F. |author4=Abramov, A. V. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Taxonomic status of the leopard, ''Panthera pardus'' (Carnivora, Felidae) in the Caucasus and adjacent areas |journal=Russian Journal of Theriology |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=41–52 |doi=10.15298/rusjtheriol.05.1.06 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
||[[File:Nordpersischen Leoparden.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Amur leopard]] (''P. p. orientalis'') {{small|([[Hermann Schlegel|Schlegel]], 1857)}}<ref>{{cite book |author=Schlegel, H. |year=1857 |chapter=''Felis orientalis'' |page=23 |title=Handleiding Tot de Beoefening der Dierkunde, Ie Deel |publisher=Boekdrukkerij van Nys |location=Breda}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gray, J. E. |year=1862 |title=Description of some new species of Mammalia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of London |volume=30 |pages=261−263, plate XXXIII |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1862.tb06524.x |url=https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofgen62zool/page/262}}</ref>
||It is native to the [[Russian Far East]] and [[northern China]], but is locally extinct in the [[Korean peninsula]].<ref name=IUCN/>
||[[File:Amur leopard. Frame from a camera trap (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Indochinese leopard]] (''P. p. delacouri'') {{small|[[Reginald Innes Pocock|Pocock]], 1930}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pocock, R. I. |year=1930 |title=The Panthers and Ounces of Asia |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=307–336}}</ref>
||It occurs in mainland Southeast Asia and [[southern China]], and is listed as [[Critically Endangered]].<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus'' ssp. ''delacouri'' |author1=Rostro-García, S. |author2=Kamler, J.F. |author3=Clements, G.R. |author4=Lynam, A.J. |author5=Naing, H. |name-list-style=amp |year=2019 |article-number=e.T124159083A163986056 |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref> It is locally extinct in [[Hong Kong]], [[Singapore]], [[Laos]] and [[Vietnam]].<ref name=IUCN/>
||[[File:Indochinese leopard.jpg|frameless]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|[[Sri Lankan leopard]] (''P. p. kotiya'') {{small|[[Paulus Edward Pieris Deraniyagala|Deraniyagala]], 1956}}<ref>{{cite journal |author=Deraniyagala, P. E. P. |year=1956 |title=The Ceylon leopard, a distinct subspecies |journal=Spolia Zeylanica |volume=28 |pages=115–116}}</ref>
||It is native to [[Sri Lanka]] and listed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]].<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Panthera pardus ssp.kotiya'' |name-list-style=amp |author=Kittle, A.M. |author2=Watson, A. |date=2020 |article-number=e.T15959A50660847 |access-date=17 March 2024}}</ref>
||[[File:Srilankan leopard (srilankan kotiya) 02 (cropped).jpg|frameless]]
|}

Results of an [[analysis of molecular variance]] and pairwise [[fixation index]] of 182 African leopard museum specimens showed that some African leopards exhibit higher genetic differences than Asian leopard subspecies.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Anco, C. |author2=Kolokotronis, S. O. |author3=Henschel, P. |author4=Cunningham, S. W. |author5=Amato, G. |author6=Hekkala, E. |name-list-style=amp |title=Historical mitochondrial diversity in African leopards (''Panthera pardus'') revealed by archival museum specimens |journal=Mitochondrial DNA Part A |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=455–473 |doi=10.1080/24701394.2017.1307973 |pmid=28423965 |year=2017 |s2cid=4348541}}</ref>

===Evolution===
[[File:Two cladograms for Panthera.svg|thumb|upright|Two cladograms proposed for ''Panthera''. The upper cladogram is based on the 2006<ref name=johnson2006/> and 2009<ref name=werdelin2009/> studies, while the lower is based on the 2010<ref name=davis2010/> and 2011<ref name="mazak2011"/> studies.]]
Results of [[phylogenetic]] studies based on [[nuclear DNA]] and [[mitochondrial DNA]] analysis showed that the last [[common ancestor]] of the ''Panthera'' and ''[[Neofelis]]'' genera is thought to have lived about {{Ma|6.37}}. ''Neofelis'' [[Genetic divergence|diverged]] about {{Ma|8.66}} from the ''Panthera'' [[Genetic lineage|lineage]]. The tiger diverged about {{Ma|6.55}}, followed by the snow leopard about {{Ma|4.63}} and the leopard about {{Ma|4.35}}. The leopard is a [[sister taxon]] to a [[clade]] within ''Panthera'', consisting of the lion and the jaguar.<ref name=johnson2006>{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=W. E. |last2=Eizirik |first2=E. |last3=Pecon-Slattery |first3=J. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |last5=Antunes |first5=A. |last6=Teeling |first6=E. |last7=O'Brien |first7=S. J. |title=The late Miocene radiation of modern Felidae: a genetic assessment |journal=Science |year=2006 |volume=311 |issue=5757 |pages=73–77 |name-list-style=amp |pmid=16400146 |doi=10.1126/science.1122277 |bibcode=2006Sci...311...73J |s2cid=41672825 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |access-date=2019-07-05 |archive-date=2020-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004075725/https://zenodo.org/record/1230866 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=werdelin2009>{{cite book |last1=Werdelin |first1=L. |last2=Yamaguchi |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E. |last4=O'Brien |first4=S. J. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=Phylogeny and evolution of cats (Felidae) |year=2010 |pages=59–82 |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |editor1-last=Macdonald |editor1-first=D. W. |editor2-last=Loveridge |editor2-first=A. J. |title=Biology and Conservation of Wild Felids |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |isbn=978-0-19-923445-5 |access-date=2018-09-25 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925141956/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266755142 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Results of a phylogenetic analysis of chemical [[secretion]]s amongst cats indicated that the leopard is closely related to the lion.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bininda-Emonds |first1=O. R. P. |last2=Decker-Flum |first2=D. M. |last3=Gittleman |first3=J. L. |name-list-style=amp |title=The utility of chemical signals as phylogenetic characters: an example from the Felidae |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2001 |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=1–15 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01297.x |doi-access=free}}</ref>
The geographic origin of the ''Panthera'' is most likely northern Central Asia. The leopard-lion clade was distributed in the Asian and African [[Palearctic]] since at least the early [[Pliocene]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Tseng, Z. J. |author2=Wang, X. |author3=Slater, G. J. |author4=Takeuchi, G. T. |author5=Li, Q. |author6=Liu, J. |author7=Xie, G. |name-list-style=amp |date=2014 |title=Himalayan fossils of the oldest known pantherine establish ancient origin of big cats |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |volume=281 |issue=1774 |article-number=20132686 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2013.2686|pmid=24225466 |pmc=3843846 |bibcode=2014PBioS.28132686T }}</ref> The leopard-lion clade diverged 3.1–1.95 million years ago.<ref name=davis2010>{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=B. W. |last2=Li |first2=G. |last3=Murphy |first3=W. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Supermatrix and species tree methods resolve phylogenetic relationships within the big cats, ''Panthera'' (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |year=2010 |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=64–76 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.036 |pmid=20138224 |bibcode=2010MolPE..56...64D |url=http://web.csulb.edu/~acarter3/course-evolution/files/cat-phylogeny.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305131606/http://web.csulb.edu/~acarter3/course-evolution/files/cat-phylogeny.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref><ref name=mazak2011>{{cite journal |last1=Mazák |first1=J. H. |last2=Christiansen |first2=P. |last3=Kitchener|first3=A. C. |last4=Goswami |first4=A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Oldest known pantherine skull and evolution of the tiger |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=10 |article-number=e25483 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0025483 |pmid=22016768 |pmc=3189913 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...625483M |doi-access=free}}</ref> Additionally, a 2016 study revealed that the [[mitochondrial genome]]s of the leopard, lion and [[snow leopard]] are more similar to each other than their [[nuclear genome]]s, indicating that their ancestors [[Hybridization (biology)|hybridized]] with the snow leopard at some point in their [[evolution]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=G. |last2=Davis |first2=B. W. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Murphy |first4=W. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Phylogenomic evidence for ancient hybridization in the genomes of living cats (Felidae) |journal=Genome Research |date=2016 |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1101/gr.186668.114 |pmid=26518481 |pmc=4691742}}</ref>

The oldest unambiguous [[fossil]]s of the leopard are from Eastern Africa, dating to around 2 million years ago.<ref name=Paijmans>{{Cite journal |last1=Paijmans |first1=J. L. A. |last2=Barlow |first2=A. |last3=Förster |first3=D. W. |last4=Henneberger |first4=K. |last5=Meyer |first5=M. |last6=Nickel |first6=B. |last7=Nagel |first7=D. |last8=Havmøller |first8=R. W. |last9=Baryshnikov |first9=G. F. |last10=Joger |first10=U. |last11=Rosendahl |first11=W. |last12=Hofreiter |first12=M. |name-list-style=amp |date=2018 |title=Historical biogeography of the leopard (''Panthera pardus'') and its extinct Eurasian populations |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=156 |doi=10.1186/s12862-018-1268-0 |pmc=6198532 |pmid=30348080 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2018BMCEE..18..156P}}</ref>

Leopard-like fossil bones and teeth possibly dating to the [[Pliocene]] were excavated in [[Perrier, Puy-de-Dôme|Perrier]] in [[France]], northeast of [[London]], and in [[Valdarno]], Italy. Until 1940, similar fossils dating back to the [[Pleistocene]] were excavated mostly in [[loess]] and caves at 40 sites in Europe, including [[Furninha]] Cave near [[Lisbon]], [[Genista Caves]] in [[Gibraltar]], and [[Santander Province]] in northern [[Spain]] to several sites across France, [[Switzerland]], Italy, [[Austria]], [[Germany]], in the north up to [[Derby]] in [[England]], in the east to [[Přerov]] in the [[Czech Republic]] and the [[Baranya (region)|Baranya]] in southern [[Hungary]].<ref name=Schmid1940>{{cite journal |last=Schmid |first= E. |year=1940 |title=Variationstatistische Untersuchungen am Gebiss pleistozäner und rezenter Leoparden und anderer Feliden |journal=Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde |volume=15 |pages=1–179 |url=https://archive.org/details/zeitschrift1519401943deut/page/n11}}</ref>
Leopards arrived in Eurasia during the late Early to Middle Pleistocene around 1.2<ref name=Marciszak>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Lipecki |first2=G. |last3=Gornig |first3=W. |last4=Matyaszczyk |first4=L. |last5=Oszczepalińska |first5=O. |last6=Nowakowski |first6=D. |last7=Talamo |first7=S. |title=The first radiocarbon-dated remains of the Leopard ''Panthera pardus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Pleistocene of Poland |date=2022 |journal=[[Radiocarbon (journal)|Radiocarbon]] |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=1359–1372 |doi=10.1017/RDC.2022.33 |bibcode=2022Radcb..64.1359M |s2cid=255850069 |hdl=11585/887180 |hdl-access=free |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0033822222000339/type/journal_article |access-date=2023-07-18 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145527/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/first-radiocarbondated-remains-of-the-leopard-panthera-pardus-linnaeus-1758-from-the-pleistocene-of-poland/14B7D49EB6F90245554DCBA441123E3B |url-status=live }}</ref> to 0.6 million years ago.<ref name=Paijmans />
Four European Pleistocene leopard subspecies were proposed. ''P. p. begoueni'' from the beginning of the [[Early Pleistocene]] was replaced about {{Ma|0.6}} by ''P. p. sickenbergi'', which in turn was replaced by ''P. p. antiqua'' around 0.3 million years ago.<ref name=Diedrich2013/> [[Panthera pardus spelaea|''P. p. spelaea'']] is the most recent subspecies that appeared at the beginning of the [[Late Pleistocene]] and survived until about 11,000 years ago and possibly into the early [[Holocene]] in the [[Iberian Peninsula]].<ref name=Diedrich2013>{{cite journal |last1=Diedrich|first1=C. G. |title=Late Pleistocene leopards across Europe – northernmost European German population, highest elevated records in the Swiss Alps, complete skeletons in the Bosnia Herzegowina Dinarids and comparison to the Ice Age cave art |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |year=2013 |volume=76 |pages=167–193 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.05.009 |bibcode=2013QSRv...76..167D}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sauqué |first1=V. |name-list-style=amp |last2=Cuenca‑Bescós |first2=G. |date=2013 |title=The Iberian Peninsula, the last European refugium of ''Panthera pardus'' Linnaeus 1758 during the Upper Pleistocene |journal=Quaternaire |url=https://journals.openedition.org/quaternaire/6468 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=13–24 |doi=10.4000/quaternaire.6468 |access-date=2023-07-18 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718210435/https://journals.openedition.org/quaternaire/6468 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Leopards depicted in cave paintings in [[Chauvet Cave]] provide indirect evidence of leopard presence in Europe.<ref name=Diedrich2013/>
Leopard fossils dating to the Late Pleistocene were found in Biśnik Cave in south-central [[Poland]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Marciszak |first1=A. |last2=Stefaniak |first2=K. |name-list-style=amp |date=2010 |title=Two forms of cave lion: Middle Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea fossilis'' Reichenau, 1906 and Upper Pleistocene ''Panthera spelaea spelaea'' Goldfuss, 1810 from the Bísnik Cave, Poland |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Abhandlungen |volume=258 |issue=3 |pages=339–351 |doi=10.1127/0077-7749/2010/0117 |bibcode=2010NJGPA.258..339M |access-date=2017-08-24 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142142/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233669138 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Marciszak/>
Fossil remains were also excavated in the [[Iberian Mountains]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sauqué |first1=V. |last2=Rabal-Garcés |first2=R. |last3=Cuenca-Bescós |first3=G. |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=Carnivores from Los Rincones, a leopard den in the highest mountain of the Iberian range (Moncayo, Zaragoza, Spain) |journal=[[Historical Biology]] |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=479–506 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.977882 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016HBio...28..479S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sanchis |first1=A. |last2=Real |first2=C. |last3=Sauqué |first3=V. |last4=Núñez-Lahuerta |first4=C. |last5=Égüez |first5=N. |last6=Tormo |first6=C. |last7=Ripoll |first7=M. P. |last8=Carrión |first8=Y. M. |last9=Duarte |first9=E. |last10=de la Rasilla |first10=M. |name-list-style=amp |date=2019 |title=Neanderthal and carnivore activities at Llonin Cave, Asturias, northern Iberian Peninsula: Faunal study of Mousterian levels (MIS 3) |journal=[[Comptes Rendus Palevol]] |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=113–141 |bibcode=2019CRPal..18..113S |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2018.06.001 |s2cid=134157124 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10651/49880}}</ref> in the [[Italian Peninsula]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghezzo |first1=E. |last2=Rook |first2=L. |date=2015 |name-list-style=amp |title=The remarkable ''Panthera pardus'' (Felidae, Mammalia) record from Equi (Massa, Italy): taphonomy, morphology, and paleoecology |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=110 |pages=131–151 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.12.020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mecozzi |first1=Beniamino |last2=Sardella |first2=Raffaele |last3=Boscaini |first3=Alberto |last4=Cherin |first4=Marco |last5=Costeur |first5=Loïc |last6=Madurell-Malapeira |first6=Joan |last7=Pavia |first7=Marco |last8=Profico |first8=Antonio |last9=Iurino |first9=Dawid A. |date=15 June 2021 |title=The tale of a short-tailed cat: New outstanding Late Pleistocene fossils of Lynx pardinus from southern Italy |journal=[[Quaternary Science Reviews]] |volume=262 |article-number=106840 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106840 |bibcode=2021QSRv..26206840M |hdl=2434/959858 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> and in the [[Balkans]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sommer |first1=R. S. |last2=Benecke |first2=N. |name-list-style=amp |date=2006 |title=Late Pleistocene and Holocene development of the felid fauna (Felidae) of Europe: a review |journal=[[Journal of Zoology]] |volume=269 |issue=1 |pages=7–19 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00040.x |bibcode=2006JZoo..269....7S}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miracle |first1=P. T. |last2=Lenardić |first2=J. M. |last3=Brajković |first3=D. |date=2010 |title=Last glacial climates, "Refugia", and faunal change in Southeastern Europe: Mammalian assemblages from Veternica, Velika pećina, and Vindija caves (Croatia) |journal=[[Quaternary International]] |volume=212 |issue=2 |pages=137–148 |doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2009.06.003 |bibcode=2010QuInt.212..137M}}</ref> Leopard fossils were also found in southern [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chi T.-C. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Gan Y. |author3=Yang T.-R. |author4=Chang, C.-H. |year=2021 |title=First report of leopard fossils from a limestone cave in Kenting area, southern Taiwan |journal=PeerJ |volume=9 |article-number=e12020 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12020 |pmid=34513335 |pmc=8388558 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Putative leopard and tiger fossils dating to the Late Pleistocene were excavated in the [[Japanese archipelago]], but mitochondrial and nuclear genome analysis indicates that they represent [[Panthera spelaea|''P. spelaea'']].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sun |first1=X. |last2=Peng |first2=L. |last3=Tsutaya |first3=T. |last4=Jiangzuo |first4=Q. |last5=Hasegawa |first5=Y. |last6=Hou |first6=Y. |last7=Han |first7=Y. |last8=Zhuang |first8=Y. |last9=Ramos Madrigal |first9=J. |last10=Taurozzi |first10=A. J. |last11=Mackie |first11=M. |last12=Trochė |first12=G. |last13=Olsen |first13=J. V. |last14=Cappellini |first14=E. |last15=O'Brien |first15=S. J. |last16=Gilbert |first16=M. T. P. |last17=Yamaguchi |first17=N. |last18=Luo |first18=S.-J. |year=2026 |title=The Japanese Archipelago sheltered cave lions, not tigers, during the Late Pleistocene |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=123 |issue=6 |article-number=e2523901123 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2523901123 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Hybrids===
{{Main|Panthera hybrid|Pumapard}}
In 1953, a male leopard and a female lion were [[Crossbreeding|crossbred]] in Hanshin Park in [[Nishinomiya, Japan]]. Their offspring known as a [[leopon]] was born in 1959 and 1961, all cubs were spotted and bigger than a juvenile leopard. Attempts to mate a leopon with a tigress proved unsuccessful.<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Kisling, V.N. |title=Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens |year=2001 |publisher=CRC Press |location=Boca Raton, Florida |isbn=978-0-8493-2100-9 |author=Kawata, K. |chapter=Zoological gardens of Japan |pages=295–329 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ulbMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA314 |access-date=2021-09-07 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145322/https://books.google.com/books?id=ulbMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA314#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Characteristics==
{{Multiple image |direction=vertical |align=right|image1=Leopard skeleton (black background).jpg|caption1=Mounted skeleton |image2=Panthera pardus 3d scan Natural History Museum University of Pisa C 1389.stl|caption2=3D model of skeleton|image3=Persian Leopard Fur 02.JPG |caption3=Rosettes of a leopard|image4=Blackleopard.JPG|caption4=A melanistic leopard or black panther}}

The leopard's fur is generally soft and thick, notably softer on the belly than on the back.<ref name=Skinner>{{cite book |year=2005 |title=The mammals of the southern African sub region |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-84418-5 |editor1-last=Skinner |editor1-first=J. D. |editor2-last=Chimimba |editor2-first=C. T. |edition=Third |last1=Mills |first1=M. G. L. |chapter=Subfamily Pantherinae |pages=385–396 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iqwEYkTDZf4C&pg=PA385 |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505150034/https://books.google.com/books?id=iqwEYkTDZf4C&pg=PA385#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> Its skin colour varies between individuals from pale yellowish to dark golden with dark spots grouped in [[Rosette (zoology)|rosette]]s. Its underbelly is white and its ringed tail is shorter than its body. Its pupils are round.<ref name=Mivart1900>{{cite book |last1=Mivart |first1=St. G. J. |author-link=St. George Jackson Mivart |title=The Cat: An Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, Especially Mammals |date=1900 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |chapter=Different kind of Cats |pages=391–439 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/catintroductiont00miva/page/394}}</ref> Leopards living in arid regions are pale cream, yellowish to [[ochraceous]] and [[rufous]] in colour; those living in forests and mountains are much darker and deep golden. Spots fade toward the white underbelly and the insides and lower parts of the legs.<ref name=Pocock1932>{{cite journal |last1=Pocook |first1=R. I. |year=1932 |title=The Leopards of Africa |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |volume=102 |issue=2 |pages=543–591 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1932.tb01085.x}}</ref> Rosettes are circular in East African leopard populations, and tend to be squarish in Southern African and larger in Asian leopard populations. The fur tends to be grayish in colder climates, and dark golden in [[rainforest]] habitats.<ref name=CAP>{{cite book |author=Nowell, K. |author2=Jackson, P. |name-list-style=amp |year=1996 |title=Wild Cats: status survey and conservation action plan |publisher=IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group |location=Gland, Switzerland |chapter=Leopard ''Panthera pardus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222223654/http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catsgportal/cat-website/catfolk/ssaprd01.htm |archive-date=2014-02-22 |chapter-url=http://lynx.uio.no/lynx/catsgportal/cat-website/catfolk/ssaprd01.htm}}</ref> Rosette patterns are unique in each individual.<ref name=Schutze>{{cite book |last1=Schütze |first1=H. |title=Field Guide to the Mammals of the Kruger National Park |date=2002 |publisher=Struik Publishers|location=Cape Town, South Africa |isbn=978-1-86872-594-6 |pages=92–93}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Menon |first1=V. |title=Indian Mammals: A Field Guide |date=2014 |publisher=Hachette |location=Gurgaon, India |isbn=978-93-5009-761-8}}</ref> This pattern is thought to be an adaptation to dense vegetation with patchy shadows, where it serves as [[camouflage]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Allen, W. L. |author2=Cuthill, I. C. |author3=Scott-Samuel, N. E. |author4=Baddeley, R. |year=2010 |name-list-style=amp |title=Why the leopard got its spots: relating pattern development to ecology in felids |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B |volume=278 |issue=1710 |pages=1373–1380 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2010.1734 |pmc=3061134 |pmid=20961899}}</ref>

Its white-tipped tail is about {{cvt|60|-|100|cm|1}} long, white underneath and with spots that form incomplete bands toward the end of the tail.<ref name=Hoath>{{cite book |last1=Hoath |first1=R. |title=Field Guide to the Mammals of Egypt |date=2009 |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |location=Cairo, Egypt |isbn=978-977-416-254-1 |pages=106–107 |chapter=Leopard ''Panthera pardus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=agWfg6oEKKkC&pg=PA106 |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145927/https://books.google.com/books?id=agWfg6oEKKkC&pg=PA106#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>
The guard hairs protecting the basal hairs are short, {{cvt|3-4|mm|1}} in face and head, and increase in length toward the flanks and the belly to about {{cvt|25|-|30|mm|1}}. Juveniles have woolly fur that appear to be dark-coloured due to the densely arranged spots.<ref name=Schutze/><ref name=estes>{{cite book |last=Estes |first=R. |year=1991 |title=The Behavior Guide to African Mammals, Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates |location=Los Angeles |publisher=The University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-08085-0 |chapter=Leopard ''Panthera pardus'' |pages=366–369 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g977LsZHpcsC&pg=PA366 |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145853/https://books.google.com/books?id=g977LsZHpcsC&pg=PA366#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>
Its fur tends to grow longer in colder climates.<ref name=mammal>{{cite journal |author1=Stein, A. B. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Hayssen, V. |title=''Panthera pardus'' (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=[[Mammalian Species]] |date=2010 |volume=45 |issue=900 |pages=30–48 |doi=10.1644/900.1 |s2cid=44839740 |doi-access=free|pmc=7149468 }}</ref>
The leopard's rosettes differ from those of the [[jaguar]], which are darker and with smaller spots inside.<ref name=Mivart1900/> The leopard has a [[Diploidy|diploid]] [[chromosome]] number of 38.<ref name=HeptnerSludskiy1972>{{Cite book |last1=Heptner |first1=V. G. |name-list-style=amp |last2=Sludskii |first2=A. A. |orig-date=1972 |year=1992 |title=Mlekopitajuščie Sovetskogo Soiuza. Moskva: Vysšaia Škola |trans-title=Mammals of the Soviet Union, Volume II, Part 2 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and the National Science Foundation |location=Washington DC |chapter=Bars (leopard) |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/mammalsofsov221992gept#page/82/mode/2up |pages=203–273 |isbn=978-90-04-08876-4}}</ref>

Melanistic leopards are also known as [[black panther]]s. [[Melanism]] in leopards is caused by a [[recessive allele]] and is inherited as a [[recessive trait]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Robinson |first1=R. |title=Inheritance of the black form of the leopard ''Panthera pardus'' |journal=Genetica |year=1970 |volume=41 |issue=1|pages=190–197 |doi=10.1007/BF00958904 |pmid=5480762 |s2cid=5446868}}</ref><ref name=Eizirik>{{cite journal |last1=Eizirik |first1=E. |last2=Yuhki |first2=N. |last3=Johnson |first3=W. E.|last4=Menotti-Raymond |first4=M. |last5=Hannah |first5=S. S. |last6=O'Brien |first6=S. J. |title=Molecular genetics and evolution of melanism in the cat family |journal=Current Biology |year=2003 |volume=13 |issue=5 |pages=448–453 |doi=10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00128-3 |pmid=12620197 |s2cid=19021807 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2003CBio...13..448E}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kawanishi |first1=K. |last2=Sunquist |first2=M. E. |last3=Eizirik |first3=E. |last4=Lynam |first4=A. J. |last5=Ngoprasert |first5=D. |last6=Wan Shahruddin |first6=W. N. |last7=Rayan |first7=D. M. |last8=Sharma |first8=D. S. K.|last9=Steinmetz|first9=R. |name-list-style=amp |title=Near fixation of melanism in leopards of the Malay Peninsula |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=2010 |volume=282 |issue=3 |pages=201–206 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00731.x}}</ref><ref name=daSilva17>{{cite journal |author1=Da Silva L. G. |author2=Kawanishi, K. |first=K. |author3=Henschel P. |author4=Kittle, A. |author5=Sanei, A. |author6=Reebin, A. |author7=Miquelle, D. |author8=Stein, A. B. |author9=Watson, A. |author10=Kekule, L. B. |author11=Machado, R. B. |author12=Eizirik, E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=Mapping black panthers: Macroecological modeling of melanism in leopards (''Panthera pardus'') |journal= PLOS ONE |volume=12 |issue=4 |article-number=e0170378 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0170378 |pmid=28379961 |pmc=5381760 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1270378D |doi-access=free}}</ref>
In India, nine pale and white leopards were reported between 1905 and 1967.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Divyabhanusinh |year=1993 |title=On mutant leopards ''Panthera pardus'' from India |journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=90 |issue=1 |pages=88−89 |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofbombay901993bomb/page/88}}</ref>
Leopards exhibiting [[erythrism]] were recorded between 1990 and 2015 in South Africa's [[Madikwe Game Reserve]] and in [[Mpumalanga]]. The cause of this [[Polymorphism (biology)|morph]] known as a "strawberry leopard" or "pink panther" is not well understood.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=T. J. |last2=Thomas |first2=R. L. |last3=Fellowes |first3=M. D. E. |name-list-style=amp |date=2016 |title=Erythristic leopards ''Panthera pardus'' in South Africa |journal=Bothalia |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=1–5 |doi=10.4102/abc.v46i1.2034 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

===Size===
The leopard is a slender and muscular cat, with relatively short limbs and a broad head. It is [[sexually dimorphic]] with males larger and heavier than females.<ref name=Hoath/> Males stand {{cvt|60|-|70|cm}} at the shoulder, while females are {{cvt|57|-|64|cm}} tall. The head-and-body length ranges between {{cvt|92|and|183|cm}} with a {{cvt|66|to|102|cm|}} long tail. Sizes vary geographically. Males typically weigh {{cvt|30.9|-|72|kg}}, and females {{cvt|20.5|-|43|kg}}.<ref name="Kingdon">{{cite book |author1=Hunter, L. |author2=Henschel, P. |author3=Ray, J. C. |name-list-style=amp |chapter=''Panthera pardus'' Leopard |pages=159–168 |date=2013 |isbn=978-1-4081-8996-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=RA4-PA159 |editor1=Kingdon, J. |editor2=Happold, D. |editor3=Butynski, T. |editor4=Hoffmann, M. |editor5=Happold, M. |editor6=Kalina, J. |title=Mammals of Africa |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145933/https://books.google.com/books?id=B_07noCPc4kC&pg=RA4-PA159#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref> Occasionally, large males can grow up to {{cvt|91|kg}}. Leopards from the [[Cape Province]] in South Africa are generally smaller, reaching only {{cvt|20|-|45|kg}} in males.<ref name=estes/><ref name=mammal /><ref name=nowak>{{cite book |last1=Nowak |first1=R. M. |title=Walker's Mammals of the World |year=1999 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, US |isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8 |edition=Sixth |pages=828–831 |chapter=''Panthera pardus'' (Leopard) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&pg=PA828 |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145930/https://books.google.com/books?id=T37sFCl43E8C&pg=PA828#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>
The heaviest wild leopard in Southern Africa weighed around {{cvt|96|kg}}, and it measured {{cvt|262|cm}}.<ref name=Burnie>{{cite book |editor-last1=Burnie |editor-first1=D. |editor-last2=Wilson |editor-first2=D. E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2001 |title=Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife |publisher=DK Adult |isbn=978-0-7894-7764-4}}</ref> In 2016, an Indian leopard killed in [[Himachal Pradesh]] measured {{cvt|261|cm}} with an estimated weight of {{cvt|78.5|kg}}; it was perhaps the largest known wild leopard in India.<ref>{{cite news |year=2016 |title=Is this the longest leopard in India? |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Is-this-the-longest-leopard-in-India/articleshow/56227308.cms |access-date=2018-03-14 |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406154410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Is-this-the-longest-leopard-in-India/articleshow/56227308.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

The largest recorded skull of a leopard was found in India in 1920 and measured {{cvt|28|cm}} in [[Basal (anatomy)|basal]] length, {{cvt|20|cm}} in breadth, and weighed {{cvt|1|kg}}. The skull of an African leopard measured {{cvt|286|mm}} in basal length, and {{cvt|181|mm}} in breadth, and weighed {{cvt|790|g}}.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Prater, S. H. |title=Record panther skull (''P. p. pardus'') |journal=The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |date=1921 |volume=XXVII |issue=Part IV |pages=933–935 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95740#page/1055/mode/1up |access-date=2019-08-24 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502064501/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/95740#page/1055/mode/1up |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
[[File:David Raju Leopard0827.jpg|thumb|Leopard in a tree in India]]
[[File:Edgar Grooming (49611421486).jpg|thumb|An [[Amur leopard]] at the [[Cleveland Metroparks Zoo]] [[personal grooming|grooming himself]]]]
The leopard has the largest distribution of all wild cats, occurring widely in Africa and Asia, although populations are fragmented and declining.<ref name=IUCN/> It inhabits foremost [[savanna]] and [[rainforest]], and areas where [[grassland]]s, [[woodland]]s and [[riparian forest]]s remain largely undisturbed.<ref name=CAP/> It also persists in urban environments, if it is not persecuted, has sufficient prey and patches of vegetation for shelter during the day.<ref name=Powell2021>{{Cite journal |last1=Powell |first1=J. |last2=Axmacher |first2=J. C. |last3=Linnell |first3=J. D.C. |last4=Durant |first4=S. M. |title=Diverse locations and a long history: Historical context for urban Leopards (''Panthera pardus'') in the early anthropocene From Seoul, Korea |year=2021 |doi=10.3389/fcosc.2021.765911 |journal=Frontiers in Conservation Science |volume=2 |article-number=765911 |bibcode=2021FrCS....2.5911P |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp |hdl=11250/2999764 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

The leopard's range in [[West Africa]] is estimated to have drastically declined by 95%, and in the [[Sahara desert]] by 97%.<ref name=Jacobson2016>{{cite journal |last1=Jacobson|first1=A. P. |last2=Gerngross |first2=P. |last3=Lemeris |first3=J. R. Jr.|last4=Schoonover |first4=R. F. |name-list-style=amp |last5=Anco |first5=C. |last6=Breitenmoser-Würsten |first6=C. |last7=Durant |first7=S. M. |last8=Farhadinia |first8=M. S. |last9=Henschel |first9=P. |last10=Kamler |first10=J. F. |last11=Laguardia |first11=A. |last12=Rostro-García |first12=S. |last13=Stein |first13=A. B. |last14=Dollar |first14=L. |title=Leopard (''Panthera pardus'') status, distribution, and the research efforts across its range |journal=PeerJ |date=2016 |volume=4 |article-number=e1974 |doi=10.7717/peerj.1974 |pmid=27168983 |pmc=4861552 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In [[sub-Saharan Africa]], it is still numerous and surviving in marginal habitats where other large cats have disappeared.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=T. J. |last2=Thomas |first2=R. L. |last3=Fellowes |first3=M. D. E. |name-list-style=amp |date=2017 |title=Increasing game prices may alter farmers' behaviours towards leopards (''Panthera pardus'') and other carnivores in South Africa |article-number=e3369 |journal=PeerJ |volume=5 |doi=10.7717/peerj.3369|pmid=28584709 |pmc=5452990 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In southeastern [[Egypt]], an individual found killed in 2017 was the first sighting of the leopard in this area in 65 years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Soultan, A. |last2=Attum, O. |last3=Hamada, A. |last4=Hatab, E. B. |last5=Ahmed, S. E. |last6=Eisa, A. |last7=Al Sharif, I. |last8=Nagy, A. |name-list-style=amp |author9=Shohdi, W. |date=2017 |title=Recent observation for leopard ''Panthera pardus'' in Egypt |journal=Mammalia |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=115–117 |doi=10.1515/mammalia-2015-0089 |s2cid=90676105}}</ref>

In [[West Asia]], the leopard inhabits the areas of southern and southeastern [[Anatolia]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Toyran, K. |title=Noteworthy record of ''Panthera pardus'' in Turkey (Carnivora: Felidae) |journal=Fresenius Environmental Bulletin |year=2018 |volume=27 |issue=11 |pages=7348–7353}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Karataş, A. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Bulut, Ş. |author3=Akbaba, B. |year=2021 |title=Camera trap records confirm the survival of the Leopard (''Panthera pardus'' L., 1758) in eastern Turkey (Mammalia: Felidae) |journal=Zoology in the Middle East |volume= 67 |issue= 3|pages=198–205 |s2cid=235564429 |doi=10.1080/09397140.2021.1924419}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=New records of the living Anatolian Leopard (''Panthera pardus tulliana'' L., 1758) in the Mediterranean region of Turkey |author1=Ünal, Y. |author2=Uysal, H. |author3=Koca, A. |author4=Zenbilci, M. |journal=Applied Ecology and Environmental Research |volume=21 |pages=1043–1059 |issue=2 |doi=10.15666/aeer/2102_10431059 |date=2023 |bibcode=2023ApEER..21.1043U |doi-access=free |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

Leopard populations in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] are small and fragmented.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Spalton, J. A. |author2=Al Hikmani, H. M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=The Leopard in the Arabian Peninsula – Distribution and subspecies status |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 1 |pages=4–8 |url=http://catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.1._SI_1/Spalton___Al_Hikmani_2006_Leopard_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Judas |first1=J. |last2=Paillat |first2=P. |last3=Khoja |first3=A. |last4=Boug |first4=A. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Status of the Arabian leopard in Saudi Arabia |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 1 |pages=11–19 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/leopard/Judas_et_al_2006_Status_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-19 |access-date=2019-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919114352/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/leopard/Judas_et_al_2006_Status_of_the_Arabian_Leopard_in_Saudi_Arabia.pdf }}</ref><ref name=AlJ06>{{cite journal |last1=Al Jumaily, M. |last2=Mallon, D. P. |last3=Nasher, A. K. |last4=Thowabeh, N. |name-list-style=amp |year=2006 |title=Status Report on Arabian Leopard in Yemen |journal=Cat News |issue=Special Issue 1 |pages=20–25 |url=http://catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.1._SI_1/Jumaily_et_al_2006_Status_Report_on_Arabian_Leopard_in_Yemen.pdf}}</ref>

In the [[Indian subcontinent]], the leopard is still relatively abundant, with greater numbers than those of other ''Panthera'' species.<ref name=IUCN/> Some leopard populations in [[India]] live quite close to human settlements and even in semi-developed areas. Although adaptable to human disturbances, leopards require healthy prey populations and appropriate vegetative cover for hunting for prolonged survival and thus rarely linger in heavily developed areas. Due to the leopard's stealth, people often remain unaware that it lives in nearby areas.<ref name=Arthreya>{{cite web |author=Arthreya, V. |year=2012 |title=Living with Leopards Outside Protected Areas in India |url=http://www.conservationindia.org/articles/living-with-leopards-outside-protected-areas-in-india |publisher=Conservation India |access-date=2012-12-10 |archive-date=2012-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221051725/http://www.conservationindia.org/articles/living-with-leopards-outside-protected-areas-in-india |url-status=live}}</ref> As of 2020, the leopard population within forested habitats in India's tiger range landscapes was estimated at 12,172 to 13,535 individuals. Surveyed landscapes included elevations below {{cvt|2600|m}} in the [[Shivalik Hills]] and [[Gangetic plains]], [[Central India]] and [[Eastern Ghats]], [[Western Ghats]], the [[Brahmaputra River]] basin and hills in [[Northeast India]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Jhala, Y.V. |author-link=Yadvendradev Vikramsinh Jhala |author2=Qureshi, Q. |author3=Yadav, S.P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2020 |title=Status of leopards in India, 2018. Technical Report TR/2020/16 |location=New Delhi and Dehradun |publisher=National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India and Wildlife Institute of India}}</ref>
In Nepal's [[Kanchenjunga Conservation Area]], a melanistic leopard was photographed at an elevation of {{cvt|4300|m}} by a camera trap in May 2012.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Thapa, K. |author2=Pradhan, N. M. B. |author3=Berker, J. |author4=Dhakal, M. |author5=Bhandari, A. R. |author6=Gurung, G. S. |author7=Rai, D. P. |author8=Thapa, G. J. |author9=Shrestha, S. |author10=Singh, G. R. |name-list-style=amp |year=2013 |title=High elevation record of a leopard cat in the Kangchenjunga Conservation Area, Nepal |journal=Cat News |issue=58 |pages=26–27}}</ref>

In Sri Lanka, leopards were recorded in [[Yala National Park]] and in unprotected forest patches, [[tea estate]]s, grasslands, home gardens, [[Pinus|pine]] and [[eucalyptus]] plantations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kittle, A. M. |author2=Watson, A. C. |author3=Chanaka Kumara, P. H. |author4=Nimalka Sanjeewani, H. K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=Status and distribution of the leopard in the central hills of Sri Lanka |journal=Cat News |issue=56 |pages=28−31}}</ref><ref name=Kittle_al2014>{{cite journal |last1=Kittle |first1=A. M. |last2=Watson |first2=A. C. |last3=Kumara |first3=P. H. S. C. |last4=Sandanayake |first4=S. D. K. C. |last5=Sanjeewani |first5=H. K. N. |last6=Fernando |first6=T. S. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=Notes on the diet and habitat selection of the Sri Lankan Leopard ''Panthera pardus kotiya'' (Mammalia: Felidae) in the central highlands of Sri Lanka |journal=Journal of Threatened Taxa |volume=6 |issue=9 |pages=6214–6221 |doi=10.11609/JoTT.o3731.6214-21 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In Myanmar, leopards were recorded for the first time by camera traps in the hill forests of Myanmar's [[Karen State]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Saw Sha Bwe Moo |author2=Froese, G.Z.L. |author3=Gray, T.N.E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=First structured camera-trap surveys in Karen State, Myanmar, reveal high diversity of globally threatened mammals |journal=Oryx |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=537−543 |doi=10.1017/S0030605316001113 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Northern [[Tenasserim Hills|Tenasserim]] Forest Complex in southern Myanmar is considered a leopard stronghold. In Thailand, leopards are present in the [[Western Forest Complex]], [[Kaeng Krachan National Park|Kaeng Krachan]]-[[Kui Buri National Park|Kui Buri]], [[Khlong Saeng Wildlife Sanctuary|Khlong Saeng]]-[[Khao Sok National Park|Khao Sok]] protected area complexes and in [[Hala Bala Wildlife Sanctuary]] bordering Malaysia. In [[Peninsular Malaysia]], leopards are present in [[Belum-Temengor]], [[Taman Negara National Park|Taman Negara]] and [[Endau-Rompin National Park]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Rostro-García |first1=S. |last2=Kamler |first2 =J. F. |last3=Ash |first3=E. |last4=Clements |first4=G. R. |last5=Gibson |first5=L. |last6=Lynam |first6=A. J. |last7=McEwin |first7=R. |last8=Naing |first8=H. |last9=Paglia |first9=S. |name-list-style=amp |year=2016 |title=Endangered leopards: Range collapse of the Indochinese leopard (''Panthera pardus delacouri'') in Southeast Asia |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=201 |pages=293–300 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2016.07.001|bibcode=2016BCons.201..293R |hdl=10722/232870 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>
In Laos, leopards were recorded in [[Nam Et-Phou Louey]] National Biodiversity Conservation Area and Nam Kan National Protected Area.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnson, A. |author2=Vongkhamheng, C. |name-list-style=amp |author3=Hedemark, M. |author4=Saithongdam, T. |year=2006 |title=Effects of human–carnivore conflict on tiger (''Panthera tigris'') and prey populations in Lao PDR |journal=Animal Conservation |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=421–430 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-1795.2006.00049.x |bibcode=2006AnCon...9..421J |s2cid=73637721 |url=http://faculty.nelson.wisc.edu/treves/pubs/Arlyne/animal_cons.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810101758/http://faculty.nelson.wisc.edu/treves/pubs/Arlyne/animal_cons.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-10 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Robichaud, W. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Insua-Cao |author3=Sisomphane, P. C. |author4=Chounnavanh, S. |year=2010 |title=A scoping mission to Nam Kan National Protected Area, Lao PDR |publisher=Fauna & Flora International |chapter=Appendix 4 |pages=33−42 |chapter-url=https://studylib.net/doc/18697244/a-scoping-mission-to-nam-kan-national-protected-area--lao... |access-date=2019-04-07 |archive-date=2019-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407154414/https://studylib.net/doc/18697244/a-scoping-mission-to-nam-kan-national-protected-area--lao... |url-status=live}}</ref>
In Cambodia, leopards inhabit deciduous [[dipterocarp forest]] in [[Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Mondulkiri Protected Forest]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=T. N. |last2=Phan |first2=C. |name-list-style=amp |year=2011 |title=Habitat preferences and activity patterns of the larger mammal community in Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, Cambodia |journal=The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=311−318 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228843849 |access-date=2019-04-16 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505150044/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228843849_Habitat_preferences_and_activity_patterns_of_the_larger_mammal_community_in_Phnom_Prich_Wildlife_Sanctuary_Cambodia |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gray |first1=T. N. E. |year=2013 |title=Activity patterns and home ranges of Indochinese leopard ''Panthera pardus delacouri'' in the Eastern Plains Landscape, Cambodia |journal=Natural History Bulletin of the Siam Society |volume=59 |pages=39−47 |url=http://www.siamese-heritage.org/nhbsspdf/vol051-060/NHBSS_059_1h_Gray_ActivityPatternsAndH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222060912/http://www.siamese-heritage.org/nhbsspdf/vol051-060/NHBSS_059_1h_Gray_ActivityPatternsAndH.pdf |archive-date=2016-02-22 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In southern China, leopards were recorded only in the [[Qinling]] Mountains during surveys in 11 nature reserves between 2002 and 2009.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Li, S. |author2=Wang, D. |author3=Lu, Z. |author4=Mc Shea, W. J. |name-list-style=amp |year=2010 |title=Cats living with pandas: The status of wild felids within giant panda range, China |journal=Cat News |volume=52 |pages=20–23}}</ref>

In Java, leopards inhabit dense [[tropical rainforest]]s and dry [[deciduous forest]]s at elevations from sea level to {{cvt|2540|m}}. Outside protected areas, leopards were recorded in mixed [[agricultural]] land, [[secondary forest]] and [[Agroforestry|production forest]] between 2008 and 2014.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wibisono |first1=H. T. |last2=Wahyudi |first2=H. A. |last3=Wilianto |first3=E. |last4=Pinondang |first4=I. M. R. |last5=Primajati |first5=M. |last6=Liswanto |first6=D. |last7=Linkie |first7=M. |name-list-style=amp |year=2018 |title=Identifying priority conservation landscapes and actions for the Critically Endangered Javan leopard in Indonesia: Conserving the last large carnivore in Java Island |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=6 |article-number=e0198369 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0198369 |pmid=29949588 |pmc=6021038 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1398369W |doi-access=free}}</ref>

In the Russian Far East, it inhabits [[temperate coniferous forest]]s where winter temperatures reach a low of {{cvt|−25|°C|°F}}.<ref name=Uphyrkina/>

== Behaviour and ecology ==
The leopard is a solitary and [[Territory (animal)|territorial]] animal. It is typically shy and alert when crossing roadways and encountering oncoming vehicles, but may be emboldened to attack people or other animals when threatened. Adults associate only in the mating season. Females continue to interact with their offspring even after weaning and have been observed sharing kills with their offspring when they cannot obtain any prey. They produce a number of vocalizations, including growls and snarls. Cubs call their mother with meows and an ''urr-urr'' sound.<ref name=estes/> The most notable vocalization is the 'sawing' [[roar]], which consists of deep, repeated strokes. This likely functions in establishing territories and attracting mates.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Growcott|first1=J|last2=Lobora|first2=A|last3=Markham|first3=A|last4=Searle|first4=C. E.|last5=Wahlström|first5=J|last6=Wijers|first6=M|last7=Simmons|first7=B. I.|year=2024| title=The secret acoustic world of leopards: A paired camera trap and bioacoustics survey facilitates the individual identification of leopards via their roars|journal=Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation|volume=11|issue=4|pages=361–374|doi=10.1002/rse2.429}}</ref>

The whitish spots on the back of its ears are thought to play a role in communication.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leyhausen |first1=P. |year=1979 |title=Cat behavior: the predatory and social behavior of domestic and wild cats |location=Berlin |publisher=Garland Publishing, Incorporated |page=281 |isbn=978-0-8240-7017-5}}</ref>
It has been hypothesized that the white tips of their tails may function as a 'follow-me' signal in [[intraspecific]] communication. However, no significant association were found between a conspicuous colour of tail patches and behavioural variables in carnivores.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ortolani |first1=A. |year=1999 |title=Spots, stripes, tail tips and dark eyes: predicting the function of carnivore colour patterns using the comparative method |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=433–476 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01942.x |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caro |first1=T. |year=2005 |title=The adaptive significance of coloration in mammals |journal=BioScience |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=125–136 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2005)055[0125:TASOCI]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

Leopards are mainly active from dusk till dawn and will rest for most of the day and some hours at night in thickets, among rocks or over tree branches. Leopards have been observed walking up to {{cvt|25|km|mi}} across their range at night; wandering up to {{cvt|75|km}} if disturbed.<ref name=estes/><ref name=nowak/><ref name=Hunter_al2003>{{cite journal |last1=Hunter |first1=L. |last2=Balme |first2=G. |last3=Walker |first3=C. |last4=Pretorius |first4=K. |last5=Rosenberg |first5=K. |name-list-style=amp |year=2003 |title=The landscape ecology of leopards (''Panthera pardus'') in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a preliminary project report |journal=Ecological Journal |volume=5 |pages=24–30 |url=http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304233241/http://www.biolsci.monash.edu.au/research/leopards/docs/ecojournal-2003.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2009}} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spalton |first1=J.A. |name-list-style=amp |last2=Al Hikmani |first2=H. M. |last3=Willis |first3=D. |last4=Said |first4=A. S. B. |title=Critically endangered Arabian leopards ''Panthera pardus nimr'' persist in the Jabal Samhan Nature Reserve, Oman |journal=Oryx |date=2006 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=287–294 |doi=10.1017/S0030605306000743 |bibcode=2006Oryx...40..287S |doi-access=free}}</ref> In western African forests, they have been observed to be largely [[Diurnality|diurnal]] and hunting during twilight, when their prey animals are active; activity patterns vary between seasons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jenny |first1=D. |last2=Zuberbuhler |first2=K. |name-list-style=amp |title=Hunting behaviour in west African forest leopards |journal=African Journal of Ecology |date=2005 |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=197–200 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00565.x |bibcode=2005AfJEc..43..197J |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229882994 |access-date=2018-09-25 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925142137/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229882994 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Leopards can climb trees quite skillfully, often resting on tree branches and descending headfirst.<ref name=CAP/>
They can run at over {{cvt|58|km/h|mph m/s}}, leap over {{cvt|6|m}} horizontally, and jump up to {{cvt|3|m}} vertically.<ref name="WCW">{{Cite book |last1=Sunquist |first1=M. E. |year=2002 |last2=Sunquist |first2=F. |name-list-style=amp |title=Wild Cats of the World |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-77999-7 |chapter=Leopard ''Panthera pardus'' |pages=318–342 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA320 |access-date=2021-05-19 |archive-date=2024-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240430033051/https://books.google.com/books?id=IF8nDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA320#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Image frame|align=center|border=no|content=
<gallery mode=packed heights=150>
leopard rear view soft.jpg|A female leopard with white markings on the backs of her ears
leopard walking.jpg|A female leopard showing white spots on the tail
Leopard davidraju 68.jpg|A leopard climbing down a tree
Leopard hunting a bush pig - DPLA - 57da78c992bc6073d2751f3f8936aad0.jpg|A leopard hunting a [[bushpig]]
Leopard.ogv|Video of a leopard in the wild
</gallery>
}}

===Social spacing===
[[File:Day 47 Leopard (Panthera pardus) male marking a bush with urine ... (53310719953).jpg|thumb|A male leopard [[scent mark|scent-marking]] his territory<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bothma |first1=Jacobus du P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPvuCAAAQBAJ |title=Larger Carnivores of the African Savannas |last2=Walker |first2=Clive |date=2013-11-11 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-3-662-03766-9 |language=en |access-date=2024-01-06 |archive-date=2024-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106170223/https://books.google.com/books?id=DPvuCAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref>]]
In [[Kruger National Park]], most leopards tend to keep {{cvt|1|km|mi}} apart.<ref name=bailey93>{{cite book |last=Bailey |first=T. N. |year=1993 |title=The African leopard: a study of the ecology and behaviour of a solitary felid |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-1-932846-11-9}}</ref> Males occasionally interact with their partners and cubs, and exceptionally this can extend beyond to two generations.<ref name="Kingdon"/><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pirie |first1=T. J.|last2=Thomas |first2=R. L.|last3=Reilly|first3=B. K. |last4=Fellowes |first4=M. D. E. |name-list-style=amp |date=2014 |title=Social interactions between a male leopard (''Panthera pardus'') and two generations of his offspring |journal=African Journal of Ecology |volume=52 |issue=4 |pages=574–576 |doi=10.1111/aje.12154 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2014AfJEc..52..574P}}</ref> Aggressive encounters are rare, typically limited to defending territories from intruders.<ref name=mammal/> In a South African reserve, a male was wounded in a male–male territorial battle over a carcass.<ref name=Hunter_al2003/>

Males occupy [[home range]]s that often overlap with a few smaller female home ranges, probably as a strategy to enhance access to females. In the [[Ivory Coast]], the home range of a female was completely enclosed within a male's.<ref name=Ivory>{{cite journal |author=Jenny, D. |year=1996 |title=Spatial organization of leopards ''Panthera pardus'' in Tai National Park, Ivory Coast: Is rainforest habitat a "tropical haven"? |journal=Journal of Zoology |issue=3 |volume=240 |pages=427–440 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05296.x |bibcode=1996JZoo..240..427J |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227901726 |access-date=2021-09-06 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505145917/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227901726_Spatial_organization_of_leopards_Panthera_pardus_in_Tai_National_Park_Ivory_Coast_Is_rainforest_habitat_a_%27tropical_haven%27 |url-status=live}}</ref> Females live with their cubs in home ranges that overlap extensively, probably due to the association between mothers and their offspring. There may be a few other fluctuating home ranges belonging to young individuals. It is not clear if male home ranges overlap as much as those of females do. Individuals try to drive away intruders of the same sex.<ref name=estes/><ref name=nowak/>

A study of leopards in the Namibian farmlands showed that the size of home ranges was not significantly affected by sex, rainfall patterns or season; the higher the prey availability in an area, the greater the leopard population density and the smaller the size of home ranges, but they tend to expand if there is human interference.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Marker |first1=L. L. |last2=Dickman |first2=A. J. |name-list-style=amp |title=Factors affecting leopard (''Panthera pardus'') spatial ecology, with particular reference to Namibian farmlands |journal=South African Journal of Wildlife Research |date=2005 |volume=35 |issue=2 |pages=105–115 |url=http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/journal_archive/03794369/3418.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref>
Sizes of home ranges vary geographically and depending on habitat and availability of prey. In the [[Serengeti]], males have home ranges of {{cvt|33|-|38|km2|sqmi}} and females of {{cvt|14|-|16|km2|sqmi}};<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bertram |first1=B. C. R.|title=Leopard ecology as studied by radio tracking |journal=Symposia of the Zoological Society of London |date=1982 |volume=49|pages=341–352}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mizutani, F. |last2=Jewell, P. A. |name-list-style=amp |year=1998 |title=Home-range and movements of leopards (''Panthera pardus'') on a livestock ranch in Kenya |journal=Journal of Zoology |pages=269–286 |volume=244 |issue=2 |doi=10.1017/S0952836998002118}}</ref> but males in northeastern Namibia of {{cvt|451|km2|sqmi}} and females of {{cvt|188|km2|sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Stander |first1=P. E. |last2=Haden |first2=P. J. |last3=Kaqece |first3=II. |last4=Ghau |first4=II. |name-list-style=amp|title=The ecology of asociality in Namibian leopards|journal=Journal of Zoology |date=1997 |volume=242|issue=2 |pages=343–364 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05806.x}}</ref> They are even larger in arid and montane areas.<ref name=mammal/> In Nepal's [[Bardia National Park]], male home ranges of {{cvt|48|km2|sqmi}} and female ones of {{cvt|5|-|7|km2|sqmi}} are smaller than those generally observed in Africa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Odden, M. |author2=Wegge, P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2005 |title=Spacing and activity patterns of leopards ''Panthera pardus'' in the Royal Bardia National Park, Nepal |journal=Wildlife Biology |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=145–152 |doi=10.2981/0909-6396(2005)11[145:SAAPOL]2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free |s2cid=86140708}}</ref>

=== Hunting and diet ===
{{multiple image |perrow=1 |image1=Leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) stalking.jpg |caption1=Leopard stalking |image2=Leopard kill - KNP - 001.jpg|caption2=Leopard applying a throat bite to a [[Cape bushbuck|bushbuck]]|image3=Leopardo (Panthera pardus) devorando un antílope, parque nacional Kruger, Sudáfrica, 2018-07-26, DD 06.jpg |caption3=Leopard caches a kill in a tree}}

The leopard is a [[carnivore]] that prefers medium-sized prey with a body mass ranging from {{cvt|10|–|40|kg|lb}}. Prey species in this weight range tend to occur in dense habitat and to form small herds. Species that prefer open areas and have well-developed anti-predator strategies are less preferred. More than 100 prey species have been recorded. The most preferred species are [[ungulates]], such as [[impala]], [[Cape bushbuck|bushbuck]], [[common duiker]] and [[chital]]. [[Primate]]s preyed upon include [[white-eyelid mangabey]]s, [[guenon]]s and [[gray langur]]s. Leopards also kill smaller carnivores like [[black-backed jackal]], [[bat-eared fox]], [[genet (animal)|genet]] and cheetah.<ref name=Hayward2006>{{cite journal |last1=Hayward |first1=M.W. |last2=Henschel |first2=P. |last3=O'Brien |first3=J. |last4=Hofmeyr |first4=M. |last5=Balme |first5=G. |last6=Kerley |first6=G. I. H. |name-list-style=amp |title=Prey preferences of the leopard (''Panthera pardus'') |journal=Journal of Zoology |date=2006 |volume=270 |issue=4 |pages=298–313 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2006.00139.x |url=http://www.ibs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1596.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105063845/http://www.ibs.bialowieza.pl/g2/pdf/1596.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> In urban environments, [[domestic dog]]s provide an important food source.<ref name=Powell2021/> The largest prey killed by a leopard was reportedly a male [[Taurotragus|eland]] weighing {{cvt|900|kg}}.<ref name=WCW/> A study in [[Wolong National Nature Reserve]] in southern China demonstrated variation in the leopard's diet over time; over the course of seven years, the vegetative cover receded, and leopards opportunistically shifted from primarily consuming [[tufted deer]] to pursuing [[Chinese bamboo rat|bamboo rat]]s and other smaller prey.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Johnson, K. G. |author2=Wei, W. |author3=Reid, D. G. |author4=Jinchu, H. |date=1993 |title=Food habits of Asiatic leopards (''Panthera pardus fusca'') in Wolong Reserve, Sichuan, China |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=646–650 |jstor=1382285 |doi=10.2307/1382285 |bibcode=1993JMamm..74..646J }}</ref>

The leopard depends mainly on its acute senses of hearing and vision for hunting.<ref name=Mills>{{cite book |last1=Mills |first1=M. G. L. |last2=Hes |first2=L. |name-list-style=amp |isbn=978-0-947430-55-9|pages=178–180 |publisher=Struik Publishers|location=Cape Town, South Africa |title=The Complete Book of Southern African Mammals |year=1997}}</ref> It primarily hunts at night in most areas.<ref name=estes/> In western African forests and Tsavo National Park, they have also been observed hunting by day.<ref name=hamilton76>{{cite thesis |last=Hamilton |first=P. H. |year=1976 |title=The movements of leopards in Tsavo National Park, Kenya, as determined by radio-tracking |degree= M.Sc. |publisher=University of Nairobi |location=Nairobi}}</ref> They usually hunt on the ground. In the Serengeti, they have been seen to ambush prey by descending on it from trees.<ref name= Kruuk>{{cite journal |last1=Kruuk |first1=H. |last2=Turner |first2=M. |name-list-style=amp |date=1967 |title=Comparative notes on predation by lion, leopard, cheetah and wild dog in the Serengeti area, East Africa |journal=Mammalia |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=1–27 |doi=10.1515/mamm.1967.31.1.1 |s2cid=84619500}}</ref> It stalks its prey and tries to approach as closely as possible, typically within {{cvt|5|m}} of the target, and, finally, pounces on it and kills it by suffocation. It kills small prey with a bite to the back of the neck, but holds larger animals [[Throat clamp|by the throat and strangles them]].<ref name=estes/> It [[Cache (biology)|caches]] kills up to {{cvt|2|km|mi}} apart.<ref name=Kingdon/> It is able to take large prey due to its powerful jaw muscles, and is therefore strong enough to drag carcasses heavier than itself up into trees; an individual was seen to haul a young giraffe weighing nearly {{cvt|125|kg}} up {{cvt|5.7|m|ftin}} into a tree.<ref name=hamilton76/> It eats small prey immediately, but drags larger carcasses over several hundred metres and caches it safely in trees, bushes or even caves; this behaviour allows the leopard to store its prey away from rivals, and offers it an advantage over them. The way it stores the kill depends on local topography and individual preferences, varying from trees in Kruger National Park to bushes in the plain terrain of the Kalahari.<ref name=mammal/><ref name=Schaller72>{{cite book |last=Schaller |first=G. |year=1972 |title=Serengeti: a kingdom of predators |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-394-47242-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJ_wAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2020-09-18 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505150524/https://books.google.com/books?id=wJ_wAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Before their extirpation from Europe, leopards there cached their meat in caves, as evidenced by fossilised bone accumulations in caves such as Los Rincones in the [[Province of Zaragoza]], Spain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sauqué |first1=Víctor |last2=Rabal-Garcés |first2=Raquel |last3=Sola-Almagro |first3=Cristina |last4=Cuenca-Bescós |first4=Gloria |date=18 March 2014 |editor-last=Rook |editor-first=Lorenzo |title=Bone Accumulation by Leopards in the Late Pleistocene in the Moncayo Massif (Zaragoza, NE Spain) |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |article-number=e92144 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0092144 |pmid=24642667 |pmc=3958443 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...992144S |doi-access=free |issn=1932-6203 }}</ref>

Leopards are known to drop from trees onto Impalas, which is probably an opportunistic hunting behaviour. A leopard falling from a height of 2.69 metres onto the back of its prey (3.55 metres total height), takes 0.7 seconds to fall and reaches a terminal velocity of 25 km/h; this hunting technique requires that the prey be unaware of the predator's attack and it also requires great precision to avoid falling on the horns of males, which allows for a safe attack.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Blanco |first1=R. E. |last2=Luzardo-Vera |first2=D. E. |date=2021 |title=A biomechanical model to assess the injury risk of leopards (Panthera pardus) hunting by free falling from trees |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/356181021 |journal=Biological Communications |volume=66 |issue=3 |doi=10.21638/spbu03.2021.305 |issn=2587-5779}}</ref>

Average daily consumption rates of {{cvt|3.5|kg|lboz}} were estimated for males and of {{cvt|2.8|kg|lboz}} for females.<ref name=bailey93/> In the southern [[Kalahari Desert]], leopards meet their water requirements by the bodily fluids of prey and [[succulent plant]]s; they drink water every two to three days and feed infrequently on moisture-rich plants such as [[gemsbok cucumber]]s, [[watermelon]] and Kalahari [[Schmidtia|sour grass]].<ref>{{cite journal| last1=Bothma |first1=J. du P. |title=Water-use by southern Kalahari leopards |journal=South African Journal of Wildlife Research |date=2005 |volume=35 |pages=131–137 |url=http://reference.sabinet.co.za/webx/access/journal_archive/03794369/2353.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref>

It has been reported that leopards lose 5–10% of their kills to other predators in the Serengeti.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bertram |first=B. C. R. |url=https://archive.org/details/serengetidynamic0000unse_y6x4/mode/1up |title=Serengeti: dynamics of an ecosystem |date=1979 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |editor-last=Sinclair |editor-first=A. R. E. |pages=221–248 |chapter=Serengeti predators and their social systems |editor-last2=Norton-Griffiths |editor-first2=M.}}</ref>

===Enemies and competitors===
[[File:Lioness vs Leopard 9 July 2016 Latest Sightings 1.png|thumb|A lioness steals a leopard kill in Kruger National Park]]
Across its range, the leopard coexists with a number of other large predators. In Africa, it is part of a large predator [[Guild (ecology)|guild]] with lions, cheetahs, [[spotted hyena|spotted]] and [[brown hyena]]s, and [[African wild dog]]s.<ref name=Rafiaq2020>{{cite journal|last1=Rafiq|first1=K.|last2=Wayward |first2=M. W.|last3=Wilson|first3=A. M.|last4=Meloro|first4=C. |last5=Jordan|first5=N. R. |last6=Wich |first6=S. A. |last7=McNutt|first7=J. W. |last8=Golabek|first8=K. A.|year=2020|title=Spatial and temporal overlaps between leopards (''Panthera pardus'') and their competitors in the African large predator guild|journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=311 |issue=4 |pages=246–259 |doi=10.1111/jzo.12781}}</ref> The leopard is dominant only over the cheetah while the others have the advantage of size, pack numbers or both.<ref name=estes/> Lions pose a great mortal threat and can be responsible for 22% of leopard deaths in [[Sabi Sand Game Reserve]]. Spotted hyenas are less threatening but are more likely to [[Kleptoparasitism|steal kills]], being the culprits of up to 50% of stolen leopard kills in the same area.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Balme|first1=G. A.|last2=Pitman|first2=R. T.|last3=Robinson|first3=H. S.|last4=Miller|first4=J. R. B.|last5=Funston|first5=P. J.|last6=Hunter|first6=L. T. B.|year=2017|title=Leopard distribution and abundance is unaffected by interference competition with lions|journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=1348–1358 |doi=10.1093/beheco/arx098}}</ref><ref name=Balme2017>{{cite journal|last1=Balme|first1=G. A. |last2=Miller |first2=J. R. B.|last3=Pitman|first3=R. T.|last4=Hunter|first4=L. T. B.|year=2017|title=Caching reduces kleptoparasitism in a solitary, large felid|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|volume=86|issue=3 |pages=634–644 |doi=10.1111/1365-2656.12654 |pmid=28217865 |bibcode=2017JAnEc..86..634B}}</ref> To counter this, leopards store their kills in the trees and out of reach.<ref name=Balme2017/><ref name=Vissia2022>{{cite journal|last1=Vissia|first1=S.|last2=Fattebert|first2=J. |last3=van Langevelde|first3=F. |year=2022 |title=Leopard density and interspecific spatiotemporal interactions in a hyena-dominated landscape|journal=Ecology and Evolution |volume=12 |issue=10 |article-number=e9365 |doi=10.1002/ece3.9365 |pmid=36225822 |pmc=9534747 |bibcode=2022EcoEv..12E9365V}}</ref> Lions have a high success rate in fetching leopard kills from trees.<ref name=Balme2017/> Leopards do not seem to actively avoid their competitors but rather difference in prey and habitat preferences appear to limit their spatial overlap.<ref name=Rafiaq2020/> In particular, leopards use heavy vegetation regardless of whether lions are present in an area and both cats are active at the same time of day.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Miller|first1=J. R. B. |last2=Pitman |first2=R. T. |last3=Mann |first3=G. K. H. |last4=Fuller|first4=A. K.|last5=Balme|first5=G. A. |year=2018|title=Lions and leopards coexist without spatial, temporal or demographic effects of interspecific competition |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=87 |issue=6 |pages=1709–1726 |doi=10.1111/1365-2656.12883 |pmid=30010193 |bibcode=2018JAnEc..87.1709M}}</ref>

In Asia, the leopard's main competitors are tigers and [[dhole]]s. Both the larger tiger and pack-living dhole dominate leopards during encounters. Interactions between the three predators involve chasing, stealing kills and direct killing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivathsa |first1=A. |last2=Ramachandran|first2=V. |last3=Saravanan |first3=P. |last4=Sureshbabu |first4=A. |last5=Ganguly |first5=D. |last6=Ramakrishnan |first6=U. |year=2023 |title=Topcats and underdogs: intraguild interactions among three apex carnivores across Asia's forestscapes |journal=Biological Reviews |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=2114–2135 |doi=10.1111/brv.12998 |pmid=37449566 |s2cid=259903849 |name-list-style=amp}}</ref> Tigers appear to inhabit the deep parts of the forest while leopards and dholes are pushed closer to the fringes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thinley, P. |author2=Rajaratnam, R. |author3=Lassoie, J. P. |author4=Morreale, S. J. |author5=Curtis, P. D. |author6=Vernes, K. |author7=Leki Leki |author8=Phuntsho, S. |author9=Dorji, T. |author10=Dorji, P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2018 |title=The ecological benefit of tigers (''Panthera tigris'') to farmers in reducing crop and livestock losses in the eastern Himalayas: Implications for conservation of large apex predators |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=219 |pages=119–125 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.007 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The three predators coexist by hunting different sized prey.<ref name=Karanth>{{cite journal |last=Karanth |first=K. U. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |name-list-style=amp |year=2000 |title=Behavioural correlates of predation by tiger (''Panthera tigris''), leopard (''Panthera pardus'') and dhole (''Cuon alpinus'') in Nagarahole, India | journal=Journal of Zoology |volume=250 |pages=255–265 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb01076.x |issue=2}}</ref> In [[Nagarhole National Park]], the average size for a leopard kill was {{cvt|37.6|kg}} compared to {{cvt|91.5|kg}} for tigers and {{cvt|43.4|kg}} for dholes.<ref name=KaranthSunquist1995>{{cite journal |author1=Karanth, K. U. |author2=Sunquist, M. E. |name-list-style=amp |title=Prey selection by tiger, leopard and dhole in tropical forests |jstor=5647 |doi=10.2307/5647 |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=64 |issue=4 |year=1995 |pages=439–450|bibcode=1995JAnEc..64..439K}}</ref> At [[Kui Buri National Park]], following a reduction in prey numbers, tigers continued to feed on favoured prey while leopards and dholes had to increase their consumption of small prey.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Steinmetz, R. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Seuaturien, N. |author3=Intanajitjuy, P. |author4=Inrueang, P. |author5=Prempree, K. |year=2021 |title=The effects of prey depletion on dietary niches of sympatric apex predators in Southeast Asia |journal=Integrative Zoology |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=19–32 |doi=10.1111/1749-4877.12461|pmid=32627329 }}</ref> Leopards can live successfully in tiger habitat when there is abundant food and vegetation cover.<ref name=Karanth/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=Odden, M. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Wegge, P. |author3=Fredriksen, T. |year=2010 |title=Do tigers displace leopards? If so, why? |journal=Ecological Research |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=875–881 |doi=10.1007/s11284-010-0723-1 |bibcode=2010EcoR...25..875O}}</ref> Otherwise, they appear to be less common where tigers are numerous. The recovery of the tiger population in [[Rajaji National Park]] during the 2000s led to a reduction in leopard population densities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harihar |first1=A. |last2=Pandav |first2=B. |last3=Goyal |first3=S. P. |year=2011 |title=Responses of leopard ''Panthera pardus'' to the recovery of a tiger ''Panthera tigris'' population |journal=Journal of Applied Ecology |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=806–814 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.01981.x|doi-access=free |bibcode=2011JApEc..48..806H |name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

===Reproduction and life cycle===
{{multiple image |perrow=1 |image2=Leopards mating.jpg |caption2=Leopards mating |image3=David Raju Leopard 3457 (cropped).jpg |caption3=Leopard cubs in tree}}

In some areas, leopards mate all year round. In [[Manchuria]] and [[Siberia]], they mate during January and February. On average, females begin to breed between the ages of 2½ and three, and males between the ages of two and three.<ref name=CAP/> The female's [[estrous cycle]] lasts about 46 days, and she is usually in heat for 6–7 days.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1748-1090.1966.tb01746.x |author=Sadleir, R. |year=1966 |title=Notes on the Reproduction of the larger Felidae |journal=International Zoo Yearbook|volume=6 |pages=184–187}}</ref> [[Gestation]] lasts for 90 to 105 days.<ref>{{cite book |author=Hemmer, H. |year=1976 |chapter=Gestation period and postnatal development in felids |pages=143–165 |editor=Eaton, R.L. |title=The World's Cats |volume=3 |publisher=Carnivore Research Institute, Univ. Washington, Seattle}}</ref> Cubs are usually born in a [[Litter (zoology)|litter]] of 2–4 cubs.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Eaton, R.L. |year=1977 |title=Reproductive biology of the leopard |journal=Zoologischer Garten |volume=47 |issue=5 |pages =329–351}}</ref> The mortality rate of cubs is estimated at 41–50% during the first year.<ref name="bailey93" /> Predators are the biggest cause for leopard cub mortality during their first year. Male leopards are known to cause [[infanticide (zoology)|infanticide]], in order to bring the female back into heat.<ref name=Kingdon/> Intervals between births average 15 to 24 months, but can be shorter, depending on the survival of the cubs.<ref name=CAP/>

Females give birth in a cave, crevice among boulders, hollow tree or thicket. Newborn cubs weigh {{Cvt|280-1000|g}}, and are born with closed eyes, which open four to nine days after birth.<ref name=WCW/><ref name=mammal/> The fur of the young tends to be longer and thicker than that of adults. Their pelage is also more gray in colour with less defined spots. They begin to eat meat at around nine weeks.<ref name="Kingdon"/> Around three months of age, the young begin to follow the mother on hunts. At one year of age, cubs can probably fend for themselves, but will remain with the mother for 18–24 months.<ref name=CMBC>{{cite web |url=https://brainmuseum.org/Specimens/carnivora/leopard/index.html |title=Leopard (''Panthera pardus''); Physical characteristics and distribution |work=Comparative Mammalian Brain Collections |access-date=2008-06-07 |archive-date=2011-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103183140/http://www.brainmuseum.org/specimens/carnivora/leopard/index.html |url-status=live}}</ref> After separating from their mother, sibling cubs may travel together for months.<ref name=CAP/> Both male and female leopards typically reach sexual maturity at 2–2⅓ years.<ref name=Kingdon/>

The [[Generation time|generation length]] of the leopard is 9.3 years.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Generation length for mammals |last1=Pacifici |first1=M. |last2=Santini |first2=L. |last3=Di Marco |first3=M. |last4=Baisero |first4=D. |name-list-style=amp |last5=Francucci |first5=L. |last6=Grottolo Marasini |first6=G. |last7=Visconti |first7=P. |last8=Rondinini |first8=C. |journal=Nature Conservation |year=2013 |issue=5 |pages=87–94}}</ref>
The average life span of a leopard is 12–17 years.<ref name=WCW/>
The oldest leopard was a captive female that died at the age of 24 years, 2 months and 13 days.<ref>{{cite news |author=Salisbury, S. |date=2014 |url=http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/roxanne-oldest-spotted-leopard-in-captivity-dies-a/ngyYc/ |title=Roxanne, oldest spotted leopard in captivity, dies at Acreage preserve |newspaper=The Palm Beach Post |archive-date=2014-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811165340/http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/roxanne-oldest-spotted-leopard-in-captivity-dies-a/ngyYc/}}</ref>

== Conservation ==
The leopard is listed on [[CITES Appendix I]], and hunting is banned in Botswana and Afghanistan; in 11 sub-Saharan countries, trade is restricted to skins and body parts of 2,560 individuals.<ref name=IUCN/>
In 2007, a leopard reintroduction programme was initiated in the Russian Caucasus, where captive bred individuals are reared and trained in {{cvt|0.5–0.9|ha}} large enclosures in [[Sochi National Park]]; six individuals released into [[Caucasus Nature Reserve]] and [[Alaniya National Park]] in 2018 survived as of February 2022.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Rozhnov, V.V. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Yachmennikova, A.A. |author3=Dronova, N.A. |author4=Naidenko, S.V. |author5=Hernandez-Blanco, J.A. |author6=Chistopolova, M.D. |author7=Pkhitikov, A.B. |author8=Tembotova, F.A. |author9=Trepet, S.A. |author10=Chestin, I.E. |year=2022 |title=Experience of the leopard re-covering through reintroduction in the Russian Caucasus |journal=Cat News |issue=Special issue |pages=67–71 |url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.14._SI_15/Cat_News_Special_Issue_15_Persian_leopard_FINAL.pdf#page=67 |access-date=2023-11-11 |archive-date=2023-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111083835/http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/5.Cat_News/5.3._Special_Issues/5.3.14._SI_15/Cat_News_Special_Issue_15_Persian_leopard_FINAL.pdf#page=67 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Threats===
The leopard is primarily threatened by [[habitat fragmentation]] and conversion of forest to agriculturally used land, which lead to a declining natural prey base, [[human–wildlife conflict]] with livestock herders and high leopard mortality rates. It is also threatened by [[trophy hunting]] and [[poaching]].<ref name=IUCN /> Contemporary records suggest that the leopard occurs in only 25% of its historical range.<ref name=Jacobson2016/><ref name=Williams2017>{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=S. T. |last2=Williams |first2=K. S. |last3=Lewis |first3=B. P. |last4=Hill |first4=R. A. |name-list-style=amp |title=Population dynamics and threats to an apex predator outside protected areas: implications for carnivore management |journal=Royal Society Open Science |date=2017 |volume=4 |issue=4 |article-number=161090 |doi=10.1098/rsos.161090 |doi-access=free |pmid=28484625 |pmc=5414262 |bibcode=2017RSOS....461090W}}</ref>

Between 2002 and 2012, at least four leopards were estimated to have been poached per week in India for the [[illegal wildlife trade]] of its skins and bones.<ref>{{Cite report |author1=Raza, R.H. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Chauhan, D.S. |author3=Pasha, M.K.S. |author4=Sinha, S. |date=2012 |title=Illuminating the blind spot: A study on illegal trade in Leopard parts in India (2001–2010) |publisher=TRAFFIC India, WWF India |location=New Delhi |url=https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/4130/illuminating_the_blind_spot.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924143713/https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/4130/illuminating_the_blind_spot.pdf |archive-date=2020-09-24 |url-status=live}}</ref>
In spring 2013, 37 leopard skins were found during a 7-week long market survey in major Moroccan cities.<ref name=Bergin>{{cite journal |last1=Bergin |first1=D. |last2=Nijman |first2=V. |name-list-style=amp |year=2014 |title=Open, Unregulated Trade in Wildlife in Morocco's Markets |journal=TRAFFIC Bulletin |volume=26 |issue=1 |pages=65–70 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267748463 |access-date=2015-03-23 |archive-date=2018-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181031133219/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267748463 |url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, 43 leopard skins were detected during two surveys in Morocco. Vendors admitted to have imported skins from sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bergin |first1=D. |last2=Nijman |first2=V. |name-list-style=amp |date=2015 |title=Potential benefits of impending Moroccan wildlife trade laws, a case study in carnivore skins |journal=Biodiversity and Conservation |volume=25 |issue=1 |pages=199–201 |doi=10.1007/s10531-015-1042-1 |s2cid=34533018 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287807462 |access-date=2017-01-11 |archive-date=2020-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107220433/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/287807462_Potential_benefits_of_impending_Moroccan_wildlife_trade_laws_a_case_study_in_carnivore_skins |url-status=live}}</ref>

Surveys in the Central African Republic's [[Chinko]] area revealed that the leopard population decreased from 97 individuals in 2012 to 50 individuals in 2017. In this period, [[transhumant]] [[Pastoralism|pastoralist]]s from the border area with Sudan moved in the area with their livestock. Rangers confiscated large amounts of [[poison]] in the camps of livestock herders who were accompanied by armed merchants. They engaged in poaching large herbivores, sale of [[bushmeat]] and trading leopard skins in [[Am Dafok]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Äbischer, T. |author2=Ibrahim, T. |author3=Hickisch, R. |author4=Furrer, R. D. |name-list-style=amp |author5=Leuenberger, C. |author6=Wegmann, D. |year=2020 |title=Apex predators decline after an influx of pastoralists in former Central African Republic hunting zones |journal=Biological Conservation |volume=241 |article-number=108326 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2019.108326 |bibcode=2020BCons.24108326A |s2cid=213766740 |url=https://doc.rero.ch/record/328409/files/weg_apd.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003124917/https://doc.rero.ch/record/328409/files/weg_apd.pdf |archive-date=2020-10-03 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In Java, the leopard is threatened by illegal hunting and trade. Between 2011 and 2019, body parts of 51 Javan leopards were seized including six live individuals, 12 skins, 13 skulls, 20 canines and 22 claws.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gomez, L. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Shepherd, C.R. |year=2021 |title=The illegal exploitation of the Javan Leopard (''Panthera pardus melas'') and Sunda Clouded Leopard (''Neofelis diardi'') in Indonesia |journal=Nature Conservation |volume=43 |issue=43 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.3897/natureconservation.43.59399 |doi-access=free |s2cid=233286106}}</ref>

==Human relations==
===Cultural significance===
{{Multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|image1=Sousse museum Smirat-retouched.jpg|caption1=Leopards on the [[Magerius Mosaic]] from modern [[Tunisia]] |image2=Leopard head hip ornament, Nigeria, Court of Benin, Edo people, late 18th century, bronze, copper, iron - De Young Museum - DSC01037.JPG|caption2=Leopard head ornament from the Court of Benin}}

Leopards have been featured in art, mythology and folklore of many countries. In [[Greek mythology]], it was a symbol of the god [[Dionysus]], who was depicted wearing leopard skin and using leopards as means of transportation. In one myth, the god was captured by pirates but two leopards rescued him.<ref name=reaktion>{{cite book |author=Morris, D. |year=2014|title=Leopard|publisher=Reaktion Books|pages=23–24, 31–33, 62, 99, 102, 111 |isbn=978-1-78023-318-5}}</ref> Numerous Roman mosaics from North African sites depict fauna now found only in [[tropical Africa]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Decline of North Africa Since the Roman Occupation: Climatic or Human? |last1=Murphey |first1=R. |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume= XLI |issue=2 |year=1951 |pages=116–132 |doi=10.1080/00045605109352048 |url=http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/courses/geog347/articles/decline_human.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060914061431/http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/courses/geog347/articles/decline_human.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-14 |url-status=live}}</ref> During the [[Benin Empire]], the leopard was commonly represented on engravings and sculptures and was used to symbolise the power of the king or ''[[Oba (ruler)|oba]]'', since the leopard was considered the king of the forest.<ref name=britishmuseum>{{cite web |publisher=British Museum |place=London |title=Benin: an African kingdom |url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/british_museum_benin_art.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805130342/http://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/british_museum_benin_art.pdf |archive-date=2008-08-05 |url-status=live |access-date=2016-03-29}}</ref> The [[Ashanti people]] also used the leopard as a symbol of leadership, and only the king was permitted to have a ceremonial leopard stool. Some African cultures considered the leopard to be a smarter, better hunter than the lion and harder to kill.<ref name=reaktion/>

In [[Rudyard Kipling]]'s "How the Leopard Got His Spots", one of his ''[[Just So Stories]]'', a leopard with no spots in the [[Highveld]] lives with his hunting partner, the Ethiopian. When they set off to the forest, the Ethiopian changed his brown skin, and the leopard painted spots on his skin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kipling |first1=R. |title=Just So Stories |date=1902 |publisher=Macmillan |chapter=How the Leopard Got His Spots |chapter-url=https://theshortstory.co.uk/devsitegkl/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Short-stories-Rudyard-Kipling-How-the-Leopard-got-his-Spots.pdf |access-date=2023-05-14 |archive-date=2023-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129190512/https://theshortstory.co.uk/devsitegkl/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Short-stories-Rudyard-Kipling-How-the-Leopard-got-his-Spots.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> A leopard played an important role in the 1938 Hollywood film ''[[Bringing Up Baby]]''. African chiefs, European queens, Hollywood actors and [[burlesque]] dancers wore coats made of leopard skins.<ref name=reaktion/>

The leopard is a frequently used motif in [[Leopard (heraldry)|heraldry]], most commonly as ''[[Attitude (heraldry)#Passant|passant]]''.<ref>{{cite book |author=Haist, M. |title=The Mark of the Beast: The Medieval Bestiary in Art, Life, and Literature |chapter=The Lion, bloodline, and kingship |pages=3–16 |editor=Hassig, D. |publisher=Taylor & Francis |location=London |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8153-2952-7 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lx09r7EOL_oC&pg=PA10 |access-date=2021-09-07 |archive-date=2024-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505150617/https://books.google.com/books?id=lx09r7EOL_oC&pg=PA10#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The heraldic leopard lacks spots and sports a mane, making it visually almost identical to the [[Lion (heraldry)|heraldic lion]], and the two are often used interchangeably. Naturalistic leopard-like depictions appear on the [[coat of arms of Benin]], [[Coat of arms of Malawi|Malawi]], [[Coat of arms of Somalia|Somalia]], the [[Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo]] and [[Coat of arms of Gabon|Gabon]], the last of which uses a black panther.<ref>{{cite book|title=The International Flag Book in Color |url=https://archive.org/details/internationalfla00pede|url-access=registration|last=Pedersen|first=C. F. |publisher=Morrow |year=1971}}</ref>

===Attacks on people===
{{Main|Leopard attack}}

The [[Leopard of Rudraprayag]] killed more than 125 people; the Panar Leopard was thought to have killed over 400 people. Both were shot by British hunter [[Jim Corbett]].<ref name=Corbett>{{cite book |title=The Temple Tiger, and More Man-eaters of Kumaon |year=1955 |author=Corbett, J. |author-link=Jim Corbett |publisher=Oxford University Press |place=Oxford}}</ref> The Spotted Devil of Gummalapur killed about 42 people in Karnataka, India.<ref>{{cite book |author=Anderson, K. |author-link=Kenneth Anderson (writer) |title=Nine Man-Eaters and one Rogue |publisher=George Allen & Unwin |year=1954 |location=London |chapter=The Spotted Devil of Gummalapur |pages=36–51 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460900/page/n33/mode/2up}}</ref>

===In captivity===
[[Image:Female animal trainer and leopard, c1906.jpg|thumb|upright|Animal trainer with leopard]]

The [[ancient Roman]]s kept leopards in captivity to be slaughtered in [[Venatio|hunts]] as well as [[Damnatio ad bestias|execute]] criminals.<ref name=reaktion/> In Benin, leopards were kept and paraded as mascots, totems and sacrifices to deities.<ref name=britishmuseum/> Several leopards were kept in a menagerie originally established by King [[John of England]] at the [[Tower of London]] in the 13th century; around 1235, three of these animals were given to [[Henry III of England|Henry III]] by Holy Roman Emperor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Owen |first=J. |title=Medieval Lion Skulls Reveal Secrets of Tower of London 'Zoo' |magazine=National Geographic Magazine |date=2005 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105025912/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/11/1103_051103_tower_lions.html |archive-date=November 5, 2005 |access-date=2007-09-05}}</ref> In modern times, leopards have been [[Animal training|trained]] and [[Tame animal|tamed]] in [[circus]]es.<ref name=reaktion/>

==See also==
* [[Leopard pattern]]
* [[List of largest cats]]
* [[Panther (legendary creature)]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite book |author-link1=Thomas T. Allsen |last=Allsen |first=Thomas T. |editor-last=Mair |editor-first=V. H. |contribution=Natural History and Cultural History: The Circulation of Hunting Leopards in Eurasia, Seventh-Seventeenth Centuries |title=Contact and Exchange in the Ancient World |year=2007 |publisher=University of Hawaiʻi Press |location=Honolulu |isbn=978-0-8248-2884-4 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite journal |last1=DeRuiter |first1=D. J. |last2=Berger |first2=L. R. |author-link2=Lee R. Berger |year=2000 |title=Leopards as taphonomic agents in dolomitic Caves – Implications for bone accumulations in the hominid-bearing deposits of South Africa |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=27 |issue=8 |pages=665–684 |doi=10.1006/jasc.1999.0470 |bibcode=2000JArSc..27..665D |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author=Sanei, A. |title= Analysis of leopard (''Panthera pardus'') status in Iran |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B7Vwy9iDuZifNjliMzYzNTQtZWFjYy00ODgzLWJkNWQtZmY4ZTUzOTY1MTc2&hl=en |publisher=Sepehr Publication Center |language= fa |location=Tehran |year=2007 |isbn=978-964-6123-74-8 |ref=none }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Sanei, A. |author2=Zakaria, M. |author3=Yusof, E. |author4=Roslan, M. |year=2011 |title=Estimation of leopard population size in a secondary forest within Malaysia's capital agglomeration using unsupervised classification of pugmarks |journal=Tropical Ecology |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=209–217 |url=http://www.tropecol.com/pdf/open/PDF_52_2/Jour-07-F.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002102927/http://www.tropecol.com/pdf/open/PDF_52_2/Jour-07-F.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-02 |url-status=usurped |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Zakaria |first1= M. |last2= Sanei|first2=A. |year=2011 |url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&srcid=0BzbFC60TvnMcNGExNDJjNzItZmM1MC00ODkzLTkzZWMtNjQ3OTAyMzlmOTcz |title=Conservation and management prospects of the Persian and Malayan leopards|journal=Asia Life Sciences |volume=Supplement 7|pages=1–5 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Wikijunior|Big Cats/Leopard|l1=Leopard}}
{{Commons and category|Panthera pardus|Panthera_pardus}}
* [http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=110 IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: ''Panthera pardus'' in Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031034243/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=110 |date=2017-10-31 }} and [http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=557 ''Panthera pardus'' in Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623113337/http://www.catsg.org/index.php?id=557 |date=2018-06-23 }}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Leopard|short=x}}

{{Carnivora|Fe.}}
{{Mammals in culture}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q34706|from2=Q47450956}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leopard}}
[[Category:Leopards| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Big cats]]
[[Category:Felids of Africa]]
[[Category:Felids of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1758]]
[[Category:National symbols of Benin]]
[[Category:National symbols of Malawi]]
[[Category:National symbols of Somalia]]
[[Category:National symbols of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Panthera]]
[[Category:Animal taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Apex predators]]

Ministry of Labour (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T10:30:03Z

BlissKetoSupplement:

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Labour}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Labour [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name = '''मंत्रालय कामगार विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Cabinet Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''[[Ashish Jaiswal]]'''
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Labour''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]].
state.

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]]''' is Current Minister of Labour [[Government of Maharashtra]].

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Labour (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Labour}} '''मंत्री कामगार विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]]
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural =
*'''M. G. Maney'''
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Hasan Mushrif]]'''
(2019- 2022)
| deputy =
* '''[[Ashish Jaiswal]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 21 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Labour
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shantilal Shah]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. G. Mane''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 10 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''M. G. Mane''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 10 - [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukar Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Rafique Zakaria]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 16 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 220]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 220]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|18 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|18}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|80px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Bhagwantrao Gaikwad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Kalameshwar Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''S. M. I. Aseer''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ahmednagar South Constituency No. 223]]- [[Ahmednagar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Narendra Mahipati Tidke''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Bhagwantrao Gaikwad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dindori, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Dindori Constituency No. 122]]- [[Nashik District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[N. M. Kamble|Narendra Marutrao Kamble]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Governor Nominated No. 10 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Rohidas Patil''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Dhule Constituency No. 07]]- [[Dhule District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Sarawan Parate''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 14 - [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Sabir Shaikh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ambarnath Assembly constituency|Ambarnath Constituency No. 140]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Sabir Shaikh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ambarnath Assembly constituency|Ambarnath Constituency No. 140]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Babanrao Gholap]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali Constituency No. 126]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Husain Dalwai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ratnagiri Khed Constituency No. 266]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2004|11|09}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Hon. Nawab Malik 10th Oct 2019 Kurla Mumbai.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Nawab Malik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Hon. Nawab Malik 10th Oct 2019 Kurla Mumbai.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Nawab Malik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Anushakti Nagar Assembly constituency|Anushakti Nagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Ramraje Naik Nimbalkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 14 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Hasan Mushrif]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal Constituency No. 273]]- [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Prakash Mehta in Mumbai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Prakash Mehta]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ghatkopar East Assembly constituency|Ghatkopar East Constituency No. 170]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|07|08}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="4" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Sambhaji_Patil_Nilangekar.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar]]''' Sambhaji Patil Nilangekar
 {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 July}} 2016
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|07|08|2019|06|16}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Sanjay Kute]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon (Jamod) Assembly constituency|Jalgaon (Jamod) Constituency No. 27]]- [[Buldhana District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|16 June}} 2019
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|06|16|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Jayant Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Islampur, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Islampur Constituency No. 283]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dilip Walse Patil.png|80px]]
| '''[[Dilip Walse-Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ambegaon Assembly constituency|Ambegaon Constituency No. 196]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|05 April}} 2021
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2021|04|05}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Hasan Mushrif]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kagal Assembly constituency|Kagal Constituency No. 273]]- [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 April}} 2021
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2021|04|05|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present) }}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Suresh Khade]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj Constituency No. 281]]- [[Sangli District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
!{{ayd|2024|12|05|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|45
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Khamgaon Assembly constituency|Khamgaon Constituency No. 26]]- [[Buldhana District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Labour
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur Constituency No. 42]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]] Supported Party ([[Shiv Sena]])
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|
*[[Dilip Walse-Patil]] (2019 -2021)
*[[Hasan Mushrif]] (2021-2022)
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Satejpatil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Satej Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by Kolhapur Local Authorities Constituency No. 06 - [[Kolhapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Suresh Khade]] (2022 – 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Ashish Jaiswal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek Constituency No. 59]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
|[[Akash Pandurang Fundkar]] (2024 – Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

== References ==
'''[https://Mahatdc.com/ Mahatdc] महाराष्ट्र राज्य आदिवासी विकास महामंडळ .'''{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Subnational labour ministries|Maharashtra]]

Pachhai Vilakku (1964 film)

2026-03-04T05:18:15Z

BlissKetoSupplement: cleanup

{{short description|1964 film by A. Bhimsingh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pachhai Vilakku
| image = Pachhai Vilakku 1964 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. Bhimsingh]]
| producer = Rama. Arangannal A. R. Hassan Khan T. S. Aadhi Narayanan
| writer = G. K. Suriyam Rama. Arangannal (dialogues) Ko. Iraimudi Mani (dialogues)
| screenplay = A. Bhimsingh
| story = G. K. Suriyam
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] [[S. S. Rajendran]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari]]
| music = [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
| cinematography = G. Vittal Rao D. Balakrishnan Rm. Sedhu
| editing = A. Bhimsingh Paul Duraisingam Thirumalai
| studio = Vel Pictures
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1964|04|03|df=y}}
| runtime = 154 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pachhai Vilakku''''' ({{translation|Green Light}}) is a 1964 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]], directed by [[A. Bhimsingh]] and produced by Rama. Arangannal, A. R. Hassan Khan and T. S. Aadhi Narayanan. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[C. R. Vijayakumari]], [[S. S. Rajendran]] and [[S. V. Ranga Rao]]. It was released on 3 April 1964,<ref>{{Cite web |title=91-100 |url=http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp10.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140909161622/http://nadigarthilagam.com/filmographyp10.htm |archive-date=9 September 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014 |website=nadigarthilagam.com}}</ref> and became a box-office success, running for over 100 days in theatres.

== Plot ==
{{No plot|date=May 2021}}

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Sarathy
*[[Sowcar Janaki]] as Parvathi
*[[S. S. Rajendran]] as Pasupathy
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari]] as Sumathi
*[[A. V. M. Rajan]] as Mani
*[[Pushpalatha]] as Latha
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Ponnambalam
*[[M. R. Radha]] as Rajabaadhar
*[[Nagesh]] as Joseph
*[[V. Nagayya]] as Gopalaiya
*S. R. Janaki as Annammal
*[[K. K. Soundar]] as Balu's henchman
*Sriram as Balu
*[[Karuppu Subbiah]] as Karim
}}

== Production ==
Saravanan who was doing a film on engine driver was on search of suitable title while crossing railway gate at [[T. Nagar]].<ref name="kalki">{{cite magazine |last=சரவணன் |first=ஏவி.எம். |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |date=6 March 2005 |title=அழாதீங்க தம்பி! |trans-title=Don't cry, younger brother! |url=https://archive.org/download/kalki2005-03-06/kalki2005-03-06.pdf |access-date=9 July 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=52–55 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=145}} He stuck posters with green light as main feature in a wall near the railway gate which led Bhimsingh to name his film as ''Pachhai Vilakku''.{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|pp=146–147}} The film was initially shot in {{Convert|8000|ft|m}} which left Meiyappan unimpressed and decided to reshoot with different story on the same backdrop with the additional cast involving Rajan and Pushpalatha.<ref name="kalki" />{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=147}} Many scenes were shot at the [[Basin Bridge Junction railway station]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srikanth |first=R. |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Madras Day 2025: When Tamil cinema and railways cross tracks in Chennai |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250902054724/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/when-tamil-cinema-and-railways-cross-tracks-in-chennai/article69928044.ece/amp |archive-date=2025-09-02 |access-date=2025-09-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] and lyrics for the songs were written by [[Kannadasan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pachai Vilakku |url=https://www.saregama.com/album/pachai-vilakku_14005 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117151335/https://www.saregama.com/album/pachai-vilakku_14005 |archive-date=17 November 2018 |access-date=1 March 2016 |website=[[Saregama]]}}</ref> The songs "Olimayamaana Ethirkaalam" and "Kelvi Pirandhadhu" attained popularity.<ref name="kalki" />{{sfn|Saravanan|2013|p=147}}
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Olimayamaana Ethirkaalam" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 5:25
|-
| "Kuththu Vilakkeria" || T. M. Soundararajan & [[P. Susheela]] || 3:42
|-
| "Thoothu Solla" || P. Susheela & [[L. R. Eswari]] || 5:15
|-
| "Aval Melai Sirithaal" || P. Susheela || 3:57
|-
| "Kelvi Piranthathu" || T. M. Soundararajan || 5:53
|-
| "Olimayamaana" || T. M. Soundararajan || 4:48
|-
| "Kanni Venduma" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]] & L. R. Eswari || 3:27
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Pachhai Vilakku'' was released on 3 April 1964.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 April 1964 |title=Pachhai Vilakku |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640403&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=1 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called it "a frothy, headlong musical melodrama, designed only to entertain."<ref name="IE review">{{Cite news |date=10 April 1964 |title='Pachhai Vilakku', a light entertainer |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19640410&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=5 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> P. S. Mani of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' gave the film a positive review, primarily for the cinematography and audiography.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=மணி |first=பி. எஸ். |date=19 April 1964 |title=பச்சை விளக்கு |url=https://ibb.co/CK2FZXQ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327045451/https://ibb.co/CK2FZXQ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=27 March 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=29 |language=Ta}}</ref> T. M. Ramachandran of ''[[Sport and Pastime]]'' praised the cast performances, particularly Ganesan's, but called the story unreal although he praised the location photography of the train sequences and railway yard.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ramachandran |first=T. M. |date=25 April 1964 |title=It's Both Good & Bad |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98084/page/n947/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240329113442/https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.98084/page/n947/mode/2up |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |magazine=[[Sport and Pastime]] |page=49 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |volume=18}}</ref> The film ran for over 100 days in theatres.{{Sfn|Ganesan|Narayana Swamy|2007|pp=241}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 1964 |title=பச்சை விளக்கு |language=ta |work=[[Dina Thanthi]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Ganesan |first1=Sivaji |title=Autobiography of an Actor: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928 – July 2001 |title-link=Autobiography of an Actor |last2=Narayana Swamy |first2=T. S. |publisher=Sivaji Prabhu Charities Trust |year=2007 |oclc=297212002 |author-link=Sivaji Ganesan |orig-date=2002}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |orig-date=2005}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0156858}}

{{A. Bhimsingh}}
{{AVM Productions}}

{{Improve categories|date=March 2024}}
[[Category:1964 Indian films]]
[[Category:1964 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1964 drama films]]
[[Category:1964 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by A. Bhimsingh]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Monica (2025 song)

2026-03-03T14:27:25Z

BlissKetoSupplement: starting a data - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian song by Sublahshini, Anirudh Ravichander and Asal Kolaar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Monica
| cover = Monica (Coolie song) cover.jpg
| caption = Official single cover
| type = single
| artist = [[Sublahshini]], [[Anirudh Ravichander]], and Asal Kolaar
| album = [[Coolie (soundtrack)|Coolie]]
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|07|11|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2024–2025
| studio = Albuquerque Records, Chennai Mix Magic, Chennai
| genre = {{flatlist|
* [[Electronic dance music|EDM]]
* [[Kuthu]]
* [[Hip-hop|Rap]]
}}
| length = 3:37
| label = [[Sun Pictures]], [[Sun TV Network|Sun TV]] (publisher)
| composer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| lyricist = Vishnu Edavan
| producer = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|2qCpY38ompo|"Monica"}}}}
}}

"'''Monica'''" is a 2025 song composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]] for the [[Coolie (soundtrack)|soundtrack album]] of the Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'', directed by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] and produced by [[Sun Pictures]]. The song was sung by [[Sublahshini]] and Anirudh, with rap verses written and performed by Asal Kolaar, and lyrics for the track written by Vishnu Edavan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-steals-the-show-as-monica-in-rajinikanth-coolie-second-song-2754496-2025-07-11|title=Pooja Hegde steals the show as Monica in Rajinikanth's Coolie second song|date=11 July 2025|website=India Today}}</ref> The song is a retro [[dance-pop]] track set against a vibrant harbor backdrop.<ref>{{Cite web|access-date=17 July 2025|url=https://mirchi.in/stories/music/who-is-monica-bellucci-the-icon-pooja-hegde-channels-in-coolies-monica-song/152295053|title=Who is Monica Bellucci? The icon Pooja Hegde channels in Coolie's 'Monica' song|website=mirchi.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |access-date=4 August 2025 |title=Pooja Hegde celebrates as Coolie song Monica crosses 50 million views on YouTube |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-celebrates-as-coolie-song-monica-crosses-50-million-views-on-youtube-article-13386919.html |work=MoneyControl}}</ref>

The song was released as the second single on 11 July 2025 through the production house. The song's lyrical version was released on the [[YouTube]] through [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] on the same day. The full video song was released on 11 September 2025. The song was also released in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] with lyrics by [[Krishna Kanth]], in [[Hindi]] and [[Kannada]] with lyrics by [[Kumaar]], and in Malayalam with lyrics by [[Deepak Ram]]. Upon its release, the song received widespread positive response and began trending online. Its hook-step dance performed by [[Pooja Hegde]] became a viral trend, contributing significantly to the film's popularity. Hegde's dance steps were widely appreciated, with ''[[Firstpost]]'' calling her the "Queen of the Hook Step".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-sets-the-dance-floor-on-fire-with-rajinikanths-coolie-second-song-monica-13905668.html|title=Pooja Hegde sets the dance floor on fire with Rajinikanth's 'Coolie' second song 'Monica'|date=10 July 2025|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

Following its release, it peaked on several charts including [[UK Asian Music Chart]] and had a significant commercial success, even gained global attention.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2025/Aug/12/pooja-hegde-elated-as-monica-bellucci-reacts-to-coolie-song-loved-it|title=Pooja Hegde elated as Monica Bellucci reacts to Coolie song: Loved It!|first=Bristi|last=Dey|date=12 August 2025|website=Indulgexpress}}</ref> With global attention, star power, and a pulsating beat, "Monica" continues to cement its place as one of [[Tamil cinema]]'s most talked-about tracks of the year, according to ''[[News Today]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newstodaynet.com/2025/08/12/pooja-hegdes-coolie-song-monica-wins-praise-from-icon-monica-bellucci/|title=Pooja Hegde's Coolie Song "Monica" Wins Praise from Icon Monica Bellucci|date=12 August 2025}}</ref>

== Background ==
[[Anirudh Ravichander]] composed the song. This marked his second collaboration with [[Pooja Hegde]], after ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022) and fourth with [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]], after [[Master (2021 film)|''Master'']] (2021), ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022) and ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)|Leo]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2025 |title=மோனிகா சிக்கிகிச்சும்மா.. பூஜா ஹெக்டேவின் வேறலெவல் டான்ஸ்.. 'கூலி' செகண்ட் சிங்கிள் அறிவிப்பு.! |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/rajinikanth-starrer-coolie-second-single-promo-out/articleshow/122344639.cms |website=[[Samayam]] |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2025 |title=കൂലിയില്‍ പൂജ ഹെഗ്‍ഡെയും, പ്രൊമൊ വീഡിയോ പുറത്ത് |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/lokesh-kanagaraj-rajinikanth-coolie-film-song-update-articleshow-ue4gnx1 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=Malayalam}}</ref> Vishnu Edavan, an assistant director of Lokesh had written lyrics for the song, after previously doing so for ''Master'', ''Vikram'' and ''Leo''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=Coolie: தெறிக்கும் 'மோனிகா' வைப்... வெளியானது ரஜினியின் 'கூலி' பட 2வது சிங்கிள்! |url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-monica-song-release-from-coolie-movie-pooja-hegde-dance-impresses-fans-nw-kls-ws-l-1855718.html |website=[[News18]] |language=ta}}</ref> Rap verses were written and performed by Asal Kolaar in his second collaboration with Anirudh and Lokesh, following their work on the song "[[Naa Ready]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=பூஜா ஹெக்டே நடனமாடிய மோனிகா பாடல் வெளியீடு! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jul/11/monica-song-out |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> "Monica" is the third song featuring Hegde in a track composed by Anirudh, following "[[Arabic Kuthu]]" and "[[Jolly O Gymkhana]]".<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2025 |title=അറബിക്ക് കുത്ത്, കനിമാ ഇപ്പോ മോണിക്ക; ഹിറ്റ് ചാർട്ടിൽ എതിരാളികൾ ഇല്ലാതെ പൂജ ഹെഗ്‌ഡെ |url=https://www.reporterlive.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2025/07/12/pooja-hegde-three-dance-numbers-goes-viral |website=[[reporterlive.com|ReporterNews]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M |first=Narayani |date=11 July 2025 |title=Butta Bomma to Monica: Six times Pooja Hegde set the dance floor on fire |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/ampstories/webstories/2025/Jul/11/butta-bomma-to-monica-six-times-pooja-hegde-set-the-dance-floor-on-fire |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

[[Sublahshini]] was chosen to record the song.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=Second single 'Monica' from Rajinikanth's 'Coolie' released |url=https://ianslive.in/sizzling-second-single-monica-from-rajinikanths-coolie-released--20250711183555 |website=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]}}</ref> When Anirudh's team first contacted her, she thought it was a prank call. After speaking with her friend, who was collaborating with Anirudh, she realized it was genuine and agreed to sing the song.<ref name="Sun News">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/cksljFb77zk |title=Monica Song Vibe | Coolie | Anirudh | Rajinikanth | Singer Sublahshini | Sun News |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> She recorded the song in Telugu, Tamil, Hindi, Kannada and Malayalam versions, along with Anirudh himself at Albuquerque Records, [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=പൂജാ ഹെഗ്ഡയെ 'സൈഡാക്കി' സൗബിന്റെ ചുവടുകൾ; 'കൂലി'യിലെ 'മോണിക്ക' എത്തി |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/coolie-song-monica-pooja-hegde-soubin-shahir-1.10738459 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monica: మోనికా వచ్చింది.. సునామీయే తెచ్చింది |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/monica-song-released-from-coolie/0201/125124781 |website=[[Eenadu.net|Eenadu]] |language=te}}</ref>

In an interview with ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'', Lokesh revealed that both he and Anirudh are huge fans of the Italian actress [[Monica Bellucci]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title='Someone sent Monica Bellucci a message about 'Coolie' song; Ani and I are huge fans': Lokesh |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/someone-sent-monica-bellucci-a-message-about-coolie-song-ani-and-i-are-huge-fans-lokesh-q7gujcfn |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2025 |title=நானும், அனிருத்தும் மோனிகாவின் தீவிர ரசிகர்கள் : லோகேஷ் கனகராஜ் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com//tamil-news/131072/cinema/Kollywood/Anirudh-and-I-are-ardent-fans-of-Monica-Lokesh-Kanagaraj.htm |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Initially, they decided to create a song inspired by her, which led to the track being named "Monica".<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2025 |title=Monica Bellucci: ఆ హాట్ హీరోయిన్‌కి నేను, అనిరుథ్ వీరాభిమానులం! అందుకే పూజా హెగ్దే సాంగ్‌కి ఆ పేరు.. |url=https://telugu.timesnownews.com/entertainment/me-and-anirudh-we-both-are-a-huge-fan-of-monica-bellucci-says-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-article-152287647 |website=[[Times Now]] |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monica Song: సోషల్ మీడియాను ఊపేస్తున్న సాంగ్.. అసలు ఎవరీ మోనికా? ఆమెకు ఎందుకంత క్రేజ్? |url=https://telugu.samayam.com/telugu-movies/cinema-news/lokesh-kanagaraj-fan-of-monica-bellucci-pooja-hegde-monica-song-from-coolie-rajinikanth/articleshow/122642267.cms |website=[[Samayam]] |language=Telugu}}</ref> Once the music took shape, the duo started thinking about who could visually carry that same energy on screen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2025 |title='Coolie' director Lokesh Kanagaraj on choosing Pooja Hegde for the song 'Monica': 'I'm a huge fan of Monica Bellucci and...' |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/coolie-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-on-choosing-pooja-hegde-for-the-song-monica-im-a-huge-fan-of-monica-bellucci-and-13921923.html |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> That was when Lokesh thought of Hegde, she had the grace and glam they were looking for.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2025 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals why Pooja Hegde is called 'Monica' in Rajinikanth's 'Coolie'; makers reveal making video |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-why-pooja-hegde-is-called-monica-in-rajinikanths-coolie-makers-reveal-making-video/articleshow/122641340.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> After she came on board, it felt natural to name her character Monica as a tribute to their original inspiration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2025 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj: అందుకే పూజా హెగ్డే'కి ఆ పేరు! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/cinema-news/coolie-rajinikanth-nagarjuna-and-pooja-hegdes-monica-song-sparks-buzz-829421.html |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]] |language=Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=நந்தினி |first=ரா |date=15 July 2025 |title='நானும், அனிருத்தும் மோனிகா பெலூசியின் தீவிர ரசிகர்கள், அதனால தான்..'- மோனிகா பாடல் குறித்து லோகேஷ் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/lokesh-kanagaraj-about-monica-song-in-coolie |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=ta}}</ref>

== Composition and lyrics ==
[[File:Monica Bellucci, Women's World Awards 2009 b.jpg|thumb|left|180px|The song pays homage to Italian actress [[Monica Bellucci]].]]

"Monica" is a high-energy [[dance-pop]] track infused with retro elements, characterized by Anirudh Ravichander's signature upbeat rhythms and vibrant instrumentation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2025 |first1=Rupesh |last1=Sahu |title=Rajinikanth की 'कुली' का धांसू डांस ट्रेक 'मोनिका' रिलीज़, पूजा हेगड़े का दिखा जलवा |url=https://hindi.asianetnews.com/entertainment/south-cinema/rajinikanth-kooli-song-monika-pooja-hegde-dance-video-release-update/articleshow-c9u2xw4 |website=Asianet News Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=சுப்பர் ஸ்டார் ரஜினிகாந்த் நடிக்கும் 'கூலி' பட அப்டேட் |url=https://www.virakesari.lk/article/219820 |website=Virakesari.lk}}</ref> Unlike other songs, Anirudh provided hook lines and tunes so that Vishnu Edavan could get the concept and write the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2025 |title=Who Is Monica? The Truth Behind the Viral Song! | Coolie Special With Anirudh | Sun Pictures |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iKBRk-pXqRo |via=YouTube}}</ref> The lyrics, penned by Vishnu Edavan, pays homage to Monica Bellucci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2025 |title=Pooja Hegde Pays Homage to Italian Sensation Monica Bellucci With 'Monica' Track From 'Coolie' - www.lokmattimes.com |url=https://www.lokmattimes.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-pays-homage-to-italian-sensation-monica-bellucci-with-monica-track-from-coolie-a475/ |website=Lokmat Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2025 |title=கூலி படத்தின் Monica பாடல்..'இந்த' நடிகையை பற்றியது-யார் தெரியுமா? |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/who-is-actress-monica-bellucci-name-got-featured-in-coolie-second-single-song-starring-pooja-hegde-soubin-shahir-597945 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil}}</ref> The Telugu version was written by [[Krishna Kanth]], the Hindi and Kannada versions by [[Kumaar]], and the Malayalam version by [[Deepak Ram]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coolie Monica Song: రజనీకాంత్‌ 'కూలీ'.. పూజాహెగ్డే స్పెషల్‌ సాంగ్‌ వచ్చేసింది |url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/monica-song-from-coolie-pooja-hegde-rajinikanth/2/70207 |website=EENADU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coolie Monica Song: रजनीकांत की 'कूली' का 'मोनिका' गाना हुआ रिलीज, पूजा हेगड़े का दिखा जबरदस्त अंदाज |url=https://www.gnttv.com/entertainment/video/rajinikanths-coolie-second-song-monika-released-pooja-hegdes-dance-performance-trends-film-to-release-on-august-14-with-aamir-khan-cameo-frvd-1244934-2025-07-15 |website=Good News Today}}</ref> The song include subtle references to [[Rajinikanth]]'s iconic persona, with lines like "Laka Laka Laka" from ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005).<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=காவாலா தமன்னாவை ஓரங்கட்டினாரா பூஜா.? கூலி செகண்ட் சிங்கிள் வேட்டையன் சர்ப்ரைஸ் - Cinemapettai |url=https://cinemapettai.com/news/coolie-second-single-monica-song-released/516116/}}</ref> Edavan also included the word "Pooja" in the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title=Coolie Song Monica: Pooja Hegde is Dazzling But This Malayalam Actor Stole the Show |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/kollywood/coolie-song-monica-pooja-hegde-dazzling-malayalam-actor-stole-show-428054 |website=Sakshi Post}}</ref> The chorus features the catchy hook, "Monica, My Dear Monica, Love You Monica, Baby Ma Monica," designed for mass appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guptha |first=Ganesh |date=11 July 2025 |title=మోనికా మేనియా అదుర్స్ - 'కూలీ' నుంచి బుట్టబొమ్మ స్పెషల్ సాంగ్ వచ్చేసింది |url=https://telugu.abplive.com/entertainment/cinema/rajinikanth-coolie-second-single-pooja-hegde-special-monica-song-released-watch-video-213433 |website=ABP Desam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjiv |title=దుమ్ములేపుతున్న కూలీ మోనికా సాంగ్- గ్లామర్‌తో పూజా హెగ్డే మంటలు- డ్యాన్స్‌తో డామినేట్ చేసిన మలయాళ నటుడు- ఓ లుక్కేయండి! |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-monica-song-released-and-trending-from-rajinikanth-coolie-soubin-shahir-dominates-with-his-dance-121752301753564.html |website=Hindustantimes Telugu}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Key lyrical phrases include "Pattunu paathale pulse ethum body" (translating to "Just seeing her makes the pulse race") and "Jilebi lady" (comparing the woman to a sweet, colorful [[jalebi]]), incorporating humor and Tamil colloquialisms.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2025 |title='Monica' கூலி படத்தின் 2வது சிங்கிள்! செம குத்து குத்தும் பூஜா ஹெக்டே..வீடியோ இதோ |url=https://zeenews.india.com/tamil/movies/rajinikanth-coolie-movie-second-single-monica-video-song-featuring-pooja-hegde-soubin-shahir-dance-moves-597840 |website=Zee Hindustan Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=தீத்தையா |first=பாண்டித்துரை |date=11 July 2025 |title=Coolie : மோனிகா... லவ் யூ மோனிகா.. அனிருத் கை வைத்தாலே ஹிட் தான்.. கூலி இரண்டாவது சிங்கிள் |url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/coolie-movie-2nd-single-anirudh-composing-monica-song-pooja-hegde-dance-viral-228591 |website=ABP Nadu}}</ref>

== Music video ==
=== Background and production ===
[[File:Pooja Hegde at Beast Telugu press meet (1).jpg|thumb|[[Pooja Hegde]] appeared as Monica.|240x240px]]
In mid-February 2025, it was reported that Hegde would join in ''Coolie'' for a special appearance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-to-star-in-special-dance-number-for-rajinikanths-coolie-report-2682417-2025-02-20|title=Pooja Hegde to star in special dance number in Rajinikanth's Coolie: Report|date=20 February 2025|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/jana-nayagan-actor-pooja-hegde-to-appear-in-rajinikanths-coolie-before-vijay-film-release/080e372c00246|title=Jana Nayagan actor Pooja Hegde to appear in Rajinikanth's Coolie before Vijay film release?|website=OTTPlay}}</ref> Hegde had a call with Lokesh to discuss his vision for the music video. After hearing the song and loving it, Hegde agreed to proceed.<ref>https://x.com/sunpictures/status/1946140388689154183</ref> Lokesh expressed a preference for a red gown, but Hegde and the designer deliberated over the specific shade of red, given the many variations available. They ultimately chose a vibrant red that Hegde wanted to ensure it stood out in the crowd. Together, they finalized the gown's color and silhouette to achieve the desired look.<ref>https://x.com/sunpictures/status/1946454398177255913</ref> Hegde's red gown was designed by [[Versace]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/do-you-know-how-much-the-dress-worn-by-pooja-hegde-in-the-song-monica-cost-1171463|title='மோனிகா' பாடலில் பூஜா ஹெக்டே அணிந்திருந்த ஆடையின் விலை எவ்வளவு தெரியுமா?|date=30 July 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref> On 26 February, Sun Pictures revealed a promotional image for ''Coolie'' with her face hidden and the caption "Revealing tomorrow".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/rajinikanth-lokesh-kanagaraj-coolie-teases-mysterious-dancing-girl-fans-think-its-pooja-hegde-article-118582761|title=Rajinikanth, Lokesh Kanagaraj's Coolie Teases Mysterious Dancing Girl, Fans Think It's Pooja Hegde|date=26 February 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Feb/26/who-is-this-coolie-poster-revealing-tomorrow|title=கூலி படத்தின் புதிய போஸ்டரில் இருப்பது யார்?|date=26 February 2025|website=Dinamani}}</ref> Hegde's inclusion was confirmed by the makers on 27 February with a poster through their social media handles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/coolie-rajinikanth-lokesh-kanagaraj-film-ropes-in-pooja-hegde/article69269241.ece|title='Coolie': Pooja Hegde joins cast of Rajinikanth-Lokesh Kanagaraj film|work=The Hindu |date=27 February 2025|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/pooja-hegde-to-shake-a-leg-for-a-special-dance-number-in-rajinikanth-starrer-coolie/|title=Pooja Hegde to shake a leg for a special dance number in Rajinikanth-starrer 'Coolie'|website=The Tribune}}</ref> She was paid {{INRConvert|4|c}} for the song shoot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/coolie-a-look-at-the-star-studded-cast-and-their-reported-salaries-1897000|title=Coolie: A Look at the Star-Studded Cast and Their Reported Salaries|date=12 August 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>

As part of the film's production, the scenes involved in the music video of the song were shot at [[Kamarajar Port|Ennore Port]], [[Chennai]] in late-February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-dance-number-rajinikanth-lokesh-kanagaraj-coolie-2686274-2025-02-27|title=Pooja Hegde to set the dance floor on fire in Rajinikanth's Coolie. New poster out|first=Janani|last=K|date=27 February 2025|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/pooja-hegde-star-rajinikanth-starrer-coolie-heres-know/|title=Pooja Hegde to star in Rajinikanth starrer Coolie? Here's what we know! : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=24 February 2025}}</ref> Music video featuring Hegde was choreographed by [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com//tamil-news/130990/cinema/Kollywood/Soubin-Shakir-impressed-fans-more-than-Monica-Pooja.htm|title='மோனிகா' பூஜாவை விட ரசிகர்களைக் கவர்ந்த சவுபின் ஷாகிர்|website=Dinamalar |date=12 July 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagrantv.com/hi-show/pooja-hegde-s-style-wins-hearts-in-coolie-movie-s-second-song-release-rc1060595|title=South Cinema : Coolie फिल्म का दूसरा सॉन्ग रिलीज, पूजा हेगड़े की अदाओं ने जीता फैंस का दिल|website=jagrantv}}</ref> [[Girish Gangadharan]] handled the cinematography and Praveen Raja designed the costumes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/20/sandy-pens-heartfelt-note-after-monica-song-from-coolie-becomes-a-chartbuster|title=Sandy pens heartfelt note after 'Monica' song from Coolie becomes a chartbuster|date=20 July 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/movie-news/rajinikanth-starrer-coolie-movie-monica-song-out|title=പൂജ ഹെ ഗ്ഡെയ്ക്കൊപ്പം കിടിലൻ സ്റ്റെപ്പുമായി സൗബിൻ; കൂലിയിലെ 'മോണിക്ക' ഗാനമെത്തി|first=സമകാലിക മലയാളം|last=ഡെസ്ക്|date=11 July 2025|website=Samakalika Malayalam - The New Indian Express}}</ref> Video song also featured [[Soubin Shahir]] and Rishikanth.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/09/second-single-from-rajinikanths-coolie-titled-monica-to-drop-on-this-date|title=Second single from Rajinikanth's Coolie, titled Monica, to drop on this date|first=Sreejith|last=Mullappilly|date=9 July 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/sandy-masters-post-about-the-song-monica-from-the-movie-coolie-1169604|title="கூலி" படத்தின் "மோனிகா" பாடல் குறித்து சாண்டி மாஸ்டரின் பதிவு|date=20 July 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref> As [[Fahadh Faasil]] couldn't play the role of Soubin, he wasn't featured in the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vijayavani.net/fahadh-was-the-first-choice-in-coolie-monica-song|title=ಸೌತ್ ಬ್ಯೂಟಿ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಹೆಜ್ಜೆ ಹಾಕಬೇಕಿದ್ದು 'ಪುಷ್ಟ' ನಟ; ಆದ್ರೆ, ಆಗಿದ್ದೇ ಬೇರೆ! ಟ್ರೆಂಡಿಂಗ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ 'ಕೂಲಿ' ಮೋನಿಕಾ | Coolie|date=18 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9telugu.com/entertainment/tollywood/do-you-know-pushpa-villain-fahad-fazil-was-first-choice-for-soubin-shahir-role-in-coolie-movie-with-act-pooja-hegde-monica-song-1584473.html|title=Coolie Movie: మోనికా పాటలో పూజాతో స్టెప్పులేయాల్సింది ఈ స్టార్ హీరోనా.. ? ఎలా మిస్సైరంటే..|date=18 July 2025|website=TV9 Telugu}}</ref> [[Behind-the-scenes|Making video]] was released by the filmmakers on 16 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/coolie-film-crew-shares-video-of-monica-song-being-shot-1168869|title=மோனிகா பாடல் படமாக்கப்பட்ட வீடியோவை பகிர்ந்த கூலி படக்குழு|date=16 July 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/coolie-monica-song-making-is-out-now-rajinikath-starring-monica-song-video-152292177|title=Monica Song: கூலி படத்தின் மோனிகா பாடல் மேக்கிங் வீடியோ!|date=16 July 2025|website=Times Now Tamil}}</ref>

The production of "Monica" was one of the most physically challenging sequences for Hegde,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-opens-up-on-monica-challenges-promises-theatrical-spectacle-with-coolie-1892067|title=Pooja Hegde Opens Up On Monica challenges, Promises Theatrical Spectacle With Coolie|date=17 July 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> who faced extreme heat, high humidity, and dust during the shoot at Port.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://10tv.in/telugu-news/photo-gallery/actress-pooja-hegde-monica-song-coolie-making-photos-sy-969347.html|title='పూజా హెగ్డే' మోనికా సాంగ్ మేకింగ్ స్టిల్స్.. ఫొటోలు వైరల్..|first=Saketh|last=Nill|date=17 July 2025|website=10TV Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/cinema/intense-heat-and-blisters-her-feet-didnt-make-dance-waste-poojas-jubilation|title=கடும் வெயிலில், காலில் கொப்புளத்துடன் நடனமாடியது வீணாகவில்லை: பூஜா பூரிப்பு, திரைச்செய்தி செய்திகள் - தமிழ் முரசு Cinema News in Tamil, Tamil Murasu|date=19 July 2025|website=Tamil Murasu}}</ref> The environment caused physical discomfort, including [[sunburn]]s and blisters, with visible [[tan line]]s lasting for months.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/131150/cinema/Kollywood/Hot-air,-dust,-blisters...-Pooja-shares-Monicas-experience.htm|title=அனல் காற்று, தூசு, கொப்பளங்கள்... : மோனிகா அனுபவம் பகிர்ந்த பூஜா | Hot air, dust, blisters... Pooja shares Monicas experience|date=18 July 2025|website=தினமலர் - சினிமா}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/viral/pooja-hegde-shares-video-monika-song-very-tough-in-cinema-carrier-kooli-rajinikanth-9508140|title=அனல் பறக்கும் 'மோனிகா' பாடல்: பூஜா ஹெக்டேவின் கண்ணீரும் கடின உழைப்பும்: கடினமான பாடல் வீடியோ|website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}</ref> The sequence required high-energy choreography, marking Hegde's first major dance performance after recovering from a [[Anterior cruciate ligament|ligament tear]], requiring significant physical exertion and [[Climate resilience|resilience]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jul/17/pooja-hegde-thanks-fans-for-celebrating-monica-recalls-dancing-after-a-ligament-tear-in-extreme-heat-and-blisters|title=Pooja Hegde thanks fans for celebrating 'Monica', recalls dancing after a ligament tear in extreme heat and blisters|date=17 July 2025|website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/07/18/pooja-hegde-monica-song-viral.html|title='കരിയറിലെ ഏറ്റവും കഠിനമേറിയ ഗാനം, എന്റെ സർവവും നൽകി'; 'മോണിക്ക' ഗാനത്തെ കുറിച്ച് പൂജ ഹെഗ്ഡെ|website=‘കരിയറിലെ ഏറ്റവും കഠിനമേറിയ ഗാനം, എന്റെ സർവവും നൽകി’; ‘മോണിക്ക’ ഗാനത്തെ കുറിച്ച് പൂജ ഹെഗ്ഡെ}}</ref> Filming on [[Maha Shivaratri]] (26 February 2025) was particularly challenging, as Hegde was fasting, yet she continued to perform.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/monica-from-coolie-pooja-hegde-reveals-she-fasted-while-shooting-for-song-admits-to-combating-heat-and-sunburn-article-152295088|title=Monica From Coolie: Pooja Hegde Reveals She Fasted While Shooting For Song, Admits To Combating Heat And Sunburn|date=17 July 2025|website=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/pooja-hegde-monica-song-from-coolie-movie-shooting-experience-dvp-ws-l-2133131.html|title=Monica Song: ಮೋನಿಕಾ ಸಾಂಗ್ ಶೂಟಿಂಗ್ ಅನುಭವ ರಿವೀಲ್ ಮಾಡಿದ ಪೂಜಾ ಹೆಗ್ಡೆ|date=18 July 2025|website=kannada.news18.com}}</ref> Despite these challenges, the production team prioritized delivering a polished and glamorous aesthetic, ensuring the performance appeared effortless on screen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/pooja-hegde-shares-her-experience-in-the-song-monica-in-coolie-movie|title=Coolie: ''மகாசிவராத்திரி நாளில், நான் உண்ணாவிரதம் இருந்தபோது...'' - மோனிகா பாடல் குறித்து பூஜா ஹெக்டே|first=VM மன்சூர்|last=கைரி|date=17 July 2025|website=Ananda Vikatan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/movies/pooja-hegde-speaks-about-monica-song/0201/125128874|title=Pooja Hegde: శారీరకంగా ఎంతో కష్టపెట్టిన పాటిది|website=EENADU}}</ref> The supporting dancers played a crucial role in sustaining the energy of the sequence, providing unwavering support throughout the rigorous filming process.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/pooja-hegde-shared-the-shooting-scenes-of-the-song-monica-from-the-film-coolie-1169023|title="கூலி" படத்தின் "மோனிகா" பாடல் படப்பிடிப்பு காட்சிகளை பகிர்ந்த பூஜா ஹெக்டே|date=17 July 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-vibe-on-monica-song-video-goes-viral-9509259|title=மோனிகா பாட்டு உங்களுக்கு அவ்ளோ பிடிக்குமா? ஜுஸ் குடிக்கும்போது கூட வைப் செய்யும் பூஜா ஹெக்டே: இதை கவனிச்சிங்களா?|website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}</ref>

== Marketing and release ==
On 9 July 2025, the second single announcement of the film is coming at 6 PM.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jul/09/coolie-second-single|title=கூலி இரண்டாவது பாடல் அறிவிப்பு!|first=இணையதளச் செய்திப்|last=பிரிவு|date=9 July 2025|website=Dinamani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/coolie-2nd-song-release-date-announced-779854|title="கூலி" படத்தின் 2வது பாடல் வெளியாகும் தேதி அறிவிப்பு | "Coolie" 2nd song release date announced|first=மாலை|last=மலர்|date=9 July 2025|website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref> The second single, titled "Monica" starring Hegde was announced by the makers with a promo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/coolie-second-single-pooja-hegde-shakes-a-leg-in-rajinikanth-lokesh-kanagaraj-film/a30d96ce67905|title=Coolie second single Monica: Pooja Hegde dance number from Lokesh Kanagaraj-Rajinikanth film to be out soon|website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/coolie-second-single-named-monica-fever-featuring-pooja-hegde-to-be-released-on-july-11th-article-152252428|title=Coolie Second Single: கூலி இரண்டாவது சிங்கிள் பாடல் ரிலிஸ் தேதி அறிவிப்பு.. பூஜா ஹெக்டேவின் 'மோனிகா ஃபீவர்' ஆரம்பம்!|date=9 July 2025|website=Times Now Tamil}}</ref> Release date of the song was also released on the same day.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-coolie-second-song-monica-releases-date-announced-nw-kls-ws-l-1853814.html|title=Coolie: மோனிகா... லவ் யூ மோனிகா.. - ரஜினியின் 'கூலி' பட இரண்டாவது சிங்கிள் எப்போது ரிலீஸ் தெரியுமா?|date=9 July 2025|website=tamil.news18.com}}</ref> Hegde shared the promo video on [[Twitter|X]], captioning it: "Monika Fever Begins!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/rajinikanths-coolie-song-promo-pooja-hegde-sizzles-monika-love-you-monika-986851|title=Rajinikanth's 'Coolie' Song Promo: Pooja Hegde Sizzles, 'Monika... Love You Monika'|first=Varun|last=Keval|date=10 July 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.v6velugu.com/pooja-hegde-dazzles-as-%E2%80%98monica%E2%80%99-in-rajinikanth%E2%80%99s-coolie-second-single|title='లవ్ యు మోనిక'.. 'కూలీ' సినిమా నుంచి సాంగ్ ప్రోమో రిలీజ్|date=10 July 2025|website=V6 Velugu}}</ref> Instantly it became trending and received wider recognition with fans calling it "red storm".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/coolie-monica-song-promo-hypes-up-anticipations-netizens-call-pooja-hegde-a-red-storm-for-her-dance-in-rajinikanth-film/702b00c825516|title=Coolie Monica song promo hypes up anticipations: Netizens call Pooja Hegde a 'red storm' for her dance in Rajinikanth film|website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-hegde-dazzles-as-monica-in-rajinikanths-coolie-second-single-song-to-drop-july-11-watch/articleshow/122354772.cms|title=Pooja Hegde dazzles as 'Monica' in Rajinikanth's 'Coolie' second single — Song to drop July 11 - Watch|work=The Times of India |date=10 July 2025}}</ref> On 10 July, the makers unveiled a poster featuring Hegde stating "Make way for Monica’s entry!"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dishadaily.com/cinema/heroine-poster-released-saying-make-way-for-monicas-entry-the-little-girls-look-is-impressive-455964|title=మోనికా ప్రవేశానికి దారి ఇవ్వండి అంటూ హీరోయిన్ పోస్టర్ రిలీజ్.. ఆకట్టుకుంటున్న చిన్నదాని లుక్..|date=10 July 2025|website=www.dishadaily.com}}</ref> On 11 July morning, makers unveiled a short promo on their social media handles captioning "Monica bellucci, Erangi vandhachi".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-song-monica-from-the-movie-coolie-is-releasing-this-evening-1167894|title=இன்று மாலை வெளியாகும் "கூலி" படத்தின் 'மோனிகா' பாடல்|date=11 July 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref>

The second single, titled "Monica" was released on 11 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/the-second-single-monica-from-coolie-starring-pooja-hegde-is-out-now-1167964|title=''கூலி'' - பூஜா ஹெக்டேவின் ''மோனிகா'' பாடல் வெளியீடு|date=11 July 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/entertainment/music/2025/07/11/rajinikanth-lokesh-kanagaraj-coolie-monica-song-release.html|title=സൗബിന്‍ ഫയര്‍ മോഡ്; പൂജയ് ക്കൊപ്പം കട്ടയ്ക്ക്; കൂലിയിലെ 'മോണിക്ക' എത്തി|first=എന്‍റര്‍ടെയിന്‍മെന്‍റ്|last=ഡസ്ക്|date=11 July 2025|website=Manorama News}}</ref> It was released as lyrical video on [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]'s YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.timesnownews.com/entertainment/coolie-2nd-single-video-monica-coolie-song-lyric-video-is-out-monica-pooja-hegde-video-152266546|title=ட்ரெண்டிங்கில் மோனிகா... கூலி படத்தின் 2வது சிங்கிள் எப்படி இருக்கு?|date=11 July 2025|website=Times Now Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshi.com/index.php/telugu-news/movies/pooja-hegde-monica-song-lyrical-video-latest-2502840|title='కూలీ' నుంచి మోనికా.. స్పెషల్ సాంగ్ రిలీజ్ | Pooja Hegde Monica Song Lyrical Video Latest | Sakshi|website=www.sakshi.com}}</ref> The Telugu lyrical video was released on the same day on [[Gemini TV]] YouTube channel, marking the first time a Sun Pictures and Lokesh film's Telugu lyrical video has been released simultaneously with the Tamil version.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/coolie-telugu-song-monica-lyrical/videoshow/122397810.cms|title=Coolie | Telugu Song - Monica (Lyrical)|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/pooja-hegde-special-song-from-coolie-out-now-in-telugu-nud76hn|title=సోషల్ మీడియాను ఊపేస్తున్న పూజా హెగ్డే మోనికా సాంగ్.. బుట్టబొమ్మ ఎనర్జిటిక్ స్టెప్పులు చూశారా|first=Tirumala |last=Dornala |date=July 12, 2025 |website=Asianet News Telugu}}</ref> Hindi version's lyrical video was released on 12 July on [[Sun Neo]] and [[Sun Bangla]] YouTube channels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatv.in/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-soubin-shahir-actor-who-stole-pooja-hegde-limelight-from-coolie-song-monica-shockingly-2025-07-12-1148817|title=कौन हैं सौबिन शाहिर? जिन्होंने पूजा हेगड़े से छीनी लाइमलाइट, 'मोनिका' में दिखाई अदाएं|date=12 July 2025|website=India TV Hindi}}</ref> The Kannada and Malayalam versions of the song were released on 14 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/monica-video-song-out-from-coolie-2139531|title=Monica Video Song | 'కూలీ' నుంచి 'మోనికా' ఫుల్‌ వీడియో సాంగ్ వచ్చేసింది|date=12 September 2025|website=www.ntnews.com}}</ref> The full video song was released on 11 September 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/coolie-movie-monica-song-video-released-on-youtube-14-crore-views-nw-kpk-ws-kl-1914952.html|title=Monica Song: கூலி பட மோனிகா பாடல் யூடியூப்பில் வெளியானது.. வீடியோ இதோ!|date=11 September 2025|website=tamil.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eenadu.net/videos/playvideo/monica-telugu-video-song-coolie-pooja-hegde/2/72129|title=Monica Video Song: ఉర్రూతలూగించే 'మోనికా'.. ఫుల్‌ వీడియో వచ్చేసింది|website=EENADU}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Zainab Khanam from ''[[News 24 (India)|News 24]]'' wrote, "Pooja looks stunning as Monica in a red shimmery outfit with a high slit. Her dance, along with Soubin Shahir's moves and Anirudh Ravichander's catchy music, makes the song a perfect party number."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news24online.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-sets-internet-ablaze-with-dance-moves-in-coolie-song-monica/603479/|title=Pooja Hegde Sets Internet Ablaze With Dance Moves In Coolie Song 'Monica'|first=Zainab|last=Khanam}}</ref> Anindita Mukherjee from ''[[News18]]'' wrote, "Pooja Hegde as Monica looks lovely in her red sparkly gown with a high slit. Her movement, combined with Soubin Shahir's rare dance skills to Anirudh Ravichander's sounds, makes it the ideal party song."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/tamil-cinema/pooja-hegdes-dance-number-monica-from-rajinikanths-coolie-crosses-5-million-views-in-a-day-ws-l-aa-9436662.html|title=Pooja Hegde's Dance Number Monica From Rajinikanth's Coolie Crosses 5 Million Views In A Day|website=News18}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|Zoom TV]]'' stated, "Dressed in a red shimmery outfit with a high slit, Pooja Hegde looks breathtaking as Monica. Her dance, combined with Soubin Shahir's unique dance moves to Anirudh Ravichander's beats, makes it the ideal party anthem."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/south/monica-coolie-single-pooja-hegde-article-152265682|title=Monica from Coolie: Soubin Shahir Steals the Spotlight in Pooja Hegde and Anirudh Ravichander's Energetic Party Track|website=Zoom TV}}</ref>

Praising Hegde's performance ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' stated, "Clad in a shimmering red outfit with a daring high slit, Pooja Hegde looks every bit the glamorous star in 'Monica'. Her commanding screen presence, coupled with sharply executed dance moves, adds to the grand scale of the song. The video, which takes place aboard a giant cargo ship, features Pooja leading the choreography with confidence and charisma."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/pooja-hegde-shines-but-its-soubin-shahirs-breakout-dance-that-makes-monica-a-standout-in-coolie-f91xvhzs|title=Pooja Hegde shines, but it's Soubin Shahir's breakout dance that makes 'Monica' a standout in 'Coolie'|date=12 July 2025|website=@mathrubhumi}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Mid-Day]]'' noted, "Pooja Hegde is seen capturing eyeballs with her sizzling dance moves in a red dress."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/regional-indian-cinema-news/article/coolie-monica-featuring-pooja-hegde-from-the-rajinikanth-starrer-released-23584307|title=Coolie: Monica featuring Pooja Hegde from the Rajinikanth-starrer released|date=12 July 2025|website=Mid-day}}</ref> A critic of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote, "Featuring the ever-gorgeous Pooja Hegde in a dazzling red ensemble, the dance number is a high-energy, visually vibrant treat that promises to be one of the film's biggest highlights."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/pooja-hegde-sets-screen-fire-red-monica-song-rajinikanths-coolie-watch/|title=Pooja Hegde sets the screen on fire in red for 'Monica' song from Rajinikanth's Coolie; watch : Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=12 July 2025}}</ref> ''[[Zee News]]'' commented, "The song's high-energy beats, vibrant visuals, and Pooja's captivating performance make Monica an instant chartbuster and the next big dance anthem. With spot-on expressions and infectious rhythm, she completely owns the screen."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bollywood/pooja-hegde-sets-the-dance-floor-ablaze-in-coolie-s-second-single-monica-watch-2930949.html|title=Pooja Hegde Sets the Dance Floor Ablaze in Coolie's Second Single 'Monica' — Watch|website=Zee News}}</ref> A ''[[Firstpost]]'' critic stated, "Pooja Hegde has created a storm yet again with her fiery moves in the recently released song Monica from the upcoming film ''Coolie''."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/pooja-hegde-pays-homage-to-italian-sensation-monica-bellucci-with-monica-track-from-coolie-13906102.html|title=Pooja Hegde Pays Homage to Italian Sensation Monica Bellucci With 'Monica' Track From 'Coolie'|date=13 July 2025|website=Firstpost}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' wrote, "From thigh-high boots to sparkling outfits, Pooja's style in the song radiates diva energy. Each shot showcases her daring fashion choices, perfectly complementing the passionate tone of the music."<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 July 2025 |title=PICS: Pooja Hegde shines in song tribute to Italian icon Monica Bellucci in Rajinikanth's Coolie |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/pics-pooja-hegde-shines-in-song-tribute-to-italian-icon-monica-bellucci-in-rajinikanth-s-coolie-photo-gallery-13277981.html |work=MoneyControl}}</ref>

Suhas Sistu from ''[[The Hans India]]'' wrote, "Music director Anirudh Ravichander delivers another potential chartbuster, mixing foot-tapping beats with lively vocals by Subhalakshmi and himself. Rapper Asal Kolaar infuses a burst of freshness with his fiery verse, giving the track a modern twist."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/pooja-hegde-sizzles-in-coolie-second-single-monica-987523|title=Pooja Hegde sizzles in 'Coolie' second single 'Monica'|first=Suhas|last=Sistu|date=12 July 2025|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated, "The song crooned by Suhashini and Anirudh, has a vibrant, foot-tapping vibe and has been made on a grand scale."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/monica-song-out-pooja-hegde-shines-but-its-soubin-shahir-who-steals-the-show-in-coolie-dance-track/articleshow/122397539.cms|title='Monica' song out: Pooja Hegde shines, but it's Soubin Shahir who steals the show in 'Coolie' dance track|work=The Times of India |date=14 July 2025}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' described it as an "energetic number".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/coolie-song-monica-pooja-hegde-and-soubin-shahir-steal-the-show-10118346/|title=Coolie song Monica: Pooja Hegde and Soubin Shahir steal the show. Watch|date=11 July 2025}}</ref> Sounak Mukhopadhyay from ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' wrote, "Composed by Anirudh Ravichander, the song blends Tamil cinema's bold style with glamour."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/entertainment/who-is-monica-bellucci-new-coolie-song-starring-pooja-hegde-and-soubin-shahir-pays-tribute-to-italian-actress-11752323328254.html|title=Who is Monica Bellucci? New Coolie song, starring Pooja Hegde and Soubin Shahir, pays tribute to Italian actress | Mint|first=Sounak|last=Mukhopadhyay|date=12 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Monica Bellucci's response ===
In an interview with [[Anupama Chopra]] for ''[[The Hollywood Reporter India]]'', Hegde learned that Melita Toscan du Plantier, director of the [[Marrakech International Film Festival]], shared the "Monica" song video with Bellucci.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/monica-bellucci-loved-the-song-in-rajinikanths-coolie-big-reveal-stuns-pooja-kgghmydm|title=Monica Bellucci loved the song in Rajinikanth's 'Coolie' — Big reveal stuns Pooja|date=12 August 2025|website=@mathrubhumi}}</ref> Chopra revealed that Bellucci enjoyed the song and loved it, which is named in her honor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/coolie-monica-song-how-did-monica-bellucci-react-and-what-was-pooja-hegdes-reaction/0a4e079526668|title=Coolie Monica song: How did Monica Bellucci react and what was Pooja Hegde's reaction?|website=OTTPlay}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-monica-bellucci-praises-coolie-movie-monica-song-pooja-hegde-happy-nw-kls-ws-l-1886051.html|title='கூலி' பட மோனிகா பாடலைப் பாராட்டிய நடிகை மோனிகா பெலூச்சி: பூஜா ஹெக்டே மகிழ்ச்சி!|date=12 August 2025|website=tamil.news18.com}}</ref> Bellucci also praised Hegde for her dance performance in the song.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=12 August 2025 |title='Loving it': Monica Bellucci praises Pooja Hegde's performance in 'Coolie' song 'Monica' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/monica-bellucci-praises-pooja-hegdes-performance-in-coolie-song-monica/cid/2117586 |work=The Telegraph}}</ref> Hegde responded, "That's the biggest compliment", expressing her gratitude for Bellucci's positive feedback.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/1334986-pooja-hegde-reacts-as-monica-bellucci-approves-coolie-track-aheadofrelease|title=Pooja Hegde reacts as Monica Bellucci approves 'Coolie' track ahead of release|first=Yareeha|last=Fatima|date=12 August 2025|website=www.thenews.com.pk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/pooja-hegde-receives-biggest-compliment-from-monica-bellucci-for-her-dance-in-coolie/articleshow/123244101.cms|title=Pooja Hegde receives 'biggest compliment' from Monica Bellucci for her dance in Coolie|work=The Times of India |date=12 August 2025}}</ref> Hegde said, "I believe a lot of people were commenting on her Instagram, and a lot of Tamil fans were saying, 'Please go watch ''Coolie''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Monica song'."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/coolie-pooja-hegde-reacts-to-monica-bellucis-loving-the-monica-song-rajinikanth|title=Exclusive | 'Coolie': Pooja Hegde Reacts to Actor Monica Bellucci 'Loving' Her 'Monica' Song|website=The Hollywood Reporter India}}</ref> Bellucci's positive reception of the song was a welcome surprise for Hegde. "So it was a big feat. I'm glad she liked it," Hegde remarked.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/pooja-hegde-monica-song-praised-by-monica-bellucci-coolie-rajini-kanagaraj-2769876-2025-08-12|title=Coolie song Monica gets Monica Bellucci's stamp of approval. Pooja Hegde reacts|date=12 August 2025|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/coolie-pooja-hegde-reacts-to-italian-actor-monica-bellucci-loving-her-song-monica|title=Coolie: Pooja Hegde Reacts To Italian Actor Monica Bellucci 'Loving' Her Song Monica|date=12 August 2025|website=Outlook India}}</ref>

== Commercial performance ==
Upon the release, song received widespread acclaim from the audience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ianslive.in/monica-from-rajinikanths-coolie-was-one-of-the-most-physically-demanding-songs-of-my-career-pooja-hegde--20250717170426|title=Monica from Rajinikanth's Coolie was one of the most physically demanding songs of my career: Pooja Hegde|date=17 July 2025|website=IANS News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/exclusive-pooja-hegde-set-for-tollywood-return-to-be-paired-with-dulquer-1891154|title=Exclusive: Pooja Hegde Set For Tollywood Return, To Be Paired With Dulquer?|first=B. V. S.|last=Prakash|date=13 July 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/south/pooja-hegde-reveals-challenges-behind-monica-song-75622.html|title=Pooja Hegde Reveals Challenges Behind Monica Song | Filmfare.com|website=www.filmfare.com}}</ref> The lyrical video shortly received over 100 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Aug/24/monica-hits-100-million|title=10 கோடி பார்வைகளைக் கடந்த மோனிகா பாடல்!|website=[[Dinamani]] |date=24 August 2025 }}</ref> The song topped YouTube's trending charts for several days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-rajini-starrer-coolie-movie-monica-song-10-million-views-on-youtube-trending-nw-kls-ws-l-1857448.html|title=1 கோடி பார்வைகளை கடந்து ட்ரெண்டிங்கில் முதலிடம்... 'கூலி' படத்தின் மோனிகா பாடல் சாதனை|date=13 July 2025|website=tamil.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-monica-song-making-video-release-trending-on-youtube-nw-mma-ws-bkl-1860438.html|title=வைப் செய்யவைக்கும் 'மோனிகா' பாடல்... மேக்கிங் வீடியோவை வெளியிட்ட படக்குழு!|date=17 July 2025|website=tamil.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/cinema/tamil-cinema/1372080-viral-singer-sublahshini-musical-journey.html|title=இணையத்தை முணுமுணுக்க வைக்கும் 'மோனிகா' - யார் இந்த சுப்லாஷினி?|date=6 August 2025|website=Hindu Tamil Thisai}}</ref> The song peaked on the several charts including [[UK Asian Music Chart]] and had a significant commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/anirudh-ravichander-monica/|title=Monica by Anirudh Ravichanderworfd |website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> Telugu version of the song was also highly successful.<ref name=":1"/>

== Cultural impact ==
Hegde's rolling step in the music video went viral and became a signature hook step.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nakkheeran.in/cinema/cinema-news/coolie-second-single-monica-song-released-9486100|title='சூறாவளி பொன்னாச்சு...' - குத்தாட்டம் போட்ட பூஜா ஹெக்டே|first=நக்கீரன்|last=செய்திப்பிரிவு|date=11 July 2025|website=Nakkheeran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.asianetnews.com/gallery/entertainment/pooja-hegde-remuneration-for-monika-song-in-coolie-movie-in-telugu-yrf9sz0|title='మోనికా' పాటకి పూజా హెగ్డే ఎంత పారితోషికం తీసుకుందో తెలుసా? ఇంటర్నెట్‌ మొత్తం షేకింగ్‌|first=Aithagoni |last=Raju |date=July 12, 2025|website=Asianet News Telugu}}</ref> "Monica" has emerged as a cultural phenomenon, driven by its viral spread on social media platforms like [[Instagram]] and [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatv.in/gallery/entertainment-pooja-hegde-rocked-in-item-number-of-rajinikanth-coolie-video-crossed-5-million-views-on-youtube-2025-07-12-1148823|title=रजनीकांत की फिल्म में एक्ट्रेस ने डांस नंबर कर मचाया धमाल|date=12 July 2025|website=India TV Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/ta/!entertainment/coolie-movie-second-single-monica-dance-of-pooja-hegde-song-out-today-tamil-nadu-news-tns25071105041|title=அடடே.. 'ரெட்ரோ' கனிமாவா இது.. 'கூலி' சிங்கிள் சாங்கில் தெறிக்கவிடும் பூஜா ஹெக்டே!|date=11 July 2025|website=ETV Bharat News}}</ref> There were many short videos created on social media, performing to the music and recreating dance sequences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/i-have-no-words-to-thank-you-sandys-post-on-the-success-of-monicas-song-781165|title=நன்றி சொல்ல வார்த்தை இல்லை எனக்கு - மோனிகா பாடல் வெற்றிக்கு Sandy-யின் பதிவு | I have no words to thank you - Sandy's post on the success of Monica's song|first=மாலை|last=மலர்|date=20 July 2025|website=www.maalaimalar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/photos/pooja-hegde-hot-stills-from-monica-song-from-coolie-movie-glamorous-pics-in-red-dress-rajnikanth-121752310587335.html|title=రెచ్చగొడుతున్న మోనికా.. ఊపేస్తున్న సాంగ్ లో పూజ హెగ్డే అందాలు.. రెడ్ డ్రెస్ లో ఎంత వయ్యారంగా ఉందో? ఓ లుక్కేయండి|first=Chandu|last=Shanigarapu|website=Hindustantimes Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.samayam.com/video-gallery/telugu-music-videos/latest-telugu-video-songs/pooja-hegde-monica-song-from-coolie-rajinikanth-nagarjuna/videoshow/122395145.cms|title=Monica Song: కూలీ స్పెషల్ సాంగ్.. ఎనర్జిటిక్ స్టెప్పులతో ఆకట్టుకున్న పూజా హెగ్డే|website=Samayam Telugu}}</ref> The song's catchy hook and vibrant choreography inspired thousands of fan-made reels,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jul/17/monica-was-one-of-the-most-physically-toughest-song-of-my-career-pooja-hegde|title=வெயில், புழுதி, அறுவைச் சிகிச்சை... மோனிகா பாடலுக்காக பூஜா ஹெக்டே உருக்கம்!|first=இணையதளச் செய்திப்|last=பிரிவு|date=17 July 2025|website=Dinamani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.abplive.com/entertainment/actress-pooja-hegde-did-monica-song-for-coolie-with-a-ligament-tear-229053|title=காலில் தசை முறிவு..சிவராத்திரிக்கு விரதம்..மோனிகா பாடலின் போது பூஜா ஹெக்டேக்கு இத்தனை கஷ்டமா|first=ராகேஷ்|last=தாரா|date=17 July 2025|website=ABP Nadu}}</ref> with over 5000 [[Instagram Reels]] reported within a day of its release, surpassing "[[Kaavaalaa]]" from ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/pooja-hegde-monika-song-from-coolie-beat-kaavala-song-records/articleshow/122407565.cms|title=காவாலா சாதனையை பீட் செய்த கூலியின் மோனிகா பாடல்..பூஜா ஹெக்டே செய்த மேஜிக்|website=Samayam Tamil}}</ref>

Upon its release, the song started trending on internet and became a chartbuster.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minnambalam.com/coolie-second-single-monica-trending-no-1/|title=டிரெண்டிங்கில் 'மோனிகா' முதலிடம் : பூஜா ஹெக்டேவை ஓரம் தள்ளிய செளபின் சாஹிர் coolie second single monica trending no 1|date=12 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Jul/12/monicas-song-is-trending-at-number-one-pooja-hegdes-amazing-performance|title=டிரெண்டிங்கில் முதலிடம் பிடித்த மோனிகா பாடல்..! தொடரும் பூஜா ஹெக்டேவின் ஆதிக்கம்!|first=இணையதளச் செய்திப்|last=பிரிவு|date=12 July 2025|website=Dinamani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/entertainment/who-monica-story-behind-rajinikanth-s-viral-coolie-song-430312|title=Who Is Monica? The Story Behind Rajinikanth's Viral Coolie Song|date=18 July 2025|website=Sakshi Post}}</ref> The song received positive reception from audiences, praising the music, vocal and choreography.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/south-cinema/pooja-hegde-dazzles-as-monica-in-rajinikanth-coolie-second-single-song-out-2025-07-11|title=Coolie Monica Song: 'कुली' के 'मोनिका' में पूजा हेगड़े का दिखा जबरदस्त अंदाज, फैंस ने लुटाया प्यार|website=Amar Ujala}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/coolie-song-monica-pooja-hegde-sets-the-screen-on-fire-but-fans-think-soubin-shahirs-dance-moves-steal-the-show-101752239452855.html|title=Coolie song Monica: Pooja Hegde sets the screen on fire, but fans think Soubin Shahir's dance moves steal the show|date=11 July 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> The song soon started trending on several music platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/telugu/photos/pooja-hegde-sensational-song-monica-viral-shakes-internet-coolie-movie-rajnikanth-121752549827313.html|title=తండ్రితో యాడ్.. కొడుకులతో సినిమాలు.. ఇప్పుడు మోనికా సాంగ్ తో సెన్సేషన్.. ఈ బ్యూటీ ఎవరంటే?|first=Chandu|last=Shanigarapu|website=Hindustantimes Telugu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minnambalam.com/chaufin-shakir-dances-with-pooja-hegde-in-coolie/|title='கூலி' படத்தில் பூஜா ஹெக்டே உடன் டான்ஸில் கலக்கிய நட்சத்திரம் Chaufin Shakir dances with Pooja Hegde|date=12 July 2025}}</ref> It was noted that while the first song, "Chikitu", primarily appealed to fans, the second song, "Monica", captivated a broader audience and achieved greater reach than the song "Kaavaalaa".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/entertainment/cinema-pooja-hegde-danced-in-the-sun-for-monica-song-experience-nw-kls-ws-l-1861445.html|title=தசை முறிவு.. வெயில்... எரிச்சல்.. கொப்பளங்கள்.. 'கூலி' பட மோனிகா பாடலுக்காக பூஜா ஹெக்டேவின் சவால்கள்!|date=17 July 2025|website=tamil.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/sun-pictures-happy-about-coolie-movie-monica-song-reach-and-lokesh-kanagaraj-succeeded-in-his-plan/articleshow/122767851.cms|title=மோனிகா பாடலுக்காக சன் பிக்சர்ஸ் செய்த செலவு..சொல்லி அடித்த லோகேஷ் கனகராஜ்..மகிழ்ச்சியில் படக்குழு|website=Samayam Tamil}}</ref> ''[[Namasthe Telangana]]'' noted, "Pooja Hegde's acting, dance, screen presence and the beats of the song have made this song a mass song. The song is gaining popularity not only among the youth but also among the family audience."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/pooja-hegde-stunning-comments-on-monica-song-2078030|title=Pooja Hegde | మోనికా బెల్లూచి సాంగ్ కోసం పూజా హెగ్డే క‌ష్టాలు.. ఆ రోజు ఉప‌వాసం కూడా..|date=18 July 2025|website=www.ntnews.com}}</ref> The song increased the expectations of the audience and anticipation for the film ''Coolie''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/features/music/pooja-hegde-shines-in-monica-from-coolie-song-hits-10-million-views-3629040|title=Viral Song Monica: Pooja Hegde shines in 'Monica' from 'Coolie,' song hits 10 million views|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/rajinikanth-coolie-movie-monica-lyric-video-released-pooja-hegde-dance-in-tamil-paykm0w|title=மோனிகா பெலூச்சி ரசிகர்களை ஆட்டம் போட வைக்கும் ரஜினியின் கூலி படத்தின் மோனிகா லிரிக் வீடீயோ வெளியீடு|first=Rsiva |last=Kumar |date=July 11, 2025|website=Asianet News Tamil}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.v6velugu.com/rajinikanths-coolie-second-single-monica-out-pooja-hegde-steals-the-show|title=Rajinikanth : 'కూలీ' నుండి 'మోనికా' సాంగ్ విడుదల.. గ్లామర్‌తో అదరగొట్టిన పూజా హెగ్డే!|date=11 July 2025|website=V6 Velugu}}</ref> ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' wrote "Known for her strong screen presence, Pooja brings a lively energy to the number, making it one of the early talking points ahead of the film's release."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/south-cinema/lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-pooja-hegde-chosen-monica-song-rajinikanth-starrer-coolie/|title=Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals why Pooja Hegde was chosen for 'Monica' song in Rajinikanth starrer Coolie: Bollywood News |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=8 August 2025}}</ref> Telugu version was also success impressing mass audience.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cinema/socialmedia_poojahegde_monicasong/|title=சமூக வலைதளங்களில் தீயாக பரவி வரும் பூஜா ஹெக்டேவின் மோனிகா பாடல்!|website=Kollywood News | Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/pooja-hegde-sizzles-in-coolies-special-song-boosting-career-with-rajinikanth-starrer-826947.html|title=Pooja Hegde : పూజాహెగ్డే ఊపేసింది భయ్యా.. డ్యాన్స్ అదుర్స్..|date=11 July 2025|website=NTV Telugu}}</ref>

Hegde's energetic glamorous dance sequence in a red gown, were widely praised by the viewers.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema-coolie-monica-song-for-italian-actress-monica-bellucci-9507326|title=கோலிவுட்டில் ஒரு ஹாலிவுட்; ஹிட்டடித்த மோனிகா பாடல்: உண்மையில் யார் இந்த மோனிகா?|website=tamil.indianexpress.com}}</ref> Soubin drew attention for his energetic dance performance, which was described as unexpected by audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/malayalam-actor-director-soubin-shahir-trends-after-monica-song-from-coolie-1891361|title=Malayalam Actor-Director Soubin Shahir Trends After Monica Song From Coolie|date=14 July 2025|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> A dialogue associated with him, "I don’t know simple step", originally from his role as Shivan Sir in ''[[Premam]]'' (2015), became a focal point in online discussions of his performance.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/coolie-soubin-shahirs-energetic-moves-bring-back-premams-shivan-sir-i-dont-know-simple-steps-ottplay-101752387005744.html|title=Coolie: Soubin Shahir's energetic moves bring back Premam's Shivan Sir - 'I don't know simple steps'|date=13 July 2025|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

[[Sathyaraj]] danced to the song at the film's pre-release event held in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/short-videos/trending/sathyaraj-dance-at-coolie-press-meet-monica-pattu-semma-attam-n18s-1879178.html|title=Sathyaraj Dance at Coolie Press Meet | Monica பாட்டு…செம்ம ஆட்டம்...| N18S|website=tamil.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/sathyaraj-electrifying-dance-performance-to-monica-song-1172593|title="மோனிகா...": மேடையில் "வைப்"-ஆன சத்யராஜ்...வீடியோ வைரல்|date=5 August 2025|website=www.dailythanthi.com}}</ref> [[Saniya Iyappan]] and [[Ineya]] performed the hook step at the Miss Kerala 2025 in [[Ireland]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Saniya & Iniya vibing to Monica in Ireland #MissKeralaIreland2025 |date=3 August 2025 |author=[[Saniya Iyappan]] and [[Ineya]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DM3t4JwiRzc/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Coolie and #Monica vibes by @saniyaiyappan__ and Ineya from Ireland Miss Kerala Competition #MissKeralaIreland2025 |date=5 August 2025 |author=Starflix |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9-hgDz-c8g |type=Motion picture}}</ref> While promoting the film ''[[Sahasam (2025 film)|Sahasam]]'' (2025), [[Ramzan Muhammed]] and [[Gouri G. Kishan]] performed to the song at [[Maharaja's College, Kochi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/Tmy8fNQsHRU|title=ഗൗരിയുടെ monika ഡാൻസ്|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref> [[Anna Rajan]] performed to the song at an event in [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=ലിച്ചിയുടെ കിടിലൻ ഡാൻസ് കണ്ട് കണ്ണു തള്ളിപ്പോയി ധ്യാൻ |date=4 August 2025 |author=[[Anna Rajan]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DM5UVXUJo9q/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> Many celebrities such as [[Swasika]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/07/24/swasika-husband-prem-monica-song-dance-viral.html|title='പെർഫോമൻസ് പ്രേമേട്ടൻ കൊണ്ടോയി'; മോണിക്കാ ഗാനത്തിന് ചുവടുവച്ച് സ്വാസികയും ഭർത്താവും|website=‘പെർഫോമൻസ് പ്രേമേട്ടൻ കൊണ്ടോയി’; മോണിക്കാ ഗാനത്തിന് ചുവടുവച്ച് സ്വാസികയും ഭർത്താവും}}</ref> [[Reba Monica John]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=You can now officially call me MONICA |date=10 August 2025 |author=[[Reba Monica John]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DNLCqmZSI5y/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Gayathri Suresh]], [[Arya (actress)|Arya]], [[Sruthi Lakshmi]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/07/27/soubin-shahir-monica-dance-gayathri-arya-sruthi-lakshmi.html|title='ഗായത്രി തൂക്കി'; 'മോണിക്ക' ഗാനത്തിന് ചുവടുവച്ച് നടിമാർ, വിഡിയോ വൈറൽ|website=‘ഗായത്രി തൂക്കി’; ‘മോണിക്ക’ ഗാനത്തിന് ചുവടുവച്ച് നടിമാർ, വിഡിയോ വൈറൽ}}</ref> [[Kalidas Jayaram]],<ref>{{cite web | title=പിക്കിൾബോൾ കോർട്ടിൽ മോണിക്ക ഗാനത്തിന് ചുവടുവച്ച് കാളിദാസ് ജയറാം; കയ്യടിച്ച് പ്രേക്ഷകർ | url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/08/14/kalidas-jayaram-monica-dance.html }}</ref> [[Malavika Menon]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/music/music-news/2025/08/23/malavika-menon-monica-dance-viral-video.html|title='മോണിക്ക' ഗാനത്തിന് ചുവടുവച്ച് മാളവിക മേനോനും സുഹൃത്തുക്കളും; ഡാൻസ് വിഡിയോ വൈറൽ|website=‘മോണിക്ക’ ഗാനത്തിന് ചുവടുവച്ച് മാളവിക മേനോനും സുഹൃത്തുക്കളും; ഡാൻസ് വിഡിയോ വൈറൽ}}</ref> [[Sakshi Agarwal]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=What a song… what an energy! Couldn't resist dancing to this one – monicaaaa ! |date=13 July 2025 |author=[[Sakshi Agarwal]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMDG-tVRdCH/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Sherif (choreographer)|Sherif]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Just tried a quick step for #Monica from Coolie |date=27 July 2025 |author=[[Sherif (choreographer)|Sherif]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMnfdvZyAAo |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Bhavana Balakrishnan]], [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 4|Samyuktha Shanmuganathan]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=What do u guys think ? |date=16 July 2025 |author=[[Bhavana Balakrishnan]] and [[Bigg Boss (Tamil TV series) season 4|Samyuktha Shanmuganathan]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMLQnKYSAYv/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Ashwini Aanandita]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Monicaaaa |date=23 July 2025 |author=[[Ashwini Aanandita]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMcDyGtTDw1/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Suma Kanakala]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=#TheUnprofessionalDancers |date=20 July 2025 |author=[[Suma Kanakala]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMVJ1rsJJVP/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Ramya Subramanian]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=When you dance Monica with the one who brought her to life! |date=6 August 2025 |author=[[Ramya Subramanian]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DM-ePtkSHem/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Brigida Saga]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Late but yeahh here I comeeeeee |date=7 August 2025 |author=[[Brigida Saga]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DNDla1oxMKA/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Vindhuja Vikraman]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Our mounicas are cute na |date=21 July 2025 |author=[[Vindhuja Vikraman]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMXdj4ZRZUg/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Kanmani Manoharan]], [[Nila Nila Odi Vaa|Aswath Chandrasekhar]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Monica in her glam… We in our PJs, vibing absolutely unbothered |date=15 July 2025 |author=[[Kanmani Manoharan]] and [[Nila Nila Odi Vaa|Aswath Chandrasekhar]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMIVMsEBedJ/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Umair Lateef]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=The steps might not match but the vibe is completely matched |date=26 July 2025 |author=[[Umair Lateef]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMjj1lnPlXn/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Ashwin Kkumar]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=MONICAAAA |date=23 July 2025 |author=[[Ashwin Kkumar]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMcLejHxbsH/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam|Ramya Ranganathan]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Watch till the end! |date=20 July 2025 |author=[[Nilavuku En Mel Ennadi Kobam|Ramya Ranganathan]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMVEds_Tqbu/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Mullassery Madhavan Kutty Nemom P. O.|Sonal Devraj]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Monica is here |date=22 July 2025 |author=[[Mullassery Madhavan Kutty Nemom P. O.|Sonal Devraj]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMaRqt8tPkU/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[NGK (film)|Kambam Meena]],<ref>{{cite web | title=மோனிகா பாடலுக்கு மகனுடன் வைப் செய்த பாக்கியலட்சுமி செல்வி.. புது வீடு வாங்கிட்டாங்களா? - மனிதன் | url=https://manithan.com/article/baakiyalakshmi-selvi-and-akash-monica-song-video-1753499520 }}</ref> [[Theera Kaadhal|Vriddhi Vishal]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Monica |date=12 July 2025 |author=[[Theera Kaadhal|Vriddhi Vishal]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMAL0sWJti_/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 1|Diya Deepan]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Monica |date=7 August 2025 |author=[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 1|Diya Deepan]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DNDa_ITTCwV/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 11|Hamsa]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv9kannada.com/videos/short-videos/bigg-boss-kannada-season-11-hamsa-dance-to-monica-song|title='ಮೋನಿಕಾ..' ಹಾಡಿಗೆ ಬಿಗ್ ಬಾಸ್ ಹಂಸಾ ಬಿಂದಾಸ್ ಡ್ಯಾನ್ಸ್|date=27 July 2025|website=TV9 Kannada}}</ref> [[Kadhanayagi|Rubeena and Rubiseena]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Mounikaaa |date=20 July 2025 |author=[[Kadhanayagi|Rubeena and Rubiseena]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMVKM5MRiyq/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Raththam|Ameya Mathew]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Monicaaaa |date=13 July 2025 |author=[[Raththam|Ameya Mathew]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMB--uZOX73/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Star (2021 film)|Saniya Babu]],<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Monica |date=24 July 2025 |author=[[Star (2021 film)|Saniya Babu]] |url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DMfWB3czF1R/ |type=Motion picture}}</ref> [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 11|Rajath Kishan]], [[Malgudi Days (2020 film)|Dhanaraj CM]], [[Uppu Puli Kaaram|Akhila Prakash]], [[Bigg Boss Kannada season 5|Niveditha Gowda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://publictv.in/big-boss-niveditha-gowda-monica-and-rajath-dance/|title=ರಜತ್ ಜೊತೆ ನಿವೇದಿತಾ ಗೌಡ 'ಲಕ ಲಕ ಮೋನಿಕಾ' | Public TV - Latest Kannada News, Public TV Kannada Live, Public TV News|date=26 July 2025}}</ref> and several others, recreated the music video by performing the song's iconic hook step.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/idukki/2025/08/03/thodupuzha-dance-reel-viral.html|title='മോണിക്ക' ആടിത്തകർത്തു; വൈറലായി 'ചട്ടയും മുണ്ടും': റീൽ കണ്ടത് 2 മില്യൻ (20 ലക്ഷം) ആളുകൾ|website=‘മോണിക്ക’ ആടിത്തകർത്തു; വൈറലായി ‘ചട്ടയും മുണ്ടും’: റീൽ കണ്ടത് 2 മില്യൻ (20 ലക്ഷം) ആളുകൾ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bigtvlive.com/movies/who-is-monica-bellucci-to-trend-set-on-coolie-movie.html|title=Coolie: ట్రెండ్ సెట్ చేసిన మోనికా సాంగ్.. ఎవరీ మోనికా బెలూచీ?|first=Madhu|last=Sudhan|date=10 August 2025|website=BigTvLive}}</ref>

== Live performances ==
Sublahshini and Anirudh performed the song at a promotional event for the film held at Quake Arena, [[Hyderabad]] in July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ntnews.com/cinema/coolie-promotions-lokesh-kanagaraj-anirudh-arrive-in-hyderabad-2082122|title=Coolie Promotions | కూలీ ప్ర‌మోష‌న్స్.. హైదరాబాద్‌కి చేరుకున్న లోకేష్ క‌న‌గ‌రాజ్, అనిరుధ్|date=22 July 2025|website=www.ntnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.siasat.com/anirudhs-special-show-for-rajinikanth-in-hyderabad-ticket-prices-3247416/|title=Anirudh brings Coolie fever to Hyderabad with song launch|first=Chandra|last=Mouli|date=18 July 2025}}</ref> Sublahshini, Anirudh and Asal Kolaar performed the song at the film's audio launch event held on 2 August 2025 at [[Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Monica Song Performance Coolie Unleashed |date=10 August 2025 |publisher=[[Sun NXT]] |url=https://www.sunnxt.com/suntv-tamil-serial-coolie-unleashed-Aug10-2025/detail/229888/229350 |type=Motion picture}}</ref> On 23 August 2025, Sublahshini , Anirudh and Asal Kolaar performed the song at Hukum World Tour in [[Chennai]], where Asal performance the extended rap version of the song.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GA-O7MS5Pew|title=Monica | Hukkum World Tour | Asal Kolar x Anirudh x Sridhar Sena|date=23 August 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>https://x.com/CinemaWithAB/status/1959440776200630331</ref> On 30 August, [[Jonita Gandhi]] and Anirudh performed the song at Anirudh's Powerhouse Tour concert at [[Rudolf Weber-Arena]] in [[Germany]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/oPpbp-8-ebQ|title=Monica Jointa live Show Anirudh Ravindra|date=2 September 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
Credits adapted from [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Monica - Lyric Video|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qCpY38ompo |work=[[YouTube]] |date=11 July 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

{{div col}}
* [[Anirudh Ravichander]]{{spaced ndash}} composer, vocals, arranger, programmer
* Vishnu Edavan{{spaced ndash}} lyrics
* [[Sublahshini]]{{spaced ndash}} vocals
* Asal Kolaar{{spaced ndash}} rap
* [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]]{{spaced ndash}} choreography
* Kalyan{{spaced ndash}} rhythm producer
* Karthik Vamsi{{spaced ndash}} rhythm producer
* Shashank Vijay{{spaced ndash}} additional rhythm programmer
* Nivin Raphael{{spaced ndash}} additional music programmer
* D. Balasubramani{{spaced ndash}} muga veenai
* Ananthakrrishnan{{spaced ndash}} music advisor
* Shivakiran S{{spaced ndash}} session assistant, engineer
* Rajesh Kannan{{spaced ndash}} engineer
* Vinay Sridhar{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer
* Srinivasan M{{spaced ndash}} mix engineer
* Rupendar Venkatesh{{spaced ndash}} mastering engineer
* Velavan B{{spaced ndash}} music coordinator
{{div col end}}

== Charts ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center"
|+ Chart performances for "Monica"
! scope="col"| Chart (2025)
! scope="col"| Peak position
|-
! scope="row"| [[UK Asian Music Chart]] ([[Official Charts Company|OCC]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/asian-music-chart/20250801/asian/|title=Official Asian Music Chart on 1/8/2025|website=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref>
| 6
|-
! scope="row"| India ([[Radio Mirchi|Mirchi Top 20]])<ref name="Mirchi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DN-FFf8gU6N/|title=Instagram|website=www.instagram.com|accessdate=14 September 2025}}</ref>
| 1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{YouTube|id=2qCpY38ompo|title=''Monica'' (lyrical video)}}
* {{YouTube|id=neOasLBWoy0|title=''Monica'' (full video song)}}
* {{IMDb title|tt37833055}}
* {{Instagram|cooliemonicasong}}

{{Anirudh Ravichander}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2025 songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for Tamil films]]
[[Category:Songs with music by Anirudh Ravichander]]
[[Category:2020s viral videos]]
[[Category:Songs in Tamil]]
[[Category:Songs in Telugu]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:Songs in Malayalam]]
[[Category:Songs in Kannada]]
[[Category:Songs with lyrics by Kumaar]]
[[Category:Songs written for films]]
[[Category:Electronic dance music songs]]
[[Category:Pop songs]]
[[Category:Viral music videos]]

House Full (1999 film)

2026-03-03T04:43:38Z

BlissKetoSupplement: started.

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image = House Full (1999 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[R. Parthiban]]
| writer = R. Parthiban
| producer = {{unbulleted list|Abinaya|[[P. S. Keerthana|Keerthana]]|Raaki}}
| starring = R. Parthiban [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] [[Suvaluxmi]]
| cinematography = [[M. V. Panneerselvam]]
| editing = M. N. Raja
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Bioscope Film Framers]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|01|15}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''House Full'''''{{efn|Alternatively spelt as ''Housefull''.<ref name="D"/><ref name="H"/>}} is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[R. Parthiban]]. The film stars himself along with [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] and [[Suvaluxmi]]. It was produced by Parthiban's children under [[Bioscope Film Framers]]. The score was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].

''House Full'' was released on 15 January 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Housefull (1999) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/housefull |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207054412/https://screen4screen.com/movies/housefull |archive-date=7 February 2024 |access-date=8 March 2024 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> It won the [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film]], and two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Parthiban) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] (M. N. Raja).

== Plot ==
Ayya is a respected man who runs a cinema theatre. The story begins when bombs are placed inside the theatre during a movie. The police commissioner and DGP want to defuse the bombs without letting the audience know. Hameed is one of the people in the theatre, and Indhu is the woman outside who loves him.

Ayya's ex-wife does not help when she makes a tear-filled request to him to evacuate the theatre, against the police's advice. By the time Ayya makes a decision, however, Indhu has already snuck in and warned Hameed. Others, hearing her words, begin to run out of the theatre. Panic ensues as everyone makes a mad dash for the door.

Ayya helps the audience exit the theatre without caring for his own life. Finally when everyone is evacuated, Ayya also comes out of the theatre. Suddenly, the sound of a baby crying is heard inside the theatre. Ayya rushes into the theatre with the hope of saving the baby, but the sound is just a scene in the movie that was actually getting played. Unfortunately, the bomb explodes and Ayya dies.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] as Ayya
*[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Hameed
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Writer
*[[Suvalakshmi]] as Indhu
*[[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran|Aishwarya]] as Christine
*[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Stella
*[[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Ayya's estranged wife
*[[Vadivelu]] as Vadivelu
*Nair Raman as Theatre manager
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Police Commissioner (voice dubbed by Thalaivasal Vijay)
*Laxmi Rattan as Director General of Police
*[[S. V. Ramadas]] as Security Guard
*Rowdy Rathnam as Rathnam
*[[Sujitha|Baby Sujitha]]
*[[Mayilsamy]] as Indigenous man
*Bhanusri as Indigenous woman
*J. Prabhakar
*Senbhaga Muthu
*Kalidoss as Thamizh
*[[D. R. K. Kiran]] as Journalist (uncredited role)
*[[Karu Pazhaniappan]] as Journalist (uncredited role)
*Cheran Raj as Police officer (uncredited role)
*[[Pasupathy]] as Corrupt cop (uncredited role)
*Priyanka as Control room operator (uncredited role)
}}

== Production ==
[[R. Parthiban|Parthiban]] revealed in a 2019 interview with [[Baradwaj Rangan]] that he made this film without a written script. Everything from dialogues, shots, etc., was done on the day of the shooting at shooting site.<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kq-lfEDnfUU |title=R. Parthiban Interview With Baradwaj Rangan {{!}} Face 2 Face |date=25 June 2019 |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |language=ta |publisher=[[Film Companion South]] |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |time=11:16 |access-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921132346/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kq-lfEDnfUU |archive-date=21 September 2019 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=11 July 2019 |title=How Parthiban Made A Movie Without A Script |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/how-parthiban-made-a-movie-without-a-script |access-date=11 March 2024 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623003041/https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/how-parthiban-made-a-movie-without-a-script |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was predominantly shot at Sridevi theatre at Madurai.<ref>{{cite magazine |date=21 March 1999 |title=வருத்தப்பட செய்து விட்டார் பார்த்திபன்! |trans-title=Parthiban has made me sad! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-03-21/page/70/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230609145656/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-03-21/page/70/mode/2up |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=9 June 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=71 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Parthiban planned to shoot there only for two weeks; however he bought the theatre for lease and completed filming within seven weeks. The film's ending was shot on a theatre set at Prasad Studios where a miniature was also created.<ref>{{cite web |date=27 April 2024 |title=பார்த்திபன் மனம்கவர்ந்த 'ஹவுஸ்புல்' திரையரங்கு |trans-title=Parthiban's heart-warming 'Housefull' film theatre |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/parthibans-heartwarming-housebull-theater-946768 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226053010/https://www.dailythanthi.com/Cinema/CinemaNews/parthibans-heartwarming-housebull-theater-946768 |archive-date=26 December 2023 |access-date=16 June 2024 |work=[[Dina Thanthi]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

== Reception ==
K. N. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' opined that "Catch this film if you are looking for a story with a difference".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K.N. |date=20 February 1999 |title=Not your typical masala-type fare |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IvxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5301%2C5627344 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240916104047/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IvxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=xhQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5301%2C5627344 |archive-date=16 September 2024 |access-date=19 November 2022 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=36 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "''Housefull'' is awfully silly, and seems to serve no other purpose than to show Parthiban, as being capable of political authority".<ref name="D">{{Cite news |last=Lavanya |date=28 February 1999 |title=Housefull |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/A0538EBC9CFB77E565256940004D0E18?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |access-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214152015/http://www.cscsarchive.org:80/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/A0538EBC9CFB77E565256940004D0E18?OpenDocument |archive-date=14 February 2008}}</ref> ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised Parthiban for attempting a ''[[Speed (1994 film)|Speed]]'' kind of thriller in Tamil.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=31 January 1999 |title=ஹவுஸ் ஃபுல் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-01-31/page/64/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230609145850/https://archive.org/details/kalki1999-01-31/page/64/mode/2up |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=19 November 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=64–65 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> D. S. Ramanujam of ''[[The Hindu]]'' appreciated the film's theme and Parthiban's getup for seeming "new" to Tamil cinema, "But the amount of tension such a yarn is supposed to generate is sadly missing in his screenplay and narration based on his story, making it a damp squib". Nonetheless, he appreciated Panneerselvam's cinematography, M. N. Raja's editing and R. K. Nagu's art direction.<ref name="H">{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=D. S. |date=22 January 1999 |title=Film Review: Housefull/Mannavaru Chinnavaru/Rush Hour |url=http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990122/09/09220223.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010407074117/http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990122/09/09220223.htm |archive-date=7 April 2001 |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |pages=26}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
''House Full'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Tamil Feature Film]] at the [[46th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=46th National Film Festival |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310180429/http://dff.nic.in/2011/46_nff_1999.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2016 |access-date=12 March 2012 |website=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]}}</ref> It also won two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]: [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Parthiban) and [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]] (M. N. Raja).<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 July 2000 |title=Tamil Nadu state film awards announced; "Natpukkaga" bags best film award |url=http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030430210643/http://rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-July.html |archive-date=30 April 2003 |access-date=22 September 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of Indian films without songs]]

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

{{R. Parthiepan}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilmTamil}}

[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1999 films]]
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]
[[Category:1999 thriller films]]
[[Category:Best Tamil Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by R. Parthiban]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films set in cinemas and movie theaters]]
[[Category:Films shot in Madurai]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language thriller films]]

Birbhum district

2026-03-02T02:18:38Z

BlissKetoSupplement: add formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Short description|District in West Bengal, India}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Birbhum district
| native_name =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of West Bengal|District]] of [[West Bengal]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
|photo1a = Tarapith Temple 05.jpg
|photo1b = Gurudev's Home.jpg
|photo2a = Mama Bhagne Hills and Temple 13.jpg
|photo2b = Historical monuments at Rajnagar - Motichur Mosque01.jpg
|photo3a = Seorakuri forest in Birbhum 19.jpg
|size = 300
|foot_montage = Clockwise from top-left: Tarapeeth Temple in [[Rampurhat]], Tagore's home at [[Shantiniketan]], Monuments at [[Rajnagar, Birbhum|Rajnagar]], Seorakuri forest, [[Mama Bhagne]] Hills
}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| mapsize = 300
| map_caption1 = Location of Birbhum district in West Bengal
| coordinates = {{coord|23.910|N|87.527|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions of West Bengal|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Burdwan division|Burdwan]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]]
| leader_title = [[List of subdivisions of West Bengal|Subdivisions]]
| leader_name = [[Suri Sadar subdivision|Suri Sadar]], [[Bolpur subdivision|Bolpur]], [[Rampurhat subdivision|Rampurhat]]
| leader_title1 = [[Community Development Block|CD Blocks]]
| leader_name1 = [[Mohammad Bazar (community development block)|Mohammad Bazar]], [[Rajnagar (community development block)|Rajnagar]], [[Suri I]], [[Suri II]], [[Sainthia (community development block)|Sainthia]], [[Dubrajpur (community development block)|Dubrajpur]], [[Khoyrasol (community development block)|Khoyrasol]], [[Labpur (community development block)|Labpur]], [[Nanoor (community development block)|Nanoor]], [[Bolpur Sriniketan]], [[Ilambazar (community development block)|Ilambazar]], [[Murarai I]], [[Murarai II]], [[Nalhati I]], [[Nalhati II]], [[Rampurhat I]], [[Rampurhat II]], [[Mayureswar I]], [[Mayureswar II]]
| leader_title2 = [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]], [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum]]
| leader_title3 = [[List of constituencies of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name3 = [[Dubrajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dubrajpur]], [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suri]], [[Bolpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]], [[Nanoor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nanoor]], [[Labpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Labpur]], [[Sainthia (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sainthia]], [[Mayureswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mayureswar]], [[Rampurhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampurhat]], [[Hansan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansan]], [[Nalhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalhati]], [[Murarai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Murarai]]
| leader_title4 = [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]]
| leader_name4 = Bidhan Ray, [[West Bengal Civil Service|WBCS (Exe)]]<ref>{{cite web |title=DM Desk |url=https://birbhum.gov.in/dms-desk/ |website=Birbhum District, Government of West Bengal |access-date=5 November 2024}}</ref>
| total_type = Total
| area_total_km2 = 4545
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 4,060,000
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = 449,448
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 70.9 per cent
| demographics1_title2 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| demographics1_info2 = 956 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| demographics_type2 = Languages
| demographics2_title1 = Official
| demographics2_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web|title=Fact and Figures|url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy|website=Wb.gov.in|access-date=5 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=Nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=5 July 2019|page=85|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
| demographics2_title2 = Additional official
| demographics2_info2 = [[English language|English]]<ref name="wblangoff"/>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| website = {{URL|https://birbhum.gov.in}}
}}

'''Birbhum district''' ({{IPA|bn|biːrbʰuːm}}) is an [[District#India|administrative unit]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]]. It is the northernmost district of [[Burdwan division]]—one of the five [[Divisions of West Bengal|administrative divisions]] of West Bengal. The district headquarters is in [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]]. Other important cities are [[Rampurhat]], [[Bolpur]] and [[Sainthia]].<ref name="blocdir">{{cite web |url=http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs(RevisedMarch-2008).doc |title=Directory of District, Sub division, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal, March 2008 |date=19 March 2008 |page=1 |access-date=28 February 2009 |work=West Bengal |publisher=National Informatics Centre, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225032419/http://wbdemo5.nic.in/writereaddata/Directoryof_District_Block_GPs%28RevisedMarch-2008%29.doc |archive-date=25 February 2009 }}</ref><ref name="admin">{{cite web|title=Birbhum District History|url=https://birbhum.gov.in/history/|url-status=live|access-date=18 February 2009|publisher=District Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211110031050/https://birbhum.gov.in/history/ |archive-date=10 November 2021 }}</ref> [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]], [[Dumka district|Dumka]] and [[Pakur district|Pakur]] districts of the state of [[Jharkhand]] lie at the western border of this district; the border in other directions is covered by the districts of [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]], [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]] and [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]] of West Bengal.

Often called "the land of red soil",<ref name=paschim5>Rahim, Kazi MB, and Sarkar, Debasish, ''Agriculture, Technology, Products and Markets of Birbhum District'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 157–166, Information and Cultural Department, Government of West Bengal.</ref> Birbhum is noted for its topography and its cultural heritage which is somewhat different from the other districts in West Bengal. The western part of Birbhum is a bushy region, a part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. This region gradually merges with the fertile alluvial farmlands in the east.<ref name=paschim2>Mukhopadhyay, Malay, ''Birbhum Jelar Bhougolik Parichiti'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special issue {{in lang|bn}}, February 2006, pp. 29–32.</ref>

This district saw many cultural and religious movements in history. [[Tarapith Temple|Tarapith]] is a [[Hindu pilgrimage sites in India|Hindu pilgrimage site]] located at 9km distance from [[Rampurhat|Rampurhat city]], which is one of the prominent places in Birbhum where every day a large number of pilgrims from across the country, neighboring states, and even abroad gather.This town is particularly known for the [[Tarapith Temple]] and its adjoining Hindu [[crematory]] ground. The [[Visva Bharati University]] at [[Santiniketan]], established by [[Rabindranath Tagore]], is one of the places Birbhum is known for.<ref>Halim, Abdul, ''Birbhumer Sech Byabastha O Samaj Unnayan Parikalpana Samparke'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special issue {{in lang|bn}}, February 2006, pp. 149–155.</ref> Many festivals are celebrated in the district, including [[Poush Mela]].<ref name=paschim8>Mukhopadhyay, Aditya, ''Birbhumer Mela'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special issue {{in lang|bn}}, February 2006, pp. 203–214.</ref>

Birbhum is primarily an agricultural district with around 75.09% of the population being dependent on agriculture.<ref name=paschim4/> Principal industries of the district include cotton and silk harvesting and weaving, rice and oilseed milling, [[Lac (resin)|lac]] harvesting, stone mining and metalware and pottery manufacture.<ref name=paschim1/> [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] is the only [[heavy industry]] in the district.<ref name=pramanik>Pramanik, Swarajit, ''Birbumer Ahankar: Bakreshwar Tapbidyut Kendra'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special issue {{in lang|bn}}, February 2006, pp. 189–192.</ref>

==Etymology==
The name Birbhum comes probably from the term 'land' ('bhumi') of the 'brave' ('bir') or [[Bir king]]').<ref name=gazeteer1>O'Malley, L.S.S., "[https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/west-bengal-district-gazetteers-birbhum Bengal District Gazetteers - Birbhum]", 1996 reprint, pp. 1-9, Govt. of West Bengal</ref><ref name=paschim6>Maiti, Prakash Chandra, ''Birbhum in the Backdrop of Pre-history'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 15–28</ref> Another theory says that the district bears the name of [[Bagdi caste|Bagdi]] king [[Bir Malla]], who ruled in the area from 1501 to 1554 CE.<ref name=gazeteer1/><ref name=paschim6/> ''Bir'' in the [[Santali language]] means forests; therefore, Birbhum could also mean a land of forests.<ref name=gazeteer1/><ref name=paschim6/>

==Geography==
[[File:Birbhum district map.svg|400px|thumb|left|Map of Birbhum district showing CD blocks and municipal areas]]
Situated between 23° 32' 30" (right above the [[tropic of cancer]]) and 24° 35' 0" north latitude and 87° 5' 25" and 88° 1' 40" east longitudes, and about {{convert|4545|km2}} in area, this district is triangular. River Ajay forms the southern base and the apex of the triangle points north. The river forms the boundary between the districts of Birbhum and Bardhaman. The state of [[Jharkhand]] is at the northern and the western border of Birbhum and Murshidabad is at the east.<ref name=admin/><ref name=paschim1>Mondal, Dipanwita, ''Ek Najare Birbhum Jela'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue (in Bengali), February 2006, pp. 7–10</ref><ref name=gazeteer1/>

Geographically, this area lies at the northeastern end of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], as it slopes down and merges with the alluvial plains of the [[Ganges]]. In the district there is only hilly area of natural rock formation situated near [[Dubrajpur]] town called [[Mama Bhagne]] ''Pahar'' (Hills). The western portion of the district is historically known as ''[[Vajjabhumi]]'' or ''Bajrabhumi''.<ref name=paschim2/><ref name=gazeteer2>O'Malley, pp. 10-31,</ref> It is an undulating upland that is generally barren. The comparatively more fertile eastern portion, constituting the northeastern Rarh region, merges with the Gangetic plain. ''Vajjabhumi'' is included in the Rarh region, and the rest of Rarh is called ''Sumha'' to differentiate it from ''Vajjabhumi''.<ref name=paschim2/><ref name=gazeteer2/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; width:90%; margin:auto; background:#f9f9f9; border:2px solid #ccc;"
|+ style="font-size:120%; background:#e0e0e0;" | '''Subdivision-wise Statistics of Birbhum District (2011 Census)'''
! style="background:#d0e0f0;" | Subdivision
! style="background:#d0e0f0;" | Headquarters
! style="background:#d0e0f0;" | Area (km2) (2001)
! style="background:#d0e0f0;" | Population (2011)
! style="background:#d0e0f0;" | Rural population (%)
! style="background:#d0e0f0;" | Urban population (%)
|-
| [[Rampurhat]]|| Rampurhat || 1,574.23 || 1,508,506 || 96.62 || 3.38
|-
| Suri Sadar || Suri || 1,782.72 || 1,121,871 || 96.57 || 3.43
|-
| Bolpur || Bolpur || 1,186.66 || 872,027 || 96.56 || 3.44
|-
! style="background:#e6e6e6;" | '''Birbhum district (Total)''' || – || '''4,545.00''' || '''3,502,404''' || '''96.59''' || '''3.41'''
|}
===Climate===
[[File:Birbhum Map.jpg|thumb|200px|Rivers and towns of Birbhum]]
The climate on the western side is dry and extreme but is relatively milder on the eastern side. During summer, the temperature can shoot well above {{convert|40|°C}} and in winters it can drop to around {{convert|6|°C}}.<ref name=paschim1/> Rainfall is higher in the western areas as compared to the eastern areas. The annual average rainfall in Rajnagar is {{convert|1405|mm}} and in Nanoor it is {{convert|1212|mm}}, mostly in the monsoon months (June to October).<ref name=paschim2/><ref name=gazeteer1/>

Climate and rainfall chart of Birbhum District:<ref name="birbhum.gov.in">{{Cite web|title=DDA, Birbhum|url=http://birbhum.gov.in/DDAgri/PAO.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109213230/http://birbhum.gov.in/DDAgri/PAO.htm#rail|archive-date=9 November 2016|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Month !! Normal rainfall (in mm)
|-
| January || 9.7
|-
| February || 23.2
|-
| March || 23.3
|-
| April || 40.7
|-
| May || 88.7
|-
| June || 234.2
|-
| July || 324.5
|-
| August || 295.7
|-
| September || 258.2
|-
| October || 105.4
|-
| November || 17.5
|-
| December || 9.4
|-
| Yearly || 1430.5
|}

===Rivers===
A number of rivers flow across Birbhum. Some of the most notable include [[Ajay River|Ajay]], [[Mayurakshi River|Mayurakshi]], [[Kopai River|Kopai]], [[Bakreshwar River|Bakreshwar]], [[Brahmani River (Birbhum)|Brahmani]], [[Dwarka River|Dwarka]], [[Hinglo River|Hinglo]], and [[Bansloi River|Bansloi]].<ref name=admin/><ref name=paschim1/> Almost all the rivers originate higher up on the Chota Nagpur plateau and flow across Birbhum in a west–east direction. During the [[monsoon]] season, the rivers flow high and swift compared to the dry summer season, resulting in a cycle of floods and droughts.<ref name="paschim2" /><ref name="paschim4">Choudhuri, Tapan, ''Unnayaner Aloke Birbhum'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 59–74</ref> The Mayurakshi provides irrigation for about {{convert|2428|km2}}.<ref name="Selim">Selim, Mohammad, ''Irrigation Projects in Birbhum District'',''Paschim Banga'', February 2006 (in Bengali), Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 168–169</ref>

==History==

=== Prehistory ===
[[File:Terracotta carving detail of Radhabinode temple at Jaydev Kenduli.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Terracota design depicting ''Ramayana'' war at Jayadev Kenduli]]
[[File:Statue of Rabindranath Tagore by K P Krishnakumar at Amar Kutir.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Statue of Rabindranath Tagore by [[K P Krishnakumar]] at Amar Kutir]]
The area now known as Birbhum was inhabited from pre-historic times. Some of the archaeological sites related to [[Pandu Rajar Dhibi]] of [[Chalcolithic]] remains are located in Birbhum.<ref>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=PKw3AAAAIAAJ | title = An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology: Volume 1: Subjects. Volume 2: A Gazetteer of Explored and Excavated Sites in India | author = Amalananda Ghosh | publisher = BRILL | year = 1990 | isbn = 90-04-09264-1 | page = 237}}</ref> Stone age implements have been found at several places in the district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/001656.html | title = Prehistoric tools unearthed in Bengal | access-date = 4 June 2009 | date = 24 December 2005 | publisher = Stone Pages Archaeo News}}</ref>

According to the old [[Jainism|Jain]] book ''[[Acaranga Sutra]]'', the last (24th) great [[Tirthankara]] [[Mahavira]] had wandered through this land, referred to as the "pathless country of [[Rarh region|Ladha]] in ''Vajjabhumi'' and ''[[Subbhabhumi]]'' (probably [[Suhma kingdom|Suhma]])" in the fifth century BCE.<ref name=admin/><ref name=gazeteer2/><ref>Ray, Nihar Ranajan, ''Bangalir Itihas - Adi parva'' (Bengali), p. 152, Paschim Banga Nirakharata Durikaran Samiti</ref> According to some historians, the spread of [[Jainism]] and [[Buddhism]] in the Rarh region was part of the process of Aryanisation of the area.<ref>Ray, Nihar Ranajan, p.283</ref> Based on ''Divyabdan'', a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] text, Dr. Atul Sur has inferred that [[Gautam Buddha]] probably traversed this area to go to [[Pundravardhana]] and [[Samatata]].<ref name=atulsur>''Bangla O Bangalir Bibartan'', (An Ethno-Cultural History of Bengal) by Dr. Atul Sur, (Published by Sahityalok, Kolkata, 1986, 1994)</ref>

The [[Rarh region]], once a part of the [[Maurya Empire]] was later included in the empires of the [[Gupta Empire|imperial Guptas]], [[Shashanka]] and [[Harshavardhana]]. After dismemberment of Harshavardhana's empire, the region was ruled by the [[Pala Empire|Palas]], under whose rule Buddhism, particularly the [[Vajrayana]] cult, flourished.<ref>Ghosh, Binoy, ''Paschim Banger Sanskriti'', 1976 edition, Vol I, p. 287, Prakash Bhawan</ref> In the seventh century CE, the Chinese traveller [[Xuanzang]] described some of the monasteries he visited in the region.<ref name=gazeteer2/><ref name=atulsur/> In the 12th century CE, the [[Sena dynasty]] took control of the area.<ref name="admin" />

===Medieval age===
[[File:Krishna traveling to Mathura (Bengal painting).jpg|thumb|left|250px|Krishna travelling to Mathura in a 17th-century painting from Birbhum]]
The region was ruled by Muslims in the 13th century CE, although their control over the western parts of the district appears to have been minimal, with true power resting in the hands of the local Hindu chiefs, known as the Bir Rajas (Bagdi Malla dynasty).<ref name=admin/> The towns of Hetampur, Birsinghpur and Rajnagar contain their relics.<ref name = "Gupta">Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, ''The Economic Life of a Bengal District: Birbhum 1770–1857'', pp. 2 – 9, The University of Burdwan, 1984.</ref> [[Hetampur]] and [[Rajnagar, Birbhum|Rajnagar]] kingdoms ruled most of Birbhum and parts of Burdwan, Maldah and [[Jharkhand]] from [[Dubrajpur]] (meaning two kingdoms – Hetampur & Rajnagar). [[Minhaj-i-Siraj]], the author of the ''Tabaqat-i-Nasiri'', mentions Lakhnur as the ''thanah'' (headquarters) of the Rarh ''wing'' of the Muslim rule and an important frontier post. The location of Lakhnur, though not yet identified, falls in Birbhum.<ref name=admin/><ref name=gazeteer2/>

===Colonial era===
[[File:Jungleterry District Map.jpg|thumb|200px|right|1779 map of the [[Jungle Terry]] District.]]
The area which is now Birbhum district was badly impacted by the [[Great Bengal famine of 1770]]. Many villages were wiped out entirely, and even in large towns, over three quarters of households perished.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, ''[[iarchive:dli.bengal.10689.13368/page/n279/mode/2up|The Economic Life of a Bengal District: Birbhum 1770 – 1857]]'', p. 257, The University of Burdwan, 1984.</ref>

The administrative unit called Birbhum was first formed in 1787 under the [[British East India Company]], as "District Beerbhoom". The area had previously been administered as a part of Murshidabad district. The original district was much larger than its modern incarnation.<ref name="admin" /><ref name="gazeteer2" />

In the late 18th century, Birbhum and surrounding areas were affected by more famines followed by a peasants' insurrection. Although the insurrection primarily targeted [[zamindar]]s and the government, trading and manufacturing centres were also looted. In June 1789, the manufacturing town of [[Ilambazar]] was sacked, although it recovered and became a magnet for manufacturing and trade.<ref>Gupta, Dr. Ranjan Kumar, pp. 44, 47</ref>

Until 1793, Birbhum included "Bishenpore" or [[Bishnupur, West Bengal|Bishnupur]], which is now part of the Bankura district. Until the [[Indian rebellion of 1857|1857 Sepoy Mutiny]], the [[Santhal Parganas]] was part of Birbhum; the district thus sprawled up to [[Deoghar]] in the west. The immediate reason then for separating the western tribal majority areas was the [[Santhal rebellion]] of 1855–56.<ref name="admin" /><ref name="gazeteer2" /> In 1872, Birbhum district comprises {{convert|1344|sqmi|sqkm}} area with 695,921 inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Beverley |first=H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5Y7AQAAMAAJ |title=Report of the Census of Bengal 1872 |date=1872 |publisher=Bengal Secretariat Press |pages=6–7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Birbhum Village.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A common Birbhum village scene]]
[[File:Amar 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Product display of ''Amar Kutir'']]

Birbhum is primarily an agricultural district with around 75% of the people dependent on agriculture.<ref name=paschim4/> While {{convert|159.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of land is occupied by forests, {{convert|3329.05|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} of land is used for agricultural purposes.<ref name=paschim1/> 91.02% of the population live in villages.<ref name=paschim4/> Out of total 4,50,313 farmers(holding 3,20,610 hectares of land), 3,59,404 are marginal farmers(holding 1,41,813 hectares altogether), 63,374 are small farmers(holding 95,144 hectares altogether), 26,236 are semi-medium farmers(holding 76,998 hectares altogether), 1,290 are medium farmers(holding 6,215 hectare altogether), and 9 are large farmers (holding 440 hectares of land). The average size of land holding per farmer is 0.71 hectares. 6,07,172 people work as agricultural labourers in Birbhum.<ref name="birbhum.gov.in"/> Major crops produced in the district include rice, legumes, wheat, corn (maize), potatoes and sugar cane.<ref name=paschim4/> The district has thirteen cold storages.<ref name=paschim1/> Land with irrigation facilities in 2001-02 totalled {{convert|2763.9|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref name=paschim4/> There are five barrages, providing irrigation support. [[Mayurakshi River#Massanjore Dam|Canada Dam]] on the Mayurakshi river at Massanjore lies close to the border of Birbhum and the [[Dumka district]] in Jharkhand. Further down the Mayurakshi is the Tilpara Barrage at Suri.<ref name=paschim4/>

Birbhum is a major centre of [[cottage industries]]. Perhaps the most notable cottage industry is a non-profit rural organisation named [[Amar Kutir]]. Other main industries in Birbhum are agriculture-based industries, textiles, forestry, arts and crafts. Sriniketan is noted for its dairy industry and as a forestry centre. Some of the notable forms of cottage industries of Birbhum include textile—especially cotton and locally harvested tussar silk, jute works, batik, kantha stitch, macramé (weaving by knotting threads), leather, pottery and terracotta, solapith, woodcarving, bamboo and cane craft, metal works and tribal crafts.<ref name=paschim1/> There are 8,883 small and medium scale industries. Principal industries of the district include cotton and silk harvesting and weaving, rice and oilseed milling, lac harvesting, and metalware and pottery manufacture.<ref name=paschim1/> [[Bakreshwar Thermal Power Station]] (210 MW x 3 + 210 MW x 2 under construction) is the only heavy industry in the district.<ref name=pramanik/>

[[Sainthia]] is known as business capital of Birbhum and an economically important city. Sainthia is the major centre for export and import of cottage industries. Sainthia is known as the business capital of Birbhum and an economically important city. Sainthia is a major center for the export and import of cottage industries. As the business epicenter of Birbhum, Sainthia was home to a prominent coconut oil manufacturer established by the Chandra family. 'Lion (সিংহ) Marka' (Lion Brand) coconut oil, which was manufactured and processed in a factory located in main Sainthia. This iconic brand not only gained statewide and national recognition but also became a symbol of the Sainthia's industrial prowess, significantly contributing to its economic growth. The factory's operations, which spanned from 1950s to nearly 45 years, were a cornerstone of Sainthia's prominence until they ceased in 1992. Today plenty of large, semi-large scale businesses run in this city, credit to its well connected logistics and rail network. Moreover, the economy stands tall credit to sales of agricultural based products.
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ijfmr.com/papers/2023/6/11506.pdf|title=Brand Accounting - A Hard Rock To Drill|publisher=International Journal of Future Modern Research|date=2023|access-date=29 December 2024}}

</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/19hEysR6om/|title=Lion Brand Coconut Oil Advertisement by Hindustan Coconut Oil Mills|publisher=Harano Somoyer Bigyapon|date=6 December 1969|access-date=29 December 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web |title=Profile of Sainthia Municipality |url=http://birbhum.gov.in/munis/SNTMuni/profile.htm |website=birbhum.gov.in |access-date=30 January 2021}}</ref>

In 2006 the [[Ministry of Panchayati Raj]] named Birbhum one of the country's 250 [[Poverty in India|most backward districts]] (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=brgf/> It is one of the eleven districts in West Bengal currently receiving funds from the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme (BRGF).<ref name=brgf>{{cite web|author=Ministry of Panchayati Raj |date=8 September 2009 |title=A Note on the Backward Regions Grant Fund Programme |publisher=National Institute of Rural Development |url=http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |access-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405033402/http://www.nird.org.in/brgf/doc/brgf_BackgroundNote.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2012 }}</ref>

==Political and administrative divisions==
The district comprises three subdivisions: [[Suri Sadar subdivision|Suri Sadar]], [[Bolpur subdivision|Bolpur]] and [[Rampurhat subdivision|Rampurhat]].<ref name=blocdir/> [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]] is the district headquarters. There are 26 police stations, 19 development blocks, 6 municipalities and 167 [[gram panchayat]]s in this district.<ref name=blocdir/><ref name=adminsetup>{{cite web |url = http://birbhum.gov.in/imp_tel.htm |title = Important Telephone Numbers |publisher = Official website of Birbhum district |access-date = 5 December 2008}}</ref> Other than municipality area, each subdivision contains community development blocs which in turn are divided into rural areas and census towns. There are seven urban units: six municipalities and one [[census town]].<ref name=adminsetup/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |title=Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Density and General Sex Ratio by Residence and Sex, West Bengal/ District/ Sub District, 1991 and 2001 |access-date=5 December 2008 |work=West Bengal |publisher=Directorate of census operations |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040904/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref> The latest amongst the urban units to have a municipality was Nalhati in 2000.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbdma.gov.in/pdf/b.pdf| title = Category, Year of Establishment, Area, SC, ST and total population in ULBs in West Bengal| publisher = Department of Municipal affairs, Government of West Bengal| access-date = 5 December 2008| archive-date = 4 December 2009| archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5llpyJUdT?url=http://wbdma.gov.in/pdf/b.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Before delimitation the district was divided into 12 [[assembly constituency|assembly constituencies]] (AC):<ref name=curAC>{{cite web | url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S25/WB_ACPC.pdf | title = General election to the Legislative Assembly, 2001 – List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies | access-date = 16 November 2008 | work = West Bengal | publisher = Election Commission of India|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080411104739/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S25/WB_ACPC.pdf |archive-date = 11 April 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Nanoor (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nanoor]] (AC #283), [[Bolpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]] (AC #284), [[Labpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Labhpur]] (AC #285), [[Dubrajpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dubrajpur]] (AC #286), [[Rajnagar, Birbhum (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajnagar]] (AC #287), [[Suri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Suri]] (AC #288), [[Mahammad Bazar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mahammad Bazar]] (AC #289), [[Mayureswar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Mayureswar]] (AC #290), [[Rampurhat (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rampurhat]] (AC #291), [[Hansan (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Hansan]] (AC #292), [[Nalhati (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nalhati]] (AC #293) and [[Murarai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Murarai]] (AC #294). The constituencies of Nanoor, Rajnagar, Mayureswar and Hansan were reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Castes (SC)]] candidates.<ref name=curAC/> [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] was elected in [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 assembly elections]], which took place before the rearrangement of parliamentary and assembly constituencies as per order of the [[Delimitation Commission]] in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal. Delimitation was made effective for all elections in the state of West Bengal that was held on or after 19 February 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=48192 | title = Press Note - Schedule for General Elections, 2009 | publisher = Press Information Burueau, Government of India | access-date = 11 March 2009}}</ref> [[2009 Indian general election]] was based on the newly formed parliamentary constituencies and the newly formed assembly constituencies have representatives in the 2011 elections of West Bengal.

As per order of the Delimitation Commission in respect of the [[delimitation of constituencies]] in the West Bengal, the district is divided into 11 assembly constituencies:<ref name=delimit>{{cite web
| url = http://www.wbgov.com/e-gov/English/DELIMITATION.pdf | title = Press Note, Delimitation Commission| access-date = 16 November 2008 | work = Assembly Constituencies in West Bengal| publisher =Delimitation Commission}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!No.
!Name
!Lok Sabha constituency
!MLA
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|284
|[[Dubrajpur Assembly constituency|Dubrajpur (SC)]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum]]
|[[Anup Kumar Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|285
|[[Suri Assembly constituency|Suri]]
|[[Bikash Roychoudhury]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|286
|[[Bolpur Assembly constituency|Bolpur]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]]
|[[Chandranath Singha]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|287
|[[Nanoor Assembly constituency|Nanoor (SC)]]
|[[Bidhan Chandra Majhi]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|288
|[[Labpur Assembly constituency|Labpur]]
|Abhijit Sinha
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|289
|[[Sainthia Assembly constituency|Sainthia (SC)]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum]]
|[[Nilabati Saha]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|290
|[[Mayureswar Assembly constituency|Mayureswar]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]]
|[[Abhijit Roy (politician)|Abhijit Roy]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|291
|[[Rampurhat Assembly constituency|Rampurhat]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum]]
|[[Asish Banerjee]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|292
|[[Hansan Assembly constituency|Hansan]]
|Ashok Kumar Chattopadhyay
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|293
|[[Nalhati Assembly constituency|Nalhati]]
|Rajendra Prasad Singh
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
|294
|[[Murarai Assembly constituency|Murarai]]
|[[Mosarraf Hossain]]
|{{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|}
Dubrajpur, Suri, Mayureswar, Rampurhat, Hansan, Nalhati and Murarai assembly segments form the [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimit/> Bolpur, Nanoor, Labhpur, and Sainthia constituencies are part of [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]], which will contain three other assembly segments from Bardhaman district.<ref name=delimit/>

==Transport==
[[File:Katwa to Ahmedpur Narrow gaugue railway 14.jpg|thumb|Katwa to Ahmedpur Narrow gauge railway]]
The [[Panagarh–Morgram Highway]] runs through the district. All the towns and villages are connected by roads. The total length of roads in the district are: surfaced–{{convert|2413|km|mi|abbr=on}} and unsurfaced–{{convert|4674|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Against this the total length of rail track in the district is {{convert|201.32|km|mi|abbr=on}}, including {{convert|26.55|km|mi|abbr=on}} of the [[Ahmadpur-Katwa line]], laid in 1917.<ref name=paschim1/> The [[Sahibganj Loop]] of the [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]], laid in 1862, passes through this district. [[Rampurhat Junction railway station|Rampurhat Junction]] is the most busiest railway station of this district. There is a junction at Nalhati for the connection to [[Jiaganj Azimganj|Azimganj]] in Murshidabad district. The [[Andal-Sainthia Branch Line]] connects it to the main Howrah-Delhi main line at Andal.<ref name=paschim1/>

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=902,280|13=1911|14=9,40,162|15=1921|16=8,51,725|17=1931|18=9,47,554|19=1941|20=10,48,317|21=1951|22=10,66,889|23=1961|24=14,46,158|25=1971|26=17,75,909|27=1981|28=20,95,829|29=1991|30=25,55,664|31=2001|32=30,15,422|33=2011|34=35,02,404|percentages=pagr|source=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]<ref>{{cite web |title=A-2 Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |website=Census of India |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |at=West Bengal |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612013417/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |archive-date=12 June 2014 |access-date=15 February 2025}}</ref>}}

In 1901, Birbhum had a population of 902,280, which by 1981 rose to 2,095,829. According to the 2001 census data, the total population has further risen to 3,015,422. The following table summarises the population distribution:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |title=Census of India 2001 |access-date=21 February 2009 |work=Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719040904/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_8.htm |archive-date=19 July 2011 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Rural/Urban
! Persons
! Males
! Females
|-
| Total
| 3,015,422
| 1,546,633
| 1,468,789
|-
| Rural
| 2,757,002
| 1,414,097
| 1,342,905
|-
| Urban
|258,420
|132,536
|125,884
|}

According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Birbhum district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 3,502,404,<ref name="districtcensus">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Birbhum |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/1342/download/4382/DH_2011_1908_PART_A_DCHB_BIRBHUM.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Lithuania]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 1 October 2011 | quote = Lithuania 3,535,547 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> or the US state of [[Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|title=2010 Resident Population Data
|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau
|access-date=30 September 2011 |quote=Connecticut 3,574,097
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110101090833/http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php
|archive-date=1 January 2011 }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 84th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name="districtcensus" /> The district has a population density of {{convert|771|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.15%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> Birbhum has a [[sex ratio]] of 956 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name="districtcensus" /> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 70.9%. 12.83% of the population lives in urban areas. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] made up 29.50% and 6.92% of the population respectively.<ref name="districtcensus" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Himan Development Report - Birrbhum |url=http://wbplan.gov.in/htm/HumanDev/docs/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806232408/http://wbplan.gov.in/htm/humandev/docs/DHDR_Birbhum/CHP-1.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2010 |access-date=7 May 2009 |work=Religious and Caste Composition }}</ref> Other than those speaking the local dialect of [[Bengali language|Bengali]], there are tribal [[Santhal people|Santhal]]s and ten other [[Adivasi|tribal communities]] in Birbhum with some presence, amongst whom [[Kora (tribe)|Koda]], [[Mahali]] and [[Oraon people|Oraon]]s are more common.<ref>Choudhuri, Arun, ''Birbhumer Adivasi Samaj O Janagosthi'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 117–122</ref>

===Religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religions of Birbhum District (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|62.28}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|37.06}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.66}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Religion
! Population (1941)<ref name="1941religion">{{cite web|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/37365/GIPE-020591.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y|title=CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI BENGAL PROVINCE|access-date=13 August 2022}}</ref>{{rp|75}}
! Percentage (1941)
!Population <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=A |date=1954 |title=District Handbooks Birbhum, West Bengal - Census 1951 |url=https://new.census.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/30065 |website=new.census.gov.in |page=28}}</ref>(1951)
!Percentage (1951)
!Population (2011)<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref>
!Percentage (2011)
|-
| [[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 686,436
|65.48%
|774,527
|72.60%
|2,181,515
|62.28%
|-
| [[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 287,310
|27.41%
|286,518
|26.86%
|1,298,054
|37.06%
|-
| Tribal religion{{efn|In the 1941 census all tribals were counted under 'Tribal' religion, irrespective of their actual religion.}}
| 71,073
|6.78%
|4,661
|0.44%
| 6,051
| 0.17%
|-
| Others{{efn|Including [[Jainism]], [[Christianity]], [[Buddhism]], [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Judaism]], [[Ad-Dharmi]]s, or not stated}}
| 3,498
|0.33%
|
|
|17,727
|0.51%
|-
| '''Total Population'''
| '''1,048,317'''
| '''100'''
|'''1,066,889'''
|'''100%'''
|'''3,502,404'''
|'''100%'''
|-
| colspan="7" | '''Notes:''' {{notelist}}
|}

According to [[2011 Indian census]], Hindus formed around 62% of the total population and Muslims over 37%. Muslims are in majority in [[Murarai I]] (58.92%), [[Murarai II]] (75.00%) and [[Nalhati II]] (70.10%) CD blocks in the northeast of the district, and have a significant presence in [[Nalhati I]] (46.64%), [[Rampurhat II]] (48.20%), and [[Ilambazar (community development block)|Ilambazar]] (47.40%) CD blocks. Others, including religious groups and non-religion population fall below 1% of the population.<ref name="religion"/> In the [[2001 Indian census]] of the district, Hindus formed 64.49% of the population while 35.08% were Muslims.<ref name=Paschim14>Islam, Sheikh, ''Birbhumer Karmasansthane Matsya, Pranisampad Ebong Paschim Banga Sankhyalaghu Unnayan O Bityanigam'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, p. 178</ref> There is a sprinkling of other religious groups in the population.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!CD block
!Hindu %
!Muslim %
!Other %
|-
|[[Murarai I]]
|40.58
| style="background:green;color:white" |58.92
|0.5
|-
|[[Murarai II]]
|24.91
| style="background:green;color:white" |75.00
|0.09
|-
|[[Nalhati I]]
| style="background:darkorange" |52.11
|46.64
|1.25
|-
|[[Nalhati II]]
|29.79
| style="background:green;color:white" |70.10
|0.11
|-
|[[Rampurhat I]]
| style="background:darkorange" |67.38
|30.61
|2.01
|-
|[[Rampurhat II]]
| style="background:darkorange" |51.64
|48.20
|0.16
|-
|[[Mayureswar I]]
| style="background:darkorange" |69.84
|29.33
|0.83
|-
|[[Mayureswar II]]
| style="background:darkorange" |74.06
|25.65
|0.29
|-
|[[Mohammad Bazar (community development block)|Mohammad Bazar]]
| style="background:darkorange" |67.15
|31.29
|1.56
|-
|[[Rajnagar (community development block)|Rajnagar]]
| style="background:darkorange" |84.74
|14.27
|0.99
|-
|[[Suri I]]
| style="background:darkorange" |73.02
|26.59
|0.39
|-
|[[Suri II]]
| style="background:darkorange" |67.70
|31.59
|0.71
|-
|[[Sainthia (community development block)|Sainthia]]
| style="background:darkorange" |77.68
|21.46
|0.86
|-
|[[Labpur (community development block)|Labpur]]
| style="background:darkorange" |69.24
|30.54
|0.22
|-
|[[Nanoor (community development block)|Nanoor]]
| style="background:darkorange" |64.71
|34.97
|0.32
|-
|[[Bolpur Sriniketan]]
| style="background:darkorange" |73.92
|25.45
|0.63
|-
|[[Ilambazar (community development block)|Illambazar]]
| style="background:darkorange" |51.67
|47.40
|0.93
|-
|[[Dubrajpur (community development block)|Dubrajpur]]
| style="background:darkorange" |66.52
|33.22
|0.26
|-
|[[Khoyrasol (community development block)|Khoyrasol]]
| style="background:darkorange" |75.51
|24.3
|0.19
|-
|Area not under any Sub-district
| style="background:darkorange" |75.88
|23.41
|0.71
|}

===Language===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages of Birbhum District (2011).<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 92.38 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value2 = 6.01 |color2 = darkturquoise
|label3 = Others |value3 = 1.61 |color3 = Grey
}}

At the time of the 2011 census, 92.38% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 6.01% [[Santali language|Santali]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Birbhum}}

[[File:394 baul-singers-sml.jpg|thumb|Baul singers at Santiniketan]]
The [[baul]]s of Birbhum, their philosophy and their songs form a notable representation of the folk culture of the district. Birbhum has been home to ''kabiyal''s, ''kirtaniya''s and other folk culture groups.<ref name="paschim8"/><ref>Kundu, Chnadan, ''Birbhumer Baul: Swatantrer Sandhane'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 215–224</ref>

The numerous [[fairs in Birbhum]] start with ''Poush Mela'' at Santiniketan and follows through the Bengali month of [[Poush]] until [[Makar Sankranti]]. Particularly lively is the fair at [[Jaydev Kenduli]].<ref name=paschim8/> Festivities are organised across the seasons.<ref name=paschim12>Sen, Suchbrata, ''Birbhumer Otit O Bartaman Samajchitra'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 107–116</ref> People of Birbhum patronise folk entertainment programmes such as [[Jatra (Bengal)|jatra]], [[kavigan]], [[raibenshe]] and [[alkap]].<ref name=paschim7/>

Many poets were born in this district, as for example, [[Chandidas|Chandidas (Rami)]].<ref name=paschim7>Das, Prabhat Kumar, ''Birbhumer Kirtan O Jatragan'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special issue (in Bengali), February 2006, pp. 311–319</ref> In addition to being a confluence of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]], [[Shaktism|Shakta]] and [[Shaivism|Saiva]] cultures, Birbhum villages observe ancient customs like worship of gramdevta (''gram'' means village and ''devta'' means deity) in many forms.<ref name="Mitra">Mitra, Amalendu, Dr., ''Rarher Sanskriti O Dharma Thakur'' (Bengali), pp. 90-96, Subarnarekha</ref><ref name=paschim10>Mitra, Ajit Kumar, ''Birbhumer loukik Debdebi'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 321–334</ref>

Amongst the major attractions of Birbhum are [[Bakreshwar]], [[Tarapith Temple]], [[Dwarbasini|Dwarbasini temple]] at [[Chondrapur]], [[Fullara]] at [[Labpur (community development block)|Labpur]] and [[Patharchapuri]]. Birbhum has many old temples, such as the ones at Jaydev Kenduli, Surul and Nanoor, with delicate decorative tiles made of [[terra cotta]] (burnt clay).<ref name=paschim9>Sarkar, Joydeep, ''Paryatan Boichitre Birbhum Jela'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 197–202</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
The eastern area of Birbhum is a part of the rice plains of West Bengal, and the vegetation includes usual characteristics of rice fields in Bengal, such as species of [[Aponogeton]], [[Utricularia]], [[Drosera]], [[Philcoxia]], [[Scrophulariaceae]] and similar aquatic or [[palustrine]] genera.<ref name=gazeteer1/><ref name=admingeo>{{cite web | url = http://birbhum.gov.in/geog1.htm | title = About Birbhum: Geography | publisher = Official website of Birbhum | access-date = 2 June 2009}}</ref> In the drier western region of the district, the characteristic shrubs and herbs include species of [[Wendlandia]], [[Convolvulaceae]], [[Stipa]], [[Tragus (plant)|Tragus]], [[Spermacoce]], [[Ziziphus]], [[Capparis]] and similar plants that grows on laterite soil.<ref name=admingeo/> [[Mango]], [[Arecaceae|palm]], and [[bamboo]] are among common trees in Birbhum.<ref name=admingeo/> Other common species of plants include [[jackfruit]], [[Terminalia arjuna|arjun]], [[Shorea robusta|sal]], [[guava]], kend and [[Madhuca longifolia|mahua]].<ref name=admingeo/>

Other than [[feral]] dogs and domestic cattle, the most frequently encountered non-human mammal is the [[semnopithecus entellus|hanuman]], a long tailed [[grey langur]] prevalent in the [[Gangetic plain]]. Some wild [[boars]] and [[Gray wolf|wolves]] may still be spotted in the small forests of Chinpai, Bandarsol and Charicha.<ref name=admingeo/> Leopards and bears are not to be seen any more in the wild.<ref name=admingeo/> Sometimes during the season when mahua trees bloom, wild [[Asian elephant|Asiatic elephants]] from Jharkhand come in trampling crops and threatening life and property.<ref name=admingeo/> Birds of Birbhum include a mix of hilly and plain-land dwelling species like [[partridge]], [[pigeon]], green pigeon, [[water fowl]]s, [[doyel]], [[Indian robin]], [[drongo]], [[hawk]], [[cuckoo]], [[koel]], [[sunbird]], [[Indian roller]], [[parrot]], [[Old World babbler|babbler]], and some [[migratory birds]].<ref name=admingeo/>

[[Ballabhpur Wildlife Sanctuary]] near Santiniketan was declared a sanctuary in 1977.<ref name=ballavpur>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KlwjSnkh1EAC | title = A Treatise on Wildlife Conservation in India | author = Chhanda Das | publisher = Daya Books | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-81-87616-22-1 |page = 115 | access-date = 15 March 2009}}</ref> Economically important trees are planted here and [[blackbuck]]s, [[spotted deer]], jackals, foxes and a variety of water birds live in its {{convert|2|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=ballavpur/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/shanti.html |title=Santiniketan |publisher=National Informatics Centre, Government of India |access-date=15 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227050553/http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/shanti.html |archive-date=27 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: West Bengal |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref>

==Literacy and education==
{{quote box
| width = 220px
| quote = '''Educational facilities in Birbhum district:'''<ref name=paschim1/> 
High School–256 Higher Secondary School–110 Junior High School–95 Junior High Madarsa–10 Senior Madarsa–4 Primary School–237 Sishu Sikhsha Kendra–495 [[Anganwadi]] Centre–2407 College–12 University–1 Engineering colleges–2 Polytechnic–1 Industrial Training Institute (ITI)–1
}}

{{See also|List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate}}

According to the 2011 census Birbhum district had a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 70.9%.<ref name="districtcensus" /> up from 62.16% in 2001. In 1951 census, the literacy rate was 17.74%. It increased to 48.56% in 1991.<ref name="paschim3">Roy, Bikash, ''Siksha Prasare Birbhum Jela'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 81–91</ref>

The growth of literacy in the last decade of the twentieth century was particularly remarkable with special emphasis on the eradication of illiteracy. While it is feared that Birbhum may not be able to fulfill the national objective of sending all children in the age group 6–14 years to school by 2010, efforts are on in that direction.<ref name=paschim3/>

The district has 127 libraries supported by the government, one private library and one district library.<ref name=paschim1/>

==Sports==
One of the most popular outdoor sports in the villages of Birbhum used to be [[Gilli-danda|danguli]] (literal meaning "ball and stick").<ref name=paschim12/> However, in recent times [[cricket]] has replaced some of its popularity. A major cricket event named as: ''Dream Gold Cup'' is organised in Labpur every year in the month of January. Cricket teams from all over the state comes for participation. It is played in the ''Stadium field'' in ''Sasthinagar.'' A sport that can be played outdoors and indoors and is popular among children is [[Marble (toy)|marbles]], which involves projecting a striker bead with fingers to hit an ensemble of black or green glass beads.

In addition to [[cricket]], the other most popular outdoor sports of this district are [[Association football|football]] and [[kabaddi|kabadi]] and [[volleyball]].<ref name=paschim12/>

==Notable people==
[[File:Gandhi-Tagore.jpg|300px|thumb|Rabindranath Tagore with Mahatma Gandhi and Kasturba Gandhi at Santiniketan in 1940]]
{{See also|Category:People from Birbhum district|Category:People associated with Santiniketan|l1=People from Birbhum district|l2=People associated with Santiniketan}}
*[[Rabindranath Tagore]], polymath and founder of [[Visva-Bharati University]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lubet |first=Alex |date=17 October 2016 |title=Tagore, not Dylan: The first lyricist to win the Nobel Prize for literature was actually Indian |url=https://qz.com/india/810668/rabindranath-tagore-not-bob-dylan-the-first-lyricist-to-win-the-nobel-prize-for-literature-was-actually-indian/ |website=Quartz India}}

* {{cite web |title=Anita Desai and Andrew Robinson – The Modern Resonance of Rabindranath Tagore |url=https://onbeing.org/programs/anita-desai-andrew-robinson-the-modern-resonance-of-rabindranath-tagore |access-date=30 July 2019 |publisher=On Being}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Dutta |first1=K. |title=Rabindranath Tagore: The Myriad-Minded Man |pages=220 |year=1995 |publisher=Saint Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-14030-4 |last2=Robinson |first2=A. |author2-link=W. Andrew Robinson}}</ref>
*[[Amartya Sen]], economist and [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]]<ref name="paschim11">Ghosal, Amartya, ''Birbhumer Bisisto Byakti O Monishi'', ''Paschim Banga'', Birbhum Special Issue, pp. 321–334</ref>
*[[Pranab Mukherjee]], 13th President of India
* [[Abdus Sattar (president)|Justice Abdus Sattar]] (1906–1985), former [[President of Bangladesh]]<ref>{{cite web|title=President Abdus Sattar|url=http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/sattar.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103023410/http://www.bangabhaban.gov.bd/sattar.html|archive-date=3 January 2008|access-date=19 August 2014|work=Bangabhaban|publisher=Government of Bangladesh}}</ref>
* [[Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty]], [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] microbiologist, scientist, and researcher, most notable for his work in [[directed evolution]]
*[[Tarasankar Bandyopadhyay]], Bengali novelist<ref name="paschim11" /> who was nominated three times for [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] from 1971 to 1973, but never won any.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2020 |title=Nomination Archive - Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=15691 |access-date=11 November 2020 |website=NobelPrize.org}}</ref>
*[[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Satyendra Prasanna Sinha]], prominent lawyer and statesman in British India
*[[Sumitra Devi (actress)|Sumitra Devi]], actress who worked in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] and [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] during the 1940s and 1950s
*[[Noor Alam Chowdhury]] (1943–2021), Chief Justice of the Calcutta High Court
*[[Nityananda|Nityananda Swami]], co–founder of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudia-Vaishnavism]], born at [[Ekachakra]]<ref>O'Malley, p.128</ref>
*[[Sahana Bajpaie]], Bengali singer-songwriter and one of the most prominent contemporary Rabindra Sangeet vocalists
*[[Ekram Ali]] (born 1950), Bengali poet and critic
*[[Sutapa Biswas]], [[British Indians|British Indian]] conceptual artist
*[[Bhuban Badyakar]], singer and street vendor<ref>{{cite news| title=Meet Bhuban Badyakar, The Man Behind Viral Song 'Kaccha Badam' | work=The Sentinel | date=3 February 2022 | url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/more-news/entertainment/bollywood/meet-bhuban-badyakar-the-man-behind-viral-song-kaccha-badam-576329 | access-date=2 March 2026}}</ref>

==Villages==


* [[Harisara]]
*[[Hetampur]]
*[[Kondaipur]]
*[[Labpur]]
*[[Paikar]]
* [[Tejhati]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Birbhum district}}

* {{Official website|https://birbhum.gov.in}}
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Birbhum}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160213205054/http://www.dli.gov.in/cgi-bin/metainfo.cgi?&title1=Bengal%20District%20Gazetteers%20Birbhum&author1=O%27malley%20%20L.S.%20S.&subject1=Geography%2CTravels%20And%20Description&year=1910%20&language1=english&pages=158&barcode=6010010076002&author2=&identifier1=Librarian%2C%20Rashtrapati%20Bhavan&publisher1=The%20Bengal%20Secretariat%20Book%20Depot%20Calcutta&contributor1=&vendor1=NONE&scanningcentre1=rashtrapati%20bhavan%20library&scannerno1=&digitalrepublisher1=Rashtrapati%20Bhavan&digitalpublicationdate1=2004-01-16&numberedpages1=&unnumberedpages1=&rights1=OUT_OF_COPYRIGHT&copyrightowner1=O%27malley%20%20L.S.%20S.&copyrightexpirydate1=&format1=Book%20&url=%2Fdata_copy%2Fupload%2F0076%2F007 Bengal District Gazetteers Birbhum], O'Malley L.S.S., 1910, Barcode(6010010076002), Language English from [https://web.archive.org/web/20160229163832/http://www.dli.gov.in/ Digital Library of India]
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Birbhum district
|North = [[Pakur district]], [[Jharkhand]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Murshidabad district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Bardhaman district]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Jamtara district]], [[Jharkhand]]
|Northwest = [[Dumka district]], [[Jharkhand]]
}}

{{Birbhum District}}
{{Birbhum topics}}
{{Districts of West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birbhum District}}
[[Category:Birbhum district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Minority concentrated districts in India]]
[[Category:1787 establishments in British India]]

Dharamshala Municipal Corporation

2026-03-01T01:46:15Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Started The Entry Initial Version...

{{Short description|Local civic body in Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh, India}}
{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Dharamshala Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| house_type =
| foundation = {{start date and age|2020}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor of Dharamshala]]
| leader1 =
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 =
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 =
| seats =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
|political_groups1 =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| meeting_place = Near Fire Station, Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh 176215.Phone: 01892-222115
Email : mc_dharamshala@rediffmail.com
| website = [https://edharamshala.in/ Official website]
| motto =
|last_election1=}}

'''Dharamshala Municipal Corporation''' (DMC) is the municipal corporation of [[Dharamshala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamshala]] District [[Kangra District|Kangra]] in [[Himachal Pradesh]], and is the chief nodal agency for the administration of the city.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dharamsala Municipal Council upgraded to Municipal Corporation {{!}} Shimla News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/dharamsala-municipal-council-upgraded-to-municipal-corporation/articleshow/49040526.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Times of India|date=21 September 2015 |language=en}}</ref> Municipal Corporation mechanism in India was introduced during British Rule with formation of municipal corporation in Madras ([[Chennai]]) in 1688, later followed by municipal corporations in Bombay ([[Mumbai]]) and Calcutta ([[Kolkata]]) by 1762.<ref name="May ref5">{{cite news |last1=Gupta |first1=Anupam |title=City Mayors: Indian Mayors |url=http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/indian-mayors.html |access-date=29 October 2021 |publisher=citymayors.com}}</ref> Dharamshala Municipal Corporation is headed by [[Mayor]] of city and governed by [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]]. Dharamshala Municipal Corporation has been formed with [[Municipal corporation (India)#Functions|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town.

==Overview==
Dharamshala Municipal Corporation was formed to improve the infrastructure of the town as per the needs of local population.<ref name="dh1">{{cite news |title=Dharamsala Smart City project grapples with staff crunch |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/dharamsala-smart-city-project-grapples-with-staff-crunch-369100 |access-date=21 June 2022 |publisher=Tribuneindia News Service |date=11 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
Dharamshala Municipal Corporation has been categorised into wards and each ward is headed by councillor for which elections are held every 5 years.

Dharamshala Municipal Corporation is governed by mayor Devinder Singh Jaggi<ref name="dh3">{{cite news |title=Dharamshala Municipal Corporation under-staffed: Mayor |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dharamshala-municipal-corporation-under-staffed-mayor-118112101013_1.html |access-date=21 June 2022 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=21 November 2018}}</ref> and administered by Municipal Commissioner Pradeep Kumar Thakur.<ref name="dh2">{{cite news |title=3 Ias, 30 Has Transferred In Another Major Reshuffle {{!}} Shimla News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/shimla/3-ias-30-has-transferred-in-another-major-reshuffle/articleshow/88886685.cms |access-date=21 June 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=14 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

== Revenue sources ==

The following are the income sources for the corporation from the Central and State Government.<ref name="Dh11">{{cite news |last1=Jadhav |first1=Radheshyam |title=Why civic bodies in India need municipal bonds |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/why-civic-bodies-in-india-need-municipal-bonds/article33237962.ece |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=www.thehindubusinessline.com |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dh12">{{cite news |title=Municipal corporations under severe strain as revenues sink: RBI Report |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/economy/story/municipal-corporations-under-severe-strain-as-revenues-sink-rbi-report-314215-2021-12-02 |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=2 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Dh13">{{cite news |title=If cities are to deliver better quality life, need to have business models which are sustainable |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/opinion/if-cities-are-to-deliver-better-quality-life-need-to-have-business-models-which-are-sustainable/642276/ |access-date=18 May 2022 |publisher=Financialexpress |date=17 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Revenue from taxes ===
Following is the Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Property tax.
* Profession tax.
* Entertainment tax.
* Grants from Central and State Government like Goods and Services Tax.
* Advertisement tax.

=== Revenue from non-tax sources ===

Following is the Non Tax related revenue for the corporation.

* Water usage charges.
* Fees from Documentation services.
* Rent received from municipal property.
* Funds from municipal bonds.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official|edharamshala.in}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dharamshala]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Himachal Pradesh]]

Chaas

2026-02-25T10:27:49Z

BlissKetoSupplement: brief reworked details per sources and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Yogurt-based drink from South Asia}}
{{for|the town in ancient Elis|Chaas (Elis)}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Chaach
| image = Mint lassi.jpg
| caption = A glass full of chaas
| alternate_name = chhas
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]]
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| creator =
| course = Beverage
| served =
| country = Indian subcontinent
| main_ingredient = [[Dahi (curd)|Dahi]] (yogurt), [[water]], spices
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
}}
'''Chaas''' ([[:gu:છાશ|gu:છાશ]] ''chhash'', [[:hi:छाछ|hi:छाछ]] ''chhachh'') is a [[dahi (curd)|curd]]-based drink popular across the [[Indian subcontinent]].<ref>Fatih Yildiz, [https://books.google.com/books?id=zMCDLlcRaQkC&pg=PA11&dq= ''Development and Manufacture of Yogurt and Other Functional Dairy Products''], [[CRC Press]], 2010, p. 11</ref> In [[Magahi_language|Magahi]] and [[Bundeli_language|Bundeli]], it is called ''[[Mattha]]''. In [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] it is called ''Khati chaas'' or ''khato,'' in [[Odia language|Odia]] it is called ''Ghol/Chaash,'' ''moru'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]], ''taak'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], ''majjiga'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]], ''majjige'' in [[Kannada]], ''ale'' (pronounced a-lay) in [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and ''ghol'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. In [[Indian English]], it is often referred to as '''[[buttermilk]]'''.

== Etymology ==
The name ''Chaas'' or ''Chaach'' is derived from [[Sanskrit]] word ''Chacchika'' (छच्छिका), meaning churned yogurt from which butter has been removed.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasa |first=Syamasundara |date=1965–1975 |title=Hindi sabdasagara |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/dasa-hindi_query.py?qs=%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9B&searchhws=yes |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

==Preparation and variations==
Chaas is made by churning yogurt (curds/dahi) and cold water together in a pot, using a hand-held instrument called ''madhani'' (whipper). This can be consumed plain or seasoned with a variety of spices or made sweet (and then known as ''Lassi'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaffrey |first=Madhur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lo2JBAAAQBAJ&dq=Meethi+Chaas&pg=PT472 |title=Curry Easy Vegetarian: 200 recipes for meat-free and mouthwatering curries from the Queen of Curry |date=2014-09-25 |publisher=Ebury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4735-0345-8 |language=en}}</ref> Chaas can be made from fresh yogurt, and the natural flavour of such chaas is mildly sweet.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

==Seasoning and flavours==
Chaas can be consumed plain, but a little salt is usually added. This is the most common seasoning for chaas. Numerous other seasonings and spices can be added to salted chaas, either singly or in combination with each other. These spices are usually roasted in a [[wok]], using a spoonful of cooking oil, before being added to the Chaas. The spices which can be added thus are: Coarsely ground and roasted [[cumin]] seeds, curry leaves, [[asafoetida]], grated ginger, very finely diced green chillies and [[Mustard seed]]s. Sugar can also be added to chaas, but if sugar is added, then neither salt nor spice is usually used.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

Vendors have come up with several proprietary products and standardized flavours of chaas which are produced on an industrial scale and sold as bottled drinks. The best-seller among such brands is [[Amul]]'s ''Masala Chaas,'' which has standardized several traditional flavours for the mass bottled-drink market. Other popular modern flavours available as bottled drinks include rose-flavoured ''Chaas Gulabi'' and mint-flavoured ''Mint Chaas''.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

==Consumption==
In the rural areas of India, the consumption of chaas has cultural resonances and associations which are not found in the context of other beverages like tea, coffee or lassi. An [[earthenware]] pot is used to prepare chaas and store it for a few hours before consumption. Using earthenware to store the chaas helps keep it cool without the need to refrigerate it, even in the height of summer. In the extremely hot desert areas of [[Gujarat]] and [[Rajasthan]], people consume chaas with salt after getting exposed to the sun because this may aid rehydration. Chaas or Moru is consumed more in Southern India as it rehydrates the body from the hot climate. Chaas is consumed all year round. It is usually taken immediately after meals, but is also consumed on its own as a beverage.{{Cn|date=February 2025}}

People also consume chaas for its health benefits. The condiments in chaas, especially pepper and ginger, help reduce the burning sensation felt with acidity. Those spices also help improve digestion. Chaas is also packed with electrolytes and water, helping the body recover from dehydration.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Chach benefits: 10 reasons to drink buttermilk with lunch every day
|work=The Times of India
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/health-fitness/web-stories/chach-benefits-10-reasons-to-drink-buttermilk-with-lunch-everyday/photostory/113915030.cms
|date=17 October 2024
|access-date=23 July 2025}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[Lassi]]
* [[List of fermented foods]]
* [[List of Indian beverages]]
* [[Mattha]]
* [[Borhani]], a similar Bangladeshi drink
* [[Ayran]], a similar Turkish drink

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Yogurts}}
{{Bangladeshi dishes}}

[[Category:Fermented dairy products]]
[[Category:Non-alcoholic drinks]]
[[Category:Indian drinks]]
[[Category:Yogurt-based drinks]]
[[Category:Indian dairy products]]

Khamti people

2026-02-24T20:35:29Z

BlissKetoSupplement: quick correct references further and added references per standard format

{{Short description|Ethnic group of India, China and Myanmar}}
{{Other uses|Hkamti (disambiguation){{!}}Hkamti}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Tai Khamti
| native_name = တဲး ၵံးတီ, {{lang|zh|康迪}}
| native_name_lang = kht
| flag_caption =
| image = File:Tai Khampti diorama.JPG
| caption = Diorama and [[wax figures]] of Tai Khamti people in [[Jawaharlal Nehru Museum, Itanagar]]
| population = {{circa}} 30,000
| region1 = {{flag|India}}
| pop1 = 16,944
| region2 = {{flag|Myanmar}}
| pop2 = 8,000
| region3 = {{flag|China}}
| pop3 = 5,000
| langs = [[Khamti language|Khamti]], [[Burmese language|Burmese]]
| rels = [[Theravada Buddhism]], [[Tai folk religion]]
| related = {{ubl|Other [[Tai peoples]]}}
{{hlist|item_style=font-size:90%;
|([[Shan people|Shan]], [[Thai people|Thai]], [[Lao people|Lao]], [[Dai people|Dai]], and [[Tai Nua people]]s)}}
}}

{{Infobox Chinese
| order = st
| c = 康迪人
| p = Kāng dí rén
| my = ခန္တီးရှမ်းလူမျိုး
| tha = ชาวไทคำตี่
}}

The '''Tai Khamti''' ([[Khamti language|Khamti]]: {{lang|kht|တဲး ၵံးတီႈ}}), also known as the '''Hkamti Shan''' ({{langx|my|ခန္တီးရှမ်းလူမျိုး}}; {{zh|c=康迪人}}; {{langx|aho|𑜄𑜩:𑜁𑜡𑜉𑜄𑜣; }} {{langx|th|ชาวไทคำตี่}}), or simply as '''Khamti''', are a [[Tai peoples|Tai]] [[ethnic group]] of India, Myanmar and China.

The Tai-Khamti are followers of [[Theravada Buddhism]]. The Tai-Khamti have their own script for their language, known as 'Lik Tai', which originated from the Shan (Tai) script of Myanmar.<ref>{{cite book|title=Atlas of the Languages and Ethnic Communities of South Asia|author=Roland J. L. Breton|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|year=1997|isbn=0-8039-9367-6|page=188}}</ref> Their mother tongue is known as [[Khamti language]]. It is a [[Tai language]], closely related to [[Thai language|Thai]] and [[Lao language|Lao]].

== Population ==
According to 2011 census of India, the Tai Khamtis have a population of 16,944.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ST-15: Scheduled tribe by mother tongue (for each tribe separately) (State/UT level), Arunachal Pradesh - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/12544 |access-date=2023-09-01 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref> In Myanmar, their total population is about 8,000 in 2009,<ref name="inglis2017">{{cite journal |last1=Inglis |first1=Douglas |title=Myanmar-based Khamti Shan Orthography |date=2017 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34791306| journal=Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society}}</ref> although self reported village census estimates put it at 200,000 people.<ref>Iglis D (2007). Nominal Structure in Tai Khamti. [[Payap University]]. p. 1.</ref>

==Distribution ==
The Tai Khamtis who inhabit the region around the Tengapani basin of Arunachal Pradesh were descendants of migrants who came during the eighteenth century from the Shan region of [[Hkamti Long]], in the western source of the [[Ayeyarwady River|Irrawaddy]] River Valley.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Edmonson |first=Jerold A. |chapter=SHAN AND OTHER NORTHERN TIER SOUTHEAST TAI LANGUAGES OF MYANMAR AND CHINA: THEMES AND VARIATIONS |title=The Tai-Kadai languages |editor1=Anthony V. N. Diller |editor2=Jerold A. Edmondson |editor3=Yongxian Luo |series=Routledge language family series |publisher=Routledge |date=2008 |pages=184-206 [191]}}</ref>

They are located in [[Hkamti Long]], [[Mogaung]] and [[Myitkyina]] regions of [[Kachin State]] as well as [[Hkamti District]] of [[Sagaing Division]] of [[Myanmar]]. In [[India]], they are found in [[Namsai district]] and [[Changlang district]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. Smaller numbers are present in [[Lakhimpur district]], [[Dhemaji district]] and Munglang Khamti village in [[Tinsukia district]] of [[Assam]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Morey |first=Stephen |chapter=The Tai Languages of Assam |title=The Tai-Kadai languages |editor1=Anthony V. N. Diller |editor2=Jerold A. Edmondson |editor3=Yongxian Luo |series=Routledge language family series |publisher=Routledge |date=2008 |pages=207-253 [209]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Great game east: India, China, and the struggle for Asia's most volatile frontier |last=Lintner |first=Bertil |date=2015 |location=New Haven |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=154-155}}</ref> and possibly in some parts of [[China]].

== Society ==

The Khamti society is divided into classes, each signifying distinct status in the social hierarchy. The chiefs occupy the highest positions, followed by the priests, who wield considerable influence over all ranks. In the past, the slaves constituted the lowest rank.

== Culture ==

=== Lifestyle and customs ===

The Tai-Khamti are strong believers in [[Theravada Buddhism]]. Homes typically have a prayer room, where they pray every morning and evening, offering flowers (nam taw yongli) and food (khao tang som). The Tai-Khamti people are traditionally peaceful.

Their houses are built on raised floors with thatched roofs, constructed low enough so that the walls remain concealed. Wooden planks are used for flooring, while the walls are made from bamboo splices.

The Khamti are settled agriculturists who use a plough (thaie) drawn by a single animal, such as an ox, buffalo, or even an elephant in ancient times.

The Khamti cultivate crops like paddy rice (khow), mustard/sesame seeds (nga), and potatoes (man-kala). Rice is their staple food, usually complemented by vegetables, meat, and fish. They also drink a beer made from rice (lau), though it is not served during festivals. Some well-known dishes include ''khao puk'' (sticky rice and sesame seeds), ''khao lam'' (bamboo rice), ''paa sa'' (fresh river fish soup with special herbs), ''paa som'', and ''nam som'', among others. Beef is considered taboo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hattaway|first=Paul|title=Peoples of the Buddhist World: A Christian Prayer Diary|publisher=William Carey Library|year=2004|pages=131|isbn=978-0-87808-361-9}}</ref>

The Tai-Khamti are credited as the first people to have introduced tea drinking to India. However, there is no substantial documentation on the history of tea consumption in the Indian subcontinent before the colonial era. Tea leaves, native to some parts of India, may have been used since ancient times. The [[Jingpo people#Singpho people|Singpho]] and Khamti tribes, inhabiting regions where the ''[[Camellia sinensis]]'' plant grew naturally, have been consuming tea since the 12th century. It is possible that tea was known under a different name. Frederick R. Dannaway, in his essay "Tea As Soma,"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sites.google.com/site/delawareteasociety/Home/tea-as-soma|title=Tea As Soma pt. 1 – Delaware Tea Society|website=sites.google.com}}</ref> suggests that tea may have been referred to as "[[Soma (drink)|Soma]]" in Indian mythology.

=== Language and script ===

Khamti is a Southwestern Tai language spoken in Myanmar and India by the Khamti people. It is a Daic language, specifically belonging to the Kadai, Kam-Tai, Tai, Southwestern, Northwest branch. The language likely originated around Mogoung in [[Upper Myanmar]] and is closely related to Thai and Lao. The name "Khamti" translates to "place of gold", from ''kham'' 'gold' and ''-ti'' 'place'.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Tai-Khamti Phonology and Vocabulary |first=Alfons |last=Weidert |date=1977 |publisher=Franz Steiner Verlag |pages=44, 61}}</ref>

There are three dialects of Khamti: North Burma Khamti, India Khamti, and Sinkaling Khamti. Khamti speakers are bilingual, often fluent in Assamese and Burmese.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

The Tai-Khamti people have their own writing system, called 'Lik-Tai', which closely resembles the Northern [[Shan script]] of Myanmar, though some characters differ. This script is derived from the [[Lik Tho Ngok]] script used for centuries. The script includes 35 letters, consisting of 17 consonants and 14 vowels. Traditionally, it is taught in monasteries, where subjects like the Tripitaka, Jataka tales, codes of conduct, doctrines and philosophy, history, law codes, astrology, and palmistry are studied. The first printed book in this script was published in 1960. It was revised in 1992 by the Tai Literature Committee in Chongkham, and further modified in 2003 with tone markings by scholars from Northern Myanmar and Arunachal Pradesh.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

=== Dress ===

Traditional men's dress consists of a full-sleeved cotton shirt (siu pachai) and a multi-colored sarong (phanoi). Women's attire includes a long-sleeve shirt (siu pasao), a deep-colored long sarong ([[Sinh (clothing)|sinh]]) made from cotton or silk, and a colored silk scarf (phamai). Married women wear a plain black long wrap-around sarong (sinn) with a shorter green wrap-around cloth (langwat) worn over it.

Jewelry includes bright amber earplugs, coral, beaded necklaces, silver hairpins, bangles, and gold ornaments. Khamti men traditionally tattoo their bodies.

The Khamti wear their hair in a large knot supported by a white turban (pha-ho). Chiefs wear long silk coats, and their hair is drawn up from the back and sides into a roll four to five inches in length. This roll is encircled with an embroidered band, the fringed and tasseled ends of which hang behind.

=== Arts ===

The Khamti are renowned for their craftsmanship. Their swords, known as pha-nap, are prized, and their priests are amateur craftsmen who carve religious statues from wood, bone, or ivory.

The Khamti are skilled in shaping ivory handles for weapons, which are seen as a mark of great craftsmanship. Their weapons include poisoned bamboo spikes (panjis), spears, bows and arrows, swords, and shields, often made from rhinoceros or buffalo hide. They also possess firearms resembling old flint muskets and horse pistols. The sword is carried on the front of the body, so its hilt can be easily grasped with the right hand if needed.

=== Dance and drama ===

The dance "Ka Poong Tai" is one of the main dramatic art forms of the Tai-Khamti. Unlike many traditional Arunachali dances, Khamti dance is a dramatic performance reflecting the culture of the Khamti people.

Tai-Khamti folk dances have roots in [[Southeast Asian]] countries like [[Thailand]] and Myanmar. Many of their dances have religious themes. Some of the most prominent Tai-Khamti dances or dramas include:

* Peacock Dance (Kaa Kingnara Kingnari): This dance depicts the graceful movements of a mythical half-human, half-peacock creature from the Himalayas, reflecting Buddhist beliefs in nature.
* Cockfight Dance (Kaa Kong Tou Kai): Performed by two or four dancers wearing headgear shaped like a cock's head, this dance, accompanied by drumbeats (kongpat), cymbals (paiseng), and gongs (mong-seeing), mimics a cockfight, a tradition once used to entertain kings.
* Deer Dance (Kaa-Toe): Celebrated during the light festival in October (Nuen-Sip-Eit), this dance marks the return of the Buddha after preaching to his mother and other spirits. The dance, rooted in Buddhist beliefs, is a symbol of reverence.
* Demon Dance (Kaa Phi Phai): This dance portrays the victory of good over evil, with the Buddha achieving enlightenment despite the attempts of Mara, the king of evil spirits, to disturb his meditation. It symbolizes the Buddha’s attainment of Nirvana.

=== Festivals ===

The main festival of the Khamti is Sangken, celebrated on 14 April. During this festival, people of all tribes, castes, cultures, and races participate in rituals that involve splashing clean water, symbolizing peace and purity. Buddha images are taken for a ceremonial bath, and the procession is accompanied by drums, dances, and festivities. The celebration lasts for three days, during which locals prepare homemade sweets and exchange gifts.

In addition to Sangken, other festivals celebrated throughout the year include Poi-Pee-Mau (Tai Khampti New Year), Mai-Kasung-Phai, Khoa-Wa, and Poat-Wa.

==Notable people==
* Chao Khamoon Gohain, politician<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-11-05 |title=Chow Khamoon Gohain Namshum: Arunachal’s first MP and a pioneer |url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2020/11/05/chow-khamoon-gohain-namshum-arunachals-first-mp-and-a-pioneer/ |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=The Arunachal Times |language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[C. C. Gohain]], politician
* [[Chow Tewa Mein]], politician
* [[Chau Zingnu Namchoom]], politician
* [[Chowna Mein]], Deputy Chief Minister of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Indrajit Namchoom]], footballer

==References==
{{reflist}}

;Bibliography:
* {{Cite book |last=Edmonson |first=Jerold A. |chapter=SHAN AND OTHER NORTHERN TIER SOUTHEAST TAI LANGUAGES OF MYANMAR AND CHINA: THEMES AND VARIATIONS |title=The Tai-Kadai languages |editor1=Anthony V. N. Diller |editor2=Jerold A. Edmondson |editor3=Yongxian Luo |series=Routledge language family series |publisher=Routledge |date=2008 |pages=184-206}}
* {{Cite book |last=Morey |first=Stephen |chapter=The Tai Languages of Assam |title=The Tai-Kadai languages |editor1=Anthony V. N. Diller |editor2=Jerold A. Edmondson |editor3=Yongxian Luo |series=Routledge language family series |publisher=Routledge |date=2008 |pages=207-253}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |title=The Tai Khamtis |first=Lila |last=Gogoi |publisher=NEFA, Chowkhamoon Gohain (Namsoom) |date=1971}}
* {{cite journal |title=The Way of Life and Literature of the Tai Khamti of the Lohit Riverine in Arunachal Pradesh, India |first=Prakong |last=Nimmanhaeminda |journal=Journal of Thai-Tai Studies |volume=3 |issue=1 |publisher=Institute of Thai Studies, [[Chulalongkorn University]] |date=2007 |pages=7-22}}
* {{cite thesis |title=The Tai Khamtis Pradesh An Ethnographic Study |author=Hazarika Ranju Moni |publisher=Dibrugarh University |date=2017 |hdl=10603/293468 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293468}}
* {{cite thesis |title=The Tai Khamtis of Arunachal Pradesh A Historical Study upto 1947 AD |last=Mantche |first=Chow Chandra |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Tribal University |location=Amarkantak |date=2019 |hdl=10603/310758 |type=Doctor of Philosophy |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/310758}}

;Folktale collections:
* {{cite book |title=Lengdon's Legacy: Tai Khamti Folktales From Arunachal Pradesh |editor=Tertia Sandhu |location=India |publisher=National Book Trust |date=2010 |isbn= 9788123757957}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kht Ethnologue Profile]
* [http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=1,2083,0,0,1,0 Buddhist temple gutted in fire]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121213191340/http://www.eastexpedia.com/indiatourism/2107-poi-pee-mau-year-tai-people/ Significance of Poi Pee Mau]
* [http://taikhamtinamsai.blogspot.in/ Taikhampti Namsai blog]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140904203910/http://www.taikhamtiyouth.org/ TaiKhampti Youth website]

{{Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Ethnic groups in Burma}}
{{Hill tribes of Northeast India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Buddhist communities of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in South Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in China]]

Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation

2026-02-24T03:51:57Z

BlissKetoSupplement: done.

{{Short description|Civic body that governs Kancheepuram, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| house_type =
| foundation = {{start date and age|df=yes|2021|10|21}}
| budget =
| leader1_type = [[Mayor]]
| leader1 = M. Mahalakshmi
| leader2_type = [[Deputy Mayor]]
| leader2 = R. Kumaragurunaathan
| leader3_type = [[Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader3 = G. Kannan
| website = https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/
| motto =
| last_election1 =
}}

'''Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation''' is the civic body that governs the city of [[Kancheepuram]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is one of the four municipal corporations within the [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]], the other three being the central [[Greater Chennai Corporation]], the satellite [[Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]] and the [[Avadi City Municipal Corporation]]. Inaugurated on 21 October 2021 covering an area of 36.14 Sqkm with a population of 232,816. It is headed by [[Mayor]] who presides over 51 councillors, each of whom represents one of the 51 wards of the city and executive is governed by [[Municipal Commissioner]]. Located about 75 km from [[Chennai]] in Tamilnadu state of southern India, Kanchipuram is a temple City renowned for its majestic temple architecture and Silk sarees. Of the 108 holy temples of the Hindu god Vishnu (DivyaDesams), 14 are located in Kanchipuram. In ancient time the city was a hub for religious education and was known as the ghatikasthanam, or "place of learning".{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

== History and administration ==

Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation was formed in the year 2021<ref name="kan ref1">{{cite news |title=Tambaram, Kancheepuram to become Municipal Corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-become-municipal-corporations/article36077265.ece |access-date=3 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="kan ref2">{{cite news |title=Ordinances promulgated for upgrading four TN municipalities to corporations |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/oct/22/ordinances-promulgated-for-upgrading-four-tn-municipalities-to-corporations-2374271.html |access-date=3 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=22 October 2021}}</ref> and is one of 21 municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="kan ref3">{{cite news |title=Tambaram becomes the 20th municipal corporation of Tamil Nadu, Ordinance promulgated |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/nov/05/tambaram-becomes-the-20th-municipal-corporation-of-tamil-naduordinance-promulgated-2379839.html |access-date=3 December 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=5 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="kan ref6">{{cite news |last1=Mariappan |first1=Julie |title=Tamil Nadu: Ordinance promulgated for creation of 4 corporations {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-ordinance-promulgated-for-creation-of-4-corporations/articleshow/87221568.cms |access-date=3 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=23 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kan ref16">{{cite news |last1=Shanmughasundaram |first1=J. |title=Tambaram, Kancheepuram and four other municipalities to be corporations {{!}} Chennai News – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tambaram-kancheepuram-to-be-among-six-new-corporations-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/85594405.cms |access-date=3 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=24 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> The place is driven spiritually through many important spiritual places linked to several ancient Vaishnavite and Saivite temples with continuous inflow of visitors.<ref name="kan ref20">{{cite news |title=T.N. polls, Constituency Watch: Kancheepuram {{!}} Seeking impetus for tourism and the silk weaving industry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/seeking-impetus-for-tourism-and-the-silk-weaving-industry-constituency-watch-kancheepuram/article34113636.ece |access-date=3 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=20 March 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation a Commissioner Mayor, a Council, a Standing Committee, a Wards Committee for facilitating various works.

Currently{{when|date=March 2023}} the Municipal Commissioner is G. Kannan.{{citation needed|date=March 2023}}

Koneerikuppam, Thiruparuthikundram, Karuppadithattadai, Kizhkathirpur, Sirukaveripakkam, Thimmasamudram, Keezhambi, Putheri, Kaliyanoor, Vaipavoor, Enathur Village Panchayats are annexed to Kanchipuram City Municipal Corporation

== Factors driving Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation ==

Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation is driven by following factors:<ref name="kan ref4">{{cite news |title=Ordinance issued for formation of Tambaram Corporation |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/11/06062632/1327474/Ordinance-issued-for-formation-of-Tambaram-Corporation.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211202104857/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2021/11/06062632/1327474/Ordinance-issued-for-formation-of-Tambaram-Corporation.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 December 2021 |access-date=3 December 2021 |publisher=dtNext.in |date=6 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kan ref5">{{cite news |title=Ordinances promulgated for establishing four Corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ordinances-promulgated-for-establishing-four-corporations/article37131423.ece |access-date=3 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=22 October 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="kan ref7">{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu to have six more corporations, 28 municipalities – ET RealEstate |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/infrastructure/tamil-nadu-to-have-six-more-corporations-28-municipalities/85624432 |access-date=3 December 2021 |publisher=ETRealty.com |date=25 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kan ref8">{{cite news |title=Tamil Nadu to implement urban employment scheme |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/tamil-nadu-to-implement-urban-employment-scheme/article36994495.ece |access-date=3 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=13 October 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

* Population Growth.
* Increase in annual Income.
* Improvement of Roads.
* Providing drinking water.
* Improving landscape.
* Improving employment opportunities.<ref name="av ref11">{{cite news |title=TN govt set to implement urban employment scheme |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/tn-govt-urban-employment-scheme-7572428/ |access-date=2 December 2021 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=15 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* Improving relations between police and public.
* Waste Management.
* Arranging facilities during natural calamities.
* Establishing industrial units.
* Providing sewage connection.

== Municipal elections ==
In the [[2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections|2022 urban polls]], the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]-led [[Secular Progressive Alliance]] won 32 of the 51 wards in the Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation. M. Mahalakshmi, the DMK councillor from Ward 9, became the first Mayor of the city. R. Kumaragurunaathan is the first deputy mayor of the kanchipuram corporation.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-16 |title=Kancheepuram Mayor promises to work on water scarcity problem |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/kancheepuram-mayor-promises-to-work-on-water-scarcity-problem/article65227851.ece |access-date=2022-03-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[List of municipal corporations in India]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/kancheepuram/

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Kanchipuram]]

Suraiya filmography

2026-02-20T01:19:32Z

BlissKetoSupplement:

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Suraiya in Tadbir.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|Suraiya in the film ''Tadbir'']]
[[Suraiya|Suraiya Jamal Sheikh]] (15 June 1929 – 31 January 2004), mononymously known as '''Suraiya''', was an Indian actress and playback singer who worked in [[Hindi]] films.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ekbal |first1=Nikhar |title=Great Muslims of Undivided India |publisher=Kalpaz |isbn=9788178357560 |date=2009 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjWqXCOTehMC&q=Suraiya+ |language=en}}</ref>

In a career spanning from 1936 to 1964, Suraiya acted in over 70 films and sang 338 songs. Regarded among the finest and greatest actresses in the history of [[Indian cinema]], she was known for her strong on-screen portrayals.<ref name="SuraiyaBOI">{{cite web |title=Top Actresses |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104144753/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=4 January 2012 |access-date=24 September 2020 |work=Box Office India}}</ref> Suraiya was the most celebrated actress between the mid- to late 1940s and early 1950s and was paid more than her male counterparts.<ref name="SuraiyaExpress">{{Cite web |title=Suraiya: The 50s superstar who demanded higher fee than Dilip Kumar and Dev Anand |work=Indian Express |access-date=20 July 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/suraiya-demanded-higher-fee-than-dev-anand-dilip-kumar-praise-jawaharlal-nehru-gregory-peck-8663776/lite/ |archive-date=16 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816142138/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/suraiya-demanded-higher-fee-than-dev-anand-dilip-kumar-praise-jawaharlal-nehru-gregory-peck-8663776/lite/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suraiya: The magnificent diva with a golden voice |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/celebs/goldenframes/goldenframes-suraiya/amp_etarticleshow/83623282.cms |date=18 June 2021 |accessdate=20 November 2022 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Films==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| 1936
! scope="row"| ''Madam Fashion''
| Miss Suraiya
|
|
|-
| 1937
! scope="row"| ''Usne Kya Socha''
|
|
|
|-
| 1938
! scope="row"| ''Mother India''
|
|
|
|-
| 1941
! scope="row"| ''[[Taj Mahal (1941 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
| [[Mumtaz Mahal]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite tweet|number=1471829467907514370|user=Delhi_Archives|title=Poster of a Bollywood film "Taj Mahal", released in 1941.|author=Delhi Archives|date=17 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|1942
! scope="row"| ''[[Tamanna (1942 film)|Tamanna]]''
| Suraiya
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Station Master''
| Usha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1943
! scope="row"| ''[[Ishaara (1943 film)|Ishaara]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Hamari Baat]]''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5"|1945
! scope="row"| ''Yateem''
| Bharti
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Tadbir]]''
| Saguna
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Samrat Chandragupta''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Phool (1945 film)|Phool]]''
| Shama
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Main Kya Karoon''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1946
! scope="row"| ''[[Jag Biti]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[1857 (film)|1857]]''
| Tasnim
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Anmol Ghadi]]''
| Basanti
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upperstall.com/film/anmol-ghadi/ |title= Anmol Ghadi (1946) film review |author=Karan Bali |website=Upperstall.com website|date= 5 May 2016 |accessdate=20 November 2019}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Omar Khaiyyam]]''
| Mehru
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|1947
! scope="row"| ''[[Parwana (1947 film)|Parwana]]''
| Gopi
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Naatak''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Do Dil''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dard (1947 film)|Dard]]''
| Hamida
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dak Bangla (1947 film)|Dak Bangla]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Do Naina''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="7"|1948
! scope="row"| ''[[Aaj Ki Raat (film)|Aaj Ki Raat]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aaj-ki-raat-1481|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180423034858/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/aaj-ki-raat-1481|url-status=live|archive-date=23 April 2018|title=Aaj Ki Raat (1948) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos - Cinestaan|website=Cinestaan}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Vidya (film)|Vidya]]''
| Vidya
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Shakti''
| Shakti
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Rang Mahal''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Pyar Ki Jeet (1948 film)|Pyar Ki Jeet]]''
|
|
|<ref>[https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/pyar-ki-jeet Film 'Pyar Ki Jeet' (1948)] ''Indian Cinema Heritage Foundation website'' Retrieved 20 September 2022</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''Kajal''
| Kajal
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Gajre (film)|Gajre]]''
|Asha
|
|
|-
| rowspan="11"| 1949
! scope="row"| ''[[Singaar]]''
| Shanta
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Shair (1949 film)|Shair]]''
| Rani
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Naach''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Lekh''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Jeet (1949 film)|Jeet]]''
| Jeet
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Duniya''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dillagi (1949 film)|Dillagi]]''
| Mala
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Char Din''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Balam (1949 film)|Balam]]''
| Kamla
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Bari Behen]]''
| Shyama
|
|<ref name="TOI">[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nfai-adds-bari-behen-to-its-collection/articleshow/57167690.cms "NFAI adds Suraiya's 1949 film Bari Behen to collection"]. ''The Times of India''. 26 February 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2020.</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Amar Kahani]]''
| Kanchan
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6"| 1950
! scope="row"| ''Shaan''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Nilli''
| Nilli
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Khiladi''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Kamal Ke Phool''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Dastan (1950 film)|Dastan]]''
| Indira
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Afsar (1950 film)|Afsar]]}}
| Bimala
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1951
! scope="row"| ''Shokiyan''
| Sanwli
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Sanam (1951 film)|Sanam]]''
| Sadhana Devi
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Rajput (1951 film)|Rajput]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Do Sitare''
| Rani
|
|
|-
| rowspan="6"|1952
! scope="row"| ''[[Resham (film)|Resham]]''
| Resham
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Moti Mahal (film)|Moti Mahal]]''
| Roopa
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Lal Kunwar (film)|Lal Kunwar]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Khubsoorat (1952 film)|Khubsoorat]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Goonj''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Diwana (1952 film)|Diwana]]''
| Laali
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/diwana-7328/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019220433/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/diwana-7328/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=19 October 2017|title=Diwana (1952) – Full Cast and Crew |website=Cinestaan.com |language=en-us|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>
|-
| 1953
! scope="row"| ''Mashuqa''
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4"| 1954
! scope="row"| ''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]''
| Moti Begum / Chaudhvin Begum{{efn|Suraiya played a single character with two or more names.}}
|
|<ref>{{cite book|title=The Herald|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rwMTAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=7 October 2015|series=1-3|volume=35|date=January 2004}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Bilwamangal (1954 film)|Bilwamangal]]''
| Chintamani
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Waris (1954 film)|Waris]]''
| Shobha
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''Shama Parwana''
| Sahebzadi Aalam
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1955
! scope="row"| ''[[Kanchan (film)|Kanchan]]''
| Kanchan
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Inam (film)|Inam]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 1956
! scope="row"| ''[[Mr. Lambu]]''
| Jyoti
|
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Films celebrating brother-sister bond few and subtle in today's Bollywood |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/less-of-brother-sister-bonding-in-bollywood-films-now-174316-2013-08-18 |newspaper=India Today |location=[[India]] |date=19 August 2003 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1958
! scope="row"| ''[[Trolly Driver]]''
| Renu
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Miss 1958]]''
|
|
|
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Malik (1958 film)|Malik]]''
|
|
|
|-
| 1961
! scope="row"| ''[[Shama (1961 film)|Shama]]''
| Roshan Ara
|
|
|-
| 1963
! scope="row"| ''[[Rustam Sohrab]]''
| [[Tahmina|Shehzadi Tahmina]]
| Final film
|
|-
| 1964
! scope="row"| ''[[Shagoon]]''
| {{N/A}}
| Producer (as Suraiya Mubin)
|<ref name="Anantharaman2008">{{cite book|author=Ganesh Anantharaman|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA75|date=January 2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306340-7|page=75}}</ref>
|}

== Discography ==
* ''This list does not include all the songs sung by Suraiya.''
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Composer
! class="unsortable"| Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2"|1942
! scope="row"| ''[[Nai Duniya]]''
| "Boot Karun Mai Polish, Babu"
| rowspan="7"|[[Naushad]]
|rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|access-date=12 August 2012|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute|isbn=9780851706696 }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Sharda (1942 film)|Sharda]]''
| {{N/A}}
|-
| rowspan="5"|1943
! scope="row" rowspan="4"|''[[Kanoon (1943 film)|Kanoon]]''
| "Aaye Jawani Jaaye Jawani"
| rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Ek Tu Ho|url=http://www.naushadsongs.musicworldofindia.com/index.php?ptype=audio-movie-alpha&paged=2&songid=3341|website=naushadsongs.musicworldofindia.com|publisher=Music world of India.com|accessdate=30 March 2015|ref=Naushad songs|archive-date=3 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403012500/http://www.naushadsongs.musicworldofindia.com/index.php?ptype=audio-movie-alpha&paged=2&songid=3341|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| "Ek Dil Tera Ek Dil Mera"
|-
| "Ek Tu Ho Ek Main Hoon"
|-
| "Toot Gaya Ek Tara Mann Ka"
|-
! scope="row"| ''[[Sanjog (1943 film)|Sanjog]]''
| {{N/A}}
|
|-
| 1946
! scope="row"| ''[[Shama (1946 film)|Shama]]''
| {{N/A}}
| [[Ghulam Haider (composer)|Ghulam Haider]]
|<ref name=TNI>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/568852-remembering-master-ghulam-haider |title=Remembering Master Ghulam Haider|author=Sarwat Ali|date=10 November 2019|newspaper=The News International (newspaper)|access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="14"|1949
! scope="row" rowspan="4"|''[[Bari Behen|Badi Behen]]''
| "Ho Likhnewale Ne Likh Di"
| rowspan="9"| [[Husnlal Bhagatram]]
| rowspan="4"|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://upperstall.com/film/bari-behen/ |website=Upperstall.com website |author=Karan Bali |title=Bari Behen film review|date=5 May 2014 |accessdate=23 May 2020}}</ref>
|-
| "Bigdi Bananewale"
|-
| "Woh Paas Rahe Ya Door Rahe"
|-
| "Tum Mujh Ko Bhool Jao"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"|''[[Amar Kahani]]''
| "Diwali Ki Raat"
| rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mishra|first1=Vijay|title=Bollywood Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v1zcvGwVckgC&q=shyam+sundar+actor|year=2013|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9781135310929}}</ref>
|-
| "Beete Hue Din Raat"
|-
| "Umangon Par Jawani"
|-
| "Yaad Aa Raha Hai Dil Ko"
|-
| "Ek Teri Nazar Ek Meri Nazar"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="5"|''[[Shair (film)|Shair]]''
| "Aaj Koi Hai Aanewala"
| rowspan="5"|[[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]]
|rowspan="5"|<ref>{{cite book |last=Erik |first=Barnouw |title=Indian film |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J_cKAQAAMAAJ |year=1980 |publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated |isbn=978-0-19-502682-5}}</ref>
|-
| "Dil Ki Duniya Ujad Gayi"
|-
| "Hamen Tum Bhul Baithe"
|-
| "Duniya Ke Sitam Ka Koi"
|-
| "Kya Cheez Hai Mohabbat"
|-
| rowspan="15"|1950
! scope="row" rowspan="9"|''[[Dastan (1950 film)|Dastan]]''
| "Yeh Sawan Ki Rut, Tum Aur Hum, Dil Nache Re Chham Chham Chham"
| rowspan="9"|[[Naushad]]
| rowspan="9"|<ref>{{cite web |title=Dastan (1950) All Songs |url=http://myswar.com/album/dastaan-1950 |publisher=MySwar |accessdate=21 March 2015 |archive-date=20 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150820061720/http://myswar.com/album/dastaan-1950 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| "Dil Ko Teri Tasveer Se Behlaye Huye Hai, Behlaye Huye Hai"
|-
| "Dhadak Dhadak Dil Dhadke, Phadak Phadak Nain Phadke"
|-
| "Mohabbat Badhakar Juda Ho Gaye"
|-
| "Yeh Mausam Aur Yeh Tanhai"
|-
| "Naam Tera Hai Zuban Par"
|-
| "Nainon Mein Preet Hai"
|-
| "Aaya Mere Dil Mein Tu"
|-
| "Ae Shama Tu Bata"
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="6"|''[[Afsar (1950 film)|Afsar]]''
| "Mann Mor Huaa Matawaala"
| rowspan="6"|[[S. D. Burman]]
|rowspan="6"|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Baghdadi |first1=Rafique |last2=Rao |first2=Rajiv |title=Talking films |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OalZAAAAMAAJ |year=1995 |publisher=Indus |isbn=978-81-7223-197-2}}</ref>
|-
| "Nain Diwane Ek Nahi Mane"
|-
| "Gun Gun Gun Gun Bole Re Bhanwar"
|-
| "Preet Ka Nata Jodne Wale"
|-
| "Jhat Khol De Kiwad Pat Khol De"
|-
| "Pardesi Re Jate Jate Kiya Mora Liye Ja"
|-
| rowspan="11"|1951
! scope="row" rowspan="11"| ''[[Sanam (1951 film)|Sanam]]''
| "O Sanam, Main Tujhe Pukaarun SanamSanam"
| rowspan="11"|[[Husnlal Bhagatram]]
|rowspan="11"|<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=KWaqQwAACAAJ Suraiya and Dev Anand's Last Film Together - Sanam 1951]</ref>
|-
| "Mai Kah Du Tumko Chor To"
|-
| "Bedard Shikaari Are Bedard Shikaari"
|-
| "Mere Chahne Wale Hazar"
|-
| "Honthon Pe Kisi Kaa Naam, Isakaa Kyaa Matalab Hai"
|-
| "Bolo Bolo Re Bhagwan Bolo Bolo Re"
|-
| "Duniya Wale Meri Duniya Lut Gayi"
|-
| "Mera Dil Todkar Jaane Wale"
|-
| "Nayaa Nayaa Hai Pyaar Zamaanaa Dekh Na Le"
|-
| "Ye Kehti Hai Dunia Tujhe Bhul Jau"
|-
| "Dil Le Gaya Ji Koi Dil Le Gaya"
|-
| rowspan="5"|1952
! scope="row" rowspan="5"|''[[Diwana (1952 film)|Diwana]]''
| "Mora Nazuk Badan"
| rowspan="5"| [[Naushad]]
| rowspan="5"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/hindi/film/diwana-1952|title=Diwana Cast, Trailers, Reviews, Music |website=Indian Film History |language=en-US|access-date=2017-10-19}}</ref>
|-
| "Dil Mein Aa Gaya Koi"
|-
| "Jeene Diya Na Chain Se"
|-
| "Mere Chand Mere Lal"
|-
| "Lagi Hai Manmandir"
|-
| rowspan="5"|1954
! scope="row" rowspan="5"|''[[Mirza Ghalib (film)|Mirza Ghalib]]''
| "Dil - E - Nadan Tujhe"
| rowspan="5"|[[Ghulam Mohammed (composer)|Ghulam Mohammed]]
|rowspan="5"|<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120922021954/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=160&catName=MTk1NA== Mirza Ghalib (1954 film) among the Top Ten Earners at the Box Office in 1954] ''Box Office India'', Retrieved 27 November 2019</ref>
|-
| "Aah Ko Chahiye Ek Umar"
|-
| "Nukta Cheen Hai"
|-
| "Jahan Koi Na Ho"
|-
| "Yeh Na Thi Hamari Qismat"
|-
| rowspan="3"|1956
! scope="row" rowspan="3"|''[[Mr. Lambu]]''
| "Tu Zara Si Baat Par Khafa Na Ho"
| rowspan="3"|[[O. P. Nayyar]]
|rowspan="3"|<ref>[https://www.cinemasangeet.com/hindi-film-music/profiles/o-p-nayyar-the-rhythm-king.html O.P.Nayyar – The Rhythm King – Hindi Film Music – Profiles]. Cinema Sangeet (16 January 1926). Retrieved on 2018-11-08.</ref>
|-
| "Yaad Karoon Tohri Batiya"
|-
| "Soyi Hai Kahan Jakar"
|-
| 1963
! scope="row"| ''[[Rustam Sohrab]]''
| "Yeh Kaisi Ajab Dastaan Ho Gayi Hai"
| [[Sajjad Hussain (composer)|Sajjad Hussain]]
|<ref name="Trendsetter">{{cite book |last1=Desai |first1=Malay Ashokkumar |title=TREND SETTERS OF PLAYBACK SINGING |publisher=Sankalp Publication |isbn=9789390636358 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5co7EAAAQBAJ&dq=suraiya+actress&pg=PA15 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suraiya}}
[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Sundar C. Babu

2026-02-05T17:05:10Z

BlissKetoSupplement: creating initial info from scratch

{{Short description|Indian musician}}
{{distinguish|Sundar C}}
{{Other uses|Sundar (disambiguation){{!}}Sundar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Sundar C. Babu
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| instruments =
| genre = [[Film score]]
| occupations = Composer, music director, singer
| years_active = 2004–present
| website =
}}
'''Sundar C. Babu''' is an Indian musician who composes music for [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films. He is the son of veena vidhwan Dr. Chitti Babu and Sudakshina Devi, and his brothers are Rangasai and Radhakrishnan. Under his father's guidance, Babu began his film composing career in 2006 with the Malayalam film ''[[Chacko Randaaman]]''. He gained recognition with his Tamil debut in ''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' in the same year. The song "Vaala Meenukkum" from this film became popular, and since then, he has composed music for various films. His work in Telugu films started with the film ''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]''. He studied at Alpha School.<ref>{{cite web |author=S. R. Ashok kumar |title=Hitting the high notes |website=The Hindu |date=24 January 2011 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Hitting-the-high-notes/article15531746.ece |access-date=20 May 2024 |archive-date=7 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207005751/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Hitting-the-high-notes/article15531746.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Kalki |language=ta |access-date=17 March 2024 |title=வாள மீனு பிறந்த கதை! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki2006-04-23/page/80/mode/2up |page=80 |date=23 April 2006}}</ref>

== Discography ==
*''Note: ♦ indicates a remake film.''
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Tamil !! Other languages !! Notes
|-
| 2004 ||''[[Vaanam Vasappadum]]'' || ||Credited as co-music director
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2006 || || ''[[Chacko Randaaman]]'' ([[Malayalam]]) ||
|-
|''[[Chithiram Pesuthadi]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2008 || ''[[Anjathey]]'' || ''Sneham'' (Telugu dubbed version) ''Anjadiru'' ♦ (2009; [[Kannada]]) ||
|-
| ''[[Panchamirtham]]'' || ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Nadodigal]]'' ||''[[Shambo Shiva Shambo]]'' ♦ (2010; [[Telugu language|Telugu]]) ''[[Ithu Nammude Katha]]'' ♦ (2011; Malayalam) ''[[Rangrezz]]'' ♦ (2013; [[Hindi]]) || Credited as co-music director in Malayalam and Hindi versions. Score composed by [[Bijibal]] in Malayalam version.
|-
| rowspan="4"|2010 || ''[[Sindhu Samaveli]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Azhagaana Ponnuthan]]'' ||''Highschool'' (Telugu) ||
|-
|''[[Agam Puram]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Viruthagiri]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2011 || ''[[Aadu Puli]]'' || ||
|-
|''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Shiva (actor)|Shiva Poojayil Karadi]]'' || ||rowspan="2"|Film unreleased Only songs released
|-
|''[[Agarathi]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Poraali]]'' || ''Sangarshana'' (Telugu) ||
|-
| ''[[Markandeyan]]'' || ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Chaarulatha]]'' || ''Chaarulatha'' (Kannada, Telugu) ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Atti (film)|Atti]]'' || || Also distributor
|-
|2026 ||''[[Kaa – The Forest]]''|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm2584865}}

{{TamilNaduStateAwardForBestMusicDirector}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Babu, Sundar C.}}
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Pav bhaji

2026-01-31T11:18:15Z

BlissKetoSupplement: reworked layout for accuracy also and added references

{{Short description|Thin vegetable curry based savory dish in India}}
{{Distinguish|Bhaji}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Pav Bhaji
| image = Bambayya Pav bhaji.jpg
| caption = A plate of Pav Bhaji.|
| alternate_name = Bhaji-pav
| country = India
| region = Mumbai, [[Maharashtra]]
| creator = |
| course = [[main course|Main]]
| served = Hot
| main_ingredient = Bread, mixed vegetables
| variations = Red Pav Bhaji, Masala Pav Bhaji, Black Pav Bhaji, Green Pav Bhaji, Khada Pav Bhaji
| other =
}}
'''Pav bhaji''', or '''pao bhaji''' ([[Marathi Language|Marathi]] : पाव भाजी ''pāʋ bhājī'') is a staple food of India, consisting of a thick spicy vegetable curry (''bhaji'') served with a soft, buttered bread roll (''pav''). It is typically served either as a street snack or main dish, and originates from the city of [[Mumbai]] in [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=Najmi|first1=Quaid|title=Meet Mumbai's rags-to-riches Restaurant King|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/Meet-Mumbais-rags-to-riches-Restaurant-King/2013/11/06/article1875361.ece|website=The New indian Express|date=6 November 2013|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-date=17 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917113534/http://www.newindianexpress.com/business/news/Meet-Mumbais-rags-to-riches-Restaurant-King/2013/11/06/article1875361.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=liza |date=2023-05-20 |title=Culinary Hack: Making Delicious Pav Bhaji at Home Without Spending Hours - Desher Barta |url=https://desherbarta.in/culinary-hack-making-delicious-pav-bhaji-at-home-without-spending-hours/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=[[Desher Barta]] |language=en-US |archive-date=20 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520102922/https://desherbarta.in/culinary-hack-making-delicious-pav-bhaji-at-home-without-spending-hours/ |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

== History ==
The dish originated as a fast lunchtime dish for [[textile mill]] workers in [[Mumbai]].<ref name=deccanherald>{{cite web|last1=Patrao|first1=Michael|title=Taking pride in our very own pav|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/32025/taking-pride-our-very-own.html|website=Deccan Herald|date=23 October 2009|publisher=The Printers (Mysore) Private Ltd|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-date=12 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151012235333/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/32025/taking-pride-our-very-own.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=mint>{{cite web|last1=Patel|first1=Aakar|title=What Mumbaikars owe to the American Civil War: 'pav bhaji'|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jydWXXQfOONBU8jaCtLAXO/What-Mumbaikars-owe-to-the-American-Civil-War-8216pav-bh.html|website=Live Mint|date=4 August 2011|publisher=HT Media Limited|access-date=31 May 2015|archive-date=31 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531210232/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/jydWXXQfOONBU8jaCtLAXO/What-Mumbaikars-owe-to-the-American-Civil-War-8216pav-bh.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Pav bhaji was later served at restaurants throughout the city.<ref name="mint"/><ref name=HT>{{cite web|last1=Munshaw-Ghildiyal|first1=Rushina|title=A feast of flavours|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/a-feast-of-flavours/article1-722425.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420145415/http://www.hindustantimes.com/mumbai/a-feast-of-flavours/article1-722425.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 April 2015|website=Hindustan Times|publisher=HT Media Limited|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> Pav bhaji is now offered at outlets from simple hand carts to formal restaurants in India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pathak|first1=Anil|title='Bhaji pav' to invade NY's Times Square|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Bhaji-pav-to-invade-NYs-Times-Square/articleshow/46999100.cms|website=The Times of India|date=20 May 2003 |publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd|access-date=13 January 2015|archive-date=25 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125125936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Bhaji-pav-to-invade-NYs-Times-Square/articleshow/46999100.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Rajesh|first1=Monisha|author-link=Monisha Rajesh|title=10 of the best street foods in Mumbai|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/mar/01/10-best-street-food-mumbai-india|website=The Guardian|date=1 March 2012|publisher=Guardian News and Media Limited|access-date=2 September 2015|archive-date=6 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906081200/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/mar/01/10-best-street-food-mumbai-india|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Preparation ==
Pav bhaji is a spiced mixture of mashed vegetables in a thick gravy served with bread. Vegetables in the curry may commonly include potatoes, onions, carrots, chillies, peas, bell peppers, egg plant, cabbage and tomatoes. Street sellers usually cook the curry on a flat griddle ([[tava]]) and serve the dish hot. A soft white bread roll is the usual accompaniment to the curry, but this does not preclude the use of other bread varieties such as [[chapati]], [[roti]] or brown bread.

== Variants ==
Variations on pav bhaji include:
* Cheese pav bhaji, with cheese on top of the bhaji
* Fried pav bhaji, with the pav tossed in the bhaji
* Paneer pav bhaji, with [[paneer]] in the bhaji
* Mushroom pav bhaji, with mushrooms in the bhaji
* Khada pav bhaji, in which vegetables are in chunks rather than mashed
* [[Jain vegetarianism|Jain]] pav bhaji, without onions and garlic<ref>{{cite book|last1=Dalal|first1=Tarla|title=Mumbai's Roadside Snacks|date=2010|publisher=Sanjay & Company|location=Mumbai|isbn=978-81-89491-66-6|page=60|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kjEPd1NmmkC&pg=PA60|access-date=31 May 2015}}</ref> and with [[Plantain (cooking)|plantain]]s instead of potatoes<ref>{{cite web|last1=Kumar|first1=Shikha|title=In search of the perfect pav bhaji|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/in-search-of-the-perfect-pav-bhaji/story-NGNxEke5VWUSea2kybkFWN.html|website=Hindustan Times|date=26 November 2016|publisher=HT Media Limited|access-date=4 March 2017|archive-date=5 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305041725/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/in-search-of-the-perfect-pav-bhaji/story-NGNxEke5VWUSea2kybkFWN.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Sada pav which only consists of pav
* Sada bhaji which only consists of bhaji
* [[Kolhapur]]i pav bhaji, using a spice mix common in Kolhapur
* Masala pav bhaji, with garam masala in the bhaji
* Beetroot pav bhaji, adding beetroot to the classic pav bhaji<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tarladalal.com/beetroot-pav-bhaji-recipe-42491r | title=Beetroot Pav Bhaji Recipe }}</ref>
* Chinese pav bhaji, using ingredients used in Chinese dishes such as Vinegar, soy sauce<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tarladalal.com/chinese-pav-bhaji-41197r | title=Chinese Pav Bhaji }}</ref>
* Moong sprouts bhaji, pav bhaji with moong sprouts<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tarladalal.com/moong-sprouts-pav-bhaji-sprouts-ki-pav-bhaji-31080r | title=Moong sprouts pav bhaji recipe | sprouts ki pav bhaji | healthy Indian pav bhaji | pav bhaji with moong bean sprouts | }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Street food}}

[[Category:Street food in India]]
[[Category:Indian fast food]]
[[Category:Maharashtrian cuisine]]
[[Category:Curry dishes]]
[[Category:Spicy foods]]
[[Category:Chili pepper dishes]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]

Edulabad

2026-01-22T15:58:54Z

BlissKetoSupplement: Revised and enhanced article content

{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Edulabad
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Edulabad temple.jpg
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_alt =
| image_caption = A temple in Edulabad
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 501301
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08415
| registration_plate = TS 08 XXXX
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Edulabad''' is a village in [[Medchal-Malkajgiri district]] in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It falls under [[Ghatkesar|Ghatkesar mandal]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/02/14/stories/2004021400840300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203114604/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2004/02/14/stories/2004021400840300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2014|title=Slate — The School|author=throh|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-02-14|accessdate=19 January 2014}}</ref> Edulabad has a big lake known as Edulabad Water Reservoir (EBWR). It is famous for Andal Ranganayaka swamy temple , Venu Gopala swamy temple and Shri Bramaramba sametha Mallikarjuna Swamy temple

Educational Institutions

1. Megha Engineering college for women's Edulabad

2.Omega PG college and Omega B.pharmacy college, Edulabad

3. GBN B.pharmacy college, Koremula road Edulabad Village

4. Urban Residential School (boys)

5. Telangana Social Welfare Residential school (Functioning at KITE college)

6. ZPHS Boys & Girls High School

7. Primary schools (2)

8. Vidya Kiran School

9. Pudami School

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Ranga Reddy district]]

{{Rangareddi-geo-stub}}

Bhimeshvara Temple, Nilagunda

2026-01-20T15:05:36Z

BlissKetoSupplement: done.

{{short description|Shaiva temple at Davanagere, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhimeshvara Temple
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = kn
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Rear view of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Bhimeshvara temple (1075-1100 AD) at Nilagunda in [[Davangere district]]
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|14|17|N|76|05|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Davanagere district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Harpanahalli]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of Constituencies of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Davanagere]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

The '''Bhimeshvara''' temple (also spelt '''Bhimesvara''' or '''Bhimeshwara''') is a temple in the town of Nilagunda (also spelt Neelagunda) in the [[Davangere district]] of [[Karnataka]] state, [[India]].

==Bhimeshvara Temple==
[[File:Lintel and door jamb relief in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda.JPG|thumb|upright|Decorative lintel and door jamb at entrance to vestibule in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda]]
[[File:Kirtimukha relief sculpture on tiered superstructure over shrine in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda.JPG|thumb|upright|Kirtimukha relief sculpture on tiered superstructure over shrine in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda]]

According to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], the construction of the temple was undertaken in the last quarter of the 11th century during the rule of the [[Western Chalukyas]] (also known as Kalyani or Later Chalukyas) over the region.<ref name="Nilagunda">{{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/davanagere-7.html|title=Bhimesvara Temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|accessdate=19 May 2015|archive-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522035604/http://asibengalurucircle.org/davanagere-7.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Art historian [[Adam Hardy (architectural historian)|Adam Hardy]] dates the temple to the 12th century and classifies the architectural style as "Later Chalukya, non-mainstream", with [[Hoysala architecture|Hoysala]] influences. The temple has four sanctums (''chatuskuta vimana'') with a superstructure (''[[shikhara]]'') surviving only over the main west facing shrine. The building material is [[soapstone]].<ref name="nonmainstream">Hardy (1995), p 340</ref> The temple is protected as a monument of national importance by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name="Nilagunda"/><ref name="protected">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=19 May 2015}}</ref>

==Temple plan and decoration==
Of the four sanctums in the temple, the ones in the north, west and south each have a [[Antechamber|vestibule]] (called ''[[antarala]]'') and a common hall (called ''sabhamantapa'' or just ''[[mantapa]]''). The common hall opens to a porch entrance (called ''mukhamantapa'') in the east which has a minor fourth shrine attached to it. The entrance to the porch is a lateral one. According to the historian Kamath, Western Chalukya temples usually exhibit ''[[vesara]]'' style superstructure (called ''[[shikhara]]''), and this is confirmed by the Archaeological Survey of India which designates the overall plan as ''vesara'' (a fusion of south and north Indian styles). The superstructure is a 3-tiered tower (called ''tritala'').<ref name="Nilagunda"/><ref name="ves">Kamath (2001), p116</ref>

The outer wall of the temple has projections and recesses creating niches. In these niches are miniature decorative towers in [[relief]] (called ''[[aedicula]]'' or [[Turret (architecture)|turrets]]), the execution of which evolved during the Later Chalukya rule. The ''Vesara'' style aedicula are supported by double [[pilasters]] while the ''[[dravidian architecture|Dravida]]'' (south Indian) style aedicula is supported by single pilasters. The art historian Percy Brown calls the Later Chalukyan style of wall decoration "exceptionally well rendered", and according to Kamath, the miniature towers are wrought in a "most artistic refrain".<ref name="ref">Kamath (2001), p 117</ref> Each tier of the superstructure has a ''[[kirtimukha]]'' (gargoyle like face). Below each ''kirtimukha'', is a relief of a deity such as the [[Nataraja]] or [[Maheshvara]] (both forms of the Hindu god [[Shiva]]). Worthy of mention is the ornate relief on the [[lintel]] and [[door jamb]] at the entrance to each sanctum (''[[garbhagriha]]'') which exhibit ''Saiva'' ''[[dvarapalas]]'' ("guardians" to a shrine of the god Shiva) flanked by female umbrella (''chauri'') bearers. Facing the west sanctum is a small sculpture of [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]] the bull. There are sculptures of various deities from the Hindu pantheon in the niches in the interior wall of the temple, such as [[Ganesh]] (elephant headed god of "beginnings" in Hinduism), [[Mahishamardini|Mahishasuramardhini]] (a form of [[Durga]]) and the [[Saptamatrika]] (the seven Hindu goddesses). The ceiling in the common hall is supported by four polished lathe turned pillars, which according to Kamath is also a characteristic feature of Western Chalukya temples.<ref name="ves"/>

==Notes==
{{reflist|1}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Sculpture of Shiva and Parvati in the mantapa of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda.JPG|Sculpture of Shiva and Parvati in the mantapa of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda
File:Mantapa in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda.JPG|Mantapa with lathe turned pillarssupporting bay ceiling in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda
File:Close up of the lintel over shrine entrance in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda.JPG|Close up of the lintel over shrine entrance in the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda
File:Profile of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda 1.JPG|Profile of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda
File:Profile of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda 2.JPG|Profile of the Bhimeshvara temple at Nilagunda
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Kalleshvara Temple, Bagali]]

==References==
*{{cite web|url=http://asibengalurucircle.org/davanagere-7.html|title=Bhimesvara Temple|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Bengaluru Circle|publisher=ASI Bengaluru Circle|accessdate=19 May 2015|archive-date=22 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522035604/http://asibengalurucircle.org/davanagere-7.html|url-status=dead}}
*Adam Hardy, Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation : the Karṇāṭa Drāviḍa Tradition, 7th to 13th Centuries, Abhinav, 1995, New Delhi, {{ISBN|81-7017-312-4}}.
*{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_karnataka_bangalore.asp|title=Alphabetical List of Monuments - Karnataka -Bangalore, Bangalore Circle, Karnataka|work=Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts|accessdate=15 July 2012}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kamath |first=Suryanath U. |title=A concise history of Karnataka: from pre-historic times to the present |orig-date=1980 |year=2001 |publisher=Jupiter books |location=Bangalore |oclc=7796041 |lccn=80905179}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhimeshvara Temple, Nilagunda}}
{{Settlements in Davanagere district}}
{{Hindu temples in Karnataka}}
{{Historical places of Chalukyas}}

[[Category:Western Chalukya Empire]]
[[Category:Chalukya dynasty]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Davanagere district]]

Sinam Rokeson Singh

2026-01-16T14:20:30Z

BlissKetoSupplement: creating new bio v1

{{Short description|Indian kho kho player}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
'''Sinam Rokeson Khuman Singh''' (born 2000) is an Indian kho kho player from [[Manipur]]. He plays for the [[India men's national kho kho team]] as a wazir and an attacker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kho Kho Federation of India (KKFI) - KKFI Official Website |url=https://khokhofederation.in/world-cup-team-matches/?id=2 |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=Kho Kho Federation |language=en-US}}</ref> He was part of the Indian men’s team that won the inaugural [[Kho Kho World Cup]] held at [[New Delhi]] in January 2025. He played for [[Telugu Yoddhas|Telugu Yodhas]] in the first season of the [[Ultimate Kho Kho]] (UKK), a franchise based league tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: All you need to know — Preview, Teams, Format, Schedule, Where to Watch, Live Streaming |url=https://thebridge.in/kho-kho/ultimate-preview-teams-schedule-when-live-stream-34526 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> In the second season, he played for [[Mumbai Khiladis]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Player Name {{!}} Telugu Yoddhas {{!}} Ultimate Kho Kho team |url=https://www.gmrsports.in/telugu-yoddhas/players/sinam-rokeson-singh-profile-315 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.gmrsports.in |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ultimate Kho Kho: Telugu Yoddhas, Gujarat Giants finish league stage with wins |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/ultimate-kho-kho-telugu-yoddhas-gujarat-giants-finish-league-stage-with-wins20220901110841/ |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Singh is from Imphal, Manipur. His father is a farmer. He did his schooling at Nilapadma Higher Secondary School, [[Sekmai Bazar|Sekmai]], Imphal. Later, he studied at [[Biramangol College|Birmangol College]], Sawombung village, Imphal. He started playing kho kho in 2010.<ref name=":0" /> He is also a football player and plays the Manipur State League for USA Khurai team.

== Career ==
In January 2025, Singh was part of the Indian team that won the inaugural Kho Kho World Cup at New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women's Captain Priyanka Ingle Gears Up For Kho Kho World Cup {{!}} Other Sports News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/othersports/india-womens-captain-priyanka-ingle-gears-up-for-kho-kho-world-cup-7462836 |access-date=2025-03-16 |website=NDTVSports.com |language=en}}</ref> The Indian team were placed in Group A and defeated [[Nepal men's national kho kho team|Nepal]], [[Brazil]], [[Peru]] and [[Bhutan]] in the group stages. In the quarterfinals, India defeated [[Sri Lanka men's national kho kho team|Sri Lanka]] and beat [[South Africa men's national kho kho team|South Africa]] 62-42 in the semifinals.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Feel blessed": India's Gowtham MK after reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 final |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final20250119134404/ |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Feel Blessed': India's Gowtham MK & Sachin Bhargo Expressed There Feelings After Reaching Kho Kho World Cup 2025 Final |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/sports/feel-blessed-indias-gowtham-mk-sachin-bhargo-expressed-there-feelings-after-reaching-kho-kho-world-cup-2025-final |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramji Kashyap, V Subramani star as India crushes Sri Lanka to reach Kho Kho WC 2025 semi-finals |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/ramji-kashyap-v-subramani-star-as-india-crushes-sri-lanka-to-reach-kho-kho-wc-2025-semi-finals20250117223226/ |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> In the finals, India defeated Nepal 54-36 to lift their maiden World Cup.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2025-01-20 |title=Kho Kho World Cup: Indian men's team crowned champion |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/kho-kho-world-cup-indian-mens-team-crowned-champion/articleshow/117382218.cms |access-date=2025-03-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

He represented Manipur in the Junior National Kho Kho Championship and since then, he has been a regular member of the Manipur team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sinam Rokeson Singh Profile 315 |url=https://www.ultimatekhokho.com/players/sinam-rokeson-singh-profile-315 |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=Ultimate Kho Kho |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.facebook.com/rokeson.lai Rokeson Singh on Facebook]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sinam Rokeson}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kho kho players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Manipur]]

Kusha grass

2025-12-28T05:15:24Z

BlissKetoSupplement:

[[File:तर्पणम् Tarpanam.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Image of pavitram grass used in a [[tarpana]].]]
{{Short description|Sanskrit terms for Desmostachya bipinnata}}

'''Kusha''' ({{langx|sa|कुश}}), '''darbha''' ({{langx|sa|दर्भ}}) and '''pavitram''' ({{langx|sa|पवित्रम्}}) are the [[Sanskrit]] terms for ''[[Desmostachya bipinnata]]'' grass. This grass is of literary and ritual significance in [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dalal |first=Roshen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&dq=kusha+grass&pg=PT711 |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |date=2014-04-18 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-277-9 |pages=711 |language=en}}</ref>

In the performance of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic]] rituals such as the [[Homa (ritual)|homa]] and [[tarpana]], the kusha grass is shaped like a ring and is worn by a [[Hindu priest|priest]] on the ring finger of his right hand.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prakash |first=Dr Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1rFuEAAAQBAJ&dq=darbha+grass+pavitram&pg=PA417 |title=Significance of Indian Medicinal Plants and Mushrooms |publisher=Krishna Publication House |isbn=978-93-90627-49-3 |pages=417 |language=en}}</ref> The auspicious day for uprooting the sacred grass Kusha is the [[amavasya]] day of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]] month in [[Hinduism]] called as [[Kush Amavasya|Kusha Amavasya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-14 |title=Kushagrahani Amavasya 2023: कुशग्रहणी अमावस्या पर एकत्र कर लें सालभर की कुश, जानिए तोड़ने का नियम और मंत्र |url=https://www.jansatta.com/religion/kushagrahani-amavasya-2023-date-tithi-know-the-method-of-collecting-kusha-mantra-kush-todne-ke-niyam-kushi-amavasya/3003534/ |access-date=2024-09-02 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

== Literature ==
The [[Rigveda]] prescribes the sprinkling of [[Soma (drink)|soma]] juice upon kusha grass in the performance of a rite.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-27 |title=Rig Veda 1.28.9 [English translation] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/rig-veda-english-translation/d/doc829213.html |access-date=2022-12-16 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Hindu mythology}}
Chapter 6 of the [[Bhagavad Gita]] contains the prescription to use kusha grass along with deerskin and cloth in the ideal seat of meditation.<ref name="Bhagavad Gita">{{cite web | title=The Bhagavad Gita (Arnold translation)/Chapter 6 | website=Wikisource, the free online library | date=2009-11-28 | url=https://en.m.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Bhagavad_Gita_(Arnold_translation)/Chapter_6 | access-date=2025-01-08}}</ref>

The [[Garuda Purana]] states that the kusha grass is born of the hair of [[Vishnu]], and that it offers residence to the essence of all three of the [[Trimurti]]. It is among the many substances that is declared to be impossible to become impure despite frequent usage.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Shastri |first1=J. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9pDsDwAAQBAJ&dq=darbha+grass&pg=PA866 |title=The Garuda Purana Part 3: Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 14 |last2=Bhatt |first2=G. P. |date=2004-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3881-9 |pages=866 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Bhagavata Purana]] features a legend from the [[Ramayana|Uttara Kanda]] in which [[Sita]] does not leave behind her son [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lava]] in [[Valmiki|Valmiki's]] hermitage as she usually does while going out. The sage observes the boy's absence, and concludes that some animal had carried him away. Believing that Sita would not be able to bear the loss of her son, Valmiki creates an identical son from kusha grass and places him on Lava's cot. When the bewildered Sita noticed Lava's doppelganger, the sage explains what he had done, and she decides to raise the boy as Lava's twin, and names him [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kusha]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Krishna |first=Nanditha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_xsAwAAQBAJ&dq=kusha+grass&pg=PT202 |title=Sacred Plants of India |date=2014-05-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-691-5 |pages=202 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Varaha Purana]] describes one of the seven continents of the earth named kushadvipa, surrounded by the [[Kshira Sagara|ocean of milk]] and containing seven mountains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z3FKEAAAQBAJ&dq=kushadvipa&pg=PA87 |title=Varaha Purana Part 2: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=87 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Plants in Hinduism]]

D. Balakrishna

2025-12-26T19:45:04Z

BlissKetoSupplement: New!

{{Short description|Carnatic veena musician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Vidwan
| name = D. Balakrishna
| image =
| image_size =
| landscape = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{abbr|c.|circa}} 1955-1956
| birth_place =
| occupation =
| awards = {{hlist|[[Karnataka Kalashri]](2015)|[[Karnataka Ganakala Parishat|Ganakalashri]] (1997)}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist | embed=yes
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| instrument = [[Veena]]
| years_active = 1975-present
}}
}}

'''D. Balakrishna''' is a [[Carnatic music]]ian who plays [[veena]] in the Mysore tradition.<ref name="DH,2016" />

Born {{abbr|c.|circa}} 1955-1956,<ref name="ToIBlr,1994"/> he is the son of noted veena player, [[Doraiswamy Iyengar]] and grandson of Venkatesh Iyengar, a student of [[Veena Venkatagiriyappa]]. Contemporary musicians Titte Krishna Iyengar, [[N. Ramani]], [[T. R. Mahalingam (flautist)|T.R. Mahalingam]] and [[T. Chowdiah]] frequently visited his father and sparked his interest in Carnatic music.<ref name="HinduFriRev, 2008" /> In his childhood, he was sent to [[mridangam]] classes under Ayyamani Iyer. Later his father started teaching him veena.<ref name="TNIE,2011" />

His first stage performance was in 1975, when he accompanied his father in a [[Bangalore#Theatre, music, and dance|Ram navami concert]] in Bengaluru.<ref name="EveningHerald" /> By 1979, his concerts were being broadcast in [[All India Radio]],<ref name="AIR,1979"/> where he is now listed as a "top grade" artist.<ref name="AIR,2020"/> He has given multiple<ref name="Hindu, 2009" /> [[Madras Music Season]] concerts<ref name="MadrasMusic2018" /> over the years, starting in 1984.<ref name="MadrasMusic1990" />

His "Veena Doreswamy Iyengar Memorial Trust"<ref name="TNIEMag,2016" /> has organized various concerts in Bengaluru.<ref name="DHMetro,2019" /> He has an M.Sc. in statistics<ref name="ToIBlr,1994"/> and has worked in the [[Reserve Bank of India]].<ref name="HinduFriRev, 2008" />

In 1997, [[Karnataka Ganakala Parishat]] gave him ''Ganakalashree'' award.<ref name="KGKP"/> In 2015, [[Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy]] awarded him ''[[Karnataka Kalashri]] - Award of Honour''.<ref name="Hindu,2014" /> and the Central Government awarded him the 2023 Sangeet Natak Akademi award, only the 19th veena player in the 71 year operating history of the award.

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="HinduFriRev, 2008">{{cite news |last1=Govind |first1=Ranjani |title=At veena's vantage point |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/At-veenarsquos-vantage-point/article15398814.ece |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=30 May 2008 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
<ref name="ToIBlr,1994">{{cite news |last1=B|first1=Ranjitha |title=The Second String |url=https://sites.google.com/site/vidvanbalakrishna/press-releaseas/from-the-archives-of-press |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=The Times of India |date=February 1994 |via=sites.google.com/site/vidvanbalakrishna |quote=38-year-old artiste is an M.Sc. in Statistics}}</ref>
<ref name="DH,2016">{{cite news |last1=Subramanya |first1=Mysore V |title=Kalabushana award conferred on Vainika Balakrishna |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/548110/kalabushana-award-conferred-vainika-balakrishna.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=23 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="TNIE,2011">{{cite news |last1=Venkataraman |first1=Rajagopalan |title='Bhakti is essential for mastery over music' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2011/jul/30/bhakti-is-essential-for-mastery-over-music-276677.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=13 July 2011}}</ref>
<ref name="EveningHerald">{{cite news |last1=Narasimhachar |first1=Saragrahi TB |title=Talent Search |url=https://sites.google.com/site/vidvanbalakrishna/press-releaseas/from-the-archives-of-press |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=Evening Herald |date=29 August 1984 |via=sites.google.com/site/vidvanbalakrishna}}</ref>
<ref name="Hindu, 2009">{{cite news |last1=Krishnamurthi |first1=P.S. |title=Music Academy - Solemn, profound, pleasant |url=http://www.hindu.com/ms/2008/12/24/stories/2008122450190800.htm |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=24 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202130912/http://www.hindu.com/ms/2008/12/24/stories/2008122450190800.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="MadrasMusic2018">{{cite web |title=Annual Conference Schedule 2018 - Madras Music Academy |url=https://musicacademymadras.in/annual-conference-schedule-2018/ |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="MadrasMusic1990">{{cite web |title=Annual Conference and Concerts 1980 – 1990 |url=https://musicacademymadras.in/annual-conference-and-concerts-1980-1990/ |website=musicacademymadras.in |access-date=18 December 2021}}</ref>
<ref name="TNIEMag,2016">{{cite news |title=Lord of the magical strings |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2016/jul/16/lord-of-the-magical-strings-881625.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 July 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="DHMetro,2019">{{cite news |title=Festival honours veena maestro |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-your-bond-with-bengaluru/festival-honours-veena-maestro-778510.html |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=Deccan Herald |date=21 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="Hindu,2014">{{cite news |last1=Govind |first1=Ranjani |title=36 chosen for Kalashree awards for two years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/36-chosen-for-kalashree-awards-for-two-years/article6357492.ece |access-date=18 December 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=27 August 2014 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
<ref name="AIR,1979">{{cite book |title=AKASHVANI: Vol. XLIV, No. 19 ( 13 MAY, 1979 ) |date=13 May 1979 |publisher=All India Radio (AIR), New Delhi |page=41 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HscBEAAAQBAJ&dq=d+balakrishna+veena&pg=PA41 |access-date=19 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name="AIR,2020">{{cite web |title=ANNUAL LIST OF CASUAL / STAFF ARTIST (MUSIC) OF AIR, BENGALURU AS ON 1.4.2020 |url=http://prasarbharati.gov.in/music_artists/airbengaluru.pdf |website=prasarbharati.gov.in |publisher=All India Radio |access-date=19 December 2021 |page=11}}</ref>
<ref name="KGKP">{{cite web |title=Karnataka Ganakala Parishat - Awardees |url=https://www.kgkp.org/awardees |website=www.kgkp.org |access-date=19 December 2021}}</ref>

</references>

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balakrishna, D.}}
[[Category:Veena players]]
[[Category:Musicians from Mysore]]
[[Category:Carnatic instrumentalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]

Jawed Usmani

2025-11-25T06:19:52Z

BlissKetoSupplement: update intro as per guidelines and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jawed Usmani
| image = Jawed Usmani, CS UP, April 2014.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1956|1|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| nationality = {{flag|India|name=Indian}}
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]] [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] [[London School of Economics]]
| office = Chief Information Commissioner of [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start = 17 February 2015 | term_end = 8 January 2021
| predecessor = [[Ranjit Singh Pankaj]] | successor =Bhavesh Kumar Singh<ref>{{Cite web |last=ETGovernment.com |title=Retired IPS officer appointed UP Chief Information Commissioner – ET Government |url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/retired-ips-officer-appointed-up-chief-information-commissioner/80719005 |access-date=2023-11-13 |website=ETGovernment.com |language=en}}</ref>
| office1 = [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] to the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 23 March 2012
| term_end1 = 31 May 2014
| predecessor1 = Anoop Mishra
| successor1 = [[Alok Ranjan]]
| occupation = [[Civil Services of India|Civil servant]]
| birth_name = Jawed Usmani
}}
'''Jawed Usmani''' ({{langx|hi|जावेद उस्मानी}}; {{langx|ur|جاوید عثمانی}}) is a retired [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]]. He also served as the [[Chief Information Commissioner]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-jawed-usmani-takes-oath-as-up-chief-information-commissioner-2061804 "Jawed Usmani takes oath as UP Chief Information Commissioner"], Daily News & Analysis, 17 February 2015,</ref> He was the [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] to the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] from March 2012 to May 2014.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20120409-jawed-usmani-chief-secretary-uttar-pradesh-757940-2012-03-30 "New Power Centre"], India Today, 31 March 2012</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140601103527/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/alok-ranjan-to-be-new-uttar-pradesh-chief-secretary/475723-3-242.html "Alok Ranjan to be new Uttar Pradesh Chief Secretary"], CNN-IBN, 31 May 2014</ref>

== Education ==
Usmani has an [[MBA]] from the [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad]] and an [[MSc]] in Social Policy and Planning from the [[London School of Economics]].<ref>Once you join IAS you automatically get degree from Harvard and Taxila. He was topper of IAS with lowest written but highest interview score in 1979. [http://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/students/organizations/saba/conferences/2013/speakers.html#14 "Biography of Speakers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420072016/http://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/students/organizations/saba/conferences/2013/speakers.html#14 |date=20 April 2014 }}, Columbia Business School India Business Conference 2013, 27 April 2013</ref>

==Career==
Usmani was an officer of the 1978 batch of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) belonging to the Uttar Pradesh cadre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14141&PageId=|title=Jawed Usmani – Executive Record Sheet|website=[[Department of Personnel and Training]], [[Government of India]]|access-date=13 August 2017}}</ref> Prior to appointment as Chief Secretary of [[Uttar Pradesh]], he worked in different capacities in the [[government of India]], including as [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] to the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]].<ref name="persmin">[http://www.persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01UP042400 "Jawed Usmani - Executive Record Sheet"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001091657/http://www.persmin.nic.in/ersheet/MultipleERS.asp?HiddenStr=01UP042400 |date=1 October 2015 }}, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India</ref> In the international arena, Usmani was Senior Advisor to the [[World Bank#Leadership|Executive Director]] at the [[World Bank]] in Washington, D.C. and [[Counselor (diplomat)|Minister]] (Economic Cooperation) at the [[List of diplomatic missions of India|Embassy of India]] in Nepal.<ref>[https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/visiting/usmani "Biography of Jawed Usmani"], Center for the Advanced Study of India, University of Pennsylvania</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130827215229/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-30/lucknow/31260071_1_chief-secretary-lakh-tonnes-growth-rate "Bureaucracy will be made transparent, accountable: State chief secretary"], The Times of India, 30 March 2012</ref>

Usmani's key assignments in the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|state government]] included [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] to the [[Chief Minister of U.P.|Chief Minister]], Special Secretary to the [[Chief Minister of U.P.|Chief Minister]], managing director and CEO of UP State Cement Corporation, and [[District collector|District Magistrate and Collector]] of [[Gorakhpur]] and [[Bulandshahr]] districts. After his removal from the post of [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh Government]], Usmani served as the Chairman of Uttar Pradesh [[Board of Revenue (Uttar Pradesh)|Board of Revenue]].<ref name=":0" />

Usmani took voluntary retirement (VRS) from the [[Indian Administrative Service]] in February 2015, and was subsequently appointed the Chief Information Commissioner of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and served there till January 2021.

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Vachani |editor1-first=Sushil |editor2-last=Usmani |editor2-first=Jawed |date=2014 |title=Adaptation To Climate Change in Asia |url=http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_main.lasso?currency=US&id=15176 |publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]] |isbn=9781781954720 |access-date=11 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111222833/http://www.e-elgar.co.uk/bookentry_main.lasso?currency=US&id=15176 |archive-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.upic.gov.in/ Uttar Pradesh Information Commission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606142352/http://www.upic.gov.in/ |date=6 June 2016 }}
*{{YouTube|8T1boAZX-8M|Jawed Usmani presenting at "Harvard Without Borders: Mapping the Kumbh Mela" at Harvard University's South Asia Institute}}
*[https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20120416-high-and-mighty-2012-the-official-top-10-757984-2012-04-07 India Today High and Mighty power list 2012: The Official Top 10]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y33tFz4N7vA/ Rare ! Original IAS Interview Clip of IAS Javed Usmani , 1978 Batch]

__FORCETOC__

{{DEFAULTSORT:Usmani, Jawed}}
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Chief secretaries of Uttar Pradesh]]

Football at the National Games of India

2025-11-17T02:31:46Z

BlissKetoSupplement:

{{Infobox football tournament
| name = Football at the National Games of India
| founded = '''Men:''' 1985 '''Women:''' 1999
| region = [[India]]
| number of teams =
| current champions = '''M:''' [[Kerala football team|Kerala]] '''W:''' [[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]] (2025)
| most successful team = '''M:''' [[Kerala football team|Kerala]], [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] and [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] (3 titles each) '''W:''' [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]] (5 titles)
| current = [[2025 National Games of India|2025]]
}}

'''[[Association football|Football]]''' has been a sport at the [[National Games of India]] since 1985, while the women's tournament was introduced in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Games |url=https://olympic.ind.in/national-games |website=olympic.ind.in |access-date=18 January 2023 |archive-date=18 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118171937/https://olympic.ind.in/national-games |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Kerala football team|Kerala]], [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]], and [[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]] are currently the most successful states in the men's category with 3 gold medals, while [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]] is the most successful women's team with 5 gold medals

==Results==

===Men's tournament===
{| border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%; width:100%; text-align:center" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
|- style="background:#c1d8ff;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;"|Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:10%;"|Host
! rowspan="15" style="width:1%; background:#fff;"|
!colspan=3|Final
! rowspan="15" style="width:1%; background:#fff;"|
!colspan=3|Third Place Match
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!width=15%|{{gold1}} Gold
!width=10%|Score
!width=15%|{{silver2}} Silver
!width=15%|{{bronze3}} Bronze
!width=10%|Score
!width=15%|Fourth Place
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| 1985
| [[Delhi]]
|'''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]'''
|−
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|−
|−
|−
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| 1987
| [[Kerala]]
|'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]'''
|−
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|–
|−
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| 1994
| [[Pune]]
|'''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]'''
|−
|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|−
|–
|−
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| 1997
| [[Bangalore]]
|'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]'''
|−
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|–
|–
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| 1999
| [[Manipur]]
|'''[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]'''
|−
|[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|–
|–
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| 2001
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|'''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]'''
|1−0
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|1–0
|[[Services football team|Services]]
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| [[2002 National Games of India|2002]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
|'''[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]'''
|2−1
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|1–1 {{pso|5−4}}
|[[Services football team|Services]]
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| [[2007 National Games of India|2007]]
| [[Guwahati]]
|'''[[Assam football team|Assam]]'''
|1−1 {{pso|6−5}}
|[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|1–0
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| [[2011 National Games of India|2011]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
|'''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]'''
|1−0
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|3–1
|[[Services football team|Services]]
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| [[Football at the 2015 National Games of India|2015]]
| [[Kerala]]
|'''[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]'''
|1−0
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|3–1
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]
| [[Gujarat]]
|'''[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]'''
|5−0
|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|[[Services football team|Services]]
|4–0
|[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| [[2023 National Games of India|2023]]
| [[Goa]]
|'''[[Services football team|Services]]'''
|3−1
|[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|0–0 {{pso|4–3}}
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| [[2025 National Games of India|2025]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|'''[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]'''
|1−0
|[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|2–1
|[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|}

===Women's tournament===
{| border=1 style="border-collapse:collapse; font-size:90%; width:100%; text-align:center" cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
|- style="background:#c1d8ff;"
! rowspan="2" style="width:5%;"|Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:10%;"|Host
! rowspan="13" style="width:1%; background:#fff;"|
!colspan=3|Final
! rowspan="13" style="width:1%; background:#fff;"|
!colspan=3|Third Place Match
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!width=15%|{{gold1}} Gold
!width=10%|Score
!width=15%|{{silver2}} Silver
!width=15%|{{bronze3}} Bronze
!width=10%|Score
!width=15%|Fourth Place
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| 1999
| [[Manipur]]
|'''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]'''
|−
|[[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|[[Kerala women's football team|Kerala]]
|–
|–
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| 2001
| [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
|'''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]'''
|3−2
|[[Punjab women's football team|Punjab]]
|[[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|3–1
|[[Bihar women's football team|Bihar]]
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| [[2002 National Games of India|2002]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
|'''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]'''
|1−0
|[[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
|4–0
|[[Andhra Pradesh women's football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| [[2007 National Games of India|2007]]
| [[Guwahati]]
|'''[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]'''
|0−0 {{pso|4−2}}
|[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|[[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|2–1
|[[Goa women's football team|Goa]]
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| [[2011 National Games of India|2011]]
| [[Jharkhand]]
|'''[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]'''
|2−1
|[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|[[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|1–0
|[[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| [[Football at the 2015 National Games of India|2015]]
| [[Kerala]]
|'''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]'''
|1−1 {{pso|4−2}}
|[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
|[[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
|2–0
|[[Kerala women's football team|Kerala]]
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| [[2022 National Games of India|2022]]
| [[Gujarat]]
|'''[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]'''
|2−0
|[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
|[[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|5–1
|[[Assam women's football team|Assam]]
|- style="background:#d0e6ff;"
| [[2023 National Games of India|2023]]
| [[Goa]]
|'''[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]'''
|1−1 {{pso|4−2}}
|[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|[[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
|1–0
|[[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|- style="background:#f5faff;"
| [[2025 National Games of India|2025]]
| [[Uttarakhand]]
|'''[[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]'''
|0−0 {{pso|4−2}}
|[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
|[[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|2−2 {{pso|3−1}}
|[[Delhi women's football team|Delhi]]
|}

==Medal table==

===Men's===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team
!style=background:gold|Gold
!style=background:silver|Silver
!style=background:#cc9966|Bronze
|-
|[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|3 (1985, 2001, 2003)
|3 (1997, 2011, 2015)
|0
|-
|[[West Bengal football team|West Bengal]]
|3 (1994, 2011, 2022)
|2 (1985, 2002)
|1 (1999)
|-
|[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|3 (1987, 1997, 2025)
|2 (1994, 2022)
|1 (2023)
|-
|[[Assam football team|Assam]]
|1 (2007)
|1 (1999)
|0
|-
|[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|1 (1999)
|0
|2 (2001, 2015)
|-
|[[Services football team|Services]]
|1 (2023)
|0
|1 (2022)
|-
|[[Mizoram football team|Mizoram]]
|1 (2015)
|0
|0
|-
|[[Goa football team|Goa]]
|0
|2 (1997, 2001)
|1 (2011)
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|0
|1 (2007)
|1 (2002)
|-
|[[Manipur football team|Manipur]]
|0
|1 (2023)
|0
|-
|[[Uttarakhand football team|Uttarakhand]]
|0
|1 (2025)
|0
|-
|[[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|0
|0
|1 (1987)
|-
|[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|0
|0
|1 (1997)
|-
|[[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]
|0
|0
|1 (2007)
|-
|[[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|0
|0
|1 (2025)
|}

===Women's===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team
!style=background:gold|Gold
!style=background:silver|Silver
!style=background:#cc9966|Bronze
|-
|[[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
|5 (1999, 2001, 2002, 2015, 2022)
|3 (2007, 2011, 2023)
|0
|-
|[[Odisha women's football team|Odisha]]
|3 (2007, 2011, 2023)
|3 (2015, 2022, 2025)
|1 (2002)
|-
|[[Haryana women's football team|Haryana]]
|1 (2025)
|0
|2 (2015, 2023)
|-
|[[West Bengal women's football team|West Bengal]]
|0
|2 (1999, 2002)
|4 (2001, 2007, 2011, 2025)
|-
|[[Punjab women's football team|Punjab]]
|0
|1 (2001)
|0
|-
|[[Kerala women's football team|Kerala]]
|0
|0
|1 (1999)
|-
|[[Tamil Nadu women's football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|0
|0
|1 (2022)
|}

==See also==
* [[Santosh Trophy]]
* [[Rajmata Jijabai Trophy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Football in India}}

[[Category:National Games of India| ]]
[[Category:Football competitions in India]]
[[Category:Football at multi-sport events|Indian National Games]]

Buddhist mythology

2025-11-10T01:04:23Z

BlissKetoSupplement: typo fix

{{Short description|none}} 
[[File:Ascetic Bodhisatta Gotama with the Group of Five.jpg|thumb|A wallpainting in a Laotian temple, depicting the Bodhisattva Gautama (Buddha-to-be) undertaking extreme ascetic practices before his enlightenment. A god is overseeing his striving, and providing some spiritual protection.]]
{{Buddhism}}
{{Mythology}}
The [[Schools of Buddhism|Buddhist traditions]] have created and maintained a vast body of [[Mythology|mythological literature]]. The central myth of [[Buddhism]] revolves around the purported events of the life of the [[Buddha]]. This is told in relatively realistic terms in the [[Early Buddhist Texts|earliest texts]], and was soon elaborated into a [[Gautama Buddha#Traditional biographies|complex literary mythology]]. The chief motif of this story, and the most distinctive feature of Buddhist myth, is the Buddha's [[Nekkhamma|renunciation]]: leaving his home and family for a [[Spirituality|spiritual]] quest. Alongside this central myth, the traditions contain large numbers of smaller stories, which are usually supposed to convey an ethical or Buddhist teaching. These include the popular [[Jataka tales|Jātakas]], folk tales or legends believed to be [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|past lives]] of [[Gautama Buddha]]. Since these are regarded as episodes in the life of the Buddha, they are treated here as “myth”, rather than distinguishing between myth, legend, and folk-tale.<ref>Myths are "stories about divine beings, generally arranged in a coherent system; they are revered as true and sacred; they are endorsed by rulers and priests; and closely linked to religion. Once this link is broken, and the actors in the story are not regarded as gods but as human heroes, giants or fairies, it is no longer a myth but a folktale. Where the central actor is divine but the story is trivial … the result is religious legend, not myth." [J. Simpson & S. Roud, "Dictionary of English Folklore," Oxford, 2000, p.254]</ref>

'''Buddhist mythology''' is maintained in [[Buddhist texts|texts]], but these have always existed alongside [[oral tradition]]s of storytelling, as well as creative retellings of myths as drama or [[Buddhist art|artworks]].<ref>Pia Brancaccioa1 and Xinru Liu, ''Dionysus and drama in the Buddhist art of Gandhara'', Journal of Global History, vol. 4.2, July 2009, pp 219–244</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Dionysus and drama in the Buddhist art of Gandhara*|first1=Xinru|last1=Liu|first2=Pia|last2=Brancaccio|journal=Journal of Global History|volume=4|issue=2|pages=219–244|doi=10.1017/S1740022809003131|year=2009|s2cid=162955653}}</ref><ref>Professor Kulatilaka Kumarasinghe, ''Buddhism in Noh Drama'', University of Kelaniya</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kln.ac.lk/humanities/depts/sinhala/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=26&limitstart=2 |title=Publications - Prof. Kulatilaka Kumarasinghe |access-date=2018-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702094624/http://www.kln.ac.lk/humanities/depts/sinhala/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=25&Itemid=26&limitstart=2 |archive-date=2017-07-02 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This creative mythology continues to this day, and includes [[Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film|film]], [[Buddha (TV series)|television]], and [[Buddhist music|musical]] adaptions of Buddhist myths.

Myth has always been an important part of the way Buddhists see themselves and form communities. Attitudes to myths vary, with some people seeing the stories as entirely factual, while others see them as symbolic. In this article, as in scholarly study of mythology generally, the use of the term “myth” does not imply a value or truth judgement. Rather, it refers to the study of sacred stories and their meaning within a community.

Scholars have long recognized that Buddhism contains one of the world's great mythologies. [[Thomas William Rhys Davids|TW Rhys Davids]] said that the Jātakas are “the most reliable, the most complete, and the most ancient collection of folklore now extant in any literature in the world.”<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://fsnow.com/text/buddhist-india/chapter11.htm |title=Buddhist India -- Chapter 11 |access-date=2018-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020171524/http://fsnow.com/text/buddhist-india/chapter11.htm |archive-date=2018-10-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids|CAF Rhys Davids]] said that the Jātakas are “collectively the greatest epic, in literature, of the Ascent of Man”.<ref>[[Caroline Augusta Foley Rhys Davids|CAF Rhys Davids]], ''Stories of the Buddha: being Selections from the Jataka'', introduction, p. xix.</ref> [[Joseph Campbell]] discussed the life of the Buddha extensively in his ''[[The Hero with a Thousand Faces]]'', relying on the later Buddha legends.<ref>Jātaka Nidāna and [[Lalitavistara Sūtra]]. See ''Hero'', prologue, note 38; chap 1, note 44, etc.</ref> However, modern examination of Buddhist mythology is rare, and critics have argued that the emphasis on rationality in [[Buddhist modernism]] has obscured the role of mythology in Buddhist communities both past and present.

== Myth of the Buddha's life ==

=== In early texts ===
Mythology in Buddhism is used at various intellectual levels in order to give symbolic and sometimes quasi-historical expression to religious teachings. As noted by scholars such as [[Thomas Rhys Davids]], the [[Early Buddhist Texts|earliest texts of Buddhism]] (such as the [[Nikāya]]s and [[Āgama (Buddhism)|Āgamas]]) do not present a single coherent and systematic biography of the Buddha.<ref>Endo, Toshiichi., (2002)Buddha in Theravada Buddhism-A Study of the Concept of Buddha in the Pali Commentaries, pp. 1-2</ref> However, there are various references to numerous life events in these texts, and in a few cases gives more extensive accounts of important events in the Buddha's life. All later versions of the Buddha's life derive primarily from these sources. These include:

* Gautama's birth.<ref>MN 123, MA 32</ref>
* Some details of his life growing up.
* References to the [[Nekkhamma|renunciation]]. The famous story of the “[[Four sights|four signs]]” is told, but regarding the past Buddha [[Vipassī Buddha|Vipassī]], not Gautama.<ref>DN 14 Mahāpadāna Sutta, also told at Parallels for DN 14 Mahāpadāna (DN ii 1): EA 48.4 (T ii 790a07); T 4 (T i 159a24); T 2 (T i 150a03); T 3 (T i 154b05); DA 1 (T i 001b11); SN 12.65 (SN ii 104); SHT 3, 768, 685 (94–119V), 690, 916, 165.41, 412.34, 1592, 2009, 2032, 2033, 2034, 2172, 2446, 2995; also cf. ix p. 393ff; SF 31 (FUKITA, Takamichi 1987a. Bonbun Daihongyō dai-ni shō oboegaki [A note on chapter 2 of the Mahāvadānasūtra]. Bukkyō Ronsō 31 (Sep): 121–124.); SF 32 (FUKITA, Takamichi 1987b. Bonbun Daihongyō shahon Cat. No. 498 ( = MAV 82, 83) ni kansuru chūkan hōkoku [Provisional report on the MAV Ms. Cat. No. 498]. Bukkyō Bunka Kenkyūsho Shohō 4: 20–19.); SF 36 (FUKITA, Takamichi 2003. The Mahāvadānasūtra: A new edition based on manuscripts discovered in northern Turkestan ( = Sanskrit-Wörterbuch der buddhistischen Texte aus den Turfan-Funden, Beiheft 10). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.); SF 30 (FUKITA, Takamichi 1985b. Bonbun Daihongyō no fukugen ni kansuru jakkan no mondai [Some problems relating to the reconstruction of the Sanskrit Mahāvadānasūtra]. Indogaku Bukkyōgaku Kenkyū 33.2 (Mar): 547–548.); SF 28 (FUKITA, Takamichi 1982. Bonbun Daihongyō engisetsu no fukugen ni tsuite [On a restoration of the pratītyasamutpāda in the Mahāvadānasūtra]. Bukkyō Shigaku Kenkyū 24/2: 26–43.); SF 33 (FUKITA, Takamichi 1987c. Vipaśyin-Butsu ichie sanga no ninzū o megutte: Bonbun Daihongyō dai-jusshō kessonbubun no fukugen [On the number of bhikṣus in Buddha Vipaśyin’s first Sangha: A reconstruction of the lost part of chapter 10 of the Mahāvadānasūtra]. Jōdo-shū Kyōgakuin Kenkyūsho-hō 9: 22–26.); SF 250 (WALDSCHMIDT, Ernst 1953. Das Mahāvadānasūtra: Ein kanonischer Text über die sieben letzten Buddhas. Sanskrit, verglichen mit dem Pāli nebst einer Analyse der in chinesischer Übersetzung überlieferten Parallelversionen. Auf Grund von Turfan-Handschriften herausgegeben. Teil I-II. Abhandlungen der deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst, 1952/8, 1954/3.); SF 296 (WILLE, Klaus 2006. The Sanskrit Fragments Or. 15003 in the Hoernle Collection. Buddhist Manuscripts from Central Asia, The British Library Sanskrit Fragments, S. Karashima et al. (ed.), Tokyo: Soka University, vol. 1 pp 65–153.); SF 34 (FUKITA, Takamichi 1988a. Daihongyō to Hasōji ni miru kyōtsū no dentō to chihōteki hensen, tokuni Bosatsu-tanjō-densetsu o chūshin to shite [Common tradition and local development of the Mahāvadānasūtra and the Saṃghabhedavastu, particularly focusing on the Bodhisattva’s birth legend]. Hōnen Gakkai Ronsō 6: 5–22.); SF 56 (HARTMANN, Jens-Uwe 1991. Untersuchungen zum Dīrghāgama der Sarvāstivādins. Habilitationsschrift. Göttingen: Georg-August-Universität.); SF 29 (FUKITA, Takamichi 1985a. The Mahāvadāna sūtra: A reconstruction of chapters IV and V. Bukkyō Daigaku Daigakuin Kenkyū Kiyō 13: 17–52.); Uigh frgm (SHŌGAITO, Masahiro 1998. Three Fragments of Uighur Āgama. In LAUT and ÖLMEZ (eds.), Bahşi Ögdisi, Festschrift für Klaus Röhrborn, Freiburg/Istanbul, 363–378.). Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/dn14 on 20/01/2016.</ref>
* Detailed accounts of Gautama's practices before awakening. These include his encounter with earlier teachers,<ref>Parallels for MN 26 Ariyapariyesanā [Pāsarāsi] (MN i 160): MA 204 (T i 775c07); EA 19.1 (T ii 593a24); EA 24.5 (T ii 618a27); T 1450.5 (T xxiv 125c29); T 765.3 (T xvii 679b23); Zh Mi Kd 1 (T xxii 104b23–105a02); Zh Dg Kd 1 (T xxii 779a06); SHT 1332, 1714, 1493; Mvu (BASAK, Radhagovinda 1965. Mahāvastu Avadāna, vol. 2 (Calcutta Sanskrit College Research Series). Calcutta: Sanskrit College. / SENART, Emile 1890. Le Mahāvastu (vol 2): Texte sanscrit publié pour la première fois et accompagné d’introductions et d’un commentaire (Société Asiatique, Collection d’Ouvrages Orientaux, Seconde série. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.); Lal 16 (VAIDYA, P. L. 1958b. Lalita-vistaraḥ (Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 1). Darbhanga: Mithila Institute. / LEFMANN, S. 1902. Lalita Vistara: Leben und Lehre des Çakya-Buddha, Textausgabe mit Varianten-, Metren- und Wörterverzeichnis. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.); Sbv (GNOLI, Raniero 1977. The Gilgit manuscript of the Saṅghabhedavastu: Being the 17th and last section of the Vinaya of the Mūlasarvāstivādin, Part I ( = Serie Orientale Roma, XLIX, 1). Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.); SF 259 (WALDSCHMIDT, Ernst 1957d. Das Catuṣpariṣatsūtra, eine Kanonische Lehrschrift über die Begründung der Buddhistischen Gemeinde. Text in Sanskrit und Tibetisch, verglichen mit dem Pali nebst einer Übersetzung der chinesischen Entsprechung im Vinaya der Mūlasarvāstivādins. Auf Grund von Turfan-Handschriten herausgegeben und bearbeitet. Teil II. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag = Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst, 1956/1.). Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/mn26 on 20/01/2016.</ref> the period of [[Tapas (Sanskrit)|austerities]],<ref>Parallels for MN 36 Mahāsaccaka (MN i 237): EA 31.8 (T ii 670c02); T 757.2 (T xvii 598a04–599c29); MN 85 (MN ii 91); MN 100 (MN ii 209); MN 85 (MN ii 91); SHT 931, 997A; SF 5 (BONGARD-LEVIN, Gregory 1989. Three New Fragments of the Bodharājakumārasūtra from Eastern Turkestan. Journal of the American Oriental Society 109: 509–512.); SF 64 (HARTMANN, Jens-Uwe 1991. Untersuchungen zum Dīrghāgama der Sarvāstivādins. Habilitationsschrift. Göttingen: Georg-August-Universität.); Mvu (BASAK, Radhagovinda 1965. Mahāvastu Avadāna, vol. 2 (Calcutta Sanskrit College Research Series). Calcutta: Sanskrit College. / SENART, Emile 1890. Le Mahāvastu (vol 2): Texte sanscrit publié pour la première fois et accompagné d’introductions et d’un commentaire (Société Asiatique, Collection d’Ouvrages Orientaux, Seconde série. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.); Divy 27 (VAIDYA, P. L. 1999. Divyāvadāna (Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No.20). Darbhanga: Mithila Institute. / COWELL, E. B. et al. 1886. The Divyāvadāna, a Collection of Early Buddhist Legends. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.); SF 287 (WILLE, Klaus 2006. The Sanskrit Fragments Or. 15003 in the Hoernle Collection. Buddhist Manuscripts from Central Asia, The British Library Sanskrit Fragments, S. Karashima et al. (ed.), Tokyo: Soka University, vol. 1 pp 65–153.); Lal 17 & Lal 22 (VAIDYA, P. L. 1958b. Lalita-vistaraḥ (Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 1). Darbhanga: Mithila Institute. / LEFMANN, S. 1902. Lalita Vistara: Leben und Lehre des Çakya-Buddha, Textausgabe mit Varianten-, Metren- und Wörterverzeichnis. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.); Sbv (GNOLI, Raniero 1977. The Gilgit manuscript of the Saṅghabhedavastu: Being the 17th and last section of the Vinaya of the Mūlasarvāstivādin, Part I ( = Serie Orientale Roma, XLIX, 1). Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.). Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/mn36 on 20/01/2016.</ref> and his own efforts to develop meditation.<ref>Parallels for MN 4 Bhayabherava (MN i 16): EA 31.1 (T ii 665b17); SHT 164c+g, 32.33–41, 165.15–16, 500.4, 2401. Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/mn4 on 20/01/2016.</ref><ref>Parallels for MN 19 Dvedhāvitakka (MN i 114): MA 102 (T i 589a11). Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/mn19 on 20/01/2016.</ref><ref>Parallels for MN 128 Upakkilesa (MN iii 152): MA 72 (T i 532c09); EA 24.8 (T ii 626b11); Zh Mi Kd 10B (T xxii 159a02); Zh Mg Bu Vb Pc 4 (T xxii 335a01); T 212.15 (T iv 693b21); Zh Dg Kd 9 (T xxii 880b01); Ja 371 (Ja iii 211); Ja 428 (Ja iii 488); Pi Tv Kd 10.15 (Vin i 342); SHT 1384; SF 13 (DUTT, Nalinaksha 1984a (part 1), 1984b (part 2). Gilgit Manuscripts ( = Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica No. 16, No. 17). Delhi: Sri Satguru, vol. 3.). Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/mn128 on 20/01/2016.</ref>
* Various accounts of the night of the [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|Awakening]].
* The events following awakening are told in a famous narrative that is found either in Sutta<ref>Parallels for SF 259 Catuṣpariṣat (Waldschmidt 1957d: 108–140): MA 204 (T i 775c07); MN 26 (MN i 160); SHT 1332, 1714, 1493; Sbv (GNOLI, Raniero 1977. The Gilgit manuscript of the Saṅghabhedavastu: Being the 17th and last section of the Vinaya of the Mūlasarvāstivādin, Part I ( = Serie Orientale Roma, XLIX, 1). Roma: Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente.); Mvu (BASAK, Radhagovinda 1965. Mahāvastu Avadāna, vol. 2 (Calcutta Sanskrit College Research Series). Calcutta: Sanskrit College. / SENART, Emile 1890. Le Mahāvastu (vol 2): Texte sanscrit publié pour la première fois et accompagné d’introductions et d’un commentaire (Société Asiatique, Collection d’Ouvrages Orientaux, Seconde série. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale.); Lal 16 (VAIDYA, P. L. 1958b. Lalita-vistaraḥ (Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 1). Darbhanga: Mithila Institute. / LEFMANN, S. 1902. Lalita Vistara: Leben und Lehre des Çakya-Buddha, Textausgabe mit Varianten-, Metren- und Wörterverzeichnis. Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses.). Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/sf259 on 20/01/2016.</ref> or Vinaya.<ref name="auto">Parallels for Pi Tv Kd 1 Mahākhandhaka (Vin i 1–Vin i 100):. Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/pi-tv-kd1 on 20/01/2016.</ref>
* Events involving the Buddha's family, including his return home and the ordination of his son,<ref name="auto"/> the rebellion of [[Devadatta]],<ref>Parallels for Pi Tv Kd 17 Saṃghabhedakakkhandhaka (Vin ii 180–Vin ii 206):. Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/pi-tv-kd17 on 20/01/2016.</ref> ordination of the Buddha's step-mother as the first [[bhikkhuni]],<ref>Parallels for Pi Tv Kd 20 Bhikkhunikkhandhaka (Vin ii 253–Vin ii 283):. Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/pi-tv-kd20 on 20/01/2016.</ref> found mostly in the Vinayas.
* The Buddha's last journey, [[Parinirvana|passing away]], and subsequent events are told in the [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta|''Mahāparinibbāna Sutta'']].<ref>Parallels for DN 16 Mahāparinibbāna (DN ii 72): T 5 (T i 160b05); T 7 (T i 191b02); T 6 (T i 176a02); T 1451.35 (T xxiv 382b29–393a01, 394b14–402c04); DA 2 (T i 011a07); SN 47.9 (SN v 152); SN 51.10 (SN v 258); AN 4.180 (AN ii 167); AN 4.76 (AN ii 79); AN 7.22–27 (AN iv 17); AN 8.70 (AN iv 308); AN 8.65 (AN iv 305); AN 8.66 (AN iv 306); AN 8.68–70 (AN iv 307); AN 8.69 (AN iv 307); Ud 6.1 (Ud 62); Ud 8.5 (Ud 81); Ud 8.6 (Ud 85); SHT 370, 402, 425, 427, 431, 498, 513, 585, 587, 588, 592, 618, 619, 684, 694, 788, 789 (?), 790, 791, 399, 685.119R–120, 967, 1002, 412.62, 1024, 1271, 1508, 1512, 1650, 2305, 2491, 2508, 2616, 2976, also cf. ix p. 394ff; Avs 40 (VAIDYA, P. L. 1958a. Avadāna-śataka (Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 19). Darbhanga: Mithila Institute. / SPEYER, J. S. 1970ab (1906). Avadānaśataka: A Century of Edifying Tales Belonging to the Hīnayāna, vols 1 & 2 (Bibliotheca Buddhica III). Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag.); SF 289 (WILLE, Klaus 2006. The Sanskrit Fragments Or. 15003 in the Hoernle Collection. Buddhist Manuscripts from Central Asia, The British Library Sanskrit Fragments, S. Karashima et al. (ed.), Tokyo: Soka University, vol. 1 pp 65–153.); SF 54 (HARTMANN, Jens-Uwe 1991. Untersuchungen zum Dīrghāgama der Sarvāstivādins. Habilitationsschrift. Göttingen: Georg-August-Universität.); Avs 100 (VAIDYA, P. L. 1958a. Avadāna-śataka (Buddhist Sanskrit Texts No. 19). Darbhanga: Mithila Institute. / SPEYER, J. S. 1970ab (1906). Avadānaśataka: A Century of Edifying Tales Belonging to the Hīnayāna, vols 1 & 2 (Bibliotheca Buddhica III). Osnabrück: Biblio Verlag.); SF 245 (WALDSCHMIDT, Ernst 1950–1951. Das Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra: Text in Sanskrit und Tibetisch, verglichen mit dem Pali nebst einer Übersetzung der chinesischen Entsprechung im Vinaya der Mūlasarvāstivādins, auf Grund von Turfan-handschriften. Teil I-III. Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst, 1949/1, 1950/2, 1950/3. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.); SF 268 (WALDSCHMIDT, Ernst 1961a. Der Buddha preist die Verehrungswürdigkeit seiner Reliquien. Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse 1961.11: 375–385. Reprinted 1967 in BECHERT, Heinz (ed.), Ernst Waldschmidt, Von Ceylon bis Turfan, Schriften zur Geschichte, Literatur, Religion und Kunst des indischen Kulturraumes. Festgabe zum 70. Geburtstag am 15. Juli 1967, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 417–427.); SF 285 (WILLE, Klaus 2002. Fragments of the Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra. In BRAARVIG, Jens (ed.) Buddhist Manuscripts vol II ( = Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection III): 17–24. Oslo: Hermes Publishing.); SF 272 (WALDSCHMIDT, Ernst 1968a. Drei Fragmente buddhistischer Sūtras aus den Turfan-handschriften. Nachrichten der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, Philologisch-Historische Klasse 1968.1, 3–26. Reprinted 1989 in BECHERT, Heinz & KIEFFER-PÜLZ, Petra (editors), Ernst Waldschmidt, Ausgewählte kleine Schriften, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 232–255.); Gandh frgm (ALLON, Mark & SALOMON, Richard 2000. Kharoṣṭhī Fragments of a Gāndhārī Version of the Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra. In BRAARVIG, Jens (ed). Buddhist Manuscripts vol. I ( = Manuscripts in the Schøyen Collection 1), Oslo: Hermes Publishing, 242–284.). Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/dn16 on 20/01/2016.</ref>

Most of the relevant texts from the Pali canon have been gathered and arranged in [[Nanamoli Bhikkhu|Bhikkhu Ñāṇamoli]]'s The Life of the Buddha. [[Bhikkhu Sujato]] has shown that the events of the Buddha's life in the early texts fulfill almost all the stages of Campbell's [[Hero's journey|Hero's Journey]], despite the fact that they are not arranged as a coherent narrative. The Hero's Journey becomes much more prominent and complete in later versions of the story.<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|title=White Bones Red Rot Black Snakes|url=http://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/wbrrbsSCREENopt.pdf|publisher=Santipada|year=2012|isbn=9781921842030|pages=257–302}}</ref>

The early texts also include references to Indian deities ([[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]]), extraordinary beings such as [[Yaksha|Yakkhas]], [[Nāga|Nagas]] and other mythic content.

=== The extended life of the Buddha in Jātakas ===
[[File:SAAM 110.JPG|thumb|Vessantara gives alms, from one of the most famous Jatakas, the [[Vessantara Jataka]]]]
One of the “three knowledges” (''[[Abhijñā|tevijjā]]'') of the Buddha was recollecting past lives. However, early texts contain very few actual narratives of past lives.<ref>One early example is the Pacetana Sutta, AN 3.15.</ref> Such stories as are found in the early texts almost always show signs of belonging to the latest strata of those texts.<ref>Eg. Parallels for DN 17 Mahāsudassana (DN ii 169): MA 68 (T i 515b03); T 6 (T i 176a02); T 7 (T i 191b02); T 5 (T i 160b05); T 1451.37 (T xxiv 393a01–394b13); DA 2 (T i 011a07); SF 102 (MATSUMURA, Hisashi 1988. The Mahāsudarśanāvadāna and the Mahāsudarśanasūtra ( = Bibliotheca Indo-Buddhica no. 47). Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications.); SF 245.34.1–SF 245.34.169 (WALDSCHMIDT, Ernst 1950–1951. Das Mahāparinirvāṇasūtra: Text in Sanskrit und Tibetisch, verglichen mit dem Pali nebst einer Übersetzung der chinesischen Entsprechung im Vinaya der Mūlasarvāstivādins, auf Grund von Turfan-handschriften. Teil I-III. Abhandlungen der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, Klasse für Sprachen, Literatur und Kunst, 1949/1, 1950/2, 1950/3. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.). Retrieved from https://suttacentral.net/dn17 on 20/01/2016.</ref> However, in a short time the Buddhist community developed a vast repertoire of stories associated with the Buddha's past lives, known as the [[Jataka tales|Jātakas]]. There are 550 such stories in the [[Pāli Canon|Pali canon]], and hundreds more in Chinese, Tibetan, and Sanskrit sources. Several Jātakas are depicted in visual form on the monuments at [[Sanchi]], dating around the 1st century BCE. The corpus of Jātaka stories continued to grow over the centuries. Some of the most popular continue to be the [[Mahanipata Jataka]] which depict the final ten lives of the Buddha before his last birth.

The Jātakas appear to be mostly derived from vernacular Indian [[Folklore of India|folk tales]], [[fable]]s and legends in mixed prose and verse.<ref>"Indian Stories",''The History of World Literature'', Grant L. Voth, Chantilly, VA, 2007</ref><ref>Winternitz, Moriz, ''A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 118.</ref> Like the lives of the Buddha, they are not sectarian, as many Jātakas are shared among traditions. Some of the stories are related to [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanical]] legends, such as those found in the [[Ramayana|Rāmayaṇa]] and [[Mahabharata|Mahābharata]], while others show similarities to [[Aesop's Fables|Aesop's fables]] and other world literature. While most of the Jātakas contain a “moral”, in most cases these pertain to simple and universal ideas, such as non-violence or honesty, and only a few of the stories feature distinctively Buddhist ideas. A typical Jātaka tale features a conflict or challenge, which the hero overcomes through his courage, intelligence, or other virtues. The hero of the story is identified with the Buddha, while other characters in the story are often identified with familiar associates of the Buddha, such as his close disciples, family, or Devadatta as the antagonist.

Since the Jātakas are in essence the preliminary chapters of the Buddha's spiritual development, they are sometimes included together with the Buddha's life. In the Pali sources, for example, the life of the Buddha is featured as the opening framing narrative of the Jātaka collection.

There is a similar class of literature known as [[Apadāna]]. Originally the term seems to have simply meant a tale of the past, as the Mahāpadāna Sutta of the Dīgha Nikāya tells the story of a Buddha in a past age. However it came to refer to a class of stories about the past lives of the Buddha's monk and nun disciples. These often depict how enlightened disciples of the Buddha achieved that status by making offerings to a Buddha in a past life.

=== In Vinaya texts ===

[[File:Mahapajapati.jpg|thumb|Mahapajapati, first Buddhist nun and Buddha's stepmother ordains]]

The doctrinal texts ([[Buddhist texts|suttas]]) of the early period contain little narrative and less myth. However, in the texts on monastic discipline ([[Vinaya]]), each rule or procedure must be preceded by an origin story. These are frequently simple narratives that merely give a context for the rule. However, in several cases the narrative is developed and includes significant mythic motifs. Most of these occur in relation to important events in the Buddha's life, especially those involving his family. But they also occur independently.

[[Erich Frauwallner]] argued that the portion of Vinaya known as the [[Khandhaka]]s was formed around one of the earliest versions of the Buddha's life story.<ref>Frauwallner, Erich, The earliest Vinaya and the beginnings of Buddhist literature, Serie Orientale Roma VIII, p. 47-8.</ref> Later Vinaya texts such as the [[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]] Vinaya and the [[Mahāvastu]] added even more mythic material while some texts also arose out of this material becoming detached from the Vinaya and beginning to circulate as independent biographies of the Buddha.<ref>Frauwallner, Erich, The earliest Vinaya and the beginnings of Buddhist literature, Serie Orientale Roma VIII, p. 48-50.</ref>

Some of the myths told in the Vinayas include:

* The Buddha's awakening.<ref>Frauwallner, Erich, The earliest Vinaya and the beginnings of Buddhist literature, Serie Orientale Roma VIII, p. 48</ref>
*The period after the Buddha's awakening such as the '[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta|first sermon]]' (this corresponds to the “return” portion of Campbell's hero cycle)
* The ordination of the Buddha's stepmother [[Mahapajapati Gotami|Mahāpajāpatī]]. This episode is particularly rich in mythic imagery and meaning.<ref name="academia.edu">{{citation|author1=Dhammadinā|title=The Parinirvāṇa of Mahāprajāpatī Gautamī and Her Followers in the Mūlasarvāstivāda Vinaya|url=https://www.academia.edu/15356864}}</ref>
* The rebellion of [[Devadatta]].<ref>Horner, I.B. (1963). The book of discipline Vol. V (Cullavagga), London Luzac, pp. 259-285.</ref> (betrayal by a close relative is familiar in the myths of, for example, Jesus, Balder, and Osiris.)
* The medical training of the doctor [[Jīvaka]].<ref>Zysk, Kenneth G. (1998), Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India: Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, pp. 52-53.</ref>
* The story of Prince Dīghāvu.
* Multiple original stories for Vinaya rules include mythic motifs, for example the [[stupa]] rule.

=== In post-Ashokan texts ===
[[File:Birth of Buddha at Lumbini.jpg|thumb|The birth of Gautama Buddha, in a forest at Lumbini. The legend goes that directly after his birth, he made 7 steps and proclaimed that he would end suffering and attain supreme enlightenment in this life.]]
[[File:Siddharta Gautama Borobudur.jpg|thumb|Prince Siddhartha Gautama cuts his hair and becomes a renunciant. [[Borobudur]]]]
While the early texts were mostly completed in the pre-[[Ashoka]]n period, the post-Ashokan period saw the widespread adoption of Buddhism as a popular religion. At this time, Buddhism was spreading across the Indian subcontinent and beyond, and [[Early Buddhist schools|several distinct schools]] were emerging in different regions. It seems likely that each school would have used the life of the Buddha as a primary teaching vehicle. Several distinctive versions of this story survive. While these vary greatly in their literary forms, there is little doctrinal difference between them. Such texts include the following:

*[[Mahāvastu]] (“Great Story”) of the [[Lokottaravāda|Mahāsaṁghika-Lokuttaravāda]]. This text is written in [[Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit|Hybrid Sanskrit]], and is a loose compilation of diverse texts from multiple sources, sometimes repeating the same story, and with little attempt to create literary unity.
*[[Buddhacarita]] (“Life of the Buddha”) by [[Aśvaghoṣa]]. This is a sophisticated and polished [[Indian epic poetry|Sanskrit epic]] poem by one of India's foremost poets.
*[[Lalitavistara Sūtra]] (“The Play in Detail”) of the [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādins.]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/tho_1.htm|title=The Lalitavistara and Sarvastivada|website=ccbs.ntu.edu.tw}}</ref> Styled as a Sanskrit sutra, the Lalitavistara was very popular in [[Mahayana|northern]] forms of Buddhism. It is the basis for many events carved in Borobudur.
* The [[Theravada|Theravāda]] "Discussion of the Links" (Nidana-katha) of the "Discussion of the Meaning of the Birth Stories" (Jataka-attha-katha). This is situated as the introduction and setting for the Pali Jātaka stories found in the commentaries compiled in the [[Mahavihara of Anuradhapura|Mahāvihāra]] in [[Sri Lanka]]. This forms the basis for standard account of the lives of the Buddha in Theravāda Buddhism.<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 24-25.</ref>
*[[Mulasarvastivada|Mūlasarvāstivāda]] Vinaya. While all the Vinayas contain some narrative, this text—extant in Sanskrit, Tibetan, and Chinese—includes a full life of the Buddha, replete with abundant legendary narrative.
* Abhiniṣkramana Sūtra.

[[File:MayaDream.jpg|thumb|Queen Māyā's white elephant dream, and the conception of the Buddha. [[Gandhara]], 2nd–3rd century CE.]][[File:Battle with Mara.jpg|thumb|Battle with Mara]]
Despite the fact that these texts emerged in different schools over a long period, in different literary forms, they each share a range of motifs in the Buddha's life that is not found in the early texts. Such motifs include:

* The Buddha's mother, [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Māyā]], dreaming of a white elephant.
* Lotuses springing up under the feet of the bodhisattva as he walked immediately after birth.
* Various encounters with Devadatta and others as a child.
* Seeing the [[Four sights|four signs]].
* The bodhisattva leaving his wife and child, often on the night of the birth.
* The bodhisattva's horse, [[Kanthaka|Kaṇṭhaka]], who carried him away, but later died of grief.
* Meeting a hunter and exchanging robes.
* Floating the bowl upstream.
* The offering of milk rice by Sujātā.
* The attack by [[Mara (demon)|Māra's]] armies.
* The [[Prithvi|earth goddess]] witnessing the bodhisattva's past practice.

Many of these motifs are represented in early artwork, and one of the motivating factors in such developments was to present the teachings in a way that could form a dramatic personal story, which could be visually represented. For example, the Padhāna Sutta,<ref>Sutta Nipāta 3.2</ref> an early text, depicts the assault of Māra in purely psychological terms, while the developed versions imagine a vast army of demons attacking the Buddha, an image which is frequently depicted in Buddhist artwork.

These later works also show a much greater emphasis on the miraculous and extraordinary character of the Buddha, as they depict him more like a godlike being in contrast to the earlier texts.<ref>Anålayo, "The Buddha and Omniscience", ''Indian International Journal of Buddhist Studies'', 2006, vol. 7 pp. 1–20.</ref> These developments in the mythology have their counterparts in the more philosophical texts, where the Buddha is conceived as omniscient and with trascendental powers ([[Lokottaravāda|''lokuttara'']]).

== Other Indian Buddhist myths ==

=== Past and future Buddhas ===
Buddhist mythology contains legends of [[List of the named Buddhas|the Buddhas of past ages]], such as [[Vipassī Buddha|Vipassi]]. An important source for these is the Pali [[Theravada|Theravāda]] [[Buddhavamsa]] (Buddha Chronicle) which chronicles the stories of 24 past Buddhas.<ref>Winternitz, Moriz, ''A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 160.</ref>

Buddhist works also include a wide range of prophetic myths, which speak of future events. As with the Jātakas, there are a few such stories in the early texts. The most famous is the [https://suttacentral.net/en/dn26 Cakkavatti Sīhanāda Sutta] of the [[Digha Nikaya|Dīgha Nikāya]]. This is the only early text to mention [[Maitreya|Metteyya]], the future Buddha. It is an apocalyptic text, which predicts that humanity's moral conduct will decline so far that civilization will utterly break down. After a long time society will reform, based on the principle of non-violence, and ultimately a golden age will arrive, with the future Buddha Metteyya as the teacher of that age.

Later texts such as the ''Maitreyavyakarana'' introduce [[Mahayana]] elements to the prophetic story of Maitreya.<ref>Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism the doctrinal foundations, second edition, p. 218.</ref> A complex mythology developed around the [[Messianism|messianic]] figure of the future Buddha [[Maitreya]], which has inspired multiple Buddhist cults of both the past and the present. He became an influential figure in the [[Millenarianism|millennarian]] and [[Messianism|messianic]] movements throughout East Asia. According to Paul Williams, there were "nine such movements in China in the fifth and early sixth centuries alone."<ref>Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism the doctrinal foundations, second edition, p. 219.</ref>

=== Kings, saints and gods ===
[[File:Ashoka's visit to the Ramagrama stupa Sanchi Stupa 1 Southern gateway.jpg|thumb|Ashoka's visit to the [[Ramagrama stupa]], Southern gateway of [[Sanchi|Sanchi Stupa]] 1.]]
Buddhist traditions contain large numbers of stories and spiritual narratives in addition to the above. These are often simple moral fables, similar to Jātakas. In some cases, mythic complexes can be discerned that have no counterparts in the orthodox texts, but are found widely in popular culture. Various figures other than the Buddha appear in these myths, including Buddhist kings, important monastics and saints, as well as heavenly beings or gods ([[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]]).

Indian kings feature in many Buddhist stories and myths. The earliest texts speak of various kings paying respects to the Buddha such as [[Pasenadi]] of [[Kosala]] and [[Bimbisara]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]]. The Buddhist myths which developed around the famed [[Maurya Empire|Mauryan]] emperor [[Ashoka]] (recorded in texts such as the ''[[Ashokavadana]]'') as well as other Buddhist monarchs such as the indo Greek [[Milinda Panha|Milinda]] ([[Menander I]]) and Sri Lankan Buddhist kings (in texts like the ''[[Dipavamsa]]'') are also important sources of Buddhist mythology. These stories serve as [[Morality play|morality tales]] and as models for [[Buddhist kingship]] which were emulated and used by later Buddhist monarchies throughout the Buddhist world. These royal myths touch on more secular issues such as the relationship between the monastic community and the state as well as the king's role in the world (and by extension the role of laypersons).<ref>Strong, John S. The Legend of King Aśoka: A Study and Translation of the Aśokāvadāna, p. xiii.</ref>

Buddhist myths also tell stories about important disciples of the Buddha and later Buddhist saints (known as [[Arhat|''arahants'']]). Especially important are his [[Ten Principal Disciples]] such as [[Sariputta|Śāripūtra]] and [[Maudgalyayana|Maudgalyāyana]] as well as female disciples of the Buddha, such as [[Mahapajapati Gotami]] (the first nun) and his wife [[Yaśodharā]]. Another important figure is [[Aṅgulimāla]], who was a mass murderer before becoming a monk under the Buddha. His tale serves as a story of redemption.

Later Buddhist saints such as [[Mahinda (Buddhist monk)|Mahinda]] and [[Sanghamitta]], both children of [[Ashoka]] are also part of Buddhist myths. Another example are stories related to the cult of the monk [[Upagupta]] who, according to legend, lived in the time of Ashoka. He does not appear in central Pali texts, but is a well known figure in the northern regions of Theravāda, including northern Myanmar, Thailand, and Laos. In these regions a variety of tales with related themes and motifs occur, and form the basis of ritual activity, usually carried out by the lay people. Such activities occur in a liminal space on the edge of the officially sanctioned Theravādin praxis.

Buddhist myths also feature heavenly beings, called [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]]. Buddhist myth adopted several Indian figures such as [[Brahmā (Buddhism)|Brahma]], [[Indra]] (also known as [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Sakka]]) and [[Prithvi]].

=== Sectarian myths ===
[[File:Nagarjuna Conqueror of the Serpent.jpg|thumb|[[Nicholas Roerich]]'s "[[Nagarjuna]] Conqueror of the Serpent" depicting the Mahayana origin myth of the [[Prajnaparamita|prajñaparamita]] sutras. ]]
The [[schools of Buddhism]] told stories of the origin of their own particular school. These narratives function like creation myths, explaining how the school came to be, and why it has a special authority to convey the Buddha's teaching. Unlike the pan-sectarian myths of the Buddha's life or the Jātakas, these exist specifically to promote one's own school in relation to contemporary rivals. Such sectarian myths also typically include an account of how the Dharma triumphed over primitive and violent religious cults, especially human or animal sacrifice in worship of [[Yaksha|yakkhas]].

The [[Theravada|Theravāda]] origin story is found in multiple places, such as the [[Dipavamsa|Dīpavaṁsa]], where the Buddha himself is said to have predicted the spread of Theravāda to [[Sri Lanka]]. Moreover, in both the [[Dipavamsa|Dīpavaṁsa]] (Island Chronicle) and the [[Mahavamsa|Mahāvaṃsa]] (Great Chronicle), the Buddha is said to have actually visited the island three times.<ref>Swearer, Donald K. Buddhist World of Southeast Asia, The: Second Edition, SUNY Press, 2012, p. 106.</ref> The [[Sarvastivada|Sarvāstivādins]] located their origins in the time of [[Ashoka]], claiming to be the true Dharma that spread to Kashmir when Buddhism in the Middle Country had become corrupt.

Other stories developed to give authority to certain texts. The [[Mahayana|Mahāyānists]] needed to address the fact that their texts were unknown in the initial period of Buddhism, and developed stories such as that they had been hidden in the realm of the [[Nāga|nagas]] (snake-like supernatural beings) until people wise enough to understand them were born. Some versions of the myth state that the Indian philosopher [[Nagarjuna]] magically flew to the city of the nagas and retrieved the hidden sutras.<ref>John Powers, David Templeman, Historical Dictionary of Tibet, p. 373.

 </ref> Other myths deal with Buddhas in other worlds which can be reached through dreams or meditative visions such as [[Maitreya]] or [[Amitābha|Amitabha]] and who reveal new texts and teachings such as the [[Yogachara#Five treatises of Maitreya|five treatises of Maitreya]]. Later Mahayana Buddhists also wrote their own biographies of the Buddha which included Mahayana elements, such as the biography in the Tibetan [[Buton Rinchen Drub|Bu-ston's]] (1290–1364) ''Chos ’byung'' (“History of Buddhism”).

Similarly, the promoters of the [[Theravada|Theravādin]] [[Abhidharma|Abhidhamma]] claimed that Abhidhamma had been taught by the Buddha to his mother in [[Tushita|Tusita]] heaven.<ref>Red Pine (2004). ''The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas'', p. 12.</ref> Other myths follow inanimate objects such as Buddhist relics. For example, the Pali text called the [[Bodhi Vamsa|Bodhivamsa]] describes the bringing of a cutting from the [[Bodhi Tree|Bodhi tree]] to Sri Lanka, while the [[Thupavamsa|Thūpavaṃsa]] tells the story of the [[Ruwanwelisaya|Mahathupa]] ('Great [[Stupa]]') at [[Anuradhapura]].

Likewise, with the development of [[Vajrayana|Tantric Buddhism]] and their new texts called [[Tantras (Buddhism)|Tantras]], they also developed legends which sought to legitimate these texts as [[Buddhavacana]] (word of the Buddha) despite the fact that historically they could not have been taught during the time of Gautama Buddha.<ref>''Yoga of the Guhyasamājatantra: The Arcane Lore of the Forty Verses'' (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1977), p. 97.</ref> One of the most prominent of these are the various legends surrounding a figure known as king [[Indrabhuti]].<ref>Wedemeyer, Christian K., ''Making Sense of Tantric Buddhism: History, Semiology, and Transgression in the Indian Traditions'', (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), 79 – 95.</ref> In one version of the myth translated by Ronald M. Davidson, it states that during the Buddha's time, nobody was ready for tantra on earth, so it was taught in Tusita heaven. Afterwards, [[Vajrapani]] brought the tantric teachings to the country of Zahor to King Indrabhuti, who was instructed in their meaning by a teacher called [[Kukuraja]].<ref>Ronald M. Davidson. ''Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement,'' (New York: Columbia University Press, 2002): 242 – 245.</ref>

Such mythologies developed, not just as “official” sectarian doctrines, but as local tales. For example, in most Buddhist countries there is a story of how the historical Buddha visited their country and foretold that the Dharma would be established there.

== Mahāyāna mythology ==
[[File:Amoghpasha lokeshvara image.jpg|thumb|Amoghpasha [[Lokesvara]] flanked by [[Tara (Buddhism)|Arya Tara]] and [[Bhrikuti]] Tara enshrined at the side wing of Vasuccha Shil Mahavihar, Guita Bahi, [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]] : This set of images is popular in traditional monasteries of [[Kathmandu Valley]], [[Nepal]].]]
[[File:Avatamsaka Gandavyuha Teaching 1.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Sudhana]] learning from one of the fifty-two teachers along his journey toward enlightenment. Sanskrit manuscript, 11-12th century.]]
[[File:Amitayus Buddha in His Paradise.jpg|thumb|right|[[Amitabha]], the Buddha of Eternal Life, in Sukhavati, the Western Pure Land. He is surrounded by followers, demigods, bodhisattvas and offerings. At the bottom are courtyards, giant lotus flowers, and pools from which the purified are being reborn.]]
In addition to the [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] origin story, Mahāyanist texts include a wide variety of narratives and mythologies, with numerous divine figures and stories that do not appear in the earlier texts. These vary from dramatic or humorous tales, to abstract philosophical parables. [[Mahayana sutras]] such as the ''[[Lotus Sutra|Lotus sutra]]'' and the ''[[Avatamsaka Sutra]]'' contain popular stories and parables which have been widely influential in Mahayana Buddhism.

A central figure in [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] myths is the [[Bodhisattva]], a spiritually advanced being who is on the path to [[Buddhahood]]. Some of these beings, such as [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteshvara]], [[Manjushri]] and [[Vajrapani]], while not yet Buddhas, have developed extraordinary godlike powers by reaching the highest [[Bhūmi (Buddhism)|bodhisattva level]]. According to Paul Williams, [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteshvara]] "is perhaps the most popular of all Mahayana Bodhisattvas" and is seen as the compassionate savior of all beings, working constantly using infinite forms and means to help others.<ref>Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism the doctrinal foundations, second edition, p. 221.</ref> Important sources for this figure are the [[Lotus Sutra|Lotus sutra]] and the [[Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra|Karandavyuha sutra]].<ref>Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism the doctrinal foundations, second edition, p. 222.</ref>

Other bodhisattvas are depicted as being still in the process of developing their skill in means ''([[upaya]])'' such as [[Sudhana]] of the [[Gaṇḍavyūha Sūtra|Gaṇḍavyūha Sutra]], and thus their stories serve as spiritual ''[[bildungsroman]].''

[[Buddhahood]] is also central to Mahayana mythology. A Buddha in Mahayana texts is also much more exalted and extraordinary than in earlier texts. A godlike being, a Buddha in the Mahayana [[Imaginary (sociology)|imaginary]] has lived and will continue to live for countless eons preaching his doctrine in innumerable ways and means to innumerable numbers of beings.<ref>Gushtaspshah Kaikhushro Nariman, Moriz Winternitz, Sylvain Lévi, Eduard Huber, ''Literary History of Sanskrit Buddhism'', Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1972, p. 65.</ref> Regarding the Buddha Gautama, his limited "human" life on earth was merely an illusion, a [[Docetism|docetic]] mirage which merely appears to perform human actions such as eating and so on.<ref>Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism the doctrinal foundations, second edition, p. 21.</ref> Another important feature of [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]] Buddhist myths is that they include [[Buddhahood|Buddhas]] other than Gautama Buddha, such as [[Amitābha]], [[Bhaisajyaguru]], [[Vairocana]] and [[Akshobhya]], each with their own texts. These Buddhas are said to live in other realms, called [[Pure land|Buddhafields]] (''buddhakṣetra,'' also known as Pure Lands) and to still be reachable in meditation, visions or through their intermediaries. These other worlds are said to extend infinitely in all directions, each containing a Buddha which teaches in their Buddhafield.<ref>Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism the doctrinal foundations, second edition, p. 215.</ref> A Buddha such as [[Amitābha]] for example (one of the most popular Buddhas in East Asia), was associated with his vow that anyone who recited his name would be reborn in his pure land as well as with the bodhisattva [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteshvara]].<ref name=":0">Willis, Roy G. World Mythology, p. 65. </ref> These other Buddhas were also seen as the source of some of the [[Mahayana sutras]] like the ''[[Pure Land Buddhism|Pure land sutras]]'' and the ''Aksobhyavyuha sutras''.<ref>Williams, Paul, Mahayana Buddhism the doctrinal foundations, second edition, p. 39.</ref>

The [[Hagiography|hagiographies]] of Indian [[Mahayana]] figures such as [[Asanga]] and [[Nagarjuna]], and the stories associated with them are also important in the mythology of Mahayana Buddhism. Biographies of the Indian philosopher Nagarjuna for example, depict him as a great [[brahmin]] sorcerer with powerful magics who made himself and his friends invisible once to enter a palace and violate the women. After his escape, his friends were all killed and this led him to the spiritual life and to the study of all the Buddha Dharma. This eventually led him to the discovery of the [[Prajnaparamita|''prajñaparamita'']] sutras with the aid of the [[Nagaraja|Naga king]]<ref>Winternitz, Moriz, ''A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 343.</ref>

These stories and figures also further evolved in [[East Asian Buddhism]], for example, in time the male figure of Avalokiteshvara transformed into the female motherly figure of [[Guanyin]] which has her own East Asian mythic corpus.<ref name=":0" /> East Asian Buddhism (all of which is [[Mahayana|Mahāyāna]]) also developed further regional and school specific mythologies as Buddhism continued to evolve and adapt. Stories and legends about founding figures and patriarchs of East Asian Buddhist schools are one such development. One example are the numerous stories which developed around the [[Zen]] patriarch [[Bodhidharma]] which serve to explain how Zen Buddhism is supposed to have arrived in China.{{refn|There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma's biography:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dumoulin |first1=Heinrich |last2=Heisig |first2=James W. |last3=Knitter |first3=Paul |title=Zen Buddhism: A History (India and China) |publisher=World Wisdom |year=2005 |isbn=0-941532-89-5 |pages=85–90}}</ref>
* Yáng Xuànzhī's ''The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang'' (547);
* Tánlín's preface to the ''Two Entrances and Four Acts'' (6th century CE), which is also preserved in Ching-chüeh's ''Chronicle of the Lankavatar Masters'' (713-716);
* Daoxuan's ''Further Biographies of Eminent Monks'' (7th century CE).|group=note}} Another widely recognized figure which developed in China is the fat and jolly figure named [[Budai]], which developed in Zen texts such as the [[Transmission of the Lamp]].<ref>Chapin, H. B. (1933). ''The Chan Master Pu-tai''. '''53'''. Journal of the American Oriental Society. pp. 47–52. {{doi|10.2307/593188}}. {{JSTOR|593188}}.</ref>

Another very popular example of East Asian Buddhist myth is contained in one of China's classical novels, ''[[Journey to the West]]'', which developed around stories of the Chinese monk [[Xuanzang]] and his travels to India. These stories merge Buddhist myth with ideas from [[Chinese folk religion]], [[Chinese mythology]], as well as [[Confucianism|Confucian]] and [[Taoism|Taoist]] beliefs.

== Forms of myth ==

=== Literature ===

The primary source for Buddhist myth is the vast [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist literature]]. The corpus is extensive; over 500 [[Jataka tales|Jātakas]] exist in Pali alone and there are various complete Buddhist canons in different languages.

The Jātakas remain closely linked to the [[oral tradition]] of the [[Early Buddhist Texts|early Buddhist texts]]. The core of the story is a set of verses, which in the [[Pali]] tradition are the only part considered canonical. The story, and the framing narrative that tells the events of the Buddha's day, are commentary. However, as shown by [[Thomas Rhys Davids]], verse and prose must have been passed down together in many cases. This is typical of Pali oral literature, where a fixed canonically portion was accompanied by a much larger and more fluid commentary, which itself would gradually become canon. When taught, the verses would typically be recited verbatim, while the story would be elaborated and adapted by each storyteller.

By way of contrast, a developed literary work such as the [[Indian epic poetry|Sanskrit epic]] poems of the great Indian poet [[Aśvaghoṣa]] such as the [[Buddhacarita]] and the Saundarananda were written down and carefully planned examples of the Indian [[Mahakavya|Mahākāvya]] genre. Drawing on the already elaborate literary heritage of Indian Buddhism, [[Aśvaghoṣa]] employed a huge vocabulary and complex poetic methods to create sophisticated texts for the enjoyment of an educated class. [[Aśvaghoṣa]]'s compositions, written in polished Sanskrit, are carefully structured and arranged.<ref name=":1">Winternitz, Moriz, A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature, p. 260.

 </ref> In these texts, there are also numerous allusions to [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanical]] legends and epic narratives.<ref name=":1" />

=== Performance ===
[[File:Cham dance at Leh Palace, 13 February 2018.webm|thumb|Cham dance during Dosmoche festival 2018 at [[Leh Palace]]]]
There are indications that Indian Buddhists developed edifying dramas, perhaps with musical accompaniment. [[Aśvaghoṣa]] is known to have written a Buddhist drama, the [[Sariputra]]-Prakarana, which only survives in fragments.<ref>Winternitz, Moriz, A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature, p. 266.</ref> It is the oldest dramatic work of Sanskrit literature yet discovered.<ref>Michael Fuss, Buddhavacana and Dei Verbum: A Phenomenological and Theological Comparison of Scriptural Inspiration in the Saddharmapuṇḍarīka Sūtra and in the Christian Tradition, BRILL, 1991, p. 184.</ref> Such performances became popular in Buddhist cultures.

In pre-modern Asia, the oral and dramatic performance of Jātaka stories was another way in which Buddhist myth was propagated. This tradition remains active in Southeast Asian countries today, where Jātakas tales are performed in theater, dance and recitations during certain special occasions like during [[Buddhist holidays]].<ref>Rev. Sengpan Pannyawamsa, ''Recital of the Tham Vessantara Jātaka: a social-cultural phenomenon in Kengtung, Eastern Shan State, Myanmar'', Institute of Pali and Buddhist Studies, (University of Kelaniya), Sri Lanka</ref>

In [[Tibet]] and other regions where [[Tibetan Buddhism]] has spread, various performances of sacred myth are also popular, such as the [[Cham dance|Cham Dance]] a costume dance which illustrates Buddhist moral values.<ref>Pearlman, Ellen (2002). ''Tibetan Sacred Dance: a Journey into the Religious and Folk Traditions''. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. pp. 21, 32, 180. {{ISBN|978-0-89281-918-8}} Retrieved 2011-10-16.</ref>

=== Art ===
[[File:Monument_at_Sanchi_Stupa_India_24.jpg|thumb|Gateway, [[Sanchi|Sanchi stupa]]]]
There is no art, or any other physical remains, from the [[Pre-sectarian Buddhism|earliest period of Buddhism]]. The first Buddhist art appears in the [[Ashoka]]n period. But [[Pillars of Ashoka|Ashoka's pillars]], while artistically superb, do not tell myths.

Perhaps 100 years after Ashoka, we have our first known Buddhist [[stupa]] complexes, which contain substantial and elaborate art. As well as drawing on motifs from the early texts, these frequently depict episodes from Jātakas and from the evolved form of the Buddha's life. The art that has survived is sculpture in stone, although this must be the remnants of a much richer heritage in more perishable materials.

In addition to purely decorative motifs, we frequently find art arranged in a sequence, or a roundel, depicting various events selected from a particular story. These would presumably have been used as a story-telling framework, a precursor to our modern graphic novels. A teacher, presumably a monk or nun, would tell the story illustrated by the pictures, or else people who knew the story would remind themselves of it. This method was developed fully in Borobudur, where the stories wind around the huge structure. In many modern Buddhist temples, especially those that are popular tourist sites, murals play the same role.

== Themes ==

=== Renunciation ===
[[File:034 The Bodhisatta rides on Kanthaka crossing the River Anoma as Channa holds the Tail (9270797417).jpg|thumb|The Bodhisatta rides on his horse [[Kanthaka]] crossing the [[Anoma River|River Anoma]] on the night of his renunciation. His charioteer [[Channa (Buddhist)|Channa]] holds the tail. Chedi Traiphop Traimongkhon Temple, [[Hat Yai|Hatyai]] Thailand.]]
The key event in the life of the Buddha is his leaving home. This event dramatizes the conflict between the “worldly” values of sex, family, career, and prosperity and the “spiritual” values of [[nekkhamma|renunciation]] and dispassion ([[Vairagya|virāga]]).<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 39-40.</ref> This tension is a defining characteristic of Buddhist myth. Numerous Buddhist stories each tell the event in different ways, sometimes evoking the bodhisattva's pain in leaving his wife and child, as well as his father's efforts to entice him to stay and the sadness experienced by his wife [[Yaśodharā|Yashodhara]] and his charioteer Channa.

The renunciation is also dealt with repeatedly in the [[Jataka tales|Jātakas]], with further variations. In some cases, the bodhisattva leaves home with his wife, or with both wife and children, or even with the whole city. In one case, the wife leaves the bodhisattva to raise the children.

=== Awakening and final Nirvana ===

Following on from renunciation is the event of the Buddha's awakening ''([[Enlightenment in Buddhism|bodhi]])'' or liberation ([[Moksha|vimutti]], [[nirvana]]). In Buddhism this refers to an insight into the truth that leads to the end of suffering. In the doctrinal texts this is presented in psychological and existential terms, which the myths translate into narrative and imagery.

Thus the armies of the demon of Death, [[Mara (demon)|Māra]], the forces of darkness and desire, are no longer simply psychological impulses, but literal armies of demonic forces, depicted in lavish detail. And they are not overcome simply by insight, but by evoking the Earth Goddess (dhārinī). She, as an elder deity, has borne witness to the bodhisattva's heroic deeds in the countless past lives as depicted in the Jātakas, and testifies to this fact, dispelling the forces of darkness.

Each detail of the awakening experience become imbued with mythic significance. The place where the Buddha sat, described in the early texts simply as a pleasant place suitable for meditation, becomes the “navel of the world”. It is the only place on earth strong enough to bear the weight of the awakening, and is used by all Buddhas, past, present, and future.

The event of his death and final release (''[[Parinirvana|paranirvana]]'') from the realm of rebirth ([[Saṃsāra|''samsara'']]) are also important themes which are taken up in numerous Buddhist myths. For Buddhists, it was important to explain the death of the Buddha as a monumental event. Some Buddhists such as the [[Lokottaravāda|Lokuttaravada]] developed a [[Docetism|docetic]] myth, which said that the Buddha did not really die, only appearing to do so, since his nature was supramundane.

=== Geography and Cosmology ===
[[File:Cosmological Mandala with Mount Meru.jpg|thumb|Silk tapestry mandala with cosmological diagram, [[Yuan dynasty]] (1271–1368). [[Mount Meru]] at the center, with the sun and moon at the base (symbolized by a bird and rabbit) and the four continents in the cardinal directions.]]
[[Buddhist cosmology]] has an expansive view of time and space, with [[Cosmic pluralism|multiple world systems]] (''lokāḥ'') divided into different planes of existence (''dhātus'') which go back countless eons ([[Kalpa (aeon)|''kalpas'']]). The Buddhist (and Indic) view of time is cyclical instead of linear or progressive. World systems or universes go through cycles, from birth to destruction, and see similar patterns arise again and again. These patterns include the birth and awakening of a Buddha as well as the degeneration and eventual loss of the Dharma. [[Eternal return (Eliade)|Mythic return]] is thus a crucial theme in Buddhist cosmology. An important feature of this is that in the Buddhist universe, there is no single beginning or myth of a first [[Creation myth|creation]]. The Buddha is said to have stated that the world is "without discoverable beginning, a first point is not discerned of beings roaming and wandering on."<ref>Laumakis, Stephen J. An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy, p. 97.</ref> Thus while individual world systems (''lokāḥ'') go through cycles of birth and destruction (which are explained as being caused by natural processes related to the [[Mahābhūta|four elements]]),<ref>Kloetzli, Randy, Buddhist Cosmology: From Single World System to Pure Land : Science and Theology in the Images of Motion and Light, Motilal Banarsidass, 1983, p. 75.</ref> the entire system of [[Saṃsāra|samsara]] itself or the "multiverse" consisting of all universes has no single point of origination in time or a [[Unmoved mover|single cause/prime mover.]] Thus Buddhist cosmology and myth rejects [[Theism|theistic]] [[creationism]].<ref>Jamgon Kongtrul; Kalu Rinpoche translation group, The Treasury of Knowledge: Book One: Myriad Worlds, Shambhala Publications, 2003, p. 40-41.</ref>

[[Mahayana]] Buddhism added the concept of an infinity of [[Pure land|Buddhafields]] created by innumerable Buddhas, all of which are interconnected with one another.<ref>Jamgon Kongtrul; Kalu Rinpoche translation group, The Treasury of Knowledge: Book One: Myriad Worlds, Shambhala Publications, 2003, p. 46.</ref> The medieval texts known as the [[Tantras (Buddhism)|Buddhist tantras]] introduced more elaborate elements into the Buddhist cosmological system, including [[Hindu astrology|astrological]] elements and new myths such as that of the kingdom of [[Shambhala|Shambala]] from the [[Kalachakra|Kalacakra tantra]].

Despite this expansive view on time, the historical framework of Buddhist myth is in fact quite narrow. With few exceptions, the Jātakas, and even the stories of the future, imagine a world that is much like the India of the 5th century BCE, or more precisely, in the case of the Jātakas, a little earlier. Thus the many hundreds of births of the bodhisattva are set within a historical window of only a few centuries and are strongly rooted in the [[geography of India]]. This includes the vast presence of the [[Himalayas]], the powerful rivers, fertile fields, and wild forests. The wilds, including the mountains, are regularly depicted as resorts of sages and seekers. The cities are where wealth and fame are found, and wisdom lives in the wilderness. The early texts are strongly focused on the “middle country”—the central part of the [[Ganges|Ganges valley]]—where the Buddha spent his whole life. Reference to areas outside this are few. In the later texts, such as Jātakas, there is a much expanded geography, with a strong emphasis on trade across deserts and oceans. The Baveru Jātaka (“Babylon Jātaka”) tells of how to take advantage of the gullible Babylonians in trade. Buddhist mythic geography also includes extraordinary mythic elements, such as the central world mountain named [[Mount Meru]] and stories of the continent of [[Jambudvipa]] which refers to the world of humans. Later regional texts also focus on the geography of their origin, such as China, Tibet or Sri Lanka, as well as maintaining a mythic geography of India.

=== Origin of life ===
One tale told by the Buddha in the Aggan̄n̄a Sutta describes the process of recreation on this grand scale. An old world-system has just been destroyed, and its inhabitants are reborn in a new system. To begin with they are luminious being, floating happily above the earth, luminescent and without form, name or sex.

At that period, The world in these early stages is without light or land, only mass waters. Neither moon nor sun appeared, no constellations or stars appeared, night and day were not yet distinguished, nor months and fortnights, nor years and seasons. And sooner or later, after a very long period of time, Earth appears and the luminious being or spirits come to taste and enjoy it. It looked just like the skin that forms itself over hot milk as it cools. It was endowed with color, smell, and taste. It was the color of fine ghee or butter and it was very sweet, like pure wild honey. Their greed causes their ethereal bodies to become solid and coarse and differentiate into male and female, good-looking and ugly. As they lose their luminescence the sun and moon come into being.

Gradually the beings fall into further wicked habits, causing themselves - and the earth itself - to become less pleasant.

=== Psychology and virtues ===

Buddhist myths use the standard story types and heroic journeys, always with a strong psychological emphasis. While the behaviour of the bodhisattva in the Jātakas is not always beyond reproach, there is a strong emphasis on overcoming hate and greed, and using intelligence and kindness to solve problems. The bodhisattva is more commonly represented as clever and resourceful than as a fierce warrior or powerful king.

The stories of the Jātakas as well as the post-Ashokan biographies also take important [[Buddhist ethics|Buddhist virtues]] as their themes, such as the [[virtue]]s known as the perfections ([[Pāramitā|''paramitas'']]). The influential Pali [[Mahanipata Jataka]] for example is made up of ten stories each illustrating one of the [[Pāramitā#Theravāda Buddhism|ten paramitas]].

The [[Tantras (Buddhism)|Buddhist tantras]] meanwhile associated their numerous deities and cosmological elements with inner psychological states as well as physiological forces.

=== Kingship and politics ===

One of the earliest mythic motifs in the Buddha's life is the notion that he is a “Great Man” (''mahāpurisa''), who must choose his destiny. If he remains in the home, he will become a righteous universal emperor or "wheel turning monarch" (''[[Pali language|Pali]]: Cakkavatti''; ''[[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: Cakravartin''), while if he chooses the way of renunciation he will become a Buddha. Of course, the historical bodhisattva chooses renunciation, but stories are told of those in the past who chose kingship. These are depicted to show an ideal of Buddhist leadership, one who rules without violence (''[[ahimsa]]'') while exemplifying and promoting Buddhist values.<ref>Harvey, Peter (2000), An Introduction to Buddhist Ethics Foundations, Values and Issues., New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 114-115.</ref> Buddhist kings are also seen as protectors and supporters of the [[Sangha|Buddhist community]]. The deeds of a great Buddhist king include the protection of animals and the building of public works such as parks, wells, and roads.<ref>Martine Batchelor, Kerry Brown (editors), Buddhism and Ecology, 1994, p. 23-24.</ref>

The stories Mauryan emperor [[Ashoka]] also added to the mythological elements of the myth of "Dharma King" (''dhammaraja'') and his great deeds. In much of Buddhist myth, Ashoka is the royal "exemplar par excellence" who exemplifies the ten royal virtues: generosity, moral virtue, self-sacrifice, kindness, self-control, non-anger, nonviolence, patience, and adherence to the norm of righteousness.<ref>Swearer, Donald K. Buddhist World of Southeast Asia, The: Second Edition, SUNY Press, 2012, p. 72-73.</ref> This figure was much emulated by later Buddhist kings, who built [[stupa]]s and temples and patronized the monastic community in imitation of Ashoka. This mimesis of the Ashoka myth by Asian Buddhist rulers is one way in which Buddhist myth influenced the Asian political ideology of states such as [[Khmer Empire|Angkor]], [[Sukhothai Kingdom|Sukhothai]] and [[Pagan Kingdom|Pagan]].<ref>Swearer, Donald K. Buddhist World of Southeast Asia, The: Second Edition, SUNY Press, 2012, p. 84.</ref>

The Jātakas depict many examples of kings and of the bodhisattva Gautama himself who was a king in many past lives, the most famous throughout Southeast Asia being the [[Vessantara Jataka]]. The [[Vessantara|Vessantara Jataka]] is basically a royal epic, whose hero is not a conqueror or warrior, but a hero of the Buddhist virtue of generosity (''[[dāna]]'') who takes a vow never to refuse to give away anything which might be asked of him.<ref>Winternitz, Moriz, ''A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 151.</ref> In [[Thailand]] this Jataka is told or performed at large ceremonies such as the “Bun Phawet” in [[Roi Et]], where Upagupta is honoured as well as the Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2014/02/making-merit-at-bun-phawet/ |title=Making merit at Bun Phawet : TTR Weekly |access-date=2018-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924031912/http://www.ttrweekly.com/site/2014/02/making-merit-at-bun-phawet/ |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:Thai - Vessantara Jataka, Chapter 8 (The Royal Children) - Walters 35246 - A T Front.jpg|thumb|Thai [[Vessantara|Vessantara Jataka]] illustration, Chapter 8 (The Royal Children)]]
Kingship in the Jātakas displays many of the classic features familiar in [[James George Frazer|James Frazer]]’s analysis of [[sacred king]]ship. The king has not just worldly power, but had a connection to the gods. His behaviour affects the weather: a righteous king ensures good crops. The king is sometimes sacrificed, or stories of escaping and reforming sacrifice are told. Mahayana Buddhist accounts also add notions of the [[bodhisattva]] ideal to myths of [[Buddhist kingship]].

The [https://suttacentral.net/en/dn27 Aggañña Sutta] depicts an alternative, and arguable earlier, ideal of a Buddhist king. There, in a manner not dissimilar to the practices prevailing among the Buddha's own [[Shakya|Sakyan]] people, the king is not destined but elected by the people. This model of [[elective monarchy]], however, was largely ignored, and subsequent Buddhist myths almost always featured hereditary kings.

Buddhist myths continue to have an impact on the political world of Asian Buddhist nations. [[Bhumibol Adulyadej|King Bhumipol]] of Thailand is famous for telling Jātaka stories, which often contain some comment or twist that illustrate current events. In his translation of the Mahājanaka Jātaka, for example, the ending was changed so that the bodhisattva no longer renounced the throne, but remained and educated his people in preserving the environment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.nepalitimes.com/news.php?id=3595|title=King Bhumibol and King Janak- Nepali Times|website=Archive.nepalitimes.com}}</ref> In [[Sri Lanka]], the [[Mahavamsa|Mahāvaṁsa]], which tells the history of Buddhism on the island, was used to provide a mythic authority for the civil war against the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Tamil Tigers]]. This text tells the tale of the revered [[Dutugamunu|King Duṭṭhagaminī]] who expelled the [[Tamils|Tamil]] invaders and felt remorse for killing, a violation of the most fundamental Buddhist precept. He was reassured by monk, however, that only killing those who had taken refuge in Buddhism could be considered a moral fault.

=== Manhood and physical prowess ===
[[File:(Left) Princess Yasodhara points to Prince Siddhattha Wellcome L0030761.jpg|thumb|The Sarabhanga Jātaka depicts the bodhisattva in a past life giving an exhibition of his extraordinary skill in [[archery]].]]

[[John Powers (academic)|John Powers]] has noted how the story of the Buddha in Indian texts presents themes of male physical perfection, beauty and virtue''.'' The Buddha is often depicted in Indian art and literature as a virile "Ultimate Man" (''purusottama'') and "is referred to by a range of epithets that extol his manly qualities, his extraordinarily beautiful body, his superhuman virility and physical strength, his skill in martial arts, and the effect he has on women who see him."<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 1.</ref> He is given numerous epithets such as “god among men,” “possessing manly strength,” “victor in battle,” “unsurpassed tamer of men,” “bull of a man” and “fearless lion.”<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 26.</ref> He is seen as having lived hundreds of past lives as [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|cakravartins]] and as manly gods such as [[Indra]] and in his final life as Gautama, he excelled as a lover to many women in his palace harem as well as a warrior in the martial arts of a [[Kshatriya|ksatriya]].<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 32-33.</ref> Texts such as the [[Lalitavistara Sūtra|Lalitavistara]] (extensive sport) dwell on the martial contests that the young bodhisattva had to complete in order to gain his wife, concluding in an archery contest in which he "picks up a bow that no one else could draw and that few could even lift. He grasps it while sitting down, lifts it easily, and shoots an arrow through every target, which utterly eclipses the performances of all the others."<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 34.</ref> The depictions of his ascetic training as well as his victory over the temptations of Mara and his final awakening are also often described as a result of his manly effort in a heroic battle.<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 46.</ref> The ascetic life is also connected to virility. In ancient India, the celibacy and the retaining of semen was said to bring about strength, health and physical energy. The practice of celibacy and austerity was said to accumulate a spiritual energy called [[Tapas (Indian religions)|tapas]].<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 79.</ref> Thus even as a celibate ascetic, the Buddha can fulfill the mythical archetype of the supreme man and heroic warrior.

All these good qualities are associated with the idea that the Buddha has excellent karma and virtue and thus in Indian Buddhism, moral transformation was seen as being related to physical transformation.<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 5, 19.</ref> While usually overlooked in most scholarly literature, an important element of the Buddha mythology is the excellent physical characteristics of his body, which is adorned with what is termed the thirty two “[[Thirty-two marks of the Buddha|physical characteristics of a great man]]” (''mahapurusa-laksana''), which are found only in Buddhas and in universal monarchs and are seen as proving their status as superior men.<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 9.</ref> In parallel with the perfect physical qualities of the Buddha, some Buddhist female figures such as the Buddha's mother Maya are said to also have thirty two good qualities, thus male perfection and female perfection mirror each other.<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 22.</ref>

The Buddha's perfection is also associated with supranormal feats ([[Abhijñā|abhiñña]]) such as [[Levitation (paranormal)|levitation]], walking on water and [[telepathy]]. His powers are superior to that of the gods, and Indian deities like Brahma are depicted as being his disciples and accepting his superiority.<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 25.</ref>

=== Women and gender ===
[[File:GoddessHaririWithBaby.jpg|thumb|Motherly deity [[Hariti|Hārītī]]]]
Feminine figures and issues of gender are also an important feature of Buddhist mythology. Traditionally, women are seen as capable of achieving the highest levels of spiritual attainment.<ref>Swearer, Donald K. Buddhist World of Southeast Asia, The: Second Edition, SUNY Press, 2012, p. 1.</ref> Female figures in Buddhist myth include mother figures like the Buddha's mother Queen [[Maya (mother of the Buddha)|Maya]] (and her [[Virgin birth (mythology)|virgin birth]] myth) and the goddess [[Hariti|Hārītī]], monastics (''[[bhikkhunī]]s'') like [[Sanghamitta]] and [[Mahapajapati Gotami]] and extraordinary divine figures like [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]], [[Guanyin]], [[Vajrayogini]] and [[Yeshe Tsogyal|Yeshe Tsongyal]].

Buddhist myths and stories show an ambiguity in relation to gender. On the one hand, gender is seen as not a binary phenomenon. For example, there is fluidity in gender across lives. Frequently women are strong and capable. Gender roles are sometimes reversed, as when the bodhisattva's wife leaves him to raise the children as she becomes a nun. In some texts, gender is presented as a performance, and both men and women can engage in that performance with awareness. Transformation and escape from the traps of gender roles is made possible through a spiritual life, especially as a renunciant, and women are seen as capable of awakening just like men. Suzanne Mrozik, citing Elizabeth Grosz holds that in Indian Buddhism, bodies are "pliable" and "subject to transformation, because bodies are largely the products of our own actions.... Karma dictates the kind of body we get in any given lifetime—whether male or female, healthy or sick, beautiful or ugly, and so forth."<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 132.</ref> There are also various Buddhist stories which depict a person changing genders, such as a story which depicts the Buddhist saint [[Asanga]] being changed into a woman and his use of yogic powers to transform back into a man. Another story from the [[Vimalakirti Sutra|Vimalakirti sutra]] has a goddess transform [[Sariputta|Sariputra]] into a woman to prove that gender is merely an [[Śūnyatā|empty]] conceptual construction with no real basis.<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 134, 136.</ref>

At the same time, there are many Buddhist stories that depict women in negative terms which continue to influence modern Buddhist views. Indian Buddhist views of women's sexuality are typical of ancient India, which saw women as inherently lustful creatures of passion, and who are often depicted as seductresses who are a danger to men seeking to live the celibate religious life.<ref>Powers, John'', A Bull of a Man: Images of Masculinity, Sex, and the Body in Indian Buddhism,'' 2012, p. 75.</ref> These negative attitudes towards women continue to influence contemporary Buddhist cultures, where it is widely believed that birth as a woman is due to bad karma. This is also said to influence the future of Buddhism. One story which illustrates this is that of the first nun, [[Mahapajapati Gotami]], which includes a prediction that because the Buddha allowed the ordination of women as nuns, the Buddhist Dharma will decline faster.<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|title=White Bones Red Rot Black Snakes|url=http://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/wbrrbsSCREENopt.pdf|publisher=Santipada|year=2012|isbn=9781921842030|pages=15–16, 21}}</ref>

In his ''White Bones Red Rot Black Snakes'', [[Bhikkhu Sujato]] pointed out that the Jātakas were compiled by many people over a long time. Rather than representing a single, coherent Buddhist position regarding women, he argued that they represent multiple conflicting attitudes, an ambiguity which cannot be easily represented in the doctrinal or philosophical texts. One of the major cause of negative views of women is the confusion and tension around sexuality experienced by those who have chosen a renunciant life. While the early texts advise to deal with this through mindfulness and meditation, in the stories the tensions become externalized as negative characteristics of women. Such views should not be seen as fixed, however, since Buddhism is not essentialist. Negative characteristics of women—like negative characteristics of men, which are also depicted—are qualities to be overcome and transformed through spiritual development. Thus Buddhism has always insisted that women are equal to men in their capacity for awakening.

=== Animals ===
[[File:Buddha_Worshipped_in_Jungle_by_Animals_-_Middle_Architrave_-_Rear_Side_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4462.JPG|right|thumb|225x225px|The Buddha, represented by the [[Bodhi tree]], attended by animals, [[Sanchi]] vihara.]]
Animals feature prominently in Buddhist myths, whether domesticated beasts like the cow or the cat, or wild beasts such as the lion or crocodile. The Jātakas frequently feature talking animals and common fable tropes such as the [[donkey]] that clothes himself in a lion's skin.<ref>Winternitz, Moriz, ''A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 126.</ref> A distinctive feature of Buddhist tales, however, is that the [[Animal ethics|ethical implications]] of such talking beasts are not dismissed. Instead, it is in dialogue with talking beasts that ethics of [[Nonviolence|non-violence]] and restraint in killing animals are developed. In some Jātakas it is also common that an animal acts in a more moral manner than a human.<ref>Winternitz, Moriz, ''A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature'', Motilal Banarsidass, 1996, p. 129.</ref>

Several kinds of animals appear regularly enough that they assume the role of stock characters. The lion is strong and fearless, the jackal, his nemesis, is weak, craven, and duplicitous. Animals can also symbolically represent other Buddhist themes, the lion for example is said to represent the Buddha (who is also known as the "lion of the [[Shakya|Sakya clan]]", ''Sakyasimha''), since the lion is the king of the animals, with the loudest roar and the Buddha is the foremost of all humans with the most superior teaching. The deer represents renunciation, since it never sleeps in the same place.<ref>Beer, Robert, The Handbook of Tibetan Buddhist Symbols, p. 62-63.</ref> Mythical animals such as the [[Garuda]] and Nagas also play a part in Buddhist animal fables and myths.

=== Extraordinary beings ===
[[File:Bodhi_Tree_-_East_Face_-_South_Pillar_-_East_Gateway_-_Stupa_1_-_Sanchi_Hill_2013-02-21_4434.JPG|thumb|Worshipping the Bodhi Tree, East Face, South Pillar, East Gateway, Stupa 1, Sanchi]]
The Buddhist tradition shares with the wider Indian culture a range of extraordinary beings and places. Myth often deals with the [[supernatural]]. However, while Buddhist myth frequently deals with events normally regarded as supernatural, such as stories of [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]], miracles, and so on, these are all seen as aspects of ''[[dharma]]'', and thus as part of nature. In Buddhist context, then, it is best to describe these phenomena as “extraordinary”, in the sense of lying outside ordinary experience, rather than “supernatural”, being “above nature”.

[[Buddhist deities]] are an important element in all Buddhist mythologies. These deities include high level [[bodhisattva]]s who have extraordinary powers, cosmic [[Buddhahood|Buddhas]] (in [[Mahayana]]), [[Deva (Buddhism)|devas]] (heavenly beings who live for a very long time), nature spirits like [[Yaksha]]s and [[Fierce deities|fierce tantric deities or protectors]].

Buddhist mythology also adopt [[Historical Vedic religion|Brahmanical]] myths and deities, frequently inverting motifs to illustrate a point of difference between Buddhism and orthodox Brahmanism. When the Indian creator deity [[Brahmā (Buddhism)|Brahmā]] appears, he is sometimes depicted as a magnificent devotee of the Buddha, but sometimes he is mocked. Some Buddhist texts make fun of Brahma's belief that he is the creator of the universe.<ref>Harvey, Peter (2013), An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices (2nd ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 36-8.</ref> Likewise, the ferocious war god of the Vedas, [[Indra]], is transformed into the gentle [[Śakra (Buddhism)|Sakka]] (usually given the [[epithet]] ''devanam indrah'' "king of the gods"), who is said to have reached his godly status through public works.<ref>Martine Batchelor, Kerry Brown (editors), Buddhism and Ecology, 1994, p. 24.

 </ref>

Buddhist saints and historical figures are also important in Buddhist myth. The stories of quasi-legendary figures such as [[Padmasambhava]] and [[Milarepa]] serve as important foundational myths for [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] schools.

=== Symbols ===
In [[Buddhist texts|Buddhist literature]] as well as in [[Buddhist art]], myth is also communicated using various [[Buddhist symbolism|Buddhist symbols]] which have become widespread across the Buddhist world. Among the earliest and most common symbols are the [[stupa]] (symbolizing the Buddha), the [[Dharmachakra|Dharma wheel]] (a symbol of the Dharma), the [[Bodhi Tree]] (and its leaves) and the [[Nelumbo nucifera|lotus flower]] (both symbolizing [[Enlightenment in Buddhism|awakening]]).

Buddhist cultures typically preserve relics or places that tie them with the Buddhism of the past, and especially with the historical Buddha. These things are given meaning by telling sacred stories about them.

In [[Sri Lanka]], the most popular sites for pilgrimage are the [[Bodhi Tree|Bodhi tree]] at [[Anuradhapura]], and the [[Relic of the tooth of the Buddha|tooth relic]] at Kandy. The Bodhi tree myth says that it was a sapling taken from the tree under which the Buddha sat, brought to Sri Lanka by King Ashoka's daughter, the enlightened bhikkhunī [[Sanghamitta|Saṅghamittā]]. Worship of the tooth relic is ultimately derived from the closing passages of the [[Mahaparinibbana Sutta|Mahāparinibbāna Sutta]], which tell of the distribution of the Buddha's physical remains after his cremation.

=== Myth and ritual ===
[[File:Burmese novitiate-to-be in prince clothes.jpg|thumb|The royal outfit worn by novitiates-to-be before their [[samanera]] ordination.]]
It is common for mythic events to be performed or re-experienced as ritual, and in fact some myths arise as explanations of ritual. We find this frequently in Buddhism, as the ordination procedure mimics the renunciation of the Buddha. Although the Vinaya texts describing ordination depict it as a simple, almost bureaucratic, procedure, some Buddhist cultures have rituals in which they dress the candidate up like a prince and parade him through the streets in a reenactment of the renunciation of the Buddha. These rituals can be quite elaborate, with some candidates riding a while horse, and other individuals playing different roles such as the tempter Mara.<ref>Swearer, Donald K. Buddhist World of Southeast Asia, The: Second Edition, SUNY Press, 2012, p. 55-56.</ref> In Myanmar, a parallel life passage ritual also exists for women, called a ''shinbyu'' ceremony.

Another Buddhist ritual which includes reenactments of the Buddha life myth is the ritual of the consecration of a Buddha image. Among other things, the statue's head is covered, symbolizing the Buddhas withdrawal from householder life and various symbolic offerings are placed before the statue. including a sweet milk rice mixture symbolizing the offering of Sujata.<ref>Swearer, Donald K. Buddhist World of Southeast Asia, The: Second Edition, SUNY Press, 2012, p. 30.</ref>

In [[Vajrayana|Tantric Buddhism]], rituals such as [[Empowerment (Vajrayana)|tantric initiations]] and the creation of [[mandala]]s can be seen as recreations of Tantric Buddhist mythic reality in a sacred time.

== Interpretations ==

=== Emic interpretations ===

There is no developed tradition of [[Myth#Interpreting myths|myth interpretation]] within Buddhist traditions. Writers acknowledged that the various lives of the Buddha were similar, differing in only inconsequential details. The more spectacular aspects of Buddhist myth were likely treated for their entertainment value. [[Vasubandhu]], writing around the 4th century CE, took it for granted that his audience understood that the so-called “guardians of hell” were in fact just projections of the mind. It is, however, not uncommon to find strictly literal interpretations of myth.

The reform movements in Buddhism that emerged around the end of the 19th century are known as [[Buddhist modernism]]. They are characterized by a rational approach to Buddhist ethics, philosophy, and meditation, and tend to reject or downplay mythic elements. As a result, many contemporary forms of Buddhism influenced by Buddhist modernism rarely pay much attention to myth or tend to downplay their importance, seeing them as later "accretions" or "distortions".<ref>McMahan, David L. The Making of Buddhist Modernism, p. 65.</ref> Perhaps because of this, modern scholarly analyses of Buddhist mythology are rare.

Bhikkhu Sujato has written an extensive analysis of Buddhist myth, focusing on women. He shows the extensive correlations between Buddhist myths and broader world myth, drawing on such sources as [[Joseph Campbell]] and [[Erich Neumann (psychologist)|Erich Neumann]], a student of [[Carl Jung]].<ref>{{citation|last=Sujato|first=Bhante|title=White Bones Red Rot Black Snakes|url=http://santifm.org/santipada/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/wbrrbsSCREENopt.pdf|publisher=Santipada|year=2012|isbn=9781921842030}}</ref>

=== Modern Etic interpretations ===

[[Joseph Campbell]]’s [[Hero's journey|Hero’s Journey]] analyzed the Buddha's life myth as part of the universal [[hero's journey]] which he also compares to the life of [[Jesus]], both being forms of what he saw as "an [[Archetype|archetypal]] World Savior".<ref name=":2">Campbell, Joseph, The hero with a thousand faces, Princeton university press, Commemorative edition 2004, p. 28.</ref> Campbell mapped the life of the Buddha into what he saw as the standard formula for heroic myths: ''separation—initiation—return''.<ref name=":2" /> ''Separation'' maps into the Buddha's renunciation, ''initiation'' into his quest for and attainment of awakening and ''return'' is his return to the world to preach the Dharma to all (and thus for Campbell, he is a "universal hero" who brings a message to the entire world).<ref>Campbell, Joseph, The hero with a thousand faces, Princeton university press, Commemorative edition 2004, p. 35.</ref>

[[Roberto Calasso]] in his ''Ka'' discusses Buddhist myth in the context of Indian myth more generally. He argues that the Buddha came to “put an end to gesture”, as his journey was ultimately inwards and dispensed with outward forms of spirituality such as ritual.

<blockquote>
As Calasso sees it, the ancient world of sacrifice, of prohibition and authority, is ruined by the coming of the Buddha. The Buddha wishes to “eliminate the residue,” the leftovers from which everything new is generated (the pursuit of nirvana is nothing less than a wish to extinguish the residue of a lived life–rebirth). His doctrine prefigures our own world: “What would one day be called ‘the modern’ was, at least as far as its sharpest and most hidden point is concerned, a legacy of the Buddha. Seeing things as so many aggregates and dismantling them. . . . An arid, ferocious scholasticism. . . . Total lack of respect for any prohibition, any authority.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/08/reviews/981108.08khilnat.html|title=The First Syllable|website=archive.nytimes.com|access-date=8 December 2018}}</ref></blockquote>David Adams Leeming in his ''Mythology: The Voyage of the Hero'' sees the Buddha's enlightenment as a culmination of the theme of the [[Quest|hero quest]] in which a hero seeks a goal such as immortality (note that [[amrita]] is actually a term for [[nirvana]]), specifically a related theme called the "withdrawal theme". Leeming states that "the myth of the hero's meditative withdrawal is the myth of the preparation of the [[Shamanism|shaman]] - the great teacher savior - who, having faced the unknown in himself, can now convey and apply this experience to us."<ref>Leeming, David Adams, Mythology: The Voyage of the Hero, Oxford University Press, May 28, 1998, p. 97.</ref>

== Mythology in contemporary Buddhism ==
=== Hagiographies of Buddhist saints ===

[[Hagiography]] is one of the most popular forms of contemporary myth in Buddhist cultures. These come in the form of biographies, sometimes autobiographies, of revered monks or other spiritual practitioners. These stories typically draw on basic elements of the hero's journey as exemplified in the Buddha's life: special signs in youth, renunciation, struggle, awakening, teaching, and establishing a legacy. However their form is that of the modern biography, with more or less inclusion of paranormal events.

Such hagiographies are one of the staple forms of literature in the [[Thai Forest Tradition|Thai forest tradition]]. In Thailand, the primary example is the biography of [[Mun Bhuridatta|Ajahn Mun Bhuridatta]], the founding father, by one of his students, [[Ajahn Maha Bua|Ajahn Maha Boowa]]. The hagiography of Ajahn Mun has become a major modern legend in [[Buddhism in Thailand|Thai Buddhism]].<ref>Swearer, Donald K. Buddhist World of Southeast Asia, The: Second Edition, SUNY Press, 2012, p. 12.</ref> It established many of the standard features of such biographies: accounts of struggles with sexual temptation, meeting with tigers and ghosts in the forest, and exciting tales of psychic or meditative prowess. It is controversial, however, since it depicts events such as meeting with long-dead [[Arhat|arahants]], a phenomenon that is impossible according to orthodox Theravāda.

In the Chinese tradition, we find the biography of [[Xuyun|Hsu Yun]] (Empty Cloud), which similarly relates stories of spiritual and psychic prowess in the very long life of this Chinese Buddhist master.

Likewise, the Tibetan tradition contains many biographies of famous teachers such as the [[Dalai Lama]], including one recent comic book adaptation. A unique mythic feature of this tradition is the story of the identification of the master as a [[Tulku|reincarnation of a former master]].

=== Contemporary depictions in media ===
[[Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film|Numerous films]] have been made depicting the life of the Buddha. [[Bernardo Bertolucci|Bertolucci's]] [[Little Buddha]] included elements of the Buddha's story as part of a more contemporary tale. Recently the film Siddhattha was made in Sri Lanka, which focused on the emotional tensions around the decision of the bodhisattva to go forth.

The Saiyūki (西遊記, lit. "Journey to the West"), also known by its English title 'Monkey', was a Japanese TV series that told the story of the pilgrimage of Xuan Zang to the India to retrieve the Buddhist sutras. More recently, [[Buddha (TV series)|a popular series on the life of the Buddha]] has aired on Indian television.

The life of the Buddha has been adapted as a [[manga]] by [[Osamu Tezuka]] and this in turn has been adapted into animated film.

=== Buddhist themes in contemporary media ===

Since Buddhism and meditation became a part of popular culture in US in the 1970s, it has become common to see Buddhist themes expressed in contemporary mythmaking.

The film series ''[[Star Wars]]'', which was deliberately constructed as a modern myth on the Campbell model, features many Buddhist motifs. These include the Jedis who a mix of monk and warrior elite who meditate, and are asked to “be mindful of their feelings”.

The 1999 film ''[[The Matrix]]'' features themes of illusion, reality, and freedom that are fundamental to Buddhism.

==See also==
{{div col}}
* [[Buddhist cosmology]]
* [[Buddhist deities]]
* [[Vedic mythology]]
* [[Hindu mythology]]
* [[Chinese mythology]]
* [[Japanese mythology]]
* [[Hindu deities]]
* [[Japanese Buddhist pantheon]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Buddhism topics}}

[[Category:Buddhist mythology| ]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Indian ethos in management

2025-11-02T08:49:40Z

BlissKetoSupplement: new

'''Indian Ethos in Management''' refers to the [[Value (ethics)|values]] and practices that the [[culture of India]] (''Bharatheeya Sanskriti'') can contribute to service, [[leadership]] and [[management]]. These values and practices are rooted in ''[[Sanathana Dharma]]'' (the eternal essence), and have been influenced by various strands of [[Indian philosophy]].

==Work values from Bharatheeya Sanskriti==
1. ''Paropakaaraartham Idam Shareeram'' - The body is meant for serving others or for the higher [[common good]].

2. ''Atmanomokshartham Jagat Hitayacha'' - Endeavors should be made considering the [[well-being]] of the world too, while considering the (spiritual) well-being of oneself.

3. ''[[Trikaranasuddhi]]'' - To consider work as a means to grow oneself in 'Purity and Unity of Thought, Word and Deed'.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sankar R N|first1=Ajith|title=Ascertaining Linkages between Trikarana Suddhi and 'Tapping Spirituality as the Context of Leadership'|journal=IPE Journal of Management|date=July–December 2012|volume=2|issue=2|page=81|url=http://www.ipeindia.org/data/IPEJM/IPEJM_2_2_6.pdf|access-date=13 April 2016}}</ref>

4. ''Yagnaya charatha: karma'' - To engage in work as a sacred offering<ref>{{cite news|title=Karma as yagna|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/religion/karma-as-yagna/article8292954.ece|access-date=14 April 2016|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2016-02-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yagna Bhava – Selfless Karma with an Attitude of Sacrifice|url=http://indianethos.com/yagna-bhava-selfless-karma-with-an-attitude-of-sacrifice/|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref>

==Influences==
Attempts have been made to distill aspects related to management theory and practice from various texts of India. A variety of works has influenced this area and few of them include ''[[Autobiography of a Yogi]], [[Thirukkural]], [[Mahabharatha]], [[Ramayana]]'' and ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/hitendra-wadhwa/steve-jobs-self-realization-yogananda.html|title=Steve Jobs's Secret to Greatness: Yogananda|date=21 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264441071|title=Ethics (business ethics) from the Thirukkural and its relevance for contemporary business leadership in the Indian context|first1=Dr Balakrishnan|last1=Muniapan|first2=M.Raja|last2=Rajantheran|date=1 January 2011|journal=International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management|volume=4|issue=4|pages=453–471|via=ResearchGate|doi=10.1504/IJICBM.2011.040961|s2cid=143379175 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Ethical Leadership Views from Tamil Classical Literature - With Reference to Thirukural|first=Sairavi|last=Subramaniam|date=16 September 2018|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1605320|ssrn = 1605320|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Leadership and Managerial Implications for Practice and Organizational Excellence from a Drop of the Case of Ramayana - A Celebrated Indian Work on Wisdom|first1=Chendrayan|last1=Chendroyaperumal|first2=Seetharaman|last2=Chandramouli|date=16 September 2018|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1875495|ssrn = 1875495|s2cid=154216871|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.shu.edu/business/news/bhagavad-gita-and-management.cfm|title=Bhagavad Gita and Management - Seton Hall University|website=shu.edu|date=September 2016|access-date=2018-02-17|archive-date=2022-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210012611/https://www.shu.edu/business/news/bhagavad-gita-and-management.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhattathiri |first=M.P. |title=Bhagavad Gita and Management |url=http://www.vaikhari.org/downloads/Bhagavad%20Gita%20and%20Management.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008181719/http://www.vaikhari.org/downloads/Bhagavad%20Gita%20and%20Management.pdf |archive-date=2014-10-08 |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=www.vaikhari.org}}</ref>

==Examples of practice==
{{Expand section|date=February 2018}}
[[E. Sreedharan]] is one of the leaders who attributes his excellence in professional world to Bhagwad Gita and its principles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=E Sreedharan: More Than The Metro Man|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-award-2012/e-sreedharan-more-than-the-metro-man/33847/1|access-date=2020-06-30|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Mamuni|title='Metroman', may your tribe increase|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/metroman-may-your-tribe-increase/article8349044.ece|access-date=2020-06-30|website=@businessline|date=13 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref> A number of examples indicating the practice has been documented.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sankar R N|first1=Ajith|title=Ethicus: India's First Ethical Fashion Brand|journal=The Journal of Values Based Leadership|date=July 11, 2012|volume=5|issue=1|pages=61–78|ssrn=2103599}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sankar R N|first1=Ajith|title=The Enterprising Life of Isaac Tigrett|ssrn=1842943|date=2011-05-16|doi=10.2139/ssrn.1842943 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pruzan|first1=Peter|last2=Pruzan Mikkelsen|first2=Kirsten|title=Leading With Wisdom: Spiritual-Based Leadership in Business|date=June 1, 2007|publisher=Greenleaf}}</ref>

==Popularisation==
Academicians and practitioners such as Prof S K Chakraborty,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Chakraborty|first1=S.K.|title=Ethics: Light from the Golden Quartet|journal=Journal of Human Values|date=April 2005|volume=11|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.1177/097168580401100101|s2cid=220676569 }}</ref> Jack Hawley,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hawley|first1=Jack|title=Dharmic Management: A Concept-Based Paper on Inner Truth at Work|journal=Journal of Human Values|date=October 1995|volume=1|issue=2|pages=239–248|doi=10.1177/097168589500100207|s2cid=143018317}}</ref> Debra and William Miller,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.globaldharma.org|title = Welcome to the Global Dharma Center!}}</ref> [[Devdutt Pattanaik]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Management Mythos by Devdutt Pattanaik|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-27/news/28638480_1_corruption-indian-culture-mythology|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305161309/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-02-27/news/28638480_1_corruption-indian-culture-mythology|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 5, 2011|access-date=14 April 2016}}</ref> Prof Subhash Sharma,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XlJrVU3DfMUC|title=Management in New Age Western Windows Eastern Doors|last=Sharma|first=Subhash|date=2007|publisher=New Age International|isbn=9788122417890|language=en}}</ref> Prof Sharda Nandram,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.springer.com/la/book/9783319117249|title= Organizational Innovation by Integrating Simplification|journal= |language=en|isbn=9783319117249|publisher=Springer|year=2015|series=Management for Professionals}}</ref> Prof. Dharm Bhawuk,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=NvjhvR8AAAAJ&hl=en&oi=sra|title=Dharm P S Bhawuk - Google Scholar Citations|website=scholar.google.co.in|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shidler.hawaii.edu/directory/dharm-bhawuk/mir|title=Dharm Bhawuk {{!}} Shidler College of Business {{!}}|website=shidler.hawaii.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-03-15|archive-date=2019-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217055101/http://shidler.hawaii.edu/directory/dharm-bhawuk/mir|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ankur Joshi<ref>{{Citation|last1=Nandram|first1=Sharda|title=An Ethics of Care Induced from Kautilya's Wisdom|date=2016|work=Ethical Leadership|pages=53–69|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|language=en|doi=10.1057/978-1-137-60194-0_4|isbn=9781137601933|last2=Joshi|first2=Ankur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=Ankur|last2=Gupta|first2=Rajen K.|date=2017|title=Elementary education in Bharat (that is India): insights from a postcolonial ethnographic study of a Gurukul|journal=International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management|language=en|volume=15|issue=1|pages=100|doi=10.1504/ijicbm.2017.085390|issn=1753-0806}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=Ankur|last2=Bindlish|first2=Puneet|last3=Verma|first3=Pawan|last4=Dutt|first4=Priyanka|date=2015-10-15|title=Exploring Indigenous Concepts of Public Administration: Learning for Leadership and Governance|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|ssrn=2674972}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Joshi|first1=Ankur|last2=Bindlish|first2=Puneet|last3=Verma|first3=Pawan Kumar|date=December 2014|title=A Post-colonial Perspective towards Education in Bharat|journal=Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective|language=en|volume=18|issue=4|pages=359–363|doi=10.1177/0972262914552171|s2cid=144782215|issn=0972-2629}}</ref> etc. There are even research based videos on application Indian ethos in era of artificial intelligence. <ref>{{Citation |title=Application of Generative AI in Management Education and Role of Indian Ethos - by Ankur Joshi | date=16 June 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mEBcd7jSax0 |access-date=2023-07-15 |language=en}}</ref> have contributed to the evolution and popularisation of this domain. [[Stephen Covey]] has detailed the application of [[Seven Social Sins|Gandhian values]] in leadership, through his book ''Principle Centered Leadership''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mkgandhi.org/mgmnt.htm|access-date=13 April 2016|title=Seven Deadly Sins as per Mahatma Gandhi}}</ref> Faculty of Management Studies, [[Banasthali Vidyapith]] has been teaching Indian Ethos in Management since 1996.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.banasthali.org/banasthali/wcms/en/home/lower-menu/faculties/management/wisdom-top/cour_n_schemes/mba.html|title=MBA - Courses & Schemes - Welcome to Banasthali Vidyapith|website=banasthali.org|access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> Recently [[Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad|IIM Ahmedabad]] made a foray into the domain by introducing lessons from Panchtantra stories for management.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/at-iim-ahmedabad-it-s-time-for-lessons-from-the-panchatantra/story-lWeMnBztsTThkXXghmtvGM.html|title=At IIM Ahmedabad, it's time for lessons from the Panchatantra|date=2017-10-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref> The [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] in its model curriculum for MBA has stressed on need for Indian ethos in the MBA education.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicte-india.org/sites/default/files/AICTE_MBA.pdf|title=Model Curriculum for Management Program|website=aicte-india.org|access-date=2019-01-16}}</ref>

==Prevalence==
This theme is embedded in varying levels as part of programmes in business management offered by various business schools and universities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dauniv.ac.in/downloads/BBA_Final_6_sem.pdf|access-date=20 March 2016|title=Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.himtu.ac.in/pdf/jun-2013/Indian%20Ethos%20&%20Values.pdf|access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://psrt.cusat.ac.in/pages/PDF/indian%20ethos%20in%20management.pdf|access-date=20 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sssihl.edu.in/sssuniversity/Academics/DepartmentofManagementStudies/Overview.aspx|access-date=24 April 2016|title=SSSIHL | Academics | Department of Management & Commerce | Overview|archive-date=24 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424190346/http://sssihl.edu.in/sssuniversity/Academics/DepartmentofManagementStudies/Overview.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

* FMS-WISDOM at [[Banasthali Vidyapith]] under the National Resource Center setup by [[Ministry of Education (India)]] Government of India, developed video based modules with focus on Indian ethos for management teachers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://swayam.gov.in/courses/5296-management|title=Online Refresher Course in Management online course|website=swayam.gov.in|access-date=2019-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116200727/https://swayam.gov.in/courses/5296-management|archive-date=2019-01-16|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mhrd.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/Arpit%20Book%20.pdf|title=Annual Refresher Programme in Teaching|website=mhrd.gov.in |access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>
* [[Indian Institute of Management Calcutta|IIM Calcutta]] has a centre for human values to foster research and academic activities in the domain of Indian ethos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimcal.ac.in/faculty/centers-of-excellence/management-center-for-human-values/management-center-for-human-values|title=Management Center for Human Values {{!}} IIM Calcutta|website=iimcal.ac.in|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>
* [[Indian Institute of Management Indore|IIM Indore]] organised a conference on Indian Management in December 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iimidr.ac.in/news-events/5th-biennial-indam-conference-2017-begins-at-iim-indore/|title=5th Biennial INDAM Conference 2017 Begins at IIM Indore|website=भारतीय प्रबंध संस्थान इंदौर - IIM Indore|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>
* IBA Banglore linked cultural symbols to the idea of Indian ethos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iba.ac.in/about-iba/cultural-symbols/|title=Cultural Symbols|website=IBA (Indus Business Academy)|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-15}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Management education in India]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Workplace]]
[[Category:Management]]