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Ferrari

2026-05-25T00:16:18Z

Blackandwhitelegal: Made stub - done

{{Short description|Italian luxury sports car manufacturer}}
{{About|the automobile manufacturer|other uses}}
{{Redirect|Ferraris|the surname|Ferraris (surname)}}
{{Redirect|RACE|other uses|Race (disambiguation){{!}}Race}}
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{{Use British English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ferrari S.p.A.
| logo = [[File:Prancing horse.svg|frameless|upright=0.35|class=skin-invert]]
| image = フェラーリ本社前 (36309429124).jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Maranello]], Italy
| founded = {{start date and age|df=yes|1939|09|13}} in [[Modena]], Italy (as Auto Avio Costruzioni)<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=https://logoheritage.com/ferrari-logo-history-meaning-evolution/ |title=History of Ferrari logo: meaning and evolution |website=LogoHeritage |access-date=31 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529233540/https://logoheritage.com/ferrari-logo-history-meaning-evolution/ |archive-date=29 May 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| location = {{ubl|[[Maranello]], Emilia-Romagna, Italy [[Modena]], Emilia-Romagna, Italy ([[Seat (legal entity)|seat]])}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/cs_ferrari_gtc4lusso_t_gbr.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624045134/http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/cs_ferrari_gtc4lusso_t_gbr.pdf |archive-date=24 June 2017 |url-status=live |title=Ferrari SpA Direzione e stabilimento |website=Ferrari Corporate }}</ref> {{Coord|44|31|57|N|10|51|52|E|display=title,inline}}
| type = [[Public company|Public]] ([[S.p.A.]])
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{Borsa Italiana|NL0011585146|RACE}}|{{NYSE|RACE}}|[[FTSE MIB]] component|[[Euro Stoxx 50]] component}}
| founder = [[Enzo Ferrari]]
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{plainlist|
* [[John Elkann]] (Executive Chairman)
* [[Piero Ferrari]] (Vice Chairman)
* [[Benedetto Vigna]] (CEO)
}}
| industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]]
| products = [[Sports car]]s, [[luxury car]]s
| production = {{increase}} 13,752 units shipped (2024)<ref name="AR24"/>
| revenue = {{profit}} [[Euro|€]]6.677 billion (2024)<ref name="AR24"/>
| operating_income = {{profit}} €1.888 billion (2024)<ref name="AR24"/>
| net_income = {{profit}} €1.526 billion (2024)<ref name="AR24"/>
| assets = {{profit}} €9.497 billion (2024)<ref name="AR24"/>
| equity = {{profit}} €3.543 billion (2024)<ref name="AR24"/>
| num_employees = {{increase}} 5,435 (2024)<ref name="AR24"/>
| divisions = [[Scuderia Ferrari]]
| parent =
| footnotes = <ref name="AR24">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1648416/000164841625000027/race-20241231.htm |title=Ferrari 2024 Annual Report (Form 20-F) |date=21 February 2025 |access-date=25 February 2025 |publisher=US Securities and Exchange Commission |language=en}}</ref><ref name="AR21">{{cite web |url=https://cdn.ferrari.com/cms/network/media/pdf/Annual_Report_2021_Ferrari_NV_WEB_12.04.2022.pdf |title=Annual Report 2021 |date=25 February 2022 |access-date=7 September 2022 |website=Ferrari |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419130414/https://cdn.ferrari.com/cms/network/media/pdf/Annual_Report_2021_Ferrari_NV_WEB_12.04.2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/fnv_2019_annual_report_red_book_0.pdf |title=2019 Annual Report |date=10 February 2020 |access-date=5 September 2020 |publisher=Ferrari |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611232454/https://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/fnv_2019_annual_report_red_book_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|https://www.ferrari.com/|ferrari.com}}
| owners = {{plainlist|
* [[Exor (company)|Exor]] (24.65% equity; 36.48% voting rights)
* [[Piero Ferrari]] (10.48% equity; 15.51% voting rights)
* [[Public float|Public]] (58.8% equity; 48.01% voting rights)
}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shareholders' structure {{!}} Ferrari Corporate - Ferrari.com |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corporate/shareholders-structure |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=www.ferrari.com |language=en |archive-date=3 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250103101717/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corporate/shareholders-structure |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''Ferrari S.p.A.''' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|ɑːr|i}}; {{IPA|it|ferˈraːri|lang}}) is an Italian luxury [[sports car]] manufacturer based in [[Maranello]], Italy. Founded in 1939 by [[Enzo Ferrari]] (1898–1988), the company built [[Auto Avio Costruzioni 815|its first car]] in 1940, adopted its current name in 1945, and began to produce its current line of road cars in 1947. Ferrari became a [[public company]] in 1960, and from 1963 to 2014, it was a subsidiary of [[Fiat S.p.A.]] It was [[Corporate spin-off|spun off]] from [[Fiat]]'s successor entity, [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]], in 2016. The company currently offers a large model range which includes several [[supercar]]s, [[grand tourer]]s, and one [[SUV]]. Many early Ferraris, dating to the 1950s and 1960s, were counted amongst one of the [[List of most expensive cars sold at auction|most expensive cars ever sold at auction]].

Throughout [[History of Ferrari|its history]], the company has been noted for its continued participation in [[Auto racing|racing]], especially in [[Formula One]], where its team, [[Scuderia Ferrari]], is the series' single oldest and most successful. Scuderia Ferrari has raced since 1929, first in [[Grand Prix motor racing|Grand Prix events]] and later in [[Formula One]], where it holds many records. Historically, Ferrari was also highly active in [[sports car racing]], where its cars took many wins in races such as the [[Mille Miglia]], [[Targa Florio]] and [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], as well as several overall victories in the [[World Sportscar Championship]]. Scuderia Ferrari fans, commonly called {{lang|it|[[Tifosi#Formula One|tifosi]]}}, are known for their passion and loyalty to the team.

Ferrari is one of the world's strongest [[brand]]s, and it maintains a brand image built around racing heritage, luxury, and exclusivity. The company is publicly traded, with significant ownership, by [[Piero Ferrari]], and Exor N.V. As of May 2023, Ferrari is also one of the largest car manufacturers by [[market capitalisation]], with a value of approximately US$85.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=The 10 Most Valuable Car Companies in the World — Investing |website=US News & World Report |date=26 May 2023 |url=https://money.usnews.com/investing/slideshows/the-10-most-valuable-auto-companies-in-the-world |access-date=16 September 2023 }}</ref>

== History ==
{{Further|History of Ferrari}}

=== Early history ===
[[File:1934-07-01 French GP Alfa P3 Varzi Chiron-WINNER Trossi.jpg|thumb|Three Scuderia Ferrari cars in 1934, all [[Alfa Romeo P3]]s. Drivers, left to right: [[Achille Varzi]], [[Louis Chiron]], and [[Carlo Felice Trossi]].]]
[[Enzo Ferrari]], formerly a salesman and racing driver for [[Alfa Romeo]], founded [[Scuderia Ferrari]], a racing team, in 1929. Originally intended to service [[gentleman driver]]s and other amateur racers, Alfa Romeo's withdrawal from racing in 1933, combined with Enzo's connections within the company, turned Scuderia Ferrari into its unofficial representative on the track.<ref name=LudvigsenDec2021>{{cite web |author-last=Ludvigsen |author-first=Karl |website=Forza Magazine |title=The Rise and Fall of Scuderia Ferrari |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/195/articles/the-rise-and-fall-of-scuderia-ferrari |date=2 December 2021 |access-date=19 March 2023 }}</ref> Alfa Romeo supplied racing cars to Ferrari, who eventually amassed some of the best drivers of the 1930s and won many races before the team's liquidation in 1937.<ref name=LudvigsenDec2021 /><ref name=Aversa>{{cite journal |last1=Aversa |first1=Paolo |last2=Schreiter |first2=Katrin |last3=Guerrini |first3=Filippo |title=The Birth of a Business Icon through Cultural Branding: Ferrari and the Prancing Horse, 1923–1947 |journal=Enterprise & Society |date=26 July 2021 |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=28–58 |issn=1467-2227 |eissn=1467-2235 |doi=10.1017/eso.2021.22 |s2cid=237737650 |url=https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/25916/3/Aversa_Schreiter_Guerrini_2021_EandS.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=5 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126045754/https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/25916/3/Aversa_Schreiter_Guerrini_2021_EandS.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>{{rp|43}}

Late in 1937, Scuderia Ferrari was liquidated and absorbed into Alfa Romeo,<ref name=LudvigsenDec2021 /> but Enzo's disagreements with upper management caused him to leave in 1939. He used his settlement to found his own company, where he intended to produce his own cars. He called the company "Auto Avio Costruzioni", and headquartered it in the facilities of the old Scuderia Ferrari;<ref name="history" /> due to a [[noncompete agreement]] with Alfa Romeo, the company could not use the Ferrari name for another four years. The company produced a single car, the [[Auto Avio Costruzioni 815]], which participated in only one race before the outbreak of [[World War II]]. During the war, Enzo's company produced aircraft engines and machine tools for the Italian military; the contracts for these goods were lucrative, and provided the new company with a great deal of capital. In 1943, under threat of Allied bombing raids, the company's factory was moved to [[Maranello]]. Though the new facility was nonetheless bombed twice, Ferrari remains in Maranello to this day.<ref name="history" /><ref name=Aversa />{{rp|45–47}}<ref name=LudvigsenJul2021>{{cite web |author-last=Ludvigsen |author-first=Karl |website=Forza Magazine |title=The Wilderness Years |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/192/articles/the-wilderness-years |date=19 July 2021 |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=16 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616193738/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/192/articles/the-wilderness-years |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Under Enzo Ferrari ===
[[File:1960s Maranello making cars.jpg|thumb|Ferrari's factory in the early 1960s: everything in its production line was handmade by [[machinist]]s, who followed technical drawings with extreme precision.<ref name=Baime>{{cite book |last=Baime |first=A.J. |title=Go Like Hell: Ford, Ferrari, and Their Battle for Speed and Glory at Le Mans |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-618-82219-5 |url={{GBurl |id=PqhXAwAAQBAJ}} |access-date=15 May 2023 |pages=65–68 }}</ref> Much of this work is now done by [[industrial robot]]s.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Peake |first=Eleanor |title=Inside the top secret factory where new Ferraris are born |magazine=WIRED UK |date=15 April 2018 |url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ferrari-car-factory-manufactured-italy-enzo-build-create |access-date=26 May 2023 |archive-date=26 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526230326/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/ferrari-car-factory-manufactured-italy-enzo-build-create |url-status=live }}</ref>]]

In 1945, Ferrari adopted its current name. Work started promptly on [[Ferrari Colombo engine|a new V12 engine]] that would power the [[Ferrari 125 S|125 S]], which was the marque's first car, and many subsequent Ferraris. The company saw success in motorsport almost as soon as it began racing: the 125 S won many races in 1947,<ref name=Ludvigsen2010>{{cite web |author-last=Ludvigsen |author-first=Karl |website=Forza Magazine |title=Genesis 1.5:12 |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/100/articles/genesis-1-5-12 |date=12 February 2010 |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813114339/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/100/articles/genesis-1-5-12 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Brian Laban |title=Ferrarissime |publisher=Editions Atlas |section=introduction |pages=6–9 |year=2009 |isbn=978-2723473149 |language=French }}</ref> and several early victories, including the [[1949 24 Hours of Le Mans]] and 1951 [[Carrera Panamericana]], helped build Ferrari's reputation as a high-quality automaker.<ref name=Lamm>{{cite web |last=Lamm |first=John |title=The Ferrari 166 MM Barchetta: The Most Important Ferrari in History? |website=Collier Automedia |date=3 February 2020 |url=https://www.collierautomedia.com/the-ferrari-166-mm-barchetta-the-most-important-ferrari-in-history |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=12 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512062501/https://www.collierautomedia.com/the-ferrari-166-mm-barchetta-the-most-important-ferrari-in-history |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=LudvigsenJul2019>{{cite web |author-last=Ludvigsen |author-first=Karl |website=Forza Magazine |title=Italian Invasion |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/176/articles/italian-invasion |date=18 July 2019 |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504045656/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/176/articles/italian-invasion |url-status=live }}</ref> Ferrari won several more races in the coming years,<ref name=F1Wins /><ref name=Havelock>{{cite web |author-last=Havelock |author-first=Steve |website=Forza Magazine |title=The It Car |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/120/articles/the-it-car |date=20 July 2012 |access-date=30 April 2023 |archive-date=4 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230504051154/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/120/articles/the-it-car |url-status=live }}</ref> and early in the 1950s its road cars were already a favourite of the international elite.<ref name="Massini">{{cite magazine |date=February–March 2003 |title=Ferrari Royale |url=https://paulrussell.com/articles/FerrariRoyale.pdf |magazine=[[Cavallino (magazine)|Cavallino]] |author-last=Massini |author-first=Marcel |access-date=15 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516135257/https://paulrussell.com/articles/FerrariRoyale.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ferrari produced many families of interrelated cars, including the [[Ferrari America|America]], [[Ferrari Monza|Monza]], and [[Ferrari 250|250]] series, and the company's first [[series-produced]] car was the [[Ferrari 250 GT Coupé|250 GT Coupé]], beginning in 1958.<ref name=TraverAdolphus>{{cite web |author-last=Traver Adolphus |author-first=David |website=Hemmings Motor News |title=The Car That Saved Ferrari - 1961 Ferrari 250 GT Cabriolet |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-car-that-saved-ferrari-1961-ferrari-250-gt-cabriolet |date=23 September 2018 |access-date=10 May 2023 |archive-date=10 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510185958/https://www.hemmings.com/stories/article/the-car-that-saved-ferrari-1961-ferrari-250-gt-cabriolet |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1960, Ferrari was reorganized as a [[public company]]. It soon began searching for a business partner to handle its manufacturing operations: it first approached [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] in 1963, though negotiations fell through; later talks with [[Fiat S.p.A.|Fiat]], who bought 50% of Ferrari's shares in 1969, were more successful.<ref name=Summers>{{cite journal |last=Summers |first=Alexander |title=Commercializing the 24-hours War: Ford Motor Company versus The World |journal=Legacy |volume=20 |issue=1 |date=2020 |url=https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/legacy/vol20/iss1/7 |access-date=14 May 2023 }}</ref><ref name=MaranParker>{{cite journal |last1=Maran |first1=Laura |last2=Parker |first2=Lee |title=Non-financial motivations in mergers and acquisitions: The Fiat–Ferrari case |journal=Business History |publisher=Informa UK Limited |volume=63 |issue=4 |date=18 August 2019 |issn=0007-6791 |doi=10.1080/00076791.2019.1597854 |pages=606–667 |s2cid=199340523 |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/179827/7/179827.pdf |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609033519/http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/179827/7/179827.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In the second half of the decade, Ferrari also produced two cars that upended its more traditional models: the 1967 [[Dino 206 GT]], which was its first mass-produced [[mid-engined]] road car,{{efn|The Dino 206 GT was preceded by the [[Ferrari 250 LM|250 LM Stradale]] and [[Ferrari 365 P Berlinetta Speciale|365 P Berlinetta Speciale]]. Both were based on preexisting mid-engined racing cars, and were produced in extremely limited numbers.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zuchowski |first=Matt |title=Five-Year Plan |website=Forza Magazine |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/207/articles/five-year-plan |date=1 June 2023 |access-date=18 September 2023 |archive-date=22 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922092622/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/207/articles/five-year-plan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-last=Atiyeh |author-first=Clifford |title=Crazy three-seat 1966 Ferrari 365P Heads to Auction |website=Car and Driver |date=25 July 2014 |url=https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15362196/three-seat-one-off-1966-ferrari-365p-heads-to-auction-should-command-many-millions/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |archive-date=29 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929085202/https://www.caranddriver.com/news/a15362196/three-seat-one-off-1966-ferrari-365p-heads-to-auction-should-command-many-millions/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} and the 1968 [[Ferrari Daytona|365 GTB/4]], which possessed streamlined styling that modernised Ferrari's design language.<ref name=Stone /><ref name="Branch 2020">{{cite web |last=Branch |first=Ben |title=The Ferrari 365 GTB/4 Daytona - The World's Fastest Production Car In 1968 |website=Silodrome |date=14 July 2020 |url=https://silodrome.com/ferrari-daytona/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522170518/https://silodrome.com/ferrari-daytona/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Dino in particular was a decisive movement away from the company's conservative engineering approach, where every road-going Ferrari featured a [[V12 engine|V12]] engine placed [[Front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout|in the front of the car]], and it presaged Ferrari's full embrace of mid-engine architecture, as well as [[V6]] and [[V8]] engines, in the 1970s and 1980s.<ref name=Stone>{{cite web |author-last=Stone |author-first=Matt |website=Forza Magazine |title=Adaptation |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/204/articles/adaptation |date=19 January 2023 |access-date=15 May 2023 }}</ref>

=== Contemporary ===
Enzo Ferrari died in 1988, an event that saw Fiat expand its stake to 90%.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/08/business/company-news-fiat-raises-stake-in-ferrari-to-90.html |title=Fiat Raises Stake in Ferrari to 90% |newspaper=The New York Times |date=8 September 1988 |access-date=10 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150420003512/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/08/business/company-news-fiat-raises-stake-in-ferrari-to-90.html |archive-date=20 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The last car that he personally approved—the [[Ferrari F40|F40]]—expanded on the flagship [[supercar]] approach first tried by the [[Ferrari 288 GTO|288 GTO]] four years earlier.<ref name=Barlow>{{cite web |author-last=Barlow |author-first=Jason |title=Ferrari bloodline: F40, F50, 288 GTO and Enzo at the TG track |website=Top Gear |date=21 July 2017 |url=https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/ferrari-f40-30-anniversary-bloodline-288-gto-f50-enzo-tg-track |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903152146/https://www.topgear.com/car-news/supercars/ferrari-f40-30-anniversary-bloodline-288-gto-f50-enzo-tg-track |url-status=live }}</ref> Enzo was succeeded in 1991 by [[Luca di Montezemolo]], under whose 23-year-long chairmanship the company greatly expanded. Between 1991 and 2014, he increased the profitability of Ferrari's road cars nearly tenfold, both by increasing the range of cars offered and through limiting the total number produced. Montezemolo's chairmanship also saw an expansion in licensing deals, a drastic improvement in Ferrari's Formula One performance (not least through the hiring of [[Michael Schumacher]] and [[Jean Todt]]), and the production of three more flagship cars: the [[Ferrari F50|F50]], the [[Ferrari Enzo|Enzo]], and the [[LaFerrari]]. In addition to his leadership of Ferrari, Montezemolo was also the chairman of Fiat proper between 2004 and 2010.<ref name=Shea>{{cite web |author-last=Shea |author-first=Terry |title=End of an era at Ferrari: Montezemolo out; Marchionne steps in |website=Hemmings Motor News |date=16 September 2014 |url=https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2014/09/16/end-of-an-era-at-ferrari-montezemolo-out-marchionne-steps-in |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522170509/https://www.hemmings.com/stories/2014/09/16/end-of-an-era-at-ferrari-montezemolo-out-marchionne-steps-in |url-status=live }}</ref>

After Montezemolo resigned, he was replaced in quick succession by many new chairmen and CEOs. He was succeeded first by [[Sergio Marchionne]],<ref name=Shea /> who would oversee Ferrari's [[initial public offering]] and subsequent [[Corporate spin-off|spin-off]] from [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari IPO prices at $52/share, within range |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/20/ferrari-ipo-prices-at-52share-within-range.html |website=CNBC |date=20 October 2015 |access-date=21 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021123537/http://www.cnbc.com/2015/10/20/ferrari-ipo-prices-at-52share-within-range.html |archive-date=21 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Edmondson |first=Laurence |title=Ferrari chairman Marchionne dies aged 66 |website=ESPN.com |date=25 July 2018 |url=https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/24188829/ferrari-chairman-sergio-marchionne-dies-aged-66 |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522170513/https://www.espn.com/f1/story/_/id/24188829/ferrari-chairman-sergio-marchionne-dies-aged-66 |url-status=live }}</ref> and then by [[Louis Camilleri]] as CEO and [[John Elkann]] as chairman.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fiatchrysler-ceo-ferrari/ferrari-picks-louis-camilleri-as-ceo-elkann-as-chairman-idUSKBN1KB0P2 |title=Ferrari picks Louis Camilleri as CEO, Elkann as chairman |date=21 July 2018 |work=Reuters |access-date=21 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180721201829/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fiatchrysler-ceo-ferrari/ferrari-picks-louis-camilleri-as-ceo-elkann-as-chairman-idUSKBN1KB0P2 |archive-date=21 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Beginning in 2021, Camilleri was replaced as CEO by [[Benedetto Vigna]], who has announced plans to develop Ferrari's first fully electric model.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Isidore |first1=Chris |title=Tech executive tapped as new Ferrari CEO as it plans its first EV |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/09/business/ferrari-names-new-ceo/index.html |access-date=15 July 2021 |publisher=CNN |date=9 June 2021 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715160311/https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/09/business/ferrari-names-new-ceo/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> During this period, Ferrari has expanded its production, owing to a global increase in wealth, while becoming more selective with its licensing deals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Woodard |first=Collin |title=So Many People Want Ferraris, the Factory Has to Increase Production |website=Motor Trend |date=13 December 2017 |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/many-people-want-ferraris-increase-production/ |access-date=22 May 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari to Cut its Licensing Deals in Half as it Looks to Move its Non-Car Offerings Up the Luxury Ladder |website=The Fashion Law |date=6 November 2019 |url=https://www.thefashionlaw.com/ferrari-to-cut-its-licensing-deals-in-half-as-it-looks-to-move-up-the-luxury-ladder/ |access-date=22 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108223851/https://www.thefashionlaw.com/ferrari-to-cut-its-licensing-deals-in-half-as-it-looks-to-move-up-the-luxury-ladder/ |archive-date=8 November 2020 }}</ref>

== Motorsport ==
{{Main|Scuderia Ferrari}}

{{For|a complete list of Ferrari racing cars|list of Ferrari competition cars}}
Since the company's beginnings, Ferrari has been involved in motorsport. Through its [[Factory-backed|works team]], [[Scuderia Ferrari]], it has competed in a range of categories including [[Formula One]] and [[sports car racing]], though the company has also worked in partnership with other teams.

=== Grand Prix and Formula One racing ===
{{Further|Grand Prix racing history of Scuderia Ferrari|Ferrari Grand Prix results}}
[[File:Michael Schumacher Ferrari 2004.jpg|thumb|A [[Ferrari F2004]] Formula One car, driven by [[Michael Schumacher]]. Schumacher is one of the most decorated drivers in F1 history.]]

Scuderia Ferrari has been continuously active since the very beginning of Formula One: since 1952 it has fielded fifteen [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|champion drivers]], won sixteen [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Championships]], and accumulated more race victories, 1–2 finishes, podiums, pole positions, fastest laps and points than any other team in F1 history.<ref name=F1Wins>{{cite web |title=Ferrari Year by Year - F1 Grand Prix Wins and Highlights |website=Formula One |date=2023 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/teams/Ferrari/Year_by_Year.html |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=7 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207015738/https://www.formula1.com/en/teams/Ferrari/Year_by_Year.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Miles>{{cite web |author-last=Miles |author-first=Ben |title=The nine most successful F1 teams of all time |website=Goodwood |date=24 April 2020 |url=https://www.goodwood.com/grr/race/historic/2020/4/the-nine-most-successful-f1-teams-of-all-time/ |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516135255/https://www.goodwood.com/grr/race/historic/2020/4/the-nine-most-successful-f1-teams-of-all-time/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The earliest Ferrari entity, [[Scuderia Ferrari]], was created in 1929—ten years before the founding of Ferrari proper—as a [[Grand Prix racing]] team. It was affiliated with automaker [[Alfa Romeo]], for whom Enzo had worked in the 1920s. Alfa Romeo supplied racing cars to Ferrari, which the team then tuned and adjusted to their desired specifications. Scuderia Ferrari was highly successful in the 1930s: between 1929 and 1937 the team fielded such top drivers as [[Antonio Ascari]], [[Giuseppe Campari]], and [[Tazio Nuvolari]], and won 144 out of its 225 races.<ref name=Aversa /><ref name=LudvigsenDec2021 />

Ferrari returned to Grand Prix racing in 1947, which was at that point metamorphosing into modern-day Formula One. The team's first homebuilt Grand Prix car, the [[Ferrari 125 F1|125 F1]], was first raced at the [[1948 Italian Grand Prix]], where its encouraging performance convinced Enzo to continue the company's costly Grand Prix racing programme.<ref name=Acerbi2006>{{cite book |title=Ferrari: A Complete Guide to All Models |last=Acerbi |first=Leonardo |year=2006 |publisher=Motorbooks |isbn=9780760325506 }}</ref>{{rp|9}} Ferrari's first victory in an F1 series was at the [[1951 British Grand Prix]], heralding its strong performance during the 1950s and early 1960s: between 1952 and 1964, the team took home six [[List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|World Drivers' Championships]] and one [[List of Formula One World Constructors' Champions|Constructors' Championship]]. Notable Ferrari drivers from this era include [[Alberto Ascari]], [[Juan Manuel Fangio]], [[Phil Hill]], and [[John Surtees]].<ref name=F1Wins />

Ferrari's initial fortunes ran dry after 1964, and its began to receive its titles in isolated sprees.<ref name=Miles /> Ferrari first started to slip in the late 1960s, when it was outclassed by British teams using the inexpensive, well-engineered [[Cosworth DFV]] engine.<ref name=MacKenzie>{{cite web |last=MacKenzie |first=Angus |title=What if Ford had bought Ferrari? |website=MotorTrend |date=16 June 2008 |url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/what-if-ford-had-bought-ferrari-1895/ |access-date=17 May 2023 |archive-date=17 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517121913/https://www.motortrend.com/features/what-if-ford-had-bought-ferrari-1895/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Gerould>{{cite web |last=Gerould |first=Bryan |title=Ford in Formula 1: The highs and lows |website=Hagerty Media |date=7 February 2023 |url=https://www.hagerty.co.uk/articles/motorsport/ford-in-formula-one-the-highs-and-lows/ |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602162040/https://www.hagerty.co.uk/articles/motorsport/ford-in-formula-one-the-highs-and-lows/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The team's performance improved markedly in the mid-1970s thanks to [[Niki Lauda]], whose skill behind the wheel granted Ferrari a drivers' title in 1975 and 1977; similar success was accomplished in following years by the likes of [[Jody Scheckter]] and [[Gilles Villeneuve]].<ref name=Miles /><ref>{{cite web |title=Niki Lauda |website=Formula 1 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/drivers/hall-of-fame/Niki_Lauda.html |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008061309/https://www.formula1.com/en/drivers/hall-of-fame/Niki_Lauda.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The team also won the Constructors' Championship in 1982 and 1983.<ref name=F1Wins /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/team.html |title=1982 Constructor Standings |work=www.formula1.com |access-date=9 December 2016 |publisher=Formula One World Championship Limited |archive-date=21 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221171102/https://www.formula1.com/en/results.html/1982/team.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Following another drought in the 1980s and 1990s, Ferrari saw a long winning streak in the 2000s, largely through the work of [[Michael Schumacher]]. After signing onto the team in 1996, Schumacher gave Ferrari five consecutive drivers' titles between 2000 and 2004; this was accompanied by six consecutive constructors' titles, beginning in 1999. Ferrari was especially dominant in the [[2004 Formula One season|2004 season]], where it lost only three races.<ref name=F1Wins /> After Schumacher's departure, Ferrari won one more drivers' title—given in 2007 to [[Kimi Räikkönen]]—and two constructors' titles in 2007 and 2008. These are the team's most recent titles to date; as of late, Ferrari has struggled to outdo recently ascendant teams such as [[Red Bull Racing|Red Bull]], [[Mercedes-Benz in Formula One|Mercedes-Benz]] and [[McLaren]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Scuderia Ferrari and BingX Team Partner |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-BF/formula1/articles/scuderia-ferrari-bingx-team-partner |website=Ferrari |access-date=16 March 2026 }}</ref><ref name=F1Wins /><ref name=Miles />

==== Ferrari Driver Academy ====
{{Main|Ferrari Driver Academy}}

Ferrari's junior driver programme is the [[Ferrari Driver Academy]]. Begun in 2009, the initiative follows the team's successful grooming of [[Felipe Massa]] between 2003 and 2006. Drivers who are accepted into the Academy learn the rules and history of formula racing as they compete, with Ferrari's support, in feeder classes such as [[Formula Three]] and [[Formula 4]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari Driver Academy: the Mission |website=Ferrari |date=24 March 2020 |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/fda/mission |access-date=19 July 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari Driver Academy applications open for Asia Pacific selection program |website=Federation Internationale de l'Automobile |date=18 May 2023 |url=https://www.fia.com/news/ferrari-driver-academy-applications-open-asia-pacific-selection-program |access-date=19 July 2023 }}</ref><ref name=FDAF1>{{cite web |title=The Ferrari Driver Academy – F1's golden ticket to the top? |website=Formula 1 |date=24 January 2019 |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.the-ferrari-driver-academy-f1%27s-golden-ticket-to-the-top.5474CVH0xo2DA1e5sBGznc.html |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812212659/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/article.the-ferrari-driver-academy-f1%27s-golden-ticket-to-the-top.5474CVH0xo2DA1e5sBGznc.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of 2019, 5 out of 18 programme inductees had graduated and become F1 drivers: one of these drivers, [[Charles Leclerc]], came to race for Scuderia Ferrari, while the other four signed to other teams. Non-graduate drivers have participated in racing development, filled consultant roles, or left the Academy to continue racing in lower-tier formulae.<ref name=FDAF1 />

=== Sports car racing ===
[[File:1973-05-27 Jacky Ickx, Ferrari 312P.jpg|thumb|A [[Ferrari 312 PB|312 P]], driven by [[Jacky Ickx]], during Ferrari's final year in the [[World Sportscar Championship]]]]
Aside from [[Auto Avio Costruzioni 815|an abortive effort]] in 1940, Ferrari began racing sports cars in 1947, when the [[Ferrari 125 S|125 S]] won six out of the ten races it participated in.<ref name=Ludvigsen2010 /> Ferrari continued to see similar success in the years to follow: by 1957, just ten years after beginning to compete, Ferrari had won three [[World Sportscar Championship]]s, seven victories in the [[Mille Miglia]], and two victories at the [[24 Hours of Le Mans]], among many other races.<ref name=Havelock /> These races were ideal environments for the development and promotion of Ferrari's earlier road cars, which were broadly similar to their racing counterparts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sportscar Champions: Ferrari History |website=Official Ferrari website |date=11 June 2019 |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/history/moments/1953/sportscar-champions/more |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027201117/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/history/moments/1953/sportscar-champions/more |url-status=live }}</ref>

This success continued into the first half of the 1960s, when Ferrari won the WSC's 2000GT class three consecutive times and finished first at Le Mans for six consecutive years.<ref>{{cite book |last=Jenkinson |first=Denis |title=The Automobile Year Book of Sports Car Racing, 1982 |date=1982 |page=222 |publisher=MBI Distribution Services/Quayside Distribution |isbn=9782880011291 }}</ref><ref name=Fearnley>{{cite web |last=Fearnley |first=Paul |title=The race Ferrari doesn't need |website=Motor Sport Magazine |date=June 2015 |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-2015/102/race-ferrari-doesnt-need/ |access-date=11 May 2023 |archive-date=15 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515230649/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/june-2015/102/race-ferrari-doesnt-need/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Its winning streak at Le Mans was broken [[History of Ferrari#Racing rivalry|by Ford]] in 1966,<ref name=Fearnley /> and though Ferrari would win two more WSC titles—one [[1967 World Sportscar Championship|in 1967]] and another [[1972 World Sportscar Championship season|in 1972]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Legendary Finish: Ferrari History |website=Official Ferrari website |date=11 June 2019 |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/history/moments/1967/legendary-finish/more |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027205654/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/history/moments/1967/legendary-finish/more |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1972 World Championship of Makes |website=Motorsport Database - Motor Sport Magazine |date=27 March 2023 |url=https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/championships/1972-world-championship-of-makes/ |access-date=27 October 2023 |archive-date=27 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027205654/https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/database/championships/1972-world-championship-of-makes/ |url-status=live }}</ref>—poor revenue allocation, combined with languishing performance in Formula One, led the company to cease competing in sports car events in 1973.<ref name=MaranParker />{{rp|621}} From that point onward, Ferrari would help prepare sports racing cars for privateer teams, but would not race them itself.<ref name=Pritchard>{{cite web |last=Pritchard |first=Robb |title=The Rally Years |website=Forza Magazine |date=31 May 2018 |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/167/articles/the-rally-years |access-date=1 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727011244/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/167/articles/the-rally-years |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 1993 Ferrari has supported the [[Ferrari Challenge]], a [[one-design racing|one-make]] championship based around the company's road lineup.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ferrari Challenge 30th anniversary |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corse-clienti/ferrari-challenges-30th-anniversary |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=Ferrari.com}}</ref>

[[File:2023 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps Ferrari AF Corse Ferrari 499P No.51 (DSC09249).jpg|thumb|[[Ferrari 499P]] No. 51 at the [[2023 6 Hours of Spa-Francorchamps]]]]

In 2023, Ferrari reentered prototype sports car racing. For the [[2023 FIA World Endurance Championship]], Ferrari, in partnership with [[AF Corse]], fielded two [[Ferrari 499P|499P]] sports prototypes. To commemorate the company's return to the discipline, one of the cars was numbered "50", referencing the fifty years that had elapsed since a works Ferrari competed in an endurance race.<ref name="AFCLMH">{{Cite web |title=Ferrari and AF Corse team together for LMH programme |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/competizioni-gt/articles/ferrari-and-af-corse-team-together-for-lmh-programme |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=www.ferrari.com |language=en |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101154946/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/competizioni-gt/articles/ferrari-and-af-corse-team-together-for-lmh-programme |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Ferrari499PUnveil">{{Cite web |url=https://sportscar365.com/lemans/wec/ferrari-reveals-499p-for-prototype-racing-return/ |title=Ferrari Reveals 499P for Prototype Racing Return |date=29 October 2022 |website=sportscar365.com |last=Lloyd |first=Daniel |publisher=John Dagys Media |access-date=29 October 2022 }}</ref> The 499P finished first at the [[2023 24 Hours of Le Mans]], ending [[Toyota Gazoo Racing]]'s five-year winning streak there and becoming the first Ferrari in 58 years to win the race.<ref name=DeMattia>{{cite web |last=DeMattia |first=Nico |title=2023 Le Mans 24: Ferrari Takes Historic Win, America Steals the Show |website=The Drive |date=11 June 2023 |url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/2023-le-mans-24-ferrari-takes-historic-win-america-steals-the-show |access-date=11 June 2023 }}</ref> Ferrari repeated this feat at the [[2024 24 Hours of Le Mans]], marking its first consecutive victory at the race since 1965.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari si conferma a Le Mans: la 499P vince la 24 Ore 2024 |language=it |url=https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/hypercar/articles/fia-wec-24-ore-le-mans-2024-hypercar-report-gara |website=Ferrari.com |access-date=30 June 2024 |archive-date=18 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618024547/https://www.ferrari.com/it-IT/hypercar/articles/fia-wec-24-ore-le-mans-2024-hypercar-report-gara |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Richards |first=Giles |date=16 June 2024 |title=Ferrari win back-to-back Le Mans 24 Hours after intense battle with Toyota |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/article/2024/jun/16/ferrari-win-back-to-back-le-mans-24-hours-after-intense-battle |access-date=17 June 2024 |work=The Guardian }}</ref>

In 2023, the Frikadelli Racing Ferrari 296 GT3 won the [[Nürburgring 24 Hours]] overall, completing a record 162 laps (2,538 miles).<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari 296 GT3 wins 24 Hours of Nürburgring: historic victory for Prancing Horse |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/competizioni-gt/articles/ferrari-396-gt3-wins-24-hours-nurburgring |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=Ferrari.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nürburgring 24 Hours 2023 – Ferrari 296 GT3 takes victory |url=https://www.evo.co.uk/nurburgring-24-hours/10205/nurburgring-24-hours-2023-ferrari-296-gt3-takes-victory |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=evo |date=21 May 2023}}</ref>

In 2025, Ferrari secured the Manufacturers' and Drivers' titles in the [[2025 FIA World Endurance Championship]] at the season-ending 8 Hours of Bahrain; the Drivers' title went to the No. 51 crew of Alessandro Pier Guidi, James Calado and Antonio Giovinazzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferrari crowned FIA World Endurance Champions in Bahrain {{!}} FIAWEC |url=https://www.fiawec.com/en/news/ferrari-crowned-fia-world-endurance-champions-in-bahrain/8545 |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=www.fiawec.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manufacturers' and Drivers' titles clinched in FIA WEC 2025 |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/hypercar/articles/lmh-8h-bahrain-2025-end-race |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=Ferrari.com}}</ref>

=== Other disciplines ===
From 1932 to 1935 Scuderia Ferrari operated a [[motorcycle racing]] division, which was conceived as a way to scout and train future Grand Prix drivers. Instead of Italian motorcycles, the team used British ones manufactured by [[Norton Motorcycle Company|Norton]] and [[Rudge-Whitworth|Rudge]]. Though Ferrari was successful on two wheels, winning three national titles and 44 overall victories, it was eventually pushed out of the discipline both by the obsolescence of pushrod motorcycle engines and broader economic troubles stemming from the [[Great Depression]].<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Branch |author-first=Ben |title=Scuderia Ferrari Rudge 500 TT |website=Silodrome |date=16 January 2017 |url=https://silodrome.com/scuderia-ferrari-motorcycle-rudge-500-tt/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123182206/https://silodrome.com/scuderia-ferrari-motorcycle-rudge-500-tt/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-last=D'Orléans |author-first=Paul |title=Scuderia Ferrari Motorcycles |website=The Vintagent |date=13 August 2017 |url=https://thevintagent.com/2017/08/13/scuderia-ferrari-motorcycles/ |access-date=23 November 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123182209/https://thevintagent.com/2017/08/13/scuderia-ferrari-motorcycles/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ferrari formerly participated in a variety of non-F1 open-wheel series. As early as 1948, Ferrari had developed cars for [[Formula Two]] and [[Formula Libre]] events,<ref name=MuseoFangio>{{cite web |title=Ferrari 166 F2 - 1948 |website=Museo Fangio |url=https://www.museofangio.com/es/juan-manuel-fangio/autos/15/ |language=es |access-date=9 June 2023 |archive-date=11 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611024111/https://www.museofangio.com/es/juan-manuel-fangio/autos/15/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and the company's F2 programme led directly to the creation of the [[Ferrari Dino engine|Dino engine]], which came to power various racing and road Ferraris.<ref name=Stone /> The final non-F1 formula in which Ferrari competed was the [[Tasman Series]], wherein [[Chris Amon]] won the 1969 championship in a [[Dino 246 Tasmania]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://magazine.ferrari.com/en/cars/2018/06/26/news/tasman_ferrari_dino_246_is_50-43132/ |title=Tasman Ferrari Dino 246 is 50 |website=Ferrari Magazine |access-date=2 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190902163548/https://magazine.ferrari.com/en/cars/2018/06/26/news/tasman_ferrari_dino_246_is_50-43132/ |archive-date=2 September 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

At least two [[water speed record]] boats have utilized Ferrari powertrains, both of them 800kg-class [[Hydroplane (boat)|hydroplane]]s from the early 1950s. Neither boat was built by or affiliated with Ferrari, though one of them, ''[[Arno XI]]'', had its engine order approved directly by Enzo Ferrari. ''Arno XI'' still holds the top speed record for an 800kg hydroplane.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newatlas.com/ferrari-racing-boat-auction/21546/ |title=World record-winning Ferrari racing boat to go on the auction block this spring |publisher=New Atlas |date=21 February 2012 |access-date=25 May 2012 |archive-date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027210841/https://newatlas.com/ferrari-racing-boat-auction/21546/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Guétat |first=Gérald |title=Heart Transplant |website=Forza Magazine |date=28 August 2014 |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/137/articles/heart-transplant |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602134235/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/137/articles/heart-transplant |url-status=live }}</ref>

Since 2019, Scuderia Ferrari has participated in [[sim racing]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Zuchowski |first=Matt |title=Reality Check |website=Forza Magazine |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/213/articles/reality-check |date=7 March 2024 |access-date=27 October 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226133546/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/213/articles/reality-check |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Race cars for other teams ===
Throughout its history, Ferrari has supplied racing cars to other entrants, aside from its own works [[Scuderia Ferrari]] team. In the 1950s and 1960s, Ferrari supplied Formula One cars to a number of private entrants and other teams. One well-known example was [[Tony Vandervell]]'s team, which raced the [[Thinwall Special]] modified Ferraris before building its own [[Vanwall]] cars. The [[North American Racing Team]]'s entries in the final three rounds of the 1969 season were the last occasions on which a team other than Scuderia Ferrari entered a World Championship Grand Prix with a Ferrari car.<ref>Hayhoe, David & Holland, David (2006). ''Grand Prix Data Book (4th edition)''. Haynes, Sparkford, UK. {{ISBN|978-1-84425-223-7 }}</ref>

Ferrari also supplied a V8 engine for the "Powered by Ferrari" car used in the [[A1 Grand Prix]] series beginning with the 2008–2009 season.<ref>{{cite web |title=A1GP reveals first image of 'Powered by Ferrari' car |url=https://www.pitpass.com/34814-A1GP-reveals-first-image-of-%27Powered-by-Ferrari%27-car |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=Pitpass |date=12 May 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A1GP's Ferrari Race Car |url=https://newatlas.com/a1gps-new-powered-by-ferrari-racing-car/9318/ |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=New Atlas |date=13 May 2008}}</ref>

Ferrari operates customer racing activities, including the long-running [[Ferrari Challenge]] one-make championship and broader "Corse Clienti" programmes for track and competition cars.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Ferrari Challenge 30th anniversary |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corse-clienti/ferrari-challenges-30th-anniversary |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=Ferrari.com}}</ref>

== Road cars ==
{{Hatnote|For a complete list, including future and concept car models, see [[list of Ferrari road cars]].}}
[[File:1947 Ferrari 166 Inter Touring Berlinetta 0043S - fvl.jpg|thumb|[[Ferrari 166 Inter|166 Inter]] Touring Berlinetta]]

The first vehicle made with the Ferrari name was the [[Ferrari 125 S|125 S]]. Only two of this small two-seat sports/racing V12 car were made. In 1949, the [[Ferrari 166 Inter|166 Inter]] was introduced marking the company's move into the grand touring road car market. The first 166 Inter was a four-seat (2+2) [[berlinetta]] coupé with bodywork designed by [[Carrozzeria Touring Superleggera]]. Road cars became the bulk of Ferrari sales. Early Ferrari road cars typically featured bodywork designed and customised by independent [[coachbuilder]]s such as [[Vignale]], [[Carrozzeria Touring|Touring]], [[Ghia]], [[Pininfarina]], [[Carrozzeria Scaglietti|Scaglietti]], and [[Gruppo Bertone|Bertone]].

Ferrari's early road cars were typically two-seat front-engined V12s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, Ferrari expanded into mid-engined layouts and smaller engine configurations through models developed under the Dino name, later introducing mid-engined flat-12 and V8 Ferrari-branded road cars.<ref name=Stone /> The mid-engine layout has continued to be used for many of Ferrari's sports cars to the present day.

Starting in the 2010s, Ferrari increasingly relied on in-house design from the Centro Stile Ferrari for road-car styling, while continuing occasional collaborations on limited projects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Perkins |first=Chris |title=Ferrari No Longer Sells a Car Designed by Pininfarina |work=Road & Track |date=16 February 2017 |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/car-design/news/a32659/ferrari-pininfarina-812-superfast/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128011337/https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/car-design/news/a32659/ferrari-pininfarina-812-superfast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Ferrari SF90 Stradale]] was Ferrari's first series-production road car to feature plug-in hybrid architecture, integrating an internal combustion engine with electric motors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-plug-in-hybrid |title=Ferrari's first production plug-in hybrid is its fastest supercar yet |last=Fingas |first=Jon |work=Engadget |access-date=29 May 2019 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190530184847/https://www.engadget.com/2019/05/29/ferrari-sf90-stradale-plug-in-hybrid/ |archive-date=30 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ferrari stated that it would showcase its first fully electric vehicle at its Capital Markets Day on 9 October 2025.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ferrari to showcase its first electric vehicle on Oct. 9 |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ferrari-showcase-its-first-electric-vehicle-oct-9-2025-02-04/ |access-date=2 February 2026 |work=Reuters |date=4 February 2025}}</ref> Ferrari presented the production-ready chassis and components for the project, referred to by the company as "Ferrari Elettrica", at that event, with a fuller reveal expected later.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari Elettrica |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corporate/articles/ferrari-elettrica |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=Ferrari.com}}</ref>

=== Customisation ===
In the 1950s and 1960s, clients often personalized their vehicles as they came straight from the factory.<ref name="Lingeman">{{cite web |url=http://autoweek.com/article/car-news/ferrari-offers-tailor-made-program |title=Ferrari-offers-tailor-made-program |last=Lingeman |first=Jake |work=Autoweek |date=5 December 2011 |access-date=12 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180812222718/https://autoweek.com/article/car-news/ferrari-offers-tailor-made-program |archive-date=12 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> This philosophy added to the mystique of the brand at the time. Every Ferrari that came out of Maranello could be built to an individual customer's specification.

Ferrari formalized this concept with its earlier Carrozzeria Scaglietti programme. The options offered here were more typical such as racing seats, rearview cameras, and other special trim. In late 2011, Ferrari announced a significant update of this philosophy. The Tailor Made programme allows clients to work with designers in Maranello to make decisions at every step of the process. Through this program almost any trim, any exterior colour or any interior material is possible. The program carries on the original tradition and emphasizes the idea of each car being unique.<ref name="Lingeman"/>

=== Supercars ===
[[File:Ferrari Enzo - Flickr - Alexandre Prévot (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Enzo Ferrari (automobile)|Enzo Ferrari]]]]
Many consider the 1984 [[Ferrari 288 GTO|288 GTO]] the first in the line of Ferrari flagship [[supercar]]s. This pedigree is considered to extend through the [[Ferrari F40|F40]], [[Ferrari F50|F50]], [[Ferrari Enzo|Enzo]], [[LaFerrari]], and the [[Ferrari F80|F80]]. Prior to the unveiling of the F80, Ferrari's sixth supercar, the cars were commonly referred to as the "Big Five."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aquistapace |first=Jordan |date=1 August 2023 |title=Ferrari's 'Big Five' History: 288 GTO, F40, F50, Enzo, LaFerrari For Sale |url=https://news.dupontregistry.com/news/ferrari-big-five-history-for-sale/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=duPont REGISTRY News |language=en-US |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407045636/https://news.dupontregistry.com/news/ferrari-big-five-history-for-sale/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hood |first=Bryan |date=14 March 2024 |title=This Collection of 5 Classic Ferraris Is Expected to Fetch $20 Million at Auction |url=https://robbreport.com/motors/cars/big-five-ferrari-collection-auction-spring-1235546746/ |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=Robb Report |language=en-US }}</ref>

=== Concept cars and specials ===
[[File:1980 Ferrari Pinin.jpg|thumb|[[Ferrari Pinin]]]]
Ferrari has produced a handful of [[concept car]]s such as the [[Ferrari Modulo|Modulo]], [[Ferrari Mythos|Mythos]], and [[Ferrari Pinin|Pinin]]. Some of these were quite radical and never intended for production, while others showed styling elements that were later incorporated into production models. Most of Ferrari's concept cars have been collaborations with design studio [[Pininfarina]]. The most recent concept car to be produced by Ferrari themselves was the 2010 [[Ferrari Millechili|Millechili]].

A number of one-off special versions of Ferrari road cars have also been produced, commissioned to [[coachbuilder]]s by wealthy owners. Examples include the [[Ferrari P4/5 by Pininfarina|P4/5]]<ref>{{cite web |date=September 2006 |first=Ted |last=West |url=http://www.caranddriver.com/features/pininfarina-ferrari-p4-5-feature |title=Pininfarina Ferrari P4/5 – Feature |work=Car and Driver |access-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525233504/http://www.caranddriver.com/features/pininfarina-ferrari-p4-5-feature |archive-date=25 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Ferrari 612 Kappa|612 Kappa]].

==== Special Projects programme ====
{{further|List of Ferrari Special Projects cars}}
The Special Projects programme, also called the Portfolio Coachbuilding Program, was launched in 2008 as a way to revive the tradition of past one-off and limited production coachbuilt Ferrari models, allowing clients to work with Ferrari and top Italian coachbuilders to create bespoke bodied models based on modern Ferrari road cars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SP3JC, two very special Ferrari One-Offs |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/john-collins-ferrari-collector-sp3jc-one-off |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=www.ferrari.com |language=en |archive-date=28 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928003223/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/john-collins-ferrari-collector-sp3jc-one-off |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="autoblog p540">{{cite web |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2009/12/11/ferrari-p540-superfast-aperta-revealed-second-from-special-proj/ |title=Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta revealed, second from Special Projects program |first=John |last=Neff |website=autoblog.com |date=11 December 2009 |access-date=14 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214111022/http://www.autoblog.com/2009/12/11/ferrari-p540-superfast-aperta-revealed-second-from-special-proj/ |archive-date=14 December 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> Engineering and design is done by Ferrari, sometimes in cooperation with external design houses such as [[Pininfarina]] or [[Fioravanti (automotive)|Fioravanti]], and the vehicles receive full [[homologation]] to be road legal.<ref name="autoblog p540" /> Since the creation of Ferrari's in-house styling centre in 2010 though, the focus has shifted away somewhat from outside coachbuilders and more towards creating new in-house designs for clients.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Celebrating 10 years of Ferrari One-Off projects |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/celebrating-10-years-ferrari-one-offs |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=www.ferrari.com |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726193100/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/celebrating-10-years-ferrari-one-offs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferrari SP48 Unica: A new One-Off from Maranello |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corporate/articles/ferrari-sp48-unica-a-new-one-off-from-maranello |access-date=26 July 2022 |website=www.ferrari.com |language=en |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726191558/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corporate/articles/ferrari-sp48-unica-a-new-one-off-from-maranello |url-status=live }}</ref>

The first car to be completed under this programme was the 2008 [[Ferrari SP1|SP1]], commissioned by a Japanese business executive. The second was the [[Ferrari P540 Superfast Aperta|P540 Superfast Aperta]], commissioned by an American collector.<ref name="autoblog p540" />

=== Bio-fuel and hybrid cars ===
An [[Ferrari F430|F430 Spider]] that runs on [[ethanol]] was displayed at the [[Detroit Auto Show#2008|2008 Detroit Auto Show]]. At the [[Geneva Motor Show#2010|2010 Geneva Motor Show]], Ferrari unveiled a hybrid version of their flagship [[Ferrari 599 GTB Fiorano|599]]. Called the "HY-KERS Concept", Ferrari's hybrid system adds more than 100 horsepower on top of the 599 Fiorano's 612 hp.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.automoblog.net/2010/03/02/the-ferrari-hy-kers-bows-at-geneva/ |title=The Ferrari HY-KERS Bows at Geneva |work=Automoblog |date=2 March 2010 |publisher=Automoblog.net |access-date=31 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422075209/http://www.automoblog.net/2010/03/02/the-ferrari-hy-kers-bows-at-geneva/ |archive-date=22 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Also in mid-2014, the flagship [[Ferrari LaFerrari|LaFerrari]] was put into production featuring a hybrid system. Ferrari introduced its first [[Plug-in hybrid|plug-in hybrid (PHEV)]] model in 2019 with the [[Ferrari SF90 Stradale|SF90 Stradale]], followed by the [[Ferrari 296|296]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valdes-Dapena |first=Peter |date=29 May 2019 |title=Ferrari's first plug-in hybrid supercar is also its most powerful {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/29/success/ferrari-hybrid/index.html |access-date=7 April 2024 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407041242/https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/29/success/ferrari-hybrid/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Identity ==

=== The "Prancing Horse" ===
{{Main|Prancing Horse}}

[[File:Tifosi Monza 2003.JPG|thumb|{{lang|it|[[Tifosi#Formula One|Tifosi]]}} flying Prancing Horse flags at the [[2003 Italian Grand Prix]]]]

Ferrari's symbol is the "Prancing Horse" ({{langx|it|Cavallino Rampante}}, {{literally|little prancing horse}}), a prancing black horse on a yellow background. Minor details of its appearance have changed many times, but its shape has remained consistent: it is always presented either as a shield, with the [[National colours of Italy|Italian tricolour]] above the horse and the initials ''SF'' ("[[Scuderia Ferrari]]") below; or as a rectangle, replacing "SF" with the word "Ferrari" rendered in the company's trademark typeface.<ref name=Prances >{{cite web |title=Prances With Horse: The History of the Ferrari Logo |website=Motor Trend |url=https://www.motortrend.com/features/history-ferrari-logo-badge-photos/ |date=20 October 2020 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313211401/https://www.motortrend.com/features/history-ferrari-logo-badge-photos/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Enzo Ferrari offered an account of the horse's origins. In his story, after a 1923 victory in [[Ravenna]], the family of [[Francesco Baracca]], a deceased [[flying ace]] who painted the emblem on his airplane, paid him a visit. Paolina de Biancoli, Francesco's mother, suggested that Ferrari adopt the horse as a good luck charm: he accepted the request, and the Prancing Horse was first used by his racing team in 1932, applied to its [[Alfa Romeo 8C]] with the addition of a [[Shades of yellow#Yellow (CMYK) (process yellow) (canary yellow)|canary yellow]] background—the "colour of [[Modena]]", Enzo's hometown.<ref name=Prances /><ref name=Aversa />{{rp|43}} The rectangular Prancing Horse has been used since 1947, when the [[Ferrari 125 S]]—also the first Ferrari-branded sports car—became the first to wear it.<ref name=Prances />

=== Colour ===
{{Main|Rosso corsa}}

[[File:2001 Ferrari 550 Barchetta no 135, front right side.jpg|thumb|A [[Ferrari 550]] painted in rosso corsa. Both varieties of the Prancing Horse logo are present: the shield is located in front of the door, the rectangle is on the bonnet. The horse alone can also be found on the wheels, grille, and seats.]]

For many years, {{lang|it|rosso corsa}} ({{gloss|racing red}})<ref name=Rees /> was the required colour of all Italian racing cars. It is also closely associated with Ferrari: even after livery regulations changed, allowing race teams to deviate from their [[List of international auto racing colours|national colours]], Scuderia Ferrari continued to paint its cars bright red, as it does to this day.<ref name=Kaslikowski >{{cite web |last=Kaslikowski |first=Adam |title=A Colorful History of Racing Hues: An Introduction (1 of 4) |website=Petrolicious |date=8 January 2014 |url=https://petrolicious.com/articles/the-colorful-history-of-national-racing-hues-an-introduction-1-of-4 |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518132832/https://petrolicious.com/articles/the-colorful-history-of-national-racing-hues-an-introduction-1-of-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> On Ferrari's road-going cars, the colour has always been among the company's most popular choices: in 2012, 40 per cent of Ferraris left the factory painted red, while in the early 1990s the figure was even higher, at 85 per cent.<ref name=Rees /><ref name=Wasef>{{cite web |last=Wasef |first=Basem |title=Why Are There Fewer Ferraris in Red? |website=Popular Mechanics |date=24 July 2012 |url=https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/a7991/ferrari-red-no-longer-the-automatic-choice/ |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518131337/https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/a7991/ferrari-red-no-longer-the-automatic-choice/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Ferrari vehicles, such as the [[Ferrari 288 GTO|288 GTO]], have only been made available in red.<ref name=Rees>{{cite web |author-last=Rees |author-first=Chris |title=Rosso Ferrari |website=Ferrari Magazine |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/ferrari-colors-rosso-portofino-rosso-corsa-racing-red/ |date=20 March 2018 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314054101/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/ferrari-colors-rosso-portofino-rosso-corsa-racing-red/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Although rosso corsa is the colour most associated with Ferrari,<ref name=Rees /><ref name=Sarne /> it has not always been the colour of choice. Ferraris raced by [[Privateer (motorsport)|privateers]] have run in a rainbow of colours, and one [[Ferrari 250 GT SWB|250 GT SWB]], used as a [[test mule]] for the 250 GTO, was a rare non-red [[factory-backed]] car: it raced in blue.<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Jupo |author-first=Ethan |title=The 9 best Ferrari liveries that aren't red |website=Goodwood |url=https://www.goodwood.com/grr/race/historic/2023/2/the-10-best-ferrari-liveries-that-arent-red/ |date=21 February 2023 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314053400/https://www.goodwood.com/grr/race/historic/2023/2/the-10-best-ferrari-liveries-that-arent-red/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Thorson |first=Thor |title=The Experiment |website=Forza Magazine |date=30 November 2017 |url=https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/163/articles/the-experiment |access-date=16 May 2023 |quote=At any rate, the Sperimentale remains one of very few Ferraris, and possibly the only one, to have competed as a factory team entry in a color other than red. |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516143759/https://www.forza-mag.com/issues/163/articles/the-experiment |url-status=live }}</ref> In a particularly noteworthy case from 1964, while protesting the [[FIA]]'s [[Homologation (motorsport)|homologation]] requirements, the company moved its racing assets to the [[North American Racing Team]], an affiliated team based in the United States. As a result, Ferrari and the driver [[John Surtees]] won the [[1964 Formula One season]] in American colours—blue, with a white [[racing stripe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Do you remember...when Ferrari raced in blue |website=Formula One |url=https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/features/2015/10/f1-do-you-remember-when-ferrari-raced-in-blue-in-mexico.html |date=28 October 2015 |access-date=14 March 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329083659/https://www.formula1.com/en/latest/features/2015/10/f1-do-you-remember-when-ferrari-raced-in-blue-in-mexico.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When Ferrari raced in blue and white |website=Official Ferrari website |date=10 October 2018 |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/when-ferrari-raced-blue-white |ref={{sfnref | Official Ferrari website | 2018}} |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518133422/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/magazine/articles/when-ferrari-raced-blue-white |url-status=live }}</ref> By the early 2010s, red had also become less common on Ferrari's road cars, fighting with newly popular colours such as yellow, silver, and white.<ref name=Wasef /><ref name=Sarne>{{cite web |last=Sarne |first=Vernon B. |title=Red paint job less popular among Ferrari customers today |website=Top Gear Philippines |date=22 June 2012 |url=https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/red-paint-job-less-popular-among-ferrari-customers-today |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518131329/https://www.topgear.com.ph/features/feature-articles/red-paint-job-less-popular-among-ferrari-customers-today |url-status=live }}</ref>

Speaking to both the popularity of rosso corsa and the power of the Ferrari brand, Enzo Ferrari is reported to have once said the following: "Ask a child to draw a car, and he will certainly paint it red."<ref name=Rees />

=== Brand image ===
Ferrari's [[brand image]] has been described by the ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' as "synonymous with opulence, meticulous craftsmanship and ridiculously fast cars for nearly a century".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cohen |first1=Ben |title=The CEO Making Ferrari Speed Up |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/he-loves-speed-hates-bureaucracy-and-told-ferrari-go-faster/ar-AA1nkDYO |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=20–21 April 2024 |page=B4 }}</ref> Owing to a combination of its cars, enthusiast culture, and successful licensing deals, Ferrari was labelled the world's strongest brand by the financial consultancy Brand Finance in 2019.<ref name="Polianskaya 2019">{{cite web |last=Polianskaya |first=Alina |title=Ferrari named the "world's strongest brand" in global finance report |website=Design Week |date=25 January 2019 |url=https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/21-27-january-2019/ferrari-named-the-worlds-strongest-brand-in-global-finance-report/ |access-date=16 May 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516135255/https://www.designweek.co.uk/issues/21-27-january-2019/ferrari-named-the-worlds-strongest-brand-in-global-finance-report/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Zürich (Schweiz), Auto in der Bahnhofstrasse -- 2011 -- 1425.jpg|thumb|A pink [[Ferrari 360]].
Ferrari offers no pink paint from the factory, and has discouraged its customers from customising their cars in a manner contrary to the company's brand image.]]Ferrari meticulously manages its brand image and public perception: it goes to great lengths to protect its trademarks, and its customers are expected to honour its rules and guidelines when caring for their cars. The company is noted for its frequent and diverse lawsuits, which have centred around such subjects as the shape of the [[Ferrari 250 GTO]]'s bodywork,<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Taylor |author-first=Michael |title=Ferrari Just Lost The Trademark Rights To Its Most Iconic Car. |website=Forbes |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaeltaylor/2020/07/08/ferrari-just-lost-the-trademark-rights-to-its-most-iconic-car/?sh=21b882747993 |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=12 March 2023 }}</ref> exclusive rights to model names (including "Testarossa" and "Purosangue"),<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Woodard |author-first=Colin |title=Ferrari Loses Testarossa Trademark in Germany |website=Motor Trend |url=https://www.motortrend.com/news/ferrari-loses-testarossa-trademark-in-germany/ |date=7 August 2017 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313142132/https://www.motortrend.com/news/ferrari-loses-testarossa-trademark-in-germany/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author-last=Hogan |author-first=Mack |title=Ferrari Is Suing a Charity to Get the Naming Rights for Its SUV |website=Road & Track |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a30750318/ferrari-purosangue-name-lawsuit/ |date=3 February 2020 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030347/https://www.roadandtrack.com/new-cars/future-cars/a30750318/ferrari-purosangue-name-lawsuit/ |url-status=live }}</ref> replica vehicles, and several unsanctioned owner modifications.<ref name=Reid>{{cite web |author-last=Reid |author-first=Alex |title=5 Times Ferrari filed absurd lawsuits to protect its brand |website=Driving.ca |url=https://driving.ca/features/feature-story/5-times-ferrari-filed-absurd-lawsuits-to-protect-its-brand/ |date=22 March 2020 |access-date=17 March 2023 |archive-date=7 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211207213035/https://driving.ca/features/feature-story/5-times-ferrari-filed-absurd-lawsuits-to-protect-its-brand/wcm/292dc476-bc5b-4d44-b523-050a112e83a3/amp/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Via a [[Bounty (reward)|bounty]] system, individuals may receive rewards for reporting [[counterfeit]] Ferrari products to the company.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gilboy |first=James |title=Ferrari's New Bounty Program Rewards You for Ratting Out Fakes |website=The Drive |date=18 December 2023 |url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/ferraris-new-bounty-program-rewards-you-for-ratting-out-fakes |access-date=3 January 2024 |archive-date=3 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103233008/https://www.thedrive.com/news/ferraris-new-bounty-program-rewards-you-for-ratting-out-fakes |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ferrari aims to cultivate an image of exclusivity and refined luxury. To facilitate this, vehicle production is deliberately limited to below customer demand, and purchasers are internally ranked based on their desirability and loyalty.<ref name=ValdesDapena>{{cite web |author-last=Valdes-Dapena |author-first=Peter |title=How Ferrari maintains its mystique |website=CNN |url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/03/26/autos/ferrari-brand-image/index.html |date=27 March 2015 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313044907/https://money.cnn.com/2015/03/26/autos/ferrari-brand-image/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Some cars may only be purchased by customers who have already owned multiple Ferraris,<ref name=Tsui>{{cite web |last=Tsui |first=Chris |title=Jay Leno Won't Buy a Ferrari Because He Hates the Dealerships |website=The Drive |date=4 February 2022 |url=https://www.thedrive.com/news/44156/jay-leno-wont-buy-a-ferrari-because-he-hates-the-dealerships |access-date=18 May 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518200543/https://www.thedrive.com/news/44156/jay-leno-wont-buy-a-ferrari-because-he-hates-the-dealerships |url-status=live }}</ref> and the company's most exclusive supercars, such as the [[LaFerrari]], have wait lists many times in excess of total production, with only the most loyal customers selected to purchase one.<ref>{{cite magazine |author-last=Golson |author-first=Jordan |title=How to Earn the Right to Buy Ferrari's Most Exclusive Hypercar |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/10/herjavec-ferrari-laferrari/ |date=24 October 2014 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312055424/https://www.wired.com/2014/10/herjavec-ferrari-laferrari/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the company's head of sales stated that the purpose of this strategy was to maintain the brand's value, and to "keep alive this dream that is called Ferrari".<ref name=ValdesDapena />

Ferrari does encourage its buyers to personalise their cars, but only through official channels, which include its Tailor Made programme for bespoke [[trim package]]s and special [[coachbuilding]] initiatives for more demanding commissions.<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Vijayenthiran |author-first=Viknesh |title=This Is Ferrari's New Tailor-Made Program: Video |website=Motor Authority |url=https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1070318_this-is-ferraris-new-tailor-made-program-video |date=7 December 2011 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313044908/https://www.motorauthority.com/news/1070318_this-is-ferraris-new-tailor-made-program-video |url-status=live }}</ref> The customisation options offered through these channels are extensive, though they are always in line with Ferrari's desired branding—for example, the company offers no pink paint for its cars. In 2017, the CEO of the company's Australasia branch commented that this and similar customisations are "against the company's ethos," and that such a stance is "a brand rule. No pink. No ''[[Pokémon]]'' Ferraris!".<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Hoyer |author-first=Melissa |title=They may be the sexiest sports car in the world but one colour has been globally banned by Ferrari |website=News.com.au |url=https://www.news.com.au/technology/they-may-be-the-sexiest-sports-car-in-the-world-but-one-colour-has-been-globally-banned-by-ferrari/news-story/798386f22c05901212f8e469b014e95b |date=5 April 2017 |access-date=12 March 2023 }}</ref>
[[File:Blue one (14296339499) (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Deadmau5]]' customized Ferrari 458 Italia at the 2014 [[Gumball 3000]]. ]]
Furthermore, the company places restrictions on what owners may do: various modifications are prohibited,<ref name=Reid /> and criticism of the company is discouraged. The company's terms of sale, designed to prevent [[flipping]], disallow unauthorised resale within the first year of ownership; buyers must sign a contract that gives the [[right of first refusal]] to a Ferrari dealership if the car is put up for sale, so that Ferrari can select the next customer of that vehicle.<ref name=Omar>{{cite web|author-last=Omar|author-first=Paurush|title=Dreaming of a Ferrari? Here's why you must 'own' one before you can own one |website=The Economic Times |date=30 April 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/dreaming-of-a-ferrari-heres-why-you-must-own-one-before-you-can-own-one-the-prancing-horses-exclusive-rules/articleshow/120757773.cms?from=mdr |access-date=18 May 2025}}</ref> Purchasers who break these rules are placed on a "blacklist", and may not be permitted to buy a Ferrari vehicle through official means.<ref name=Omar /><ref>{{cite web |title=The celebrities on Ferrari's blacklist |website=El País |url=https://english.elpais.com/society/2022-04-27/the-celebrities-on-ferraris-blacklist.html |date=27 April 2022 |access-date=13 March 2023 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313044907/https://english.elpais.com/society/2022-04-27/the-celebrities-on-ferraris-blacklist.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Sometimes, Ferrari's desire to maintain its brand perception goes against the wishes of its clientele. In an incident in 2014, the musician [[Deadmau5]] was sent a [[cease and desist]] letter regarding his highly customised [[Ferrari 458|458 Italia]]. The car, which he called the "Purrari", possessed custom badges and a [[Nyan Cat]]-themed wrap, and was put up for sale on [[Craigslist]].<ref name=Reid /><ref>{{cite web |author-last=Nunez |author-first=Alex |title=deadmau5's [''sic''] Nyan Cat Ferrari 458 is on Craigslist for $380,000 |website=Road & Track |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/entertainment/a8158/deadmau5-nyan-cat-ferrari-458-meme-car-on-craigslist-for-380k/ |date=18 June 2014 |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=20 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320070103/https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/entertainment/a8158/deadmau5-nyan-cat-ferrari-458-meme-car-on-craigslist-for-380k/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In another case, the company sued the fashion designer [[Philipp Plein]] over "distasteful" [[Instagram]] posts featuring his personal [[Ferrari 812 Superfast|812 Superfast]]. The posts, which showcased two models in suggestive positions atop the car, were seen by Ferrari as "unlawfully appropriating" the Ferrari brand to promote Plein's clothing, and as being outside Ferrari's intended brand perception.<ref>{{cite web |author-last=Kammel |author-first=Benedikt |title=Ferrari Sues Influencer Over Racy Instagram Posts |website=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-02/at-ferrari-a-battle-over-bikinis-sneakers-and-a-garden-hose |date=2 August 2019 |access-date=12 March 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240321193602/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-08-02/at-ferrari-a-battle-over-bikinis-sneakers-and-a-garden-hose |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Corporate affairs ==
In 1963, Enzo Ferrari was approached by the [[Ford Motor Company]] about a possible buy out.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rmauctions.com/lots/lot.cfm?lot_id=1071338 |title=Ford GT |publisher=rmauctions.com.com |access-date=13 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518113716/http://www.rmauctions.com/lots/lot.cfm?lot_id=1071338 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ford audited Ferrari's assets but legal negotiations and talks were unilaterally cut off by Ferrari when he realized that the deal offered by Ford would not enable him to stay at the helm of the company racing program. [[Henry Ford II]] consequently directed his racing division to negotiate with [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]], [[Lola Cars|Lola]], and [[Cooper Car Company|Cooper]] to build a car capable of beating Ferrari on the world endurance circuit, eventually resulting in the production of the [[Ford GT40]] in 1964.

As the Ford deal fell through, FIAT approached Ferrari with a more flexible proposal and purchased controlling interests in the company in 1969. Enzo Ferrari retained a 10% share, which is currently owned by his son [[Piero Lardi Ferrari]].

Ferrari has an internally managed merchandising line that licences many products bearing the Ferrari brand, including eyewear, pens, pencils, electronic goods, perfume, cologne, clothing, high-tech bicycles, watches, cell phones, and laptop computers.

Ferrari also runs a museum, the [[Museo Ferrari]] in [[Maranello]], which displays road and race cars and other items from the company's history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferrari. Le musée de Maranello en images |url=https://www.largus.fr/actualite-automobile/ferrari-le-musee-de-maranello-en-images-10686397.html |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=L'Argus }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le musée Ferrari de Maranello s'agrandit |url=https://www.motorlegend.com/actualite-automobile/le-musee-ferrari-maranello-agrandi/15971.html |access-date=16 June 2023 |website=Motorlegend |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616143343/https://www.motorlegend.com/actualite-automobile/le-musee-ferrari-maranello-agrandi/15971.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Formula Uomo programme ===
In 1997, Ferrari launched a long term master planned effort to improve overall corporate efficiency, production and employee happiness. The program was called Formula Uomo and became a case study in social sustainability.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/wellbeing-programme-at-ferrari-formula-uomo |title=Wellbeing Programme Ferrari Formula Uomo |work=Europa OSHA Case Studies |location=Europe |access-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129134459/https://osha.europa.eu/en/tools-and-publications/publications/wellbeing-programme-at-ferrari-formula-uomo |archive-date=29 November 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> It took over ten years to fully implement and included over €200 million (2008) in investment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldcarfans.com/1080626851/ferrari-california-begins-production-on-new-line |title=Ferrari California Begins Production on New Line |website=worldcarfans.com |date=26 June 2008 |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150131171659/http://www.worldcarfans.com/1080626851/ferrari-california-begins-production-on-new-line |archive-date=31 January 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Technical partnerships ===
Ferrari has had a long-standing relationship with petroleum company [[Shell Oil]] from the late 1950s to the early 1970s, and currently since 1996. Shell develops and supplies fuel and oils to the Scuderia Ferrari's Formula One and World Endurance Championship teams, as well as [[Ducati Corse|Ducati Corse's]] [[Grand Prix motorcycle racing|MotoGP]] and [[Superbike World Championship|World Superbike]] teams. The [[Shell V-Power]] premium gasoline fuel is claimed to have been developed with the many years of technical expertise between Shell and Ferrari.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shell.ca/home/content/can-en/products_services/on_the_road/fuels/shell_vpower/ |title=Ferrari and Shell V-Power |date=15 January 2009 |access-date=20 January 2009 |publisher=Shell Canada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817132812/http://www.shell.ca/home/content/can-en/products_services/on_the_road/fuels/shell_vpower/ |archive-date=17 August 2009 }}</ref>

Ferrari has had agreements to supply Formula One engines to a number of other teams over the years, and (for the 2026 regulations cycle) announced an agreement to supply power units to the Cadillac entry via Andretti Formula Racing, alongside its continuing supply to [[Haas F1]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari enters a multi-year agreement with Andretti Formula Racing |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/corporate/articles/ferrari-enters-a-multi-year-agreement-with-andretti-formula-racing |access-date=2 February 2026 |website=Ferrari.com |date=10 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ferrari to supply Cadillac F1 team with engines in 2026 |url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/formula1/ferrari-supply-cadillac-f1-team-with-engines-2026-2024-12-10/ |access-date=2 February 2026 |work=Reuters |date=10 December 2024}}</ref>

=== Sales history ===
As of the end of 2019, the total of Ferrari built and sold cars in its whole company history is 219,062.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ferraris-online.com/pages/article.php?reqart=SCM_200804_SS |title=Crunching Ferrari's Global Numbers |publisher=Ferraris-online.com |access-date=22 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103205203/http://www.ferraris-online.com/pages/article.php?reqart=SCM_200804_SS |archive-date=3 November 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In October 2023, Ferrari started accepting payment in cryptocurrency for its vehicles in the US with intentions to expand the scheme to Europe in 2024. The cryptocurrency payments will be immediately traded into traditional currency to avoid price swings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Piovaccari |first=Giulio |date=14 October 2023 |title=Ferrari to accept crypto as payment for its cars in the US |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ferrari-accept-crypto-payment-its-cars-us-2023-10-14/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |archive-date=16 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016233912/https://www.reuters.com/business/autos-transportation/ferrari-accept-crypto-payment-its-cars-us-2023-10-14/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ferrari will now let you pay for your new car with crypto, and the brand is expanding the service to Europe at the request of wealthy customers |url=https://fortune.com/2023/10/16/cryptocurrency-ferrari-cars-elon-musk-tesla-bitcoin-btc-eth-usdc/ |access-date=17 October 2023 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=17 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017014533/https://fortune.com/2023/10/16/cryptocurrency-ferrari-cars-elon-musk-tesla-bitcoin-btc-eth-usdc/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

;Annual Ferrari sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table"
|+
|-
!Year || Sales
|-
!1947<ref name="ferrari_production">{{citation |url=http://alexachua.com/ferrari_production.jpg |first=Michele |last=Fenu |title=Nombre De Voitures Produtes Par Ferrari Depuis 1947 |date=March 1992 |language=fr |access-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109111222/http://alexachua.com/ferrari_production.jpg |archive-date=9 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}3
|-
!1948<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}5
|-
!1949<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}21
|-
!1950<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}25
|-
!1951<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}33
|-
!1952<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}44
|-
!1953<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}57
|-
!1954<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}58
|-
!1955<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}61
|-
!1956<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}81
|-
!1957<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}113
|-
!1958<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}183
|-
!1959<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}248
|-
!1960<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}306
|-
!1961<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}441
|-
!1962<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}493
|-
!1963<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}598
|-
!1964<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}654
|-
!1965<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}619
|-
!1966<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}928
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table"
|+
|-
!Year || Sales
|-
!1967<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}706
|-
!1968<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}729
|-
!1969<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}619
|-
!1970<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}928
|-
!1971<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}1,246
|-
!1972<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}1,844
|-
!1973<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}1,772
|-
!1974<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}1,436
|-
!1975<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}1,337
|-
!1976<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}1,426
|-
!1977<ref name="ferrari1986">{{citation |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,17/articleid,0969_01_1987_0013_0017_13297111/ |first=Michele |last=Fenu |title=Ferrari, un anno magico—Dieci anni di produzione |date=16 January 1987 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |page=17 |language=it |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624050003/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,17/articleid,0969_01_1987_0013_0017_13297111/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}1,798
|-
!1978<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}1,939
|-
!1979<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}2,221
|-
!1980<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}2,470
|-
!1981<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}2,565
|-
!1982<ref name="ferrari_production"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}2,209
|-
!1983<ref name="ferrari1983">{{citation |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,15/articleid,1019_01_1984_0212_0015_14521475/ |title=Azienda senza crisi |date=7 September 1984 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |page=15 |language=it |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624052829/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,15/articleid,1019_01_1984_0212_0015_14521475/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}2,366
|-
!1984<ref name="ferrari1984">{{citation |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,15/articleid,0999_01_1985_0021_0015_22770651/ |title=Ferrari un '85 record |date=25 January 1985 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |page=15 |language=it |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624051415/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,15/articleid,0999_01_1985_0021_0015_22770651/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{double-dagger}}2,856
|-
!1985<ref name="ferrari1986" />
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,051
|-
!1986<ref name="ferrari1986" />
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,663
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table"
|+
|-
!Year || Sales
|-
!1987<ref name="ferrari1987">{{citation |url=http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,21/articleid,0959_01_1988_0104_0021_23880632/ |first=Gianni |last=Rogliatti |title=Ferrari "F40", si guida come un giocattolo |date=13 May 1988 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |page=21 |language=it |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624054959/http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/mod,libera/action,viewer/Itemid,3/page,21/articleid,0959_01_1988_0104_0021_23880632/ |archive-date=24 June 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,942
|-
!1988<ref name="ferrari1989">{{citation |url=https://www.ferrarichat.com/forum/posts/144606242/ |first=Gianni |last=Rogliatti |title=Ferrari "F40", si guida come un giocattolo |date=13 May 1988 |newspaper=[[La Stampa]] |page=21 |language=it |access-date=13 February 2016 }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 4,001
|-
!1989<ref name="ferrari1989"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,821
|-
!1990<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |title=The Official Ferrari Opus |publisher=Opus |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-905794-34-8 }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 4,293
|-
!1991<ref name=":0"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 4,487
|-
!1992<ref name=":0"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,384
|-
!1993<ref name=":0"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 2,345
|-
!1994<ref name=":0"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 2,671
|-
!1995<ref name=":0"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,144
|-
!1996<ref name="ferrari1997">{{citation |url=http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1998/05/16/il-fatturato-ferrari-vola-mille-miliardi.html |title=Il fatturato Ferrari vola a mille miliardi |date=16 May 1998 |newspaper=[[La Repubblica]] |language=it |access-date=11 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304103706/http://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1998/05/16/il-fatturato-ferrari-vola-mille-miliardi.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,350
|-
!1997<ref name="ferrari1997"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,581
|-
!1998<ref name="ferrari1999">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 1999 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/1999/BIL1999_Rel_Gest_ING.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218210319/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/1999/BIL1999_Rel_Gest_ING.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,652
|-
!1999<ref name="ferrari1999" />
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 3,775
|-
!2000<ref name="ferrari2000">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2000 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2000/BIL2000_Rel_Gest_ING.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=70 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014849/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2000/BIL2000_Rel_Gest_ING.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 4,070
|-
!2001<ref name="ferrari2001">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2001 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2001/BIL2001_Rel_Gest_ING.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=70 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014942/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2001/BIL2001_Rel_Gest_ING.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 4,289
|-
!2002<ref name="ferrari2002">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2002 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2002/BIL2002_Rel_Gest_ING.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=52 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195555/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2002/BIL2002_Rel_Gest_ING.pdf |archive-date=22 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 4,236
|-
!2003<ref name="ferrari2003">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2003 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2003/Bilancio_UK_completo_al_08ott04.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=56 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050035/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2003/Bilancio_UK_completo_al_08ott04.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 4,238
|-
!2004<ref name="ferrari2004">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2004 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2004/bilancio_completo-Uk.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=65 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014820/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2004/bilancio_completo-Uk.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 4,975
|-
!2005<ref name="ferrari2005">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2005 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2005/BilConsUk.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=59 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014933/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2005/BilConsUk.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 5,409
|-
!2006<ref name="ferrari2006">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2006 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2006/Bilancio_UK_completo.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=67 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014809/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2006/Bilancio_UK_completo.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 5,671
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; display:inline-table"
|+
|-
!Year || Sales
|-
!2007<ref name="ferrari2007">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2007 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2007/BILANCIO_2007_ING.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=72 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822045914/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2007/BILANCIO_2007_ING.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 6,465
|-
!2008<ref name="ferrari2008">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2008 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2008/Bilancio_Consolidato_UK_ott.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=76 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014756/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2008/Bilancio_Consolidato_UK_ott.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 6,587
|-
!2009<ref name="ferrari2009">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2009 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2009/Annual_report_totUK_2009.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=95 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822014916/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2009/Annual_report_totUK_2009.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 6,250
|-
!2010<ref name="ferrari2010">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2010 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2010/Relazione_Finanziaria_UK.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027125910/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2010/Relazione_Finanziaria_UK.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 6,461
|-
!2011<ref name="ferrari2011">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2011 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2011/Fiat_AnnualReport_2011_ENG.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621221211/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2011/Fiat_AnnualReport_2011_ENG.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 7,001
|-
!2012<ref name="ferrari2012">{{cite web |title=Fiat Group 2012 Annual Report |url=https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2012/FiatGroup_Annual_Report_2012_ENG.pdf |website=fcagroup.com |access-date=22 January 2019 |page=51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612184807/https://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investors/financial_reports/FiatDocuments/Bilanci/2012/FiatGroup_Annual_Report_2012_ENG.pdf |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 7,318
|-
!2013<ref>{{cite web |last1=Holloway |first1=Hilton |title=Ferrari profits rise despite fewer sales in 2013 |url=http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/ferrari-profits-rise-despite-fewer-sales-2013 |website=Autocar.co.uk |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321032826/http://www.autocar.co.uk/car-news/industry/ferrari-profits-rise-despite-fewer-sales-2013 |archive-date=21 March 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 6,922
|-
!2014<ref name="ferrari2014">{{citation |title=FCA Full Year 2014 results |url=http://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investor_relations/events_presentations/quarterly_results_presentations/FullYear2014_ResultsPresentation.pdf |date=28 January 2015 |page=6 |publisher=[[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]] |access-date=11 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218194001/http://www.fcagroup.com/en-US/investor_relations/events_presentations/quarterly_results_presentations/FullYear2014_ResultsPresentation.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{dagger}}7,255
|-
!2015<ref name="ferrari2015">{{citation |title=Ferrari FY 2015 Results |url=http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/2016_02_02_-_ferrari_-_fy15_results_presentation_002.pdf |date=2 February 2016 |page=20 |publisher=Ferrari N.V. |access-date=3 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207091843/http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/2016_02_02_-_ferrari_-_fy15_results_presentation_002.pdf |archive-date=7 February 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{dagger}}7,664
|-
!2016<ref name="ferrari2016">{{citation |title=Ferrari Full Year 2016 Results |url=http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/2017_02_02_-_ferrari_-_full_year_2016_results_presentation_1.pdf |date=2 February 2016 |page=3 |publisher=Ferrari N.V. |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034910/http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/2017_02_02_-_ferrari_-_full_year_2016_results_presentation_1.pdf |archive-date=8 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{dagger}}8,014
|-
!2017<ref name="ferrari2017">{{citation |title=Ferrari Full Year 2017 Results |url=http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/2018_02_01_-_ferrari_-_fy_2017_results_presentation.pdf |date=2 February 2017 |page=3 |publisher=Ferrari N.V. |access-date=16 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218090816/http://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/2018_02_01_-_ferrari_-_fy_2017_results_presentation.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{dagger}}8,398
|-
!2018<ref name="ferrari2018">{{citation |title=Ferrari Full Year 2018 Results |url=https://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/ferrari_nv_annual_report_12.31.2018.pdf |date=26 February 2018 |page=3 |publisher=Ferrari N.V. |access-date=9 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401163741/https://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/ferrari_nv_annual_report_12.31.2018.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{dagger}}9,251
|-
!2019<ref name="ferrari2019">{{citation |title=Ferrari Full Year 2019 Results |url=https://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/fnv_2019_annual_report_red_book_0.pdf |date=18 February 2020 |page=16 |publisher=Ferrari N.V. |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-date=11 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611232454/https://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/fnv_2019_annual_report_red_book_0.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{dagger}}10,131
|-
!2020<ref name="ferrari2020">{{citation |title=Ferrari Full Year 2020 Results |url=https://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/ar_2020_ferrari_web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508161014/https://corporate.ferrari.com/sites/ferrari15ipo/files/ar_2020_ferrari_web.pdf |archive-date=8 May 2021 |url-status=live |date=26 February 2021 |page=304 |publisher=Ferrari N.V. |access-date=26 January 2022 }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| {{dagger}}9,119
|-
!2021<ref name="ferrari2021">{{citation |title=Ferrari Full Year 2021 Results |url=https://cdn.ferrari.com/cms/network/media/pdf/Annual_Report_2021_Ferrari_NV_WEB_12.04.2022.pdf |date=25 February 2022 |page=26 |publisher=Ferrari N.V. |access-date=29 April 2022 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419130414/https://cdn.ferrari.com/cms/network/media/pdf/Annual_Report_2021_Ferrari_NV_WEB_12.04.2022.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 11,115
|-
!2022<ref name="AR22">{{cite web |url=https://cdn.ferrari.com/cms/network/media/pdf/2023_02_02%20-%20Ferrari%20FY%202022%20Results%20Press-Release.pdf |title=Ferrari FY 2022 Results Press-Release |date=2 February 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=Ferrari |language=en}}</ref>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 13,221
|-
!2023<ref name="AR24"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 13,663
|-
!2024<ref name="AR24"/>
|style="background:#fbf8db; align:right;"| 13,752
|}
:{{smaller|{{double-dagger}} Figure refers to units produced rather than to units sold.}}
:{{smaller|{{dagger}} Figure refers to units shipped rather than to units sold.}}

{| class="mw-collapsible" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" style="border:solid 1px #aaa"
|+ '''Annual Ferrari sales to end customers (number of type-approved vehicles)'''
|-
| <timeline>
ImageSize = width:650 height:auto barincrement:22
PlotArea = left:45 bottom:20 top:10 right:18
AlignBars = justify
DateFormat = yyyy
Period = from:0 till:15000
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal
Colors =
id:gray value:gray(0.5)
id:line1 value:gray(0.9)
id:line2 value:gray(0.7)
ScaleMajor = unit:year start:0 increment:1000 gridcolor:line2
ScaleMinor = start:0 increment:100 gridcolor:line1

PlotData=
color:skyblue width:18
bar:1999 from:start till:3775 text:3,775 align:left
bar:2000 from:start till:4070 text:4,070 align:left
bar:2001 from:start till:4289 text:4,289 align:left
bar:2002 from:start till:4236 text:4,236 align:left
bar:2003 from:start till:4238 text:4,238 align:left
bar:2004 from:start till:4975 text:4,975 align:left
bar:2005 from:start till:5409 text:5,409 align:left
bar:2006 from:start till:5671 text:5,671 align:left
bar:2007 from:start till:6465 text:6,465 align:left
bar:2008 from:start till:6587 text:6,587 align:left
bar:2009 from:start till:6250 text:6,250 align:left
bar:2010 from:start till:6461 text:6,461 align:left
bar:2011 from:start till:7001 text:7,001 align:left
bar:2012 from:start till:7318 text:7,318 align:left
bar:2013 from:start till:6922 text:6,922 align:left
bar:2014 from:start till:7255 text:7,255 align:left
bar:2015 from:start till:7664 text:7,664 align:left
bar:2016 from:start till:8014 text:8,014 align:left
bar:2017 from:start till:8398 text:8,398 align:left
bar:2018 from:start till:9251 text:9,251 align:left
bar:2019 from:start till:10131 text:10,131 align:left
bar:2020 from:start till:9119 text:9,119 align:left
bar:2021 from:start till:11115 text:11,115 align:left
bar:2022 from:start till:13221 text:13,221 align:left
bar:2023 from:start till:13663 text:13,663 align:left
bar:2024 from:start till:13752 text:13,752 align:left
</timeline>
|-
|}

=== Recalls ===
In January 2020, the Italian carmaker said it will recall 982 vehicles for passenger airbags due to the [[Takata Corporation#Defective airbag recalls (2013–present)|Takata airbag recalls]].<ref name=CNET>{{cite web |title=Takata airbag recall hits Ferrari California, 458 Italia |url=https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/takata-airbag-recall-ferrari-california-458-italia/ |author=Sean Szymkowski |work=[[CNET]] |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818063306/https://www.cnet.com/roadshow/news/takata-airbag-recall-ferrari-california-458-italia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> If the inflator explodes, the airbag will spew metal shrapnel at passengers, which can cause severe injury.<ref name=CNET/><ref>{{cite web |title=Urgent Takata Airbag Recall |url=https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/auto/takata-airbag-recall |work=Ferrari Official Website |access-date=18 August 2022 |archive-date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818064050/https://www.ferrari.com/en-EN/auto/takata-airbag-recall |url-status=live }}</ref> Every car involved will get a new passenger-side airbag assembly, complete with a new inflator without the dangerous propellant.<ref name=CNET/>

On 8 August 2022, the company recalled almost every car it's sold in the US since 2005 over a potential for brake failure.<ref name=Track>{{cite web |title=Ferrari Recalls Nearly Every Car It's Made Since 2005 For Possible Brake Failure |url=https://www.roadandtrack.com/news/a40836459/ferrari-recall-possible-brake-failure/ |date=8 August 2022 |work=[[Road & Track]] |author=Chris Perkins }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ferrari recalls 17 years worth of luxury cars over possible brake failure |url=https://nypost.com/2022/08/09/ferrari-recalls-17-years-worth-of-cars-over-possible-brake-failure/ |date=9 August 2022 |author=Evan Simko-Bednarski |work=[[New York Post]] |access-date=11 August 2022 |archive-date=11 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811081106/https://nypost.com/2022/08/09/ferrari-recalls-17-years-worth-of-cars-over-possible-brake-failure/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to an [[National Highway Traffic Safety Administration|NHTSA]] recall filing, 23,555 Ferrari models sold in America are fitted with a potentially faulty brake fluid reservoir cap that may not vent pressure adequately.<ref name=Track/> The affected cars will be fitted with a replacement cap and receive a software update.<ref name=Track/>

=== Stores and attractions ===
Roughly thirty Ferrari [[boutique]]s exist worldwide, with two owned by Ferrari and the rest operating as [[franchising|franchises]]. The stores sell branded clothes,<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2021 |title=Ferrari Roars Into the Fashion World |url=https://www.gq.com/story/ferrari-clothing-line |access-date=30 March 2022 |website=GQ |language=en-US }}</ref> accessories and racing [[memorabilia]]; some stores also feature [[racing simulator]]s where visitors can drive virtual Ferrari vehicles. Clothing includes upscale and lower-priced collections for men, women, and children.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Martens |first1=Cynthia |title=Ferrari Opens New Flagship Store |url=http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/ferrari-opens-new-flagship-store-10097067/ |access-date=3 February 2017 |work=WWD |date=16 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204004150/http://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-scoops/ferrari-opens-new-flagship-store-10097067/ |archive-date=4 February 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ferrari debuted its high fashion brand with its first runway in June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rysman |first=Laura |date=16 June 2021 |title=Ferrari Is Racing Into Fashion |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/16/style/ferrari-fashion-collection.htm |access-date=14 April 2024 |website=The New York Times }}</ref>

There are also two Ferrari-themed [[amusement park]]s:
* [[Ferrari World Abu Dhabi]] opened in 2010, is the first Ferrari-branded theme park in the world, and is situated on [[Yas Island]] in [[Abu Dhabi]], in the [[United Arab Emirates]]. It has 37 rides and attractions and is home to the world's fastest roller coaster—[[Formula Rossa]], and a dynamic coaster with one of the world's tallest loop—[[Flying Aces (roller coaster)|Flying Aces]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Merlin |first=Lalla |date=1 September 2020 |title=Taking the guest experience up a gear at Ferrari World Abu Dhabi |url=https://blooloop.com/features/ferrari-world-abu-dhabi/ |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=Blooloop }}</ref>
* [[Ferrari Land]], opened since 2017, is the second such Ferrari-themed amusement park, and is located in [[PortAventura World]] resort, [[Catalonia]] [[Spain]]. It has 16 rides and attractions, and is home to Europe's fastest and highest vertical accelerator coaster—[[Red Force (roller coaster)|Red Force]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Force - Ferrari Land Attractions |url=https://www.portaventuraworld.com/en/ferrari-land/rides/red-force |access-date=29 October 2020 |website=PortAventura World |language=en }}</ref>

=== Company leadership ===
==== Chairmen ====
* Enzo Ferrari (1939–1988)
* [[Luca di Montezemolo]] (1991–2014)<ref>{{cite book |title=Formula Ferrari |first=Umberto |last=Zapelloni |isbn=978-0-340-83471-8 |publisher=[[Hodder & Stoughton]] |date=April 2004 |pages=17}}</ref>
* Sergio Marchionne (2014–2018)
* John Elkann (2018–present)<ref>{{cite news|last=Carretto |first=Bianca|date=21 July 2018|url=https://www.corriere.it/economia/18_luglio_21/fca-finisce-era-marchionne-scelto-successore-michael-manley-0653e096-8cea-11e8-a028-9f549fd88b33.shtml|title=Fca, finisce l'era Marchionne: 'Condizioni di salute peggiorate, non può riprendere il lavoro.' Manley (Fca) e Camilleri (Ferrari) i successori|work=Corriere della Sera |language=it|issn=2499-0485|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref>
==== CEOs ====
* [[Enzo Ferrari]] (1939–1971)
* Jean Todt (2004–2008)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/todt-resigns-as-ferrari-ceo-replaced-by-felisa-idUSL18118533/ |title=Todt resigns as Ferrari CEO, replaced by Felisa |work=Reuters |date=18 March 2008 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
* Amedeo Felisa (2008–2016)
* [[Sergio Marchionne]] (2016–2018)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://premium.goauto.com.au/marchionne-appointed-ferrari-ceo/? |title=Marchionne appointed Ferrari CEO |work=GoAutoNews |last=Gardner |first=Daniel |date=3 May 2016 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Louis Camilleri]] (2018–2020)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://corporate.ferrari.com/en/ferrari-announcement|title=Ferrari Announcement |publisher=Ferrari |date=21 July 2018 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[John Elkann]] (2020–2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-10/louis-camilleri-abruptly-retires-from-ferrari-philip-morris |title=Ferrari Faces New Leadership Crisis After CEO Abruptly Resigns |work=Bloomberg |first1=Daniele |last1=Lepido |first2=Tommaso |last2=Ebhardt |date=11 December 2020 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>
* [[Benedetto Vigna]] (2021–present)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/09/business/ferrari-names-new-ceo |title=Tech executive tapped as new Ferrari CEO as it plans its first EV |work=CNN |last=Isidore |first=Chris |date=9 June 2021 |access-date=30 December 2025}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Italy|Cars|Companies}}
* [[Automotive industry in Italy]]
* [[List of automobile manufacturers of Italy]]
* [[List of companies of Italy]]
* [[List of Ferrari competition cars]]
* [[List of Ferrari engines]]
* [[List of Ferrari road cars]]
* [[Scuderia Ferrari]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== General references ==
* {{Citation |journal=[[Sports Car International]] |issue=Oct/Nov 2000 |page=94 |first=Eric |last=Gustafson |title=Cavallino Rampante |postscript=. }}
* Adler, Dennis, ''Ferrari: The Road from Maranello''. Random House, 2006. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6463-2}}.

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|commonscat=yes|q=yes|wikt=no}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20180208074420/http://www.coachbuild.com/2/index.php/news/modern-coachbuilds/131-ferrari-special-projects-all-cars-listing Ferrari Special Projects listing on Coachbuild.com]
{{Finance links
| symbol = RACE
| sec_cik = RACE
| google = NYSE:RACE
| yahoo = RACE
| bloomberg = RACE:US
| reuters = RACE
| nasdaq = RACE
}}

{{Ferrari}}
{{navboxes|list=
{{Exor}}
{{Euro Stoxx 50 Companies}}
{{FTSE MIB companies}}
{{Ferrari road car timeline 1947-1968}}
{{Ferrari car timeline 1970s-1990s}}
{{Ferrari modern car timeline}}
{{Automotive industry in Italy}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ferrari| ]]
[[Category:Italian companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:2015 initial public offerings]]
[[Category:Automotive companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Car manufacturers of Italy]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Borsa Italiana]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies in the Euro Stoxx 50]]
[[Category:Companies in the FTSE MIB]]
[[Category:Italian brands]]
[[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]]
[[Category:Sports car manufacturers]]
[[Category:Vehicle manufacturing companies established in 1947]]
[[Category:Car brands]]
[[Category:Corporate spin-offs]]
[[Category:Enzo Ferrari]]

Ranebennuru

2026-05-07T12:11:57Z

Blackandwhitelegal: created details.

{{more citations needed|date=March 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
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| name = Ranebennuru
| official_name =
| other_name = Ranebennur Ranibennur
| nicknames = Gateway of North Karnataka, Cotton City of Karnataka & Heart of Karnataka, City of Global Seed Production Hub
| settlement_type = City
| image_skyline = Black Buck - Bhetonoi - Odisha.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Black buck Sanctuary of Karnataka
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{{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=y|type=shape-inverse|id=Q1185|frame-width=270|frame-height=350|frame-lat=15.04|frame-long=76.40|stroke-width=3|zoom=6|type2=point|coord2={{coord|14.6167|N|75.6167|E}}|marker-size2=medium}}
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| established_title = 
| established_date =
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| area_footnotes =
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| area_total_km2 = 42.32
| area_rural_km2 = 850.57
| elevation_footnotes =
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| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
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| population_footnotes = <ref name = 2011city>{{cite web| title = Cities having population 1 lakh and above| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf| work = censusindia| publisher = The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India| access-date = 17 October 2011}}</ref>
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| area_code = 08373
| registration_plate = KA-68
| website = {{URL| http://www.ranebennurcity.mrc.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ranebennuru''' [Ranebennur] (AMRUT city) is a major city in [[Haveri district]] and in Central [[Karnataka]], India. It is situated {{convert|300|km}} northwest of [[Bangalore|Bengaluru]], the capital of Karnataka. Other nearby cities include [[Hubballi]] (108 km) and [[Mangalore|Mangaluru]] (271 km). It is also the largest city in [[Haveri]] [[Haveri district|district]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/617/download/2116/DH_2011_2910_PART_B_DCHB_HAVERI.pdf|access-date= 4 July 2023|title= Haveri district 2011 census data hand book}}</ref>

==Geography==
Ranebennuru is at the geographical center of Karnataka. {{Coord|14.62|N|75.62|E|}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/19/Ranibennur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ranibennur, India|website=www.fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of {{convert|605|m|ft}}. One of Karnataka's most important rivers – the [[Tungabhadra]] – flows along the southern border of Ranebennur [[taluk]]. Another river, the [[Kumudvathi River|Kumadvathi]], which originates from Madagh Masur Lake<ref>{{cite web |url=http://travel.goudar.com/2010/10/madagh-masur-lake.html |title=mahiti - Travel ..: Madagh Masur Lake, Karnataka (with photos) |website=travel.goudar.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131054015/http://travel.goudar.com/2010/10/madagh-masur-lake.html |archive-date=2011-01-31}}</ref> flows from [[Hirekerur]] taluk, enters Ranebennur taluk, and joins the Tungabhadra river.

The nearest airport is at [[Hubballi]], 108 km from Ranebennur. From there one can reach Bengaluru and Mumbai by flight. The nearest international airports are 271 km and 300 km away, in Mangaluru and Bengaluru respectively. Ranebennur is connected with most of the metros like Mumbai, Bengaluru, and Chennai through regular trains.

Being situated on National Highway NH48 (previously NH 4), the city enjoys good bus services. It is a 1.5 hour drive from Hubli (105 km) and 5 hour drive from Bengaluru (300 km). Most buses travelling between North Karnataka and South Karnataka pass through Ranebennur.

===Fauna===
Ranebennuru is home to a wildlife sanctuary. [[Ranibennur Blackbuck Sanctuary]] is home to [[blackbuck]], [[Great Indian Bustard]] and wolves. Great Indian Bustard was last spotted in 2005 and maybe locally extinct.

==Demographics==
{{As of|2025}} India census, Ranebennur has a population of 154000. Males constitute 50.7% of the population and females 49.3%. Total literates in Ranebennur city are 81,001 of which 43,086 are males while 37,915 are females. Average literacy rate of Ranebennur city is 85.97 percent of which male and female literacy was 90.30 and 81.52 percent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ranibennur City Population 2025 {{!}} Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/438-ranibennur.html |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

==Economy==
The bulk of the population is engaged in agriculture and related activities. Cotton and jowar ([[sorghum]]) are very well suited to the semi-arid climate. Coconut, [[brinjal]], maize, betel leaves, and tomatoes are the other crops grown here both as produce and for their seeds. Much of the agricultural output is dependent on the [[southwest monsoon]] and hence gets challenging at times. the [[Tunga River|Upper Tunga]] project, if completed, will be a boon for the farmers in this region.<ref>http://waterresources.kar.nic.in/salient_features_uppertunga.htm {{Dead link|date=August 2022}}</ref> [[Sericulture]] (rearing of [[silkworms]]) is growing in popularity among the farmers. [[Mulberry]] plants are grown and silkworm larvae are fed cut-up mulberry leaves. This is a labour-intensive activity and hence well suited to this region.

Ranebennur is home to a rich commodity market. Commodities like cotton yarn, [[cottonseed]], [[oilseeds]], red chilli, [[betel nut]], and [[betel leaf]] are traded. Ranebennur has a seed multiplication industry. Several seed companies are located and operating in the city. Ranebennur is also known for its wholesale cloth market and all type of wholesale business.

Sarees are also a very vast market.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060702025850/http://www.ranebennurcity.gov.in/ Ranebennur city Government website]

[[Category:Cities and towns in Haveri district]]
[[Category:Cities in Karnataka]]

Lloyd Mathias

2026-05-07T06:22:28Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding initial article more to come

{{Short description|Indian business executive and entrepreneur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}{{Infobox person
| name = Lloyd Mathias
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| alma_mater = Somaiya Institute of Management, Mumbai University St Xavier's College, Mumbai.
| occupation = Entrepreneur Business Executive
| known_for = Former CMO of [[Tata Teleservices]] Former CMO of [[Motorola|Motorola India]]
 Former CMO of [[HP Inc.|HP]]
}}
'''Lloyd Mathias''' is an Indian business executive and an entrepreneur. He worked as a chief marketing officer at [[HP Inc.]], [[Motorola]]. He was also the chief marketing officer and the president at [[Tata Teleservices]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2009-12-29 |title=Tata Indicom partners Samsung for data phone |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/tata-indicom-partners-samsung-for-data-phone/ |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=NEXTMEDIA.IN Company Profile & Executives - Next Mediaworks Ltd. - Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/IN/XNSE/NEXTMEDIA/company-people/executive-profile/213104421 |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.wsj.com}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mathias did his master's degree in Management Studies from Somaiya Institute of Management, Mumbai University. He did his graduation from [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St Xavier's College]], [[Mumbai]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

==Career==
Mathias joined [[PepsiCo]] India as the marketing head in 1994.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Aditya |title=PepsiCo's Lloyd Mathias to join Motorola as marketing director |url=https://www.afaqs.com/11962_pepsicos-lloyd-mathias-to-join-motorola-as-marketing-director |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=www.afaqs.com}}</ref> In 2005, he quit from PepsiCo and joined [[Motorola]] as the senior director, head of sales and operations in India and South West Asia. He worked in Motorola for three years and resigned in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lloyd Mathias quits Motorola |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/amp/advertising-news/lloyd-mathias-quits-motorola-33332.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=exchange4media}}</ref> In the same year, he joined the [[Tata Teleservices]] as president and CMO. In 2010, he was elected as the chairman of Media Research Users Council (MRUC).<ref name=":2" /> Then, in 2011, he left Tata Teleservices.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lloyd Mathias joins Tata Teleservices as Chief Marketing Officer - Exchange4media |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/advertising-news/lloyd-mathias-joins-tata-teleservices-as-chief-marketing-officer-33424.html |access-date=2022-07-28 |website=exchange4media |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, he was elected as Co-Chairperson of CDG's Device Strategy Council.<ref name=":3" /> In 2014, he joined [[HP Inc.]] as the chief marketing officer.<ref>{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2014-05-12 |title=Lloyd Mathias to join HP India as Chief Marketing Officer |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/lloyd-mathias-to-join-hp-india-as-chief-marketing-officer-114051201096_1.html |access-date=2022-07-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aulakh |first=Gulveen |title=Hewlett Packard appoints Lloyd Mathias as marketing head for Asia Pacific, Japan region |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/hardware/hewlett-packard-appoints-lloyd-mathias-as-marketing-head-for-asia-pacific-japan-region/articleshow/48076727.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2022-11-16}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathias, Lloyd}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Motorola employees]]
[[Category:Indian business executives]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, alumni]]

{{India-business-bio-stub}}

Malappuram Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T10:02:51Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding the details basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{about|the State assembly constituency in Kerala|other uses|Malappuram (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = Kerala
| name = Malappuram
| type=SLA
| constituency_no = 40
| map_image = Kottakkunnu, Malappuram municipality.jpg
| map_caption = [[Kottakkunnu]] is located at the centre of [[Malappuram]] city.
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 2,11,990 (2021)<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
| mla = [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| party = {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]
}}
'''Malappuram State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://malappuram.nic.in/constituencies
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Malappuram district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]] of [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Malappuram Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Malappuram District
|access-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-date = 20 August 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190820130501/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/malappuram.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Malappuram]]
|Municipality
|Eranad
|-
|2
|[[Pulpatta]]
|Grama panchayat
|Eranad
|-
|3
|[[Pookkottur]]
|Grama panchayat
|Eranad
|-
|4
|[[Anakkayam]]
|Grama panchayat
|Eranad
|-
|5
|[[Morayur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kondotty Taluk|Kondotty]]
|-
|6
|[[Kodur, Malappuram|Kodur]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]
|}
<mapframe text="Malappuram Assembly constituency" width=300 height=300 align=center >{ "type": "ExternalData", "service": "geoshape", "ids": "Q16135157,Q16135563,Q13113400,Q4750982,Q16137932,Q13111698"}</mapframe>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Malappuram Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/malappuram-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Malappuram
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama
Sabha
!Name
! colspan=2 |Party
! Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |K. Hassan Gani
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=16|Indian Union Muslim League}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| M. P. M. Ahamed Kurikkal
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| [[U. A. Beeran]]
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| [[C. H. Mohammed Koya]]
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| U. A. Beeran
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| rowspan="2" |[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| Younus Kunhu
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| rowspan="2" |[[M. K. Muneer]]
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| [[M. Ummer]]
| 2006 – 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="3" |[[P. Ubaidulla]]
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 - 2021
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| 15th
| 2021 - 2026
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| 16th
| [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|Incumbent
|}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Malappuram}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|votes = 131632
|percentage = 66.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar
|candidate = K.T. Mujeeb Rahman
|votes = 46,305
|percentage = 23.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = Aswathi Gupthakumar
|votes = 9,127
|percentage = 4.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Adv. Sadik Naduthodi
|votes = 5,124
|percentage = 2.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Aboobacker Backer Kundupuzhakkal
|votes = 2,060
|percentage = 1.05
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abdul Gafoor Master O.P.K
|votes = 712
|percentage = 0.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Abdulsalam K.P
|votes = 315
|percentage = 0.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sreedharan
|votes = 231
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1379
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 85327
|percentage = 43.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 196885
|percentage = 80.35
|change = 4.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 2,11,990 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Malappuram]]<ref name="result_2021">{{Cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS1140.htm?ac=40|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO KERALA NIYAMA SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MAY-2021 (40-MALAPPURAM)|access-date=|website=results.eci.gov.in|publisher=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian Union Muslim League
|candidate = [[P. Ubaidulla]]
|votes = 93,166
|percentage = 57.57%
|change ={{gain}}0.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Paloli Abdurahman
|votes = 57,958
|percentage = 35.82%
|change ={{gain}}3.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Areekkad Sethumadhavan
|votes = 5,883
|percentage = 3.64%
|change ={{loss}}1.44
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Welfare Party of India
|candidate = E. C. Ayisha
|votes = 3,194
|percentage = 1.97%
|change ={{loss}}0.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 994
|percentage = 0.61%
|change ={{gain}}0.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prashobh. T
|votes = 321
|percentage = 0.20%
|change ={{gain}}0.20
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = T. K. Bose
|votes = 309
|percentage = 0.19%
|change = {{gain}}0.19
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 35,208
|percentage = 21.75%
|change ={{loss}}3.40
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,61,825<ref name="result_2021"/><ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|percentage = 76.34%<ref name="turnout_2021"/>
|change ={{gain}}3.14
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{gain}}0.41
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,93,761 registered voters in Malappuram Constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Malappuram]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. Ubaidulla]]|votes=81,072|percentage=57.16%|change={{decrease}}6.59}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Adv. K. P. Sumathi|votes=45,400|percentage=32.01%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. N. Badusha Thangal|votes=7,211|percentage=5.08%|change={{increase}}1.94}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Welfare Party of India|candidate=E. C. Ayisha|votes=3,330|percentage=2.35%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Jaleel Neelambra|votes=2,444|percentage=1.72%|change={{decrease}}1.53}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Peoples Democratic Party (India)|candidate=Ashraf Pulpatta|votes=1,550|percentage=1.09%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=826|percentage=0.58%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 35,672
|percentage = 25.15%
|change ={{decrease}}11.26
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,41,833|percentage=73.20%|change={{increase}}0.32}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser =
|swing ={{decrease}}6.59
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,67,739 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Malappuram]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian Union Muslim League|candidate=[[P. Ubaidulla]]|votes=77,928|percentage=63.75%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (Secular)|candidate=Madathil Sadiqali|votes=33,420|percentage=27.34%|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Sadiq Naduthodi|votes=3,968|percentage=3.25%|change=}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. Velayudhan|votes=3,841|percentage=3.14%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Abu Thwair|votes=2,179|percentage=1.78%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Pookkattil Ali Haji|votes=909|percentage=0.74%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 44,508
|percentage = 36.41%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,22,245|percentage=72.88%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian Union Muslim League
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Malappuram]]
* [[Malappuram district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191013043120/https://keralapanchayatelection2020.keralas.info/ Remaining Date for Malappuram Municipality Election 2020]

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Malappuram]]

Lalgola Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T05:17:07Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding basic pg initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lalgola
| type = SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Lalgola.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Lalgola Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Ali Mohammad (West Bengal politician)|Ali Mohammad]]
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| constituency_no = 61
| established = 1951
| electors = 234,381
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Lalgola Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Murshidabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 61 Lalgola Assembly constituency covers Airmari Krishnapur, Bahadurpur, Bilbora Kopra, Dewansarai, Jasaitala, Kalmegha, Lalgola, Manikchak, Nashipur, Paikpara and Ramchandrapur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Lalgola (community development block)|Lalgola]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Kantanagar gram panchayat of [[Bhagawangola I (community development block)|Bhagabangola I]] community development block.<ref name =delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 | access-date = 11 July 2014 | work = West Bengal| publisher = Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Lalgola Assembly constituency is part of No. 9 [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>
It was earlier part of [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)]] till 2009.

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
|rowspan="3"|[[Syed Kazim Ali Mirza]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=16}}
|-
|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan="7"|[[Abdus Sattar (Murshidabad politician)|Abdus Sattar]]
|-
|[[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
|[[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
|[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
|[[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan="6"|[[Abu Hena (Indian politician)|Abu Hena]]
|-
|[[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|[[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
|[[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
|[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
|[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
|[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Mohammad Ali (West Bengal politician)|Ali Mohammad]]
|{{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|Dr. Abdul Aziz
|}

==Election results==
===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Lalgola}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Dr. Abdul Aziz|party=Trinamool Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Babluzzaman|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Amar Kumar Das|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Md. Touhidur Rahman|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Md. Tarik Aziz|party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
In the 2021 election, [[Ali Mohammad (West Bengal politician)|Ali Mohammad]] of Trinamool Congress defeated his nearest rival [[Abu Hena (Indian politician)|Abu Hena]] of Indian National Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2021]]: Lalgola}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Ali Mohammad (West Bengal politician)|Ali Mohammad]]
|votes = 107,860
|percentage = 56.64
|change = +28.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Abu Hena (Indian politician)|Abu Hena]]|votes=47,153|percentage=24.76|change=-35.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Kalpana Ghosh|votes=29,464|percentage=15.47|change=+9.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Abhijit Haldar|votes=1,691|percentage=0.89|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Najima Kayal|votes=954|percentage=0.50|change=-1.70}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bharat Chandra Biswas|votes=852|percentage=0.45|change=-0.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Muntasir Zamil|votes=653|percentage=0.34|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,394|percentage=0.73|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=60,707|percentage=31.88|change=-0.47}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=190,438|percentage=81.25|change=-1.66}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 election, [[Abu Hena (Indian politician)|Abu Hena]] of Congress defeated his nearest rival Chand Mohammad of Trinamool Congress.

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2016]]: Lalgola}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abu Hena (Indian politician)|Abu Hena]]
|votes = 100,110
|percentage = 60.56
|change = +8.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=Chand Mohammad|votes=46,635|percentage=28.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Amar Kumar Das|votes=9,938|percentage=6.21|change=+3.52}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Md. Sahabuddin|votes=3,644|percentage=2.20|change=-1.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=|candidate=|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Bharat Biswas|votes=1,563|percentage=0.95|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,959|percentage=1.19|change=}}
{{Election box majority|votes=53,475|percentage=32.35|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=165,312|percentage=82.91|change=-5.88}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 election, [[Abu Hena (Indian politician)|Abu Hena]] of Congress defeated his nearest rival Yean Ali of CPI(M).

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2011]]: Lalgola constituency<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=61| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130620075932/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=61| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 20 June 2013|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work =Lalgola| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 20 April 2011}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Abu Hena (Indian politician)|Abu Hena]]
|votes = 74,317
|percentage = 51.97
|change = +0.03#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Yean Ali
|votes = 58,133
|percentage = 40.65
|change = -4.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = Babar Ali
|votes = 4,778
|percentage = 3.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Amar Kumar Das
|votes = 3,848
|percentage = 2.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bharat Chandra Biswas
|votes = 1,937
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 143,013
|percentage = 88.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing = +4.13#
}}
{{Election box end}}

.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together in 2006.

===1977–2006===
In the 1991, 1996, 2001, and [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] state assembly elections, [[Abu Hena (Indian politician)|Abu Hena]] of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won the Lalgola assembly seat defeating his nearest rival Jannat Unnesa Begam of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 2006<ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and Md. Johaque Ali of CPI(M) in 2001,<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> 1996<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Contests in most years were multi cornered.
[[Abdus Sattar (Murshidabad politician)|Abdus Sattar]] of Congress defeated Yean Ali of CPI(M) in 1987<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1982,<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and [[Zainal Abedin]] of CPI(M) in 1977.<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp55.htm | title = 55 - Lalgola Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 26 September 2010}}</ref>

===1951–1972===
Abdus Sattar of Congress won in 1972,<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> 1971,<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> 1969<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and 1967.<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> Syed Kazim Ali Mirza of Congress won in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]],<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref> and [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|1951]].<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 20 July 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Murshidabad topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

P. Selvam

2026-05-05T02:51:19Z

Blackandwhitelegal:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Periyapullan P. Selvam
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 19 May 2016
| term_end = 4 May 2026
| constituency = [[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = [[R. Samy]]
| successor = [[P. Viswanathan]]
|father = Periyapullan
| citizenship = Indian
}}

'''Periyapullan alias Selvam''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]], and reelected in [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211231093622/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC188.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC188.pdf|access-date= 29 Apr 2022 |archive-date=31 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=melur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a188|access-date= 29 Apr 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://madurai.nic.in/elections/
|access-date=29 Apr 2022
|title=Members of Legislative Assembly Constituency, Madurai District
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123132645/https://madurai.nic.in/elections/
|archive-date=23 Jan 2022
|website=madurai.nic.in
}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]|| [[ADMK]] || Won ||45.82% || T. Ravichandran|| [[Indian National Congress|INC]] || 26.49%
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Melur Assembly constituency|Melur]]|| [[ADMK]] || Won ||51.54% || A. P. Ragupthy|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || 40.11%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Selvam, P}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Somra Lakra

2026-04-21T12:40:50Z

Blackandwhitelegal: creating initial info with sources

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Somra Lakra
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2001
| term_end = 2011
| constituency = [[Mal Assembly constituency|Mal]]
| predecessor = Jagannath Oraon
| successor = [[Bulu Chik Baraik]]
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Somra Lakra''' is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He was elected two times as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Mal, as a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPIM]], in the [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]] and [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]] elections.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SOMRA LAKRA (Winner) Mal (Jalpaiguri ) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/wb2006/candidate.php?candidate_id=35|access-date=2025-05-18|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal Assembly Election Results in 2006|url=https://www.elections.in/west-bengal/assembly-constituencies/2006-election-results.html|access-date=2025-05-18|website=Elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mal Assembly Constituency Election Result|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/mal-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|access-date=2025-05-18|website=Result University}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakra, Somra}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2006–2011]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Jalpaiguri district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{WestBengal-CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}

Malapulayattam

2026-04-19T18:50:43Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding some entry w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian folk dance}}
{{Infobox dance
|name=Malapulayattam
|image=File:Malappulayattam.jpg
|alt= Chikk attam
|caption=Malapulayattam performance
|native_name= മലപ്പുലയാട്ടം (Malayalam)
|etymology=
|genre= Ritual
|signature=
|instruments= tribal instruments like chik vadyam, kitimitti, kuzhal, kattavadyam, urumi etc.
|inventor=
|year=
|origin=[[Kerala]], India
}}
'''Malapulayattam''' also known as '''Chikk Attam''' is a tribal dance performed by the Malapulayan [[Tribals in Kerala|tribals]] of [[Idukki district]] in [[Kerala]], as part of worshiping the deities [[Mariamman]], [[Kali Amman|Kaliyamman]] and [[Meenakshi]] in their caste-related festivals.

This ritualistic dance is also performed in public spaces outside Idukki as part of public programs and tribal festivals.

==Overview==
Malappulyars are a tribal community living in [[Marayur]], [[Idukki district]] in [[Kerala]].<ref name="keralaculture">{{cite web |title=മലപ്പുലയാട്ടം {{!}} Malayapulayattam |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/malayapulayattam/660 |website=keralaculture.org |date=11 August 2019 |access-date=13 April 2023 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811173229/http://www.keralaculture.org/malayalam/malayapulayattam/660 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref name="etv">{{cite news |title=പാട്ടില്ലാതെ താളവും ചുവടുകളും മൂന്നാറില്‍ നവ്യാനുഭവമായി മലപ്പുലയാട്ടം |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/malayalam/kerala/videos/other-videos/idukki-adivasi-dance-malappulayattam/kerala20220627073650112112266 |work=ETV Bharat News |agency=[[ETV Network]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413063215/https://www.etvbharat.com/malayalam/kerala/videos/other-videos/idukki-adivasi-dance-malappulayattam/kerala20220627073650112112266 |url-status=live }}</ref> They are immigrants from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="keralaculture"/> Their worship idols are deities like [[Mariamman]], [[Kali Amman|Kaliyamman]] and [[Meenakshi]].<ref name="keralaculture"/> Malappulayattam is a tribal dance form performed as part of worshiping the deities in their caste-related festivals.<ref name="keralaculture"/>

There is a festival held in the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil month]] of [[Chaitra|Chithirai]] in connection with the Mariyamman temple in Malapulayan tribal area.<ref name="Deshabhimani">{{cite news |title=ചലനത്തിന്റെ ചാരുതയില്‍ മലപ്പുലയാട്ടം |url=https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-idukkikerala-06-05-2017/641865 |work=[[Deshabhimani]] |language=ml |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413061248/https://www.deshabhimani.com/news/kerala/news-idukkikerala-06-05-2017/641865 |url-status=live }}</ref> Malapulayattam is mainly held as a part of this.

Malapulaya people also perform Malapulayattam or Chik Attam at all important events in their daily life including marriage, birth and even death and girl child's first menstruation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2014-05-11 |title=ആദിവാസിക്കുടികളില്‍ ചിക്ക് ആട്ടവിശേഷം, Kerala - Mathrubhumi |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/idukki/news/2910906-local_news-idukki.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=mathrubhumi.com |publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]] |archive-date=2014-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511011358/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/idukki/news/2910906-local_news-idukki.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Only death has a different rhythm.<ref name=":0" /> Malapulayattam is a very physically demanding folk dance.<ref name="keralaculture"/>

This ritualistic tribal dance is also performed in public spaces outside Idukki as part of public programs and tribal festivals.<ref name="etv"/><ref name="Keralakaumudi">{{cite news |title=അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര ആദിവാസി ദിനാചരണം നാളെ |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=877630 |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |language=en |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413063217/https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=877630 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=പരമ്പരാഗത നൃത്തം ആസ്വദിക്കാൻ അനന്തപുരിക്ക് ഇന്ന് അത്യപൂർവ അവസരം {{!}} I&PRD : Official Website of Information Public Relations Department of Kerala |url=https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/index.php/ml/node/32075 |website=www.prd.kerala.gov.in |access-date=2023-04-13 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413063218/https://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/index.php/ml/node/32075 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Dance==
In Malappulayattam, everyone, including the elderly and the disabled, of the tribal colony, together steps in front of their clan deity.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Males and females will step together in traditional attire.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> The dance is not supported by vocal singing.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Both men and women dance together and dancers change frequently.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/> Watchers later become dancers and dancers become watchers.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/>

Dancers move their bodies forward and backward from a circle.<ref name="etv"/> The pace of the dance will also increase according to the pace of rhythms.<ref name="etv"/>

==Instruments==
Tribal musical instruments such as chik vadyam, kitimitti, kuzhal, kattavadyam, urumi etc. are used for rhythm.<ref name="Deshabhimani"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date= |title=മലപ്പുലയ ആട്ടം ദേശീയ ശ്രദ്ധയിൽ; ട്രൈബൽ ഡാൻസ് ഫെസ്റ്റിൽ മലപ്പുലയ ആട്ടത്തിന് അംഗീകാരം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/idukki/2022/06/24/idukki-tribal-dance-festival-malappulaya-attam.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=ManoramaOnline |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |language=ml |archive-date=2023-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416175258/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/idukki/2022/06/24/idukki-tribal-dance-festival-malappulaya-attam.html |url-status=live }}</ref> While dancing, they do not sing any songs, instead they dance in a circle to the rhythm of musical instruments.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=പട്ടിക വർഗ്ഗ കലാരൂപങ്ങൾ, കലാസമിതികൾ, കലാകാരന്മാർ, കരകൗശലവിദഗ്ദ്ധർ (Schedule caste art forms, art societies, artists and artisans) |last=KIRTADS|first=Adikalakendram|publisher=Kerala institute for Research Training & Development studies of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|year=2013|location=Kozhikode |page=11}}</ref>

== Noted performances ==
In the 2022 national level tribal dance fest held in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], which featured tribal dances from 19 states of India, the official group of Kerala, Malappalaya Dance Group from Kummittamkuzhi, Marayur, won the best team award.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==

* [[Irula Nritham]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Culture of Kerala}}

[[Category:Hindu rituals]]
[[Category:Ritual dances]]
[[Category:Dances of Kerala]]
[[Category:Kerala folklore]]
[[Category:Folk dances of Kerala]]

Harishankar Khatik

2026-04-19T10:58:23Z

Blackandwhitelegal: added basic data v1 - done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Harishankar Khatik
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency = [[Jatara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatara]]
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Legislative Assembly]]
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| birth_date = 1968
| birth_place = Palera district Tikamgarh M.P.
| death_date =
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| birth_name =
| parents = Sh. Bhagwan Das Khatik
| citizenship =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| education = civil diploma Polytechnic college Nowgaon
| spouse =
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| relations =
| children = 4
| occupation = Agriculture
| profession = politician
| cabinet =
| committees = MLA Jatara, Pradesh Mahamantri BJP M.P.
| portfolio =
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'''Harishankar Khatik''' is an Indian politician and a member of the Legislative Assembly of India representing the [[Jatara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatara]] constituency of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/mp-election/article/jatara-assembly-election-bjps-harishankar-khatik-to-face-congress-and-ljd-alliance-poll-madhya-pradesh-bjp-ljd-bsp-inc-congress/313837|title=Jatara Assembly election results 2018: BJP's Harishankar Khatik defeats the Congress-LJD alliance|website=www.timesnownews.com|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aajtak.intoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh/candidates/harishankar-khatik-mla-jatara-2013-94323/|title=HARISHANKAR KHATIK BJP, Madhya Pradesh Election, JATARA, Election Results 2013|website=aajtak.intoday.in|language=hi|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Harishankar Khatik was born in [[Tikamgarh district|Tikamgarh]] district and completed 12th, higher secondary in 1985 and diploma in [[Civil engineering|Civil Engineering]] in 1994 from Polytechnic, Bhopal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://myneta.info/mp2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=830|title=Harishankar Khatik(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- JATARA(TIKAMGARH) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|website=myneta.info|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/political-leaders/harishankar-khatik.html|title=Harishankar Khatik Biography - About, Personal Background, Political and Professional Career|website=www.elections.in|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Harishankar Khatik is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing the [[Jatara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Jatara]] constituency and is a member of the [[Indian National Congress|Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/election-result-2018/mp-election-result-2018/tikamgarh/jatara/shri-harishankar-khatik/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222150919/https://www.bhaskar.com/election-result-2018/mp-election-result-2018/tikamgarh/jatara/shri-harishankar-khatik/|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2018|title=Jatara BJP Candidate Shri Harishankar Khatik, Shri Harishankar Khatik vs Left for Loktantrik Janata Dal, जतारा सीट से भाजपा उम्मीदवार हरिशंकर खटीक|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi|access-date=2019-05-23}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.facebook.com/public/Hari-Shankar-Khatik Harishankar Khatik on Facebook]
* https://twitter.com/harishnkarbjp?lang=en

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khatik, Harishankar}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Tikamgarh district]]

Golden Jubilee Stadium

2026-04-18T01:30:02Z

Blackandwhitelegal:

{{Short description|Football stadium in Yupia, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Golden Jubilee Stadium
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| fullname = Golden Jubilee Outdoor Stadium
| location = [[Yupia]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[India]]
| owner = [[Government of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| operator = [[Arunachal Pradesh Football Association]]
|coordinates = {{coord|27.1692|93.7431|display=inline, title}}
| opened =
| renovated =
| surface = [[Artificial turf]]
| tenants = [[Arunachal Pradesh football team]] [[Arunachal Pradesh women's football team]] [[Indrajit Namchoom Arunachal League]] Tadar Tang State Level Football Tournament
| capacity = 15,000
}}

'''Golden Jubilee Stadium''' is a [[association football|football]] stadium in [[Yupia]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/aiff-golden-jubilee-outdoor-stadium-nurturing-talent-arunachal-pradesh/article65946069.ece/|title=AIFF to adopt golden Jubilee Outdoor Stadium to nurture talent in Arunachal Pradesh|date=28 September 2022 |website=Sportstar The Hindu|access-date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>[https://twitter.com/PemaKhanduBJP/status/1760320181849489410 Pema Khangu]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh Football Association|url=https://apfa.sbhssolutions.com/ |website=Arunachal Pradesh Football Association |access-date=3 December 2023 }}</ref>

== Notable matches ==
It was a venue for the 77th [[Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/fifa-santosh-trophy-2023-24-expanded-knockout-stage-in-final-round-draw-of-football-tournament-announces-aiff-news-333952|title=FIFA Santosh Trophy 2023-24: Expanded Knockout Stage In Final-Round Draw Of Football Tournament, Announces AIFF|date=1 December 2023|website=Outlook India|access-date=2 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/draw-revealed-for-77th-santosh-trophy-final-round-in-arunachal-pradesh|title=Draw revealed for 77th Santosh Trophy Final Round in Arunachal Pradesh|website=AIFF|access-date=3 December 2023}}</ref>
Matches of the [[2023–24 Santosh Trophy]] final round were held at the stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/sports-news/arunachal-pradesh-ready-to-host-santosh-trophy-arunachal-pradesh-football-association-apfa|title=Arunachal Pradesh ready to host Santosh Trophy: Arunachal Pradesh Football Association (APFA)|date=2 February 2024|website=The Sentinel|access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref> It also hosts the [[2025 SAFF U-19 Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosts India drawn with Nepal, Sri Lanka in SAFF U19 Championship 2025 |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/hosts-india-drawn-with-nepal-sri-lanka-in-saff-u19-championship-2025 |access-date=2025-03-11 |website=www.the-aiff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-07 |title=SAFF U-19 Championship heads to Arunachal Pradesh in historic first |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/story/saff-u-19-championship-heads-to-arunachal-pradesh-in-historic-first-1167396-2025-02-07 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> It will also host [[2026 Tri-Nation Series (India)|2026 U-23 Tri-Nation Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal Pradesh set to host U-23 Tri-Nation Championship in March |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-arunachal-pradesh-set-to-host-u-23-tri-nation-championship-202601 |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Arunachal to host Tri-Nation U-23 International Football Championship in March |url=http://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/arunachal-to-host-tri-nation-u-23-international-football-championship-in-march.html |access-date=4 February 2026 |website=www.easternsentinel.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2026 |title=APFA to host Tri-Nation U-23 International Football Championship at Yupia in March |url=https://arunachalobserver.org/2026/02/02/apfa-to-host-tri-nation-u-23-international-football-championship-at-yupia-in-march/ |access-date=5 February 2026 |work=Arunachal Observer}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of football stadiums in India]]
== References ==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://int.soccerway.com/venues/india/Golden-Jubilee-Stadium/ Stadium overview] at Soccerway
{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Football stadiums in India}}

[[Category:Sport in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Event venues with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-sports-venue-stub}}

Paolienlal Haokip

2026-04-11T12:54:23Z

Blackandwhitelegal: created pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
| name = Paolienlal Haokip
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1974|06|23}}
| education = M.Phil, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU]], 1999<ref name="myneta.info"/>
| father =
| occupation = [[Lok Sabha Secretariat]], social worker, politician
| office = [[Manipur Legislative Assembly|Member of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Saikot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saikot]]
| term_start = 2022
| term_end = 2027
| predecessor = [[T. N. Haokip]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Paolienlal Haokip''' is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]] and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Haokip was first elected to the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] from [[Saikot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saikot]] constituency in [[Churachandpur District]] in the [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022 elections]] on a BJP ticket.<ref name="CNBC">{{cite news |title=Saikot Election Result 2022 LIVE: BJP's Paolienlal Haokip wins |work=CNBC TV18 |date=10 March 2022 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/saikot-election-result-2022-live-how-to-check-saikot-legislative-assembly-election-vidhan-sabha-winners-losers-vote-margin-news-updates-12762782.htm}}</ref>

== Career ==
Paolienlal Haokip describes himself as coming from the "Hills in Manipur". He joined [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] in 1995 to pursue MA in Politics with specialisation in International Studies.<ref name="Souvenir">{{citation |last=Haokip |first=Paolienlal |chapter=A Campus Tough to Leave |title=Souvenir 2010 |publisher=Jawaharlal Nehru University |pages=43–44 |year=2011 |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/sites/default/files/u63/souvenir2010.pdf}}</ref> He completed an [[M. Phil.]] in 1999.<ref name="myneta.info"/>

Between 2002 and 2003, he worked as a research officer in the Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies. Afterwards he joined the [[Lok Sabha Secretariat]], where he worked in various positions till about 2020.<ref name="LinkedIn">[https://www.linkedin.com/in/paolienlal-haokip-8871949/?originalSubdomain=in Paolienlal Haokip], LinkedIn, retrieved 27 September 2025.
</ref><ref name="Lok Sabha Secretariat">[https://cag.gov.in/uploads/media/Report-No-15-of-PAC-2019-20-0655d98772d6f40-59341412.pdf Non-Compliance by Department of Posts, Fifteenth Report], Lok Sabha Secretariat, 2020.
</ref>

Haokip returned to Manipur in 2020 and worked as a spokesperson of Kuki Inpi Manipur.{{efn|Kuki Inpi Manipur is the apex body of the Kuki people in Manipur.<ref>{{citation |title=Justice Denied to Tribals in the Hill Districts of Manipur |first=Bela |last=Bhatia |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |date=31 July 2010 |volume=45 |number=31 |page=43 |jstor=20764362}}</ref> The term "Kuki" here might include only [[Thadou Kukis]] because the other tribes have their own apex bodies.}} The [[Kuki-Zo people|Kuki-Zo community]] was at that time demanding a territorial council for the Kuki-Zo areas under the [[Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India]].<ref>Karishma Hasnat, [https://theprint.in/india/manipurs-kuki-rebels-demand-bodoland-like-territorial-council-unhappy-about-delays-in-talks/491204/ Manipur's Kuki rebels demand Bodoland-like territorial council, unhappy about delays in talks], The Print, 29 August 2020.</ref>

=== Manipur Legislative Assembly, 2022–2027 ===
In February 2022, Haokip contested the [[Saikot (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Saikot]] seat for [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|Manipur Legislative Assembly]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), and won over his nearest rival by over 2,000 votes. The previous MLA, [[T. N. Haokip]], came as a distant third.<ref name="IFP defeated">"Six Congress MLA defeated, Ibobi accuses BJP of disrupting free and fair election in Manipur", Imphal Free Press, 10 March 2022. {{ProQuest|2638830169}}</ref> Saikot is a constituency reserved for [[Scheduled Tribes]]. Haokip is said to have mentioned his tribal affiliation as "[[Any Kuki Tribes]]".<ref name="PTI Sep 2025">PTI, [https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2025/09/27/ces22-mn-petition-mla.html Two Manipur leaders question Kuki MLA's ST status seek his disqualification], The Week, 27 September 2025.</ref>

In May 2022, Haokip became aware that the Manipur Forest Department issued "show-cause notices"{{efn|Notifications of impending evictions unless the villages could provide documentation of their rights over their land in the [[reserved forests and protected forests of India|reserved forest]].}} to village chiefs in the Dampi Reserved Forest in his constituency, and wrote to the Forest Department that no action should be taken until the matter is considered by the state's Hill Areas Committee.<ref name="IFP intervenes">MLA intervenes against show-cause notice over encroachment in Dampi reserved forest in Churachandpur, Imphal Free Press, 2 May 2022. {{ProQuest|2658498603}}</ref> He also wrote to the Minister for Forests, [[Thongam Biswajit Singh]], reminding him about the procedures to be followed for declaring reserved forests as per the [[Indian Forest Act, 1927]], and observed that they do not appear to have been followed in the case of the Dampi Reserve Forest.<ref name="TFM MLA slams">[https://thefrontiermanipur.com/bjp-mla-paolienlal-haokip-slams-bjyms-attempt-to-plant-trees-on-thangjing-hill/ BJP MLA Paolienlal Haokip Slams BJYM's Attempt To Plant Trees On Thangjing Hill], The Frontier Manipur, 17 May 2022.</ref>

Haokip wrote to the minister Biswajit Singh again in April 2023, protesting the fresh surveys ordered in the [[Churachandpur-Khoupum Protected Forest]]. In this instance, the state government claimed to have nullified the settlement orders issued in the 1970s to villages embedded in the forest, ordering fresh surveys. Haokip asked how the state government could nullify the orders issued under law by the Assistant Settlement Officers, who were acting in the absence of a Forest Settlement Officer due to the government's failure to appoint one.{{efn|The state government's claim was that settlement orders could only be issued by Forest Settlement Officers, not by Assistant Settlement Officers (who were of a junior rank). Hence the government claimed that all the original settlement orders were null and void.}} If the fresh surveys were needed because the government lacked survey records then he challenged how the original gazette declaring the Protected Forest could be valid in the first place.<ref name="IFP MLA asks">MLA asks government to stop surveys, seeks clarification, Imphal Free Press, 14 April 2023. {{ProQuest|2801266044}}</ref><ref name="TFM MLA questions">[https://thefrontiermanipur.com/bjp-mla-questions-revenue-forest-depts-survey-in-churachandpur-khoupum-forest/ BJP MLA Questions Revenue, Forest Depts' Survey In Churachandpur-Khoupum Forest], The Frontier Manipur, 15 April 2023.</ref>

Haokip was counted as a dissenter in the ruling [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by this time, objecting to the evictions from reserved forests, and demanding a proper "settlement policy" for both the hills and the valley. He also objected to communities being demonised by the state government.<ref>Phanjoubam Chingkheinganba, [https://www.rediff.com/news/report/manipur-bjp-govt-in-trouble-dissidents-camp-in-delhi/20230418.htm Manipur BJP govt in trouble? Dissidents camp in Delhi], Rediff News, 18 April 2023.</ref> Some Meitei commentators regarded Haokip's defiance of the state government as a key factor behind the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence]].<ref>S. Bhubol, [https://imphaltimes.com/guest-column/some-facts-on-the-manipur-violence-since-3rd-may-2023-towards-balancing-the-opinions-shared-in-media/ Some Facts on the Manipur Violence since 3rd May 2023; Towards balancing the opinions shared in media], Imphal Times, 1 July 2023.</ref>

After the onset of the [[2023–2025 Manipur violence|Manipur violence]] on 3 May 2023, the ten Kuki-Zo legislators of the Manipur Assembly, including Paolienlal Haokip, moved out of the Imphal Valley. One of the legislators [[Vungzagin Valte]] was brutally assaulted on the second day of the violence, causing all of them to feel unsafe.<ref>
Moushumi Das Gupta, [https://theprint.in/india/kuki-meitei-faultline-in-violence-hit-manipur-triggers-fears-of-population-segregation/1579075/ Kuki-Meitei faultline in violence-hit Manipur triggers fears of ‘ethnic cleansing’], ThePrint, 19 May 2023.
</ref> They issued a statement on 12 May, calling for a separate administration for the Kuki-Zo areas. "As the state of Manipur has miserably failed to protect us, we seek from the Union of India a separate administration under the Constitution of India," read the statement. It said that living among the majority Meitei community was "as good as death for our people".<ref>
Prabin Kalita, K. Sarojkumar Sharma, [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/10-kuki-mlas-rebel-against-biren-seek-separate-state/articleshow/100197518.cms 10 tribal MLAs, 7 of them from BJP, of Manipur alliance slam CM Biren Singh on riots], The Times of India, 13 May 2023.
</ref><ref>
Vijaita Singh, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ten-kuki-mlas-from-manipur-demand-separate-administration/article66843874.ece Ten Kuki MLAs from Manipur demand 'separate administration'], ''The Hindu'', 12 May 2023.
</ref>

In August 2023, the ten legislators, including Haokip, again submitted a memorandum to the Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] requesting the creation of posts of [[Chief Secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] and [[Director General of Police (India)|Director General of Police]] for the Kuki-Zo-inhabited hill districts. The signatories also asked for a sanction of Rs. 500 [[crore]] from the Prime Minister's Relief Fund for the relief of the Kuki-Zo victims.<ref>[https://ukhrultimes.com/10-kuki-mlas-submits-9-point-memorandum-to-pm-modi-calls-imphal-valley-of-death-demands-cs-dgp-equivalent-post-for-dists-inhabited-by-kuki-zo-tribals-in-manipur/ 10 Kuki MLAs submit 9 point memorandum to PM Modi: Calls Imphal 'valley of death'; demands CS & DGP equivalent post for dists inhabited by Kuki-Zo tribals in Manipur], Ukhrul Times, 17 August 2023.
</ref><ref>[https://thewire.in/communalism/manipur-hill-kuki-zomi-mlas-dgp-chief-secretary 'Imphal Out of Bounds for Kuki-Zos,' 10 MLAs Urge PM to Create DGP, Chief Secy Posts for Hills], The Wire, 17 August 2023.</ref>

Haokip held the state government's anti-encroachment drive and the "dangerous narrative" about illegal immigrants to be the key factors behind the ethnic tensions.<ref>
Moushumi Das Gupta, [https://theprint.in/india/2-sides-of-manipur-clashes-kukis-blame-biren-singhs-majoritarian-agenda-meiteis-fear-demographic-shift/1569963/ 2 sides of Manipur clashes: Kukis blame Biren Singh's 'majoritarian' agenda', Meiteis fear 'demographic shift'], The Print, 14 May 2023.
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news |last=Gupta |first=Anant |last2=Mehrotra |first2=Karishma |title=India's northeast racked by ethnic unrest partly fueled by Myanmar crisis |newspaper=Washington Post |date=2023-05-26 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/26/india-violence-manipur-myanmar/ }}
</ref>
He was also critical of the role of the chief minister [[N. Biren Singh]], calling him "anti-Kuki" and "prejudiced".<ref>
Rakhi Bose, [https://www.outlookindia.com/national/why-kuki-meitei-conflict-in-manipur-is-more-than-just-and-ethnic-clash-news-290306 Why Kuki-Meitei Conflict In Manipur Is More Than Just An Ethnic Clash], Outlook, 29 May 2023.
</ref><ref>
Karan Thapar, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_8szXqNS6I Manipur Violence Is Ethnic Cleansing, Biren Singh Anti-Kuki, He Must Go - BJP MLA Paolienlal Haokip], The Wire (via YouTube), 9 May 2023.
</ref>
As the violence continued unabated for over two years , Haokip's criticism of chief minister Biren Singh turned strident, with labels of "mad man, marauder and liar".<ref>
Karan Thapar, [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tpgakeruVFk Biren Singh “Mad Man & Liar”; HM Protecting Him for Dishonourable Reasons; PM Has “Failed His Job”], The Wire, via YouTube, 19 November 2024.
</ref>
After the [[Manipur tapes]] came to light, purportedly containing comments made by Singh, Haokip wrote to the Union home minister [[Amit Shah]], asking him to get the tapes investigated under the Supreme Court's watch.<ref>
[https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/police-case-against-key-itlf-ginza-vualzong-leader-over-alleged-conspiracy-to-start-manipur-violence-6506728 Police Case Against Key ITLF Leader Ginza Vualzong Over Alleged Conspiracy To Start Manipur Violence], NDTV News, 6 September 2024.
</ref>
Eventually, Singh resigned in February 2025 and the state of Manipur came under [[President's Rule]], with the legislature put under suspended animation. Haokip called it "good riddance".<ref>Thomas Ngangom, Prawesh Lama, [https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/manipur-cm-biren-quits-after-21-months-of-crisis-101739127150528.html Manipur CM Biren Singh quits after 21 months of crisis], Hindustan Times, 10 February 2025.</ref>

In September 2025, BJP state unit spokesperson Michael Lamjathang Haokip,{{efn|A former leader of the Thadou Students Association, Lamjathang Haokip was appointed a spokesperson of BJP in 2022.<ref>Newly appointed BJP spokesperson Micheal Lamjathang Haokip honoured, Imphal Free Press, 14 September 2022. {{ProQuest|2714073542}}</ref> In November 2024, he was instrumental in the formation of an organisation called "Thadou Inpi Manipur",<ref>Thadou Inpi Manipur formed at Thadou Convention, Imphal Free Press, 6 November 2024. {{ProQuest|3124285082}}</ref> which was however not recognised by the older Thadou Inpi General Headquarters.<ref>Abhinay Lakshman, [https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/meitei-thadou-leaders-meet-in-delhi-for-community-understanding/article69303667.ece Meitei, Thadou leaders meet in Delhi for ‘community understanding’], The Hindu, 7 March 2025.</ref>}} in conjunction with a Meitei activist Mayanglam Bobby, questioned Paolienlal Haokip's Scheduled Tribe status, stating that [[Any Kuki Tribes]] was not a recognised Scheduled Tribe at the time of his birth. The two activists asked for the disqualification of Paolienlal Haokip from the state legislature. Paolienlal Haokip dismissed the allegations.<ref name="PTI Sep 2025"/>

== Electoral history ==
* Elected MLA from 59 Saikot(ST) A/C, 12th Manipur Legislative Assembly 2022.

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="myneta.info">[https://myneta.info/manipur2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=144 Manipur 2022: Paolienlal Haokip (Winner)], myneta.info, 2022.</ref>
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haokip, Paolienlal}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Churachandpur district]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

K. P. Tripathi

2026-04-10T03:58:31Z

Blackandwhitelegal: added some article v1 - done

{{Short description|Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:K. P. Tripathi }}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. P. Tripathi
| birth_date = 10/08/1979
| birth_place = Hardi, Rewa
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| education = B.Sc., LLB
| alma_mater = Model Science College, Rewa
| occupation = Agriculture
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Semariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Semariya]]
| term_start = 2018
| term_end = 2023
| successor = 
| preceded = Neelam Abhay Mishra
| source = https://myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3571
}}
'''K. P. Tripathi''' (born 10 August 1979) is an Indian politician, who represents the [[Semariya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Semariya]] constituency in the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Madhya Pradesh|Bharatiya Janta Party]].<ref name="Myneta">{{Cite web |title=K.p. Tripathi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SEMARIYA(REWA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/madhyapradesh2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=3571 |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref name="Akhandapp">{{Cite web |title=K.p. Tripathi - Semariya, Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly |url=https://akhandapp.in/mla/semariya-69/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=akhandapp.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
He was born on 10 Aug. 1979 at Hardi village of Semariya region. He completed his B.Sc. in 1998 from Model Science College, in Rewa and his LLB from Thakur Ranmat Singh College, Rewa.<ref name="Myneta" /><ref name="Akhandapp" />

== Political career ==
He became a member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] by winning the Semariya seat in the [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semariya Assembly constituency (Madhya Pradesh): Full details, live and past results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/madhya-pradesh/semariya-election-result-s12a069/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Semariya Election Result 2018 LIVE: Semariya MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/semariya-assembly-elections-mp-69/ |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhya Pradesh Assembly Factbook : Semariya Assembly {{!}} Indiastatpublications.com |url=https://www.indiastatpublications.com/assembly_factbook/madhya_pradesh/rewa/semariya |access-date=2022-03-12 |website=www.indiastatpublications.com}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tripathi, K. P.}}
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:People from Rewa district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Kalsi, Dehradun

2026-04-08T03:55:45Z

Blackandwhitelegal: added first article added tags - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kālsī
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India
| pushpin_map_caption =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District (India)|District]]
| population_total = 1,546
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Native
| demographics1_info2 = [[Jaunsari language|Jaunsari]], [[Sirmauri]]
| coordinates = {{coord|30.5180|77.8482|display=inline}}
}}

'''Kalsi (Kālsī)''' is a town in [[Dehradun District]], [[Uttarakhand]]. It is known for the [[Rock edicts of Kalsi]], a group of major inscriptions by emperor [[Ashoka]]. The Kalsi rock contains the Major Rock Edicts 1 to 14.<ref name=DKC> The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the ... by Dilip K Chakrabarty [https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT32 p.32]</ref> Due to the complete set, it's sometimes called the standard version of the edict. It's also special for having some outlines of animals and birds. For example, an outline of an elephant depicts Buddha's descent from Tushila heaven.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

The Kalsi rock [[Edicts of Ashoka|edict of Ashoka]] No.13, mentions the Greek kings [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochus]], [[Ptolemy II of Egypt|Ptolemy]], [[Antigonus II Gonatas|Antigonus]], [[Magas of Cyrene|Magas]] and [[Alexander II of Epirus|Alexander]] by name, as recipients of his teachings.<ref>{{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |title=A History of India |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofindiavo00perc |url-access=registration |year=1990 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-0-14-194976-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyofindiavo00perc/page/85 85] }}</ref>

<gallery>
File:Kalsi04.jpg
File:Kalsi01.jpg
File:Ashoka edict khalsi1.png
File:Khalsi rock edict of Ashoka.jpg
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Edicts of Ashoka]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Dehradun district]]

{{Uttarakhand-geo-stub}}

Jagannatha Perumal temple

2026-04-05T00:41:19Z

Blackandwhitelegal: added the location w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Vishnu temple in Tiruvallur}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Jagannatha Perumal temple
| image = Jagannatha Perumal temple1.JPG
| alt = Gateway tower of the temple
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|13|03|08|N|80|03|40|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| other_names =
| proper_name =

| country = India
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Tiruvallur district|Tiruvallur]]
| location = [[Chennai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Jagannatha Perumal ([[Vishnu]])
Thirumangaivalli ([[Lakshmi]])

| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| Poets =
| Prathyaksham =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Jagannatha Perumal Temple''' (also called '''Tirumazhisai''') '''Temple''' is dedicated to Hindu god Vishnu in [[Tirumazhisai]], Chennai City, Tiruvallur district, in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Constructed in the [[Dravidian architecture|Dravidian style of architecture]], dedicated to Vishnu, who is worshipped as Jagannatha Perumal and his consort Lakshmi as Thirumangaivalli. The temple is classified as one of the '''108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]]''' of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition.

The temple is open daily and is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].{{cn|date=April 2026}}

==Legend==
[[File:Jagannatha Perumal temple7.JPG|200px|thumb|left|Entrance of the temple]]
According to the Hindu legend, the [[Saptarishi]]s, the seven sages, wanted to have a view of Madhya Jagannatha (literally meaning Jagannatha located in the middle). As per Hindu legend, the Jaganatha at [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri Jagannatha Temple]] is called Vada Jagannatha (located in the North) and the one located in [[Adi Jagannatha Perumal Temple]] at [[Thirupullani]] is called ''Keeḻa'' Jagannatha. Acceding to the request of the sages, Vishnu is believed to have appeared as Madhya Jagannatha at this place. The place is also believed to be the birthplace of [[Thirumalisai Alvar]], one of the twelve [[Azhwar|Alvar]]s whose work is compiled as ''[[Divya Prabandha]]'', the early medieval [[Tamil literature|Tamil]] canon of the [[Alvars|Alvar]] saints from the 6th–9th centuries CE. His works include ''Tiruvanthai'' and ''Tiruchanda Viruttam'', which are included in the canon.<ref name=Madhavan>{{cite book|title=Vishnu Temples of South India Volume 1 (Tamil Nadu)|first=Chithra|publisher=Chithra Madhavan|last=Madhavan|isbn=978-81-908445-0-5|year=2007|pages=24–28}}</ref><ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Jagannatha Perumal temple|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=142|publisher=Dinamalar|access-date=31 May 2014|year=2014}}</ref><ref name=Hindu/>

==History==
Thirumazhisai was originally called by various names like Chrukuravalli-Chaturvedimanagalam, Pakkaturaivalla-Chaturvedimangalam, Mahisaram and Mahaksehtram on account of the number of Vedic people settled here during the Chola and Vijayanagara period. The inscriptions on the walls of the temple are from the chola regime during the 11-12th centuries and Vijayanagara period during the 14-15th centuries.<ref name=census>{{cite book|title=Temples of Tamil Nadu Kancheepuram District|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, Tamil Nadu|page=72|year=2003|last=C.|first=Chandramouli}}</ref> The inscriptions are made in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] or in ancient Tamil scripts indicating gift of land, lamps and houses to the temple. The oldest inscription is found from the period of [[Kulothunga Chola III]] (1179-1216 CE) indicating gift of land to the temple. Vijaya Gandagopala, a chieftain during the 12th century has endowed gifts to the temple. There are also inscriptions from the period of Kopperunjinga during the 13th century. [[Harihara Raya II]] (1377-1404 CE) and [[Virupaksha Raya II]] (1465-85 CE), the rulers of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] have donated gifts to the temple as indicated in the inscriptions.<ref name=Madhavan/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/faith/tirumazhisai-temple-awaits-consecration/article30692286.ece|publisher=The Hindu|title=Thirumazhisai temple awaits consecration|date=30 January 2020|accessdate=1 August 2020}}</ref> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|format=PDF|pages=22|access-date=1 August 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Architecture==
{{Multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
|align=right
| total_width = 400
| width1 = 3264| height1 = 2448
| width2 = 3264 | height2 = 2448
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Jagannatha Perumal temple6.JPG
|image2=Jagannatha Perumal temple8.JPG
|foot_note=Two shrines of the temple
}}
The temple is built in [[Dravidian architecture]] occupies around {{convert|1.5|acre|ha|abbr=on}} and has two precincts. It is located in [[Tirumazhisai|Tirumalisai]], a suburb in [[Tiruvallur]], the capital of the [[South India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. The temple has a rectangular plan surrounded by {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} high walls, pierced by a five-tier ''[[gopuram]]'', the gateway tower. The presiding deity housed in the sanctum, is an image made of granite seen in seated posture with his right leg bent and left leg left hanging. The images of [[Rukmini]] and [[Satyabhama]] are located on either of his sides. The shrine of [[Garuda]] facing Jagannatha Perumal, the eagle mount of Vishnu, is located axial to the central shrine. The central shrine is approached through Mahamandapa, the worship hall and a narrow Ardha mandapam. The Mahamandapa has a twenty eight pillared hall with sculptured pillars depicting Vaishnava mythology. The flagpost is located behind the shrine of Garuda, axial to the central shrine and the gateway tower. There are images of Alvars in the worship hall on both sides and the shrine of Yathirajavalli is located in the second precinct. The [[vimana]], the roof over the sanctum, has stucco images of [[Hayagriva]], [[Lakshmi Narasimha]] and [[Garuda]]. The northern side of the Mahamandapa has the shrine of Thirumalisai Alvar, which houses the image of the Alvar in seated posture with his hands sported with praying gesture. The second precinct has the shrine of Thirumangaivalli Thayar. There are other shrines in the temple dedicated to Lakshmi Narasimha, Manavala Mamunigal and [[Andal]]. There is a four pillared hall in front of the gopuram having sculpted images in the pillars from the Vijayanagara period. There is a Kalayana Mandapa, Vahana Mandapa for housing the divine vehicles and a Paramapada vasal.<ref name=Madhavan/>

==Worship practices and festivals==
[[File:Jagannatha Perumal temple4.JPG|left|200px|thumb|Paramapadavasal, opened during 10-day Vaikunta Ekadasi festival]]
The temple follows the [[Thenkalai|Tenkalai]] tradition of worship based on Vaikasana Agamic tradition.{{cn|date=April 2026}}

Festivals celebrated there include Aani Brahmotsavam in June - July, Aipasi Manavala Maamuni in October - November and Maasi float festival in February - March when the presiding deities are drawn in a float in the temple tank.<ref name=Hindu>{{cite news|title=Where deity followed devotee|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/where-deity-followed-devotee/article2901373.ece|last=S.|first=Prabhu|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 February 2012|accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref> The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].{{fact|date=July 2020}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{Famous Vishnu temples|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvallur district]]
[[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu ]]

Chris Hemsworth

2026-03-27T05:34:56Z

Blackandwhitelegal: cleanup formatting and corrected details

{{Short description|Australian actor (born 1983)}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Australian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Chris Hemsworth
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AM|size=100}}
| image = Chris Hemsworth - Crime 101.jpg
| caption = Hemsworth in 2026
| birth_name = Christopher Hemsworth
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|8|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Melbourne]], Victoria, Australia
| education = [[Heathmont College]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|film producer}}
| years_active = 2002–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Elsa Pataky]]|2010}}
| children = 3, including [[India Rose Hemsworth]]
| relatives = {{ubl|[[Luke Hemsworth]] (brother)|[[Liam Hemsworth]] (brother)|[[Joanne van Os]] (aunt)}}
| signature = Chris Hemsworth Signature.svg
}}

'''Christopher Hemsworth''' {{post-nominals|country=AUS|AM}} (born 11 August 1983) is an Australian actor and film producer. Born and raised in [[Melbourne, Victoria]], and [[Bulman, Northern Territory]], he rose to prominence playing [[Kim Hyde]] in the Australian television series ''[[Home and Away]]'' (2004–2007) before beginning a film career in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]]. In the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]], Hemsworth starred as [[Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thor]] in the [[Thor (film)|2011 film of the same name]] and reprised the role in several subsequent installments, which established him among the world's highest-paid actors.<ref name="Clark-2019">{{Cite magazine |last=Clark |first=Travis |date=10 July 2019 |title=6 Marvel Cinematic Universe actors who are among the highest-paid celebrities in the world |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/marvel-actors-who-are-highest-paid-celebrities-hemsworth-downey-2019-7 |magazine=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=28 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228030904/https://www.businessinsider.com/marvel-actors-who-are-highest-paid-celebrities-hemsworth-downey-2019-7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Forbes">{{Cite magazine |title=The WOrld's Highest-Paid Actors 2017 |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/599b0ba431358e60d7768f66/11-chris-hemsworth/ |magazine=[[Forbes]] |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811163244/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/599b0ba431358e60d7768f66/11-chris-hemsworth/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

His other film roles include the action films ''[[Star Trek (2009 film)|Star Trek]]'' (2009), ''[[Snow White and the Huntsman]]'' (2012) and its sequel ''[[The Huntsman: Winter's War]]'' (2016), ''[[Red Dawn (2012 film)|Red Dawn]]'' (2012), ''[[Blackhat (film)|Blackhat]]'' (2015), ''[[Men in Black: International]]'' (2019), ''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]'' (2020) and its [[Extraction 2|2023 sequel]], the thriller ''[[A Perfect Getaway]]'' (2009), and the comedy ''[[Ghostbusters (2016 film)|Ghostbusters]]'' (2016). Hemsworth's most critically acclaimed films include the comedy horror ''[[The Cabin in the Woods]]'' (2012), the biographical sports film ''[[Rush (2013 film)|Rush]]'' (2013) in which he portrayed [[James Hunt]], the action film ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]'' (2024)—which earned him a nomination for the [[AACTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role]]—and the animated film ''[[Transformers One]]'' (2024) in which he voiced [[Optimus Prime]].

==Early life==
Christopher Hemsworth<ref name="Christopher">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e156XGbNkaY |title=Kristen and Chris' Interview with Paul |date=25 June 2012 |type=Radio interview |time=04:35 |access-date=9 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722084214/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e156XGbNkaY |archive-date=22 July 2013 |url-status=live |quote=Because I couldn't pronounce Christopher, I'd say 'Kiptoder', and that became [my childhood nickname] Kip. |via=YouTube |people=Hemsworth, Chris}}</ref> was born on 11 August 1983<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-05 |title=Chris Hemsworth - Wife, Movies & Thor |url=https://www.biography.com/actors/chris-hemsworth |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Biography |language=en-US}}</ref> in [[Melbourne]],<ref name="fft">{{Cite magazine |last=Lovece |first=Frank |author-link=Frank Lovece |date=29 September 2011 |title=Chris Hemsworth: Not a Thor Loser |url=http://filmfestivaltraveler.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1779:chris-hemsworth-not-a-thor-loser&catid=53:interviews&Itemid=73 |url-status=dead |magazine=Film Festival Traveler |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403041311/http://filmfestivaltraveler.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1779:chris-hemsworth-not-a-thor-loser&catid=53:interviews&Itemid=73 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |access-date=7 October 2011}}</ref> to Leonie ({{Nee|van Os}}),<ref name="peoplesouthafrica" /> an English teacher, and Craig Hemsworth, a social-services counsellor.<ref name="heraldsun.com.au">{{Cite news |date=4 January 2010 |title=Cyrus 'saw in new year on Phillip Island' |work=[[Herald Sun]] |location=Australia |url=http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/cyrus-spent-new-year-on-phillip-island/story-e6frf96o-1225815733215 |url-status=live |access-date=27 February 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614143506/http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/cyrus-spent-new-year-on-phillip-island/story-e6frf96o-1225815733215 |archive-date=14 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rapkin |first=Mickey |date=March 2012 |title=The Hunger Games' Liam Hemsworth Has No Idea What's About to Hit Him |url=http://www.details.com/celebrities-entertainment/cover-stars/201203/liam-hemsworth-hunger-games-the-last-song |url-status=dead |journal=[[Details (magazine)|Details]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029103743/http://www.details.com/celebrities-entertainment/cover-stars/201203/liam-hemsworth-hunger-games-the-last-song |archive-date=29 October 2012 |access-date=28 February 2012}}</ref> He has an older brother, [[Luke Hemsworth|Luke]], and a younger brother, [[Liam Hemsworth|Liam]]; both of them also actors. His maternal grandfather is a Dutch immigrant and his maternal grandmother is of Irish descent;<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2018 |title=Happy St. Patrick's day Ireland! |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/Bgc_jVSnr3q/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181103024326/https://www.instagram.com/p/Bgc_jVSnr3q/ |archive-date=3 November 2018 |access-date=18 March 2018 |publisher=Liam Hemsworth verified Instagram account}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=follers |date=2014-12-17 |title=Chris Hemsworth |url=https://ethnicelebs.com/chris-hemsworth |access-date=2026-03-22 |website=Ethnicity of Celebs {{!}} EthniCelebs.com |language=en-US}}</ref> on his paternal line he is of English, Scottish, and German ancestry.<ref name="peoplesouthafrica">{{Cite news |last=Bekiaris |first=Angela |date=14 January 2016 |title=10 Fun Facts About Liam Hemsworth |work=People |publisher=Caxton Magazines |location=Johannesburg, South Africa |url=http://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/10-fun-facts-about-liam-hemsworth |url-status=live |access-date=2 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515184201/http://www.peoplemagazine.co.za/celebrity-news/10-fun-facts-about-liam-hemsworth |archive-date=15 May 2016}}</ref>

He was brought up both in Melbourne and in the [[Outback]] in [[Bulman, Northern Territory]]. He has said, "My earliest memories were on the cattle stations up in the Outback, and then we moved back to Melbourne and then back out there and then back again. Certainly most of my childhood was in Melbourne but probably my most vivid memories were up there [in Bulman] with crocodiles and buffalo. Very different walks of life."<ref name="fft" /> He attended high school at [[Heathmont College]]<ref name="fft" /> before his family again returned to the Northern Territory, and then moved a few years later to [[Phillip Island]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nK9hoClrB-A/ |title=Chris Hemsworth on ''Jimmy Kimmel Live!'' Part 1 |date=5 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008221857/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nK9hoClrB-A |archive-date=8 October 2011 |via=YouTube |work=[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]}}</ref>

==Career==
===Early work (2002–2010)===
Hemsworth started his career by appearing in several television series. In 2002, Hemsworth starred in three episodes of fantasy television series ''[[Guinevere Jones]]'' as [[King Arthur]], as well as making an appearance in soap opera series ''[[Neighbours]]'' and one episode of ''[[Marshall Law (TV series)|Marshall Law]]''. The following year, he appeared in an episode of ''[[The Saddle Club]]''. In 2004, Hemsworth auditioned for the role of [[Robbie Hunter (Home and Away)|Robbie Hunter]] in Australian soap opera ''[[Home and Away]]''. He did not receive the part, but was subsequently recalled for the part of [[Kim Hyde]]. He moved to Sydney to join the cast, appearing in 171 episodes of the series.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Finke |first=Nikki |author-link=Nikki Finke |date=18 May 2009 |title=More 'Thor': Marvel Studios Casts UK Actor Tom Hiddleston as Villain Loki |url=https://deadline.com/2009/05/toldja-marvel-studios-about-to-announce-chris-hemsworth-as-thor-9308/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504025145/http://www.deadline.com/2009/05/toldja-marvel-studios-about-to-announce-chris-hemsworth-as-thor/ |archive-date=4 May 2011 |access-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> He left the cast of ''Home and Away'' on 3 July 2007. Hemsworth later remarked that although he became more visible after ''Home and Away'', his work on a soap opera did not earn him respect within the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dainty |first=Sophie |date=10 December 2015 |title=Chris Hemsworth admits Home and Away role didn't earn him respect: 'They're not the greatest scripts' |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/home-and-away/a776865/chris-hemsworth-admits-home-and-away-role-didnt-earn-him-respect-theyre-not-the-greatest-scripts/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811170236/https://www.digitalspy.com/soaps/home-and-away/a776865/chris-hemsworth-admits-home-and-away-role-didnt-earn-him-respect-theyre-not-the-greatest-scripts/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hemsworth was a contestant on the [[Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 5)|fifth season]] of ''[[Dancing with the Stars (Australian TV series)|Dancing with the Stars Australia]]'', partnered with professional dancer Abbey Ross. The season premiered on 26 September 2006, and after six weeks, Hemsworth was eliminated on 7 November. Hemsworth's appearance in the franchise almost cost him the role of Thor, as producers of the Marvel film franchise feared fans would be put off.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brazell |first=Emma |date=1 May 2019 |title=It's High Time We Discussed Chris Hemsworth's Forgotten Appearance On 'Dancing With The Stars' |url=http://vt.co/entertainment/film-tv/its-time-to-discuss-chris-hemsworth-on-dancing-with-the-stars/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=[[Jungle Creations#Operation|VT]] |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811170236/https://vt.co/entertainment/film-tv/its-time-to-discuss-chris-hemsworth-on-dancing-with-the-stars/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2009, Hemsworth played [[James T. Kirk]]'s father, [[List of Star Trek characters (G–M)#K|George Kirk]], in the opening scenes of [[J. J. Abrams]]' film ''[[Star Trek (2009 film)|Star Trek]]''. The role was initially offered to [[Matt Damon]], who turned it down; Abrams appreciated Hemsworth taking on the role.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Horowitz |first=Josh |date=27 December 2009 |title=J.J. Abrams And Chris Pine Have Our Gratitude For Rebooting 'Star Trek' |url=http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1626820/story.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227135701/http://www.mtv.com/movies/news/articles/1626820/story.jhtml |archive-date=27 December 2009 |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref> Josh Tyler of ''[[CinemaBlend]]'' was impressed with Hemsworth, describing the actor's scene as the "best five minutes I've spent in a movie theater this year."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Tyler |first=Josh |date=17 May 2009 |title=Captain Kirk's Dad Is Branagh's Thor! |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Captain-Kirk-Dad-Branagh-Thor-13176.html |magazine=[[CinemaBlend]] |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811170226/https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Captain-Kirk-Dad-Branagh-Thor-13176.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was a box office success, grossing US$385.7 million.<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo2">{{Cite web |title=2009 Worldwide Grosses |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2009&p=.htm |access-date=29 October 2009 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102015401/http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2009&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> That same year, Hemsworth played the character Kale Garrity in the thriller ''[[A Perfect Getaway]]''. It received mixed reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Perfect Getaway, A |url=https://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/perfectgetaway |access-date=21 August 2009 |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |archive-date=10 August 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810084630/http://www.metacritic.com/film/titles/perfectgetaway |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Perfect Getaway |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_perfect_getaway/ |access-date=23 April 2015 |publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |archive-date=13 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413200455/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_perfect_getaway/ |url-status=live }}</ref> but Hemsworth was praised for his "appropriately intimidating" performance of a "thuggish backpacker."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daniels |first=Hunter |date=4 February 2010 |title=A Perfect Getaway DVD Review |url=https://collider.com/a-perfect-getaway-dvd-review/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811170226/http://collider.com/a-perfect-getaway-dvd-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Paul Young of ''[[Screen Rant]]'' also praised Hemsworth's performance as "solid."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Young |first=Paul |date=18 January 2010 |title=Sean Bean & Chris Hemsworth are in Search of 'CASH' |url=https://screenrant.com/cash-cah-cast-sean-bean-chris-hemsworth/ |magazine=[[Screen Rant]] |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811170226/https://screenrant.com/cash-cah-cast-sean-bean-chris-hemsworth/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hemsworth went on to play Sam in 2010's ''[[Cash (2010 film)|Ca$h]]'' alongside English actor [[Sean Bean]], which was the first film he shot when he arrived in the United States. The film's director, [[Stephen Milburn Anderson]], said Hemsworth had only been in the United States for six weeks when he had auditioned for the role, recalling, "Here's a guy who is young, has the right look, is a very good actor and, let's face it, he's beautiful. So I say, we need to get this guy in. I was very impressed".<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDvIly2-fAI |title=Casting Chris Hemsworth |access-date=4 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716052350/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CDvIly2-fAI |archive-date=16 July 2010 |url-status=live |via=YouTube |work=The Movie Cash Podcast}}</ref> In November 2010, ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' named Hemsworth one of the young male actors who are "pushing – or being pushed" onto the Hollywood "A-List".<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Blank |first1=Emily |last2=Schutte |first2=Lauren |date=15 November 2010 |title=Hollywood's A-List Redefined |publisher=slide 4 of 10 in slideshow The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/hollywoods-list-redefined-44771 |url-status=live |access-date=13 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423220342/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/gallery/hollywoods-list-redefined-44771 |archive-date=23 April 2011}}</ref>

===Thor and worldwide recognition (2011–2015)===
In 2011, [[Sony Pictures]] announced that Hemsworth would star in the thriller ''Shadow Runner'',<ref name="shadow">{{Cite news |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=29 June 2011 |title=Chris Hemsworth to Star in Sony's 'Shadow Runner' |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/chris-hemsworth-star-sonys-shadow-206946 |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703214215/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/chris-hemsworth-star-sonys-shadow-206946 |archive-date=3 July 2011}}</ref> but the film was never made. That same year, Hemsworth was cast as the superhero [[Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thor]] in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]]. His first film in the franchise was 2011's ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]''. He and castmate [[Tom Hiddleston]], who ultimately played [[Loki (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Loki]], had each auditioned for the role, for which Hemsworth said he gained 20 pounds of muscle.<ref name="menshealth">{{Cite web |last=Rosenbaum |first=Lara |title=Chris Hemsworth's Workout |url=http://www.menshealth.com/celebrity-fitness/chris-hemsworth-workout |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608174459/http://www.menshealth.com/celebrity-fitness/chris-hemsworth-workout |archive-date=8 June 2012 |access-date=5 June 2012 |website=[[Men's Health (magazine)|Men's Health]] }}</ref> With a worldwide gross of US$449.3 million,<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{Cite web |title=Thor (2011) |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=thor.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110704063924/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=thor.htm |archive-date=4 July 2011 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> ''Thor'' was the 15th highest-grossing film of 2011.<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo4">{{Cite web |title=2011 Worldwide Grosses |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2011&p=.htm |access-date=6 March 2012 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161510/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?view2=worldwide&yr=2011&p=.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film received positive reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thor (2011) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thor/ |access-date=2 November 2018 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |archive-date=21 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121015854/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thor/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Hemsworth's portrayal of the God of Thunder was praised by [[Kenneth Turan]] of the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''.<ref name="Turan">{{Cite news |last=Turan |first=Kenneth |date=6 May 2011 |title=Movie Review: ''Thor'' |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/reviews/la-et-thor-20110506,0,7805780.story?track=rss |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110508224449/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/news/reviews/la-et-thor-20110506,0,7805780.story?track=rss |archive-date=8 May 2011}}</ref> Hemsworth reprised the role the following year for the film ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]'' (2012) as one of the six superheroes{{mdash}}alongside [[Robert Downey Jr.]]'s [[Tony Stark (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Tony Stark / Iron Man]], [[Chris Evans (actor)|Chris Evans]]' [[Steve Rogers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Steve Rogers / Captain America]], [[Mark Ruffalo]]'s [[Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Bruce Banner / Hulk]], [[Scarlett Johansson]]'s [[Natasha Romanoff (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Natasha Romanova / Black Widow]], and [[Jeremy Renner]]'s [[Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Clint Barton / Hawkeye]]{{mdash}}sent to defend Earth from his adopted brother, Loki.<ref name="movies.yahoo.com">{{Cite web |last=McDaniel |first=Matt |date=2 May 2012 |title='Avengers' star Tom Hiddleston told Chris Hemsworth to really hit him |url=https://movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-talk/avengers-tom-hiddleston-told-214048580.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515212836/http://movies.yahoo.com/blogs/movie-talk/avengers-tom-hiddleston-told-214048580.html |archive-date=15 May 2012 |access-date=15 May 2012 |publisher=Yahoo! Movies}}</ref> The film was a critical<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marvel's The Avengers (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/marvels_the_avengers/ |access-date=25 November 2018 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes. [[Fandango Media]] |archive-date=26 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826153317/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/marvels_the_avengers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and commercial success, grossing over US$1.5 billion worldwide.<ref name="BOM">{{Cite web |title=''The Avengers'' (2012) |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=avengers11.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104022056/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=avengers11.htm |archive-date=4 November 2012 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> The ensemble cast was praised for their onscreen chemistry by [[Peter Travers]] of ''[[Rolling Stone]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Travers |first=Peter |date=30 April 2012 |title=The Avengers |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/the-avengers-118986/ |magazine=Rolling Stone |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=29 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329071205/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-reviews/the-avengers-118986/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hemsworth shot the horror film ''[[The Cabin in the Woods]]'' shortly after the release of ''[[Star Trek (2009 film)|Star Trek]]'', but it went unreleased until 2012. It garnered positive reviews,<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cabin in the Woods (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cabin_in_the_woods/ |access-date=10 March 2009 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020084516/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/the_cabin_in_the_woods/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and his portrayal of Alpha male jock Curt Vaughan was described by Alison Foreman of [[Mashable]] as his "sexiest" role yet.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foreman |first=Alison |date=7 July 2018 |title=Chris Hemsworth's role in 'The Cabin in the Woods' is by far his sexiest |url=https://mashable.com/article/chris-hemsworth-the-cabin-in-the-woods/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=Mashable|archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811173906/https://mashable.com/article/chris-hemsworth-the-cabin-in-the-woods/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemsworth later starred opposite [[Kristen Stewart]] in the film ''[[Snow White and the Huntsman]]'' (2012) as the Huntsman. Although a commercial success, grossing US$396 million worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snow White and the Huntsman (2012) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=snowwhiteandthehuntsman.htm#%7Cdf=mdy-all |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=26 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026064628/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=snowwhiteandthehuntsman.htm#%7Cdf=mdy-all |url-status=live }}</ref> it received mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Snow White and the Huntsman |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/snow_white_and_the_huntsman/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214171903/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/snow_white_and_the_huntsman/ |archive-date=14 February 2014 |access-date=20 June 2012 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> Critics were critical of Hemsworth and Stewart's onscreen chemistry, and Angela Watercutter of ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' felt the characters were "not fully fleshed-out."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Watercutter |first=Angela |date=1 June 2012 |title=Review: In Dark Huntsman, Snow White Is an Enchanting Badass |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/review-snow-white-and-the-huntsman/ |magazine=Wired |issn=1059-1028 |access-date=6 August 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811173906/https://www.wired.com/2012/06/review-snow-white-and-the-huntsman/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemsworth was cast as Jed Eckert in the 2012 [[Red Dawn (2012 film)|''Red Dawn'' remake]] after MGM saw [[dailies]] footage of a scene from ''The Cabin in the Woods;''<ref name="Whedon">{{Cite web |last=Kirk |first=Jeremy |date=20 September 2012 |title=34 Things We Learned From 'The Cabin in the Woods' Commentary |url=https://www.filmschoolrejects.com/features/34-things-we-learned-from-the-cabin-in-the-woods-commentary.php?all=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114021338/http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/features/34-things-we-learned-from-the-cabin-in-the-woods-commentary.php?all=1 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |access-date=10 October 2012 |publisher=FilmSchoolRejects.com}}</ref> he was cast as Thor two days after being cast in ''Red Dawn''.<ref name="Whedon" /> The film was a [[box-office bomb]], grossing only US$50 million against a production budget of US$65 million,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Dawn (2012) (2012) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=reddawn10.htm |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707121153/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=reddawn10.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and received negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Red Dawn (2012) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/red_dawn_2012/ |access-date=20 November 2012 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes [[Flixster]] |archive-date=21 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121044036/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/red_dawn_2012/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Chris Hemsworth (8492541282).jpg|thumb|upright|left|Hemsworth in 2013]]

In 2013, Hemsworth starred in [[Ron Howard]]'s sports drama film ''[[Rush (2013 film)|Rush]]'', as {{f1|1976}} [[Formula 1]] World Champion [[James Hunt]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitwood |first=Adam |date=11 July 2011 |title=Chris Hemsworth in Talks to Play Formula 1 Driver James Hunt in Ron Howard's 'Rush' |url=https://collider.com/chris-hemsworth-rush/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020212230/https://collider.com/chris-hemsworth-rush/ |archive-date=20 October 2013 |access-date=7 October 2011 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Henry Barnes of ''[[The Guardian]]'' was impressed with Hemsworth's performance, praising the actor for delivering the "superb script" with "some mastery."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Barnes |first=Henry |date=6 September 2013 |title=Rush – Toronto 2013: first look review|work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/sep/06/rush-review |access-date=6 August 2019 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510142643/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/sep/06/rush-review |url-status=live }}</ref> Later that year, Hemsworth reprised the role of Thor for the sequel to ''Thor'' in ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]'' (2013).<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Flemming |first=Mike |date=30 June 2011 |title=Marvel And Disney Setting 'Thor 2' For Winter 2013; Chris Hemsworth's Back but Kenneth Branagh Won't Return |url=https://deadline.com/2011/06/marvel-and-disney-sets-thor-2-for-summer-2013-kenneth-branagh-wont-return-144674/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701045146/http://www.deadline.com/2011/06/marvel-and-disney-sets-thor-2-for-summer-2013-kenneth-branagh-wont-return/ |archive-date=1 July 2011 |access-date=1 July 2011}}</ref> Although a commercial success with a worldwide gross of US$644.6 million,<ref name="BOM2">{{Cite web |title=''Thor: The Dark World'' (2013) |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=thor2.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107224930/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=thor2.htm |archive-date=7 November 2016 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> the film became the lowest-rated film in the MCU franchise on the [[review aggregator]] website [[Rotten Tomatoes]] at 66% approval rating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Thor: The Dark World'' (2013) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thor_the_dark_world/ |access-date=30 April 2019 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media |archive-date=29 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829103152/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/thor_the_dark_world |url-status=live }}</ref> The chemistry between Hemsworth and Hiddleston was praised by critics; Ben Child of ''The Guardian'' wrote, "Thanks to Hiddleston and Hemsworth's impressive collective charisma, ''Thor: The Dark World'' is far from a franchise killer."<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news |last=Child |first=Ben |date=23 October 2013 |title=''Thor: The Dark World'' – first look review |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/oct/23/thor-the-dark-world-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024013653/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2013/oct/23/thor-the-dark-world-review |archive-date=24 October 2013}}</ref>

In 2015, Hemsworth starred in director [[Michael Mann (director)|Michael Mann]]'s action thriller ''[[Blackhat (film)|Blackhat]]'', opposite [[Viola Davis]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reilly |first=Travis |date=26 July 2014 |title=Chris Hemsworth First Look on Set of Michael Mann Hacker Thriller 'Blackhat' Revealed |url=https://www.thewrap.com/chris-hemsworth-first-look-on-set-of-michael-mann-hacker-thriller-blackhat-revealed-photo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812212851/http://www.thewrap.com/chris-hemsworth-first-look-on-set-of-michael-mann-hacker-thriller-blackhat-revealed-photo/ |archive-date=12 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=The Wrap}}</ref> The film bombed at the box office<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2015 |title=Movies: Universal Basically Pulls "Blackhat" from Circulation, Johnny Depp's "Mortdecai" MIA |url=http://www.showbiz411.com/2015/01/31/movies-universal-basically-pulls-blackhat-from-circulation-johnny-depps-mortdecai-mia/ |access-date=15 April 2015 |publisher=Showbiz411 |archive-date=5 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405185925/http://www.showbiz411.com/2015/01/31/movies-universal-basically-pulls-blackhat-from-circulation-johnny-depps-mortdecai-mia |url-status=live }}</ref> and was poorly received.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Blackhat |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blackhat/ |access-date=29 April 2019 |website=Rotten Tomatoes |archive-date=26 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126145320/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/blackhat |url-status=live }}</ref> For many critics, a significant issue of the film was the casting of Hemsworth as a hacker;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Nashawaty |first=Chris |date=27 January 2015 |title=Blackhat |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/01/27/blackhat |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=11 January 2016 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123070939/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/01/27/blackhat |url-status=live }} {{Cite news |last=Puig |first=Claudia |date=15 January 2015 |title='Blackhat' aims for topical but ends up with a hack job |work=[[USA Today]] |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/01/14/blackhat-review/21758457/ |access-date=11 January 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107130427/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2015/01/14/blackhat-review/21758457/ |url-status=live }} {{Cite magazine |last=Orr |first=Christopher |date=16 January 2015 |title=Blackhat: A Lumbering, Pandering Cyberthriller |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/01/blackhat-review/384597/ |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |access-date=11 January 2016 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020457/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2015/01/blackhat-review/384597/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Christy Lemire]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' remarked, "Anyone who makes [their] way in the world sitting in front of a computer screen all day is not going to look as hunky as Hemsworth."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lemire |first=Christy |date=17 January 2015 |title=Blackhat |url=http://christylemire.com/blackhat/ |access-date=11 January 2016 |website=Christy Lemire |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015719/http://christylemire.com/blackhat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemsworth himself later admitted to being displeased with his performance: "I didn't enjoy what I did in the film," he commented. "It just felt flat, and it was also an attempt to do what I thought people might have wanted to see. But I don't think I'm good in that space."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Seetodeh |first=Ramin |date=28 May 2019 |title=How Chris Hemsworth Found His Way as a Movie Star With Thor and 'The Avengers' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/features/chris-hemsworth-avengers-thor-men-in-black-international-1203225799/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=1 June 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531221441/https://variety.com/2019/film/features/chris-hemsworth-avengers-thor-men-in-black-international-1203225799/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He reprised his role as Thor for the fourth time in the sequel to ''The Avengers'', ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''.<ref name="AgeofUltron">{{Cite web |last=Vejvoda |first=Jim |date=29 August 2013 |title=James Spader to Play Ultron in the Avengers Sequel |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2013/08/29/james-spader-to-play-ultron-in-the-avengers-sequel |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831235121/http://www.ign.com/articles/2013/08/29/james-spader-to-play-ultron-in-the-avengers-sequel |archive-date=31 August 2013 |access-date=29 August 2013 |publisher=[[IGN]]}}</ref> In addition to the film receiving positive reviews<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/avengers_age_of_ultron/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122063328/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/avengers_age_of_ultron/ |archive-date=22 January 2019 |access-date=4 November 2018 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango Media}}</ref> and grossing over US$1.4 billion worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=avengers2.htm |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=14 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314030558/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=avengers2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemsworth also won the [[42nd People's Choice Awards|People's Choice Awards]] for Favorite Action Movie Actor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Nominees & Winners |url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819101007/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/index.jsp?year=2016 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |access-date=3 October 2015 |publisher=[[People's Choice Awards]]}}</ref> Hemsworth returned to the set of ''Home and Away'' in November 2014 to film a scene as an [[Extra (acting)|extra]] and not as his character Kim Hyde.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2014 |title=Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay! |url=http://www.tvweeklogieawards.com.au/news/articles/2014/11/chris-hemsworth-returns-to-summer-bay!/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202135003/http://www.tvweeklogieawards.com.au/news/articles/2014/11/chris-hemsworth-returns-to-summer-bay!/ |archive-date=2 December 2014 |access-date=20 May 2015 |website=[[TV Week]]}}</ref><ref name="Return">{{Cite news |last=Moran |first=Jonathon |date=18 May 2015 |title=Chris Hemsworth returns to Summer Bay with Home and Away cameo |work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]] |url=http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/entertainment/sydney-confidential/chris-hemsworth-returns-to-summer-bay-with-home-and-away-cameo/story-fni0cvc9-1227357941810 |access-date=20 May 2015}}</ref> The episode which he appeared in was broadcast on 19 May 2015.<ref name="Return" />

That same year, he co-starred in the comedy film ''[[Vacation (2015 film)|Vacation]]'', along with [[Ed Helms]], a revival of the [[National Lampoon's Vacation (film series)|film series]] that originally starred [[Chevy Chase]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chris Hemsworth & Charlie Day Taking a 'Vacation' with Ed Helms |publisher=FirstShowing.net |url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2014/chris-hemsworth-charlie-day-taking-a-vacation-with-ed-helms/ |url-status=live |access-date=31 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025074145/http://www.firstshowing.net/2014/chris-hemsworth-charlie-day-taking-a-vacation-with-ed-helms/ |archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> He was nominated for the [[2016 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards]] for [[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]] with [[Leslie Mann]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lovett |first=Jamie |date=8 March 2016 |title=Deadpool, Avengers, And Star Wars Nominated For MTV Movie Awards |url=https://comicbook.com/2016/03/08/deadpool-avengers-and-star-wars-nominated-for-mtv-movie-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170831104949/http://comicbook.com/2016/03/08/deadpool-avengers-and-star-wars-nominated-for-mtv-movie-awards/ |archive-date=31 August 2017 |publisher=[[ComicBook.com]]}}</ref> His last 2015 film was ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]'', based on the [[In the Heart of the Sea|book of the same name]] by [[Nathaniel Philbrick]], with Hemsworth playing first mate [[Owen Chase]]. In an interview on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]'', he said that to prepare for the role of starving sailors, the cast was put on a diet of 500–600 calories a day to lose weight.<ref>{{Cite episode |title=Chris Hemsworth/Jane's Addiction; Episode #11.69 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TTFozTum7w |access-date=12 August 2014 |series=[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]] |network=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |date=4 November 2013 |quote=Jimmy: You're on some crazy diet right now I heard because of this movie you're shooting. Chris: ...and we have to get rather skinny, we're on about 500 or 600 calories a day |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902105217/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8TTFozTum7w |archive-date=2 September 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''In the Heart of the Sea'' received mixed reviews from critics, and was a box office disappointment, grossing US$93 million against a US$100 million budget,<ref>{{Cite web |title=In the Heart of the Sea (2015) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=heartofthesea.htm |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=7 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707121154/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=heartofthesea.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> but Hemsworth received a nomination for Choice Movie Actor: Action at the [[2016 Teen Choice Awards|18th Teen Choice Awards]].<ref name="TeenChoice2">{{Cite web |last=Vulpo |first=Mike |date=24 May 2016 |title=Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced: See the "First Wave" of Potential Winners |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/767635/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-announced-see-the-first-wave-of-potential-winners |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526090121/http://www.eonline.com/news/767635/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-announced-see-the-first-wave-of-potential-winners |archive-date=26 May 2016 |access-date=25 May 2016 |publisher=[[E! News]]}}</ref>

===Continued commercial success (2016–present)===
In 2016, Hemsworth reprised the role of Eric the Huntsman in ''[[The Huntsman: Winter's War]]'', alongside [[Jessica Chastain]], who played his love interest. Writing for [[IndieWire]], Oliver Lyttelton criticised the onscreen chemistry between Hemsworth and Chastain, stating that "they're both struggling uphill against accents they're palpably not comfortable with, displaying zero chemistry, and frankly appearing to be in different films."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyttelton |first=Oliver |date=18 April 2016 |title=Review: 'The Huntsman: Winter's War' Starring Chris Hemsworth, Jessica Chastain, Emily Blunt & Charlize Theron |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/review-the-huntsman-winters-war-starring-chris-hemsworth-jessica-chastain-emily-blunt-charlize-theron-83789/ |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=[[IndieWire]] |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811173904/https://www.indiewire.com/2016/04/review-the-huntsman-winters-war-starring-chris-hemsworth-jessica-chastain-emily-blunt-charlize-theron-83789/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film underperformed compared to its predecessor, grossing only US$165 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Huntsman: Winter's War (2016) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=huntsman.htm |access-date=6 August 2019 |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160412222645/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=huntsman.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemsworth later joined the cast of the reboot ''[[Ghostbusters (2016 film)|Ghostbusters]]'' film, playing Kevin the receptionist.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Coggan |first=Devan |date=16 November 2015 |title=See Charlize Theron, Jessica Chastain in new The Huntsman Winter's War character posters |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2015/11/16/charlize-theron-jessica-chastain-huntsman-winters-war-posters |url-status=live |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813200236/http://www.ew.com/article/2015/11/16/charlize-theron-jessica-chastain-huntsman-winters-war-posters |archive-date=13 August 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Ghostbusters">{{Cite news |last=Lesnick |first=Silas |date=10 June 2015 |title=Chris Hemsworth is the New Ghostbusters Receptionist! |publisher=Comingsoon.net |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/449083-chris-hemsworth-is-the-new-ghostbusters-receptionist |url-status=live |access-date=18 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914001414/http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/449083-chris-hemsworth-is-the-new-ghostbusters-receptionist |archive-date=14 September 2016}}</ref> The film disappointed critically and commercially, but Hemsworth was praised for "deliver[ing] the most fun" by Caroline Westbrook of ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Westbrook |first=Caroline |date=11 July 2016 |title=REVIEW: The best thing about the all-female Ghostbusters? Chris Hemsworth... |work=Metro |url=https://metro.co.uk/2016/07/11/ghostbusters-review-in-a-film-dominated-by-women-its-chris-hemsworth-who-delivers-the-most-fun-5999288/ |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190712162926/https://metro.co.uk/2016/07/11/ghostbusters-review-in-a-film-dominated-by-women-its-chris-hemsworth-who-delivers-the-most-fun-5999288/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and won the [[Kids' Choice Awards]] for Favorite Movie Actor.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 February 2017 |title=Justin Timberlake and Kevin Hart Lead Nickelodeon's Kids' Choice Awards Nominations |url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-nominations-2017-full-list-1201975603/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=19 February 2017 |archive-date=5 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205052915/http://variety.com/2017/tv/news/nickelodeon-kids-choice-awards-nominations-2017-full-list-1201975603/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Chris Hemsworth by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|upright|Hemsworth promoting ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'' at the 2017 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]

Hemsworth reprised his role as Thor in ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]'', released on 3 November 2017 in the U.S.,<ref name="Ragnarok">{{Cite web |last=Strom |first=Marc |date=28 October 2014 |title=Thor Brings Ragnarok to the Marvel Cinematic Universe in 2017 |url=http://marvel.com/news/movies/23544/thor_brings_ragnarok_to_the_marvel_cinematic_universe_in_2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028202207/http://marvel.com/news/movies/23544/thor_brings_ragnarok_to_the_marvel_cinematic_universe_in_2017 |archive-date=28 October 2014 |access-date=28 October 2014 |publisher=[[Marvel.com]]}}</ref> and again in both the third and fourth ''Avengers'' films, ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]'' and ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' in 2018 and 2019 respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chitwood |first=Adam |date=14 April 2015 |title=Chris Hemsworth Reveals the 3 Marvel Movies Left on His Contract |url=https://collider.com/avengers-3-4-chris-hemsworth-reveals-marvel-movies-left-on-his-contract/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150416060746/http://collider.com/avengers-3-4-chris-hemsworth-reveals-marvel-movies-left-on-his-contract/ |archive-date=16 April 2015 |access-date=17 April 2015 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> All three films were a critical and commercial success.<ref name="Moran">{{Cite magazine |last=Moran |first=Sarah |date=1 September 2018 |title=Ragnarok Truly Did Save The Thor Franchise |url=https://screenrant.com/thor-ragnarok-saved-franchise/ |magazine=[[Screen Rant]] |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=5 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205054854/https://screenrant.com/thor-ragnarok-saved-franchise/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Matt Zoller Seitz]] of [[RogerEbert.com]] likened Hemsworth's acting to [[Cary Grant]], stating that "Hemsworth's charisma holds [''Thor: Ragnarok''] together whenever it threatens to spin apart".<ref name="SeitzReview">{{Cite web |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |date=30 October 2017 |title=''Thor: Ragnarok'' Movie Review & Film Summary (2017) |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/thor-ragnarok-2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231001718/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/thor-ragnarok-2017 |archive-date=31 December 2017 |publisher=RogerEbert.com}}</ref> Hemsworth won the [[2018 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]] for [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Sci-Fi/Fantasy|Choice Sci-Fi Movie Actor]].<ref name="TeenChoice">{{Cite news |date=12 August 2018 |title=Teen Choice Awards: Winners List |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/teen-choice-awards-2018-full-list-winners-1134169 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813030438/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/teen-choice-awards-2018-full-list-winners-1134169 |archive-date=13 August 2018}}</ref> Meanwhile, in his review of ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'', [[Joe Morgenstern]] of ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' acknowledged "Hemsworth's Thor, endearing despite some ragged material and the actor's seemingly limited dramatic range" while praising Hemsworth in the MCU Infinity Saga finale "as the graceful, exuberant comic actor he was destined to be, while Thor morphs, alarmingly and charmingly{{mdash}}yet still heroically{{mdash}}into a beer-bellied apparition who could pass for [[Jeff Lebowski]]."<ref name="MorgensternEndgame">{{Cite journal |last=Morgenstern |first=Joe |date=25 April 2019 |title='Avengers: Endgame' Review: A Marvelous Wrap |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/avengers-endgame-review-a-marvelous-wrap-11556124677 |url-status=live |journal=The Wall Street Journal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603163507/https://www.wsj.com/articles/avengers-endgame-review-a-marvelous-wrap-11556124677 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> In 2017, Hemsworth was the guest narrator at [[Disney's Candlelight Processional]] at [[Disneyland]].<ref>[https://www.ocregister.com/2017/12/03/chris-hemsworth-narrates-candlelight-ceremony-and-processional-at-disneyland/ ''OcRegister.com'' Hemsworth Narrates Candlelight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819085120/https://www.ocregister.com/2017/12/03/chris-hemsworth-narrates-candlelight-ceremony-and-processional-at-disneyland/ |date=19 August 2023 }} Retrieved 19 August 2023</ref>

Hemsworth was to reprise his role as George Kirk in the fourth film of the [[List of Star Trek films#Reboot (Kelvin Timeline) films|rebooted ''Star Trek'' film series]],<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rossen |first=Christopher |date=18 July 2016 |title=Chris Hemsworth will return for fourth Star Trek film |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/18/star-trek-chris-hemsworth |url-status=live |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718203728/http://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/18/star-trek-chris-hemsworth |archive-date=18 July 2016 |access-date=18 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=26 April 2018 |title='Star Trek 4': S.J. Clarkson Becomes the First Female Director in Franchise's History (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/s-j-clarkson-star-trek-4-chris-pine-chris-hemsworth-1202787592/ |url-status=live |magazine=Variety |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618044152/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/s-j-clarkson-star-trek-4-chris-pine-chris-hemsworth-1202787592/ |archive-date=18 June 2018 |access-date=2 June 2018}}</ref> but he left the project in August 2018 after contract negotiations fell through;<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=10 August 2018 |title=Chris Pine and Chris Hemsworth 'Star Trek 4' Future In Doubt as Talks Fall Through (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-trek-4-chris-pine-chris-hemsworth-talks-fall-1133802 |url-status=live |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180811011958/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/star-trek-4-chris-pine-chris-hemsworth-talks-fall-1133802 |archive-date=11 August 2018 |access-date=11 August 2018}}</ref> Hemsworth later said he found the script underwhelming.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Setoodth |first=Ramin |date=28 May 2019 |title=How Chris Hemsworth Found His Way as a Movie Star With Thor and 'The Avengers' |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/features/chris-hemsworth-avengers-thor-men-in-black-international-1203225799/ |magazine=Variety |access-date=14 June 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531221441/https://variety.com/2019/film/features/chris-hemsworth-avengers-thor-men-in-black-international-1203225799/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, he also starred in a spin-off of the ''[[Men in Black (film series)|Men in Black]]'' series, titled ''[[Men in Black: International]]''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Romano |first=Nick |date=21 September 2018 |title=Men in Black spin-off set photos show off Chris Hemsworth, Tessa Thompson |url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/09/21/men-in-black-spin-off-photos-chris-hemsworth-tessa-thompson/ |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |access-date=21 January 2019 |archive-date=22 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122044327/https://ew.com/movies/2018/09/21/men-in-black-spin-off-photos-chris-hemsworth-tessa-thompson/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The film grossed US$253 million worldwide and received generally unfavourable reviews from critics, who criticised the "lackluster action and forgettable plot," although the chemistry between Hemsworth and co-star [[Tessa Thompson]] was praised.<ref name="ReviewRoundup">{{Cite web |last=Ridgely |first=Charlie |date=12 June 2019 |title=Men in Black: International Review Round-Up |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/2019/06/12/men-in-black-international-review-round-up/ |access-date=12 June 2019 |publisher=[[ComicBook.com]] |quote=the majority of them are tearing down the film for its lackluster action and forgettable plot. |archive-date=12 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612165749/https://comicbook.com/movies/2019/06/12/men-in-black-international-review-round-up/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

The following year, Hemsworth starred in the [[Netflix]] action thriller ''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]'', reuniting him with the [[Russo brothers]], who served as producers.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chris Hemsworth begins shooting for Netflix film 'Dhaka' in India |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2018/nov/05/chris-hemsworth-begins-shooting-for-netflix-film-dhaka-in-india-1894548.html |access-date=19 January 2020 |archive-date=7 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155705/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/english/2018/nov/05/chris-hemsworth-begins-shooting-for-netflix-film-dhaka-in-india-1894548.html |url-status=live }}</ref> After being watched by 90 million households in its initial month of release, the film broke Netflix's viewership record previously held by ''[[Bird Box (film)#Audience viewership|Bird Box]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bennett |first=Anita |date=2 May 2020 |title=Chris Hemsworth Thanks Fans As 'Extraction' Looks To Become Netflix's Biggest-Ever Film Premiere |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2020/05/chris-hemsworth-thanks-fans-as-extraction-looks-to-become-netflixs-biggest-ever-film-premiere-1202924445/ |access-date=2 May 2020 |archive-date=3 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200503080733/https://deadline.com/2020/05/chris-hemsworth-thanks-fans-as-extraction-looks-to-become-netflixs-biggest-ever-film-premiere-1202924445/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Edwards |first=Chris |date=4 May 2020 |title=Chris Hemsworth's Extraction is going to set a huge Netflix record |work=[[Digital Spy]] |url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a32370240/chris-hemsworth-extraction-netflix-record-biggest-premiere/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604144750/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a32370240/chris-hemsworth-extraction-netflix-record-biggest-premiere/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemsworth reprised the role of Thor in the fourth film, ''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]''. Filming began in February 2021 in Australia,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hew |first=Nathan |date=3 July 2022 |title=3 'Thor: Love and Thunder' filming locations to visit |work=Study International |url=https://www.studyinternational.com/news/thor-love-and-thunder/ |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904042702/https://www.studyinternational.com/news/thor-love-and-thunder/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Thor4ShangChiAustraliaFilming">{{Cite magazine |last=Frater |first=Patrick |date=25 July 2019 |title=Marvel's ''Thor: Love and Thunder'' and ''Shang-Chi'' to Shoot in Sydney, Australia |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/asia/thor-blood-thunder-shang-chi-marvel-shoot-in-australia-1203280751/ |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=25 July 2019 |archive-date=31 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731033142/https://variety.com/2019/film/asia/thor-blood-thunder-shang-chi-marvel-shoot-in-australia-1203280751/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and it was released in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=Chris |date=4 August 2022 |title=Thor: Love and Thunder plot |work=Entertainment BGR |url=https://bgr.com/entertainment/thor-love-and-thunder-plot-leaks-in-full-teasing-a-tragic-twist/ |access-date=3 September 2022 |archive-date=4 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904042707/https://bgr.com/entertainment/thor-love-and-thunder-plot-leaks-in-full-teasing-a-tragic-twist/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemsworth commented on the film's response, stating: "I think we just had too much fun. It just became too silly. It's always hard being in the center of it and having any real perspective [...] you just don't know how people are going to respond."<ref name="HemsworthGQJun2023" /> He later reflected on his own performance, believing he had become "a parody of [himself]" with the improv and "wackiness" of the film, and that he "didn’t stick the landing".<ref name="HemsworthVFApr2024" />
[[File:Chris Hemsworth by Gage Skidmore 3.jpg|thumb|Hemsworth at the 2024 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]]
Hemsworth worked on ''Limitless with Chris Hemsworth'' in 2022, a six-part documentary series, for [[National Geographic (American TV channel)|National Geographic]]. The show paired Hemsworth with noted filmmaker [[Darren Aronofsky]]. The show has Hemsworth appearing in a variety of different ways that humans have sought to increase their health. The episodes saw Hemsworth take a plunge in icy Arctic water, fast for long periods of time, and participate in an indigenous Australian ceremony.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Landsverk |first=Gabby |title=Chris Hemsworth swam in freezing Arctic waters to boost his longevity— here's how to get similar benefits at home |url=https://www.insider.com/chris-hemsworth-swam-arctic-benefits-cold-therapy-at-home-2022-11 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Insider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mussen |first=Maddy |date=22 November 2022 |title=Death doulas and extreme fasting — Chris Hemsworth will do anything to live longer |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/escapist/chris-hemsworth-alzheimers-acting-thor-limitless-life-health-marvel-b1041522.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=Evening Standard|archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125095727/https://www.standard.co.uk/escapist/chris-hemsworth-alzheimers-acting-thor-limitless-life-health-marvel-b1041522.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The last of which resulted in some controversy for the show, as Indigenous groups claimed that filming at the sacred site was disrespectful to the culture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Latimore |first=Caitlin Fitzsimmons, Jack |date=22 January 2023 |title='It was very disrespectful': Dispute over Chris Hemsworth filming at sacred site |url=https://www.theage.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/it-was-very-disrespectful-dispute-over-chris-hemsworth-filming-at-sacred-site-20221019-p5br8k.html |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=The Age |archive-date=25 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125095720/https://www.theage.com.au/culture/tv-and-radio/it-was-very-disrespectful-dispute-over-chris-hemsworth-filming-at-sacred-site-20221019-p5br8k.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemsworth returned as Tyler Rake in Netflix's ''[[Extraction 2]]'' (2023),<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=25 September 2021 |title=Chris Hemsworth To Reteam With Sam Hargrave & The Russo Brothers On 'Extraction 2'; Watch The Teaser – Netflix Tudum |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/video/extraction-2-chris-hemsworth-to-return-teaser-netflix-tudum/ |access-date=27 September 2021 |archive-date=26 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926214108/https://deadline.com/video/extraction-2-chris-hemsworth-to-return-teaser-netflix-tudum/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which earned him $20 million.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=20 July 2022 |title=Inside Movie Stars' Salaries: Joaquin Phoenix Nabs $20M for ''Joker 2,'' Tom Cruise Heads to Over $100M and More |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/movie-star-salaries-joaquin-phoenix-joker-2-tom-cruise-1235320046/ |access-date=21 July 2022 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720160107/https://variety.com/2022/film/features/movie-star-salaries-joaquin-phoenix-joker-2-tom-cruise-1235320046/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hemsworth starred in the ''[[Mad Max: Fury Road]]'' spin-off ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]'', released in May 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=13 October 2020 |title='Mad Max' Spinoff 'Furiosa' In The Works At Warners With George Miller Directing & Anya Taylor-Joy In Title Role; Chris Hemsworth & Yahya Abdul-Mateen II Along For Ride |url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/furiosa-mad-max-spinoff-george-miller-anya-taylor-joy-chris-hemsworth-1234596503/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |website=Deadline |archive-date=15 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015171401/https://deadline.com/2020/10/furiosa-mad-max-spinoff-george-miller-anya-taylor-joy-chris-hemsworth-1234596503/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[The Washington Post]]'' wrote that he had "perhaps created one of the all-time-great screen villains" in his role as the warlord Dementus.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yuan |first=Jada |date=18 May 2024 |title=In 'Furiosa,' Chris Hemsworth steals the spotlight |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/movies/2024/05/18/furiosa-chris-hemsworth-cannes/ |access-date=19 May 2024 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> Hemsworth voiced a young [[Optimus Prime]] in the [[Transformers (film series)|Transformers]] prequel film ''[[Transformers One]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=27 April 2023 |title=Paramount Sets Its First Animated 'Transformers' Movie; Voice Cast To Include Chris Hemsworth, Brian Tyree Henry, Scarlett Johansson & More – CinemaCon |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/transformers-one-animated-feature-chris-hemsworth-scarlett-johansson-cinemacon-1235339631/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Deadline |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427193004/https://deadline.com/2023/04/transformers-one-animated-feature-chris-hemsworth-scarlett-johansson-cinemacon-1235339631/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chris Hemsworth's Optimus Prime Sadly Won't Be Australian in 'Transformers One' |url=https://collider.com/chris-hemsworth-optimus-prime-transformers-one-comments/ |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |access-date=5 July 2023 |date=15 June 2023 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704170856/https://collider.com/chris-hemsworth-optimus-prime-transformers-one-comments/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2024, Hemsworth entered talks to play the [[Prince Charming|title character]] in [[Paul King (director)|Paul King]]'s ''Prince Charming'' for Disney.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=23 October 2024 |title=Chris Hemsworth In Talks To Star In 'Prince Charming' Pic From Disney And Paul King |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/transformers-one-animated-feature-chris-hemsworth-scarlett-johansson-cinemacon-1235339631/ |access-date=23 October 2024 |website=Deadline}}</ref> Hemsworth featured in ''A Road Trip to Remember'', a 2025 National Geographic documentary about his father's experience with [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ouellette |first=Jennifer |date=2025-11-21 |title=Chris Hemsworth and dad fight Alzheimer’s with a trip down memory lane |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2025/11/chris-hemsworth-and-dad-fight-alzheimers-with-a-trip-down-memory-lane/ |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Ars Technica |language=en}}</ref> In 2026, Hemsworth starred alongside Marvel co-star [[Mark Ruffalo]] in the crime thriller film [[Crime 101 (2026 film)|Crime 101]], for which he was also executive producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=2024-05-21 |title=Mark Ruffalo In Talks To Co-Star Opposite Chris Hemsworth In Amazon MGM Studios’ Adaptation Of Don Winslow’s ‘Crime 101’ |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/mark-ruffalo-chris-hemsworth-crime-101-1235925943/ |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Hemsworth will once again return as Thor in ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'', scheduled for release in December 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Couch |first1=Aaron |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Marvel Unveils 'Avengers: Doomsday' Cast with MCU Mainstays and 'X-Men', 'Fantastic Four' Stars |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-doomsday-cast-announced-1236172556/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326205542/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/avengers-doomsday-cast-announced-1236172556/ |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 26, 2025 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref>

==Public image==
After appearing as Thor in the MCU franchise, Hemsworth's physique gained attention from fans.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2019 |title=Zachary Levi 'not ready' to be a sex symbol |url=https://www.hollywoodtreatment.com.au/32319/zachary-levi-not-ready-to-be-a-sex-symbol/ |access-date=7 August 2019 |publisher=Hollywood Treatment}}{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> His exercise routines have been regularly discussed in the media, including ''[[The Times of India]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 July 2019 |title=Chris Hemsworth's underwater workout video will leave you impressed |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/chris-hemsworths-underwater-workout-video-will-leave-you-impressed/articleshow/70292843.cms |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801113644/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/hollywood/news/chris-hemsworths-underwater-workout-video-will-leave-you-impressed/articleshow/70292843.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Men's Health]]'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Ellis |first=Philip |date=4 August 2019 |title=Chris and Liam Hemsworth Work Out Together and Things Get Competitive |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a28600139/chris-liam-hemsworth-competitive-working-out/ |magazine=[[Men's Health]]|access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805085722/https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a28600139/chris-liam-hemsworth-competitive-working-out/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Reslen |first=Eileen |date=1 March 2018 |title=Chris Hemsworth Trains in 91-Degree Heat, So What's Your Excuse? |url=https://www.menshealth.com/fitness/a19041749/chris-hemsworth-instagram-workout-91-degree-heat/ |magazine=[[Men's Health]] |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=1 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401132954/https://www.menshealth.com/fitness/a19041749/chris-hemsworth-instagram-workout-91-degree-heat/ |url-status=live }}</ref> MensXP,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Anand |first=Harshleen |date=23 July 2019 |title=Chris Hemsworth's Intense Underwater Workout Proves That Thor Is Now Coming For Aquaman |url=https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/55073-chris-hemsworth-rsquo-s-intense-underwater-workout-proves-that-thor-is-now-coming-for-aquaman.html |magazine=Mens XP |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=29 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729063724/https://www.mensxp.com/entertainment/celebrities/55073-chris-hemsworth-rsquo-s-intense-underwater-workout-proves-that-thor-is-now-coming-for-aquaman.html |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Tonight]],''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Desiree |date=5 August 2019 |title=Chris Hemsworth and Brother Liam Flaunt Their Chiseled Abs: Pics! |work=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |url=https://www.etonline.com/chris-hemsworth-flaunts-his-chiseled-abs-with-brother-liam-in-australia-pics-129907 |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=6 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190806003831/https://www.etonline.com/chris-hemsworth-flaunts-his-chiseled-abs-with-brother-liam-in-australia-pics-129907 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Metro (British newspaper)|''Metro'']].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adejobi |first=Alicia |date=6 August 2019 |title=Chris Hemsworth shares body confidence fears playing Thor|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]] |url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/08/06/chris-hemsworth-works-youtuber-erik-conover-get-body-like-thor-brutal-10526673/ |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=7 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807144211/https://metro.co.uk/2019/08/06/chris-hemsworth-works-youtuber-erik-conover-get-body-like-thor-brutal-10526673/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He later created the fitness app Centr, which provides paying customers access to nutrition, wellness, and exercise routines.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Williams |first=Brett |date=30 January 2019 |title=Chris Hemsworth's Centr App Gives You His Wellness Secrets |url=https://www.menshealth.com/fitness/a26086239/chris-hemsworth-centr-app/ |magazine=[[Men's Health]] |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814124706/https://www.menshealth.com/fitness/a26086239/chris-hemsworth-centr-app/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2014, he was named the "Sexiest Man Alive" by ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Fowler |first=Tara |date=19 November 2014 |title=Sexiest Man Alive 2014: Chris Hemsworth: I Learned to Be Sexy from Matt Damon |url=http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20315920_20873902,00.html |url-status=live |magazine=People |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121175845/http://www.people.com/people/package/article/0,,20315920_20873902,00.html |archive-date=21 November 2014 |access-date=21 November 2014}}</ref>

Hemsworth is an avid supporter of the [[Western Bulldogs]] in the [[Australian Football League]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Quaggin |first=Lucy |date=26 September 2016 |title=Chris Hemsworth Gets Behind The Western Bulldogs |work=HuffPost |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/09/25/chris-hemsworth-gets-behind-the-western-bulldogs_a_21479019/ |access-date=6 May 2020 |archive-date=28 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728122515/https://www.huffingtonpost.com.au/2016/09/25/chris-hemsworth-gets-behind-the-western-bulldogs_a_21479019/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was the star of the AFL's 2014 ''Everything's Possible'' campaign, donating the fees for his involvement to the Australian Children Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stars on show for AFL's new marketing campaign |url=https://www.afl.com.au/news/83894/stars-on-show-for-afls-new-marketing-campaign |access-date=23 December 2022 |website=afl.com.au |date=March 2014|archive-date=23 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223011109/https://www.afl.com.au/news/83894/stars-on-show-for-afls-new-marketing-campaign |url-status=live }}</ref> Hemsworth was also the star in the AFL's 2017 "I'd Like to See That" commercial.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2017 |title=Chris Hemsworth takes the AFL to Hollywood in new campaign |work=news.com.au |url=https://www.news.com.au/sport/afl/chris-hemsworth-takes-the-afl-to-hollywood-in-new-campaign/news-story/631a55b4c7ca3327b635e3c1643d0ed8 |url-status=live |access-date=14 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714150914/https://www.news.com.au/sport/afl/chris-hemsworth-takes-the-afl-to-hollywood-in-new-campaign/news-story/631a55b4c7ca3327b635e3c1643d0ed8 |archive-date=14 July 2018}}</ref>

===Wealth===
As his career in Hollywood films has developed, Hemsworth has become one of the world's highest-paid actors.<ref name="Clark-2019" /><ref name="Forbes" /> He appeared in ''[[Forbes]]''{{'}} World's Highest Paid Actors list in 2014,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=World's Highest Paid Actors 2014 – Chris Hemsworth |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mfl45ekhem/chris-hemsworth-4/ |magazine=[[Forbes (magazine)|Forbes]] |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811032439/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mfl45ekhem/chris-hemsworth-4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2015,<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=World's Highest Paid Actor 2015 – Chris Hemsworth |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/emjl45mmei/15-chris-hemsworth/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=6 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200106204936/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/emjl45mmei/15-chris-hemsworth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and 2018.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=World's Highest Paid Actor 2018 – Chris Hemsworth |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5b7b16ada7ea43757f2cb680/4-chris-hemsworth/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=21 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821225753/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5b7b16ada7ea43757f2cb680/4-chris-hemsworth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, he ranked 31st in the magazine's list of Highest Paid Celebrities in 2018<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=World's Highest Paid Celebrities 2018 – Chris Hemsworth |url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5b46157231358e2c990ec05b/31-chris-hemsworth-645-mi/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510103843/https://www.forbes.com/pictures/5b46157231358e2c990ec05b/31-chris-hemsworth-645-mi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and 24th in 2019<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=The World's Highest-Paid Celebrities – 2019 |url=https://www.forbes.com/celebrities/list/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=30 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130630005552/http://www.forbes.com/celebrities/list/ |url-status=live }}</ref> with estimated earnings of US$76.4 million.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Chris Hemsworth – Profile |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/chris-hemsworth/ |magazine=Forbes |access-date=7 August 2019 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823000042/https://www.forbes.com/profile/chris-hemsworth/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Charity===
In May 2020, Chris and his brother Liam were among the celebrities who read an installment of [[Roald Dahl]]'s children's fantasy novel ''[[James and the Giant Peach]]'' in aid of the global-non profit charity [[Partners In Health]], co-founded by Dahl's daughter [[Ophelia Dahl|Ophelia]], which had been fighting [[COVID-19]] in vulnerable areas.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alison |first=Flood |date=18 May 2020 |title=Taika Waititi leads all-star charity Roald Dahl readings |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/18/taika-waititi-meryl-streep-benedict-cumberbatch-charity-roald-dahl-readings-james-and-the-giant-peach |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=25 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825163039/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/may/18/taika-waititi-meryl-streep-benedict-cumberbatch-charity-roald-dahl-readings-james-and-the-giant-peach |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Hemsworth began dating Spanish model and actress [[Elsa Pataky]] in early 2010, after meeting through their mutual representatives.<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 May 2012 |title=Chris Hemsworth's Wife Elsa Pataky Gives Birth to Daughter India! |work=Us Weekly |url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/chris-hemsworths-wife-elsa-pataky-gives-birth-2012125/ |url-status=live |access-date=23 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181023120105/https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/chris-hemsworths-wife-elsa-pataky-gives-birth-2012125/ |archive-date=23 October 2018}}</ref> They married in December 2010.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jordan |first=Julie |date=28 December 2010 |title=''Thor'' Star Chris Hemsworth Gets Married |work=People |url=https://people.com/celebrity/chris-hemsworth-is-married/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328091012/http://www.people.com/people/article/0%2C%2C20453412%2C00.html |archive-date=28 March 2011}}</ref> The couple have a daughter, [[India Rose Hemsworth|India Rose]], born in May 2012 and twin sons, born in March 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything to Know About Chris Hemsworth and Elsa Pataky's Kids |url=https://people.com/parents/chris-hemsworth-and-elsa-pataky-kids-everything-to-know}}</ref> In 2015, the family moved from Los Angeles to [[Byron Bay, New South Wales]], in his native Australia.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kehagias |first=Melissa |date=27 September 2014 |title=Chris Hemsworth has bought himself a $7 million Byron Bay home |work=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)]] |url=http://www.news.com.au/finance/real-estate/sydney-nsw/chris-hemsworth-has-bought-himself-a-7-million-byron-bay-home/news-story/66d6cc80ad96c9647c850cd92f9e8e1a |url-status=live |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324002423/http://www.news.com.au/finance/real-estate/sydney-nsw/chris-hemsworth-has-bought-himself-a-7-million-byron-bay-home/news-story/66d6cc80ad96c9647c850cd92f9e8e1a |archive-date=24 March 2018}}</ref> Hemsworth speaks limited Spanish<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2020 |title=Chris Hemsworth reveals his kids laugh at his 'mediocre' Spanish |url=https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20201106fst7uj6xtw/chris-hemsworth-mediocre-spanish-kids-laugh/ |access-date=3 June 2024 |website=HOLA |archive-date=27 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127063443/https://www.hola.com/us/celebrities/20201106fst7uj6xtw/chris-hemsworth-mediocre-spanish-kids-laugh/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and Indonesian.<ref>{{Cite web |date = 4 November 2023|url=https://www.liputan6.com/showbiz/read/5336076/deretan-momen-chris-hemsworth-bicara-bahasa-indonesia-yang-bikin-heboh-lancar-berhitung-satu-sampai-sepuluh|title=Deretan Momen Chris Hemsworth Bicara Bahasa Indonesia yang Bikin Heboh, Lancar Berhitung Satu Sampai Sepuluh|language=id}}</ref>

Hemsworth's children train [[Brazilian jiu-jitsu]] under Thalison Soares, and he has regularly taken them to compete in national tournaments.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://jitsmagazine.com/chris-hemsworth-spotted-taking-his-kids-to-compete-in-bjj-tournament/ |title=Chris Hemsworth Spotted Taking His Kids To Compete In BJJ Tournament |work=Jits. Magazine |last=Jones |first=Phil |date=30 October 2022 |access-date=2 February 2023 |archive-date=29 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129115455/https://jitsmagazine.com/chris-hemsworth-spotted-taking-his-kids-to-compete-in-bjj-tournament/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Hemsworth was appointed a [[Order of Australia|Member of the Order of Australia]] in the [[2021 Queen's Birthday Honours (Australia)|2021 Queen's Birthday Honours]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mr Christopher Hemsworth |url=https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/2008589 |access-date=13 June 2021 |website=[[Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet (Australia)|Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet]] |archive-date=13 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613131648/https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/2008589 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In episode five of his [[National Geographic (American TV channel)|National Geographic]] documentary ''Limitless'' (2022), Hemsworth revealed that his maternal grandfather suffered from [[Alzheimer's disease]]. It was also revealed that Hemsworth himself has inherited two copies of the [[Apolipoprotein E|APOE4 gene]], one from his mother and one from his father, which makes it eight to ten times likelier for him to eventually develop Alzheimer's disease than the general population.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2022 |title=Chris Hemsworth receives 'strong indication' of a genetic predisposition to Alzheimer's disease while filming new show |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/17/entertainment/chris-hemsworth-limitless/index.html |access-date=18 November 2022 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=18 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118024223/https://edition.cnn.com/2022/11/17/entertainment/chris-hemsworth-limitless/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Trepany |first=Charles |title=Chris Hemsworth to take time off from acting after discovering Alzheimer's predisposition |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2022/11/18/chris-hemsworth-take-break-acting-after-alzheimers-revelation/10729802002/ |access-date=19 November 2022 |website=USA Today |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119083424/https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/celebrities/2022/11/18/chris-hemsworth-take-break-acting-after-alzheimers-revelation/10729802002/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===


{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009
| ''[[Star Trek (2009 film)|Star Trek]]''
| George Kirk
|
|
|-
| ''[[A Perfect Getaway]]''
| Kale Garrity
|
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Cash (2010 film)|Ca$h]]''
| Sam Phelan
|
|
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]''
| [[Thor (Marvel Cinematic Universe)|Thor]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2012
| ''[[The Cabin in the Woods]]''
| Curt Vaughan
|
|
|-
| ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]''
| Thor
|
|
|-
| ''[[Snow White and the Huntsman]]''
| Eric the Huntsman
|
|
|-
| ''[[Red Dawn (2012 film)|Red Dawn]]''
| Jed Eckert
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2013
| ''[[Star Trek Into Darkness]]''
| George Kirk (voice)
| [[Cameo appearance|Cameo]]
|
|-
| ''[[Rush (2013 film)|Rush]]''
| [[James Hunt]]
|
|
|-
| ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]''
| Thor
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2015
| ''[[Blackhat (film)|Blackhat]]''
| Nicholas Hathaway
|
|
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]''
| Thor
|
|
|-
| ''[[Vacation (2015 film)|Vacation]]''
| Stone Crandall
|
|
|-
| ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]''
| [[Owen Chase]]
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
| ''[[The Huntsman: Winter's War]]''
| Eric the Huntsman
|
|
|-
| ''[[Ghostbusters (2016 film)|Ghostbusters]]''
| Kevin Beckman / Rowan North
|
|
|-
| ''[[Team Thor#Team Thor (2016)|Team Thor]]''
| rowspan="4"| Thor
| Short film
|
|-
| ''[[Doctor Strange (2016 film)|Doctor Strange]]''
| Cameo; mid-credits scene
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2017
| ''[[Team Thor#Team Thor: Part 2 (2017)|Team Thor: Part 2]]''
| Short film
|
|-
| ''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018
| ''[[12 Strong]]''
| Captain Mitch Nelson
|
|
|-
| ''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''
| Thor
|
|
|-
| ''[[Bad Times at the El Royale]]''
| Billy Lee
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019
| ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''
| Thor
|
|
|-
| ''[[Men in Black: International]]''
| Henry / Agent H
|
|
|-
| ''[[Jay and Silent Bob Reboot]]''
| Himself
| Cameo
|
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]''
| Tyler Rake
| Also producer
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2022
| ''[[Interceptor (film)|Interceptor]]''
| TV salesman
| Uncredited cameo and executive producer
|
|-
|''[[Spiderhead]]''
| Steve Abnesti
| Also producer
|
|-
| ''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]''
| Thor
| Also executive producer
|
|-
| 2023
| ''[[Extraction 2]]''
| Tyler Rake
| Also producer
|
|-
| rowspan=3|2024
| ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]''
| Dementus
|
|
|-
| ''[[Deadpool & Wolverine]]''
| Thor
| Repurposed [[archival footage]] from ''[[Thor: The Dark World]]''
|
|-
| ''[[Transformers One]]''
| [[Optimus Prime|Orion Pax / Optimus Prime]]
| Voice role
|
|-
| rowspan=2| 2026
| ''[[Crime 101 (2026 film)|Crime 101]]''
| Mike Davis
| Also producer
|
|-
| {{pending film|[[Avengers: Doomsday]]}}
| Thor
| Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Marvel Confirming 'Avengers: Doomsday' Cast: Chris Hemsworth, Paul Rudd, Letitia Wright, Sebastian Stan, Vanessa Kirby & More…. |url=https://deadline.com/2025/03/avengers-doomsday-cast-1236351122/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326161401/https://deadline.com/2025/03/avengers-doomsday-cast-1236351122/ |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 26, 2025 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"| {{TableTBA}}
| {{pending film|[[Stuntnuts: The Movie]]}}
| Himself
| Post-production
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 19, 2025|last=Kemp|first=Stuart|title=The Brit 50: Matthew Vaughn on MARV Studios' new 'Stuntnuts' action trilogy, further 'Kingsman' films |url=https://www.screendaily.com/features/the-brit-50-matthew-vaughn-on-marv-studios-new-stuntnuts-action-trilogy-further-kingsman-films/5210504.article |access-date=November 27, 2025 |website=[[Screen Daily]]}}</ref>
|-
| {{pending film|[[Subversion (film)|Subversion]]}}
| {{TBA}}
| Post-production
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2025/04/chris-hemsworth-subversion-amazon-mgm-studios-1236381156/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|accessdate=May 1, 2025|title=Chris Hemsworth To Star In Submarine Actioner 'Subversion' For Amazon MGM Studios|first=Matt |last=Grobar|date=April 30, 2025}}</ref>
|-
|}
{{pending films key}}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"|2002
| ''[[Guinevere Jones]]''
| [[King Arthur]]
| 3 episodes
|
|-
| ''[[Neighbours]]''
| [[List of Neighbours characters (2002)#Jamie Kane|Jamie Kane]]
| Season 18 (Episode #4069)
|
|-
| ''[[Marshall Law (TV series)|Marshall Law]]''
| The Kid
| Episode: "Domestic Bliss"
|
|-
| 2003
| ''{{sortname|The|Saddle Club}}''
| The New Vet
| Episode: "Tenderfoot"
|
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Fergus McPhail]]''
| Craig
| Episode: "In a Jam"
|
|-
| 2004–2007
| ''[[Home and Away]]''
| [[Kim Hyde]]
| Seasons 17–20 (189 episodes)
|
|-
| 2006
| ''[[Dancing with the Stars (Australian season 5)|Dancing with the Stars]]''
| Himself
| 5th place
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''
| Host
| 2 episodes
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2021
| ''[[Loki (TV series)|Loki]]''
| [[Throg]] (voice)
| Episode: "[[Journey into Mystery (Loki)|Journey into Mystery]]"; uncredited
|
|-
| ''Shark Beach with Chris Hemsworth''
| Himself
| Television special
|
|-
| 2021–2024
| ''[[What If...? (TV series)|What If...?]]''
| Thor (voice)
| 6 episodes
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2022 || ''[[Marvel Studios: Assembled]]'' || Himself || Episode: "The Making of ''Thor: Love and Thunder''"
|
|-
| ''Limitless with Chris Hemsworth''
| Himself
| Also executive producer
|
|-
| 2025
| ''Chris Hemsworth: A Road Trip to Remember''
| Himself
| Television special; Also executive producer
|
|}

===Video games===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
!Ref.
|-
| 2011
| ''[[Thor: God of Thunder]]''
| Thor
| Voice
|
|-
|2015
|''[[Lego Dimensions]]''
| rowspan="2" |Kevin Beckman
|Voice
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Ghostbusters (2016 video game)|Ghostbusters]]''
| Voice
|
|-
|}

==Accolades==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Association
! Category
! Nominated work
! Result
|-
| 2005
| rowspan=2|[[Logie Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Logie Awards 2005 |url=http://www.australiantelevision.net/awards/logie2005.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=australiantelevision.net |archive-date=6 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006222127/http://www.australiantelevision.net/awards/logie2005.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Logie Awards 2006 |url=http://www.australiantelevision.net/awards/logie2006.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=australiantelevision.net |archive-date=19 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819015152/http://australiantelevision.net/awards/logie2006.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Logie Award for Most Popular Actor|Most Popular Actor]]
| rowspan=3|''[[Home and Away]]''
| rowspan=3 {{nom}}
|-
| 2006
|-
| 2008
| [[Digital Spy]] Reader Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Kris |date=21 March 2008 |title=Digital Spy Soap Awards 2008: The Winners |url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/a92054/digital-spy-soap-awards-2008-the-winners.html |access-date=31 December 2021 |website=[[Digital Spy]] |archive-date=10 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610210330/http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/soaps/news/a92054/digital-spy-soap-awards-2008-the-winners.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Best Exit
|-
| 2011
| [[2011 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice Movie: Breakout Male
| rowspan=4|''[[Thor (film)|Thor]]''
|rowspan=5 {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=5|2012
| [[65th British Academy Film Awards|British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[BAFTA Rising Star Award|Rising Star Award]]
|-
| [[38th People's Choice Awards|People's Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Movie Superhero
|-
| [[MTV Movie Awards]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Hero|Best Hero]]
|-
| rowspan=2|[[2012 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Sci-Fi/Fantasy|Choice Movie Actor: Sci-Fi/Fantasy]]
| ''[[The Avengers (2012 film)|The Avengers]]''
|-
| Choice Summer Movie Star: Male
| ''The Avengers'' & ''[[Snow White and the Huntsman]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=6|2013
| rowspan=3| [[39th People's Choice Awards|People's Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Movie Superhero
| ''The Avengers''
|rowspan=2 {{nom}}
|-
| Favorite On-Screen Chemistry (shared with [[Kristen Stewart]])
| ''Snow White and the Huntsman''
|-
| Favorite Action Movie Star
| ''The Avengers'' & ''Snow White and the Huntsman''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2013 Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Male Buttkicker
| rowspan=2|''The Avengers''
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[2013 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Fight|Best Fight]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2013 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice Movie Actor: Action
| ''[[Red Dawn (2012 film)|Red Dawn]]''
|rowspan=4 {{nom}}
|-
| 2014
| [[2014 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
|rowspan=2| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Sci-Fi/Fantasy|Choice Movie Actor: Sci-Fi/Fantasy]]
| rowspan=2|''[[Thor: The Dark World]]''
|-
| rowspan=2|2015
| [[2015 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
|-
| Choice Movie Actor: Drama
| ''[[Blackhat (film)|Blackhat]]''
|-
| rowspan=7|2016
| [[42nd People's Choice Awards|People's Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Action Movie Actor
| ''[[Avengers: Age of Ultron]]'' & ''[[In the Heart of the Sea (film)|In the Heart of the Sea]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| [[2016 Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards]]
| [[Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor|Favorite Movie Actor]]
| ''Avengers: Age of Ultron''
|rowspan=7 {{nom}}
|-
| [[2016 MTV Movie Awards|MTV Movie Awards]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]] (shared with [[Leslie Mann]])
| ''[[Vacation (2015 film)|Vacation]]''
|-
| rowspan=4|[[2016 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice Movie Actor: Action
| ''In the Heart of the Sea''
|-
| [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Actor – Sci-Fi/Fantasy|Choice Movie Actor: Sci-Fi/Fantasy]]
| rowspan=2|''[[The Huntsman: Winter's War]]''
|-
| Choice Movie: Liplock (shared with [[Jessica Chastain]])
|-
| Choice Summer Movie Star: Male
| rowspan=3|''[[Ghostbusters (2016 film)|Ghostbusters]]''
|-
| rowspan=3|2017
| [[People's Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Comedic Movie Actor
|-
| rowspan=2|[[Kids' Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Movie Actor
| {{won}}
|-
| Favorite Butt-Kicker
| ''The Huntsman: Winter's War''
|rowspan=6 {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=5|2018
|[[Critics' Choice Awards]]
|Best Actor in a Comedy
| rowspan=2|''[[Thor: Ragnarok]]''
|-
| [[2018 MTV Movie & TV Awards|MTV Movie Awards]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Fight|Best Fight]]
|-
| rowspan=3|[[44th People's Choice Awards|People's Choice Awards]]
| The Action Movie Star of 2018
| rowspan=2|''[[Avengers: Infinity War]]''
|-
| The Male Movie Star of 2018
|-
| The Drama Movie Star of 2018
| ''[[12 Strong]]''
|-
| rowspan="2"|2020
| rowspan="2"|[[46th People's Choice Awards|People's Choice Awards]]
| The Action Movie Star 2020
| rowspan="3"|''[[Extraction (2020 film)|Extraction]]''
| {{won}}
|-
| The Male Movie Star of 2020
|rowspan=2 {{nom}}
|-
| 2021
| [[1st Critics' Choice Super Awards|Critics' Choice Super Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=19 November 2020 |title='Palm Springs', 'Lovecraft Country' Top Movie And Series Nominations For Inaugural Critics Choice Super Awards; Netflix Lands 35 Nods |url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/palm-springs-lovecraft-country-lead-critcs-choice-super-awards-nominations-1234618498/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225023936/https://deadline.com/2020/11/palm-springs-lovecraft-country-lead-critcs-choice-super-awards-nominations-1234618498/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| Best Actor in an Action Movie
|-
| 2023
| [[2023 Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Movie Actor
| ''[[Thor: Love and Thunder]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2024
| [[7th Astra Midseason Movie Awards|Astra Midseason Movie Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| Best Supporting Actor
| rowspan="4"| ''[[Furiosa: A Mad Max Saga]]''
| rowspan=4 {{nom}}
|-
| [[2024 Seattle Film Critics Society Awards|Seattle Film Critics Society Awards]]
|-
| rowspan=3| 2025
| [[14th AACTA Awards|AACTA Awards]]
|-
| [[Kansas City Film Critics Circle]]
|-
| [[2025 Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards]]
| Favorite Male Voice from an Animated Movie
| ''[[Transformers One]]''
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|1165110}}
*{{Tcmdb name}}

{{Navboxes
|title = Awards for Chris Hemsworth
|list =
{{Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor}}
{{MTV Movie Award for Best Fight}}
{{People's Choice Award for Favorite Movie Actor}}
}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hemsworth, Chris}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of the Order of Australia]]
[[Category:21st-century Australian male actors]]
[[Category:Australian expatriate male actors in the United States]]
[[Category:Australian film producers]]
[[Category:Australian male film actors]]
[[Category:Australian male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Australian male video game actors]]
[[Category:Australian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Australian people of Dutch descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Australian people of Irish descent]]
[[Category:Hemsworth family|Chris]]
[[Category:Logie Award winners]]
[[Category:Male actors from Melbourne]]
[[Category:People Sexiest Man Alive]]
[[Category:Australian people of Scottish descent]]

Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023

2026-03-26T22:58:46Z

Blackandwhitelegal:

{{short description|Indian Legislation}}{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023
| image = Emblem of India.svg
| imagesize = 100px
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]
| long_title = An Act to regulate the appointment, conditions of service and term of office of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, the procedure for transaction of business by the Election Commission and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = Act No. 49 of 2023
| territorial_extent = [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| date_passed = 12 December 2023
| enacted_by2 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| date_passed2 = 21 December 2023
| assented_by = [[President of India]]
| date_assented = 28 December 2023
| date_commenced = 2 January 2024
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-chief-election-commissioner-and-other-election-commissioners-appointment-conditions-of-service-and-term-of-office-bill-2023
| bill = Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023
| bill_citation = Bill No. 57 of 2023
| introduced_by = [[Arjun Ram Meghwal]]
| date_introduced = 10 August 2023
| passed = 12 December 2023
| passed_for = Majority Voice
| passed_against = Minority Voice
| passed2 = 21 December 2023
| passed2_for = Majority Voice
| passed2_against = Minority Voice
| date_final_passage = 21 December 2023
| amends =
| repeals = Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election
Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991
| related_legislation =
| related_cases = Anoop Baranwal vs Union of India (Writ Petition (Civil) No.104 of 2015)
| summary =
| keywords =
| status = in force
}}

The '''Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023''' is an [[List of acts of the Parliament of India|Act]] of the [[Parliament of India]] that replaced the previous ''Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991.''<ref name="OutlookIndia">{{cite news |title=New Bill Equates Election Commission With Cabinet Secretary Instead Of SC Judges, Raises Questions Over Authority's Downgrading |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/new-bill-equates-election-commission-with-cabinet-secretary-instead-of-sc-judges-raises-questions-over-authority-downgrading-news-318110 |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=Outlook}}</ref>

The legislation was listed to be taken up for discussion during the [[Special session of the Parliament of India|Parliament Special Session, 2023]].<ref>{{cite news |title='What Happened to Bills in Tentative Agenda?': Questions Over Secrecy of Parl Special Session |url=https://thewire.in/politics/parliament-procedure-secrecy-special-session |access-date=27 September 2023 |work=The Wire}}</ref>

==Proposals==

The [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]] is composed of the [[Chief Election Commissioner of India|chief election commissioner]] (CEC) and other (number determined by the president) additional [[Election Commissioner of India|election commissioner]]s (ECs) appointed by the [[president of India]] under the provision Article 324 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]]. The proposed legislation stipulates that the appointment of the CEC and other ECs shall be made by the President, based on the recommendations of a '''Selection Committee''' – consisting of a chairperson (the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]]) and members (leader of Opposition Party and one PM nominated Union Cabinet minister)<ref name="OutlookIndia" /><ref name="TIE">{{cite news |title=Bill downgrades Election Commissioner to status of Cabinet Secy from that of SC Judge |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bill-downgrades-election-commission-to-status-of-cabinet-secy-from-that-of-sc-judge-8940629/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=Special session: CEC bill, Parl's 75-year history on the agenda |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/special-session-cec-bill-parl-s-75-year-history-on-the-agenda-101694629913403.html |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

The 1991 act stipulates that the remuneration of the election commissioners shall be equal to that of a [[Supreme Court Judge|Supreme Court judge]]. The bill, on the other hand, proposes that the salary, allowances, and terms of service of the CEC and other ECs shall be identical to those of the [[Cabinet Secretary (India)|Cabinet secretary]]. The proposed bill ensures the re-appointment of the CEC and other ECs shall not be deemed eligible, restricting their tenure to only one term. It also overturned the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] verdict in which Supreme Court ordered the constitution of a committee comprising the [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]], [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha]] and the [[Chief Justice of India|chief justice of India]]<ref name="OutlookIndia" /><ref name="TIE" /><ref>[https://api.sci.gov.in/supremecourt/2015/1458/1458_2015_3_1501_42634_Judgement_02-Mar-2023.pdf main.sci.gov.in]</ref>

Most of other provisions in the 1991 legislature remains same.

==Reactions==
To be regarded as equivalent to the Cabinet secretary denotes a lower status than that of a minister of state (MoS). The Election Commission might find it difficult to take disciplinary actions against politicians above their hierarchy (example - Cabinet ministers). Being a constitution body, the procedure of removing a serving CEC or EC is same that of a judicial officer, as it was in 1991 legislation. However, the "service conditions" is downgraded to that of a bureaucratic officer. Exclusion of the chief justice of India (CJI) from selection process amounts to overturning a previous verdict of the Public Interest Litigation (PIL) case, ''Anoop Baranwal vs Union of India''. The new changes in the legislation have not adequately anticipated a structure in which the Election Commission can fulfill its duties without apprehension, bias, or coercion from the governing body or the ruling political faction.<ref name="OutlookIndia" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Appointing Election Commissioners: The government must not control the watchdog |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/appointing-election-commissioners-the-government-must-not-control-the-watchdog-8917864/ |access-date=15 September 2023 |work=The Indian Express |date=31 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[2025 Indian electoral controversy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2023]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Controversies in India]]

Pinewood Studios

2026-03-23T04:42:53Z

Blackandwhitelegal: cleanup

{{Short description|British film and television studio}}
{{about|the film studios in Britain|other Pinewood Studios|Pinewood Group}}
{{Use British English|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Pinewood Studios
| image = Pinewood Studios gateway.jpg
| caption = Pinewood Studios gateway
| address = Pinewood Road, Iver, Buckinghamshire, [[SL postcode area|SL0 0NH]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/pinewood-studios/where-we-are|title=Pinewood Studios Address}}</ref>
| location = [[Iver]], England
| opening_date = 30 September 1936<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/about-us/heritage|title=Pinewood Studios Official Opening Date}}</ref>
| owner = [[Pinewood Group]] (2001–present)
| coordinates = {{coord|51.548611|-0.535|region:GB_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| website = [https://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/pinewood-studios Pinewood Studios]
}}

'''Pinewood Studios''' is a British [[film studio|film]] and television studio located in the village [[Iver|Iver Heath]], England, {{convert|18|mi|km}} west of central London.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/proginfo/2015/23/pinewood|title=BBC – Pinewood: 80 Years Of Movie Magic – Centre|publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jun/30/pinewood-studios-announce-record-revenue|title=Pinewood studios announce record revenue|author=Andrew Pulver|work=The Guardian|date=30 June 2015}}</ref>

Opened in 1936, the studio has been the base for many productions from major films to television programmes, commercials, and pop promos, including the [[List of James Bond films|James Bond]] and [[Carry On (franchise)|Carry On]] film franchises.

==History==
Pinewood Studios was built on the estate of [[Heatherden Hall]], a large Victorian country house which was purchased by Canadian financier and [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Brentford and Chiswick (UK Parliament constituency)|Brentford and Chiswick]] Lt. Col. [[Walter Grant Morden|Grant Morden]] (1880–1932). He added refinements such as a ballroom, a [[Victorian Turkish baths|Victorian-style Turkish bath]], and an indoor squash court. Due to its seclusion, it was used as a discreet meeting place for high-ranking politicians and diplomats: the agreement to create the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] was signed there.

In 1934, building tycoon [[Charles Boot]] (1874–1945) bought the land and turned it into a [[country club]]. The ballroom was converted into a restaurant and many of the bedrooms became furnished suites.

===1930s===
In 1935, millionaire flour magnate [[J. Arthur Rank]] (1888–1972) went into partnership with Boot and they transformed the estate into a film studio. Boot based designs for the studio complex on the latest ideas being employed by film studios in [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]], California. Boot named the new studio Pinewood because "of the number of trees which grow there and because it seemed to suggest something of the American film centre in its second syllable". Construction began in December of that year, with a new stage completed every three weeks. The studios were finished nine months later, having cost £1 million (approx. £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK|1000000|1936}}}} at {{Inflation-year|UK-GDP}} prices). Five stages were initially completed and there was provision for an enclosed water tank capable of holding {{convert|65,000|impgal|L}}, which is still in use. In the years that followed, he also undertook further work on both the Pinewood Film Studios and the [[Denham Film Studios]], both of which had by then become a part of the newly-formed [[Rank Organisation]].

On 30 September 1936, the studio complex was officially opened<ref>Patricia Warren ''British Film Studios: An Illustrated History'', London: B.T. Batsford, 2001, p.119</ref> by Dr [[Leslie Burgin]], [[Parliamentary Secretary]] to the [[Board of Trade]]. The first film director to use the facilities was [[Herbert Wilcox]], completing ''[[London Melody]]'' (1937) featuring [[Anna Neagle]] (his wife), portions of which had already been filmed at [[British and Dominions Imperial Studios]] in Elstree, before a fire there halted production. The first film to be made entirely at Pinewood was ''[[Talk of the Devil]]'' (1936), directed by [[Carol Reed]].

There followed a prolific period of Pinewood and British film history, with Pinewood following the studios adopting the "unit system", an American industry practice. That enabled several pictures to be filmed simultaneously and, ultimately, Pinewood achieved the highest output of any studio in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britmovie.co.uk/studios/Pinewood-Studio |title=Pinewood Studio | Home of British Films |publisher=Britmovie |date=30 September 1936 |access-date=8 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317133224/http://www.britmovie.co.uk/studios/Pinewood-Studio |archive-date=17 March 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===1940s===
{{Commons category|No. 5 Army Film and Photographic Unit}}
During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Pinewood was requisitioned, and the [[Crown Film Unit]], No. 5 [[Army Film and Photographic Unit]], [[Royal Air Force Film Production Unit]], and Polish Air Force Film Unit were based there. The Crown Film Unit completed many classic wartime documentaries, and [[Roy Boulting]]'s ''[[Desert Victory]]'', [[Humphrey Jennings]]' ''[[Fires Were Started]]'', ''[[Coastal Command (film)|Coastal Command]]'' and [[Pat Jackson]]'s ''[[Western Approaches (film)|Western Approaches]]'' (all 1943) were filmed there during that period. As well as its use by the armed forces, the [[Royal Mint]] and [[Lloyd's of London]] were installed on sound stages at Pinewood, and were open for business for the duration of the war.

[[The Company of Youth]], the Rank Organisation acting school, which launched several film careers, was founded in 1945. The next year, Pinewood re-opened for (non-war-related) business.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Two significant films produced at Pinewood were released within two months of each other in 1948: ''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'', directed by [[David Lean]], and [[Powell and Pressburger]]'s ''[[The Red Shoes (1948 film)|The Red Shoes]]''. Due to a shortfall in funds, brought about by financial overspends the previous year, Rank did not have enough money to market ''The Red Shoes'' sufficiently at first in the US, but it became Rank's biggest earner up to that point, grossing over £1 million by 1951 (the equivalent of £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|1000000|1951}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK-GDP}} terms).<ref name="Wood">{{cite web |last=Wood |first=Alan |date= 23 February 1952 | title=The Inside Story of Mr. Rank | work=Everybody's Weekly | url=http://www.powell-pressburger.org/Reviews/Rank/Everybodys.html | access-date=1 January 2008}}</ref>

In the same year, [[John Davis (British businessman)|John Davis]] was appointed managing director.<ref name="Clement">John Clement [https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sir-john-davis-1482174.html Obituary: Sir John Davis], ''The Independent'', 1 July 1993</ref> By the following year, [[Rank Organisation|Rank]] had run up an overdraft of £16 million<ref name="Warren">Patricia Warren ''British Fiklm Studios: An Illusrtrated History'', London: B. T. Batsford, 2001, p.120</ref> (the equivalent of £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|16000000|1949}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK-GDP}}), and announced a loss of £3.5 million,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18474161 |title=Film Industry Slipping Out of the Big Money. |newspaper=[[The Sunday Herald (Sydney)|The Sunday Herald]] |location=Sydney |date=1 January 1950 |access-date=7 July 2012 |page=7 Supplement: Features |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref> mainly due to big budget flops. One of the largest of these had been ''[[Caesar and Cleopatra (film)|Caesar and Cleopatra]]'' (1945), which was originally budgeted at £250,000, but which eventually cost £1,278,000 (the equivalent of £{{Format price|{{Inflation|UK-GDP|1278000|1945}}}} in {{Inflation-year|UK-GDP}}).<ref name="Wood"/>

===1950s===
The ''[[Doctor (film series)|Doctor]]'' film series, produced by [[Betty Box]] and directed by [[Ralph Thomas]], began with ''[[Doctor in the House (film)|Doctor in the House]]'' (1954), the most successful film at the box-office of its year in Great Britain. All of the ''Doctor'' films, running until 1970, were shot at Pinewood. The [[Carry On (franchise)|''Carry On'' franchise]] began in 1958, produced on behalf of Rank by [[Peter Rogers]] (who was married to Box), and directed by [[Gerald Thomas]] (brother of Ralph). The [[Norman Wisdom]] comedies, the last of which was released in 1966, were also filmed at the facility.<ref name="GuardianObit">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/05/sir-norman-wisdom-obituary|title=Sir Norman Wisdom obituary|date=5 October 2010|access-date=6 October 2010|work=The Guardian | location=London | first=Stephen | last=Dixon}}</ref>

===1960s===
[[File:Goldfinger Avenue at Pinewood Studios.png|thumb|right|400px|Goldfinger Avenue]]
During the 1960s, Pinewood was no longer solely dependent on the Rank Organisation to fill its stages. "Renters" (producers hiring the sound stages for a film-by-film agreement) were using half of the stages as Pinewood turned into a [[four walls (filmmaking)|four walls]] facility.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bloom Walden |first=Kiri |title=British Film Studios |publisher=Shire Publications |year=2013 |pages=47–48}}</ref> The [[James Bond in film|James Bond]] franchise began at Pinewood with [[Terence Young (director)|Terence Young]] directing ''[[Dr. No (film)|Dr. No]]'' (1962), and has continued to be based at the studios since then.

J. Arthur Rank (by then Lord Rank) retired as chairman in 1962 and was succeeded by John Davis, who had begun to move the Rank Organisation away from mass film production and towards more profitable and less risky businesses such as bingo and holidays.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

===1970s===
During the 1970s, Pinewood studios were being used more for television programmes, including [[ITC Entertainment]]'s ''[[UFO (British TV series)|UFO]]'' (1970), ''[[The Persuaders!]]'' (1971), starring [[Tony Curtis]] and [[Roger Moore]], and ''[[Space: 1999]]'' (1975–1977). Major films shot at Pinewood included ''[[Fiddler on the Roof (film)|Fiddler on the Roof]]'' (1971), ''[[Sleuth (1972 film)|Sleuth]]'' (1972), ''[[The Day of the Jackal (film)|The Day of the Jackal]]'' (1973), ''[[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]]'' (1978) and ''[[Superman II]]'' (1980), ''[[Alien (1979 film)|Alien]]'' (1979) and ''[[Bugsy Malone]]'' (1976), and the James Bond films ''[[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]]'' (1971), ''[[Live and Let Die (film)|Live and Let Die]]'' (1973), ''[[The Man with the Golden Gun (film)|The Man with the Golden Gun]]'' (1974), and ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' (1977).

===1980s===
Four [[List of James Bond films|James Bond]] movies, ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'' (1981), ''[[Octopussy]]'' (1983), ''[[A View to a Kill]]'' (1985), and ''[[The Living Daylights]]'' (1987), among several other large productions, such as ''[[Pink Floyd – The Wall]]'' (1982), ''[[Superman III]]'' (1983), ''[[Krull (film)|Krull]]'' (1983), ''[[Legend (1985 film)|Legend]]'' (1985), ''[[Aliens (1986 film)|Aliens]]'' (1986), [[Stanley Kubrick]]'s ''[[Full Metal Jacket]]'' (1987), ''[[Santa Claus: The Movie]]'' (1985) and [[Tim Burton]]'s ''[[Batman (1989 film)|Batman]]'' (1989), were all produced at Pinewood.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pinewood Group Credits |url=https://pinewoodgroup.com/pinewood-today/credits?studioid=1598&year=1980 |access-date=14 January 2024}}</ref><ref>https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/122278330?</ref>

===1990s===
The 1990s saw large-scale productions, such as ''[[Alien 3]]'' (1992), ''[[Tomorrow Never Dies]]'' (1997), and ''[[The World Is Not Enough]]'' (1999) produced at the studios which kept Pinewood operating.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

===2000s===
[[The Rank Group]] owned the studio until 2001, when it sold Pinewood for £62 million to a group led by [[Michael Grade]] and Ivan Dunleavy and financed by private equity group [[3i]], who held an 80% stake.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=28 February 2000|title=Grade grabs Pinewood for $99 mil|last=Dawtrey|first=Adam|page=31}}</ref> The purchase of [[Shepperton Studios]] from a consortium headed by [[Ridley Scott|Ridley]] and [[Tony Scott]], gave rise to the [[Pinewood Group]], eventually comprising Pinewood Studios, Shepperton Studios, [[Teddington Studios]], [[Pinewood Toronto Studios]], [[Pinewood Indomina Studios]], Pinewood Studio Berlin, [[Iskandar Malaysia Studios|Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios]], and a joint venture in the US with [[Trilith Studios|Pinewood Atlanta Studios]].<ref name=heritage>{{cite web |title=Our Heritage |url=https://www.pinewoodgroup.com/pinewood-today/our-heritage |website=Pinewood |access-date=2020-03-03}}</ref>

In 2009, Pinewood and Shepperton received a [[British Academy of Film and Television Arts|BAFTA]] Award for their Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema.<ref>{{cite news | title = Bafta honour for Pinewood studios |work=BBC News| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7873037.stm| access-date =23 September 2011| date=5 February 2009}}</ref>

===2010s===
The Pinewood Studios Group was subject to a hostile takeover approach in 2011. Manchester-based [[The Peel Group]] acquired a 73% stake, but [[Warren James Jewellers]] retained a 27% stake, so preventing a full takeover. In 2012 [[Financial Services Authority (United Kingdom)|Financial Services Authority]] considered cancelling the stock market listing because nearly all the shares are held by two groups.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Peel takeover cost Pinewood £2.4m |url=http://www.how-do.co.uk/north-west-media-news/other-media/peel-takeover-cost-pinewood-%C2%A32.4m-20120229100956657 |work=How Do |date=29 February 2012 |access-date=18 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120608232738/http://www.how-do.co.uk/north-west-media-news/other-media/peel-takeover-cost-pinewood-%C2%A32.4m-20120229100956657 |archive-date=8 June 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In June 2016, five new stages and 10 new workshops were opened at Pinewood.<ref name=heritage/>

In 2019, the [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]] announced a 10-year lease of most of the Pinewood Studios in September 2019, to start in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chu |first1=Henry |title=Disney Inks Long-Term Deal to Occupy Most of Pinewood Studios |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/disney-long-term-deal-occupy-pinewood-studios-1203327788/ |access-date=September 9, 2019 |work=Variety |date=September 8, 2019}}</ref>

===2020s===

In 2025, [[Marvel Studios]] moved their main production servers and offices to Pinewood Studios, starting predominantly with the productions of [[Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Six|Phase Six]] films ''[[The Fantastic Four: First Steps]]'', ''[[Spider-Man: Brand New Day]]'', co-produced with [[Columbia Pictures|Sony]], and ''[[Avengers: Doomsday]]'' and ''[[Avengers: Secret Wars]]'', as well as the show ''[[VisionQuest]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Marvel: Kevin Feige on Marvel Studios’ Future, Focusing on Lower Budgets, Less TV and More Robert Downey Jr.: ‘Look at “Superman,” It’s Clearly Not Superhero Fatigue’ |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/marvel-kevin-feige-robert-downey-jr-miles-morales-1236465488/ |access-date=July 20, 2025 |work=Variety |date=August 7, 2025}}</ref>

== Stages, studios and locations ==
[[File:007 Stage.JPG|thumb|right|The 007 stage at Pinewood Studios in March 2006, before the July fire and rebuilding]]
{{main|007 Stage}}
The 007 Stage was originally built for the Bond film ''[[The Spy Who Loved Me (film)|The Spy Who Loved Me]]'' (1977); it had one of the largest water tanks in Europe.<ref>{{Cite book |last= Frayling |first= Christopher |year= 2005 |title= Ken Adam and the Art of Production Design |publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers]] |location= London/New York City |isbn= 978-0-571-22057-1 |page= [https://archive.org/details/kenadamartofprod00fray/page/179 179] |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/kenadamartofprod00fray/page/179 }}</ref> The stage was destroyed by fire in 1984; it was rebuilt four months later and renamed [[Albert R. Broccoli]]'s 007 Stage in time to film ''[[A View to a Kill]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://commanderbond.net/article/2792 |title=This month in Bond History |access-date=8 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231016/http://commanderbond.net/article/2792 |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref> Another fire on 30 July 2006 seriously damaged the stage, causing the roof to partly collapse.<ref name="bbc20060730">{{cite news | title = Fire wrecks James Bond film stage|work=BBC News|date= 30 July 2006| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5228794.stm| access-date =30 July 2006}}</ref><ref name="rebuilt">{{cite news | title = Bond film stage 'will be rebuilt'|work=BBC News|date= 31 July 2006| url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5231392.stm| access-date =31 July 2006}}</ref> Construction of a new stage began on 18 September and was completed in under six months.<ref>{{cite news| title = 007 Stage construction completed| publisher = Pinewood Studios| url = http://www.007stage.com| access-date = 10 April 2007| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110930160508/http://www.007stage.com/| archive-date = 30 September 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> Since then, the stage has accommodated large productions including ''[[Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time (film)|Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time]]'' (2010), ''[[Quantum of Solace]]'' (2008). The whole fishing village from ''[[Mamma Mia! (film)|Mamma Mia!]]'' (2008) was built on the stage.

As well as the 007 Stage, which is the largest stage at any of the studios under The Pinewood Studios Group at {{Convert|5500|m2|0|abbr=on}}, the studio has fifteen other stages ranging from just {{Convert|160|m2|0|abbr=on}}, to cater for productions of all sizes. One of those studios, the T Stage, is a specialist stage for both television and film productions and the Studios second largest stage at {{Convert|2800|m2|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web| title = PLANS FOR A NEW 30,000 SQ FT STAGE AT PINEWOOD STUDIOS| publisher = The Pinewood Studios Group| url = http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/about-us/news/plans-new-30000-sq-ft-stage-pinewood-studios| access-date = 23 September 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127112053/http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/about-us/news/plans-new-30000-sq-ft-stage-pinewood-studios| archive-date = 27 November 2011| url-status = dead| df = dmy-all}}</ref>

Pinewood Studios paid tribute to [[Richard Attenborough]]'s body of work by naming a purpose-built film and television stage after him. The Richard Attenborough Stage has an area of {{Convert|2800|m2|0|abbr=on}}. In his absence because of illness, [[David Puttnam|Lord Puttnam]] and Pinewood chairman [[Michael Grade|Lord Grade]] officially unveiled the stage on 23 April 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/news/richard-attenborough-stage-opens-business-pinewood-studios |title=The Richard Attenborough Stage opens for business at Pinewood Studios |publisher=pinewoodgroup.com |date=23 April 2012 |access-date=23 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428085611/http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/news/richard-attenborough-stage-opens-business-pinewood-studios |archive-date=28 April 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Opposite it is a post-production block named in honour of [[Stanley Kubrick]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/pinewood-studios/pinewood-studios-map|title=Pinewood Studios Map|work=pinewoodgroup.com}}</ref>

The studio also has two specialist TV studios, TV One and TV Two, complete with galleries, TV studio floors, TV lighting grids and SD or HD facilities. Both studios stand at just under {{Convert|835|m2|0|abbr=on}}.

Pinewood sits on the old estate of [[Heatherden Hall]]. The mansion, its gardens, and other parts of the studios have been used in various productions over the years. ''[[Peeping Tom (1960 film)|Peeping Tom]]'' (1960) shows people driving out through the main gate and has various shots in the studios (showing things behind the camera), offices and corridors.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} ''[[The Edge of the World|Return to the Edge of the World]]'' (1978) includes shots of director [[Michael Powell]] driving into the studio.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} The main gate (no longer used due to the construction of a purpose-built security entrance {{Convert|500|m|abbr=on}} further along the road) also features in ''[[My Week with Marilyn]]'' (2011) when [[Eddie Redmayne]] greets [[Judi Dench]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}} This film also contains many shots of the dressing-room corridors in the main make-up block. Heatherden Hall (converted to production offices) has appeared in several films: it was made to look fire-damaged and derelict for the children's film ''[[The Amazing Mr Blunden]]'' (1972) and also appeared as the Indian residence of Governor Sir Sidney Ruff-Diamond in ''[[Carry On Up the Khyber]]'' (1969).{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

The studios have acres of backlots where large sets have been built, from castles to whole villages including the Baker Street set built for Billy Wilder's ''[[The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes]]'' and Godric's Hollow from the [[Harry Potter (film series)|''Harry Potter'' film series]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

===Burnham Beeches and Black Park===
The proximity of the ancient woodland [[Burnham Beeches]] and [[Black Park]] to Pinewood (as well as to [[Shepperton Studios|Shepperton]] and [[Bray Studios (UK)|Bray]] studios) made Burnham Beeches a desirable filming location for productions being filmed at Pinewood. Burnham Beeches was used for ''[[Robin Hood Prince of Thieves]]'', ''[[First Knight]]'', ''[[Goldfinger (film)|Goldfinger]]'', ''[[The Princess Bride (film)|The Princess Bride]]'' and ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]], [[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]'' at Black Park.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

===Former===
====Pinewood Atlanta Studios====
{{main|Trilith Studios}}

The studios announced in April 2013 that its first film production facility in the United States would be located south of [[Atlanta]] at a complex consisting of {{convert|280|ha|abbr=on}} in [[Fayette County, Georgia]]. Pinewood Atlanta is a joint venture between Pinewood and River's Rock LLC, an independently managed trust of the [[S. Truett Cathy|Cathy family]], founders of the [[Chick-fil-A]] fast-food chain.<ref name="atlanta">B. Goldsmith and David Beasley '''''(29 April 2013)'''. James Bond's UK film studio launches mission to the U.S.'' [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pinewood-usa-idUSBRE93S0NJ20130429 Reuters] </ref>

In August 2019, Pinewood sold their shares in the Atlanta location.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/pinewood-sells-stake-atlanta-studios-1233510/|title=Pinewood Sells Stake in Atlanta Studios|first1=Georg|last1=Szalai|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=21 August 2019}}</ref> The studio officially ended its relationship with the location in October 2020 with the renaming of the studio to Trilith.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2020/10/pinewood-atlanta-rebrands-trilith-completes-separation-from-uk-expands-studio-adjacent-planned-community-1234592816/|title=Pinewood Atlanta Rebrands As 'Trilith', Completes Separation From UK, Expands Studio & Adjacent Planned Community|first1=Jill|last1=Goldsmith|date=7 October 2020}}</ref>

====Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios====
[[Iskandar Malaysia Studios|Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios]] is a studio complex located at a {{Convert|20|ha|abbr=on}} site in [[Iskandar Puteri]], Johor, managed by The Pinewood Studios Group. It targets the Asia-Pacific region. Pinewood Shepperton plc entered into a strategic agreement with [[Khazanah Nasional Berhad]], the investment holding arm of the Government of Malaysia in connection with the development of a new film and television studio facility in [[Iskandar Malaysia]].{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Construction began towards the end of 2010, with completion expected by the end of 2012. The facilities being built as part of the studio complex include {{Convert|9300|m2|abbr=on}} of film stages, ranging from {{Convert|1400|m2|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|2800|m2|abbr=on}}. The first two at {{Convert|1400|m2|abbr=on}} while the other two at {{Convert|1900|m2|abbr=on}}. The biggest stage at {{Convert|2800|m2|abbr=on}} will have a water tank for productions that require work on or under water.<ref name="star">{{cite news|title=Johor set to become Malaysia's movie capital|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/9/17/nation/20120917151335&sec=nation|access-date=17 September 2012|newspaper=thestar.com.my|date=17 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918174116/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/9/17/nation/20120917151335&sec=nation|archive-date=18 September 2012}}</ref> There are 2 TV studios, each at {{Convert|1100|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="star" />

In July 2019, Pinewood Iskandar Malaysia Studios was rebranded to Iskandar Malaysia Studios and the affiliation with Pinewood Shepperton plc ended.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/pinewood-group-exits-iskandar-malaysia-studios-1203264550/|title=Pinewood Pulls Out of Iskandar Malaysia Studios Partnership|first1=Stewart|last1=Clarke|date=11 July 2019}}</ref>

=== Water filming ===
{{main|Underwater Stage}}
Pinewood's water filming facilities include the [[Underwater Stage]], and an Exterior Tank backed with a green screen measuring {{convert|73|×|18|m|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Water |url=https://www.pinewoodgroup.com/studios/pinewood-studios/stages-facilities/water |publisher=Pinewood Studios |access-date=19 July 2018}}</ref>

== Project Pinewood ==
In November 2007, Pinewood announced a £200m expansion plan, known as Project Pinewood.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/7097093.stm|title=Pinewood studios plan expansion|publisher=BBC | date=15 November 2007}}</ref> It would have included replicas of streetscapes and zones replicating locations from the UK, Europe and the United States. Planned zones included a college campus, Amsterdam, modern European housing, Venice, Lake Como, Paris, an amphitheatre, Prague, west coast American housing, warehousing and downtown New York sets, Chicago, Vienna, a castle, a UK canal, Chinatown and a London street market.<ref name="Pinewoodpr">{{cite web|url=http://www.projectpinewood.com/material/pw_map.pdf|title=Project Pinewood press release|date=3 April 2008|access-date=23 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080910161020/http://www.projectpinewood.com/material/pw_map.pdf|archive-date=10 September 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In addition, it would have also been used as residential housing, with the proposed creative community, expected to be in the region of 2000 and 2250, being integrated with the film locations.<ref name="Pinewoodpr"/> Following consultations with the local community, the plans changed to reflect the community's opinions and suggestions. However, the planning application was rejected by South Bucks District Council in October 2009, following a opposition campaign by local residents, who formed a "Stop Project Pinewood" group.{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}

Pinewood appealed against the decision and a public inquiry commenced on 5 April 2011<ref>{{cite news| title = Project Pinewood Newsletter| publisher = The Pinewood Studios Group| url = http://www.projectpinewood.com/pdf/PinewoodNewsletterMarch11.pdf| access-date = 23 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and on 20 January 2012, it was announced that the appeal had been turned down.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bucksfreepress.co.uk/news/9484615.__200m_Project_Pinewood_plan_refused_by_Government/?ref=rss |title=£200m Project Pinewood plan refused by Government (From Bucks Free Press) |publisher=Bucksfreepress.co.uk |date=20 January 2012 |access-date=8 February 2013}}</ref> On 15 May 2013, local councillors in South Buckinghamshire rejected a pared down version of the expansion plans. The chief executive of the studios, Ivan Dunleavy, said he expected to appeal against the latest decision to the Secretary of State, [[Eric Pickles]], who rejected the previous application, a year earlier.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pinewood Expansion Dashed Again |url=http://ukscreen.com/news/pinewood-expansion-hopes-dashed-again/ |publisher=UKscreen.com |date=15 May 2013 |access-date=15 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306145736/http://ukscreen.com/news/pinewood-expansion-hopes-dashed-again/ |archive-date=6 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 19 June 2014 it was reported that Pinewood Studios had received approval to go ahead with the multimillion-pound expansion plans which would see it rival Hollywood film sets.<ref>{{cite news | title = Pinewood Studios wins permission to double in size despite strong opposition | work = The Guardian | url = https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/19/pinewood-studios-permission-double-opposition-planners | access-date = 23 November 2014}}</ref>

==Enter the Pitch==
Pinewood Studios is one of the sponsors for the short film competition "Enter the Pitch," also known as the Pitch, which launched in 2009. The Pitch is an online short film pitching competition that invites film makers to submit a project that takes inspiration from any story, character, or theme in the [[Bible]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Enter the Pitch (press release)|url=http://film.britishcouncil.org/industry-news/current-news/july-20121/enter-the-pitch|publisher=BCF|access-date=14 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151007112317/http://film.britishcouncil.org/industry-news/current-news/july-20121/enter-the-pitch |archive-date=7 October 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The top ten finalists are invited to Pinewood Studios, where they pitch their film to a panel of industry professionals. The person giving the best pitch wins an apprenticeship with industry professionals and is mentored on how to turn their pitch into a short film.

The inaugural Pitch winner was Simeon Lumgair's ''Derelict'' (2009);<ref>{{cite web |title=The Pitch 2009: Winner |website=enterthepitch.com |url=https://www.enterthepitch.com/the-fund/past-funds/2009/ |access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref> the most recent {{as of|2020|lc=1}} was Oneikeh Campbell's ''Five Thousand Stars'' (2020).<ref>{{cite web |title=Oneikeh Campbell wins the Pitch 2020 fund |website=enterthepitch.com |url=https://www.enterthepitch.com/resources/community-news/2020-winner/ |access-date=2021-04-11}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of productions filmed at Pinewood Group facilities]]
*[[Pinewood Group]]
*[[Shepperton Studios]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth= 30em}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last=Perry|first=George|title=Movies from the Mansion: A History of Pinewood Studios|publisher=Elm Tree Books|location=London|year=1976|isbn=0-241-10799-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Owen|first=Gareth|title=The Pinewood Story|publisher=Reynolds & Hearn|location=Richmond|year=2006|isbn=978-1-905287-27-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Bright|first=Morris|title=Pinewood Studios: 70 Years of Fabulous Filmmaking|publisher=Carroll & Brown|location=London|year=2007|isbn=978-1-904760-63-4}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/our-studios/uk/pinewood-studios Pinewood Studios]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110128192441/http://projectpinewood.com/ Project Pinewood]
*{{Screenonline name|id=479433|name=Pinewood Studios}}
*[https://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=51%C2%B032%2747.65%22N+0%C2%B031%2758.95%22W&om=0&ie=UTF8&z=16&ll=51.547803,-0.534575&spn=0.008206,0.025771&t=h Pinewood Studios] at [[Google Maps]]

{{The Pinewood Studios Group}}
{{Cinema of the United Kingdom}}
{{BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:British film studios]]
[[Category:Film production companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Films shot at Pinewood Studios]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Buckinghamshire]]
[[Category:Television studios in England]]
[[Category:Television production companies of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in England]]
[[Category:BAFTA Outstanding British Contribution to Cinema Award]]

Somany Ceramics

2026-03-12T14:11:39Z

Blackandwhitelegal: creating the info and citations - done

{{Short description|Indian company that manufactures ceramic tiles and allied products}}
'''Somany Ceramics''' is an Indian company that manufactures [[ceramic tiles]] and allied products.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-03-12 |title=SOMANY Ceramics launches SOMANY MAX Glazed Vitrified Tiles Collection |url=https://www.apnnews.com/somany-ceramics-launches-somany-max-glazed-vitrified-tiles-collection/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=APN News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Somany Ceramics eyes pan India expansion of sanitaryware biz |url=http://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/allied-industries/somany-ceramics-eyes-pan-india-expansion-of-sanitaryware-biz/58513480 |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=ET RealEstate ETRealty.com}}</ref>

== History ==
The company was founded in 1968 as Somany Pilkington's Ltd (SPL) by Shri H L Somany and later renamed to Somany Ceramics in 1971 after the family purchased PTP's stake in SPL.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Company Overview |url=https://www.somanyceramics.com/about-us|access-date=2024-07-27 |website=somanyceramics.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-11 |title=Buy Somany Ceramics, target price Rs 850: JM Financial |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/recos/buy-somany-ceramics-target-price-rs-850-jm-financial/articleshow/99398979.cms |access-date=2024-07-27 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rating Rationale |url=https://www.crisil.com/mnt/winshare/Ratings/RatingList/RatingDocs/SomanyCeramicsLimited_December%2022,%202023_RR_334098.html#:~:text=SCL%20was%20incorporated%20in%201968,changed%20to%20the%20current%20one. |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=crisil.com}}</ref> Its first production unit was set up in Kassar, [[Haryana]] and commenced production in 1971.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-21 |title=Somany Ceramics augments captive power generation capacity at its Kassar plant |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/somany-ceramics-augments-captive-power-generation-capacity-at-its-kassar-plant-109111200120_1.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Somany Ceramics Summary: Latest Updates and Details |url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/company/somany-ceramics-ltd/summary |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=India Infoline}}</ref> In 1981, the company established its second plant in [[Kadi, Gujarat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-10-10 |title=Somany Ceramics to invest Rs 70 cr on capex |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/somany-ceramics-to-invest-rs-70-cr-on-capex/article23052927.ece |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=BusinessLine}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-01-21 |title=Somany Ceramics annual profit jumps by 134% |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/press-releases/somany-ceramics-annual-profit-jumps-by-134-110051700090_1.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> In 1995, Somany Ceramics was listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somany Ceramics Share Price Today: Live NSE/BSE Somany Ceramics Stock Price, Performance, Financials, Returns, Share Holdings |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/somany-ceramics-ltd-share-price/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref>

In 2019, the company announced bollywood actor [[Salman Khan]] as its brand ambassador.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-12 |title=SOMANY extends its association with Salman Khan for another 2 years |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/advertising/somany-extends-its-association-with-salman-khan-for-another-2-years |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=afaqs! |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Somany ceramics launches new TVC campaign with brand ambassador Salman Khan |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/marketing/somany-ceramics-launches-new-tvc-campaign-with-brand-ambassador-salman-khan/70857912 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2020, the company forayed into water heater segment.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somany Ceramics forays into water heater segment |url=https://hospitality.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/operations/bathroom-design/somany-ceramics-forays-into-water-heater-segment/74476639 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=ETHospitalityWorld.com |language=en}}</ref> In February 2023, Somany Ceramics collaborated with Murarka Group to setup a manufacturing facility in [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-23 |title=Somany Ceramics gains on joint venture for tile-making facility in Nepal |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/somany-ceramics-gains-on-joint-venture-for-tile-making-facility-in-nepal-11241061.html |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=Money Control}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Somany Ceramics to invest Rs 62.5 crore to set up manufacturing facility in Nepal |url=https://realty.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/allied-industries/somany-ceramics-to-invest-rs-62-5-crore-to-set-up-manufacturing-facility-in-nepal/97737358 |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=ETRealty.com |language=en}}</ref> The current CEO of the company is Abhishek Somany.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Law |first=Abhishek |date=2023-06-16 |title=Somany Ceramics capacity addition on track across 11 plants |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/somany-ceramics-capacity-addition-on-track-across-11-plants/article66975685.ece |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> Currently, the company has a manufacturing capacity of 75 million sq-mtr annually and exports to over 80 countries across 6 continents.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-16 |title=Somany Ceramics expands presence with Grande Store launch in Hissar |work=Construction Week India |url=https://www.constructionweekonline.in/business/somany-ceramics-expands-presence-with-grande-store-launch-in-hissar#:~:text=With%20a%20manufacturing%20capacity%20of,and%20sub-dealers%20across%20India. |access-date=2024-09-19 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Research and development ==
In 1996, the company was recognized by the [[Government of India]] for its [[research and development]] department.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-09 |title=Somany?s tile variant gets first patent |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/somanys-tile-variant-gets-first-patent/486824/ |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The Financial Express}}</ref> In 1998, it became the first tile company to receive ISO 9002 certification before receiving ISO 14001 certification in 1999 for environment-friendly facilities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-16 |title=Anti-bacterial tiles from Somany |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2011/Jan/01/anti-bacterial-tiles-from-somany-215571.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-26 |title=Somany Design Studio Drives into Lucknow to Showcase the Best of the Tiles and Sanitaryware from the Brand |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/wire-news/somany-design-studio-drives-into-lucknow-to-showcasebestthe-tilessanitaryware-frombrand-953703.html |access-date=2024-07-27 |website=Money Control}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Improve categories|date=August 2024}}
[[Category:Ceramics manufacturers of India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1968]]

{{India-company-stub}}

Maythil Radhakrishnan

2026-03-09T09:17:29Z

Blackandwhitelegal: updated

{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1944)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Maythil Radhakrishnan
| image = Maythil Radhakrishnan.JPG
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|07|24}}
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India<ref>{{Cite web |title=മേതിൽ=മേതിൽ: ചിന്തയിൽ രൂപകങ്ങളുടെ മഹാസമുദ്രത്തെ വഹിക്കുന്ന എഴുത്തുകാരൻ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/2023/12/02/book-bum-column-by-unni-r-about-maythil-radhakrishnan-and-his-works.html |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=മേതിൽ=മേതിൽ: ചിന്തയിൽ രൂപകങ്ങളുടെ മഹാസമുദ്രത്തെ വഹിക്കുന്ന എഴുത്തുകാരൻ |language=ml}}</ref>
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Writer
| language = Malayalam and English
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| citizenship =
| education = [[University of Kerala]]
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre = {{Unbulleted_list|Poetry|Fiction|Non fiction}}
| subject = 
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Methil Devika]] (niece)
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active = 1970{{endash}}present
| module =
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| portaldisp = 
}}

'''Maythil Radhakrishnan''' aka '''Rad Maythil''' is an all-rounder in [[Malayalam literature]],<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/10/01/stories/2006100100140400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010112441/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/10/01/stories/2006100100140400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 October 2006|title=Literary sojourns|last=Torcato|first=Ronita|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2006-10-01|accessdate=22 September 2011}}</ref> who writes [[poetry]] and [[fiction]] as well as [[non-fiction]]. He was chosen for the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] for Overall Contributions in 2016 which he refused.

== Biography ==
Maythil graduated in [[Economics]] from the [[University of Kerala]] in 1968. For the next eight years, he researched insect [[ethology]], while working as a [[freelance journalist]].

From 1976 to 1984 he worked in [[Kuwait]] for a Norwegian shipping firm as [[Electronic data processing|EDP]] Coordinator. For the next three years, he ran his own [[Computer Aided Design|computer aided design]] and drafting center in [[Coimbatore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. Since 1987, except for a four-year stint as Editor for Youth Express of [[The New Indian Express]] (then [[The Indian Express]]) group, at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and [[Chennai]], Maythil has spent his time mostly in writing; on occasions working as a freelance journalist, [[wikt:Special:Search/quizmaster|quizmaster]] and a [[web developer]].

He writes popular columns in The Sunday Express (''Zebra Crossing'', now available online as a social network created by the author) and in [[Madhyamam weekly|Madhyamam Weekly]] (''Moonnu Vara'' a.k.a. ''Three Stripes'').

Presently, he lives in Thiruvananthapuram. He is a widower and has a daughter named June and a son named Julian. June died on February 13, 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Feb 13 2025 |first1=Web Desk Published |last2=Ist |first2=11:04 Pm |title=മേതില്‍ രാധാകൃഷ്ണന്റെ മകള്‍ ജൂണ്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/june-daughter-of-maythil-radhakrishnan-dies-at-47-srmu5m |access-date=2025-09-24 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml}}</ref>

==Writing==
Maythil's first novel, ''Sooryavamsam'', published in 1970, announced the arrival of a major talent in [[Malayalam literature]]. Four novels and many stories and poems later, his is still a fresh voice. His oeuvre reflects the whole gamut of unrelated experience—from computers to insects—that he had acquired. The essence of his writing is summed up by [[Satchidanandan|K. Satchidanandan]] in the following words:
<blockquote>
There are very few in Indian fiction who can compare with this author in artistic innovation, intellectual subtlety and original perception of things and of life. The three novellas here represent all that is newest in Indian fiction.<ref>Satchidanandan, Prof. K: Introduction to The Love Song of Alfred Hitchcock, Maythil Radhakrishnan Translated by V. C. Harris</ref>
</blockquote>

Maythil was awarded the 2015 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Overall Contributions|annual award]] for his contributions to Malayalam literature by [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] in 2016<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/kerala-sahitya-academy-awards-announced|title=Kerala Sahitya Academy Awards Announced - Trivandrum News|website=Yentha|language=en|access-date=10 July 2018|archive-date=10 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180710041648/http://www.yentha.com/news/view/1/kerala-sahitya-academy-awards-announced|url-status=dead}}</ref> which he refused, citing his distrust in academies.<ref name="പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ നിരസിക്കപ്പെടുമ്പോൾ">{{Cite journal |date=1 March 2016 |title=പുരസ്കാരങ്ങൾ നിരസിക്കപ്പെടുമ്പോൾ |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/literature/literaryworld/methil-radhakrishnan-rejects-honour.html |journal=Manorama Online}}</ref> He received [[Mathrubhumi Literary Award]] for the year 2025.<ref name="Renowned writer Methil Radhakrishnan has been awarded the 2025 Mathrubhumi Literary Award">{{Cite web |date=March 5, 2026 |title=Renowned writer Methil Radhakrishnan has been awarded the 2025 Mathrubhumi Literary Award |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/methil-radhakrishnan-wins-2025-mathrubhumi-literary-award-v6fvrnpw |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=@mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==

===Novels===
*Sooryavamsam (Sun Dynasty), novel, 1970
*Bra, novel, 1974
*Chuvanna Vidooshakarute Anchampathi (Fifth Column of the Red Jesters), novel, 1974
*Hitchcockinte Itapetal (Hitchcock's Intervention), novel, 1994
*Laingikathayekkurichu Oru Upanyasam (An Essay on Sexuality), novel, 1995

===Poetry===
*Penguin, poems, 1973
*Bhoomiyeyum Maranatheyum Kurichu (Of The Earth and Death), poems, 1991

===Short fiction===
*Naayakanmaar Shavapetakangalil (Heroes in Coffins), Short stories, 1994
*Dylan Thomasinte Panth, (The Ball of Dylan Thomas) Short stories, 1994
*Sangeetham Oru Samayakalayaanu (Music Is A Time-art), Short stories, 1995
*Sooryamalsyathe vivarikkal(Describing the Sunfish), Novella, 2017

===Collected works in English===
*The Love Song of Alfred Hitchcock, 2004
(Translated by VC Harris)

===Collected works in Malayalam===
*Maythil Kathakal, Published by Mathrubhumi Books, 2013
*Maythil Radhakrishnan - Pratikathakal: Vimatam, Published by DC Books, 2003

===Non-fiction (Science)===
*Romam (Hair), 1981
*Daivam, Manushyan, Yanthram (God, Man and Machine) 2001

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Cite journal |date=2017-08-15 |title=ഇന്ത്യയെ വീണ്ടും വിഭജിക്കേണ്ടി വരുമോ?|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/interview/interview-with-methil-radhakrishnan-malayalam-news-1.909952 |journal=Mathrubhumi}}
* {{Cite interview |last=Radhakrishnan |interviewer=Shabitha Saj |title=എന്റെ ജീവിതം കൊണ്ട് എനിക്ക് ഒരു ഉപകാരവുമുണ്ടായിട്ടില്ല |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5qB0Wf1Cwqw |date=March 9, 2026}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Radhakrishnan, Maythil}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Palakkad]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Poets from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian popular science writers]]

Vivek Borkar

2026-03-08T19:41:10Z

Blackandwhitelegal: creating some stub w/ refs - done

{{short description|Indian electrical engineer and mathematician (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Vivek Borkar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1954|9|19}}
| birth_place = [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Stochastic control]] | [[Control theory|Learning control theory]] | [[Stochastic process]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Twente]] | [[TIFR Centre for Applicable Mathematics]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] | [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] | [[IIT Bombay]]}}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Bombay]] | [[Case Western Reserve University]] | [[University of California, Berkeley]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist| [[Pravin Varaiya]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Introducing analytical paradigm in stochastic optimal control processes
| awards = {{ublist|1982 [[IEEE Control Systems Society|IEEE CSS]] Best Transactions Paper Award | 1992 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2000 IIT Mumbai Distinguished Alumnus Award | 2008 [[Indian National Science Academy|INSA]] P. C. Mahalanobis Medal | 2008 Value Tools Best paper award | 2009 [[TWAS Prize]] | 2009 IFIP Wireless Days Best Paper Award }}
}}
'''Vivek Shripad Borkar''' (born 1954) is an Indian electrical engineer, mathematician and an Institute chair professor at the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai]].<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/web/faculty/homepage/borkar |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Mumbai |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202013342/https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/web/faculty/homepage/borkar |url-status=live }}</ref> He is known for introducing analytical paradigm in stochastic optimal control processes<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=412 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062441/http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=412 |url-status=live }}</ref> and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Borkar,_Dr_Vivek_Shripad |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202052536/http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Borkar,_Dr_Vivek_Shripad |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N97-1210 |title=Indian fellow |date=2017-11-08 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=2017-11-08 |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305005657/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N97-1210 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=15 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315111634/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also holds elected fellowships of [[The World Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="TWAS fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/member/borkar-vivek-shripad |title=TWAS fellow |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202011918/http://twas.org/member/borkar-vivek-shripad |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]],<ref name="IEEE Fellows Directory">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ieee.org/membership/fellows/fellows-directory.html |title=IEEE Fellows Directory |date=2016 |publisher=Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |access-date=31 July 2024 |archive-date=31 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731090629/https://www.ieee.org/membership/fellows/fellows-directory.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]]<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers |access-date=25 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and the [[American Mathematical Society]].<ref name="American Mathematical Society Honors 23 Indians">{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/american-mathematical-society-honors-indians/article_68b7cbc8-b33b-51a2-b507-1f90779c28a4.html |title=American Mathematical Society Honors 23 Indians |date=18 December 2012 |publisher=India West |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024002/http://www.indiawest.com/news/global_indian/american-mathematical-society-honors-indians/article_68b7cbc8-b33b-51a2-b507-1f90779c28a4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1992.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016 | archive-date=16 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016194310/http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | url-status=live }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}} He received the [[TWAS Prize]] of the World Academy of Sciences in 2009.<ref name="TWAS Prizes">{{Cite web |url=http://twas.org/opportunity/twas-prizes |title=TWAS Prizes |date=2016 |publisher=The World Academy of Sciences |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109023408/https://twas.org/opportunity/twas-prizes |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Tifr main.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
Vivek S. Borkar, born on 19 September 1954 in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]], graduated in electrical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay]] in 1976 and moved to the US where he pursued his master's studies in systems and control engineering at [[Case Western Reserve University]] to obtain an MS degree in 1977.<ref name="Borkar on IEEE Information Theory Society">{{Cite web |url=http://www.itsoc.org/portal_memberdata/borkar |title=Borkar on IEEE Information Theory Society |date=2017 |publisher=IEEE Information Theory Society |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202064447/http://www.itsoc.org/portal_memberdata/borkar |url-status=dead }}</ref> Subsequently, he enrolled for doctoral studies at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] at the laboratory of [[Pravin Varaiya]] and secured a PhD for his thesis, ''Identification and Adaptive Control of Markov Chains'', in 1980.<ref name="Identification and Adaptive Control of Markov Chains">{{Cite web |url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=96818 |title=Identification and Adaptive Control of Markov Chains |date=2017 |publisher=North Dakota State University |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=9 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809231533/https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=96818 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After his studies at University of California, Borkar moved to the Netherlands and worked as a visiting scientist at the [[University of Twente]] for one year.<ref name="Borkar on IEEE Information Theory Society" /> On his return to India in 1981, he joined the [[TIFR Centre for Applicable Mathematics]], Bengaluru as a fellow where he stayed till his move to the [[Indian Institute of Science]] in 1989 as an assistant professor. He served IISc till 1999 and held the post of an associate professor at the time of his appointment at the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]] (TIFR) as a professor (Grade G). He held various ranks of professorship at TIFR such as grades H to I and on his superannuation in 2011 as a Distinguished Professor, he moved to his alma mater, IIT Bombay, where he holds the position of a chair professor at the School of Technology and Computer Science.<ref name="Faculty profile" />

== Legacy ==
[[File:AAMarkov.jpg|160px|thumb|[[Andrei Andreyevich Markov]], Russian mathematician known for his work on Stochastic processes]]
Borkar's researches were mainly in the fields of Stochastic control, Learning control theory and random processes and he is known to have introduced a ''new convex analytical paradigm based upon occupation measures''.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=23 January 2017 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | url-status=live }}</ref> His work is reported to have assisted in bettering the understanding of Stochastic control issues and elucidated adaptive control schemes with regard to asymptotic optimality. He has worked on Distributed computation, Multiple timescales, Approximation and learning algorithms, Multiagent problems and Small noise limits and developed a protocol which used conditional version of importance sampling for the estimation of [[Markov chain]] averages; the scheme was later confirmed by a team of scientists from [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]].<ref name="Borkar on SERB">{{Cite web |url=http://serb.gov.in/pdfs/research/Prof_Vivek_Shripad_Borkar.pdf |title=Borkar on SERB |date=2017 |publisher=Science and Engineering Research Board}}</ref> His researches have been documented in several peer-reviewed articles;<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Borkar=3AVivek_Shripad=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected articles'' section}} and [[Google Scholar]], an online article repository of scientific articles has listed 373 of them.<ref name="On Google Scholar">{{Cite web |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Km1V8WwAAAAJ |title=On Google Scholar |date=2016 |publisher=Google Scholar |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202091526/https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Km1V8WwAAAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Besides, he has published 5 books viz. ''Optimal control of diffusion processes'',<ref name="Borkar1989">{{cite book|author=Vivek S. Borkar|title=Optimal control of diffusion processes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sA-oAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical|isbn=978-0-470-21327-8}}</ref> ''Probability Theory: An Advanced Course'',<ref name="Borkar1995">{{cite book|author=Vivek S. Borkar|title=Probability Theory: An Advanced Course|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hHSzKhHDaoC|date=5 October 1995|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-94558-3}}</ref> ''Stochastic Approximation: A Dynamical Systems Viewpoint'',<ref name="Borkar2008">{{cite book|author=Vivek S. Borkar|title=Stochastic Approximation: A Dynamical Systems Viewpoint|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QLxIvgAACAAJ|date=1 September 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51592-4}}</ref> ''Hamiltonian Cycle Problem and Markov Chains''<ref name="BorkarEjov2012">{{cite book|author1=Vivek S. Borkar|author2=Vladimir Ejov|author3=Jerzy A. Filar, Giang T. Nguyen|title=Hamiltonian Cycle Problem and Markov Chains|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lj6hDyx6asUC|date=23 April 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3232-6}}</ref> and ''Ergodic Control of Diffusion Processes''.<ref name="ArapostathisBorkar2012">{{cite book|author1=Ari Arapostathis|author2=Vivek S. Borkar|author3=Mrinal K. Ghosh|title=Ergodic Control of Diffusion Processes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HrtgjvzXBVwC|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76840-5}}</ref> He has also contributed chapters to several books edited by others<ref name="Awards and talks">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/web/faculty/awards_talks/borkar |title=Awards and talks |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Mumbai |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202013345/https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/web/faculty/awards_talks/borkar |url-status=live }}</ref> and has delivered a number of invited or keynote addresses including the address on ''Control and Optimization'' at the [[International Congress of Mathematicians]] held in Madrid in August 2006<ref name="Awards and talks" /> and the Lecture on ''Probability and Stochastic Processes XI'' organized by [[Indian Statistical Institute]], Delhi in November 2016.<ref name="Probability and Stochastic Processes XI">{{Cite web |url=http://www.isid.ac.in/~lps16/participant.php |title=Probability and Stochastic Processes XI |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Statistical Institute}}</ref>

Borkar has been associated with several science journals as an editor or a member of their editorial boards which included SIAM Journal of Control and Optimization, Systems and Control Letters, ''Journal of Indian Institute of Science'', Sadhana; Proceedings of Indian Academy of Sciences (Engineering Science),<ref name="Previous editors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/Journals/Sadhana/Editorial_Board |title=Previous editors |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Applicationes Mathematicae of [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] and ''Indian Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics''.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He has served as a member of the executive committee of the Mumbai chapter of IEEE and has been an examiner for doctoral studies at [[University of Nice Sophia Antipolis]].<ref name="PhD Examiner">{{Cite web |url=http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4094/abes |title=PhD Examiner |date=2017 |publisher=University of Nice Sophia Antipolis |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=2 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202013423/http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4094/abes |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards and honors ==
Three of Borkar's papers have won awards, starting with Best Transactions Paper Award of the IEEE Control Systems Society in 1982, followed by the Best Paper Award of Value Tools in 2008 and Best Paper Award of IFIP Wireless Days in 2009.<ref name="Awards and talks" /> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1992.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |access-date=21 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> He received the Distinguished Alumnus Award of the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 2000 and the Prasant Chandra Mahalanobis Medal of the Indian National Science Academy in 2008.<ref name="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Medal">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#78 |title=Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis Medal |date=2017 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916233840/http://insaindia.res.in/recipients.php#78 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[The World Academy of Sciences]] selected him for the [[TWAS Prize]] in 2009.<ref name="TWAS Prizes" />

Borkar was elected as a fellow by the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1993<ref name="Fellow profile" /> and he received the Homi Bhabha Fellowship in 1995.<ref name="Homi Bhabha Fellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://homibhabhafellowships.com/HomiBhabhaFellow.aspx?id=55 |title=Homi Bhabha Fellowship |date=2017 |publisher=Homi Bhabha Fellowship Council}}</ref> He became an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy in 1996<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=4 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] followed suit in 2002.<ref name="CSS members promoted to IEEE Fellows in 2002">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ieeecss.org/member-activities/css-ieee-fellows |title=CSS members promoted to IEEE Fellows in 2002 |date=2017 |publisher=IEEE Control Society |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=22 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722182419/http://ieeecss.org/member-activities/css-ieee-fellows |url-status=dead }}</ref> Two years later, the Indian National Academy of Engineers<ref name="INAE fellows" /> and the National Academy of Sciences, India elected him as their fellow in 2004 and 2009 respectively;<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |access-date=23 January 2017 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In between, he received the J. C. Bose National Fellowship of the [[Department of Science and Technology (India)|Department of Science and Technology]].<ref name="Awards and talks" /> The award orations delivered by Borkar include Abdi Memorial Lecture of Ramanujan Mathematical Society in 2006 and M. S. Huzurbazar Memorial Lecture of Bombay Mathematical Colloquium in 2012.<ref name="Awards and talks" />

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Books ===
* {{cite book|author=Vivek S. Borkar|title=Optimal control of diffusion processes|year=1989|publisher=Longman Scientific & Technical|isbn=978-0-470-21327-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Vivek S. Borkar|title=Probability Theory: An Advanced Course|date=5 October 1995|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-94558-3}}
* {{cite book|author=Vivek S. Borkar|title=Stochastic Approximation: A Dynamical Systems Viewpoint|date=1 September 2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-51592-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=Vivek S. Borkar|author2=Vladimir Ejov|author3=[[Jerzy Andrzej Filar|Jerzy A. Filar]], [[Giang Nguyen|Giang T. Nguyen]]|title=Hamiltonian Cycle Problem and Markov Chains|date=23 April 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4614-3232-6}}
* {{cite book|author1=Ari Arapostathis|author2=Vivek S. Borkar|author3=Mrinal K. Ghosh|title=Ergodic Control of Diffusion Processes|year=2012|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76840-5}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite book |title=2011 49th Annual Allerton Conference on Communication, Control, and Computing (Allerton) |chapter=Asymptotics of the invariant measure in mean field models with jumps |date=2012 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=322–380|doi=10.1109/Allerton.2011.6120312|isbn=978-1-4577-1817-5 |chapter-url=http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ssy/1393252026 |last1=Borkar |first1=Vivek Shripad |last2=Sundaresan |first2=Rajesh }}
* {{Cite journal |title=Markov chains, Hamiltonian cycles and volumes of convex bodies |journal= Journal of Global Optimization |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=633–639 |date=2011 |doi=10.1007/s10898-011-9819-6|s2cid=46068527 |last1= Borkar |first1= Vivek S. |last2= Filar |first2= Jerzy A. }}
* {{Cite journal |title=Uniform recurrence properties of controlled diffusions and applications to optimal control |journal=SIAM Journal on Control and Optimization |date=2010 |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=4181–4223 |doi=10.1137/090762464 |last1=Arapostathis |first1=Ari |last2=Borkar |first2=Vivek S. }}
* {{Cite journal |title=Finite dimensional approximation and Newton-based algorithm for stochastic approximation in Hilbert space |journal=Automatica |date=2009 |volume=45 |issue=12 |pages=2815–2822 |doi=10.1016/j.automatica.2009.09.031 |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Ankur A. |last2=Borkar |first2=Vivek S. }}
* {{Cite journal |title=Structural properties of optimal transmission policies over a randomly varying channel |journal=IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control |date=2008 |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1476–1491 |doi=10.1109/TAC.2008.925856|s2cid=6439701 |url=http://dspace.library.iitb.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10054/604 |url-access=subscription |last1=Agarwal |first1=Mukul |last2=Borkar |first2=Vivek S. |last3=Karandikar |first3=Abhay }}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Asymptotically optimal algorithm]]
* [[Hamiltonian path]]
* [[Random variable]]
* [[Mathematical model]]
{{div col end}}
{{portal|India|Engineering}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.ee.iitb.ac.in/web/faculty/publications/borkar |title=Publications authored by Borkar |last=Borkar |first=Vivek |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Mumbai |work=List of publications}}
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SZ68by7iMNc |title=Winter School on Stochastic Analysis and Control of Fluid Flow |last=Vivek Borkar |year=2017 |publisher=International Centre for Theoretical Sciences |work=Course program}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://dblp.uni-trier.de/pers/hd/b/Borkar:Vivek_S= |title=Bibliography |last=Vivek Borkar |date=2017 |publisher=DBLP Computer Science Bibliography |work=List of publications}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borkar, Vivek}}
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Indian electrical engineers]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Mathematical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the IEEE]]
[[Category:Fellows of The World Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:TWAS laureates]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Bombay alumni]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni]]
[[Category:UC Berkeley College of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:University of Twente]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]
[[Category:Academic staff of IIT Bombay]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]
[[Category:Homi Bhabha Fellows]]

Supaul Sadar Subdivision

2026-03-08T10:07:34Z

Blackandwhitelegal: creating first post first draft - done

{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| official_name = Supaul Sadar
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| pushpin_map = India Bihar#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Bihar, India
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-coordinates =
| mapframe-frame-coordinates =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|07|15|N|86|36|00|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = Region
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
| subdivision_type3 = Subregion
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kosi region|Kosi]]
| subdivision_type4 = District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Supaul District|Supaul]]
| seat_type = Headquarter
| seat = [[Supaul]]
| area_total_km2 = 1678
| elevation_m = 31
| population_total = 7,15,483
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| postal_code_type = Pin
| postal_code = 852131
| registration_plate = BR
| demographics1_title2 = Official
| demographics1_info2 = [[Hindi]]<nowiki>, [[Maithili</nowiki>
| demographics1_title3 =
| demographics1_info3 =
}}'''Supaul Sadar subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of [[Supaul district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]]. The subdivision has its headquarters at the city of [[Supaul]] and comprises 4 [[Community development block|Community Development Blocks]]: Supaul, Pipra, Kishanganj and bhaptiyahi - Saraigarh (Also called saraygarh).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks {{!}} Supaul District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://supaul.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Geography ==

Supaul Sadar subdivision lies in the Kosi basin in [[Kosi region|Kosi subregion]]. The subdivision forms part of the alluvial plains created by the Kosi river and its distributaries. Official reports describe the area as sandy and flood-prone terrain typical of the Kosi megafan region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supaul- District Industrial Potential Survey |url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016-17/DIPS%20Supaul%202016.pdf |language=en |publication-place=Muzaffarpur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Supaul District — District Profile |url=https://www.cgwb.gov.in/old_website/District_Profile/Bihar/Supaul.pdf |access-date=29 August 2025 |publisher=Central Ground Water Board, Government of India}}</ref>

== Administration ==

The subdivision is one of four in Supaul district. It consists of 4 [[Community development block|Community Development Blocks]]:

*Supaul
*Pipra
*Kishanpur
*Saraigarh-Bhaptiyahi<ref>{{Cite web |title=PCA: Primary Census Abstract C.D. Block wise, Bihar - District Supaul |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/40887 |publisher=Census of India}}</ref>

The [[Sub Divisional Officer (Civil)|Sub-Divisional Officer]] (SDO) for Supaul is based at the Sub Division Office, Supaul (PIN 852131).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Who's Who {{!}} Supaul District, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://supaul.nic.in/about-district/whos-who/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 Census of India:
*Supaul CD block: population 2,67,263(153,361 males, 141,400 females)
*Kishanpur CD block: population 181,115 (93,668 males, 87,447 females).
*Saraigarh-Bhaptiyahi CD block: population 3,119 (1,615 males, 1,504 females).
*Pipra CD Block: population 50, 993(30, 863 Male, 20, 130 female)
Supaul sadar's total population is 7,15,483.

== Economy ==
Agriculture is the mainstay of the local economy. Paddy and other crops typical of the Kosi floodplain are cultivated. The District Industrial Potential Survey notes the potential for agro-processing and rice mills in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUPAUL — District Industrial Potential Survey |url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016-17/DIPS%20Supaul%202016.pdf |access-date=29 August 2025 |publisher=Ministry of MSME, Government of India}}</ref>

== Transport ==

The subdivision is connected to the whole country and state by national and state highways as well as rural roads. Supaul district has about 133 km of national highways and 229 km of state highways. Railway lines in the district total 85 km.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUPAUL — District Industrial Potential Survey |url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/2016-17/DIPS%20Supaul%202016.pdf |access-date=29 August 2025 |publisher=Ministry of MSME, Government of India}}</ref>

== Education and public service ==
The Sadar district hospital at [[Supaul]] provides healthcare facilities to the subdivision and District. Government schools and residential institutions operate in both blocks under the Bihar Education Department.

== See also ==
*[[Supaul district]]
*[[Triveniganj subdivision|Treveniganj Subdivision]]

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Subdivisions of Supaul district]]

Razzakar

2026-03-04T09:45:04Z

Blackandwhitelegal: created new stub.

{{Short description|2015 film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}{{for|the 2024 Telugu film|Razakar (film)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Razzakar
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Raj Durge
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer = Satish Pillangwad
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Shashank Shende]]
*[[Siddhartha Jadhav]]
*[[Jyoti Subhash]]
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakhir Hussian]]
}}
| cinematography = Aniket Khandagle
| editing = Ganapathy Subramanian
| music = Salil Amrute
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|02|27}}
| runtime = 137 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Razzakar''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film written and directed by Raj Durge. The film, starring [[Siddhartha Jadhav]], [[Jyoti Subhash]], [[Shashank Shende]], [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakhir Hussian]], was released on 27 February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 February 2015 |title=अत्याचाराविरूद्धचा प्रखर लढा म्हणजे 'रझाकार'|url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/razakar-marathi-movie/articleshow/46299437.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809180631/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/box-office-collections/razakar-marathi-movie/articleshow/46299437.cms |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi }}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Razzakar is based on a story about the Hyderabad Liberation Movement (from the [[Razakars (Hyderabad)]]) of 1948. The film shows the protagonist's journey from a commoner to that of a freedom fighter.

== Cast ==
* [[Shashank Shende]]
* [[Siddhartha Jadhav]] as Hari
* [[Jyoti Subhash]]
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakhir Hussian]]
==Release==
The film was theatrically released on 27 February 2015. It was [[dubbing|dubbed]] in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and released in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-06-08 |title=Siddharth Jadhav's Razzakar in Telugu now |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/siddharth-jadhavs-razzakar-in-telugu-now/articleshow/59058343.cms |access-date=2023-06-22 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Razzakar
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Salil Amrute
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:58
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2014
| year = 2016
| next_title =
| next_year = 2015
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|CUzFchPBmq8| Razzakar – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:58
| title1 = Dhyaas Ek Shwaas Ek
| extra1 = Manoj Desai , Meghana Desai
| length1 = 3:55
| title2 = Petaleli Mana
| extra2 = Meghana Desai
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Jevha Bhutalavari Matala Daitya
| extra3 = Sanjeev Chimmalgi
| length3 = 4:59
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
The film received mixed reviews from critics. A reviewer from [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] gave the film a rating of 3/5 and wrote "The film is well done as the technical skills have a good grip on the screenplay. Every scene from the first frame to the last is very well constructed".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2022 |title=MOVIE REVIEW: मुक्तीसंग्रामातील आडवाटेची कथा 'रझाकार'|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-REV-REV-movie-review-razakar-marathi-movie-4917837-PHO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128094942/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/amp/news/BOL-REV-REV-movie-review-razakar-marathi-movie-4917837-PHO.html |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi }}</ref> A reviewer from [[The Times of India]] gave the film a rating of 2.5/5 and wrote "Keeping the narrative crisp and giving more focus on the history bit would have done wonders for this film. Unfortunately, what we get is a half-baked cake that refuses to finish".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=RAZZAKAR MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/razzakar/movie-review/46409072.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128091317/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/razzakar/movie-review/46409072.cms|archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English }}</ref> A reviewer of [[Zee News]] gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "In some places, the scenes are inserted at the wrong time... Although the movie starts well, slowly the movie starts to feel boring".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=फिल्म रिव्ह्यू : मांडणीत फसलेला 'रझाकार' |url=https://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/film-review-marathi-film-razakar/268122 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605004607/http://zeenews.india.com/marathi/news/kallabaji/film-review-marathi-film-razakar/268122 |archive-date=5 June 2015 |access-date=5 June 2015 |website= [[Zee News]] |language=Marathi }}</ref> Ganesh Matkari of [[Pune Mirror]] wrote "The actors in Razakar somehow manage this over a very long stretch of time. I only wish they had something to show for their patience and hard work".<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2015 |title=Film Reviews: For the Birds |url=https://punemirror.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-for-the-birds/cid5089297.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128093359/https://punemirror.com/amp/entertainment/marathi-reviews/film-reviews-for-the-birds/cid5089297.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website= [[Pune Mirror]] |language=English }}</ref> Jaydeep Pathak of [[Maharashtra Times]] gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and says "We should read and study this bloody history. Why should you waste your precious time by watching movies in such category only with such efforts?".<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2015 |title=ना आकार... ना उकार..! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/razakar/amp_moviereview/46402119.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128094226/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/razakar/amp_moviereview/46402119.cms |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi }}</ref>

==See also==
* ''[[23rd March 1931: Shaheed]]''
* ''[[Kesari (2019 film)|Kesari]]''
* ''[[Mangal Pandey: The Rising]]''

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt4486160}}
* ''[https://www.airtelxstream.in/movies/razakar/SHEMAROOME_MOVIE_5d53e0d2ed8f7d3a8a000b9c Razzakar] at'' [https://www.airtelxstream.in/ Airtel Xstream Play]

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Saradara

2026-03-04T07:27:08Z

Blackandwhitelegal: creating initial entry and citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Saradara
| image = Saradara.kannada film poster.jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = [[P. N. Sathya]]
| writer = P. N. Sathya
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = H R Rajashekhar
| starring = {{Plainlist|*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]
*[[Gurleen Chopra]]
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sundarnath Suvarna
| editing = Nagendra Urs
| music = Venkat Narayan
| studio = Nithin Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2004|12|3}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Saradara''''' (or '''''Sardara''''') is a 2004 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[P. N. Sathya]] starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Gurleen Chopra]] and [[Srinivasa Murthy]]. The film was released on 3 December 2004,<ref name="Release">{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/wings_joke_falls.asp|title=Sardara - film of Darshan|website=[[Viggy.com]]|access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref> and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_2004_review.asp|title=2004 - yearly roundup|website=Viggy.com|access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Maada works as a right-handed trusted worker to Gowda, whose daughter, Priya, loves Maada. Gowda comes to know and beats Maada severely, but Priya slaps Gowda. After this, Gowda laughs and tells them he will arrange the marriage to Maada. He sends Loknath to Maada's village, and on returning, Loknath tells them the marriage cannot happen as Maada and Priya are children to Gowda. Maada avoids Priya due to this and persuades Priya to accept the marriage that Gowda brings. But since the marriage, Priya behaves very moody, and one day she vomited, which reveals she is pregnant. At this time, without knowing the truth, Gowda tells Maada he waited for this moment so as to confirm no more relationship with Priya and again beats Maada severely.

After the beating, Maada leaves for home and Priya's husband tells Gowda he never had any sexual relationship with Priya. Thereby, Gowda gets depressed even more when Priya starts shouting and telling everyone Gowda is a big cheat. Meanwhile, Loknath tells Maada he lied to Maada about being the son of Gowda because his own daughter had a son with Gowda. Gowda kept her in a secret home as nobody should know of this illegal relationship. He killed a local woman who passed by at that time, dressed her, and crushed her head with a stone to avoid people identifying her.

Loknath's daughter and her child are living in a secret home, and Gowda only sent Loknath to this secret home to threaten Loknath into telling the lie about Maada. After telling this, Loknath kills himself. Hearing all this, an angry Maada looks furious. This time, he sees Priya being chased by Gowda's rowdies, during which Maada comes between them and fights all the rowdies. At last, Gowda is threatened, but after telling him how grievous his actions were, Maada leaves without killing Gowda. Gowda is seen crying, understanding his mistakes, as Maada walks away.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Maada
*[[Gurleen Chopra]] as Priya<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_vishnu_sena.asp|title=Vishnu Sena - remake of Tamil hit Ramana having Vishnuvardhan in the lead|website=Viggy.com|access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref>
*[[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Gowda, Priya's father
*[[Loknath]]
*[[Sathyajith (Kannada actor)|Sathyajith]]
*[[P. N. Sathya]]
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*[[Padma Vasanthi]]
*[[Kishan Shrikanth]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by Venkat Narayan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/saradara-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1134676602|title=Saradara (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2004|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=22 November 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309|title=Yesudas sings for Sardaara|website=Screen|access-date=12 August 2025|date=22 October 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041107110236/http://www.screenindia.com/fullstory.php?content_id=9309|archive-date=7 November 2004}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| name = Saradara
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Venkat Narayan
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2004
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:07
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title = Heart Beats
| prev_year = 2003
| next_title = [[Nalla]]
| next_year = 2004
| misc =
}}
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Kanninalli Preethi
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length1 = 3:52
| title2 = Pi Pi Dollu
| extra2 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length2 = 4:02
| title3 = Gili Gili
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length3 = 3:26
| title4 = Kanada Kailai (pathos)
| extra4 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length4 = 4:38
| title5 = Namma Oora
| extra5 = Manu, Raju Aravind
| length5 = 4:45
| title6 = Madhana Madhana
| extra6 = Narayan, [[Swarnalatha]]
| length6 = 3:56
| title7 = Kaanada Brahmane
| extra7 = K. J. Yesudas
| length7 = 0:48
| total_length = 25:07
}}

==Release and reception==
The film was released on 3 December 2004 alongside ''[[Joke Falls]]'' (2004).<ref name="Release"/>

A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote that "The director Satya well-known for his action films has tried to say a story without much bloodshed or violence. He has tried his best to keep the audience at the edge of their seat till the last frame of the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13625441&ctid=5&cid=2427|title=Review: Saradara|author=Moviebuzz|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=20 August 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041221210457/http://sify.com/movies/kannada/review.php?id=13625441&ctid=5&cid=2427|archive-date=21 December 2004}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Known as the director of action films, Sathya effectively focuses on the feudal set-up, class struggle in villages and upholds the human values in the story. Srinivasamurthy’s acting, as the respected village headman and the crooked villain, is the highlight of the film. Darshan has given a good performance. Gurleen Chopra is glamorous. Besides, director Sathya has acted in a comic role".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec052004/mr2.asp|date=5 December 2004|access-date=26 March 2025|title=Sardara|website=[[Deccan Herald]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050122193740/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/dec052004/mr2.asp|archive-date=22 January 2005|first=S. N.|last=Deepak}}</ref>

== Box office ==
The film was a box office failure and was notably Darshan's only failure film that year.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.viggy.com/english/current_2004_review.asp|title=2004 - yearly roundup|date=2004|work=Viggy.com|access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]

Pillaiyo Pillai

2026-03-04T04:53:32Z

Blackandwhitelegal: created post.

{{Short description|1972 film by Krishnan–Panju}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pillaiyo Pillai
| image = Pillaiyo Pillai poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| producer = [[Murasoli Maran]]
| writer = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| starring = [[M. K. Muthu]] [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]] [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography = Amritham
| editing =
| studio = Anjugam Pictures
| released = {{film date|1972|6|23|df=y}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Pillaiyo Pillai''''' ({{Translation|Son, oh son!}}) is 1972 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama]] film directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]], produced by [[Murasoli Maran]] and written by [[M. Karunanidhi]]. The film stars [[M. K. Muthu]] (in dual role) in his debut film appearance alongside [[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]] and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]], while [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]], [[M. R. R. Vasu]] and [[G. Sakunthala]] play supporting roles. It was released on 23 June 1972 and was a commercial success.

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=November 2022}}
Gangatharan is a notorious criminal and womaniser who maintains a facade of respectability in public. Behind this image, he is involved in the theft of valuable temple sculptures. In a ruthless act, he murders his first wife and frames his loyal servant, Murugan, who is subsequently arrested.

Murugan later escapes from prison and, in an act of revenge, kidnaps Gangatharan’s young son. He raises the boy, Kumar, as his own. Meanwhile, Gangatharan marries a woman named Kanchana, whom Murugan also kidnaps. However, he releases her upon learning that she is pregnant. When Gangatharan discovers her condition, he cruelly drives her away. Kanchana gives birth to a son, Kannan, and raises him on her own.

Years later, Kumar becomes a doctor, while Kannan grows up to be an honest and hardworking man. Complications arise when the daughter of a public prosecutor falls in love with one of them—often confusing Kannan for Kumar due to their similar upbringing.

Gangatharan, still driven by vengeance and manipulation, falsely accuses Kumar of theft and assaults him. The ensuing events uncover long-buried secrets and lead to the resolution of misunderstandings, as justice and truth gradually come to light.

== Cast ==
* [[M. K. Muthu]] as Kumar and Kannan
*[[C. R. Vijayakumari|Vijayakumari]] as Kanchana
*[[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] as the public prosecutor's daughter
* [[R. S. Manohar|Manohar]] as Gangatharan
* [[M. R. R. Vasu]] as Murugan
* [[G. Sakunthala]] as Gangatharan's first wife
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]]
*[[Nagesh]]

== Production ==
''Pillaiyo Pillai'' is the debut film for [[M. K. Muthu]] as an actor.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=9 July 2016 |title=Pillaiyo Pillai (1972) |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/pillaiyo-pillai-1972/article8828596.ece |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709101850/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/pillaiyo-pillai-1972/article8828596.ece |archive-date=9 July 2016}}</ref> Principal photography began on 21 October 1971.<ref name="sangam">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=27 August 2020 |title=MGR Remembered – Part 57 {{!}} Expulsion from DMK |url=https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-57/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124132841/https://sangam.org/mgr-remembered-part-57/ |archive-date=24 January 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was by [[M. S. Viswanathan]] and lyrics were written by [[Kannadasan]] and [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pillaiyo Pillai |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pillaiyo-pillai/Nagg6MWQRRY_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324175423/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/pillaiyo-pillai/Nagg6MWQRRY_ |archive-date=24 March 2021 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref> The song "Moondru Thamizh Thondriyathum" is set in the [[Carnatic raga]] known as [[Charukesi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=எம்.ஜி.ஆருடன் வாலியின் அனுபவங்கள் |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2019/02/07231549/1226681/cinima-history-vaali.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926180242/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/Cinema/CineHistory/2019/02/07231549/1226681/cinima-history-vaali.vpf |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=24 March 2021 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! Songs !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Ezhaiyin Sirippil Iraivan" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 04:19
|-
| "Moondru Thamizh Thondriyathum" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[P. Susheela]]|| 04:14
|-
| "Vellai Malaril Oru Vandu" || P. Susheela || [[Kannadasan]] || 03:17
|-
| "Gundooru Hamumanthappa Enga" || T. M. Soundararajan, [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[L. R. Eswari]] || rowspan=2|Vaali || 04:21
|-
| "Meenattam Kann Konda Meenakshi" || T. M. Soundararajan, P. Susheela || 05:01
|}

== Release ==
''Pillaiyo Pillai'' was released on 23 June 1972,<ref name="sangam" /> and emerged a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2018 |title=Meet the Karunanidhi clan: The vast family tree of TN's departed leader |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-karunanidhi-clan-vast-family-tree-tns-departed-leader-86314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921054233/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/meet-karunanidhi-clan-vast-family-tree-tns-departed-leader-86314 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |access-date=21 September 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0234465}}
{{Krishnan–Panju}}

[[Category:1972 Indian films]]
[[Category:1972 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1972 films]]
[[Category:1972 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about brothers]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishnan–Panju]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by M. Karunanidhi]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Double Feluda

2026-03-04T00:29:43Z

Blackandwhitelegal: general fix information after review and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|2016 film directed by Sandip Ray}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Double Feluda
| image = Double Feluda.jpg
| caption = First look
| director = [[Sandip Ray]]
| producer = Kamal Mukut
| based_on = {{based on|Samaddarer Chabi and Golokdham Rahasya|[[Satyajit Ray]]}}
| starring = [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] Saheb Bhattacharya [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] [[Bratya Basu]] [[Saswata Chatterjee]] [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
| music = Sandip Ray Satyajit Ray
| cinematography = [[Sirsha Ray]]
| editing = Subrata Roy
| studio = [[Eros International]] 
MM Movies
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2016|12|16}}
| runtime = 115 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| budget =
}}

'''''Double Feluda''''' is a 2016 [[Bengali language]] [[crime]] [[thriller (genre)|thriller]] [[detective]] [[film]], based on the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Detective|sleuth]] ''[[Feluda]]'', created by the acclaimed and renowned ''[[Oscars|Oscar]]''-winning director [[Satyajit Ray]]. It is the 19th{{citation needed|date=October 2024}} film in the [[Feluda (series)|''Feluda'' series]]. Directed by his son [[Sandip Ray]], the film marks the comeback of both [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]] and Saheb Bhattacharya, with the former returning to the eponymous role of ''[[Feluda]]'' and the latter playing his sidekick.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Shaheb-makes-a-comeback-as-Topshe/articleshow/52238564.cms|title=Shaheb makes a comeback as Topshe|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=12 May 2016}}</ref> This is a sequel of ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' (2011). The film was released on 16 December 2016 to mark the 50th anniversary of the iconic creation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sandip-ray-s-next-feluda-film-to-be-made-from-two-stories-2208523|title=Sandip Ray's next 'Feluda' film to be made from two stories|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|access-date=2 May 2016}}</ref> The film is based on two Feluda stories - ''Samaddarer Chabi'' and ''Golokdham Rahasya''.

==Cast==
* [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]] as [[Feluda]]
* [[Saheb Bhattacharya]] as [[Topshe]]
* [[Paran Bandopadhyay]] as Sidhu Jyatha
* [[Bratya Basu]] as Manimohan Samaddar
* [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] as Nihar Ranjan Dutta
* [[Saswata Chatterjee]] as Surajit Dasgupta/Dharani Dhar Samaddar
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Mr. Sukhwani
* [[Gaurav Chakrabarty]] as Ranajit Bandopadhyay
* [[Biswajit Chakraborty]] as Mr. Dastur/Suprakash Chowdhury
* [[Subhrajit Dutta]] as Abani Sen
* [[Bhaskar Banerjee]] as Subir Ranjan Dutta
* Nimai Ghosh as Anukul da
* Sadhan Sen
* Arup Kumar Ray as Forensic Expert
* Aritra Banerjee as Student In the Library

==Production==
===Development===
In December 2014, director [[Sandip Ray]] revealed that the sequel of the reboot film ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (2014) will be based on ''[[Gangtokey Gondogol]]'', and another sequel will be ''Nayan Rahasya'' if he finds an actor who is suitable for [[Jatayu (Lalmohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]]'s role.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gangtok-e Gondogol next Feluda film?|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Gangtok-e-Gondogol-next-Feluda-film/articleshow/45411627.cms|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=8 December 2014}}</ref> But in May, 2016 [[Sandip Ray]] cancelled the reboot series because [[Abir Chatterjee]] started a new version of film series of the [[Byomkesh (franchise)|''Byomkesh'' franchise]] under [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Surinder Films]]. The other reason was the new [[Feluda in film|Feluda movie]] [[Sandip Ray]] intended to make under a Mumbai-based production house [[Eros International]], but Abir has a strict contract with [[Shree Venkatesh Films]] and [[Surinder Films]]. The cancellation of the reboot series ''Badshahi Angti'' is now considered a stand-alone reboot film.

It was declared by [[Sandip Ray]] instead of continuing the reboot series he will continue the previous [[Feluda in film|Feluda film series]] after ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' (2011) and [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] will return as [[Feluda]] and Shaheb Bhattacharya will return as Topshe. There will be two stories in the new film and the film is named ''Double Feluda''.This is a sequel of ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' (2011) and the movie was released in December 2016. The movie will be a tribute to 50 years of [[Feluda]]. [[Sandip Ray]] said that there will be two stories in the film, '''''Samaddarer Chabi''''' and '''''[[Golokdham Rahasya]]'''''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sandip-ray-to-make-a-feluda-film-from-two-stories-featuring-the-sleuth/story-48XJ57i6anQJEe8Ye0KtWM.html|title=Sandip Ray to make a Feluda film from two stories featuring the sleuth|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=3 May 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Ray-scion-raises-Double-Feluda-hope-for-sleuths-golden-jubilee/articleshow/48430652.cms|title=Ray scion raises 'Double Feluda' hope for sleuth's golden jubilee|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 Aug 2016}}</ref>

===Casting===
After [[Abir Chatterjee]] decided to opt for the role of ''[[Byomkesh Bakshi]]'', [[Sandip Ray]] decided to cancel the reboot series because the director and many others were of the view that the same person doing both Feluda and Byomkesh Bakshi won't be accepted by the audience. Ray again proposed the role to [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], who earlier proposed Ray take [[Abir Chatterjee]] for the role. Though initially reluctant, Chakraborty decided to accept the role since he can't reject Ray's proposal. Chakraborty has reportedly decided to look young to fit himself in the role.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/sandip-ray-picks-sabyasachi-not-abir-chatterjee-to-play-feluda/story-W8PLWJErXDKjN1gclaAgjN.html|title=Sandip Ray picks Sabyasachi, not Abir Chatterjee to play Feluda|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=25 Oct 2016}}</ref> Along with Chakraborty, Saheb Bhattacharya also made a comeback with the role of ''[[Topshe]]''. Ray also stated that his upcoming ''Feluda'' film would not star the character of ''[[Jatayu]]'', since he couldn't find any suitable replacement for [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]] and it was a godsend that both the stories he decided to interwind to put into celluloid did not have the mention of the character.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/No-Jatayu-in-Sandip-Rays-Feluda-50/articleshow/49626089.cms|title=No Jatayu in Sandip Ray's Feluda-50|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 Nov 2015}}</ref> Apart from veterans [[Sabyasachi Chakraborty]], [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]], [[Paran Bandopadhyay]], [[Bratya Basu]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)]] and many more, [[Gaurav Chakraborty]] was announced to be part of the cast.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Gaurav-to-share-screen-space-with-Feluda-dad/articleshow/53499706.cms|title=Gaurav to share screen space with 'Feluda' dad|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 Aug 2016}}</ref>

==Critical reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film four stars out of five.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/double-feluda/movie-review/56021486.cms|title=Double Feluda Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
BookMyShow rated the film 8.8 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/palakonda/movies/double-feluda/ET00050027|title=Double Feluda|last=BookMyShow|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Literary creations of Satyajit Ray|Literary works of Satyajit Ray]]
* [[Feluda in film]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|6376380}}

{{Feluda}}
{{Satyajit Ray}}
{{Sandip Ray}}
{{Cinema of West Bengal}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sandip Ray]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Satyajit Ray]]
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2016 Bengali-language films]]
[[Category:2016 psychological thriller films]]
[[Category:2016 drama films]]
[[Category:Feluda (film series)]]
[[Category:Bengali-language detective films]]

Rani (1943 film)

2026-03-03T23:18:55Z

Blackandwhitelegal: created new pg.

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Rani
| image = P.C._Barua_(1943).jpg
| caption = P. C. Barua in ''Rani''
| director = [[P. C. Barua]]
| producer = Barua Productions
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[P.C. Barua]]|[[Patience Cooper]]|[[Jamuna Barua|Jamuna]]}}
| music = [[Kamal Dasgupta]]
| cinematography = [[P. C. Barua]]
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1943}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Rani ''''' (Queen) also called '''''Ranee''''' is a [[Bollywood]] [[film]]. It was released in [[Bollywood films of 1943|1943]] and directed by [[P.C. Barua]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/ranee-movie/1159|title=Ranee|publisher=Gomolo.com|accessdate=25 April 2013}}</ref><ref name="RajadhyakshaWillemen1999">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish|last2=Willemen|first2=Paul|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja|url-access=registration|accessdate=25 April 2013|year=1999|publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Barua produced, scripted and acted as the lead in the film. [[Jamuna Barua|Jamuna]] and [[Patience Cooper]] were his co-stars. The music direction was by Kamal Dasgupta with lyrics by Pandit Madhur.<ref name=RaneeReview>{{cite journal|last1=Patel|first1=Baburao|title=Ranee-Review|journal=Filmindia|date=July 1943|volume=9|issue=7|pages=65|url=https://archive.org/stream/filmindia194309unse#page/n237/mode/2up/search/Ranee|accessdate=3 September 2015|ref='Ranee' Provides Another Disappointment! -Our Review}}</ref> The film was a bilingual made simultaneously in Hindi and in the [[Bengali language]] as '''''Chandar Kalanka''''' ( The Taint On The Moon).<ref name=Indiancinema>{{cite web|title=Chandar Kalanka/Rani|url=https://indiancine.ma/DTC/info|website=indiancine.ma|publisher=Indiancine.ma|accessdate=3 September 2015}}</ref> The rest of the cast included Jahar Ganguly, Bikram Kapoor and Kalavati.<ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Chandar Kalanka/Rani|url=http://www.citwf.com/film57980.htm|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|accessdate=3 September 2015}}</ref>

''Rani'', a social romantic drama revolved around the character of Malti, a village girl, who escapes to the city when she is targeted by malicious gossip on the eve of her marriage. She adopts the name Rani and starts working in a hotel as a maid.

==Synopsis==
On the eve of her marriage, Malti, a village girl, finds herself a target of hateful gossip spread by some of the villagers, questioning her chastity. To evade the disrepute caused to her and her family, Malti runs away to the city. The villagers and her family assume her to be dead. In the city Malti finds job as a maid in a hotel where she meets Raj, the Zamindar's (Landowner) younger brother. He has come to the city to learn music. Soon he gets into the habit of drinking. Rani, who has been looking after him, has fallen in love with him. She tries to discourage him from drinking. Raj returns home to his village, and at the same time Rani leaves her job at the hotel and trains to be a nurse. When Raj's drinking becomes a problem, Rani is called to nurse him back to health. The Zamindar now realises he had wrongly believed the village gossip, and he is happy to have Raj and Rani marry.

==Cast==
* [[P. C. Barua]]
* [[Jamuna Barua|Jamuna]]
* [[Patience Cooper]]
* [[Jahar Ganguly]]
* Bikram Kapoor
* Kalavati

==Review==
The review in the July 1938 issue of ''[[Filmindia]]'' was negative of P. C. Barua. The editor of the cine-magazine, [[Baburao Patel]] found the story with its social implications good, but he censured it for its weak script. He felt that Barua "turned the story into an ordinary romance between a rich idler and a poor street girl and skipped clear of the social values which were inherent in the theme". Barua's looks, acting and "nervous dialogues" "all contribute to create a ludicrous effect". Actress Jamuna gave a "polished" performance and "provides the only saving grace in the picture".<ref name=RaneeReview />

==Soundtrack==
Music director was Kamal Dasgupta with lyrics by Pandit Madhur.<ref name=RaneeMusic>{{cite web|title=Ranee|url=http://myswar.com/album/ranee-1943|website=myswar.com|publisher=MySwar|accessdate=3 September 2015}}</ref>

===Songlist===
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title
|-
| 1
| "Dekho Kar Ke Yeh Solah Singar"
|-
| 2
| "Dil Bhi Kaisa Hai Nadaan"
|-
| 3
| "Hai Kaun Yeh Pardesi"
|-
| 4
| "Kabhi Chalti Hoon Main"
|-
| 5
| "Piyo Ji Khoob Piyo"
|-
| 6
| "Sawan Ne Boondan Ki Jhaalar Daali"
|-
| 7
| "Ummeed Kya Ho Geet Ki"
|-
| 8
| "Zara Dheere Se Bol"
|-
| 9
| "Zindagi Ek Mai Hai"
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id =0156007}}

[[Category:1943 films]]
[[Category:1943 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1943 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Jeeva (2014 film)

2026-03-03T03:31:33Z

Blackandwhitelegal: updated page

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by Suseenthiran}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jeeva
| image = Jeeva (2014).jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Suseenthiran]]
| producer = {{plainlist|
*[[Arya (actor)|Arya]]
*Suseenthiran
*R. Madhi
*[[Rajeevan]]
*S. Shanmugam
}}
| writer = Santhosh '''(Dialogues)'''
| screenplay = {{plainlist|
*Suseenthiran
*Arun Balaji
}}
| story = Suseenthiran
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Vishnu Vishal]]
* [[Sri Divya]]
}}
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| editing = [[Ruben (film editor)|Anthony L. Ruben]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[The Show People]]
*The Next BiG Film
*Vennila Kabadi Team
}}
| distributor = {{plainlist|
*[[Vishal Film Factory]]
}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|09|26}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| gross =
}}
'''''Jeeva''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[sports film]] written and directed by [[Suseenthiran]], who also produces the film along with cinematographer [[R. Madhi]] and art director [[Rajeevan]] under the banner of Vennila Kabadi Team. The film stars [[Vishnu Vishal]] (as the title character) and [[Sri Divya]], while [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] and Lakshman Narayan play supporting roles. Its music was composed by [[D. Imman]], cinematography was handled by R. Madhi and editing was by Anthony L. Ruben, while dialogue was written by Santhosh. This film is about a young aspiring cricketer who dreams of playing for the [[India national cricket team]]. The film opened to positive reviews from critics on 27 September 2014.

==Plot==
The films begins with Jeeva, who sits on a park bench and starts to narrate his life story. He is a lower middle-class boy who is interested in cricket from a young age and sees [[Sachin Tendulkar]] as his idol. Though his father initially does not support him, he later starts to do so on the request of his friend. Jeeva grows up and becomes a part of the school team. He excels in his game and turns out to be a star player. Seeing his performances, a local cricket club offers him a chance to join and train with them, for which his father disagrees saying that his academic performance is poor due to cricket and he may not get a job in future. In between, Jeeva falls in love with his neighbor Jenny, but they are broken up when their family discovers this. Jeeva starts to drink due to this heartbreak, so to make him concentrate on good deeds again, Jeeva's father agrees to let him join the cricket club.

Jeeva becomes a sensation at the club, scoring good runs in every game. His opening partner Ranjith initially has ego clashes with Jeeva, but later they become friends and produce great performances. They both develop and their team starts to enter higher division competitions. In the meantime, Jenny meets Jeeva after a long time, and they start loving again. However, he is pressured into marrying her and pleads for a chance after being selected. Then comes the tournament that selects the players for the Tamil Nadu [[Ranji Trophy]] team, and as expected, both Jeeva and Ranjith are selected. However, the real trouble starts after joining the Tamil Nadu Team: it mostly comprises players from a particular community, and since Jeeva and Ranjith are from a different community, they are sidelined for most of the games. They are given chances in tough conditions where it is hard to score more runs, but they still manage to put up a decent performance. Jeeva even once gets applauded by the captain of the Rajasthan team, who is a veteran national team member, but being dropped in the upcoming games affects their average and their subsequent chances of joining the team for future games.

Angered by being rejected from the team, Ranjith storms into the Association office and blasts at the chairman for showing partiality towards a particular community and leaves with a heavy heart. Both Jeeva and Ranjith feel that their cricketing careers are over. Ranjith commits suicide and Jeeva is heartbroken. Jenny's father agrees for their marriage and promises a job for Jeeva, provided he converts to Christianity and quits cricket. Jeeva initially agrees but immediately tells Jenny that he cannot live without cricket, and Jenny leaves him. Jeeva returns to training and he practices even harder, waiting for a miracle to happen that will revive his cricketing career.

That miracle occurs when his coach gets a call from the Rajasthan CPL ([[Indian Premier League|IPL]]) team franchise, to offer Jeeva a chance to play in the upcoming season of CPL. Jeeva learns that it was the Rajasthan Team Captain, Irfan, who applauded him during the Ranji Trophy match, who has suggested his name for the CPL. Jeeva is awestruck and happy as his coach says that if he performs well in the CPL, he can directly enter the national team. He and his family celebrate this as he reunites with Jenny.

The story returns to the present, where Jeeva, now a star player of the national cricket team, is being interviewed by TV channels. He narrates his experience on his debut CPL match, where he smashes the first ball he faces for a sixer, and he consistently puts up great performances, which seals his place in the national team. Jeeva ends his interview by saying that in other countries, players lose by playing, but in India, the players lose even without getting a chance to participate.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Vishnu Vishal]] as D. Jeeva
* [[Sri Divya]] as Jenny, Jeeva's love interest
* [[Soori (actor)|Soori]] as David, Jeeva's senior
* Lakshman Narayan as Ranjith, Jeeva's friend
* [[Sanyathara]] as Preethi
* [[Charlie (actor)|Charlie]] as Arul Pragasam
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Parthasarathy
* [[G. Marimuthu]] as Jeeva's father
* [[T. Siva]] as Jenny's father
* Anjali Varadarajan
* Rindhu Ravi
* [[Sreeja Ravi]]
* [[Jeeva Ravi|Ravi]] as Cricket Club Coach
* [[Udhayabhanu Maheswaran]] as Raghavan
* [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Murugan
* [[Monica Chinnakotla]] as Ebbie, Jenny's sister
* Akila as Jeeva's sister
* Sanjay Bharathi as DCI Team Cricketer
* [[Arya (actor)|Arya]] as CPL Cameraman (cameo appearance)
* [[Natty Subramaniam]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Oru Rosa"
* [[Surabhi (actress)|Surabhi]] in a cameo appearance in the song "Oruthi Mele"
* [[Varun Chakravarthy]] as DCI Club Cricketer (cameo appearance)<ref>{{Cite web |title=When KKR's mystery spinner Varun Chakravarthy acted in Tamil film! |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/sports/2020/10/28/when-kkr-mystery-spinner-varun-chakravarthy-acted-in-tamil-film.html |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-28 |title=KKR spinner Varun Chakravarthy acted in a Tamil movie Jeeva back in 2014 |url=https://www.crictracker.com/kkr-spinner-varun-chakravarthy-acted-in-a-tamil-movie-jeeva-back-in-2014/ |access-date=2020-10-29 |website=CricTracker |language=en}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
Soon after wrapping up production works of ''[[Rajapattai]]'', Suseenthiran announced in October 2011 that he would shortly start his next venture featuring [[Vishnu (actor)|Vishnu]]. The film titled ''Veera Dheera Sooran'' was said to be an original story, to be made simultaneously in Tamil and Telugu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suseenthirans next: Veera Dheera Sooran |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/73057.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025045424/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/73057.html |archive-date=25 October 2011 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=indiaglitz.com}}</ref> In early 2012, it was reported that director [[Pandiraj]] would write the film's dialogues.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandiraj Does It For Vishnu And Suseenthiran - Veera Dheera Sooran - Pandiraj - Suseenthiran - Vishnu - Tamil Movie News - Behindwoods.com |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movie-news-1/feb-12-02/veera-dheera-sooran-pandiraj-13-02-12.html |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> However the director opted to concentrate on other projects before starting the film. He subsequently began a different project with Vishnu and production work on the film began again in August 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishnu's next titled 'Veera Dheera Sooran' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Vishnus-next-titled-Veera-Dheera-Sooran/articleshow/21702317.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815000128/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-08-08/news-interviews/41201179_1_neerparavai-suseenthiran-actor-vishnu |archive-date=15 August 2013 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The project initially began as a bilingual, with [[Sundeep Kishan]] selected to portray the lead role in the Telugu version, but scheduling problems meant that the version was dropped.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Vishal |date=4 November 2017 |title='You're finished if you fail with a star,' says director Suseenthiran |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suseenthiran-talks-about-nenjil-thunivirundhal-sundeep-kishan-and-vikrams-rajapattai/article19981479.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Sri Divya]] was signed on to play a college girl in the film after the director was impressed with her performance in ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Sri Divya signs her third project titled Veera Dheera Sooran aka Veera Deera Sooran |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-13/actress-sri-divya-signs-her-third-project-titled-veera-dheera-sooran-aka-veera-deera-sooran.html |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> [[Surabhi (actress)|Surabhi]], who debuted in ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' was signed as another heroine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Suseenthiran's new film with Vishnu Vishal has been re-titled as Jeeva |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/suseenthirans-new-film-with-vishnu-vishal-has-been-re-titled-as-jeeva.html |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=behindwoods.com}}</ref> She had to opt out later due to conflicting schedules.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surbhi goes glam for her Tollywood debut |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Surbhi-goes-glam-for-her-Tollywood-debut/articleshow/37960052.cms |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜீவா விமர்சனம் |url=http://www.cinewriters.com/jeeva-movie-tamil-review/ |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=Cine Writers |archive-date=23 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203633/http://www.cinewriters.com/jeeva-movie-tamil-review/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Vinoth Kishan]] was initially signed to play a supporting role, but was later replaced by Lakshman Narayan, who had played the lead role in [[Bharathiraja]]'s ''[[Annakodi]]'' (2013). The title of the film was officially announced to be ''Jeeva'' in January 2014.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Jeeva
| type = Soundtrack
| longtype = to Jeeva
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| caption = Cover art
| released = 12 September 2014
| recorded = 2014
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India|Sony Music]]
| producer = [[D. Imman]]
| prev_title = [[Sigaram Thodu]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Oru Oorla Rendu Raja]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
The film's score and soundtrack are composed by [[D. Imman]] under Sony Music India's label. The film notably had its songs' lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]] and his two sons [[Madhan Karky]] and [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]], becoming the first such album to have the trio from the same family.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasa Ramanujam |date=14 September 2014 |title=Three lyricists, one family, one movie |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/three-lyricists-one-family-one-movie/article6410136.ece |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> A launch event was held on 12 September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tamil Movie launch, audio release, celebrity events and function coverage |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/53920.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912105556/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/53920.html |archive-date=12 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

===Track list===
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_lyrics =
| total_length = 32:01

| title1 = Ovvundraai Thirudugiraai
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], Bhavya Pandit
| lyrics1 = [[Vairamuthu]]
| length1 = 04:45

| title2 = Oru Rosa
| extra2 = [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Pooja Vaidyanath|A. V. Pooja]]
| lyrics2 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| length2 = 04:09

| title3 = Oruthi Maelae
| extra3 = [[Abhay Jodhpurkar]], El Fé Choir
| lyrics3 = Madhan Karky
| length3 = 04:23

| title4 = Sangimangi
| extra4 = Nivas, Malavika & Tha Mystro
| lyrics4 = [[Kabilan Vairamuthu]]
| length4 = 04:44

| title5 = Engae Ponaai
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| lyrics5 = Madhan Karky
| length5 = 03:53

| title6 = Ovvundraai Thirudugiraai
| note6 = [[karaoke]]
| extra6 =
| length6 = 04:45

| title7 = Oruthi Maelae
| note7 = karaoke
| extra7 =
| length7 = 04:21

| title8 = Netru Naan
| note8 = short
| extra8 = D. Sathyaprakash
| lyrics8 = Madhan Karky
| length8 = 01:40
}}

==Release==
Actors [[Vishal Reddy]]'s Vishal Film Factory and [[Arya (actor)|Arya]]'s The Show People banner bought Tamil Nadu theatrical rights of the film in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VFF acquires TN theatrical rights of 'Jeeva' |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vff-acquires-tn-theatrical-rights-of-jeeva-news-tamil-ojekrpehefgje.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905094813/http://www.sify.com/movies/vff-acquires-tn-theatrical-rights-of-jeeva-news-tamil-ojekrpehefgje.html |archive-date=5 September 2014 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=Sify}}</ref> The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[STAR Vijay]]. The film was released on 27 September 2014

==Reception==
The film was released to positive reviews. ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Suseenthiran pads up the film with the tropes that the genre needs. Though it has its heart in the right place the problem with ''Jeeva'' is that it is uneven. Cricket takes a backseat every time the director decides to focus on the love angle, taking some fizz out of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |last=M. Suganth |date=27 September 2014 |title=Jeeva Movie Review |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Jeeva/movie-review/43568449.cms |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "A film has stayed true to its soul if it replays in your mind long after you’ve left the theatre. In most parts, ''Jeeva'' does that".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subha J Rao |date=27 September 2014 |title=Jeeva: This willow wins |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/jeeva-this-willow-wins/article6452818.ece |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=The Hindu}}</ref> [[Indo-Asian News Service]] gave 3 stars out of 5 and wrote, "''Jeeva'' is gripping with a moving second half, but not as inspiring as Nagesh Kukunoor's Bollywood film ''Iqbal''. Suseenthiran's desperate act to portray his film as a commercial entertainer and not as a sports-drama doesn't go down too well. It somehow distracts you from the film's core subject and that's a big letdown. If only these crucial comprises were handled with care, the film would've been highly satisfying".<ref>{{Cite news |last=IANS |date=26 September 2014 |title='Jeeva' - passion versus politics (IANS Tamil Movie Review) |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/jeeva-passion-versus-politics-ians-tamil-movie-review-114092600255_1.html |access-date=17 September 2015 |work=business-standard.com}}</ref> [[Sify]] wrote, "''Jeeva'' is sure to provide inspiration to many youngsters with similar cricket dreams and aspirations...it is a nice entertaining film, and another feather on the director's cap".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeeva |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jeeva-review-tamil-pcmbxWfcbefdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150608002007/http://www.sify.com/movies/jeeva-review-tamil-pcmbxWfcbefdc.html |archive-date=8 June 2015 |access-date=17 September 2015 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4047112}}

{{Suseenthiran}}
{{Vishal Film Factory}}
{{The Show People}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Films about cricket in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Suseenthiran]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]

Ek Kori Prem Katha

2026-03-02T04:38:42Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding a stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}{{Infobox film
| image = Ek Kori Prem Katha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Chinmay Purohit
| writer = Saba Mumtaz
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Akshay Oberoi]]
* Khanak Budhiraja
* [[Raj Babbar]]
* [[Poonam Dhillon]]
* [[Darshan Jariwala]]
}}
| cinematography = Ricky MK Pratap Rout
| editing = Aseem Sinha
| music = Vicky Prasad
| studio = Kenilworth Film Productions Sughand Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|4|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ek Kori Prem Katha''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film directed by Chinmay Purohit and written by Saba Mumtaz.<ref>{{cite web | title=In Chandigarh, Poonam Dhillon and Khanak Budhiraja promote their film Ek Kori Prem Katha | website=The Tribune | date=28 March 2024 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/in-chandigarh-poonam-dhillon-and-khanak-budhiraja-promote-their-film-ek-kori-prem-katha-604927/ | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=2 April 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402214816/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/in-chandigarh-poonam-dhillon-and-khanak-budhiraja-promote-their-film-ek-kori-prem-katha-604927 | url-status=live }}</ref> Produced under Kenilworth Film Productions and Sughand Films, it stars [[Akshay Oberoi]], Khanak Budhiraja, [[Raj Babbar]], [[Poonam Dhillon]] and [[Darshan Jariwala]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Akshay Oberoi's Next Is A Social Satire 'Ek Kori Prem Katha' | website=Outlook India | date=26 June 2022 | url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/akshay-oberoi-s-next-is-a-social-satire-ek-kori-prem-katha--news-204834 | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=28 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328101502/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/akshay-oberoi-s-next-is-a-social-satire-ek-kori-prem-katha--news-204834/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=It takes more than luck to grab spot in Bollywood, says actress Khanak Budhiraja | website=The New Indian Express | date=22 June 2022 | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2022/Jun/22/it-takes-more-than-luck-to-grab-spot-in-bollywood-says-actress-khanak-budhiraja-2468255.html | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=2 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802183524/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/2022/jun/22/it-takes-more-than-luck-to-grab-spot-in-bollywood-says-actress-khanak-budhiraja-2468255.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The film was theatrically released in India on 5 April 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Pr | first=Ani | title="Ek Kori Prem Katha" First poster offers a glimpse into the film's compelling narrative, Also reveals the release date-5th April 2024 | website=ThePrint | date=18 March 2024 | url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/ek-kori-prem-katha-first-poster-offers-a-glimpse-into-the-films-compelling-narrative-also-reveals-the-release-date-5th-april-2024/2005497/ | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=4 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904183716/https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/ek-kori-prem-katha-first-poster-offers-a-glimpse-into-the-films-compelling-narrative-also-reveals-the-release-date-5th-april-2024/2005497/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Akshay Oberoi]]<ref name=":1" >{{cite web | last=Hungama | first=Bollywood | title=Ek Kori Prem Katha Movie Star Cast | website=Bollywood Hungama | date=5 April 2024 | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-kori-prem-katha/cast/ | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=25 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325071803/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-kori-prem-katha/cast/ | url-status=live }}</ref> as Laddu Singh
* Khanak Budhiraja<ref name=":1" /> as Sabhyata
* [[Raj Babbar]]<ref name=":1" /> as Thakur Ram Dev Singh
* [[Poonam Dhillon]]<ref name=":1" /> as Kanak Devi
* [[Darshan Jariwala]]<ref name=":1" /> as Naan Babu Singh, Sabhyata's father
* [[Ketki Dave]]<ref name=":1" /> as Laxmi Singh, Sabhyata's mother
* [[Mukesh Bhatt]]<ref name=":1" /> as Jhinku Singh

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] commenced by May 2022.<ref>{{cite web | title=महादेव गांव में कोरी एक प्रेम कथा की सूटिंग का हुआ शुभारंभ | website=Hindustan | date=14 May 2022 | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/balrampur/story-the-suiting-of-kori-ek-prem-katha-started-in-mahadev-village-6490087.html | language=hi | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=4 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904183604/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/balrampur/story-the-suiting-of-kori-ek-prem-katha-started-in-mahadev-village-6490087.html | url-status=live }}</ref> The film was mainly shot in [[Balrampur]]<ref>{{cite web | title=बलरामपुर: कोरी एक प्रेम कथा फिल्म की शूटिंग पर महादेव गांव में हो रही भारी भीड़ | website=Hindustan | date=16 May 2022 | url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/balrampur/story-balrampur-huge-crowd-in-mahadev-village-on-the-shooting-of-kori-ek-prem-katha-film-6499950.html | language=hi | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=4 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904183603/https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/balrampur/story-balrampur-huge-crowd-in-mahadev-village-on-the-shooting-of-kori-ek-prem-katha-film-6499950.html | url-status=live }}</ref> before wrapping in 2022.<ref>{{cite web | last=Taneja | first=Parina | title=Khanak Budhiraja spills the beans on her second Bollywood film 'Johnny Jumper' with Vijay Raaz | website=India TV News | date=22 July 2022 | url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/khanak-budhiraja-spills-the-beans-on-her-second-bollywood-film-johnny-jumper-with-vijay-raaz-2022-07-22-794180 | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=4 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904183607/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/khanak-budhiraja-spills-the-beans-on-her-second-bollywood-film-johnny-jumper-with-vijay-raaz-2022-07-22-794180 | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ek Kori Prem Katha
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Vickey Prasad
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|2024|4|1}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Single by Vickey Prasad, Vinay Kapadia & Suvarna Tiwari on Apple Music | website=Apple Music - Web Player | date=1 April 2024 | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ek-kori-prem-katha-single/1738895624 | access-date=4 September 2024 | archive-date=4 September 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904183710/https://music.apple.com/us/album/ek-kori-prem-katha-single/1738895624 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=9|s=51}}
| label = [[Zee Music Company]]
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| misc = {{external music video|header=Official audio|{{YouTube|kjQI-AxJqCM|Ek Kori Prem Katha - Full Album}}}}
}}
The film has following tracks:
{{Track listing
| headline= Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=9|s=51}}
| title1 = Chand Ki Thali
| extra1 = Vickey Prasad
| length1 = 3:16
| title2 = Aigiri Nandini
| extra2 = Vinay Kapadia
| length2 = 4:18
| title3 = Kaccha Matka
| extra3 = Suvarna Tiwari, Vickey Prasad
| length3 = 2:17
}}

== Release ==
The film was premiered on [[JioCinema]] from 25 July 2024.<ref>{{cite web | last=Prakash | first=Chatakonda Krishna | title=OTT Movie: దురాచారంపై అమ్మాయి పోరాటం: ఓటీటీలోకి వచ్చేస్తున్న సినిమా.. డేట్ ఇదే | website=Hindustantimes Telugu | date=23 July 2024 | url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood-socio-drama-movie-ek-kori-prem-katha-ott-release-date-streaming-on-jiocinema-ott-social-drama-film-ott-121721731541835.html | language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated 3/5 stars.<ref>{{cite web | last=Roy | first=Dhaval | title=Ek Kori Prem Katha Movie Review: Raises awareness but lacks narrative punch | website=The Times of India | date=5 April 2024 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ek-kori-prem-katha/movie-review/109066678.cms}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times Now]]'' gave the film three out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web | title=Ek Kori Prem Katha Movie Review: Akshay Oberoi's Film Is A Compelling Exploration Of Love And Tradition | website=Times Now | date=5 April 2024 | url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/ek-kori-prem-katha-movie-review-akshay-oberoi-film-is-a-compelling-exploration-of-love-and-tradition-review-109012026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt27208639}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|ek-kori-prem-katha}}
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/movies/ek-kori-prem-katha/3999246 ''Ek Kori Prem Katha''] on [[JioCinema]]

{{Portal bar|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about virginity]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]
[[Category:2024 drama films]]
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]
[[Category:Indian direct-to-video films]]
[[Category:Direct-to-video drama films]]
[[Category:2024 direct-to-video films]]

H. K. Prakash

2026-02-28T15:36:57Z

Blackandwhitelegal: added first info w/ refs - done

{{short description|Kannada Film Producer and Businessman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = H. K. Prakash
| image = H K Prakash.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|10|03|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kunigal]], [[Tumkur district]], [[Karnataka]], India
| other_names =
| known_for = [[RangiTaranga]]
| spouse =
| children =
| parents =
| occupation = {{hlist|Businessman|Film Producer}}
| years_active =
| awards =
}}

'''H. K. Prakash''' is an Indian film producer and businessman best known for his [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]]s. He has produced successful Kannada films like ''[[RangiTaranga]]'' and ''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]'' under his production banner ''[[Shree Devi Entertainers]]''.

==Career==
After succeeding in real estate business, Prakash entered [[Kannada cinema|Kannada Film Industry]] with the film [[RangiTaranga]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/events-gallery/kannada/rangitaranga-producer-prakash-felicitate-film-feternities-stills/261962|title=Rangitaranga Producer Prakash Felicitate Film Feternities Stills {{!}} 261962 {{!}} Movie Press Meet Pics {{!}} Latest Event Images & Stills|website=nettv4u|language=en|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=RangiTaranga (2015) - IMDb|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt4432480/fullcredits|access-date=2021-09-29}}</ref> which was directed by [[Anup Bhandari]]. RangiTaranga turned out to be one of the biggest blockbusters. It also opened overseas market for Kannada films in a big way. It became the first Kannada film to release in many countries, the first Kannada film to appear on the New York Box Office Listing and the first and only Kannada film to run for 50 days in USA.<ref>{{Cite web|last=IBTimes|date=2015-08-18|title=Box Office Collection: 'RangiTaranga' Creates History to Overpower 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan', 'Baahubali', 'Vaalu' but fails to Beat "Brothers in US|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/us-box-office-collection-rangi-taranga-overpower-bajrangi-bhaijaan-beats-vaalu-brothers-643247|access-date=2021-09-28|website=www.ibtimes.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-28|title=From 'KGF' to ' Rangitaranga': Top 5 recent films which made Kannada film industry proud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/from-kgf-to-rangitaranga-top-5-recent-films-which-made-kannada-film-industry-proud/photostory/77220737.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Shyam Prasad SShyam Prasad S.|date=18 August 2015|title=Rangi Taranga does a Bahubali in USA|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/rangi-taranga/articleshow/48518571.cms|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-18|title=RangiTaranga Becomes Biggest Overseas Release Ever|url=https://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/rangitaranga-becomes-biggest-overseas-release-ever-article23229.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205113451/https://www.desimartini.com/news/kannada/rangitaranga-becomes-biggest-overseas-release-ever-article23229.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 February 2020|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Desimartini|language=en}}</ref> RangiTaranga was also one of the 305 films shortlisted for the Academy Awards (The Oscars) but did not make it to the final nominations.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-16|title=Never expected 'RangiTaranga' to make it to Oscar race: Anup Bhandari|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/never-expected-rangitaranga-to-make-it-to-oscar-race-anup-bhandari/|access-date=2021-09-28|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Reminder list of productions eligible for the 88th academy awards | url=https://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/88th_reminder_list.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151215040953/http://www.oscars.org/sites/oscars/files/88th_reminder_list.pdf | archive-date=2015-12-15}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
! Year !! Film !! Ref.
|-
| 2015 ||''[[RangiTaranga]]''||
<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=2 July 2016|title=Rangi Taranga completes 1-year run {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/rangi-taranga-completes-1-year-run/articleshow/53014896.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019 ||''[[Katha Sangama (2019 film)|Katha Sangama]]''|| <ref>{{Cite web|title='Katha Sangama' all set to hit the screens on December 6 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/katha-sangama-all-set-to-hit-the-screens-on-december-6/articleshow/72238192.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''|| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Avane Srimannarayana set to release on December 27 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/avane-srimannarayana-set-to-release-on-december-27/articleshow/71699630.cms|access-date=2021-12-30|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Spooky College]]''|| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kushi & Vivek Simha come together for Bharath's upcoming psychological thriller|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2020/aug/12/kushi--vivek-simha-come-together-for-bharaths-upcoming-psychological-thriller-2182129.html|access-date=2021-09-29|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year{{efn|name=years|Refers to the year in which the ceremony was held.}}
!Film!! Award !! Category !! Result
!Ref
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2016
| rowspan="4" |''[[RangiTaranga]]''
| [[Karnataka State Film Awards|Karnataka State Film Awards 2015]]
| [[Karnataka State Film Award for Director's First Time Best Film|Best First Film of New Director]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Karnataka-State-Film-Awards-2015-Full-List/articleshow/52311976.cms|title=Karnataka State Film Awards, 2015: Full List|date=17 May 2016|website=Bangalore Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>
|-
| [[63rd Filmfare Awards South]]
| Best Film Kannada
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/winners-of-the-63rd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-13996.html|title=Winners of the 63rd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|website=filmfare.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>
|-
| [[IIFA Utsavam|IIFA Utsavam 2015]]
| Best Film Kannada
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iifautsavam.com/winners2016.php#|title=iifa Utsavam|website=iifautsavam.com|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref>
|-
| [[5th South Indian International Movie Awards|5th SIIMA Awards]]
| Best Film Kannada
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-29|title=SIIMA Awards Kannada 2016 Full Show Live & Winners List|url=https://www.scooptimes.com/awards/siima-awards-kannada-winners-2016/4855|access-date=2021-09-28|website=Scooptimes|language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''[[Avane Srimannarayana]]''
|[[9th South Indian International Movie Awards|9th SIIMA Awards]]
|Best Film Kannada
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hymavathi|first=Ravali|date=2021-09-18|title=SIIMA Awards 2020 & 2021: Check Out The Nominations, Ceremony Date And Time Of This Most Awaited Gala Event|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/siima-awards-2020-2021-check-out-the-nominations-ceremony-date-and-time-of-this-most-awaited-gala-event-707033|access-date=2021-09-28|website=www.thehansindia.com|language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|7111160}}

{{H.K. Prakash}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Prakash, H K}}
[[Category:Film producers from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kannada film producers]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Outline of West Bengal

2026-02-25T11:45:32Z

Blackandwhitelegal: cleaned up references after review and corrected details

{{Short description|1=Overview of and topical guide to West Bengal}}

[[File:IN-WB.svg|thumb|300px|Location of West Bengal]]

The following [[outline (list)|outline]] is provided as an overview of and topical guide to West Bengal:

'''[[West Bengal]]''' – state in eastern India and is the nation's fourth-most populous state, with over 91 million inhabitants. Spread over {{convert|34267|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}}, it is bordered by the countries of [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bhutan]], and the Indian states of [[Odisha]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Sikkim]], and [[Assam]]. The state capital is [[Kolkata]] (Calcutta), one of the largest cities in India. Together with the neighbouring nation of Bangladesh, it makes up the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal.

{{TOC limit|limit=2}}

==General reference==

=== Names ===
* Common name: [[West Bengal]]
** Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|b|ɛ|n|ˈ|ɡ|ɔː|l}}
** In [[Bengali language|Bengali]]: {{Transliteration|bn|iso|Pōścimabôṅgô|italics=inherit}}, {{IPA|bn|ˈpoʃtʃimˈbɔŋɡo|pron|LL-Q9610 (ben)-Titodutta-পশ্চিমবঙ্গ.wav}}
* Abbreviations and name codes
** [[ISO 3166-2:US#Codes|ISO 3166-2 code]]: [[IN-WB]]
** [[Vehicle registration]] code: [[Vehicle registration plates of India#States|WB]]
* Nicknames
** [[Bengal]]
* [[Adjectivals and demonyms for states and territories of India|Adjectivals]]
** [[West Bengal]]
** [[Bengali language|Bengali]]

=== Rankings (amongst India's states) ===

* [[India states ranked by population|by population]]: 4th
* [[List of states and territories of India by area|by area]] (2011 census): 14th
* [[Indian states and territories ranking by crime rate|by crime rate]] (2015): 17th
* [[List of Indian states by GDP|by gross domestic product (GDP)]] (2014): 4th
*[[List of Indian states and territories by Human Development Index|by Human Development Index (HDI)]]: 11th
*[[List of Indian states by life expectancy at birth|by life expectancy at birth]]:
*[[Indian states ranking by literacy rate|by literacy rate]] (2011):76.62%

== Geography of West Bengal ==

[[Geography of West Bengal]]
* West Bengal is: an [[Indian state]]
* [[Population of West Bengal]]: 91,347,736<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-07 |title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : West Bengal |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |access-date=2025-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107060612/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 }}</ref>
* [[Area of West Bengal]]: 88,750 km2
* [[:commons:Atlas of West Bengal|Atlas of West Bengal]]

=== Location of West Bengal ===
* West Bengal is situated within the following regions:
** [[Northern Hemisphere]]
** [[Eastern Hemisphere]]
*** [[Eurasia]]
**** [[Asia]]
***** [[South Asia]]
****** [[India]]
******* [[East India]]
* [[Time zone]]: [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]])

{{Geographic location|Centre = West Bengal
|North = [[Sikkim]]
|Northeast = [[Assam]]
|East = [[Bangladesh]]
|Southeast = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|South = [[Bay of Bengal]]
|Southwest = [[Odisha]]
|West = [[Jharkhand]]
|Northwest = [[Bihar]]
}}

=== Environment of West Bengal ===
[[File:Alstonia scholaris.jpg|right|thumb|[[Alstonia scholaris]]]]
[[File:White-throated kingfisher BNC.jpg|right|thumb|[[White-throated kingfisher]]]]
[[File:Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) 3.jpg|right|thumb|[[Fishing cat]]]]

* [[Climate of West Bengal]]
* [[Protected areas of West Bengal]]
* [[Wildlife of West Bengal]]

==== Natural geographic features of West Bengal ====

* [[List of rivers of West Bengal|Rivers of West Bengal]]

=== Regions of West Bengal ===

==== Ecoregions of West Bengal ====

=== Administrative divisions of West Bengal ===

====Capital of West Bengal====

[[Kolkata]]

==== Divisions of West Bengal ====

* [[Jalpaiguri division]]
* [[Burdwan division]]
* [[Presidency division]]
* [[Malda division]]
* [[Medinipur division]]

==== Districts of West Bengal ====
[[File:WestBengalDistricts numbered.svg|Districts of West Bengal|250px|right|thumb]]

[[List of districts of West Bengal|Districts of West Bengal]]
*[[Alipurduar district]]
*[[Bankura district|Bankura]]
*[[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
*[[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
*[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]]
*[[Cooch Behar district|Cooch Behar]]
*[[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]
*[[Kalimpong district|Kalimpong]]
*[[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]] (East Midnapore)
*[[Hooghly district|Hooghly]]
*[[Howrah district|Howrah]]
*[[Jalpaiguri district|Jalpaiguri]]
*[[Kolkata]]
*[[Malda district|Malda]]
*[[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
*[[Nadia district|Nadia]]
*[[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]
*[[Uttar Dinajpur district|Uttar Dinajpur]]
*[[Purulia district|Purulia]]
*[[South 24 Parganas]]
*[[Dakshin Dinajpur district|Dakshin Dinajpur]]
*[[Jhargram district|Jhargram]]
*[[Paschim Medinipur district|Paschim Medinipur]] (West Midnapore)

===== Cities of West Bengal =====

*[[:Category:Municipal corporations in West Bengal|Municipal Corporations of West Bengal]]
*[[Municipalities of West Bengal]]
*[[List of cities in West Bengal|Cities of West Bengal]]

=== Demography of West Bengal ===

[[Demographics of West Bengal]]

== Government and politics of West Bengal ==

[[Politics of West Bengal]]

* [[Form of government]]: [[Indian state government]] ([[parliamentary system]] of [[representative democracy]])
* [[Capital (political)|Capital]] of West Bengal: [[Kolkata]]
* [[Elections in West Bengal]]
** (specific elections)

=== Union government in West Bengal ===
* [[List of Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal|Rajya Sabha members from West Bengal]]

* [[2009 Indian general election in West Bengal]]
* [[2014 Indian general election in West Bengal]]
* [[2019 Indian general election in West Bengal]]
* [[2024 Indian general election in West Bengal]]

=== Branches of the government of West Bengal ===

[[Government of West Bengal]]

==== Executive branch of the government of West Bengal ====

* [[Head of state]]: [[Governor of West Bengal]]
* [[Head of government]]: [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]]
* [[Council of Ministers of West Bengal]]

==== Legislative branch of the government of West Bengal ====

[[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
* [[List of constituencies of West Bengal Legislative Assembly|Constituencies of West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]

==== Judicial branch of the government of West Bengal ====

=== Law and order in West Bengal ===

* Law enforcement in West Bengal
** [[West Bengal Police]]

== History of West Bengal ==

[[History of West Bengal]]

{{Incomplete list|date=April 2025}}

=== History of West Bengal, by period ===

==== Prehistoric West Bengal ====

==== Ancient West Bengal ====

==== Medieval West Bengal ====

==== Colonial West Bengal ====

==== Contemporary West Bengal ====

=== History of West Bengal, by region ===

=== History of West Bengal, by subject ===

== Culture of West Bengal ==

[[Culture of West Bengal]]
* [[Architecture of West Bengal]]
* [[Cuisine of West Bengal]]
* [[Languages of West Bengal]]
* Monuments in West Bengal
** [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal|Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
** [[List of State Protected Monuments in West Bengal|State Protected Monuments in West Bengal]]
* World Heritage Sites in West Bengal

=== Art in West Bengal ===
* [[Cinema of West Bengal]]
* [[Music of West Bengal]]

=== People of West Bengal ===

* [[List of people from West Bengal|People from West Bengal]]

=== Religion in West Bengal ===

[[Religion in West Bengal]]
* [[Islam in West Bengal]]
* [[Bengali Hindus]]

=== Sports in West Bengal ===

[[Sports in West Bengal]]
* [[Cricket in West Bengal]]
** [[West Bengal Cricket Association]]
* [[Football in West Bengal]]
** [[West Bengal football team]]

=== Symbols of West Bengal ===
[[File:Alstonia scholaris.jpg|right|thumb|[[Alstonia scholaris]]]]
[[File:White-throated kingfisher BNC.jpg|right|thumb|[[White-throated kingfisher]]]]
[[File:Fishing Cat (Prionailurus viverrinus) 3.jpg|right|thumb|[[Fishing cat]]]]

[[Symbols of Indian states and territories#West Bengal|Symbols of West Bengal]]
* State animal: [[Fishing cat]]
* State bird: [[White-throated kingfisher]] [[File:Flower & flower buds I IMG 2257.jpg|right|thumb|100px]]
* State flower: [[Night-flowering jasmine]]
* State seal: [[Seal of West Bengal]]
* State tree: [[Devil tree]]
* Union Day: August 18 ( Day of accession to India )

== Economy and infrastructure of West Bengal ==

[[Economy of West Bengal]]
* [[Tourism in West Bengal]]
* [[Transport in West Bengal]]
** [[List of airports in West Bengal|Airports in West Bengal]]

== Education in West Bengal ==

[[Education in West Bengal]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal|Institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]

== Health in West Bengal ==

[[Healthcare in West Bengal|Health in West Bengal]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|India}}

* [[Outline of India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links|voy=West Bengal|West Bengal}}
{{wikiatlas|West Bengal}}
* [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516020105/http://www.westbengal.gov.in/ Official West Bengal Government Web Portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120420145316/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/web/guest/index Department of Tourism, Government of West Bengal]
* [http://www.wbcomtax.nic.in/welcome.asp Directorate of Commercial Taxes, Government of West Bengal]
* [http://wbic.gov.in/ West Bengal Information Commission]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/640088/West-Bengal West Bengal] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry

{{Outline footer}}

[[Category:Outlines of Indian states|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Outlines|West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal| 1]]
[[Category:West Bengal-related lists| ]]

Ahvar Rizvi

2026-02-22T09:39:42Z

Blackandwhitelegal: created first entry more to come.

{{short description|Indian sport shooter}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Ahvar Rizvi
| image = Ahvar rizvi.jpg
| nationality = Indian
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|12|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Meerut]], [[India]]
| education =
| height = 5’4 feet
| weight = 56 kg
| country = India
| sport = [[Shooting sports|Shooting]]
| event = [[ISSF Double trap|Double trap, Olympic Trap]]
| club =
| medaltemplates = {{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Shooting sports|Double Trap, Olympic Trap]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Shotgun Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2017 World Shotgun Championships|2017 Moscow]]|Double Trap Team}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2018 Changwon]]|Individual}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships|2018 Changwon]]|Double Trap Team|}}
| show-medals = yes
}}
'''Ahvar Rizvi''' (born 15 December 1999) is an Indian [[sports shooter]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ISSF - International Shooting Sport Federation - issf-sports.org |url=https://www.issf-sports.org/athletes/athlete.ashx?personissfid=SHINDM1512199901 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.issf-sports.org}}</ref> He won a gold medal and a team silver medal at the [[ISSF World Shooting Championships|ISSF Shotgun World Championship 2017 in Moscow, Russia]]. He won a gold medal and a team gold medal at the [[ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Championship 2018]] in [[Changwon]], [[South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-05 |title=Mittal, Rizvi win silver at Shotgun World Championship |url=https://www.espn.in/shooting/story/_/id/20590186/ankur-mittal-ahvar-rizvi-win-silver-shotgun-world-championship |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-05 |title=Ankur Mittal, Ahvar Rizvi win silver medals at ISSF Shotgun World Championships |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/ankur-mittal-ahvar-rizvi-win-silver-medals-at-issf-shotgun-world-championships-4830379/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ankur Mittal wins silver in men's double trap at World Shotgun Championship |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/ankur-mittal-mens-double-trap-world-shotgun-championships-issf-1038709-2017-09-05 |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Shotgun Championship: India's Ankur Mittal wins silver in Men's Double Trap event in Moscow |url=https://zeenews.india.com/other-sports/world-shotgun-championship-indias-ankur-mittal-wins-silver-in-mens-double-trap-event-in-moscow-2039735.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Good news: Ankur Mittal wins silver medal at the ISSF World Shotgun Championship |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/good-news-ankur-mittal-wins-silver-medal-at-the-issf-world-shotgun-championship/842625/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Ahvar Rizvi was born on 15 December 1999 in Mahal village, [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. His father's name is Asif Hasan and mother's name is Farin Khatun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=मां की दुआ ने बढ़ाया मनोबल, साधा गोल्ड पर निशाना |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/story-shooter-ahvar-rizvi-2169244.html |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ahvar Rizvi started his shooting career in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Release |first=Press |title=Mohd Asab and Ahvar Rizvi ensure U.P sweep in Mens Double Trap at the Shooting Nationals |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/shooting/mohd-asab-and-ahvar-rizvi-ensure-u-p-sweep-in-mens-double-trap-at-the-shooting-nationals |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=www.sportskeeda.com |language=en-us}}</ref> He won a Gold medal and Team Silver medal at the [[2017 ISSF Junior World Championships|ISSF Shotgun World Championship]] 2017 in Moscow, Russia. He won a Gold Medal And a Team Gold medal at the [[2018 ISSF World Shooting Championships|World Championship 2018 in Changwon, South Korea]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=India’s Ankur Mittal wins silver in men's double trap at ISSF World Championships Shotgun |url=https://scroll.in/field/849677/indias-ankur-mittal-wins-silver-in-men-s-double-trap-at-issf-world-championships-shotgun |access-date=2023-03-28 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018 he won Gold medal in men's double trap at the 62nd National Shotgun Championship in [[Jaipur]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Administrator |date=2018-11-19 |title=National Shotgun: Mohd Asab wins double trap gold |url=https://www.indianshooting.com/fnews/national-shotgun-mohd-asab-wins-double-trap-gold/ |access-date=2023-03-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rizvi, Ahvar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport shooters]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Trap and double trap shooters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Meerut]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]

Lake Pichola

2026-02-19T02:49:23Z

Blackandwhitelegal:

{{Short description|Lake in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Lake Pichola
| image = Udaipur Lake India.JPG
| alt = View of Udaipur lake
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan##India
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Lake Pichola in Rajasthan##Location of Lake Pichola in India
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of Pichola lake within Rajasthan
| location = [[Rajasthan]]
| coords = {{coord|24.572|N|73.679|E|type:waterbody|display=inline,title}}
| lake_type = Freshwater Lake
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment = {{convert|55|km2|abbr=on}}
| basin_countries = [[India]]
| length = {{convert|4|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|3|km|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|696|ha|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|4.32|m|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|8.5|m|abbr=on}}
| volume = {{convert|13.08|e6m3}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands = Jag Niwas, the [[Jag Mandir]] and Arsi Vilas
| cities = [[Udaipur]]
| mapframe = yes
|agency=[[Arvind Singh Mewar]]
}}

'''Lake Pichola''', in [[Udaipur]] city in the Indian state of Rajasthan, is an artificial fresh water lake, created in the year 1362, named after the nearby Picholi village.<ref name="Badipol">{{Cite web |title=Pichola Lake |url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/lakes/pichola-lake.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm |title=Lakes |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819233456/http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm |archivedate=19 August 2010 }}</ref> It is one of the several contiguous lakes, and developed over the last few centuries in and around [[Udaipur]] city. The lakes around Udaipur were primarily created by building dams to meet the drinking water and irrigation needs of the city and its neighbourhood. Two islands, [[Jag Niwas]] and [[Jag Mandir]] are located within Pichola Lake, and have been developed with several palaces to provide views of the lake.<ref name = Badipol/><ref name=pichola>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepalaceonwheels.org/blog/travel-guide-lake-pichola-udaipur/|title=Lake Pichola Udaipur|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081027110153/http://www.indiasite.com/rajasthan/udaipur/lakepichola.html|archivedate=27 October 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

There are four islands on the lake:
* Jag Niwas, where the [[Lake Palace]] is built.
* [[Jag Mandir]], with the palace of the same name.
* Mohan Mandir, from where the king would watch the annual Gangaur festival celebration.
* Arsi Vilas, small island which was an ammunition depot, but also a small palace. This one was built by one of the Maharanas of Udaipur to enjoy the sunset on the lake. It is also a sanctuary catering to a variety of birds, including tufted ducks, coots, egrets, terns, cormorants and kingfishers.

Three of the numerous lakes found in the vicinity of Udaipur which connect with the Pichola lake and the [[Swaroop Sagar Lake]] connected by an arched bridge built by [[Swarup Singh of Udaipur|Maharana Swaroop Singh]] (1842-1861) which in turn connects to the [[Fateh Sagar Lake]], the crystal watered lake in the midst of tree lined hills and the smaller Arsi Vilas.<ref name = Badipol/><ref name = pichola/>

== History ==
Lake Pichola was built by Maharaja of [[Parmar (Rajput clan)|Parmar]] [[Rajput|Rajputs]], in 1362 AD. The name of the lake from nearby village Picholi, since the reign of Maharana Lakha. The Lake is said to have been occupied by Banjaras at the end of the fourteenth century, and the embankment was built by [[Udai Singh II|Rana Udai Singh]] in 1560.<ref>{{Cite book |last=James |first=Tod |url=https://archive.org/details/annalsantiquitie01todj/page/n19/mode/2up |title=Annals and Antiquities of Rajast'han, Or, The Central and Western Rajpoot States of India |publisher=Higginbotham and Company |year=1873 |pages=405 |language=English}}</ref> The lake name is driven from nearby village Picholi, during the reign of Maharana Lakha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.283225/page/n42/mode/1up?view=theater|title = Udaypur Rajya Ka Itihas|year = 1938}}</ref> Later, [[Udai Singh II|Maharana Udai Singh]], impressed by the charm of this lake with the backdrop of green hills, founded the city of Udaipur on the banks of the lake and also enlarged the Lake by constructing a stone masonry dam in the '''Badipol''' region on the shore of the Lake.<ref name = Badipol/>
[[File:Lakepalace-udaipur.jpg|center|thumb|800px|Udaipur Panorama from [[Jag Mandir]] Island]]
The lake's surroundings and the several islands within the lake have been developed over the centuries, with palaces, marble temples, family mansions, bathing ghats or chabutaras (a raised platform, normally within a courtyard); among them are the [[Lake Palace]] (converted into a heritage hotel) in the middle of the lake also called the Pichola Palace (pictured) and Jag Nivas located on the Jag Island, the Jag Mandir, the Mohan Mandir (in the northeast corner of the lake built by Jagat Singh between 1628 and 1652), the City Palace of Udaipur (Bansi Ghat) from where boats ply to all other parts of the Lake, the Arsi Vilas Island, which is a sanctuary for birds and the Sitamata Game Sanctuary on the western shore of the Lake.<ref name = pichola/><ref name=nic>{{Cite web|url=http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm |title=Lake Pichola: LAKES |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819233456/http://udaipur.nic.in/lake.htm |archivedate=19 August 2010 }}</ref>

At several locations where the lake narrows, ornamental arch bridges have been built to span the waterway between the banks.<ref name = pichola/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rajasthanunlimited.com/udaipur.html|title=Udaipur - An Imperial Aura|access-date=26 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006230811/http://www.rajasthanunlimited.com/udaipur.html|archive-date=6 October 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Hydrology and technical details ==
The Sisarma stream, a tributary of the [[Kotra River]], drains a catchment of 55 km2 from the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] Mountains and contributes to the flows in the lake.<ref name=jheel>{{Cite web|url=http://greeningindia.net/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=23 |title=Jheel Sanrakshan Samiti (Udaipur Lake Conservation Society) |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090716124749/http://greeningindia.net/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=23 |archivedate=16 July 2009 }}</ref> The average annual rainfall in the lake basin is {{convert|635|mm|in}}. The lake has a surface area of about 696 ha. It is {{convert|4|km|mi}} long and {{convert|3|km|mi}} wide, and has depth varying from a minimum of {{convert|4.32|m|ft}} to a maximum of {{convert|8.5|m|ft}}. In the heart of the Lake, a palace called the [[Lake Palace]] was built, which is now converted into a heritage palace hotel. This palace built in marble in 1746 by Maharana Jagat Singh II, 62nd successor to the royal dynasty of [[Mewar]], spreads across the {{convert|1.6|ha|acre|abbr=off}} island and is claimed to be as impressive as the [[Taj Mahal]]. At the southern end, a dam was built across the major tributary to facilitate the Banjara tribesman to ford the stream with animals carrying grains. After 1560, Maharana Udai Sing II strengthened the dam (to a height of 15.24 m) when he established the city of Udaipur around the picturesque Lake. Machchala Magra hill, to the south of the city palace complex, is part of the old city wall and the small fort of Eklinggarh and the temple.<ref name = pichola/><ref name =nic/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tajhotels.com/palace/Taj%20Lake%20Palace,Udaipur/|title=Taj Lake Palace, Udaipur|access-date=26 October 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805074811/http://www.tajhotels.com/palace/Taj%20Lake%20Palace%2CUdaipur/|archive-date=5 August 2010|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mewarindia.com/comm/indexcom2.html|title=The House of Mewar – Lake palace Hotel|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509163437/http://www.mewarindia.com/comm/indexcom2.html|archivedate=9 May 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
The fact that the Pichola lake was built by nomadic gypsies testifies that the rulers of Mewar encouraged people to build water harvesting structures.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2006/papers/Narain_Sunita.pdf|title= Human Development Report 2006, Page 6, Human Development Report Office UNDP, Occasional Paper Community-led Alternatives to Water Management: India Case Study}}</ref>

During drought conditions because of lower rainfall & degradation of the catchment the lake becomes dry (''pictured''). During the years 1998 to July 2005. the Lakes of Udaipur were reportedly dry.<ref name =jheel/>
[[File:Udaipur-panorama 2005-05-15.jpg|center|thumb|800px|Udaipur Panorama with dried Lake Pichola]]

== Water quality ==
According to a study carried out by the "Centre of Advanced Study in Geology", [[Panjab University, Chandigarh|Punjab University]], the water quality of the lake has a high [[sodium]] and [[Bicarbonate]] content, which is attributed to the continental weathering due to anthropogenic pressure (tourist influx), intense development activities in the basin area and untreated effluent from municipal and domestic sewage into the Lake. The semi arid conditions of the area, saline and alkaline soils/groundwater conditions and weathering of the silicate rock exposed in the drainage basin are assessed as the reasons for the supply of major [[ion]]s. The report said<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=3060258 |title=Water chemistry and control of weathering of Pichola Lake, Udaipur District, Rajasthan, India}}</ref> that <blockquote>
''The increase in phosphate loading and consequent depletion of silica suggests biological consumption of the latter. The observed chemical data of the Pichola Lake was used to predict the mineral assemblages in the carbonate and aluminosilicate system. It demonstrates that calcite and dolomite are the possible minerals that are in equilibrium with the lake water system and that the lake water chemistry is in the range of stability of kaolinite''
</blockquote> The average of the pollution parameters recorded at random intervals during 2005-2006 as reported by the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board in 2006 are:<ref name = urban>{{Cite web|url=http://www.udaipurmc.org/static/Pdf/|format=pdf|title=Chapte5(Urban%20environment).pdf. P.7. Urban Environment}}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

* Dissolved Oxygen 6.33 mg/L; pH Value No.8.27; BOD 2.66 mg/L; Nitrate 0.11 mg/L; Nitrite 0.0045 mg/L; Fecal Coliform 16 MPN/100; and Total Coliform 110 MPN/100.

The assessment of quality status determined that water is polluted and needs remedial measures to be implemented to rectify the situation.<ref name = urban/>

Studies conducted by Jheel Sanrakshan Samiti (Udaipur Lake Conservation Society) – JSS - a Non Governmental Organization (NGO) set up in 1992 for Ecological, Limnological and Hydrological Conservation of Udaipur Lake System, has found growth of [[water hyacinth]], the lake bottom is also covered with a thick mat of submerged vegetation, presence of floating micro [[algae]] which are detrimental to the public health, and also harbor varieties of harmful organisms. This degree of pollution makes [[Water chlorination|chlorination]] and treatment by other chemicals ineffective to render the water [[potable]].<ref name =jheel/>

== Threats to the lake ==
Some of the issues identified as causes for deterioration of the Lake environment<ref>{{cite web|url=https://myudaipurcity.com/city-palace-udaipur/|title=City palace on the banks of lake Pichola | date=February 2019}}</ref> are:

* Polluted due to disposal of sewerage directly into surface drains or surface water body
* Large-scale and uncontrolled mining of marble and other minerals leading to heavy deforestation of hill slopes.
* Catchment area degradation and soil erosion causing deposition of sediments into the Lake and disturbance to the ecosystem of the area.
* Encroachments
* Dumping of solid, liquid waste, destruction of submergence areas and [[over exploitation]] of water
* Poor governance
* Lack of citizens and stakeholders participation in management of the Lake
* Due to deteriorated water quality, out of 42 species of fishes including [[Mahseer]] and all major [[carp]] fishes only 17 species of fishes have survived.

== Lake restoration works ==
Steps undertaken to restore the lakes by the NGOs, such as JSS and concerned government organizations are:<ref name =jheel/>

* [[Water hyacinth]] has been eradicated
* Biological measures undertaken
* [[Sewerage]] plan has been partly implemented.
* Catchment area conservation of the Pichhola Watershed project of Rs 34.2 million covering an area of 12702 ha under funding of the Government of India is under implementation

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="220px" heights="220px">
File:City Palace of Udaipur.jpg|[[City Palace, Udaipur|City Palace]] on Lake Pichola
File:Udaipur.jpg|[[Ghats]] on the lake
File:Jagmandir Palace.jpg|[[Jag Mandir]] on Lake Pichola.
File:Pichola lake sunset.JPG|Sunset at Pichola lake, seen from Karni Mata Temple
File:LakePicholaRainySeason.jpg|Boats floating in Lake Pichola, and Jag Mandir in background, in a typical cloudy day in rainy season.
File:Udaipur, India, Lake Pichola, Boats.jpg|Boats at the lake.
File:Udaipur, India, Lake Palace on Lake Pichola 2.jpg|Lake Palace on Lake Pichola.

</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of lakes in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[https://lakeviewudaipur.com/pichola-lake-udaipur/ The Charm of Udaipur - Lake Pichola] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210071721/https://lakeviewudaipur.com/pichola-lake-udaipur/ |date=10 February 2021 }}

{{Hydrography of Rajasthan}}
{{Udaipur}}

[[Category:Reservoirs in Rajasthan|Pichola]]
[[Category:Lakes of Udaipur|Pichola]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]

Economy of the Rashtrakuta empire of Manyakheta

2026-02-17T11:16:11Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding post

{{main|Rashtrakutas}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
'''The Rashtrakuta dynasty''' came to power in South India in 753 C.E. and ruled for over two centuries. At its peak the Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta ruled a vast empire stretching from the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] and [[Yamuna River]] [[doab]] in the north to [[Cape Comorin]] in the south, in a time of political expansion, architectural achievements and famous literary contributions.

The Rashtrakuta economy derived its funding from its natural and agricultural produce, its manufacturing revenues and moneys gained from its conquests. Cotton was the chief crop of the regions of southern Gujarat, [[Khandesh]] and Berar while cotton yarn and cloth was exported from [[Bharuch|Bharoch]] and incense and perfumes from the ports of [[Thane|Thana]] and Saimur. Minnagar, Gujarat, [[Ujjain]], [[Paithan]] and Tagara were important centres of textile industry. White calicos were manufactured in Burhanpur and Berar and exported to Persia, Turkey, Poland, Arabia and Cairo.<ref name="trade">Altekar (1934), p356</ref> Jawarit Bajri was grown in some regions of modern [[Maharashtra]] and oil seeds in dry areas of northern Karnataka region. The Konkan region, ruled by the feudatory Silharas, produced large quantities of betel leaves, coconut and rice while the lush forests of Mysore, ruled by the feudatory [[Gangas]], produced such woods as sandal, timber, teak and ebony. The Rashtrakuta empire controlled most of the western sea board of the subcontinent which facilitated its maritime trade.<ref name="trade1">Altekar (1934), p354</ref>

The deccan soil, though not as fertile as that of the Gangetic plains, was rich in minerals. The copper mines of [[Cudappah]], [[Bellary]], Chanda, Buldhana, Narsingpur, [[Ahmadnagar]], Bijapur and [[Dharwar]] were a source of income and played an important role in the economy.<ref name="trade2">Altekar (1934), p355</ref> Diamonds were mined in Cudappah, Bellary, [[Kurnool]] and [[Golconda]]; the capital Manyakheta and Devagiri were important [[diamond]] and jewellery trading centres. Muslin cloth were manufactured in [[Paithan]] and [[Warangal]] and the leather industry and tanning flourished in Gujarat. Some regions of northern Maharashtra and Mysore, with its vast elephant herds, were important for the ivory industry.<ref name="trade3">From notes of Periplus, Al Idrisi and Alberuni (Altekar 1934, p357)</ref> The Gujarat branch of the empire earned a significant income from the port of Bharoch, one of the most prominent ports in the world at that time. Other important ports were Naosari, Sopara, Thana, Saimur, Dabhol, Jayagad, Kharepatan and Kalyan.<ref name="trade4">Altekar (1934), p358</ref> The empire's chief exports were cotton yarn, cotton cloth, muslins, hides, mats, indigo, incense, perfumes, betel nuts, coconuts, sandal, teak, timber, sesame oil and ivory. Its major imports were pearls, gold, dates from Arabia, slaves, [[Italian cuisine|Italian]] wines, tin, lead, topaz, storax, sweet clover, flint glass, [[antimony]], [[gold]] and [[silver]] coins, singing boys and girls (for the entertainment of the royalty) from other lands. Trading in horses was an important and profitable business, monopolised the Arabs and some local merchants.<ref name="trade5">Altekar (1934), p358-359</ref>

==Practicalities==
[[Oxen]] and [[bullock cart]]s were used for business and leisure travel within the kingdom. While superior quality horses served the purpose for army cavalry, inferior horses were used as pack animals for moving commodities, especially in the hilly regions where cattle driven carts were too slow. Buying and selling land was not just the business of the two concerned parties but needed the consent of village elders and Mahajans (Brahmins).<ref name="trade6">From the Saundatti inscription (Altekar 1934, p362)</ref> Artists and craftsman operated as corporations rather than as individual business. Inscriptions mention guilds of weavers, oilmen, artisans, basket and mat makers and fruit sellers. A Saundatti inscription refers to an assemblage of all the people of a district headed by the guilds of the region.<ref name="trade7">Altekar (1934), p368</ref> The weaver guild of Lakshmeshwar (in [[Gadag]]) had one executive head and the Mulgund guild had four executives with a membership of about two thousand artisans. The largest guilds were the Vira Balanju guilds of Belgamve ([[Balligavi]]) with nine heads and the Miraj inscription mentions another with nineteen executives. The number of executives depended directly on the membership in the guild.<ref name="trade8">Altekar (1934), p369</ref> The Belgamve guild had five hundred inscriptions (''Shasana'') written outlining the rules and regulations by which all members had to adhere. Some guilds were considered superior to others, just as some corporations were, and received royal charters determining their powers and privileges. The [[Dambal]] inscription mentions its guild as the "lord of [[Aihole]]" and that its members owned their own royal umbrellas. Inscriptions suggest these guilds had their own militia to protect goods in transit and, like village assemblies, they operated banks that lent money to traders and businesses.<ref name="trade9">Altekar (1934), p370-371</ref>

==Taxation==
Information on the kingdom's revenue system is now available from its copper plate grants, contemporaneous writings and inscriptions from neighbouring kingdoms. The accounts of Muslim writers of the time also provide insight into details. The government's income came from five principal sources: regular taxes, occasional taxes, fines, income taxes and tributes from feudatories.<ref name="trade10">Altekar (1934), p223</ref> Regular taxes were called ''Ujranga'', ''Uparikara'', ''Sidddhaya'' and ''Visthi''. There were some miscellaneous taxes as well. Occasional taxes were called ''chcitabhata pravesadavala'' and ''Rajasevakanam vasatidan''. An emergency tax was also imposed occasionally. Income tax included taxes on crown land, wasteland, specific types of trees considered valuable to economy, mines, salt, treasures unearthed by prospectors, and estates and moneys of persons who died without an heir.<ref name="trade11">Altekar (1934), p213</ref>

''Ujranga'' and ''Uparikara'' were universal produce taxes applied to items such as betel leaves, fruits, vegetables, flowers and grass. This may have included some additional taxes to pay for the salaries of government officials.<ref name="trade12">Altekar (1934), p 215</ref> The land owner or tenant paid a variety of taxes, including land taxes, produce taxes and payment of overheads for maintenance of the Gavunda. The theory that ''Udranga'' was applied to permanent landowners and ''uparikara'' to temporary land tenants has been proposed.<ref name="trade13">Altekar (1934), p 216</ref> Land taxes were varied, based on type of land, its produce and situation. A [[Banavasi]] inscription of 941 mentions reassessment of land tax due to the drying up of an old irrigation canal in the region. Various tax levels were determined ranging from 8% to 16%. The king determined the tax levels based on need and circumstances in the kingdom while ensuring that an undue burden was not placed on the peasants.<ref name="trade14">From the writings of Chandesvara (Altekar 1934, p216)</ref> A portion of all taxes earned by the government (usually 15%) was returned to the villages for maintenance. There is no mention of taxes on water, roads and other local facilities.<ref name="trade15">Altekar (1934), p 222</ref> The Rashtrakuta empire was frequently at war with the Palas and Gurjaras, a political situation that required significant expenditure to upgrade and maintain the army. The land tax therefore may have been as high as 20%.<ref name="trade16">From the notes of Al Idrisi (Altekar (1934), p 223)</ref>

Taxes on lands and property gifted to war heroes were lightly taxed while other lands were taxed in three installments. This type of taxation was called ''Balagachchu''. The Ukkal inscription records that when land owners defaulted on taxes for three years in a row under normal circumstances, the lands were seized and sold by the village community.<ref name="trade17">Altekat (1934), p226</ref> In most of the kingdom, land taxes were paid in goods and services and rarely was cash accepted. This was true in the domains of the feudatory Gangas and Cholas as well.<ref name="trade18">From the Begumra plates of Krishna II (Altekar 1934, p227</ref> From inscriptions it is known that government owned granaries and storehouses which ensured that grain and corn of the best quality was available at market rates, while old or low quality material was auctioned off at bargain prices or destroyed. A tax called ''Bhutapattapratyaya'' was levied on imported items called {{Transliteration|kn|upatta}} while locally produced items were called ''bhuta'' and manufactured and stored items were called ''sambhrta''. In addition, there were general excise and local taxes levied on villages.<ref name="trade19">Altekar (1934), p229</ref> Taxes were levied on daily household items such as clarified butter and charcoal. Among non-agricultural rural people, herdsman and cattle breeders had to pay taxes also.<ref name="trade20">From the Sirur plates of Amoghavarsha I and Soratur inscriptions of Krishna III (Altekar 1934, p229)</ref>

The Rashtrakuta government levied a shipping tax of one golden Gadyana on all foreign vessels embarking to any other ports and a fee of one silver Ctharna on vessels travelling locally. Taxes were levied on all types of artisans such as potters, sheep herders, weavers, oilmen, shopkeepers, stall owners, brewers and gardeners. Taxes on perishable items such as fish, meat, honey, medicine, fruits and essentials like fuel was as high as 16%.<ref name="trade21">Altekar (1934), p230</ref> Under miscellaneous taxes were ferry and house taxes, only the Brahmins and their temple institutions being subjected at a lower rate.<ref name="trade22">From the Hebbal inscriptions and Torkhede inscriptions of Govinda III (Altekar 1934, p232</ref> Some forms of taxation was occasional or uncommon, levied on villages only during encampment of the army or the police (''Bhafas'') on a march. Under such circumstances, the army (''Chata'') was allowed limited access to the village or township and that was only under special circumstances which ensured daily life in the communities continued unhindered. Customary presents were give to the king or royal officers on such festive occasions of as marriage or the birth of a son.<ref name="trade23">From the Davangere inscription of Santivarma of Banavasi-12000 province (Altekar 1934, p 234</ref>

Emergency taxes are described in the writings of Somadeva and were applied under extraordinary circumstances when even Brahmins and temples were not excluded. These were applicable when the kingdom was under duress, facing natural calamities, or preparing for war or overcoming its ravages. Fines were charged on socially or politically alienated villages, the term used being ''Sadandadas aparadhah'' or ''Pratishisiddhaya''. Since these taxes were uncommon, income to state from these sources was small overall.<ref name="trade24">Altekar (1934), p 236</ref> Income on government property included taxes on stray plots of cultivable land, forests, forest produce, waste lands, lands awaiting cultivation and specific trees such as sandal, Hirda, mango and Madhuka, even when these were found growing on private property. The kingdom did not lay claim to the entire land inside its territory. A record of the feudatory Vaidumba king from southern Deccan says the king had to purchase three veils of land from a local assembly in order to assign it to a temple in a village.<ref name="trade25">From the 961 inscription of Krishna III (Altekar 1934, p 237</ref> Taxes on salt and minerals were mandatory, although the empire did not claim sole ownership of mines, implying that private mineral prospecting and the quarrying business may have been active. The term used for these taxes was ''Sahadhyantara Siddhi''.<ref name="trade26">Altekar (1934), p 242</ref> Treasures, even when discovered on private land, were included as taxable earnings as were the incomes and properties of persons who died without heirs. If there were no survivors in the family, the state claimed all the properties.<ref name="trade27">From the writings of Somadeva (Altekar 1934, p 244)</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last= Altekar|first= Anant Sadashiv |title= The Rashtrakutas And Their Times; being a political, administrative, religious, social, economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D|orig-date=1934|year=1934|publisher= Oriental Book Agency|location= Poona|oclc=3793499}}

[[Category:Rashtrakuta dynasty]]
[[Category:Economic history of India]]
[[Category:Historical economies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Medieval economic history]]

List of populated places in Kamjong district

2026-02-10T21:03:00Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding the place w/ refs

{{short description|Villages in Kamjong district of Manipur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The [[Kamjong district]] of [[Manipur]] state in India is divided into 4 sub-districts called blocks.<ref name="blocks">{{cite web |title=Subdivision & Blocks |publisher=District Administration Kamjong |url=https://kamjong.nic.in/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the Kamjong district (created in 2016) was a part of the [[Ukhrul district]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/manipur-violence-new-districts-okram-ibobi-united-naga-council-4436039/ |title=Simply put: Seven new districts that set Manipur ablaze |author=Esha Roy |date=2016-12-06 |access-date=2022-12-22 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="census_2011">{{cite web |title=Primary census abstract at town, village and ward level, Manipur - District Ukhrul - 2011 |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/6470 |access-date=2022-12-26}}</ref>

== Blocks ==

The Kamjong district has four sub-divisions called blocks: Kamjong, Phungyar, Sahamphung, and Kasom Khullen.<ref name="blocks"/>

== Villages ==

=== Kamjong block ===

The Kamjong block includes the following villages:<ref>{{cite web |title=MNREGA Reports: Kamjong block panchayats |url=https://nregastrep.nic.in/netnrega/Progofficer/PoIndexFrame.aspx?flag_debited=S&lflag=eng&District_Code=2013&district_name=KAMJONG&state_name=MANIPUR&state_Code=20&finyear=2022-2023&check=1&block_name=KAMJONG&Block_Code=2008004 |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=House ownership status of SC Households: Kamjong block |url=https://secc.gov.in/getSCCategoryHouseOwnershipStatusBlockLgdReport.htm/14/717/2383 |work=Socio Economic and Caste Census, 2011 |publisher= Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Aishi]]
| 350
| 65.72%
| 1108
| 0.0%
| 99.43%
| 270466
|-
| [[Bungpa Khullen]]
| 2716
| 90.64%
| 664
| 0.74%
| 67.34%
| 270458
|-
| [[Bungpa Khunou]]
| 309
| 93.09%
| 797
| 0.0%
| 98.71%
| 270461
|-
| [[Chassad]]
| 729
| 71.96%
| 903
| 0.14%
| 92.73%
| 270462
|-
| [[Z. Choro]]
| 94
| 95.24%
| 649
| 0.0%
| 87.23%
| 270485
|-
| [[Grihang]]
| 782
| 98.17%
| 926
| 0.0%
| 99.36%
| 270488
|-
| [[Huimine Thana]] (Huimine Thana)
| 33
| 93.33%
| 1062
| 0.0%
| 84.85%
| 270467
|-
| [[Kangpat Khullen]]
| 353
| 61.72%
| 1006
| 0.0%
| 99.43%
| 270484
|-
| [[Kangpat Khunou]]
| 438
| 93.93%
| 904
| 0.0%
| 99.54%
| 270487
|-
| [[Khoikai]]
| 240
| 85.57%
| 846
| 0.0%
| 98.75%
| 270463
|-
| [[Kongkan]]
| 348
| 80.07%
| 923
| 0.0%
| 98.85%
| 270465
|-
| [[Kultuk, Manipur|Kultuk]]
| 214
| 92.27%
| 1038
| 0.0%
| 98.13%
| 270470
|-
| [[Lakhan, Manipur|Lakhan]]
| 200
| 68.07%
| 980
| 0.0%
| 99.0%
| 270469
|-
| [[Meiti]]
| 108
| 96.63%
| 895
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270502
|-
| [[Molvailup]]
| 386
| 89.11%
| 911
| 0.0%
| 99.74%
| 270468
|-
| [[Nampisha]] (Ramphoi)
| 601
| 99.61%
| 1072
| 0.0%
| 99.67%
| 270489
|-
| [[Ningchou]] (Ningchau)
| 419
| 99.45%
| 1005
| 0.0%
| 96.66%
| 270483
|-
| [[Ningthi, Manipur|Ningthi]]
| 926
| 93.38%
| 991
| 0.0%
| 99.35%
| 270498
|-
| [[Phaikok]]
| 391
| 83.67%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 97.19%
| 270471
|-
| [[Phaimol]]
| 160
| 57.14%
| 905
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270499
|-
| [[Phange]]
| 119
| 91.59%
| 889
| 0.0%
| 98.32%
| 270459
|-
| [[Pihang]]
| 178
| 76.67%
| 1225
| 0.0%
| 99.44%
| 270464
|-
| [[Sampui]]
| 343
| 74.4%
| 906
| 0.0%
| 99.42%
| 270460
|-
| [[Skipe]]
| 123
| 89.47%
| 1085
| 0.0%
| 97.56%
| 270486
|}

=== Phungyar ===

The Phungyar block includes the following villages:<ref name="phungyar_villages">{{cite web |title=MNREGA Reports: Phungyar block panchayats |url=https://nregastrep.nic.in/netnrega/Progofficer/PoIndexFrame.aspx?flag_debited=S&lflag=eng&District_Code=2013&district_name=KAMJONG&state_name=MANIPUR&state_Code=20&finyear=2022-2023&check=1&block_name=PHUNGYAR%20&Block_Code=2008003 |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=House ownership status of SC Households: Phungyar block |url=https://secc.gov.in/getSCCategoryHouseOwnershipStatusBlockLgdReport.htm/14/717/2385 |work=Socio Economic and Caste Census, 2011 |publisher= Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Alang, Manipur|Alang]]
| 270
| 83.12%
| 1015
| 0.0%
| 97.04%
| 270523
|-
| [[Chadong, Manipur|Chadong]] (Chandong T)
| 1027
| 59.14%
| 878
| 0.0%
| 97.37%
| 270504
|-
| [[Chungkai]]
| 266
| 77.09%
| 942
| 0.0%
| 99.62%
| 270528
|-
| [[Honkhuiphung]] (Hangkhuiphung)
| 291
| 90.4%
| 914
| 0.0%
| 98.28%
| 270539
|-
| [[H. Goda]]
| 336
| 82.14%
| 1127
| 0.0%
| 98.21%
| 270521
|-
| [[Hundung]] (Hundung Godah)
| 10785
| 86.64%
| 935
| 0.06%
| 95.7%
| 270445
|-
| [[Khambi, Manipur|Khambi]]
| 642
| 66.42%
| 928
| 0.0%
| 96.73%
| 270530
|-
| [[Khongjal]]
| 324
| 85.71%
| 1077
| 0.0%
| 99.69%
| 270525
|-
| [[Khunthak, Phungyar|Khunthak]]
| 195
| 94.86%
| 912
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270562
|-
| [[Koso, Manipur|Koso]] (Kaso)
| 216
| 76.09%
| 846
| 0.0%
| 93.98%
| 270517
|-
| Lamlai Khunou (amalgamated with Lamlai Khullen to form [[Ramrei]])<ref name="gazette_565">{{cite web |title=Amalgamating the two village of Lamlai Khullen and Lamlai Khunou into one village called Ramrei |url=https://manipurgovtpress.nic.in/en/details_gazzete/?gazette=565 |publisher=Government of Manipur |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref>
| 524
| 71.19%
| 1008
| 0.0%
| 99.81%
| 270505
|-
| Lamlai Khullen (amalgamated with Lamlai Khunou to form Ramrei)<ref name="gazette_565"/>
| 454
| 87.11%
| 940
| 0.0%
| 96.92%
| 270506
|-
| [[Leishi]]
| 221
| 64.55%
| 973
| 0.0%
| 99.55%
| 270518
|-
| [[Leiting]]
| 248
| 79.34%
| 824
| 0.0%
| 98.39%
| 270519
|-
| [[Louphong]]
| 266
| 69.33%
| 873
| 0.0%
| 98.12%
| 270503
|-
| [[Loushing]]
| 160
| 86.13%
| 667
| 0.0%
| 99.38%
| 270527
|-
| [[Loushing Khunthak]]
| 174
| 89.12%
| 1486
| 0.0%
| 99.43%
| 270526
|-
| [[Lungphu]]
| 776
| 74.7%
| 965
| 0.0%
| 98.58%
| 270511
|-
| [[Marou, Manipur|Marou]] (Marao)
| 309
| 94.03%
| 907
| 0.0%
| 97.73%
| 270513
|-
| [[Meiring, Manipur|Meiring]] (Meileng / Mailiang / Maileng)
| 445
| 85.71%
| 926
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270531
|-
| [[Ngaprum]]
| 350
| 88.96%
| 934
| 0.0%
| 98.0%
| 270533
|-
| [[Nongman]]
| 452
| 90.58%
| 957
| 0.0%
| 99.34%
| 270534
|-
| [[Patbung]]
| 191
| 77.59%
| 1195
| 0.0%
| 97.38%
| 270532
|-
| [[Phalang]]
| 325
| 80.9%
| 901
| 0.0%
| 98.15%
| 270520
|-
| [[Phungyar]] (Phungyar Head Quarter)
| 953
| 88.35%
| 1002
| 0.0%
| 97.06%
| 270524
|-
| [[Punge]]
| 220
| 56.54%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 99.55%
| 270537
|-
| [[Riha, Manipur|Riha]] (Riha Tangkhul)
| 1087
| 91.29%
| 897
| 0.0%
| 93.01%
| 270507
|-
| [[Shakok]]
| 226
| 71.88%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 96.9%
| 270522
|-
| [[Shingkap]]
| 723
| 81.06%
| 1020
| 0.0%
| 98.62%
| 270514
|-
| [[Shingta]]
| 322
| 84.46%
| 819
| 0.0%
| 99.69%
| 270512
|-
| [[Sikibung]] (Sikiphung)
| 1084
| 74.03%
| 936
| 0.0%
| 99.08%
| 270510
|-
| [[Sorathen]]
| 152
| 95.28%
| 974
| 0.0%
| 97.37%
| 270536
|-
| [[Sorbung, Manipur|Sorbung]]
| 610
| 74.17%
| 1033
| 0.0%
| 99.51%
| 270538
|-
| [[Sorde, Manipur|Sorde]]
| 265
| 68.88%
| 934
| 0.0%
| 99.25%
| 270535
|-
| [[T. Hundung Khunou]]
| 224
| 56.99%
| 1036
| 0.0%
| 97.77%
| 270515
|-
| [[T. Hundung Khullen]]
| 640
| 86.4%
| 882
| 0.16%
| 99.84%
| 270516
|-
| [[Thawai (T)]]
| 1159
| 90.14%
| 866
| 0.0%
| 98.71%
| 270508
|-
| [[Thawai (K)]]
| 336
| 20.44%
| 797
| 0.0%
| 97.02%
| 270509
|}

The following villages are not listed in the 2011 census directory: Ngabrum (Kumram), Leinganching, and Nagyophung.<ref name="phungyar_villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

=== Sahamphung ===

The Sahamphung block includes the following villages:<ref>{{cite web |title=MNREGA Reports: Sahamphung block panchayats |url=https://nregastrep.nic.in/netnrega/Progofficer/PoIndexFrame.aspx?flag_debited=S&lflag=eng&District_Code=2013&district_name=KAMJONG&state_name=MANIPUR&state_Code=20&finyear=2022-2023&check=1&block_name=SAHAMPHUNG%20TD%20BLOCK&Block_Code=2008007 |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Apong, Manipur|Apong]]
| 229
| 90.0%
| 1160
| 0.0%
| 96.94%
| 270491
|-
| [[Chahong Khullen]]
| 545
| 77.94%
| 1072
| 0.0%
| 99.63%
| 270496
|-
| [[Chahong Khunou]]
| 145
| 60.61%
| 1101
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270472
|-
| [[Chamu]]
| 609
| 80.19%
| 1167
| 0.0%
| 96.06%
| 270476
|-
| [[Changa, Manipur|Changa]]
| 293
| 57.43%
| 878
| 0.0%
| 94.88%
| 270440
|-
| [[Chatric]]
| 854
| 74.22%
| 919
| 0.0%
| 97.54%
| 270474
|-
| [[Gambal]]
| 96
| 67.95%
| 882
| 0.0%
| 97.92%
| 270481
|-
| [[Hangkou]] (Hangkaw)
| 312
| 88.64%
| 1167
| 0.0%
| 99.68%
| 270497
|-
| [[Kachouphung (T)]]
| 192
| 73.65%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 97.92%
| 270479
|-
| [[Kachouphung (K)]]
| 127
| 47.79%
| 868
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270480
|-
| [[Kashung]]
| 80
| 75.44%
| 778
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270482
|-
| [[Khayang]]
| 334
| 85.15%
| 845
| 0.0%
| 98.2%
| 270478
|-
| [[Lanchah]] (Langcha)
| 84
| 74.63%
| 1049
| 0.0%
| 98.81%
| 270501
|-
| [[Langli, Ukhrul|Langli]]
| 323
| 82.39%
| 900
| 0.0%
| 99.69%
| 270490
|-
| [[Lankhe]] (Langkhe)
| 147
| 94.02%
| 986
| 0.0%
| 96.6%
| 270495
|-
| [[Lonshak]] (Rushoah / Rushea)
| 251
| 94.93%
| 946
| 0.0%
| 96.41%
| 270456
|-
| [[Maku, Ukhrul|Maku]]
| 635
| 95.81%
| 954
| 0.0%
| 99.21%
| 270492
|-
| [[Maokot]]
| 314
| 53.28%
| 880
| 0.0%
| 99.68%
| 270475
|-
| [[Mapum]]
| 1117
| 77.16%
| 988
| 0.0%
| 93.38%
| 270453
|-
| [[Matiyang]]
| 152
| 94.74%
| 1000
| 0.0%
| 98.03%
| 270477
|-
| [[Pushing, Manipur|Pushing]]
| 904
| 81.32%
| 961
| 0.0%
| 99.0%
| 270454
|-
| [[Roni, Manipur|Roni]]
| 206
| 70.62%
| 981
| 0.0%
| 97.57%
| 270473
|-
| [[Sahamphung]]
| 147
| 82.5%
| 1194
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270500
|-
| [[Yentem]] (Yingtem)
| 152
| 94.57%
| 854
| 0.0%
| 96.71%
| 270493
|-
| [[Shingcha]]
| 474
| 96.3%
| 1008
| 0.0%
| 98.31%
| 270494
|-
| [[Chingshou]] (Zingsui)
| 602
| 79.58%
| 1034
| 0.0%
| 97.51%
| 270455
|}

=== Kasom Khullen ===

The Kasom Khullen block includes the following villages:<ref name="kasom_khullen_villages">{{cite web |title=MNREGA Reports: Kasom Khullen block panchayats |url=https://nregastrep.nic.in/netnrega/Progofficer/PoIndexFrame.aspx?flag_debited=S&lflag=eng&District_Code=2013&district_name=KAMJONG&state_name=MANIPUR&state_Code=20&finyear=2022-2023&check=1&block_name=KASOM%20KHULLEN&Block_Code=2008005 |publisher=Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=House ownership status of SC Households: Kasom Khullen block |url=https://secc.gov.in/getSCCategoryHouseOwnershipStatusBlockLgdReport.htm/14/717/2384 |work=Socio Economic and Caste Census, 2011 |publisher= Ministry of Rural Development, Government of India |access-date=2022-12-27 }}</ref><ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Population
! Effective literacy rate
! Sex ratio
! SC population %
! ST population %
! Census code (2011)
|-
| [[Ashang Khullen]]
| 123
| 81.19%
| 922
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270546
|-
| [[Chakama]]
| 162
| 72.73%
| 976
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270551
|-
| [[Bungpun]]
| 106
| 67.74%
| 1120
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270575
|-
| [[Chingshou]] (Chingsou)
| 211
| 82.26%
| 884
| 0.0%
| 97.63%
| 270543
|-
| [[Chongdan, Manipur|Chongdan]]
| 336
| 75.81%
| 1049
| 0.0%
| 99.4%
| 270544
|-
| [[Itham]]
| 240
| 93.85%
| 1087
| 0.0%
| 99.17%
| 270542
|-
| [[K. Ashang Khullen]]
| 205
| 71.01%
| 971
| 0.0%
| 96.59%
| 270574
|-
| [[K. Leihaoram]]
| 769
| 64.32%
| 1040
| 0.0%
| 98.83%
| 270552
|-
| [[Kasom Somrei]]
| 386
| 88.06%
| 1144
| 0.0%
| 98.96%
| 270549
|-
| [[Kangkum]]
| 371
| 94.81%
| 1084
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270571
|-
| [[Kangoi]]
| 266
| 94.4%
| 887
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270545
|-
| [[Kashung]]
| 474
| 91.33%
| 1008
| 0.21%
| 99.16%
| 270569
|-
| [[Kasom Khullen]]
| 1018
| 88.53%
| 917
| 0.0%
| 98.92%
| 270558
|-
| [[Kasom Khunou]]
| 204
| 59.76%
| 1242
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270559
|-
| [[Khamlang]]
| 485
| 64.96%
| 1091
| 0.0%
| 99.38%
| 270560
|-
| [[Kharam Khullen]] (Kharan Khullen)
| 195
| 76.61%
| 1074
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270553
|-
| [[Lairam Khullen]]
| 802
| 73.03%
| 995
| 0.0%
| 99.25%
| 270557
|-
| [[Lairam Phungka]]
| 384
| 95.5%
| 1098
| 0.0%
| 98.44%
| 270556
|-
| [[Khongle]]
| 270
| 87.05%
| 837
| 0.0%
| 99.63%
| 270568
|-
| [[Khoiripok]] (Lungtoram)
| 247
| 64.19%
| 1093
| 0.0%
| 99.19%
| 270555
|-
| [[Makan, Manipur|Makan]] (Makhan)
| 136
| 97.5%
| 915
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270572
|-
| [[Manthouram]]
| 274
| 81.4%
| 877
| 0.0%
| 98.18%
| 270567
|-
| [[Mawai, Manipur|Mawai]]
| 931
| 62.93%
| 892
| 0.0%
| 97.64%
| 270561
|-
| [[Nambashi Kachumram]]
| 60
| 96.0%
| 714
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270570
|-
| [[Nambashi Khunou]] (Nambshi Khunou)
| 200
| 88.27%
| 1041
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270564
|-
| [[Nambashi Khullen]]
| 884
| 85.57%
| 930
| 0.0%
| 98.53%
| 270565
|-
| [[Nambashi Valley]]
| 164
| 73.91%
| 843
| 0.0%
| 98.78%
| 270566

|-
| [[Nongdam (K)]]
| 60
| 67.31%
| 1308
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270541
|-
| [[Nongdam]] (T)
| 957
| 91.77%
| 1006
| 0.0%
| 99.58%
| 270540
|-
| [[Shangpunram]]
| 196
| 80.23%
| 1042
| 0.0%
| 98.47%
| 270554
|-
| [[Shungriphai]]
| 264
| 91.6%
| 941
| 0.0%
| 97.73%
| 270550
|-
| [[T. Natuiang]] (T. Natiyang)
| 64
| 77.55%
| 939
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270548
|-
| [[Tarong, Manipur|Tarong]]
| 338
| 63.49%
| 965
| 0.0%
| 99.7%
| 270563
|-
| [[Wanglee, Manipur|Wanglee]]
| 130
| 91.82%
| 884
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270573
|-
| [[Yeasem]] (Yeasom)
| 253
| 95.85%
| 917
| 0.0%
| 100.0%
| 270547
|}

The following villages are not listed in the 2011 census directory:Bohoram, Khonglo, [[Khunthak, Kasom Khullen|Khunthak]], Kongluiram, Nambashi Horton, Ngaranphung, Punomram, Reishangphung, Sangpunram, Somthar, and Tamaram.<ref name="kasom_khullen_villages"/><ref name="census_2011"/>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of populated places in Manipur|Kamjong]]

Cooku with Comali season 2

2026-02-08T19:39:04Z

Blackandwhitelegal:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| judges = [[Chef Damodharan]] [[Samayal Samayal with Venkatesh Bhat|Chef Venkatesh Bhat]]
| host = [[Rakshan]]
| num_contestants = 9
| winner = [[Kani Thiru]]
| runner_up = [[Shakeela]]
}}
| bgcolor = turquoise
| image =
| num_episodes = 41
| first_aired = {{Start date|2020|11|14|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|04|14|df=y}}
}}
'''''Cooku with Comali 2''''' is the second season of the Tamil reality cooking TV show [[Cooku with Comali]], that was aired first on 14 November 2020. This season was hosted by [[Rakshan]]. The grand finale was aired on 14 April 2021 and winner was Kani Thiru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kani-is-the-winner-of-cook-with-comali-season-2/article34324130.ece|title=Kani is the winner of 'Cook with Comali' Season 2|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/cook-with-comali-season-2-winner-kani-shakeela-ashwin-pugazh-pavithra-tamil-news-290039/|title=கனி, ஷகிலா, அஸ்வின்… குக் வித் கோமாளி டைட்டில் வின்னர் நாம எதிர்பார்த்த ஆள் இல்லையாமே?|website=tamil.indianexpress.com|date=8 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/television-cook-with-comali-2-winner-and-runner-details-here-msb-442813.html|title=குக் வித் கோமாளி 2 வின்னர் மற்றும் ரன்னர் யார்?|website=tamil.news18.com|date=6 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/cooku-with-comalis-pugazh-and-sivaangi-on-the-shows-popularity-and-their-friendship/article33808541.ece | title=Cooku with Comali's Pugazh and Sivaangi: On the show's popularity and their friendship | newspaper=The Hindu | date=11 February 2021 | last1=Sunder | first1=Gautam }}</ref>

== Contestants ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:29px; width:auto;"
| '''Contestants'''
| '''Status'''
|-
| [[Kani Thiru]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/did-you-know-who-is-cook-with-comali-season-2-kani-qldenb|title="குக் வித் கோமாளி" கனி யார் தெரியுமா?... பிரபல கோலிவுட் கலைக்குடும்பத்தைச் சேர்ந்தவராம்...!|website=tamil.asianetnews.com}}</ref>
|style="background:#73FB76";|'''Winner'''
|-
| [[Shakeela]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/vijay-tv-announces-contestants-list-of-cook-with-comali-season-2/articleshow/79155800.cms|title=ஷகீலா இஸ் பேக்.. விஜய் டிவி குக் வித் கோமாளி 2 போட்டியாளர்கள் லிஸ்ட் |newspaper=Samayam Tamil}}</ref>
|style="background:#D1E8EF;" |'''1st Runner-Up'''
|-
| [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/cooku-with-comali-3-update-darshan-ashwin-kumar-enna-solla-pogirai-tamil-news-306002|title=Sivakarthikeyan's friend in place of Ashwin Kumar in sensational project?|website=www.indiaglitz.com|date=16 January 2022 }}</ref>
|Style="background:#7FFFD4;";"|'''2nd Runner-Up'''
|-
| [[Baba Bhaskar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/viral-corner/photos/cook-with-comali-season-2-fun-memes-in-tamil/photoshow/81267667.cms|title=புகழ் பாபா பாஸ்கர், குக் வித் கோமாளி மீம்ஸ்!|website=tamil.samayam.com}}</ref>
|Style="background:#FF69B4; |'''3rd Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[Pavithra Lakshmi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/viral-corner/photos/cook-with-comali-season-2-fun-memes-in-tamil/photoshow/81267667.cms|title=புகழ் பாபா பாஸ்கர், குக் வித் கோமாளி மீம்ஸ்!|website=tamil.samayam.com}}</ref>
|Style="background:#DDA0DD;";"|'''4th Runner-Up'''
|-
|[[Rithika Tamil Selvi]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| [[Dharsha Gupta]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| [[Deepa Shankar]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
| [[Madurai Muthu]]
| {{Eliminated}}
|-
|}

== Comalis ==
{{colbegin}}
*[[KPY Bala]]
*[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
*Pappu
*[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
* Parvathy Saran
*Sakthi Raj
*Sarath Raj
*[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
*[[Sunita Gogoi]]
*Tiger Thangadurai
{{colend}}

== Cook Pairings ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Contestants
! style="background:yellow" |Week 1

14 & 15 Nov 2020
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 2

21 & 22 Nov 2020
! style="background:salmon" |Week 3

28 & 29 Nov 2020
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 4
5 & 6 Dec 2020
! style="background:salmon" |Week 5
12 & 13 Dec 2020
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 6
19 & 20 Dec 2020
! style="background:yellow" |Week 7
26 & 27 Dec 2020
! style="background:salmon" |Week 8
2 & 3 Jan 2021
! style="background:yellow" |Week 9
9 & 10 Jan 2021
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 10
16 & 23 Jan 2021
! style="background:salmon" |Week 11
30 & 31 Jan 2021
! style="background:yellow" |Week 12
6 & 7 Feb 2021
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 13
13 & 14 Feb 2021
! style="background:salmon" |Week 14
20 & 21 Feb 2021
! style="background:yellow" |Week 15
27 & 28 Feb 2021
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 16
6 & 7 Mar 2021
! style="background:salmon" |Week 17
13 & 14 Mar 2021
! style="background:#73FB" |Week 18
20 & 21 Mar 2021 Semi Finals
! style="background:orange" |Week 19
27 & 28 Mar 2021 Wild Card Round
! style="background:yellow" |Week 20
3 & 4 April 2021
!Style="background:#DDA0DD;"|Week 21
 15 April 2021 Finals Round 1
!Style="background:#DDA0DD;"|Week 21
15 April 2021 Finals Round 2
|-

|
| style="background:yellow" |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| style="background:#73FB76 " |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:#73FB76 "|
|
|
|
|
|-

|[[Baba Bhaskar|'''Baba Bhaskar''']]
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| style="background:#73FB76 " |Bala
|
|Sakthi Raj
|Pugazh
|Sunita Gogoi
| style="background:yellow" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]], Sunita Gogoi - Advantage task
[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]] - Main task
| style="background:yellow" |Sivaangi Krishnakumar
|Bala
| style="background:yellow" |Sivaangi Krishnakumar,
Manimegalai
|Sarath Raj
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|Pugazh
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| style="background:#73FB76 " |Bala
|
|style="background:#73FB76 "|Tiger Thangadurai & Sakthi Raj
|
|
|Bala
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]] & Sarath Raj
|-

|'''[[Kani Thiru]]'''
|Parvathy Saran
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|Sarath Raj
|Sunita Gogoi
|Sunita Gogoi
| style="background:#73FB76 " |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|Pugazh
|
|Sunita Gogoi
|Sunita Gogoi
|Bala,
Sakthi Raj
| style="background:yellow" |Sunita Gogoi
| style="background:#73FB76" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|
| style="background:yellow" |Sunita Gogoi
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|Pugazh
|style="background:#73FB76 "|Pugazh & Sarath Raj
|
|Pugazh
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|Sunita Gogoi
|-

|'''[[Shakeela]]'''
|Sunita Gogoi
|Pugazh
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| style="background:#73FB76 " |Sarath Raj
|
|Bala
|Sarath Raj
|
|Parvathy Saran
|Pugazh
|Pugazh,
Sunita Gogoi
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|Sarath Raj
|Sunita Gogoi
|Tiger Thangadurai
|Pugazh
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|style="background:salmon "|Sunitha Gogoi & Pappu
|style="background:#73FB76 "|Tiger Thangadurai
|Sarath Raj
|Sunita Gogoi
|Pugazh
|-

|'''[[Pavithra Lakshmi]]'''
|Pugazh
|Sarath Raj
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|Pugazh
|Bala
|Pugazh
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|Bala
|Manimegalai
|Manimegalai
|Sarath Raj,
Tiger Thangadurai
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|Sunita Gogoi
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|
|
| style="background:salmon" |Bala
|
|style="background:#73FB76 "|Pugazh
|Sunita Gogoi
|Pugazh
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|-

|'''[[Rithika Tamil Selvi]]'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Bala
|Bala
| style="background:salmon" |Bala
|
|
|
|
|style="background:salmon "|Sarath Raj
|Sakthi Raj
|-

|'''[[Dharsha Gupta]]'''
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|Sakthi Raj
|Pugazh
|Parvathy Saran
|Sarath Raj
|Sarath Raj
|Bala
| style="background:salmon" |Pugazh
|Sarath Raj
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:salmon" |Sunita Gogoi
|Tiger Thangadurai
|-

|'''[[Deepa Shankar]]'''
|Sakthi Raj
|Sunita Gogoi
|Sunita Gogoi
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| style="background:salmon" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|
|Sakthi Raj
|
|Sakthi Raj
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:salmon" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|Mohamed Kuraishi
|-

|'''Madurai Muthu'''
|Bala
|Pappu
| style="background:salmon" |Bala
|
|
|
|Tiger Thangadurai
|
|Bala
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|style="background:salmon" |Bala
|Bala
|}

{|class="wikitable"
!'''Guests'''
! Week 15
|-

|[[Vanitha Vijayakumar|'''Vanitha Vijayakumar''']]
|Bala
|-

|[[Uma Riyaz Khan|'''Uma Riyaz Khan''']]
|Sakthi Raj
|-

|[[Ramya Pandian|'''Ramya Pandian''']]
|Pugazh
|-

|[[Rekha Harris|'''Rekha''']]
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|}

== Comali Pairings ==
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
!'''Comalis'''
! style="background:yellow" |Week 1

14 & 15 Nov 2020
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 2

21 & 22 Nov 2020
! style="background:salmon" |Week 3

28 & 29 Nov 2020
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 4
5 & 6 Dec 2020
! style="background:salmon" |Week 5
12 & 13 Dec 2020
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 6
19 & 20 Dec 2020
! style="background:yellow" |Week 7
26 & 27 Dec 2020
! style="background:salmon" |Week 8
2 & 3 Jan 2021
! style="background:yellow" |Week 9
9 & 10 Jan 2021
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 10
16 & 23 Jan 2021
! style="background:salmon" |Week 11
30 & 31 Jan 2021
|-
|'''[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]'''
|Pavithra Lakshmi
(Bijili vedi)
|[[Shakeela]]
(Butcher knife, Cutting board)
|Dharsha Gupta

(X-Ray

- [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]/ [[Thillalangadi|Thilalangadi]])
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Puli pal chain

- Minor Kuju)
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Laptop

- Call center officer)
|Kani Thiru

([[Michael Jackson]])
| style="background:salmon" |Dharsha Gupta

(Kuthu Dance)
|
|[[Shakeela]]

(Green handprint)
|[[Shakeela]]

(Gadhai, Paasa kayiru

- Suma dharmaraja

(Yama dharmaraja)/ [[Lucky Man (1995 film)|Lucky Man]])
|-
|'''[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]'''
|Dharsha Gupta
(Busvanam)
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
(Pressure cooker)
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Alleppey Boat House picture

(Jessie)

- [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]/ [[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]])
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]

(Ribbon

- Arukani)
| style="background:salmon" |[[Deepa Shankar]]
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]

(School bag, Water bottle

- School kid)
| style="background:yellow" |[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

(Rose (Titanic) / [[Kate Winslet]])
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]] - Advantage tasks

[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] - Main task

(Mohiniyattam)
| style="background:yellow" |[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

(Sword

- Pulikesi/ [[Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei]])
| style="background:#73FB76 " |[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]

(Blue handprint)
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

(Vethalai dabba

Thiripurasundari/ [[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]])
|-
|'''Bala'''
|Madurai Muthu
(Thupakki)
| style="background:#73FB76" |[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]
(Lighter)
| style="background:salmon" |Madurai Muthu
(Pattapatti Aruva

- [[Karthi]]/ [[Paruthiveeran]])
|
|Pavitra Lakshmi
|[[Shakeela]]

(Lawyer coat

- Lawyer)
|Dharsha Gupta

([[Arnold Schwarzenegger]])
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Bharatanatyam)
|Madurai Muthu(Bullet bike

- 'Bullet' Pandi/ [[Kovil (film)|Kovil]])
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

(Yellow handprint)
|Kani Thiru

(Aiyampettai Arivudainambi Kaliyaperumal Chandran/ [[Thillu Mullu]])
|-
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|'''Manimegalai''']]
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]
(Poondu vedi)
|Kani Thiru
(Sombu)
|[[Shakeela]]

(Scooter

- (Kadhambari "Kadhu")

- [[Nayanthara]]/ [[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan|Naanum Rowdy Thaan]])
|[[Deepa Shankar]]

(Mallipoo

- Pookari)
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
| style="background:#73FB76 " |Kani Thiru

(Spoon, Fork, Chef coat

- Chef)
|Pavithra Lakshmi

([[Angelina Jolie]])
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]] - Advantage tasks

[[Baba Bhaskar]] - Main task

(Kathak)
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Scent

- 'Dubai' Sudalai/ [[Vetri Kodi Kattu]])
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Red handprint)
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

(Vethalai dabba

Thiruttu paati/ [[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]])
|-
|'''Sunita Gogoi'''
|[[Shakeela]]
(Susur kambi)
|[[Deepa Shankar]]
(Flask)
|[[Deepa Shankar]]
(Robot

- [[Amy Jackson]]/ [[2.0 (film)|Enthiran 2]])
|Kani Thiru

(Karagam

- Karagattakari)
|Kani Thiru
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]
(Nunchucks

- Karate kid)
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]

([[Marilyn Monroe]])
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]

(Garba dance)
|Kani Thiru

(Police hat

- 'Encounter' Ekaambaram/ [[Marudhamalai]])
|Kani Thiru

(Pink handprint)
|[[Shakeela]]

(Gadhai, Paasa kayiru

- Darshagupta

(Chitragupta)/ [[Lucky Man (1995 film)|Lucky Man]])
|-
|'''Sarath Raj'''
| style="background:yellow" |[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
(Saravedi)
|Pavithra Lakshmi
(Cylinder)
|Kani Thiru

(Kambu

- [[Dhanush]]/ [[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]])
| style="background:#73FB76 " |[[Shakeela]]

(Guduguduppu

- Guduguduppukaran)
|Dharsha Gupta
|Dharsha Gupta

(Flask with chemicals, Magnifying glass

- Scientist)
|[[Shakeela]]

(Johnny Pepp

- [[Jack Sparrow]]/ [[Johnny Depp]])
|Comali selection
|Dharsha Gupta

(Hammer, Bag

- Contractor Nesamani/ [[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]])
|Comali selection
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Telescope, Warrior helmet

[[List of Baahubali characters#Kattappa|Kattappa]]/ [[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]])
|-
|'''Sakthi Raj'''
|[[Deepa Shankar]]
(Theekuchi)
|Dharsha Gupta
(Mixie)
|(S. Duraisingam ACP)

- [[Suriya (actor)|Suriya]]/ [[Singam (film series)|Singam]]
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

(Paal jaadi

- [[Rajinikanth]]/ [[Annaamalai|Annamalai]])
|
|
|Deepa Shankar

(Jack (Titanic) /[[Leonardo DiCaprio]])
|
|Deepa Shankar

(Kuthi mittai, Kuruvi rotti

- Kaipulla/ [[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]])
|
|Kani Thiru

(Aiyampettai Arivudainambi Kaliyaperumal Indran/ [[Thillu Mullu]])
|-

|'''Parvathy Saran'''
|Kani Thiru
(Saatai)
|
|- [[Ritika Singh]]/ [[Irudhi Suttru]]
|Dharsha Gupta

(Umbrella

- Teacher/ [[Kadalora Kavithaigal]])
|
|
|
|
| style="background:yellow" |[[Shakeela]]

(Walkie Talkie

- 'Theeppori' Thirumugam/ [[Englishkaran]]
|
|
|-
|'''Tiger Thangadurai'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Madurai Muthu

(Sorry Potter

- [[Harry Potter]]/ [[Daniel Radcliffe]])
|
| style="background:yellow" |[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]

(Thagara petti

- Nai Sekar/ [[Thalai Nagaram]])
|
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Telescope, Warrior helmet

[[List of Baahubali characters#Bijaladeva/Pingalathevan|Pingalathevan]]/ [[Baahubali (franchise)|Baahubali]])
|-
|'''Pappu'''
|
|[[Madurai Muthu]]
(Kadai, Jalli karandi)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

; Advantage Tasks
; Main Tasks
{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:30px; width:auto;"
!'''Comalis'''
! style="background:yellow" |Week 12
6 & 7 Feb 2021
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 13
13 & 14 Feb 2021
! style="background:salmon" |Week 14
20 & 21 Feb 2021
! style="background:yellow" |Week 15
27 & 28 Feb 2021
! style="background:#73FB76 " |Week 16
6 & 7 Mar 2021
! style="background:salmon" |Week 17
13 & 14 Mar 2021
|-
|'''[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]'''
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]

(Rowdy Baby)
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]

(Kin-chan

- [[Crayon Shin-chan|Shin-chan]])
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

([[Dhanush]]/ [[Maari (film)|Maari]])
|[[Ramya Pandian|Ramya Pandian]]
|[[Shakeela]]
(Pasupathi

- [[Sonu Sood]]/ [[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhati)]]
|Kani Thiru
([[Cooku With Comali]]/ [[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]])
|-
|'''[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]'''
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Chellama)
| style="background:#73FB76 " |Kani Thiru

(Sora bujji

- [[Dora the Explorer (TV series)|Dora Bujji]] )
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Nithya

- [[Samantha Akkineni]]/ [[Neethaane En Ponvasantham]])
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
([[Annabelle (film)|Annabelle]])
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
([[Airtel Super Singer]]/ [[Anuradha Sriram]])
|-
|'''Bala'''
|[[Rithika Tamil Selvi|Rithika]]

(Kaatu Payale)
|[[Rithika Tamil Selvi|Rithika]](Sumarman

- [[Superman]])
| style="background:salmon" |[[Rithika Tamil Selvi|Rithika]]

([[Raghuvaran]]/ [[Mudhalvan]]
|[[Vanitha Vijayakumar|Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
| style="background:#73FB76 " |[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]
([[Jaganmohini (1978 film)|Jaganmohini]])
| style="background:salmon" |Pavithra Lakshmi

(Neeya Naana/ [[Gopinath Chandran]]

- Shobinath)
|-
|[[Manimegalai (VJ)|'''Manimegalai''']]
|[[Shakeela]]

(Gaanda Kannazhagi)
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

([[Chhota Bheem]])
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]

([[Sivaji Ganesan]] /[[Thillana Mohanambal]])
|[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
|Kani Thiru
([[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]])
|[[Shakeela]]
([[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]]/ Sandy Master

- Pandi Master[[Arundhati (2009 film)|)]]
|-
|'''Sunita Gogoi'''
| style="background:yellow" |Kani Thiru

(Bujji)
|Pavithra Lakshmi

(Manidha silandhi

- [[Spider-Man]])
|[[Shakeela]]

(Duraiammal

- [[Amy Jackson]]/ [[Madrasapattinam]])
| style="background:yellow" |Kani Thiru
|
|
|-
|'''Sarath Raj'''
|[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]

(Vaathi)
|[[Shakeela]]

(Catman

- [[Batman]])
|
|[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
|Comali selection
|
|-
|'''Sakthi Raj'''
|
|
|
|[[Uma Riyaz Khan|Uma Riyaz Khan]]
|
|
|-
|'''Parvathy Saran'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|'''Tiger Thangadurai'''
|
|
|
|[[Shakeela]]
|
|
|-
|'''Pappu'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
|}

==Weekly Activities==

{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:28px; width:auto;"
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="4" |Week 1

14 & 15 Nov 2020
! colspan="4" |Week 2

21 & 22 Nov 2020
! colspan="4" |Week 3

28 & 29 Nov 2020
! colspan="4" |Week 4

5 & 6 Dec 2020
! colspan="4" |Week 5

12 & 13 Dec 2020
! colspan="4" |Week 6

19 & 20 Dec 2020
! colspan="4" |Week 7

26 & 27 Dec 2020
! colspan="4" |Week 8

2 & 3 Jan 2021
! colspan="4" |Week 9

9 & 10 Jan 2021
! colspan="4" |Week 10

16 & 23 Jan 2021
! colspan="4" |Week 11

30 & 31 Jan 2021
|-
!style="background:yellow" |A1
!style="background:yellow" |A2
!style="background:yellow" |M
!style="background:yellow" |F
!style="background:#73FB76 |A1
!style="background:#73FB76 |A2
!style="background:#73FB76 |M
!style="background:#73FB76 |I
!style="background:salmon" |A1
!style="background:salmon" |A2
!style="background:salmon" |M
!style="background:salmon" |E
!style="background:#73FB76 |A1
!style="background:#73FB76 |A2
!style="background:#73FB76 |M
!style="background:#73FB76 |I
!style="background:salmon" |A1
!style="background:salmon" |A2
!style="background:salmon" |M
!style="background:salmon" |E
!style="background:#73FB76 |A1
!style="background:#73FB76 |A2
!style="background:#73FB76 |M
!style="background:#73FB76 |I
!style="background:yellow" |A1
!style="background:yellow" |A2
!style="background:yellow" |M
!style="background:yellow" |F
!style="background:salmon" |A1
!style="background:salmon" |A2
!style="background:salmon" |M
!style="background:salmon" |E
!style="background:yellow" |A1
!style="background:yellow" |A2
!style="background:yellow" |M
!style="background:yellow" |F
!style="background:#73FB76 |A1
!style="background:#73FB76 |A2
!style="background:#73FB76 |M
!style="background:#73FB76 |I
!style="background:salmon" |A1
!style="background:salmon" |A2
!style="background:salmon" |M
!style="background:salmon" |E
|-
! colspan="45" |Contestants
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan]]
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Sivaangi Krishnakumar
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Sivaangi Krishnakumar
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="2" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="2" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]],

Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |Tiger Thangadurai
| colspan="4" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|
|
|
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Sakthi Raj
| colspan="4" |[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| colspan="2" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]],

Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="2" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]],

[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|-
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Kani Thiru
| colspan="4" |Parvathy Saran
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |Bala,

Sakthi Raj
|-
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Shakeela]]
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Parvathy Saran
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Pugazh,
Sunita Gogoi
|-
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|
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|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Pavithra Lakshmi
| colspan="4" |[[Pugazh (actor)|Pugazh]]
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj,

Tiger Thangadurai
|-
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Rithika
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
|-
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Dharsha Gupta
|[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
|
|
|
| colspan="4" |Sakthi Raj
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |Parvathy Saran
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Deepa Shankar]]
| colspan="4" |Sakthi Raj
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Sivaangi Krishnakumar
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Sakthi Raj
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Sakthi Raj
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|
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|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|
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|
|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
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|-
| rowspan="2" |Madurai Muthu
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |Pappu
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Tiger Thangadurai
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
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|{{na}}
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|}

{| class="wikitable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:100%; line-height:28px; width:auto;"
!
! colspan="4" |Week 12

6 & 7 Feb 2021
! colspan="4" |Week 13

13 & 14 Feb 2021
! colspan="4" |Week 14

20 & 21 Feb 2021
! colspan="4" |Week 15

27 & 28 Feb 2021
! colspan="4" |Week 16

6 & 7 Mar 2021
! colspan="4" |Week 17

13 & 14 Mar 2021
|-
!
!style="background:yellow" |A1
!style="background:yellow" |A2
!style="background:yellow" |M
!style="background:yellow" |F
!style="background:#73FB76 |A1
!style="background:#73FB76 |A2
!style="background:#73FB76 |M
!style="background:#73FB76 |I
!style="background:salmon" |A1
!style="background:salmon" |A2
!style="background:salmon" |M
!style="background:salmon" |E
!style="background:yellow" |A1
!style="background:yellow" |A2
!style="background:yellow" |M
!style="background:yellow" |F
!style="background:#73FB76 |A1
!style="background:#73FB76 |A2
!style="background:#73FB76 |M
!style="background:#73FB76 |I
!style="background:salmon" |A1
!style="background:salmon" |A2
!style="background:salmon" |M
!style="background:salmon" |E
|-
! colspan="21" |Contestants
!
!
!
!
|-
| rowspan="2" |Ashwin Kumar
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |Sivaangi Krishnakumar
| colspan="4" |Sivaangi Krishnakumar
|-
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Baba Bhaskar|Baba Bhaskar]]
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |Sivaangi Krishnakumar
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Kani Thiru
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
|-
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|
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|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Shakeela]]
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |Sarath Raj
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |Tiger Thangadurai
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
|-
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
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|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |Pavithra Lakshmi
| colspan="4" |Sivaangi Krishnakumar
| colspan="4" |Sunita Gogoi
| colspan="4" |[[Sivaangi Krishnakumar]]
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Bala
|-
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Rithika
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
|-
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|
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|
|
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|
|
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|-
| rowspan="2" |Dharsha Gupta
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
|
|
|
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|-
|
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|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Deepa Shankar]]
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
|
|
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|-
|
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|-
| rowspan="2" |Madurai Muthu
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
|
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|-
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|-
! colspan="21" |Guests
!
!
!
!
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Vanitha Vijayakumar|Vanitha Vijayakumar]]
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Bala
| colspan="4" |
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|
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|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uma Riyaz Khan|Uma Riyaz Khan]]
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Sakthi Raj
| colspan="4" |
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
|
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|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
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|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ramya Pandian|Ramya Pandian]]
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |Pugazh
| colspan="4" |
|
|
|
|
|-
|
|
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|
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{ya}}
|{{na}}
|
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|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |
| colspan="4" |[[Manimegalai (VJ)|Manimegalai]]
| colspan="4" |
|
|
|
|
|-
|
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|
|
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|
|
|{{ya}}
|
|{{ya}}
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|
|}

== Guests ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|KPY Yogi
|For Comali Pairings
|-
|Sandy Master
|Supporting Ashwin
|-
|Sudharshan Govind
|Supporting Pavithra Lakshmi
|-
|Mila Babygirl
|Supporting Shakeela
|-
|[[RJ Balaji]]
|To promote [[Mookuthi Amman]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/gb/tv/cooku-with-comali/1260013771/taste-the-best/1100045121|title=Watch Cooku with Comali Full Episode 4 Online in HD on Hotstar UK}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vani Bhojan]]
Madhuri Jain
|To promote [[Triples (web series)]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/gb/tv/cooku-with-comali/1260013771/the-headphones-task/1100046549|title = Watch Cooku with Comali Full Episode 12 Online in HD on Hotstar UK}}</ref>
|-
|[[Sivakarthikeyan]]
|For Pongal celebration
|-
|[[Rekha Harris|Rekha]]
[[Ramya Pandian]]

[[Vanitha Vijayakumar]]

[[Uma Riyaz Khan]]
|For Top four contestants from Season 1 for celebration round<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watch Cooku with Comali Full Episode 29 Online in HD on Hotstar US|url=https://www.hotstar.com/us/tv/cooku-with-comali/1260013771/season-one-vs-season-two/1100050362|access-date=2021-02-28|website=Hotstar|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Rio Raj]]
|To promote [[Plan Panni Pannanum|plan panni pannanum]] movie
|-
|[[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]]
[[Santhosh Narayanan]]

[[Arivu]]
| rowspan="4" |Special Guests for finale
|-
|Mugen Rao
|-
|[[A. R. Rahman|AR Rahman]]99 Songs Director and Main Lead
|-
|[[Silambarasan]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb episodes|13464516}}

{{STAR Vijay TV shows}}
{{Cooku with Comali}}

[[Category:Star Vijay original programming]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television seasons]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language game shows]]
[[Category:Tamil-language reality television series]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cooku with Comali]]

Solar panels on spacecraft

2026-01-22T19:51:14Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adjusted citations for consistency

{{Short description|none}}
{{Globalize|article|US|date=October 2024}}
[[File:Earth horizon and International Space Station solar panel array (Expedition 17 crew, August 2008).jpg|right|thumb|350px|A solar panel array of the [[International Space Station]] ([[Expedition 17]] crew, August 2008)]]

[[Spacecraft]] operating in the inner [[Solar System]] usually rely on the use of [[power electronics]]-managed [[photovoltaic]] [[solar panel]]s to derive electricity from [[sunlight]]. Outside the orbit of [[Jupiter]], solar radiation is too weak to produce sufficient power within current solar technology and spacecraft mass limitations, so [[radioisotope thermoelectric generator]]s (RTGs) are instead used as a power source.<ref name="EPSD">NASA JPL Publication: Basics of Space Flight, Chapter 11. Typical Onboard Systems, Electrical Power Supply and Distribution Subsystems, {{cite web |url=http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf11-3.html |title=Basics of Space Flight Section II. Space Flight Projects |access-date=2008-07-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518124056/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf11-3.html |archive-date=2008-05-18 }}</ref>{{Obsolete source|reason=It is questionable whether solar panels are like this with recent advances|date=October 2022}}

== History ==
The first practical silicon-based solar cells were introduced by Russell Shoemaker Ohl, a researcher at [[Bell Labs]] in 1940. It was only 1% efficient. On April 25, 1954 in Murray Hill, New Jersey, they demonstrated their solar panel by using it to power a small toy Ferris wheel and a solar powered radio transmitter. They were initially about 6% efficient, but improvements began to raise this number almost immediately. Bell had been interested in the idea as a system to provide power at remote telephone repeater stations, but the cost of the devices was far too high to be practical in this role. Aside from small experimental kits and uses, the cells remained largely unused.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200904/physicshistory.cfm |title= April 25, 1954: Bell Labs Demonstrates the First Practical Silicon Solar Cell |newspaper=APS News |date=April 2009}}</ref>

This changed with the development of the first US spacecraft, the [[Vanguard 1]] satellite in 1958. Calculations by Dr. [[Hans K. Ziegler|Hans Ziegler]] demonstrated that a system using solar cells recharging a battery pack would provide the required power in a much lighter overall package than using just a battery.<ref>{{cite web
| last =Perlin
| first =John
| title =Late 1950s – Saved by the Space Race
| work =SOLAR EVOLUTION – The History of Solar Energy
| publisher =The Rahus Institute
| url =http://www.californiasolarcenter.org/history_pv.html
| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20020403232109/http://californiasolarcenter.org/history_pv.html
| url-status =usurped
| archive-date =April 3, 2002
| date =2005
| access-date =2007-02-25}}</ref> The satellite was powered by silicon solar cells with ≈10% conversion efficiency.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Solar cells and their applications|date=2010|publisher=Wiley|others=Fraas, Lewis M., Partain, L. D.|isbn=978-0-470-63688-6|edition=2nd|location=Hoboken, N.J.|oclc=665868982}}</ref>

A few weeks after the US launched Vanguard 1, [[Sputnik 3]] was launched by the [[Soviet space program]] outfitted with [[Silver zinc battery|Silver zinc batteries]] with experimental silicon solar cells.<ref>{{Cite web |title=USSR launches Sputnik-3 |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik3_launch.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref> The purpose of the batteries was both to power the transmitter and other equipment, but also to test the long term effects of radiation and micrometeorite damage on solar batteries. Some of the batteries were covered with protective glass while others were left exposed. The batteries were able to power the 20 MHz ''Mayak'' transmitter and [[Sergei Vernov|Sergei Vernov's]] [[Scintillation counter]], and these functioned for the entire lifetime of the satellite; until it [[Atmospheric entry|reentered the Atmosphere]] nearly two years later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sputnik-3 |url=http://mentallandscape.com/S_Sputnik3.htm |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=mentallandscape.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Object D: the first Soviet satellite project |url=https://www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik3.html |access-date=2024-11-15 |website=www.russianspaceweb.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sputnik 3 |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1958-004B |website=Nasa.gov}}</ref>

The success of the Vanguard system inspired [[Spectrolab]], an optics company, to take up the development of solar cells specifically designed for space applications. They had their first major design win on [[Pioneer 1]] in 1958, and would later be the first cells to travel to the Moon, on the [[Apollo 11]] mission's [[ALSEP]] package. As satellites grew in size and power, Spectrolab began looking for ways to introduce much more powerful cells. This led them to pioneer the development of multi-junction cells that increased efficiency from around 12% for their 1970s silicon cells to about 30% for their current [[gallium arsenide]] (GaAs) cells. These types of cells are now used almost universally on all solar-powered spacecraft.<ref name=spectro>{{cite web |url=https://www.spectrolab.com/company.html |title= Company History |website=Spectrolab}}</ref>

== Uses ==
[[File:Capturing the Solar Maximum Mission satellite.jpg|thumb|The solar panels on the [[Solar Maximum Mission|SMM]] satellite provided electrical power. Here it is being captured by an astronaut using the [[Manned Maneuvering Unit]].]]
Solar panels on spacecraft supply power for two main uses:

* Power to run the sensors, active heating, cooling and telemetry.
* Power for [[electrically powered spacecraft propulsion]], sometimes called electric propulsion or solar-electric propulsion.<ref name="NASA11">NASA JPL Publication: Basics of Space Flight, Chapter 11. Typical Onboard Systems, Propulsion Subsystems, [https://web.archive.org/web/20010209162035/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf11-4.html#propulsion] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208093125/http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf11-4.html|date=2006-12-08}}</ref>

For both uses, a key [[figure of merit]] of the solar panels is the specific power (watts generated divided by [[solar array]] mass), which indicates on a relative basis how much power one array will generate for a given launch mass relative to another. Another key metric is stowed packing efficiency (deployed watts produced divided by stowed volume), which indicates how easily the array will fit into a launch vehicle. Yet another key metric is cost (dollars per watt).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoffman|first1=David|title=Thin Film Solar Array Parametric Assessment|journal=AIAA|date=July 2000|volume=AIAA-2000-2919}}</ref>

To increase the specific power, typical solar panels on spacecraft use close-packed solar cell rectangles that cover nearly 100% of the Sun-visible area of the solar panels, rather than the [[solar wafer]] circles which, even though close-packed, [[Sphere packing#Circle packing|cover about 90%]] of the Sun-visible area of typical solar panels on Earth. However, some solar panels on spacecraft have solar cells that cover only 30% of the Sun-visible area.<ref name="NASA11" />

== Implementation ==
[[File:SpacecraftBus-model.jpg|thumb|Diagram of the [[spacecraft bus (JWST)|spacecraft bus]] on the [[James Webb Space Telescope]], which is powered by solar panels (coloured green in this 3/4 view). Note that shorter light purple extensions are radiator shades not solar panels.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013531/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/54b171c5e4b047061239404b/t/57b30618b8a79bb69fff7b4c/1471350297818/SPIE990405_Status+of+the+JWST+Sunshield+and+Spacecraft.pdf Status of the JWST Sunshield and Spacecraft J. Arenberg, J. Flynn, A. Cohen, R. Lynch and J. Cooper]</ref>]]
Solar panels need to have a lot of surface area that can be pointed towards the Sun as the spacecraft moves. More exposed surface area means more electricity can be converted from light energy from the Sun. Since spacecraft have to be small, this limits the amount of power that can be produced.<ref name="EPSD" />

All electrical circuits generate [[waste heat]]; in addition, solar arrays act as optical and thermal as well as electrical collectors. Heat must be radiated from their surfaces. High-power spacecraft may have solar arrays that compete with the active payload itself for thermal dissipation. The innermost panel of arrays may be "blank" to reduce the overlap of [[View factor|views]] to space. Such spacecraft include the higher-power communications satellites (e.g., later-generation [[Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System|TDRS]]) and [[Venus Express]], not high-powered but closer to the Sun.{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}

Spacecraft are built so that the solar panels can be pivoted as the spacecraft moves. Thus, they can always stay in the direct path of the light rays no matter how the spacecraft is pointed. Spacecraft are usually designed with solar panels that can always be pointed at the Sun, even as the rest of the body of the spacecraft moves around, much as a tank turret can be aimed independently of where the tank is going. A tracking mechanism is often incorporated into the solar arrays to keep the array pointed towards the sun.<ref name="EPSD"/>

Sometimes, satellite operators purposefully orient the solar panels to "off point," or out of direct alignment from the Sun. This happens if the batteries are completely charged and the amount of electricity needed is lower than the amount of electricity made; off-pointing is also sometimes used on the International Space Station for orbital [[Night Glider mode|drag reduction]].{{citation_needed|date=July 2019}}

== Ionizing radiation issues and mitigation ==
[[File:Illumination test on one of Juno's solar panels.jpg|thumb|[[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'']] is the second spacecraft to orbit Jupiter and the first solar-powered craft to do so.]]

Space contains varying levels of great electromagnetic radiation as well as [[ionizing radiation]]. There are 4 sources of radiations: the [[Van Allen radiation belt|Earth's radiation belts]] (also called Van Allen belts), [[Cosmic ray|galactic cosmic rays]] (GCR), [[solar wind]] and [[solar flare]]s. The Van Allen belts and the solar wind contain mostly protons and electrons, while GCR are in majority very high energy protons, alpha particles and heavier ions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Xapsos|first=Michael A.|date=2006|chapter=Modeling the Space Radiation Environment|chapter-url=https://lws-set.gsfc.nasa.gov/documents/Modeling_the_Space_Radiation_Environment.pdf|title=2006 IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference (NSREC)}} See also [https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20060027781/downloads/20060027781.pdf slides]</ref> Solar panels will experience efficiency degradation over time as a result of these types of radiation, but the degradation rate will depend strongly on the solar cell technology and on the location of the spacecraft. With borosilicate glass panel coverings, this may be between 5-10% efficiency loss per year. Other glass coverings, such as fused silica and lead glasses, may reduce this efficiency loss to less than 1% per year. The degradation rate is a function of the differential flux spectrum and the total ionizing dose.{{fact|date=June 2023}}

== Types of solar cells typically used ==

Up until the early 1990s, solar arrays used in space primarily used [[crystalline silicon]] solar cells. Since the early 1990s, [[Gallium arsenide]]-based solar cells became favored over silicon because they have a higher efficiency and degrade more slowly than silicon in the space radiation environment. The most efficient solar cells currently in production are now [[multi-junction photovoltaic cell]]s. These use a combination of several layers of indium gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide and germanium to harvest more energy from the solar spectrum. Leading edge multi-junction cells are capable of exceeding 39.2% under non-concentrated AM1.5G illumination and 47.1% using concentrated AM1.5G illumination.<ref>[[Solar cell efficiency]]</ref>

== Spacecraft that have used solar power ==
[[File:Skylab IV-view of telescope.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Solar panels extended out from the Apollo Telescope Mount, power solar observatory instruments on the Skylab station, which also had an additional array on the main spacecraft]]
To date, solar power, other than for propulsion, has been practical for spacecraft operating no farther from the [[Sun]] than the orbit of [[Jupiter]]. For example, ''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]'', ''[[Magellan probe|Magellan]]'', ''[[Mars Global Surveyor]]'', and ''[[Mars Observer]]'' used solar power as does the Earth-orbiting, [[Hubble Space Telescope]]. The [[Rosetta space probe|''Rosetta'' space probe]], launched 2 March 2004, used its {{convert|64|sqm}} of solar panels<ref name="rosettaFAQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/Frequently_asked_questions|title=Rosetta's frequently asked questions|publisher=[[ESA]]|access-date=2 December 2016}}</ref> as far as the orbit of [[Jupiter]] (5.25 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]); previously the furthest use was the [[Stardust (spacecraft)|''Stardust'' spacecraft]] at 2 AU. Solar power for propulsion was also used on the European lunar mission [[SMART-1]] with a [[Hall effect thruster]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=SMART-1 |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Operations/SMART-1 |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref>

The ''[[Juno (space mission)|Juno]]'' mission, launched in 2011, is the first mission to Jupiter (arrived at Jupiter on July 4, 2016) to use solar panels instead of the traditional RTGs that are used by previous outer Solar System missions, making it the furthest spacecraft to use solar panels to date.<ref>[http://newfrontiers.nasa.gov/missions_juno.html Juno mission page at NASA's New Frontiers Web Site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203235637/http://newfrontiers.nasa.gov/missions_juno.html |date=2007-02-03 }}. Retrieved 2007-08-31.</ref><ref>[http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=4818 Jet Propulsion Laboratory: NASA's Juno Spacecraft Breaks Solar Power Distance Record]. January 13, 2016. Retrieved July 12, 2016.</ref> It has {{convert|50|sqm}} of panels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/teach/activity/powering-through-the-solar-system-with-exponents/#:~:text=To%20achieve%20the%20feat%2C%20engineers,feet)%20of%20active%20solar%20cells.|title=JPL: Calculating solar power in space|website=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]] |access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/juno.html|title=Lockheed Martin: Looking at Jupiter like never before|access-date=15 October 2023}}</ref>

The [[InSight|InSight lander]], [[Ingenuity (helicopter)|''Ingenuity'' helicopter]], [[Tianwen-1|Tianwen-1 orbiter]], and [[Zhurong (rover)|''Zhurong'' rover]] all currently operating on Mars also utilize solar panels.

Another spacecraft of interest was ''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]'' which went into orbit around [[4 Vesta]] in 2011. It used [[ion thrusters]] to get to [[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Spacecraft {{!}} Technology |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/dawn/technology/spacecraft |access-date=2023-01-26 |website=NASA Solar System Exploration|date=18 October 2018 }}</ref>

The potential for solar powered spacecraft beyond Jupiter has been studied.<ref>[http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/nov_2007_meeting/presentations/solar_power.pdf Scott W. Benson – '''Solar Power for Outer Planets Study''' (2007) – NASA Glenn Research Center]</ref>

The International Space Station also uses solar arrays to power everything on the station. The 262,400 solar cells cover around {{convert|27,000|sqft}} of space. There are four sets of solar arrays that power the station and the fourth set of arrays were installed in March 2009. 240 kilowatts of electricity can be generated from these solar arrays. That comes to 120 kilowatts average system power, including 50% ISS time in Earth's shadow.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/structure/elements/solar_arrays-about.html|title=About the Space Station Solar Arrays|last=Garcia|first=Mark|date=2017-07-31|work=NASA|access-date=2017-12-06|language=en}}</ref>

[[File:ISS-52 Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) (4).jpg|thumb|Flexible solar arrays are being investigated for use in space. The [[Roll Out Solar Array]] (ROSA) was deployed on the International Space Station in July 2017.]]

== Future uses ==
For future missions, it is desirable to reduce solar array mass, and to increase the power generated per unit area. This will reduce overall spacecraft mass, and may make the operation of solar-powered spacecraft feasible at larger distances from the sun. Solar array mass could be reduced with thin-film photovoltaic cells, flexible blanket substrates, and composite support structures. Solar array efficiency could be improved by using new photovoltaic cell materials and solar concentrators that intensify the incident sunlight. Photovoltaic concentrator solar arrays for primary spacecraft power are devices which intensify the sunlight on the photovoltaics. This design uses a flat lens, called a [[Fresnel lens]], which takes a large area of sunlight and concentrates it onto a smaller spot, allowing a smaller area of solar cell to be used.

Solar concentrators put one of these lenses over every solar cell. This focuses light from the large concentrator area down to the smaller cell area. This allows the quantity of expensive solar cells to be reduced by the amount of concentration. Concentrators work best when there is a single source of light and the concentrator can be pointed right at it. This is ideal in space, where the Sun is a single light source. Solar cells are the most expensive part of solar arrays, and arrays are often a very expensive part of the spacecraft. This technology may allow costs to be cut significantly due to the utilization of less material.<ref>{{cite web|last1=NASA|title=Concentrators Enhance Solar Power Systems|url=http://spinoff.nasa.gov/Spinoff2012/ee_6.html|access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref>

== Gallery ==

<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="140px">
Vanguard 1.jpg|[[Vanguard 1]], the first solar powered satellite
Juno spacecraft model 1.png|The ''[[Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]'' space probe
Part of one of Junos solar panel.jpg|A section of one of [[Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno''{{'}}s]] solar panels
Solar panel drum Hughes Aircraft Company.jpg|Solar panel drum at Hughes Aircraft Company, c. 1979
ROSSA.jpg|Solar panels on the [[International Space Station]], September 2000
Black light test of Dawns solar cells.jpg|[[Black light]] test of [[Dawn (spacecraft)|''Dawn'']]{{'s}} [[multijunction solar cell|triple-junction]] gallium arsenide solar cells<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dutchspace.nl/pages/business/content.asp?id=234&LangType=1033 | title=Dawn Solar Arrays |access-date=July 18, 2011 |date=2007 | publisher=Dutch Space}}</ref>
Philae lander (transparent bg).png|''[[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]]''{{'}}s lander ''[[Philae (spacecraft)|Philae]]''
Mars helicopter on sol 46.png|The Mars helicopter ''[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]]''{{'}}s batteries are powered by solar panels.
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Portal|Renewable energy|Energy}}
* For solar arrays on the [[International Space Station]], see [[ISS Solar Arrays#Solar arrays|ISS Solar Arrays]] or [[Electrical system of the International Space Station]]
* ''[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]]'' [[Mars 2020]] helicopter runs on batteries powered by solar panels
* [[Nuclear power in space]]
* [[Photovoltaic system]]
* [[Solar cell]]
* [[Space-based solar power]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Photovoltaics}}
{{In space}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Solar Panels On Spacecraft}}
[[Category:Spacecraft components]]
[[Category:Solar power]]
[[Category:Photovoltaics]]
[[Category:Solar power and space]]

Amauna (Nabinagar), Aurangabad

2026-01-20T22:15:40Z

Blackandwhitelegal: created initial info initial version

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Amauna
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 225
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/253994-amauna-bihar.html|title=Census 2011, Amauna village Data}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Amauna''' is a village located in the [[Nabinagar]] Block of [[Aurangabad district, Bihar|Aurangabad district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Bihar]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Villages in Aurangabad district, Bihar]]

{{AurangabadBihar-geo-stub}}

Bhima Bhoi

2026-01-20T14:15:39Z

Blackandwhitelegal: minor edit

{{Short description|19th-century Indian saint, poet and social reformer}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| dharma_names = [[Satya Mahima Dharma]]
| honorific prefix = Santha Kabi
| native_name = ଭୀମ ଭୋଇ
| native_name_lang = or
| image = File:Bhima Bhoi 01.png
| birth_place = Madhupur, [[Rairakhol]], [[Odisha]]
| birth_date = 1850
| death_date = {{Death year and age|1895|1850}}
| spouse = Annapurna
| death_place = [[Subarnapur district|Subarnapur]], [[Odisha]]
| teacher = Guru Mahima Swami
| children = Labanyabati (daughter)
Kapileshwar (son)
| works = {{ubl|[[Stuticintamani|Stuti Chintamani]]|Brahma Nirupana Gita|Srutinisedha Gita|Nirbeda Sadhana}}
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
}}

'''Bhima Bhoi''' (1850 – 1895) was a 19th-century saint, Odia poet, mystic, and social reformer from the state of [[Odisha]] in India. He was a follower of Mahima Swami, and his teachings and poetry were deeply influenced by [[Mahima Dharma]], a monotheistic religious movement in [[Odisha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhima Bhoi |title=Bhima Bhoi, verses from the void : mystic poetry of an Oriya saint |date=2010 |publisher=Manohar Publishers & Distributors |others=in collaboration with Sadananda Das, Michael Ianuzielo, Kalidas Mishra, Kedar Mishra and Sanjeeb Nayak |isbn=978-81-7304-813-5 |editor-last=Bäumer |editor-first=Bettina |editor-link=Bettina Baumer |series=Studies in Orissan Society, Culture and History |location=New Delhi |language=en |oclc=495646654 |editor-last2=Beltz |editor-first2=Johannes}}</ref> Bhima Bhoi was a ''bhakta'' ([[Odia language|Odia]]: devotee) of Mahima Gosain, the founder of [[Satya Mahima Dharma]], an [[Indian religions|Indian religious tradition]] that challenged the authority of [[caste]] and other forms of discrimination.<ref name="orissa">[http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf Orissa Review May 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224314/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf |date=26 September 2007 }}</ref> Bhima Bhoi is remembered for his mystical poetry, which was primarily in the Odia language, and his social reform efforts aimed at uplifting the marginalized sections of society.<ref>{{cite web|last=Nepak |first=Bhagirathi |title=Mahima Dharma, Bhima Bhoi and Biswanathbaba |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf |access-date=1 May 2005 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926224314/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/may2005/engpdf/mahima_dharma_bhima_bhoi_biswanathbaba.pdf |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://sambalpur.nic.in/eminent%20personalities.htm#BHIMA%20BHOI Eminent Personaltites of Sambalpur District – 3. Bhima Bhoi] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527172324/http://sambalpur.nic.in/eminent%20personalities.htm#BHIMA%20BHOI |date=27 May 2007 }}</ref>

==Early life==
Bhima Bhoi was born in Madhupur in [[Rairakhol]] in 1850, though various sources have cited different years as well as different places of birth.<ref name="hinduism-alphabetical">{{Cite book|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|page=73|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA73|year=2010|author=Roshen Dalal|isbn=9780143414216}}</ref> Bhima Bhoi's family belonged to the [[Khond|Kondh]] tribe. Bhoi's family was not well off and by most accounts, his early life was not happy. Despite losing eyesight in one eye to smallpox in his early childhood, Bhima Bhoi gained knowledge by listening to the recitation of religious texts from a nearby Bhagabata Tungi. Bhima Bhoi soon left his place of birth and reached the Rairakhol area and was employed as a servant by a farmer. He worked as a cattle caretaker and lived in a chawl near the farmer's cowshed as he was from an "untouchable" tribe. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Mansinha |first=Mayadhar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qweszgEACAAJ |title=History of Oriya Literature |date=2021-09-09 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |isbn=978-1-01-422603-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mahanand |first=Anand |date=2022-06-07 |title=Bhima Bhoi, the Subaltern Saint Poet of Odisha |journal=Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities |language=en-US |volume=14 |issue=2 |doi=10.21659/rupkatha.v14n2.15 |s2cid=250632204 |issn=0975-2935|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Spiritual journey and teachings ==
At the age of twelve, Bhima Bhoi left his job and began his spiritual journey, performing penance at Kapilas, where his guru Mahima Swami had meditated and preached. Four [[Brahmin]] disciples inscribed the songs that he recited. After working in the [[Joranda Falls|Joronda]] region for some time, Bhima Bhoi established his ashram in [[Khaliapali]] near [[Sonepur district|Sonepur]]. He attracted numerous disciples, married, and started a family. Bhima Bhoi died in [[Khaliapali]] in 1895.<ref name=":1" />

Bhima Bhoi, like his guru Mahima Swami, primarily taught Ekaishwara Brahmavada or the belief in One God, who is indescribable (Aleka), formless (Arupa), shapeless (Nirakara), and pure (Niranjan). According to his teachings, this supreme being resides in the void (Sunya) and can be attained through the ideals of Mahima Swami. Bhima Bhoi's followers came from various backgrounds, including established families, marginalized castes, and women's groups. They lived and worked together, transcending their social identities. His teachings emphasized simple truths of life, such as not lying, stealing, engaging in adultery, or discriminating against others. As a social reformer, Bhima Bhoi was a strong subaltern voice in his time, and his teachings resonated with many people both in and outside of Odisha. Even today, his followers continue to practice Mahima Dharma with devotion and dedication.<ref name=":1" />

== Literary works ==
Bhima Bhoi's language is characterized by its mysticism, musicality, and colloquial nature, which made it accessible to common folk. He departed from the use of [[Sanskritisation|Sanskritized]] Odia, adopting the vernacular language instead. His poetry exhibits influences from the Western Odia dialect, known as [[Sambalpuri language|Sambalpuri]]. As a result, his poems have a "spoken sung" quality, which is typical of [[Bhakti movement|bhakti]] poetry. Bhima Bhoi's verses are rhythmic, lyrical, and feature internal and end rhyming patterns that contribute to the beauty of his poems. Bhima Bhoi's poetry was initially composed orally, sometimes spontaneously, and was later written down by scribes. This characteristic is shared with other bhakti poets and highlights the oral tradition of the movement.<ref name=":1" />

Bhima Bhoi was a popular poet, composer and singer. Humanity and liberation of the world based on the philosophy of ''Mahima Dharma'' were the central theme of his poetic creations. His assertion "''mo jeevana pachhe narke padithau, jagata uddhara heu''" ({{translation|let my life rot in hell if necessary, but let the world be redeemed}}) showcases his dedication to the upliftment of the societally deprived while being a clear reflection of socio-economic conditions in the State, during his lifetime.<ref name=":0" /> Bhima Bhoi composed more than one hundred collections of poems, though only about twelve are available today. Efforts are ongoing to collect more texts by the poet. His important works include Brahma Nirupana Gita, [[Stuticintamani|Stuti Chintamani]], Astaka Bihari Gita, Chautisa Madhu Chakra, and Bhajanamala. Two collections, Atha Bhajan and Bangala Atha Bhajan, are written in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] language.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mahapatra |first=Sitakant |url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Bhima-Bhoi.pdf |title=Makers of Indian Literature: Bhima Bhoi |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1983 |isbn=978-81-260-5326-1 |location=Kolkata |pages=1–26 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Stuti Chintamani ===
[[Stuticintamani|Stuti Chintamani]] is considered the most important poetical work of Bhima Bhoi. It consists of 100 chapters, each containing 20 two-line stanzas, totaling 4,000 lines. The poem is a set of prayers to Brahma, with the poet asking for redemption from the suffering and injustices that humanity experiences in the [[Kali Yuga|Kaliyuga]]. Bhima Bhoi emphasizes the importance of devotion (bhakti) over knowledge (gyana) in achieving salvation.<ref name=":2" />
{{Poem quote|text=O Lord from my childhood I have known the intensity of
my misery. Thinking of it in the lotus of my heart I have
not been blessed with happiness even for a moment. From
my birth I am hapless. My parents left me in this world
alone. If I crave for a happy meal or pleasure wherefrom
can I ever get it ?
It is not tears but blood that used to trickle down
as I have wiped them. None other than Sriguru knows
what miseries I have gone through.
When I completed the age of four, once in the
month of jyestha a wandering yogi dressed in loin-cloth of
ochre colour came to the village. In both his hands I have
clearly noticed the symbols of conch and the wheel.|title=Stuti Chintamani|source=Bhima Bhoi}}

== Recognition in the present ==
While scholars have studied the life and poetry of Bhima Bhoi, research chairs have recently been established at [[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences]] - Deemed to be University (in April 2018) and [[Gangadhar Meher University]] in 2019, to research the impact of Bhima Bhoi's life and philosophy in Odisha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://darkodisha.in/bhima-bhoi-poems-in-odia/|title=Bhima Bhoi Poems|access-date=21 June 2019|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926164107/https://darkodisha.in/bhima-bhoi-poems-in-odia/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[https://kiss.ac.in/posts/four-new-research-chairs-established-at-kiss-du/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305192956/https://kiss.ac.in/posts/four-new-research-chairs-established-at-kiss-du/ |date=5 March 2021 }}{{Cite web |title=Four New Research Chairs Established at KISS-DU |url=https://kiss.ac.in/posts/four-new-research-chairs-established-at-kiss-du/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |archive-date=15 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915121624/https://kiss.ac.in/posts/four-new-research-chairs-established-at-kiss-du/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In honour of Bhima Bhoi, Bolangir Medical College is named Bhima Bhoi Medical College.<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=28 August 2018|title=Medical colleges named after prominent personalities|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/medical-colleges-named-after-prominent-personalities-118082801264_1.html|access-date=16 December 2019}}</ref>

== Further reading ==
* Bannerjee, Ishita and Johannes Beltz 2008 (eds.), ''Popular Religion and Ascetic Practices : New studies on Mahima Dharma'', New Delhi: Manohar Publishers.
* [[Bettina Baumer|Bäumer, Bettina]] and Johannes Beltz 2010 (eds.), ''Verses from the Void: Mystic poetry of an Oriya saint'', New Delhi: Manohar Publishers.
* Beltz, Johannes. 2003. ''Bhima Bhoi:'' ''The making of a modern saint''.
* A. Copley (ed.) ''Hindu Nationalism and Religious Reform Movements'', New Delhi: OUP, pp. 230–253.
* Mahapatra, Sitakant. 1983. ''Bhima Bhoi''. New Delhi: Sahitya Akademi (Makers of Indian Literature).

==See also==
* [[List of Indian poets]]
* [[Odissi music]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Odia literature}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhoi, Bhima}}
[[Category:1850 births]]
[[Category:1895 deaths]]
[[Category:Hindu poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:Odia-language writers]]
[[Category:Poets from Odisha]]
[[Category:People from Sambalpur district]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Hinduism in Odisha]]
[[Category:19th-century male musicians]]
[[Category:19th-century musicians]]
[[Category:Shudra Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Odia Hindu saints]]

Ghubar-e-Khatir

2026-01-12T07:01:36Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding info - done

{{Short description|Collection of letters by Abul Kalam Azad}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Ghubar-e-Khatir''''' ({{langx|ur|غُبارِ خاطِر|translit=ġubār-i xāt̤ir|lit=dust of memories}}) is one of the most important works of [[Mawlānā|Maulana]] [[Maulana Azad|Abul Kalam Azad]]. It was written primarily between 1942 and 1946 while he was imprisoned in [[Ahmednagar Fort]] in [[Maharashtra]] by the [[British Raj]]. He had traveled to [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]) to preside over the meeting of [[Congress Working Committee|All India Congress Working Committee]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Ian Henderson Douglas|title=Abul Kalam Azad: An Intellectual and Religious Biography|year=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195632796|pages=226–234}}</ref> The book was later translated into [[English language|English]] as ''Sallies of Mind''.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad|title=Sallies of Mind: English Translation of Ghubar-e-Khatir|year=2003|publisher=Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies, Kolkata|isbn=81-7541-146-5|translator=D.R. Goyal}}</ref>

The book is a collection of 24 letters he wrote addressing his close friend, [[Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani]]. The letters were never sent, as prison regulations did not permit it. After his release in 1946, Azad gave all these letters to his secretary, Muhammad Ajmal Khan, who published them for the first time that year.

==Contents==
Although the book is a collection of letters, all but one or two letters are unique and most of the letters deal with complex issues such as the existence of God, the origin of religions, the origin of music and its place in religion, and other topics. Abul Kalam means eloquent and the book is particularly appreciated because of its beautiful language. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad's hypnotic description of his morning routine of brewing and drinking tea is notably remarkable in the book.

The book is primarily in [[Urdu]] but there are over five hundred couplets, mostly in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]]. This is because Azad was born in a family where [[Arabic]] and [[Persian language|Persian]] were used more frequently than [[Urdu]]. He was born in [[Mecca]], given formal education in [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic]] languages but was never taught [[Urdu]].

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:1946 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian books]]

India–Pakistan water dispute of 1948

2025-12-31T11:37:25Z

Blackandwhitelegal: added first post v1

{{Short description|Dispute over the sharing of river waters between India and Pakistan}}
[[File:Physical Map of Punjab.jpg|thumb|right|280px|The Indus river system in West Punjab]]
[[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] had a dispute over the sharing of Indus waters in April 1948, about eight months after their independence. The [[East Punjab]] province of India shut off water running to the [[West Punjab]] province of Pakistan via the main branches of the [[Upper Bari Doab Canal]] as well as the Dipalpur Canal from the [[Ferozepur]] Headworks.{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|pp=42–43}} It was resumed after five weeks when Pakistan agreed to attend an Inter-Dominion conference to negotiate an agreement.{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|pp=43–44}}{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|pp=210–211}} The critical nature of the Indian action caused deep apprehensions in Pakistan, which were eventually resolved only with the signing of the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] in 1960.<ref>{{harvp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|p=211}}: 'The stoppage of canal water, perhaps more than any other single event in the first year of Pakistan’s existence, gave Radcliffe’s artificial line simultaneous "natural" and "national" meaning'.</ref>

== Partition and Indus waters ==
[[File:Upper Bari Doab Canal (1911).jpg|thumb|right|280px|Branches of the [[Upper Bari Doab Canal]]]]
The Indus river system, consisting of the [[Indus River]] and its five tributaries, was divided across India and Pakistan as a result of the [[partition of India]]. During the [[Radcliffe Line|boundary negotiations]] for partitioning [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], Sir Cyril Radcliffe asked whether the river waters could be put under a joint management, but neither Pakistani nor Indian representatives on the boundary commission agreed to the proposal. The Radcliffe line cut Punjab into two, with [[West Punjab]] going to Pakistan and [[East Punjab|East Pubjab]] to India.

The [[Ravi River]] and the [[Sutlej River]] flow from the East Punjab to West Punjab. At the time of partition, the Ravi River had a barrage at the [[Madhopur Headworks]] and water was channelled along the [[Upper Bari Doab Canal]], which supplied water to the cities of [[Amritsar]] (in East Punjab) and [[Lahore]] (in West Punjab), as well as irrigating large areas in both sections of Punjab. The Sutlej was dammed at [[Ferozepur]] (in East Punjab), with Dipalpur Canal carrying water to West Punjab and [[Bahawalpur State|Bahawalpur]] (then a princely state in Pakistan), and the [[Ganga Canal (Rajasthan)|Ganga Canal]] carrying it to [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] (a princely state in India). East Punjab had the ability to control the flows along these canals.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|loc=Map 8, p. xviii}}

The three western rivers, Indus and its tributaries [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] and [[Chenab River|Chenab]], flow through the [[Kashmir region]] into Pakistan. The rest of India has no access to their waters due to the intervening mountain ranges.

== Water shut-off ==
The chief engineers of East Punjab and West Punjab signed a Standstill Agreement on 20 December 1947 to the effect that the status quo on water distribution would be maintained until 31 March 1948 in order to cover the period of the [[Rabi crop]].{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|pp=41–42}} West Punjab government neglected to negotiate a further agreement before its expiry.{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|loc=pp. 42–43: "The real reason for the misunderstanding is hard to determine, but deliberately or inadvertently, West Punjab, until the expiry date of the agreement on March 31, 1948 had not taken initiative to negotiate any further agreement."}} It was also reported that the people in the canal colonies that received the water did not pay the water dues, and shutting off water was the standard tactic that provinces applied to each other in such a situation.<ref>{{harvp|Rai & Patnaik, Water Disputes in South Asia|2012|p=117}}: "According to Williams (1955), the water supplies were cut because the canal colonies served by these headworks did not pay the standard water dues. The people in charge of the headworks were applying exactly the same rides that were applied in pre-Partition India—no canal dues, no water."
</ref>

On 1 April 1948, the East Punjab government shut off water flowing to West Pakistan along the main branches of the Upper Bari Doab Canal and the Dipalpur Canal.{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|pp=41–42}}
Scholars state that it was a provincial action rather than a "national" action.{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|loc=p. 42, note 17: "However, it should also be noted that the decision was that of the East Punjab government, made without official knowledge of the Central government."}}{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|loc=pp. 206–207: "For, far from an unambiguously “national” action, the stopping of water flows at the partition boundary was initiated not by Nehru or the central Indian government but by the new east Punjab government, reportedly infuriating Nehru..."}} However, once initiated, it also took on the significance of the Indian government's assertion of national control over water resources.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|p=207}}

Pakistan was aghast at the sudden shut-off of water. The effect was immediately felt in Lahore, which depended on canal water for the water needs of the entire city.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|pp=210–211}} Pakistan also faced a coming [[Kharif crop|Kharif season]] without water for 5.5% of its cropland.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|pp=211–212}} It called India's action "Machiavellian duplicity",{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|pp=42–43}} and claimed "historical usage rights".{{sfnp|Rai & Patnaik, Water Disputes in South Asia|2012|p=119}} India was firm and wanted recognition of its rights to all waters in the eastern rivers.{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|pp=42–43}} Many in Pakistan advocated going to war with India, but eventually Pakistan agreed to negotiate.{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|loc=pp.42–43: "In this situation, one option for Pakistan was war, and there were many who advocated for it, but it would have been an error for Pakistan because it could hardly use the Bari Doab, where all the strategic advantages were held by India. Authors have noted that a declaration of war by India might have led to the extinction of the new State."}}

In May 1948, an Inter-Dominion conference was held in Delhi to negotiate terms. In the resulting 'Delhi Agreement', Pakistan agreed to deposit a sum of money with India as "seignorage". It accepted a framework in which East Punjab would progressively diminish the supply of canal water in order to allow West Punjab to "tap alternative sources". Pakistan's delegation also recognised the "natural anxiety" of East Punjab to use water to develop its own areas which were "underdeveloped in relation to ... West Punjab".{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|pp=211–212}} But the negotiators later claimed that they were forced to agree to terms under duress and that Pakistan had rights to existing usages in accordance with "international law and equity". India gave such rights no formal recognition.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|pp=211–212}} Pakistan broke the agreement reached in Delhi and refused to pay dues to India. It tried to create anti-India hysteria over water and tried to use it as a political ploy over [[Kashmir conflict|Kashmir]].{{sfnp|Rai & Patnaik, Water Disputes in South Asia|2012|p=117}}

Lahore received water again after five weeks. As ''Pakistan Times'' reported, it generated "great excitement among Lahore people", who flocked to the canal bank. Estimates of losses from what the Pakistanis called a "water blockade" were put at Rs. 2 crore.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|p=211}}

== Aftermath ==
Pakistan faced an urgent sense of the need to develop new waterworks. Engineers were summoned to address the situation of "national emergency". A "Sutlej link-channel" to Dipalpur canal was constructed circumventing Ferozepur, lest India might block the water to Dipalpur canal again.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|p=212}}{{efn|Before reaching Ferozepur, Sutlej has a small stretch in West Punjab territory from which the channel was taken. It eventually fell into disuse after the Indus Waters Treaty.}} A "Ravi-Bari Doab connecting channel" (which eventually became the [[BRB Canal]]) was conceptualised to carry water from Jhelum and Chenab to the Bari Doab and free Pakistan from dependence on Indian-controlled water supply.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|p=212}} These canals were conceptualised as "national mobilisation" projects that involved volunteers from Lahore and villagers along the canal route, evoking a language of selfless individual sacrifice in the name of the nation.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|pp=212–213}}

Pakistan's diplomatic response to India's water policies in these years involved strong assertions of morality in claiming water rights based international legal doctrines of prior use.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|p=213}} It continued to imagine the natural unity of a river basin that is shared with India despite the partition.{{sfnp|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020|p=214}}
By 1951, the situation had become intractable and Pakistani press was calling for more drastic action. The two countries were said to be at the brink of war.{{sfnp|Rai & Patnaik, Water Disputes in South Asia|2012|p=118}} At this stage, [[David E. Lilienthal]], former chairman of the [[Tennessee Valley Authority]], visited India and Pakistan, and proposed that the [[World Bank]] could help the two countries develop the Indus river system and provide food security to millions of people.{{sfnp|Rai & Patnaik, Water Disputes in South Asia|2012|p=118}} Through the World Bank-brokered negotiations, eventually the [[Indus Waters Treaty]] was agreed in 1960, and signed by the two countries. Under the treaty, Pakistan has rights to unrestricted use of the three western rivers of the Indus system, which India has an obligation to "let flow", and India has rights to unrestricted use of the three eastern rivers.{{sfnp|Cheema & Pawar, Bridging the Divide|2015|pp=12–13}}{{sfnp|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002|pp=44–45}}

==See also==
* [[Water conflict]]
* [[Water resources law]]
* [[Indus Water Treaty]]
* [[India–Pakistan relations]]
* [[Irrigation in India]]
* [[Rivers of Jammu and Kashmir]]
* [[Water politics]]
* [[2025 India–Pakistan diplomatic crisis]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first1=Muhammad Jehanzeb Masud |last1=Cheema |first2=Prakashkiran |last2=Pawar |title=Bridging the Divide |publisher=Stimson Centre |year=2015 |url=https://www.stimson.org/sites/default/files/file-attachments/EnvSecVFPaperMarch2015-FINAL.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Cheema & Pawar, Bridging the Divide|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last=Gilmartin |first=David |title=Blood and Water: The Indus River Basin in Modern History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GfXLDwAAQBAJ |year=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-35553-8 |ref={{sfnref|Gilmartin, Blood and Water|2020}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Sheila |last1=Rai |first2=Sanghamitra |last2=Patnaik |chapter=Water Disputes in South Asia |editor=Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi |title=Water Resource Conflicts and International Security: A Global Perspective |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCi307g3t38C&pg=PA117 |year=2012 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=978-0-7391-6817-2 |pages=103– |ref={{sfnref|Rai & Patnaik, Water Disputes in South Asia|2012}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Salman |first1=Salman M. A. |last2=Uprety |first2=Kishor |title=Conflict and Cooperation on South Asia's International Rivers: A Legal Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GEr4fyDbqgC&pg=PA42 |year=2002 |publisher=World Bank Publications |isbn=978-0-8213-5352-3 |ref={{sfnref|Salman & Uprety, Conflict and Cooperation|2002}}}}

{{Indo-Pakistani relations}}

[[Category:India–Pakistan relations]]
[[Category:1948 in India]]
[[Category:1948 in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Indus basin]]
[[Category:Water conflicts]]

Joginder Singh Mann

2025-12-15T08:09:11Z

Blackandwhitelegal: fixed structure per standard format and updated info

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox AM
| name = Joginder Singh Mann
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| constituency_AM = [[Phagwara Assembly Constituency|Phagwara]] 
| assembly = Punjab Legislative 
| majority = 
| term_start = 2002 
| term_end = 2007 
| predecessor = 
| successor = [[Swarna Ram]] 
| prior_term =
| majority2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 
| predecessor2 = 
| successor2 = 
| majority3 = 
| term_start3 = 
| term_end3 = 
| predecessor3 = 
| successor3 = 
| majority4 = 
| term_start4 = 
| term_end4 = 
| predecessor4 = 
| successor4 = 
| year =
| date =
| footnotes =
| website =
| alma_mater =
| parents =
| spouse =
| religion =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| occupation =
| death_place =
| death_date =
| residence =
| birth_place = [[Phagwara]], [[Nawanshahr]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1946|6|18|df=y}}
| source =
}}
{{for|the speaker|Joginder Singh Mann (speaker)}}
'''Joginder Singh Mann''', is an Indian politician and former Minister. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="Indian Express 17 January 2022">{{cite news |title=AAP names Joginder Mann as its Phagwara candidate |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/aap-names-joginder-mann-as-its-phagwara-candidate-7726793/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=17 January 2022 |language=en |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411091147/https://indianexpress.com/elections/aap-names-joginder-mann-as-its-phagwara-candidate-7726793 |archivedate=11 April 2022}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Joginder Singh Mann was born into house of Puran Singh at Phagwara, Punjab. He is also the National President of All India Rangretta Dal.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Valmikis’ interests safe with Capt: Mann|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/archive/valmikis-interests-safe-with-capt-mann-756782|access-date=2020-06-08|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=November 2025}}</ref>

== Politics ==
He is a three-time MLA from [[Phagwara Assembly Constituency|Phagwara Constituency]] on Congress ticket.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Phagwara Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/punjab/assembly-constituencies/phagwara.html|access-date=2020-06-08|website=Elections in India}}</ref>

Minister in the Council of Ministers led by former Chief Ministers Late Beant Singh and Harcharan Singh Brar besides Rajinder Kaur Bhattal and Capt Amarinder Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Joginder Mann takes over as Chairman of PAIC|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/joginder-mann-takes-over-as-chairman-of-paic.html|access-date=2020-06-08|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>

He became chairman of the Punjab Agro Industries Corporation (PAIC).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=Joginder Singh Mann takes charge as Chairman PAIC|url=https://thepoliticaledge.in/joginder-singh-mann-takes-charge-as-chairman-paic/|access-date=2020-06-08|website=TPE News|language=en-US}}</ref>

He contested unsuccessfully in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mann, Joginder Singh}}
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2002–2007]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]

University of Technology, Jaipur

2025-11-16T03:37:29Z

Blackandwhitelegal:

{{Short description|Private university in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox university
| name = University of Technology
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = hi
| type = [[Private university (India)|Private]]
| established = {{Start date|2017}}
| chairperson = Dr. Anshu Surana
| city = [[Jaipur]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| country = India
| image_name = University of Technology, Jaipur logo.svg
| website = {{URL|https://universityoftechnology.edu.in/}}
}}

'''University of Technology''' is a [[Private university (India)|private university]] located in [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan, India. It was established after the Rajasthan's assembly passed the University of Technology, Jaipur Bill, Act No 28 of 2017.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=प्रौद्योगिकी विश्वविद्यालय, जयपुर विधेयक, 2017 THE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR BILL, 2017 |url=https://assembly.rajasthan.gov.in/legislation/BILL/Bill28-2017.pdf |access-date=26 October 2022 |website=Rajasthan Legislative Assembly}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=23 August 2022 |title=State-wise List of Private Universities as on 23.08.2022 |url=https://www.ugc.ac.in/oldpdf/Private%20University/Consolidated_List_Private_Universities.pdf |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=UGC}}</ref>

== Recognitions ==
University of Technology is recognized by [[Government of Rajasthan]], [[All India Council for Technical Education]], [[Bar Council of India]], [[Association of Indian Universities]], [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission (UGC)]] New Delhi, [[Pharmacy Council of India]] and [[Rehabilitation Council of India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=List of Approved Institutions upto 21-10-2022 |url=http://www.rehabcouncil.nic.in/writereaddata/approved_inst.pdf |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=RCI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pharmacy Council of India |url=https://www.pci.nic.in/approved_colleges_diplom_us_12.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=pci.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=AIU Letter |url=https://www.universityoftechnology.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Letter_AIU-Membership_University-of-Technology-Jaiipur-1.pdf |access-date=27 October 2022 |website=UOT |archive-date=26 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026184902/https://www.universityoftechnology.edu.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Letter_AIU-Membership_University-of-Technology-Jaiipur-1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Government Recognition {{!}} Affiliation and Approval of University of Technology – UGC Approved |url=https://www.universityoftechnology.edu.in/about-us/government-recog/ |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=universityoftechnology.edu.in}}</ref>

It has a memorandum of understanding with the [[Institute of Chartered Accountants of India]] (ICAI) and [[Institute of Company Secretaries of India]] (ICSI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Technology Signs MoU with The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India ICAI |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/business/2021/08/24/pwr23-university-of-technology.html |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref>

University is Accredited with ISO 21001:2018 for Educational Organizations Management System by [[International Accreditation Forum|IAF]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IAF Certification Validation – IAF CertSearch |url=https://www.iafcertsearch.org/certification/ff48c761-ca2e-5fc7-a525-8e2f0477bcd7 |access-date=2022-10-28 |website=iafcertsearch.org}}</ref>

As of 4 July 2025, a team from the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bengaluru, conducted an official assessment and inspection at the University of Technology (UOT), Jaipur. Following the evaluation process, the university was awarded a B++ grade in recognition of its academic performance, infrastructure, and institutional processes.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Telegram: View @uotjaipur | url=https://t.me/uotjaipur/498 | access-date=2025-08-29 | website=t.me}}</ref>

== Vice Chancellors ==
Prof. Prabhat Kumar Sharma<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.universityoftechnology.edu.in/profile-of-president-vice-chancellor-prof-prabhat-kumar-sharma/ |access-date=2025-06-19 |website=www.universityoftechnology.edu.in}}</ref> - February 2024 till date

== See also ==
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Rajasthan]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official website|https://universityoftechnology.edu.in}}

{{Universities in Rajasthan}}

{{coord missing|Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jaipur]]
[[Category:Private universities in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2017]]
[[Category:2017 establishments in Rajasthan]]

K8 Group

2025-11-04T23:24:23Z

Blackandwhitelegal: added the stub and citations

{{Short description|Network of international online casinos and online gambling companies}}
{{Infobox dot-com company
| name = K8
| logo = K8 logo.png
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| industry = [[Online gambling]]
| foundation =
| area_served = International
| predecessor =
| successor =
| num_employees =
| founder =
| location_city =
| location_country = India
| services = online [[sports betting]], [[poker]], [[casino]], games
| homepage = {{url|https://k8.com}}
| language = [[#Multilingual|Multilingual]]
}}

'''K8''' (also known as K8 entertainment group) is a network of international online casinos and [[online gambling]] companies, with over 15 million users. K8 has offices in almost 50 countries in the world; including the United Kingdom, The Philippines and Vietnam. K8 promotes itself by its sponsorships of UK premier league teams, [[West Bromwich Albion FC]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/west-brom-announce-new-shirt-11284423| title = West Brom announce new shirt sponsors for the forthcoming season - Birmingham Live| date = 5 May 2016}}</ref> and [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insideworldfootball.com/2017/06/21/man-city-expands-asia-k8-com-regional-betting-partner/|title=Man City expands in Asia with K8.com as regional betting partner|date=June 21, 2017}}</ref> and German football team [[FC Schalke 04]].

== Overview ==
K8 operates like a virtual casino, offering slots, table games such as [[Blackjack|Black Jack]], [[poker]] and [[roulette]], live dealers and sports betting, for each one of their websites.

In Asia, their most popular sites are Vietnamese-based, K8vina and K8vn. K8 casino is licensed under First Cagayan Philippines, to operate live betting, and operates according to the rules promulgated by the Regulatory Authority.

Their European expansion began in November 2015, with the establishment of UK-K8, whose headquarters are located in Birmingham, UK. They are licensed by the UK Gambling Commission. UK-K8 is known for its use of the [[EveryMatrix]]’s platform to operate its website,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sbcnews.co.uk/igaming/2017/05/18/k8-everymatrix-uk-casino-relaunch/|title=K8 chooses EveryMatrix software for UK casino relaunch|date=18 May 2017}}</ref> the partnership was announced in early 2017, and was integrated in their affiliate program and also gambling solutions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.casinoguardian.co.uk/2017/05/12/k8-casino-website-goes-live-uk-via-everymatrix-platform/|title=K8 Casino Website Goes Live in the UK via EveryMatrix Platform|date=12 May 2017}}</ref> To appeal to British users' needs, they also upgraded their sports betting with [[Golden Race]] platform, this means that bet settlement operations happen in real-time, due to Golden Race and EveryMatrix's sportsbook solutions, and has increased its reliability and usage amongst European users.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamingintelligence.com/business/41704-everymatrix-agrees-k8-gaming-platform-deal-upgrades-sportsbook-software|title=EveryMatrix agrees K8 Gaming deal & upgrades sportsbook software|date=7 February 2017}}</ref>

K8 used a variety of marketing methods to introduce UK-K8, most notably the sponsorships of Premier League football teams.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://calvinayre.com/2016/05/05/sports/k8-group-shirt-deal-west-bromwich-albion/|title = Asian-facing K8 Group inks two-year shirt deal with Premier League's West Brom| newspaper=Calvinayre.com |date = 5 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://calvinayre.com/2017/06/23/sports/football-sponsorships-selling-like-hotcakes/|title = Football sponsorships selling like hotcakes as new seasons loom|date = 22 June 2017}}</ref>

== Sponsorships ==
K8 was the main partner and sponsor for [[Kunlun]] fighting,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edgedavao.net/sports/2014/04/22/davaos-grandeza-excited-to-see-action-in-kunlun-k8-fight-4-world-tour/|title = Davao's Grandeza excited to see action in Kunlun K8 Fight 4 World Tour|date = 22 April 2014}}</ref> a Chinese MMA event. Internationally, they are most well known for their football sponsorships, they also appointed German footballer, [[Michael Ballack]] as brand ambassador from 2015 to 2016, which coincided with their sponsorship of German football team [[FC Schalke 04]].

In 2015, the online entertainment company became a sponsor of the [[Copa America]] in Chile, the third largest continental football event in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.ytsports.cn/news-590.html |title=Chinese online gaming company K8.com sponsored 2015 Copa América |publisher=En.ytsports.cn |date= |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref>

In 2016, K8 became the kit sponsor for the [[West Bromwich Albion FC]], a Premier League football team. This became the football team's biggest sponsorship to date, which reportedly cost K8 over £5 million.<ref name="igamingbusiness1">{{cite web|url=http://www.igamingbusiness.com/news/west-brom-unveils-k8-group-new-shirt-sponsor|title = West Brom unveils K8 Group as new shirt sponsor|date = 6 May 2016}}</ref> The partnership was mostly used as a marketing strategy to bring awareness to the European extension of the K8 group; UK-K8.<ref name="igamingbusiness1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wba.co.uk/news/2016/may/albion-announce-uk-k8.com-as-new-shirt-sponsor/ |title=Albion announce UK-K8.COM as new shirt sponsor | West Bromwich Albion |publisher=Wba.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2022-08-11}}</ref> The sponsorship deal lasted only one season.

June 21, 2017, K8 announced a sponsorship agreement with Premier League club [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]. The multi-year deal includes advertisements on digiboards at Manchester City's [[City of Manchester Stadium|Etihad Stadium]], and the right to offer trips and experiences to the public to meet the team.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.mancity.com/news/club-news/club-news/2017/june/kaifa-yule-k8-com-man-city-announcement| title = City announce new betting partner in Asia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sbcnews.co.uk/asia/2017/06/22/k8-com-nets-manchester-city-asia-betting-partnership/|title=K8.com nets Manchester City 'Asia Betting Partnership'}}</ref><ref name="thedrum1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2017/06/23/manchester-city-fc-inks-multi-year-deal-with-kai-fa-yule-k8com-their-official|title=Manchester City FC inks a multi-year deal with Kai-Fa Yule K8.com as their official betting partner in Asia|website=The Drum}}</ref>

September 26, 2017, K8 announced a sponsorship agreement with Championship club, Cardiff City. The multi-year deal includes betting booths at Cardiff City Stadium, and the right to offer trips, tickets and experiences to the public to meet the team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sbcnews.co.uk/latestnews/2017/09/28/cardiff-city-announces-k8-com-new-betting-partner/|title=Cardiff City announces K8.com as new betting partner}}</ref>

November 1, 2024, K8 and Atlético de Madrid have reached a sponsorship agreement for the next two seasons.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.atleticodemadrid.com/noticias/k8-and-atletico-de-madrid-have-reached-a-sponsorship-agreement-for-the-next-two-seasons/|title=Atlético de Madrid announce k8.io new betting partner in Asia|date=November 2024 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sigma.world/news/k8-becomes-atletico-de-madrid-betting-partner/|title=Atlético de Madrid announces k8.io as new betting partner}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insideworldfootball.com/2024/11/05/online-bookie-k8-takes-atletico-sponsorship-asian-region/|title=k8.com as Atlético de Madrid Asian betting partner|date=5 November 2024 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballbusinessjournal.com/post/k8-becomes-atletico-de-madrid-s-official-betting-partner-in-asia/|title= Atlético de Madrid welcome k8.com|date= November 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sbcnews.co.uk/sportsbook/2024/11/01/k8-a-madrid-betting-partner/|title= k8.com and Atlético de Madrid reached agreement|date= November 2024}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

K8 is part of the recurring theme of increasingly larger numbers of gambling companies sponsoring Premier League teams.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Quella-Guyot |first=Amandin |date=29 June 2017 |title=Les casinos en ligne sponsors du Football {{!}} Sport Business |url=https://www.sportbusinessetmoi.com/casinos-en-ligne-sponsors-football-11254 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004175724/https://www.sportbusinessetmoi.com/casinos-en-ligne-sponsors-football-11254 |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=17 June 2023 |website=SportBusinessetMoi |language=fr}}</ref> In the 16/17 season, more than 50% of sponsorship shares were held by betting companies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityam.com/250809/gambling-and-betting-companies-have-taken-over-premier|title = How gambling and betting companies have taken over the Premier League's shirts|date = 8 October 2016}}</ref> K8 being one of them. Also including their competitors, [[Dafabet]] and [[Bet365]]. Many were skeptical of K8's decision to sponsor Manchester City FC, due to the UK government's decision to review the gambling sector, to prevent over exposure to gambling, and to prevent the increasing number of gambling addiction. which has increased by 0.3% over the past three years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityam.com/250947/government-mulling-crackdown-bingo-adverts-and-promotions|title = Government mulling crackdown on bingo adverts and promotions during sporting events in gambling industry clampdown|date = 7 October 2016}}</ref>

On the same day that K8 signed as a sponsor<ref name="thedrum1"/> for Manchester City, UK's Football Association announced that it will end all partnerships with betting companies, in light of recent betting incidents<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedrum.com/news/2017/06/22/fa-ends-sponsorships-with-betting-firms-it-looks-move-beyond-gambling-controversy|title=FA ends sponsorships with betting firms as it looks to move beyond gambling controversy|website=The Drum}}</ref> and to combat addictions.

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

[[Category:Online gambling companies of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Companies based in Manila]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of the Philippines]]

Ghulam Qadir Wani (politician, born 1942)

2025-10-28T22:46:59Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding a info

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ghulam Qadir Wani
| image =
| office = Member of Legislative Assembly
| constituency = [[Doda Assembly constituency|Doda]]
| term_start = 1977
| term_end = 1987
| predecessor = [[Hans Raj Dogra]]
| successor = [[Attaullah Suharwardy]]
| birth_date = 1942
| birth_place = Ghat, [[Doda district]]
| party = [[Janata Party]]
}}

'''Ghulam Qadir Wani''' (born 1942) was a Member of the Legislative Assembly in the Indian-administered [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], representing the [[Doda Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Doda Assembly Constituency Election Result | website=Legislative Assembly Constituency | url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/doda-jammu-kashmir-assembly-constituency | access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Ghulam Qadir Wani was the son of Lassa Wani, who previously held the position of MLA for Doda from 1962 to 1972. Ghulam Qadir Wani hailed from Ghat village in [[Doda district]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Ghulam Qadir Wani | website=Electwise | date=11 January 2021 | url=https://www.electwise.in/politician/ghulam-qadir-wani/ | access-date=5 November 2023 | archive-date=5 November 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105171412/https://www.electwise.in/politician/ghulam-qadir-wani/ | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Wani succeeded Hans Raj Dogra as a Member of the Legislative Assembly in 1977 and served in this role until 1987 when he was succeeded by Attaullah Suharwardy.<ref>{{cite web | title= Ghulam Qadir Wani affidavit of 2008 election| website= CEO , JK | url=https://ceojk.nic.in/AFFIDAVITS/S09/SE/53/Ghulam%20Qadir%20Wani/Ghulam%20Qadir%20Wani_SC1.htm | access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Doda Assembly constituency]]
* [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}

[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Chenab Valley]]
[[Category:People from Doda district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1977–1983]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]

Chennamma Deve Gowda

2025-10-17T16:15:08Z

Blackandwhitelegal: adding new article - done

{{Short description|Indian political figure}}
'''Chennamma Deve Gowda''' is an Indian political figure. She is the spouse of [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], former [[Prime Minister of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri H. D. Deve Gowda |url=https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/former_pm/shri-h-d-deve-gowda/ |website=Office of Prime Minister of India}}</ref> thus holding the title of [[Spouse of the Head of Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri H.D. Devegowda{{!}} National Portal of India |url=https://www.india.gov.in/my-government/indian-parliament/shri-hd-devegowda |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=National Portal of India}}</ref>

In February 2001, Chennamma was the victim of an [[acid attack]], which allegedly stemmed from a family feud.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-02-23 |title=Family feud suspected behind acid attack |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/family-feud-suspected-behind-acid-attack/articleshow/22360002.cms |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Trivedi |first=Amrendra Nath Tripathi & Dr Piyush Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cZ6oEAAAQBAJ&dq=Chennamma+Deve+Gowda+acid&pg=PA12 |title=Acid Attack : A Nightmare |date=2023-01-21 |publisher=Ashok Yakkaldevi |isbn=978-1-387-11038-4 |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
She has four sons and two daughters<ref>{{Cite book |last=McDannald |first=Alexander Hopkins |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=op8SAQAAMAAJ&q=chennamma+deve+gowda |title=The Americana Annual: An Encyclopedia of Current Events |date=1997 |publisher=Americana corporation |isbn=978-0-7172-0228-7 |language=en}}</ref> including [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], Former [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Profile |url=https://loksabhaph.nic.in/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=3711&lastls=15 |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Lok Sabha}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-17 |title=Profile and Biography of Former Karnataka Chief Minister H.D.Kumaraswamy |url=http://www.karnatakaspider.com/resources/3994-Profile-Biography-Former-Karnataka-Chief.aspx |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Karnataka Spider |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217174325/http://www.karnatakaspider.com/resources/3994-Profile-Biography-Former-Karnataka-Chief.aspx |archive-date=17 December 2014 }}</ref> and [[H. D. Revanna]], [[Members of Karnataka Legislative Council elected by members of the Legislative Assembly|Member of Karnataka Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=HD Revanna, Holenarasipur constituency Karnataka election result 2018 LIVE updates: Deve Gowda's son wins |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/karnataka-assembly-elections-2018/h-d-revanna-holenarasipur-constituency-karnataka-election-result-updates/1166482/ |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=Financial Express |date=15 May 2018 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Spouses of prime ministers of India]]
[[Category:Acid attack victims]]
[[Category:Living people]]

1992–93 Santosh Trophy

2025-09-24T06:57:13Z

Blackandwhitelegal: created first data w/ infobox.

{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Santosh Trophy
| year = 1992–93
| other_titles = National Football Championship
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = India
| num_teams =
| winners = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
| count = 3
| second = [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| scoring_leader =
| award =
| prev_season = [[1991–92 Santosh Trophy|1991–92]]
| next_season = [[1993–94 Santosh Trophy|1993–94]]
| extra_information =
}}

The '''1992–93 Santosh Trophy''' was the 49th edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the main [[States and union territories of India|State]] competition for [[football in India]]. Kerala retained the title defeating Maharashtra 2–0 in the final at the [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam|Maharaja's College Ground]] in [[Kochi]].

==Quarter-final==

=== Group A ===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=RSSF
|update=complete
|team1=KE |team2=MA |team3=TN |team4=RA
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|win_KE=2 |draw_KE=0 |loss_KE=1 |gf_KE=5 |ga_KE=3
|win_MA=2 |draw_MA=0 |loss_MA=1 |gf_MA=4 |ga_MA=2
|win_TN=2 |draw_TN=0 |loss_TN=1 |gf_TN=6 |ga_TN=5
|win_RA=0 |draw_RA=0 |loss_RA=3 |gf_RA=3 |ga_RA=8

|name_KE=[[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|name_MA=[[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|name_TN=[[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|name_RA=[[Railways football team|Railways]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored;
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|team2= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1=
* Nicholas {{goal|33}}
* Grand Duraipandian {{goal|37}}
|goals2=
* PJ Jose {{goal|?}}
|score1=2
|score2=1
|attendance=
|date = 17 February 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930218&printsec=frontpage&hl=en Indian Express, 18 February 1993]</ref>
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1=
* Sanat Pakira (og) {{goal|12}}
* [[I. M. Vijayan]] {{goal|?||44}}
|goals2=
* Nanda Pradan {{goal|23}}
|team2= [[Railways football team|Railways]]
|score1=3
|score2=1
|attendance=
|date = 18 February 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z4ZlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2448%2C138506 Indian Express, 19 February 1993]</ref>
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1=
* Santosh Kashyap {{goal|64}}
|goals2=
|team2= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|score1=1
|score2=0
|attendance=
|date = 21 February 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930222&printsec=frontpage&hl=en Indian Express, 22 February 1993]</ref>
}}

{{football box
|team2= [[Railways football team|Railways]]
|goals1=
* Grand Duraipandian {{goal|15||67}}
* Mohammed Al Akber {{goal|19}}
|goals2=
* Moidul Islam {{goal|20}}
* Abdul Khaleeq {{goal|56}}
|team1= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score1=3
|score2=2
|attendance=
|date = 22 February 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=a4ZlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1781%2C545860 Indian Express, 23 February 1993]</ref>
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1=
* Chris Fernandes {{goal|57}}
* Akeel Ansari {{goal|69}}
|goals2=
|team2= [[Railways football team|Railways]]
|score1=2
|score2=0
|attendance=
|date = 25 February 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=boZlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=2340%2C825998 Maharashtra in semis], Indian Express, 26 February 1993</ref>
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|team2= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Tamil Nadu]]
|score1=2
|score2=1
|attendance=
|date=unknown date
}}

===Group B===
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL
|source=RSSF
|update=complete
|team1=BE |team2=KA|team3=PU |team4=GO
|result1=KO |result2=KO
|win_BE=2 |draw_BE=1 |loss_BE=0 |gf_BE=5 |ga_BE=1
|win_KA=1 |draw_KA=1 |loss_KA=1 |gf_KA=2 |ga_KA=2
|win_PU=0 |draw_PU=2 |loss_PU=1 |gf_PU=2 |ga_PU=4
|win_GO=1 |draw_GO=0 |loss_GO=2 |gf_GO=4 |ga_GO=6

|name_BE=[[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|name_KA=[[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|name_PU=[[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|name_GO=[[Goa football team|Goa]]

|winpoints=2
|drawpoints=1
|losspoints=0


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|class_rules = 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) goals scored;
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score1=3
|score2=0
|attendance=
|date = 15 February 1993
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|team2= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score1=0
|score2=0
|attendance=
|date = 16 February 1993
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|goals1=
* Mushtaq Ali {{goal|39}}
|goals2=
* Majinder {{goal|80}}
|team2= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score1=1
|score2=1
|attendance=
|date = 19 February 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aIZlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1464%2C210910 Indian Express, 20 February 1993]</ref>
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|goals1=
* Santosh Kumar {{goal|55}}
* Saravanan {{goal|77}}
|goals2=
* Trevor Antao {{goal|}}
|team2= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|score1=2
|score2=1
|attendance=
|date = 20 February 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aYZlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=861%2C306570 Indian Express, 21 February 1993]</ref>
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|goals1=
* Swarup Das {{goal|57}}
|goals2=
|team2= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|score1=1
|score2=0
|attendance=
|date = 23 February 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bIZlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1491%2C614354 Indian Express, 24 February, 1993]</ref>
}}

{{football box
|team1= [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1=
* Roy Barreto {{goal|8||83||87}}
|goals2=
* [[Kiran Khongsai]] {{goal|54}}
|team2= [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score1=3
|score2=1
|attendance=
|date = 24 February 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=bYZlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=s54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=1440%2C743006 Indian Express, 25 February 1993]</ref>
}}

== Semifinal ==
{{football box
|team1= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|team2= [[Karnataka football team|Karnataka]]
|score1 = 1
|score2 = 0
|goals1=
*[[I. M. Vijayan]] {{goal|82}}
|report=
|stadium= Maharajas College Ground, Kochi
|referee= Gulab Singh Chauhan; RD Sow, YN Pandit (linesmen)
|date=27 February 1993 <ref name="rssf">[https://www.rsssf.org/tablesi/india93.html RSSF]</ref>
}}
{{football box
|team1= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|team2= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|score1 = 3
|score2 = 2
|goals1=
*Godfrey Pereira {{goal|43}}
*Anil Kumar {{goal|54||89}}
|goals2=
*Satyajit Chatterjee {{goal|8}}
*Swarup Das {{goal|44}}
|report=
|stadium= Maharajas College Ground, Kochi
|date=28 February 1993 <ref name=rssf/>
}}

== Final ==
{{football box
|team1= [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|team2= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score1 = 2
|score2 = 0
|goals1=
*Ajit Kumar {{goal|26}}
*[[C. V. Pappachan|Pappachan]] {{goal|63}}
|report=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930303&printsec=frontpage&hl=en
|stadium= Maharajas College Ground, Kochi
|referee= Gulab Singh Chouhan; R.D. Sow, Y.N. Pandit (linesmen)
|date=2 March 1993 <ref>[https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19930303&printsec=frontpage&hl=en Indian Express, 3 March `1993, p.18]</ref>
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Santosh Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1992-93 Santosh Trophy}}
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]
[[Category:1992–93 in Indian football]]

{{India-footy-competition-stub}}

Kori (caste)

2025-09-17T18:33:49Z

Blackandwhitelegal: Content improved for clarity and flow

{{Short description|SUBGROUP of Koli Caste}}
{{For|agricultural caste of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar known alternatively as [[Kushwaha]] and [[Maurya (surname)|Maurya]]|Koeri}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
'''Kori or Koli''' is an Indian [[caste system in India|caste]], who were traditionally fishermen (in coastal areas), weavers (in Northern States) and farmers (especially in Gujarat).

Other names for this caste include
Banodha, Vaish, Koli, Mahour, Mahawar, Anuragi, Kabirpanthi and Julaha.<ref>{{cite book |author=Badri Narayan |title=Women Heroes and Dalit Assertion in North India: Culture, Identity and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7feHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |year=2006 |publisher=SAGE |isbn=978-81-321-0280-9 |page=119 |access-date=29 October 2019 |archive-date=12 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712070226/https://books.google.com/books?id=7feHAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Kori are classified as a [[Scheduled Caste]] in the states of, [[Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]],[[Odisha]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]],
[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]], and [[Uttarakhand]] as well as in the Union Territory of [[Chandigarh]].<ref>{{cite web | title=LIST OF SCHEDULED CASTES | url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Compendium-2016.pdf |website =socialjustice.gov.in|access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=State wise / UT wise list of Scheduled Caste (updated)| website=Department of Social Justice and Empowerment | date=7 July 2025 | url=https://socialjustice.gov.in/common/76750 | access-date=10 July 2025}}</ref> In the past the Kori had [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] status in Meerut, Agra, Rohilkhand and its neighbouring cities.{{Citation needed|date=July 2025}}

In Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Southern States the Kori caste is known as Koli.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chandel |first=M. P. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ao5tlGH2sFQC&pg=PA49 |title=Democratic Transformation of a Social Class |date=1991-01-01 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-314-8 |location=[[New Delhi]], [[India]] |pages=49 |language=en}}</ref>

The Kori scheduled caste population in Uttar Pradesh at the [[2011 census of India]] was 2,293,937.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |title=A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2017-02-06 |archive-date=31 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731072159/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |url-status=live }}</ref> The Kori's traditional caste councils, plans and implements welfare activities and also settles disputes. Imposition of cash fine is a form of punishment inflicted by the council.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Chanchreek |first=K. L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGkaAQAAIAAJ |title=Sant Kabir: life and philosophy |publisher=Shree Publications |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-8329-161-3 |location=New Delhi, India |pages=190 |language=en |access-date=28 May 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604111630/https://books.google.com/books?id=nGkaAQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name "Kori" is associated to "kol" which is a tribe mainly in UP, MP and Jharkhand.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ |author=K. S. Singh |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |page=1822 |access-date=15 October 2016 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414083901/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
[[Harold A. Gould|Harold Gould]] noted in his research of the [[jajmani system]] in Uttar Pradesh that by the 1960s, all of the Koris in the villages studied by him had adopted roles as agriculturist, ploughmen, and midwives, because industrialisation had made their traditional occupation as weavers redundant.<ref>{{cite journal |title=A Jajmani System of North India: Its Structure, Magnitude, and Meaning |first=Harold A. |last=Gould |author-link=Harold A. Gould |journal=Ethnology |volume=3 |issue=1 |date=January 1964 |pages=12–41 |doi=10.2307/4617554 |jstor=4617554|doi-access=free }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Weaving communities of South Asia]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Scheduled Castes of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Indian castes by profession]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]

{{India-ethno-stub}}

Siege of Ratanpur

2025-09-03T10:10:40Z

Blackandwhitelegal:

{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Ratanpur (1740)
| partof = Maratha conquest of Chhattisgarh
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| date = 1740
| place = [[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]]
| result = [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory 
*[[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]] fort captured by [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]
*[[Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom]] and other petty chieftains come under suzerainty of [[Nagpur Kingdom|Nagpur]]
| territory = [[Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom]] and other petty chieftains such as [[Kanker State]], [[Korea State|Koriya State]], come under suzerainty of [[Nagpur Kingdom|Nagpur]]
| combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|23px]] [[Maratha Empire]] 
*[[File:Nagpur State Flag.png|15px]] [[Nagpur Kingdom|Kingdom of Nagpur]]
| combatant2 = [[Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom]]
| commander1 = [[File:Nagpur State Flag.png|18px]] [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pandit]]
| commander2 = Raghunath Singh
| strength1 = 40,000 men chiefly [[Cavalry]]
| strength2 = unknown
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
}}

The '''siege of Ratanpur''' in 1740 was a siege led by the [[Nagpur Kingdom|Marathas of Nagpur]] on the fort of [[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]], capital of the [[Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom]]. There was almost no resistance by the [[Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom|Haihaiyavanshis]], which resulted in a victory for the Marathas.

==Background==
The [[Bhonsles of Nagpur|Bhonsle Maratha armies]] passed through [[Chhattisgarh]] on their way to invade the Odia kingdoms in eastern India. [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pant]] invaded the [[Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom]] at the close of 1740. According to Sir Charles Grant, Raghunath Singh, the [[Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom|Haihaiyavanshi king]], was bowed down with a heavy sorrow, which was the loss of his only son. He refused to take any interest in the government for nearly a year. At best, he was a feeble man, but now worn out with years and afflicted in mind. According to Sir Charles Grant, the Maratha army is said to have consisted of 40,000 men, chiefly [[Cavalry|horsemen]].<ref name="central"/> The branch Haihaiyavanshi ruler of [[Raipur]], Amar Singh, did not oppose him.<ref name="bilaspur"/>

==Siege==
Raghunath Singh made no effort to defend his kingdom and waited till [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pant]] reached his capital. Even then, there was no resistance from the defenders. But Raghunath Singh ordered the gates of the fort to be shut. [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pant]] bought his guns to play on the fort, and soon a part of the palace was in ruins. At this point, one of the ''[[Rana (title)|Ranis]]'' (queen) named Laxmi hoisted a white flag on the ramparts of the fort. The gates for opened, and the invading Marathas entered the fort and looted the city.<ref name="central"/><ref name="africa and asia">{{cite book |title=Estudios de Asia y Africa |date=2002 |publisher=El Colegio de México. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6_i5AAAAIAAJ&q=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom |language=es}}</ref><ref name="bilaspur">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Zakiya Tasneem |title=Bilaspur: A Study in Urban Geography |date=1994 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-049-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNf01j_2knsC&dq=Bhaskar+Pant&pg=PA14 |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
A fine of one lakh rupees was imposed on the town and all the wealth that remained in the treasury was seized. Then the country was pillaged in all directions by the Maratha army. However, Raghunath Singh was not harmed in any manner and allowed to rule at [[Ratanpur, Chhattisgarh|Ratanpur]] under the suzerainty of the Marathas. Having crushed the Haihaiyavanshi king, the nominal overlord of the many petty chieftains and surrounding states, the Marathas demanded that the petty rulers submit to them, and the rulers did.<ref name="central">{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Charles |title=The Gazetteer of the Central Provinces of India |date=1870 |publisher=Education Society's Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbcBAAAAYAAJ&dq=Bhaskar+Pant&pg=PA94 |language=en}}</ref>

[[Raigarh]] fell to the Bhonsles in 1741, and by 1742 Maratha control over the kingdom was firmly established.<ref name="past">{{cite book |last1=Dube |first1=Saurabh |title=Untouchable Pasts: Religion, Identity, and Power Among a Central Indian Community, 1780-1950 |date=19 March 1998 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-3688-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jl-dIbI5kKwC&dq=Haihayavanshi+Kingdom&pg=PA27 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="africa and asia"/>

==See also==
*[[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pant]]
*[[Haihaiyavanshi Kingdom]]
*[[Nagpur Kingdom|Kingdom of Nagpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1740 in India]]

Perambur Carriage Works railway station

2025-08-24T19:49:46Z

Blackandwhitelegal: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Railway station in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Perambur Carriage Works railway station
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| image = PeramburCarriageWorks View1.jpg
| image_caption = Perambur Carriage Works railway station
| platform = 3
| tracks = 4
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Available
| bicycle =
| accessible =
| code = PCW
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 29 November 1979<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification"/>
| former = Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway
| mpassengers =
| passengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India#India Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|13.107300|N|80.238900|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

'''Perambur Carriage Works railway station''' is a suburban railway station less than a kilometre from the [[Perambur railway station]] in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The station has an elevation of 7.16 m above [[Mean sea level|sea level]]. Mainly POH and IOH of all type of passenger coaches are undertaken here. The railway department has many facilities around this station, including a school (Railway Mixed Higher Secondary School), and an indoor sporting facility (Railway Stadium).

==History==
[[File:PeramburCarriageWorks View2.jpg|thumb|210px|left|A view of the station towards east]]

Perambur Carriage Works is one of the three railway workshops serving Indian Railways' Southern Railway zone (the other two being the [[Perambur Loco Works]] in Chennai and the [[Golden Rock Railway Workshop]] at [[Tiruchi]]). Perambur region, which has been a part of the Chennai city since the mid-18th century, is home to the Southern Railway's workshop, which was established in 1856 to serve the erstwhile [[Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway|Madras and Southern Mahratta Railway Company]]. A combined locomotive, carriage and wagon POH, and coach-building workshop, it was bifurcated, in 1932, to deal with carriage and wagon POH activity only, shifting the locomotive overhaul activity to the new Loco workshop built adjacent to the original workshop. Perambur Carriage Works station was built along with the [[Perambur Loco Works]] station to serve these two workshops. The workshops, along with other assets, came under the Southern Railway with its formation in 1951, integrating the erstwhile [[South Indian Railway Company]] (Madras), the [[Southern Mahratta Railway|Southern Mahratta Railway Company]], and [[Mysore State Railway]].

The lines at the station were electrified on 29 November 1979, with the electrification of the Chennai Central–Tiruvallur section.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004
| work = History of Electrification
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| access-date = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref>

==Developments==
Perambur Carriage Works is one of the railway stations in the Chennai Suburban Railway network that are being developed as Adarsh stations.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Nemilichery station to be ready in three months
| location = Chennai
| date = 4 August 2009
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-04/chennai/28201714_1_railway-stations-adarsh-stations-thiruninravur
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103143041/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-04/chennai/28201714_1_railway-stations-adarsh-stations-thiruninravur
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 4 Oct 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Integral Coach Factory]]
* [[Regional Railway Museum (Chennai)|Regional Railway Museum]]
* [[Railway stations in Chennai]]
{{Portal bar|India|Transport|Engineering}}

==References==
{{commons category|Perambur Carriage Works railway station}}
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Perambur_Carriage_Works_railway_station&params=13.107300_N_80.238900_E_type:railwaystation Geohack]

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Perambur Carriage Works|Perambur|Perambur Loco Works|6|6.28}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West North|Perambur Carriage Works|Perambur|Perambur Loco Works|6|6.28}}
{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West South|Perambur Carriage Works|Perambur|Perambur Loco Works|6|6.28}}

{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Chennai]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Chakri Rajgan

2025-08-02T16:28:52Z

Blackandwhitelegal:

{{Short description|Village in Punjab Province, Pakistan}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chakri Rajgan
| settlement_type = Village
| other_name =
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Pakistan
| subdivision_type = [[Union councils of Pakistan|Union Council]]
| subdivision_name = [[Nakka Khurd]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Subdivisions of Pakistan|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Pakistan|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsils of Pakistan|Tehsil]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jhelum Tehsil|Jhelum]]
| subdivision_type4 = Country
| subdivision_name4 = [[Pakistan]]
| subdivision_type5 = Tribes
| subdivision_name5 = [[Janjua Rajput]]
| subdivision_type6 = Founder
| subdivision_name6 = Raja Dhuman Khan
| website = http://www.chakri-rajgan.org
| timezone = [[Pakistan Standard Time|PST]]
| utc_offset = +5
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chakri Rajgan''' is a village in [[Union councils of Pakistan|union council]] 2 (UC-2, [[Nakka Khurd]]) of [[Jhelum District]] in the [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab Province]] of [[Pakistan]]. It is part of [[Jhelum Tehsil]].<ref>[http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=12&dn=Jhelum Tehsils & Unions in the District of Jhelum - Government of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209043508/http://www.nrb.gov.pk/lg_election/union.asp?district=12&dn=Jhelum |date=February 9, 2012 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Neighbourhoods of Jhelum}}
{{coord missing|Punjab, Pakistan}}

[[Category:Populated places in Jhelum District]]

{{Jhelum-geo-stub}}