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Pala Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T10:21:40Z

Bishnoiseries: Data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Pala
| state = Kerala
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 93
| map_image = Pala kurishupalli.jpg
| map_caption =
| established = 1965
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,84,857 (2019)
| mla = [[Mani C. Kappan]]
| party = {{Party index link|Democratic Congress Kerala|shortname=KDP}}
| alliance = {{legend2|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| district = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
}}
'''Pala State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://kottayam.nic.in/constituencies
| website = kottayam.nic.in
| title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kottayam district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Mani C. Kappan]] of [[Nationalist Congress Kerala]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Pala Assembly constituency is composed of the following local self-governed segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kottayam District
|access-date = 11 September 2015
|archive-date = 13 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110313031449/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kottayam.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
!width="30px" |Sl no.
!width="100px" |Name
!width="130px" |Status ([[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]/[[Municipality]])
!width="100px" |[[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
|1
|[[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]
|Municipality
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|2
|[[Bharananganam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|3
|[[Kadanad]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|4
|Karoor
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|5
|[[Kozhuvanal]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|6
|[[Meenachil (village)|Meenachil]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|7
|[[Melukavu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|8
|[[Moonilavu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|9
|[[Mutholy]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|10
|[[Ramapuram, Kottayam|Ramapuram]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|11
|[[Thalanadu]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|12
|[[Thalappalam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Meenachil]]
|-
|13
|[[Elikkulam]]
|Grama panchayat
|[[Kanjirappally]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Pala Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/pala-assembly-constituency-map.html
|website = www.mapsofindia.com
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Pala
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="12" |[[K. M. Mani]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=5|Kerala Congress}}
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=7|Kerala Congress (M)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections|2019^]]<ref name="Hamirpur, Dantewada, Badharghat bye-election results 2019 Highlights: BJP wins Hamirpur seat; Congress gets Dantewada">{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |date=27 September 2019 |title=Hamirpur, Dantewada, Badharghat bye-election results 2019 Highlights: BJP wins Hamirpur seat; Congress gets Dantewada |language=en |work= |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/hamirpur-dantewada-badharghat-bye-election-results-2019-live-updates-bjp-congress-cpim-ldf-sp-bsp-6032822/ |access-date=23 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023191204/https://indianexpress.com/elections/hamirpur-dantewada-badharghat-bye-election-results-2019-live-updates-bjp-congress-cpim-ldf-sp-bsp-6032822/ |archive-date=23 October 2023}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" | [[Mani C. Kappan]]
| {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| {{Full party name with color|Democratic Congress Kerala|shortname=Kerala Democratic Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>by-election

==Election results==
Percentage change (±) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Kerala Democratic Party|candidate=[[Mani C. Kappan]]|votes=50,799|percentage=37.39|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=[[ Jose K. Mani]]|votes=47,808|percentage=35.19|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=BJP|candidate=Adv. Shone George|votes=35,304|percentage=25.99|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=583|percentage=0.43|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,991
|percentage = 2.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,35,851|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kerala Democratic Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,84,857 registered voters in the constituency for the 2021 election.<ref name="turnout_2021">{{cite web
|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Voter turnout 2021, CEO Kerala
|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf
|website=www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin|title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Kerala Democratic Party|candidate=[[Mani C. Kappan]]|votes=69,804|percentage=50.43|change={{increase}}10.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=[[Jose K. Mani]]|votes=54,426|percentage=39.32|change={{decrease}}3.23}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Prameeladevi J.|votes=10,869|percentage=7.85|change={{decrease}}6.33}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Mani C. Kuriakose|votes=1,098|percentage=0.79|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=604|percentage=0.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Santosh Pulickal|votes=444|percentage=0.32|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Joy Thomas Vazhamattom|votes=368|percentage=0.27|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=C. V. John|votes=249|percentage=0.18|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sreejith V. S.|votes=195|percentage=0.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Thomas J. Nidiry|votes=160|percentage=0.12|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Albin Mathew|votes=121|percentage=0.09|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sunil Alancheril|votes=93|percentage=0.07|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 15,378
|percentage = 11.11
|change = {{up}}8.80
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,38,431|percentage=76.46|change={{increase}}5.49}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner= Kerala Democratic Party
|loser = Nationalist Congress Party
|swing ={{up}}10.19
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 by-election ===
Due to the death of the sitting MLA [[K. M. Mani]] in April 2019, Pala Assembly constituency held a by-election on 23 September 2019.

There were 1,79,107 registered voters in Pala Assembly constituency for the 2019 Kerala Assembly by-election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/10755-kerala-93_pala-ac-result
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Pala Niyamasabha By-election Results 2019, Election commission of India
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: Pala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=[[Mani C. Kappan]]|votes=54,137|percentage=42.55|change={{increase}}3.79}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Kerala Congress (Mani)|candidate=Jose Tom Pulikkunnel|votes=51,194|percentage=40.24|change={{down}}1.89}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=N. Hari|votes=18,044|percentage=14.18|change={{decrease}}3.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=C. J. Philip|votes=1,085|percentage=0.85|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Maju Puthenkandam|votes=1,012|percentage=0.80|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=742|percentage=0.58|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=George Pooveli|votes=565|percentage=0.44|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Tom Thomas|votes=303|percentage=0.24|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Ignatious Illimoottil|votes=233|percentage=0.18|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Joseph Jacob|votes=178|percentage=0.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Babu Joseph|votes=130|percentage=0.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Joemon Joseph Srampickal|votes=130|percentage=0.10|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Joby Thomas|votes=112|percentage=0.09|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sunilkumar|votes=97|percentage=0.08|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 2,943
|percentage = 2.31
|change = {{down}}1.06
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,220|percentage=70.97|change={{decrease}}6.64}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Nationalist Congress Party
|loser = Kerala Congress (Mani)
|swing ={{up}}3.79
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
There were 1,80,091 registered voters in the constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pala}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=[[K. M. Mani]]|votes=58,884|percentage=42.13|change={{decrease}}7.01}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=[[Mani C. Kappan]]|votes=54,181|percentage=38.78|change={{decrease}}6.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=N. Hari|votes=24,821|percentage=17.76|change={{increase}}12.66}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=907|percentage=0.65|change=-}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Jose Thomas Padiyammakkal|votes=489|percentage=0.35|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Anthony|votes=217|percentage=0.16|change=}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Shaiju Ponkunnam|votes=103|percentage=0.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Hassan Kunju P. S.|votes=90|percentage=0.06|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Babu|votes=83|percentage=0.06|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 4,703
|percentage = 3.37
|change ={{decrease}}0.85
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,39,775|percentage=77.61|change={{increase}}3.95}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing={{decrease}}7.01}}{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,69,192 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pala}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Kerala Congress (M)|candidate=[[K. M. Mani]]|votes=61,239|percentage=49.14|change={{down}}2.40}}{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Nationalist Congress Party|candidate=[[Mani C. Kappan]]|votes=55,980|percentage=44.92|change={{up}}1.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=B. Vijayakumar|votes=6,359|percentage=5.10|change={{up}}1.16}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=C. V. John|votes=576|percentage=0.46|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=James Joseph|votes=465|percentage=0.16|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 5,259
|percentage = 4.22
|change = {{down}}4.36
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,24,619|percentage=73.66|change={{up}}3.10}}

{{Election box hold with party link|winner=Kerala Congress (M)|swing={{down}}2.40}}{{Election box end}}

===2006===
There were 1,28,184 registered voters in the constituency for the 2006 election.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate = [[K. M. Mani]]
|votes = 46,608
|percentage = 51.54
|change = {{down}}11.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = [[Mani C. Kappan]]
|votes = 38,849
|percentage = 42.96
|change = {{up}}6.33
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = S. Jayasooryan
|votes = 3,566
|percentage = 3.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = P. I. Thankachan
|votes = 362
|percentage = 0.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shiby M. Aikkara
|votes = 319
|percentage = 0.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. T. Mathew
|votes = 310
|percentage = 0.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Paul
|votes = 230
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = V. A. Sunny
|votes = 191
|percentage = 0.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rejected
|candidate = Rejected & Missing Votes
|votes = 18
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 7,759
|percentage = 8.58
|change = {{down}}18.16
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 90,453
|percentage = 70.56
|change = {{up}}6.54
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress (M)
|swing = {{down}}11.83
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2001===
There were 1,30,305 registered voters in the constituency for the 2001 election.
{{Election box begin | title=[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Pala}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Kerala Congress (M)
|candidate = [[K. M. Mani]]
|votes = 52,838
|percentage = 63.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Nationalist Congress Party
|candidate = Uzhavoor Vijayan
|votes = 30,537
|percentage = 36.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rejected
|candidate = Rejected & Missing Votes
|votes = 50
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 22,301
|percentage = 26.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 83,425
|percentage = 64.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Kerala Congress (M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Pala, Kerala|Pala]]
* [[Kottayam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}
{{coord|9|42|58.72|N|76|36|35.60|E|display=title}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]
[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Pala, Kerala]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1965]]
[[Category:1965 establishments in Kerala]]

Priya Paul (politician)

2026-05-06T16:38:27Z

Bishnoiseries: Created

{{Short description|Politician from West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Priya Paul
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Sankrail Assembly constituency|Sankrail]]
| birth_place = Hirapur, [[Howrah district]], West Bengal
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1971}}
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| predecessor = [[Sital Kumar Sardar]]
}}

'''Priya Paul''' (born 1971)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Priya Paul(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- SANKRAIL (SC)(HOWRAH) – Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=677 |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. She is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from Sankrail Assembly constituency, which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community, in [[Howrah district]]. She won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=TimesNow |title=Sankrail Assembly Election Results 2021 – Sankrail Vidhan Sabha Election Results |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/sankrail-west-bengal-election-result-2021 |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners – CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Paul is from Hirapur village, [[Sankrail]] post, Howrah district, West Bengal. She is the wife of Amit Paul. She completed her Master of Arts in geography in 2013 at the Global Open University, [[Nagaland]]. She is a teacher.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Paul won from [[Sankrail Assembly constituency]] representing All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. She polled 111,888 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Probhakar Pandit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 40,427 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sankrail Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Priya Paul of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/sankrail-election-result-2021-live-updates-sankrail-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694643.html |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=Sankrail, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sankrail-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797254-2021-05-01 |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Sankrail Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Sankrail Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-sankrail-constituency-174.html |access-date=9 December 2024 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paul, Priya}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Howrah district]]
[[Category:Women members of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

Parasakthi (1952 film)

2026-05-04T22:43:17Z

Bishnoiseries: Stub

{{short description|Indian film by Krishnan–Panju}} {{About||the 2026 Tamil film of the same name|Parasakthi (2026 film)}}
{{good article}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Parasakthi 1952 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Krishnan–Panju]]
| screenplay = [[M. Karunanidhi]]
| based_on = {{Based on|''Parasakthi''|Pavalar Balasundaram}}
| producer = P. A. Perumal Mudaliar
| starring = [[Sivaji Ganesan]] [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] [[S. S. Rajendran]] [[Sriranjani Jr.]] [[Pandari Bai]]
| cinematography = [[S. Maruti Rao]]
| editing = Panjabi
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]] '''Background score:''' Saraswathi Stores Orchestra
| studio = [[National Pictures]]
| distributor = [[AVM Productions]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=Roopa |date=1 February 2025 |title=Title woes continue for Sivakarathikeyan's film; producers of the original Parasakthi claim they still hold the title rights |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/title-woes-continue-for-sivakarathikeyans-film-producers-of-the-original-parasakthi-claim-they-still-hold-the-title-rights/articleshow/117819758.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/rYzIr |archive-date=11 April 2026 |access-date=14 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|1952|10|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 188 minutes{{sfn |Rajadhyaksha |Willemen |1998 |p=327}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Parasakthi''''' ({{IPAc-en|p|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|s|ə|k|θ|i}} {{Translation|The Supreme Goddess}}) is a 1952 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[satirical drama film]] directed by [[Krishnan–Panju]] and written by [[M. Karunanidhi]]. The film stars [[Sivaji Ganesan]], [[S. V. Sahasranamam]], [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[Sriranjani Jr.]], and [[Pandari Bai]]. It is the cinematic acting debut of Ganesan and Rajendran. Based on Pavalar Balasundaram's play of the same name, ''Parasakthi'' narrates the misfortunes that befall the members of a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family during [[World War II]].

[[Central Studios]] initially planned on creating a film based on the ''Parasakthi'' play and T. S. Natarajan's play ''En Thangai''; however, the idea was dropped after Natarajan objected. The film rights of ''Parasakthi'' were later bought by P. A. Perumal of [[National Pictures]], with the patronage of [[A. V. Meiyappan]]. The soundtrack was composed by [[R. Sudarsanam]], cinematography was handled by [[S. Maruti Rao]], and Panju edited the film under the alias "Panjabi". Filming began in mid-1950, but took over two years to complete.

''Parasakthi'' was released on 17 October 1952, during the festive occasion of [[Diwali]], and faced controversies because of its portrayal of [[Brahmin]]s and [[Hinduism|Hindu]] customs and practices in a negative light. The elitarian society including the then ruling State government even demanded that the film be banned. Despite these protests, the film was praised for its dialogues and the actors' performances, and became a commercial success with a theatrical run of over 175 days. ''Parasakthi'' acquired [[cult film|cult status]] in Tamil cinema and became a trendsetter for dialogues and acting for later Tamil films.

== Plot ==
Chandrasekaran, Gnanasekaran and Gunasekaran are three Indian immigrant brothers living in [[Yangon|Rangoon]], [[Myanmar|Burma]] with Chandrasekaran's wife Saraswati. Their younger sister Kalyani was raised in their home town [[Madurai]], [[Tamil Nadu]] by their father Manickampillai. In 1942, during [[World War II]], the three brothers and Saraswati plan to visit Madurai to attend the impending wedding of Kalyani to a writer named Thangappan. Due to war conditions and bombardment of Burmese ports by Japan, the shipping company offers only one ticket; Gunasekaran, the youngest brother, takes it and leaves for Tamil Nadu. The ship fails to reach on time due to the dangers of the war, and Kalyani's marriage takes place without any of her brothers present.

Kalyani becomes pregnant. But on the day she delivers her child, Thangappan dies in an accident and Manickampillai dies of shock, leaving Kalyani and her child destitute. Her house gets auctioned off, and she makes her living by selling food on the streets. Gunasekaran, after being stranded at sea for several months, finally arrives in Tamil Nadu at [[Chennai|Madras]]. However, while watching a dance performance, he is robbed of all his belongings after being [[Alcohol intoxication|intoxicated]]. Impoverished, he becomes enraged at the status of the once glorious Tamil Nadu, and fakes insanity by indulging in numerous tricks to make a living. Gunasekaran finally comes across his destitute sister at Madurai, having learned of their father's death and her poverty. He continues to play insane and does not reveal his true identity to her due to his poverty, but hovers around her. Kalyani is irritated by the stranger's behaviour, unaware that he is her brother.

Kalyani is nearly molested by a vagabond named Venu, but is saved by Gunasekaran. She later leaves Madurai and arrives at [[Tiruchirappalli|Tiruchi]], where she obtains work as a maid of blackmarketeer Narayana Pillai, who also tries to molest her. She is saved by his wife, and leaves the job. While searching for his sister, Gunasekaran reaches Tiruchi and comes across Vimala, a wealthy woman, to whom he explains the miserable status of him and his sister in the society. After resting in her house for a while, he silently leaves to continue searching for Kalyani.

As Japanese shelling intensifies in Burma, Chandrasekaran and Gnanasekaran decide to return to India. Chandrasekaran, accompanied by Saraswati, reaches Tiruchi safely and becomes a judge, but Gnanasekaran is lost in the journey and loses a leg in the shelling before arriving in India. He begs for a living, forms an association for beggars and tries to reform them. Kalyani reaches Chandrasekaran's palatial house seeking food, but Chandrasekaran throws her out without recognising her. She later arrives at a temple seeking help, but the ''[[pujari]]'' also tries to molest her. Frustrated with life and unable to feed her child, Kalyani throws it into a river and attempts suicide, but is soon arrested for killing the child and brought for trial.

At the court, Kalyani defends her act of infanticide with the judge being Chandrasekaran, who after hearing her story realises she is his sister, and faints. Gunasekaran is also brought to the court for having attacked the ''pujari'' who tried to molest his sister. During his trial, Gunasekaran explains the misfortunes which have befallen him and his family, and justifies his actions. Gunasekaran's valiant defence in the court awakens everyone on the ills of the society. As the trial proceeds, Vimala arrives and produces Kalyani's child, which was revealed to have safely fallen in her boat instead of the river. Kalyani and Gunasekaran are pardoned and acquitted by the court, and reunite with Chandrasekaran. Gnanasekaran, while collecting donations for his association of beggars, also joins them unexpectedly. With Vimala and Gunasekaran deciding to get married, the family subsequently inaugurates a welfare home for orphans.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="credits" />{{rp|2:03}}
* [[Sivaji Ganesan]] as Gunasekaran
* [[S. V. Sahasranamam]] as Chandrasekaran
* [[S. S. Rajendran]] as Gnanasekaran
* Duraisami as Manikkam Pillai
* [[T. K. Ramachandran]] as Venu
* K. M. Nambirajan as Vellai Sami
* Venkatraman as Thangappan
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Narayana Pillai
* K. P. Kamakshi as the ''[[pujari]]''
* M. N. Krishnan as Kuppan
* Sakthivel as the Servant
* D. V. Narayanasami as Thambidurai
* V. K. Karthikeyan as Tamil Pandit
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="credits" />{{rp|2:17}}
* [[Sriranjani Jr.|Sriranjani]] as Kalyani
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Vimala
* Susheela as Saraswathi
* Kannamma as Jolly
* Angamuthu as the fruit seller
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi|Muthulakshmi]] as Kantha
* A. S. Jaya as Parvathi
;Dance<ref name="credits" />{{rp|1:58}}
* [[Kumari Kamala]]
* [[Kusalakumari]]
{{Col-end}}

Additionally, [[Kannadasan]] makes an uncredited appearance as a judge.<ref name="Kannadasan" />

== Production ==
=== Development ===
''Parasakthi'' was a popular 1950s Tamil play written by Pavalar Balasundaram, a Tamil scholar.<ref name="BLAST" />{{sfn |Guy |2016 |pp=328-329}} Around the same time, ''En Thangai'' (My Sister), written by T. S. Natarajan, became popular. [[Sivaji Ganesan]], at that time a struggling stage actor, played the lead role in ''En Thangai''.<ref name="BLAST" /> The pre-production crew at [[Central Studios]], [[Coimbatore]], initially planned to merge these two plays to make a film. However, Natarajan disagreed with the idea, and sold the rights of the play to another producer.<ref name="BLAST" /><ref name="En Thangai 1952" /> ''En Thangai'' was made into [[En Thangai (1952 film)|a film with the same name]].<ref name="En Thangai 1952" />

Later, film distributor P. A. Perumal of National Pictures, with the patronage of [[A. V. Meiyappan]] of [[AVM Productions]], bought the film rights of ''Parasakthi''.<ref name="BLAST" /> The duo [[Krishnan–Panju]] were signed on to direct at Meiyappan's suggestion,{{sfn |Guy |2016 |p=331}} and [[M. Karunanidhi]], who would later become the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], was signed to write the script.<ref name="Economic" /> The cinematography was handled by [[S. Maruti Rao]],{{sfn |Pillai |2015 |p=133}} while the songs were choreographed by Heeralal.<ref name="credits" />{{rp|1:58}} Panju edited the film under the alias "Panjabi".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=1 March 2015 |title=Remembering Panju |url=http://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20150301/282428462643302 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160524075037/https://in.newshub.org/remembering-panju-12679787.html |archive-date=24 May 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

=== Casting and filming ===
Ganesan was chosen to play the male lead, making his cinematic acting debut.<ref name="BLAST" /> Perumal cast Ganesan after being impressed with his performance as [[Nur Jahan]] in the Sakthi Nadaga Sabha play of the same name.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=8 April 2013 |title=The power of the pen |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-power-of-the-pen/article4594630.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220142438/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-power-of-the-pen/article4594630.ece |archive-date=20 February 2015 |access-date=26 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was he who, in 1950, gave Ganesan a flight ticket to Madras for the screen test for ''Parasakthi''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Nitya |date=23 July 2014 |title=Bearing a legend's name |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/bearing-a-legends-name/article6238923.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519075854/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-society/bearing-a-legends-name/article6238923.ece |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=19 May 2015 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ganesan had simultaneously shot for the Telugu-Tamil bilingual film [[Paradesi (1953 film)|''Paradesi / Poongothai'']], which almost became his first release,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Anu |date=24 August 2012 |title=Glamour or Grammar, he has it right! |url=http://www.miindia.com/articles/anr-interview.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223030217/http://www.miindia.com/articles/anr-interview.aspx |archive-date=23 February 2013 |access-date=14 May 2013 |website=Miindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=17 February 2011 |title=Saga of success |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Saga-of-success/article15448172.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218165311/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Saga-of-success/article15448172.ece |archive-date=18 December 2019 |access-date=15 April 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> but was delayed after Perumal requested its co-producer [[Anjali Devi]] to let ''Parasakthi'' release first.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimhan |first=M. L. |date=16 November 2013 |title=Paradesi (1953) |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/paradesi-1953/article5358063.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131119035007/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/paradesi-1953/article5358063.ece |archive-date=19 November 2013 |access-date=15 September 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ganesan had earlier dubbed for actor [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] in the 1951 Tamil film ''[[Nirdoshi (1951 film)|Niraparadhi]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=14 November 2011 |title=Niraparadhi 1951 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/niraparadhi-1951/article3023553.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304060635/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/niraparadhi-1951/article3023553.ece |archive-date=4 March 2017 |access-date=19 March 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=27 July 2001 |title=Talent, charisma and much more |url=http://hindu.com/2001/07/27/stories/09270225.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20121004162122/http://hindu.com/2001/07/27/stories/09270225.htm |archive-date=4 October 2012 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref>

''Parasakthi'' did not begin well for Ganesan. When shooting began and 2000 feet of the film was shot, Meiyappan was dissatisfied with Ganesan's "thin" physique, and wanted him replaced with [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]]. Perumal refused, and Ganesan was retained. Meiyappan was also satisfied with the final results of the film. The initial scenes of Ganesan which he earlier disliked were reshot.{{sfn |Pillai |2015 |p=136}} Karunanidhi later recalled that Ramasamy was unable to accept the film due to other commitments.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Karunanidhi |first=M |author-link=M. Karunanidhi |date=2 October 2013 |title=Cinema for a cause |url=http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/cinema-for-a-cause/article5189240.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012200428/http://www.frontline.in/arts-and-culture/cinema/cinema-for-a-cause/article5189240.ece |archive-date=12 October 2013 |access-date=4 October 2013 |work=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]}}</ref> Ganesan was paid a monthly salary of {{INR}}250 (about US$52.5 in 1952{{efn|name=exchange1948}}) for acting in the film.{{sfn |Kannan |2010 |p=195}} [[S. S. Rajendran]], another successful stage artist, also debuted in ''Parasakthi'' after the advice of politician [[C. N. Annadurai]].{{sfn |Velayutham |2008 |p=67}} According to historian [[Film News Anandan]], ''Parasakthi'' was one of the few films at that time to be "completely driven" by stage artists.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Damodaran |first=Pradeep |date=27 October 2014 |title=Tamil cinema still entwined with politics |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141027/entertainment-kollywood/article/tamil-cinema-still-entwined-politics |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206171511/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141027/entertainment-kollywood/article/tamil-cinema-still-entwined-politics |archive-date=6 December 2014 |access-date=12 April 2016 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

[[Rajasulochana]] was initially cast as the female lead, but opted out due to her pregnancy, and was eventually replaced by [[Sriranjani Jr.]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=5 March 2013 |title=The queen of the screen |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-queen-of-the-screen/article4478600.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308151037/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/the-queen-of-the-screen/article4478600.ece |archive-date=8 March 2013 |access-date=19 March 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Pandari Bai]] was added to the film, after Meiyappan was impressed with her performance in ''[[Raja Vikrama]]'' (1950).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=14 February 2003 |title=Actress who glowed with inner beauty |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/14/stories/2003021401030300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030405062026/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/02/14/stories/2003021401030300.htm |archive-date=5 April 2003 |access-date=4 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Poet [[Kannadasan]] declined to work as one of the film's lyricists, and instead acted in a minor role as a judge, as he was "determined to take part in the ''Parasakthi'' movie".<ref name="Kannadasan" /> A portrait of lawyer [[P. Theagaraya Chetty]] was used to portray the father-in-law of [[S. V. Sahasranamam]]'s character Chandrasekaran.{{sfn |Kannan |2010 |p=196}} The film's climax song "Ellorum Vazha Vendum" featured [[stock footage]] of the politicians [[C. Rajagopalachari]], [[Periyar|E. V. Ramasamy]], [[M. Bhaktavatsalam]], Annadurai, and Karunanidhi.{{sfn |Pillai |2015 |p=148}} Although Ganesan began working on the film in mid-1950, it took over two years to complete.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=20 June 2009 |title=PARASAKTHI — Special day Cover |url=http://mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in/2009/07/parasakthi-special-day-cover.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816153454/http://mohanramanmuses.blogspot.in/2009/07/parasakthi-special-day-cover.html |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Mohan's Musings}}</ref>

== Themes ==

{{Quote box
| quote = My intention was to introduce the ideas and policies of social reform and justice in the films and bring up the status of the Tamil language as they were called for in DMK policies.
| source = Karunanidhi, in 1970{{sfn |Ramachandran |2012 |p=13}}
| align = right
| width = 30%
}}
Panju stated that ''Parasakthi'' was designed to "create havoc. Of course, it did. We were challenging the social law itself, the basic Constitution itself".{{sfn |Velayutham |2008 |p=63}} The title song of the film was composed by [[Bharathidasan]], keeping with the demand of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] party seeking a sovereign Dravidian nation. The poem glorifies the [[utopia]]n nature of the Dravidian nation and ends with a long monologue that grieves the present India's reality. When the female lead Kalyani becomes pregnant, she and her husband Thangappan decide to name the child "Pannirselvam" if it is a boy, and "Nagammai" if it is a girl. The names are references to [[A. T. Pannirselvam]], a prominent and respected leader of the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] and Nagammai, a leading activist in the [[Self-Respect Movement]] and the wife of E. V. Ramasamy.{{sfn |Pandian |1991 |p=759}} According to film historian Selvaraj Velayutham, ''Parasakthi'' was basically oriented to social reform.{{sfn |Velayutham |2008 |p=69}} [[United News of India]] (UNI),<ref name="IBN" /> Malini Nair of ''[[The Times of India]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nair |first=Malini |date=3 February 2013 |title=When satire wasn't off-limits ... |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/When-satire-wasnt-off-limits-/articleshow/18313476.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027072644/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/deep-focus/When-satire-wasnt-off-limits-/articleshow/18313476.cms |archive-date=27 October 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and K. S. Sivakumaran of the Sri Lankan newspaper ''[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sivakumaran |first=K.S. |date=13 July 2011 |title=Film Appreciation with K S Sivakumaran: Early Tamil films |url=http://archives.dailynews.lk/2011/07/13/art06.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027071334/http://archives.dailynews.lk/2001/pix/PrintPage.asp?REF=%2F2011%2F07%2F13%2Fart06.asp |archive-date=27 October 2015 |access-date=27 October 2015 |work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]}}</ref> have referred to the film as a [[satire (film and television)|satire]], with UNI describing it as a "sociological satire".<ref name="IBN" />

The film deploys Kalyani's vulnerability as a widow in a hostile society, with consequent threats to her chastity, especially during the court trial scenes. The name Kalyani was chosen by the screenwriter to emphasise the contradiction between the meaning of her name indicating auspiciousness and her contrasting penury. The theme is expressed through Gunasekaran's arguments in the court : "[My] sister's name is Kalyani. An auspicious name [indeed]. But there is no {{'}}''mangalyam''{{'}} around [her] neck". Also, Vimala, who becomes Gunasekaran's bride, compares herself to [[Kannagi (Tamil mythology)|Kannagi]], a popular symbol of chastity in Tamil culture. Ganesan, who enacted the role of Gunasekaran in ''Parasakthi'', was a DMK activist in real life in 1952 and helped in propagating the theme of [[Dravida Nadu]]. The film attempted to bring to light the alleged [[Pious fraud|fraud]] in the name of religion and presented agnostic views, displaying a powerful critique of the Congress rule in the Madras Presidency.{{sfn |Pandian |1991 |p=761}} Film historian [[Mohan Raman]] compared ''Parasakthi'' to ''[[Velaikari]]'' (1949), as both films featured a "court scene where the hero rids society of irrational beliefs and practices".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=20 September 2014 |title=The man who started the trend |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/k-r-ramaswamy-the-man-who-started-the-trend/article6429708.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103154151/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/k-r-ramaswamy-the-man-who-started-the-trend/article6429708.ece |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=3 November 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Music ==
The music of ''Parasakthi'' was composed by R. Sudarsanam.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.Parasakthi_Krishnan-Panchu_1952/16.%20Parasakthi_Krishnan-Panchu_1952.pdf |title=பராசக்தி |publisher=[[National Pictures]] |year=1952 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=17 June 2024 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Parasakthi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/parasakthi-original-motion/id929434896 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910183410/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/parasakthi-original-motion/id929434896 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |access-date=11 September 2015 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref> The lyrics were written by [[Bharathidasan]], [[Subramania Bharati]], [[M. Karunanidhi]], [[K. M. Annal Thango|Annal Thango]], [[Udumalai Narayana Kavi]] and K. P. Kamatchisundaram.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Neelamegam |first=G. |title=Thiraikalanjiyam — Part 1 |publisher=Manivasagar Publishers |year=2014 |location=Chennai |pages=38 |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeshi |first=K. |date=10 September 2012 |title=Blockbusters of Coimbatore |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/blockbusters-of-coimbatore/article3881150.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708044500/http://www.thehindu.com/books/blockbusters-of-coimbatore/article3881150.ece |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=30 March 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The background score was composed by the Chennai-based Saraswathi Stores Orchestra.<ref name="credits" />{{rp|1:47}} Relatively higher importance was given to the film's dialogues over its music,<ref name="Ultimate star" /> so the dialogues were sold separately on audio cassettes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |last2=Warrier |first2=Shobha |author-link2=Shobha Warrier |title=The cinema historian on ten south Indian films that made history |url=http://m.rediff.com/millenni/theod.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006112511/http://m.rediff.com/millenni/theod.htm |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Some of the numbers from ''Parasakthi'' were based on songs from Hindi and [[Cinema of Pakistan|Pakistani Urdu]] films: one is a rehash from ''Akeli'' (1952),{{efn|S. Theodore Baskaran's 1996 book ''The Eye of the Serpent'' does not make any mention of the song names.{{sfn |Baskaran |1996 |p=112}}}} "Poomalai" is a rehash of the song "Sanwariya, Tohe Koi Pukare" from ''[[Dupatta (1952 film)|Dupatta]]'' (1952),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=20 September 2015 |title=India's loss, Pakistan's gain: The journey of singing great Noor Jehan after 1947 |url=http://scroll.in/article/756301/indias-loss-pakistans-gain-the-journey-of-singing-great-noor-jehan-after-1947 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412141424/http://scroll.in/article/756301/indias-loss-pakistans-gain-the-journey-of-singing-great-noor-jehan-after-1947 |archive-date=12 April 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=[[Scroll.in]]}}</ref> "Ill Vaazhviniley" is based on "Maine Dekhi Jag Ki Reet" from ''[[Sunehre Din]]'' (1949),<ref name="A" /><ref name="S" /> "Puthu Pennin" is based on a song featuring [[Burmese people|Burmese]] woman in from ''[[Patanga (1949 film)|Patanga]]'' (1949),<ref name="S" />{{efn|[[Sachi Sri Kantha]], writing for ''[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]'', does not make any mention of the Hindi song names.<ref name="S" />}} and one is based on the song "Milte Hi Ankhen Dil Hua" from ''[[Babul (1950 film)|Babul]]'' (1950).{{efn|S. Jayaraman's 1991 book ''The Music of Ghulam Haider'' do not make any mention of the Tamil song names.<ref name="A" />}}  The number "Oh Rasikkum Seemane" inspired "Itai Tazhukikkolla" from ''[[Periyar (2007 film)|Periyar]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |first=Saraswathy |date=8 January 2007 |title=Music Review: Periyar is impressive |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/08ssperiyar.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070126091800/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/jan/08ssperiyar.htm |archive-date=26 January 2007 |access-date=9 May 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The 2010 film ''[[Rasikkum Seemane]]'' borrows its title from the song of the same name, and the original song was remixed for the 2010 film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=15 February 2010 |title=Rasikkum Seemane lacks substance |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/feb/15/south-tamil-review-rasikkum-seemane.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218215625/http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/feb/15/south-tamil-review-rasikkum-seemane.htm |archive-date=18 February 2010 |access-date=17 May 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> A cryptic reference 'Annave' appears in the number "Kaa Kaa Kaa", in the line "''Kaakai Annave neengal azhagaana vaayaal pannaga paadureenga''", which translates to "Crow elder, you are singing so melodiously with your beautiful mouth".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=1 September 2013 |title=Anna, Annachi, Annathe {{!}} Semantics of a sensitive, endearing Tamil word |url=http://sangam.org/anna-annachi-annathe/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704111420/http://sangam.org/anna-annachi-annathe/ |archive-date=4 July 2014 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> It was written by Narayana Kavi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=5 May 2014 |title=Move over Kolaveri: Tender Poetry is Back in Film Songs |url=http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToPrint_PASTISSUES2&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH/2014/05/05&ID=Ar00500 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160427093637/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToPrint_PASTISSUES2&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=TOICH%2F2014%2F05%2F05&ID=Ar00500 |archive-date=27 April 2016 |access-date=27 April 2016 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>{{sfn |Guy |2016 |p=333}} An album containing remixed versions of the songs of ''Parasakthi'' was released in on 3 June 2009, to commemorate Karunanidhi's 86th birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2009 |title=Songs written by MK for 1952 movie remixed |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article104912.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412141433/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article104912.ece |archive-date=12 April 2016 |access-date=8 March 2016 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2009 |title=Album released |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/album-released/article252333.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412141441/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/album-released/article252333.ece |archive-date=12 April 2016 |access-date=8 March 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parasakthi (1952) |url=http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001758.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091219192332/http://www.raaga.com/channels/tamil/album/T0001758.html |archive-date=19 December 2009 |access-date=19 March 2013 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>
| total_length = 35:46
| extra_column = Singers
| title1 = Desam Gnanam Kalvi
| extra1 = [[C. S. Jayaraman]]
| lyrics1 = Udumalai Narayana Kavi
| length1 = 3:26
| title2 = Kaa Kaa Kaa
| extra2 = C. S. Jayaraman
| lyrics2 = Udumalai Narayana Kavi
| length2 = 3:00
| title3 = Nenju Porukku Thillaiye
| extra3 = C. S. Jayaraman
| lyrics3 = Subramania Bharati
| length3 = 4:50
| title4 = Ill Vaazhviniley
| extra4 = T. S. Bagavathi, M. H. Hussain
| lyrics4 = Bharathidasan
| length4 = 2:07
| title5 = Puthu Pennin
| extra5 = M. S. Rajeswari
| lyrics5 = K. P. Kamatchisundaram
| length5 = 4:23
| title6 = Oh Rasikkum Seemane
| extra6 = M. S. Rajeswari
| lyrics6 = K. P. Kamatchisundaram
| length6 = 1:44
| title7 = Ellorum Vaazha Vendum
| extra7 = T. S. Bagavathi, M. S. Rajeswari
| lyrics7 = [[K. M. Annal Thango|Annal Thango]]
| length7 = 1:35
| title8 = Konju Mozhi Sollum
| extra8 = T. S. Bagavathi
| lyrics8 = K. P. Kamatchisundaram
| length8 = 3:03
| title9 = Poomaalai
| extra9 = T. S. Bagavathi
| lyrics9 = M. Karunanidhi
| length9 = 3:01
| title10 = Porule Illaarkku
| extra10 = T. S. Bagavathi
| lyrics10 = K. P. Kamatchisundaram
| length10 = 3:37
| title11 = Vaazhga Vaazhgave
| extra11 = [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]]
| lyrics11 = Bharathidasan
| length11 = 5:00
}}

== Release ==
[[File:Sivaji Parasakthi.jpg|thumbnail|245px|right|Sivaji Ganesan in ''Parasakthi '''s climactic court scene]]
''Parasakthi'' was released on 17 October 1952, on [[Diwali]] day.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 November 2013 |title=Released on Deepavali |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/released-on-deepavali/article5304910.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202183812/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/released-on-deepavali/article5304910.ece |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=25 February 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It was regarded as a "propaganda vehicle for a new political party" and marked the start of cinema's "starring role in Tamil politics".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 June 2013 |title=Lights, camera, election |url=https://www.economist.com/news/asia/21579075-why-are-so-many-tamil-politicians-ex-film-stars-lights-camera-election |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629083224/http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21579075-why-are-so-many-tamil-politicians-ex-film-stars-lights-camera-election |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=30 October 2015 |work=[[The Economist]]}}</ref> Ganesan's performance in the film's court scene was also very well received by audience, and was considered to have propelled him to stardom.<ref name="Ultimate star" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=K. |date=14 March 2001 |title=Talk of the town |url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/14/stories/0414401y.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710140102/http://www.hindu.com/2001/03/14/stories/0414401y.htm |archive-date=10 July 2013 |access-date=9 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=14 October 2002 |title=How V C Ganesan became Sivaji Ganesan |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/14siv.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080422062530/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/14siv.htm |archive-date=22 April 2008 |access-date=9 April 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The film became a major commercial success,<ref name="BLAST" /> running for over 175 days in several theatres, and was one of the first films to be screened at the [[Madurai]]-based Thangam theatre, which was noted as Asia's largest theatre at the time.<ref name="Economic" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karthikeyan |first=D. |date=15 August 2011 |title=Climax to Thangam Theatre – it's razed down |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/climax-to-thangam-theatre-its-razed-down/article2358763.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708081347/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/climax-to-thangam-theatre-its-razed-down/article2358763.ece |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=9 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> It ran for over 50 days in all the 62 centres it was released, and at the Sri Lanka–based Mailan Theatre, it ran for nearly 40 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2015 |title=Lights, camera, politics |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/lights-camera-politics/article7070727.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816112024/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/lights-camera-politics/article7070727.ece |archive-date=16 August 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=[[Business Line]]}}</ref> ''Parasakthi''{{'}}s [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-dubbed version of the same name was released on 11 January 1957.{{sfn |Saravanan |2013 |p=418}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=Sivaji Ganesan: Profile of an Icon |publisher=Wisdom Tree |year=2008 |isbn=9788183281096 |pages=87}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Parasakthi'' received critical acclaim.{{sfn |Pillai |2015 |p=99}} P. Balasubramania Mudaliar of ''[[Sunday Observer (Sri Lanka)|Sunday Observer]]'' wrote, "The story is simple but it has been made powerful by Mr. Karunanidhi by his beautiful dialogues. Mr. Shivaji Ganesan, who plays the main role dominates from the beginning to the end" and concluded, "If an [[Academy Awards|Academy award]] were to be given to any picture, I have little doubt that this picture would be entitled on its merits to such an award."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mudaliar |first=P. Balasubramania |year=1952 |title=Parasakthi |url=http://www.freewebs.com/pammalar/filmreviews.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625063942/http://www.freewebs.com/pammalar/filmreviews.htm |archive-date=25 June 2013 |access-date=19 January 2013 |work=Sunday Observer}}</ref> ''[[Dinamani Kadhir]]'', a Tamil weekly owned by [[Indian Express Limited]] (then known as The Indian Express Group), carried an unusually long review of ''Parasakthi'' running into three closely printed pages. The review was given a cynical title, "''Kandarva Mandalam''" ("The Abode of Kandarvas") and it began with a small box-item which read, "''Parasakthi'': This goddess is abused in a Tamil film with her name". The reviewer opined, "The main aim of the film is to attach gods. Along with that, the government and society are overtly and covertly attacked. The embittered and agitated reviewer further claimed, "He [the hero of the film], acting as a mad man, threatens and beats the people on the street and grabs whatever they have and eats it. Then he goes to give repeatedly all those economics lectures, rationalist lectures and anti-god lectures. When we see the hero doing all that, it seems as if he is portraying the lives of those who are trying to force such ideas in the ...film." For the reviewer, thus, the DMK men were living on others' sweat and preaching unacceptable subversive ideas.{{sfn |Pandian |1991 |p=764}} The magazine ''Sivaji'' praised the dialogues by Karunanidhi, and the performances of Ganesan and Sahasranamam.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=2 November 1952 |title=பராசக்தி |url=https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_7_6_11/8.jp2/full/3300,/0/default.jpg |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20241224181219/https://images.eap.bl.uk/EAP372/EAP372_7_6_11/8.jp2/full/3300,/0/default.jpg |archive-date=24 December 2024 |access-date=24 December 2024 |magazine=Sivaji |page=8 |language=ta |via=[[Endangered Archives Programme]]}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
Post release, ''Parasakthi'' was marred by numerous controversies, and was defined as "one of the most controversial films in the history of Tamil cinema" by historian [[S. Theodore Baskaran]].{{sfn |Baskaran |1996 |p=111}} It was accused of trying to [[Portrayal of Tamil Brahmins in popular media#In film|portray Brahmins in poor light]]. Abuse of [[Hindu]] customs and religious practices evoked strong protests from the Hindu orthodoxy. Scenes like a priest attempting to rape a woman in a temple were found to be very provocative. The social elite and members of the then ruling Congress party demanded the film to be banned. The-then Chief Minister of Madras, [[C. Rajagopalachari]] was unhappy with the extremely provocative nature of the film, but allowed it to be screened.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srivathsan |first=A. |date=12 June 2006 |title=Films and the politics of convenience |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/12/stories/2006061206151100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060613192240/http://www.hindu.com/2006/06/12/stories/2006061206151100.htm |archive-date=13 June 2006 |access-date=27 April 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> One of the reasons stated by them was the dialogue spoken by Ganesan's character, "Just because you came around chanting names and offered flowers to the stone, would it become a god?", which was accused of "mocking the audiences." His reference to Goddess Parasakthi as a stone created a stir, and the word "stone" was eventually censored from the soundtrack.<ref name="betrayed" /> Six months after the film's release, the scene involving Ganesan's character emphasising idols as stone pieces and the scene where a character attempts to rape his sister were removed from the film.<ref name="Inmathi" /> However, the given message was still "clear and the impact viral."<ref name="betrayed" /> The State Government requested the Union Government to reconsider the film certification, but they declined, due to a previous examination by a Madras intelligence officer, who stated:{{sfn |Pandian |1991 |p=765}}

{{Blockquote|text=''The dialogues for the film have been specially written in a forceful manner by Sri M Karunanidhi, the well known leader of the Dravidian Progression Federation ... The film graphically describes the sufferings and hardships that a young widow with her baby in arms has to face due to poverty and how cruelly society treats her, or illtreats her. The substance of the story by itself is not objectionable. The plot is interesting and the story has a powerful moral appeal, namely that there will be ups and downs in a man's life and that chastity is the most precious jewel of womanhood.''|sign=A Madras intelligence officer, who reviewed the film}}

In response to the negative review by ''Dinamani Kadhir'' that featured a poster titled ''Parabrahmam'', Karunanidhi wrote and acted in a play of the same name along with Ganesan and other [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] members.<ref name="Inmathi" />

== Legacy ==



[[File:Sivaji AVM Memorial.jpg|thumb|200px|The memorial of Ganesan at AVM Studios, Chennai]]
''Parasakthi'' acquired [[cult film|cult status]] and changed the character of Tamil cinema. Dialogue writing was given more importance than ever before.<ref name="BLAST" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muralidharan |first=Kavitha |date=21 July 2015 |title=Fourteen years on, Sivaji Ganesan's legacy lives on |url=http://www.dailyo.in/arts/sivaji-ganesan-papanasam-kamal-haasan-nt-rama-rao-southern-cinema-aamir-khan-amitabh-bachchan/story/1/5127.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160629083811/http://www.dailyo.in/arts/sivaji-ganesan-papanasam-kamal-haasan-nt-rama-rao-southern-cinema-aamir-khan-amitabh-bachchan/story/1/5127.html |archive-date=29 June 2016 |access-date=29 June 2016 |website=[[India Today|DailyO]]}}</ref> Speeches of the film replaced traditional music of artists like [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]], [[K. B. Sundarambal]] and others at festivities.{{sfn |Kannan |2010 |p=198}} The film also had its share in giving the DMK the necessary stimulus to overthrow the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] in Tamil Nadu.{{sfn |Kannan |2010 |p=195}} The dialogues became so popular that "roadside entertainers used to recite long passages from the film in market area of Madras and collect money from bystanders",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chandrasekar |first=Gokul |date=7 February 2013 |title='Vishwaroopam' and Tamil Nadu's cinema of politics |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/02/08/vishwaroopam-and-tamil-nadus-cinema-of-politics/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621124402/http://blogs.reuters.com/india/2013/02/08/vishwaroopam-and-tamil-nadus-cinema-of-politics/ |archive-date=21 June 2017 |access-date=7 May 2013 |website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> and memorising the film's dialogues became a "must for aspirant political orators".{{sfn |Pandian |1991 |p=759}} They were even released separately on [[phonograph|gramophone]] records.{{sfn |Pillai |2015 |p=126}}

K. Hariharan, the director of L. V. Prasad Film Academy in Chennai, included the film in his 2013 list, "Movies that stirred, moved & shook us".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hariharan |first=K. |date=3 May 2013 |title=Movies that stirred, moved & shook us |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Movies-that-stirred-moved-shook-us/articleshow/21199984.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416051240/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Movies-that-stirred-moved-shook-us/articleshow/21199984.cms |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=16 April 2022 |work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}</ref> According to Film News Anandan, after ''Parasakthi'', Ganesan "became the dominant icon of the DMK", replacing K. R. Ramasamy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Film News Anandan]] |title=Tamil Cinema History – The Early Days 1945 to 1953 |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna3.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712005710/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Memories/98/fna/fna3.htm |archive-date=12 July 2012 |access-date=18 May 2013 |website=Indolink}}</ref> Historian [[S. Muthiah]] said that ''Parasakthi'' "showed Karunanidhi as the master of meaningful screen dialogue that carried forceful messages to the masses".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=14 August 2006 |title=The medium is the message |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/14/stories/2006081401360500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070522065144/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2006/08/14/stories/2006081401360500.htm |archive-date=22 May 2007 |access-date=24 February 2014 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In 2017, [[Kamal Haasan]] included the film in his list of 70 favourite movies, stating "This film changed the texture of society. A star was born – the ease with which Sivaji Ganesan walked through the film! His peers paled into insignificance. The writer was Karunanidhi. It was a film about social anger. I saw it much later; I understood it only then."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bollywood blockbuster to Kollywood classic: Kamal Haasan picks his 70 favourite movies |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713153725/https://www.hindustantimes.com/interactives/kamal-hassan-70-movies/ |archive-date=13 July 2021 |access-date=18 June 2022 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

In celebration of the film's 50th year,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=4 November 2002 |title=He played 300 different roles |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/04/stories/2002110400180300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030630202617/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/11/04/stories/2002110400180300.htm |archive-date=30 June 2003 |access-date=9 April 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ganesan's autobiography, entitled ''Enathu Suya Sarithai'' ({{Translation|My Autobiography}}) was released on 1 October 2002 in Tamil, exactly a year after the actor's death in 2001. The English version, titled ''[[Autobiography of an Actor]]: Sivaji Ganesan, October 1928-July 2001'', was released exactly five years later in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=9 November 2008 |title=Book Review : Autobiography of Actor – Politician Sivaji Ganesan |url=http://www.sangam.org/2008/11/Sivaji_Ganesan.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126123008/http://www.sangam.org/2008/11/Sivaji_Ganesan.php |archive-date=26 January 2012 |access-date=12 April 2013 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref> To commemorate 50 years since the release of ''Parasakthi'', a memorial was inaugurated in AVM Studios on 17 October 2002 by [[Kamal Haasan]] in the presence of Ganesan's sons [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Ramkumar Ganesan|Ramkumar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 October 2002 |title=Honouring a titan |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/10/18/stories/2002101803270200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203120912/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/10/18/stories/2002101803270200.htm |archive-date=3 February 2014 |access-date=1 October 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2002 |title=Sivaji remembered |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/17sivaji.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021222195005/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/17sivaji.htm |archive-date=22 December 2002 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> The memorial stands at the same place where Ganesan first faced the camera. A slab of black granite, the memorial has on its top a brass medallion that bears a close-up of Ganesan uttering his popular opening line "Success". At its bottom is a rectangular plaque that gives details about the memorial's inauguration. At the base of the rectangular plaque are two other plaques resembling the pages of an open book and contains the names of the technical crew and all those involved in the making of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sriram |first=V. |date=1 October 2013 |title=A simple memorial to a legendary thespian |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-simple-memorial-to-a-legendary-thespian/article5187136.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930215612/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/a-simple-memorial-to-a-legendary-thespian/article5187136.ece |archive-date=30 September 2013 |access-date=1 October 2013 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The visage of Ganesan wearing a hat was designed by [[Thota Tharani]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2010 |title=Monument for Sivaji |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/02/19/stories/2010021950950100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100225123202/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/02/19/stories/2010021950950100.htm |archive-date=25 February 2010 |access-date=25 February 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The 2003 film ''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]'', starring Ganesan's grandson [[Dushyanth Ramkumar]], was named after Ganesan's popular line.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |date=4 September 2003 |title=You can't fool the audience! |url=http://www.rediff.co.in/movies/2003/sep/04success.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629090813/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/04success.htm |archive-date=29 June 2007 |access-date=17 May 2013 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref>

''Parasakthi'' is included with other Ganesan films in ''Yettavathu Ulaga Athisayam Sivaji '' (Sivaji, the Eighth Wonder of the World), a compilation DVD featuring Ganesan's "iconic performances in the form of scenes, songs and stunts" which was released in May 2012.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 May 2012 |title=DVD on Sivaji Ganesan to be released on May 6 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/dvd-on-sivaji-ganesan-to-be-released-on-may-6/article3386682.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416121649/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/dvd-on-sivaji-ganesan-to-be-released-on-may-6/article3386682.ece |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=25 March 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Iyer |first=Aruna V. |date=12 May 2012 |title=For the love of Sivaji |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704094406/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/for-the-love-of-sivaji/article3412363.ece |archive-date=4 July 2013 |access-date=28 March 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the film's [[diamond jubilee]] year celebrations in January 2013, K. Chandrasekaran, then the president of Nadigar Thilagam Sivaji Social Welfare Association said, "Six decades down the line ''Parasakthi'' is remembered because it is not just a film, but an epic".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vandhana |first=M. |date=7 January 2013 |title='Parasakthi' completes 60 years |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/parasakthi-completes-60-years/article4281843.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710140230/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/parasakthi-completes-60-years/article4281843.ece |archive-date=10 July 2013 |access-date=18 January 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> On the centenary of Indian cinema in April 2013, ''[[Forbes India]]'' included Ganesan's performance in the film in its list, "25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Shishir |last2=Ramnath |first2=N. S. |last3=Mitter |first3=Sohini |date=27 April 2013 |title=25 Greatest Acting Performances of Indian Cinema |url=http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0#ixzz2ktYNETPs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519053125/http://forbesindia.com/article/100-years-of-indian-cinema/25-greatest-acting-performances-of-indian-cinema/35125/0 |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=27 January 2015 |magazine=[[Forbes (India)|Forbes]]}}</ref> Actor [[Sivakumar]] stated, "You can’t reproduce movies like ''Parasakthi'', ''[[Pasamalar]]'', ''[[Devadasu (1953 film)|Devadas]]'', ''Veerapandiya Kattabomman'' or ''[[Ratha Kanneer]]'' [...] By remaking such films, you are lowering yourself, while it enhances the original artists’ image."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anand |first=N. |date=3 January 2008 |title=Sivakumar not for old wine in new bottle |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326134402/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/sivakumar-not-for-old-wine-in-new-bottle/article1170631.ece |archive-date=26 March 2015 |access-date=20 February 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Ganesan's in-film dialogue "Ambāḷ entak kālattilaṭā pēciṉāḷ, aṟivu keṭṭavaṉē?" ("When did the goddess ever speak, dimwit?) was parodied by [[Vadivelu]]'s character in the film ''[[Ilaignar Ani]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V0F-jnoPd5I |title=#Vadivelu, #S.S.Chandran Super Hit Comedy Ilaignar Ani Comedy வடிவேலு SS.சந்திரன் சூப்பர்ஹிட் காமெடி |language=ta |publisher=4K Tamil Comedy |access-date=2023-02-22 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/V0F-jnoPd5I |archive-date=22 Feb 2023 |url-status=live |via=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] parodied the film's climax in ''[[Palayathu Amman]]'' (2000).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shekar |first=Anjana |date=17 April 2021 |title='Take diversion': 13 unforgettable comedy scenes from Vivek |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/take-diversion-13-unforgettable-comedy-scenes-vivek-147306 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417181137/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/take-diversion-13-unforgettable-comedy-scenes-vivek-147306 |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=17 April 2021 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref> [[Karthi]]'s performance in his debut film ''[[Paruthi Veeran]]'' (2007) was compared by critics with ''Parasakthi''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Meera |date=23 September 2007 |title=Karthi Sivakumar, casual and down to earth |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1916328.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519052729/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/article1916328.ece |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Malathi Rangarajan, in her review of ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' (2001) at ''The Hindu'', mentioned that the court scene during the climax was reminiscent of ''Parasakthi'''s climax.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 June 2001 |title=Film Review: Citizen |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/15/stories/09150222.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519052901/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/06/15/stories/09150222.htm |archive-date=19 May 2015 |access-date=20 December 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> In ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' (2007), the eponymous character ([[Rajinikanth]]) who shares his first name with Sivaji Ganesan, utters the dialogue, "''Parasakthi'' hero da" ("The hero of ''Parasakthi'', man") when referring to himself.{{sfn |Nakassis |2016 |p=206}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Shivaji |date=13 December 2012 |title=Rajini still entertains, and how! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/rajini-still-entertains-and-how/article4195634.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216074223/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chen-cinema/rajini-still-entertains-and-how/article4195634.ece |archive-date=16 December 2012 |access-date=10 September 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

Film Heritage Foundation announced in March 2015 that they would be restoring ''Parasakthi'' along with a few other Indian films from 1931 to 1965 as a part of their restoration projects carried out in India and abroad in accordance to international parameters. The foundation, however, stated that they would not colourise any of the films as they "believe in the original repair as the way the master or the creator had seen it."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Behrawala |first=Krutika |date=2 March 2015 |title=Quest to save India's cine history |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/quest-to-save-indias-cine-history/16028179 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006085418/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/quest-to-save-indias-cine-history/16028179 |archive-date=6 October 2015 |access-date=6 October 2015 |website=[[Mid-Day]]}}</ref> In July 2016, Ganesan's other grandson [[Vikram Prabhu]] launched a production house named "First Artist" with a still of Ganesan from ''Parasakthi'' as part of its logo.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Janani |first=K |date=7 July 2016 |title=I am proud to see Vikram producing on his own: Prabhu |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070716/i-am-proud-to-see-vikram-producing-on-his-own-prabhu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714155102/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/070716/i-am-proud-to-see-vikram-producing-on-his-own-prabhu.html |archive-date=14 July 2016 |access-date=14 July 2016 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Portrayal of Tamil Brahmins in popular media]]
* [[Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist
| notes =
{{efn
| name = exchange1948
| The exchange rate between 1948 and 1966 was 4.79 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2013 |title=Rupee's journey since Independence: Down by 65 times against dollar |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827124307/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-24/news/41444029_1_indian-rupee-american-currency-continued-dollar-demand |archive-date=27 August 2013 |access-date=30 August 2013 |website=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>
}}
}}

== References ==
<references>
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<ref name="S">{{Cite web |last=Sri Kantha |first=Sachi |author-link=Sachi Sri Kantha |date=29 October 2022 |title='Parasakthi' Movie and Tamil Politics |url=https://sangam.org/parasakthi-movie-and-tamil-politics/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928231624/https://sangam.org/parasakthi-movie-and-tamil-politics/ |archive-date=28 September 2023 |access-date=17 June 2024 |website=[[Ilankai Tamil Sangam]]}}</ref>
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</references>

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* {{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=Swarnavel Eswaran |title=Madras Studios: Narrative, Genre, and Ideology in Tamil Cinema |publisher=[[Sage Publishing|Sage Publications]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-93-5150-212-8}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |author-link2=Paul Willemen |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |orig-date=1994}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=Penguin Books |year=2012 |isbn=978-81-8475-796-5 |location=New Delhi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saravanan |first=M. |author-link=M. Saravanan (producer) |title=AVM 60 Cinema |publisher=Rajarajan Pathippagam |year=2013 |edition=3rd |language=ta |oclc=1158347612 |orig-date=2005}}
* {{Cite book |title=Tamil Cinema: The Cultural Politics of India's Other Film Industry |publisher=Psychology Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-203-93037-3 |editor-last=Velayutham |editor-first=Selvaraj}}

{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Krishnan–Panju}}

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[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
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[[Category:Indian propaganda films]]
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[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Christen Brun-Lundegaard

2026-04-24T18:07:12Z

Bishnoiseries:

{{Short description|Governor of Tranquebar from 1716 to 1720}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Christen Brun-Lundegaard
| order = 19th
| monarch = [[Frederick IV of Denmark|Frederick IV]]
| country = [[Denmark–Norway]]
| predecessor = [[Johan Sigismund Hassius]]
| successor = [[Ulrik Christian Nissen]]
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = Denmark–Norway
| death_date = 24 January 1724
| death_place = [[Tranquebar]], Danish India
| office = Governor of Tranquebar
| term_start = 20 October 1716
| term_end = 21 January 1720
| spouse = {{ubl|{{marriage|Wibeke Chrislensdatter Berg|July 5, 1714|1723|end=d.}}|{{marriage|Utilia Elisabeth Rafn|November 29, 1723}}}}
}}'''Christen Brun-Lundegaard'''{{Efn|{{IPA|da|kʁɛsdən bʁu:n lɔndəgɒ}}}} (alternatively spelled '''Christian''' and '''Bruun'''; {{Died in|24 January 1724}}) was a Danish colonial official and [[governor of Tranquebar]] from 20 October 1716 to 21 January 1720.

Brun-Lundegaard started as an assistant of the [[Danish East India Company]] in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]]. In 1707, he came to [[Bengal]] as an accountant ({{Lang|da|revideur}}), but returned to Tranquebar the following year. Upon returning, Brun-Lundegaard advanced as treasurer and subaccountant ({{Langx|da|underbogholder|label=none}}) in 1708 and became chief accountant (''{{Langx|da|overbogholder|label=none}}'') in 1711.

Continuing in 1714, he became {{Lang|da|sekonde}} (second-in-command) of the colony's [[Privy council|Privy Council]] ({{Lang|da|secrete råd}}) and was appointed governor of Tranquebar in 1716, following the dismissal of Governor [[Johan Sigismund Hassius]]. During his tenure, the previous Danish [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] in Bengal, [[Dannemarksnagore]], was reestablished, while the relationship with the [[Danish-Halle Mission]] improved. Despite this, Brun-Lundegaard resigned as governor in 1720 in favor of [[Ulrik Christian Nissen]].

Brun-Lundegaard died on 24 January 1724 in Tranquebar after a long illness.

== Early career ==
Christen Brun-Lundegaard began his career in the [[Danish East India Company]] as an assistant in the Danish colony of [[Tranquebar]]. In 1703, he undertook a voyage to [[Malacca City|Malacca]] as a ship’s assistant aboard the vessel, ''Printz Christian''. By order of the company management, he was appointed secretary to the colony's [[privy council|Privy Council]] ({{Lang|da|secrete råd}}) on 1 July 1704. In the same year, he was accused of irregularities during the previous voyage to Malacca, but was acquitted by the court.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}}

On 20 July 1707, Brun-Lundegaard was sent with the [[Yacht|yachts]] ''Gyldenløve'' and ''Fortuna'' to the Danish [[Factory (trading post)|factory]],{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}} [[Dannemarksnagore]], in [[Bengal]], as an accountant ({{Lang|da|revideur}}) for the current officials and as a [[commissioner]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=54, 96}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} He arrived at the factory in August 1707, bringing money and resources to the colony{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} and began his work, negotiating with the factory's and earlier governor, [[Johan Joachim Michelsen]]'s, creditors and confiscating the latter's belongings.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} As such, Michelsen's creditors were mostly repaid,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} while Brun-Lundegaard developed the colony's trade{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} so that when he departed again in February 1708, he had left behind money sufficient for one year to the governor, [[Jacob Panck]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=25}} Simultaneously, he brought [[saltpeter]], silk, and textiles with him back to Tranquebar,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=96}} which he returned to on 14 March 1708.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}} Upon returning, he was installed as lower merchant ({{Langx|da|underkøbmand|label=none}}) and became both treasurer and subaccountant ({{Langx|da|underbogholder|label=none}}) on 8 October and 27 October 1708, respectively.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}}

Brun-Lundegaard is described as having been a diligent, capable, and trusted man.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=54–55}} Consequently, as the colony needed his capabilities as subaccountant, his multiple requests for permission to repatriate were rejected.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}} When his request for an increased salary was also rejected, he applied on 9 October 1710 in a more determined manner for permission to return home, but was persuaded to stay as he was promised career advancement. Subsequently, he became chief accountant (''{{Langx|da|overbogholder|label=none}}'') and third-in-command of the Privy Council on 12 May 1711, and as he had served the Company for 15 years, he received an increase in his salary. Furthermore, he advanced to {{Lang|da|sekonde}} (second-in-command) of the Privy Council at the end of 1714, likely due to the [[governor of Tranquebar]], [[Johan Sigismund Hassius]]'s, favor.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}}

== Governor of Tranquebar ==
After Johan Sigismund Hassius's dismissal as governor, he installed Brun-Lundegaard as [[Provisional government|Interim Governor]] of Tranquebar on 20 October 1716 with large ceremonies.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54, 72}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=65}} In a letter dated 19 October, Brun-Lundegaard thanked the {{Abbr|D.E.I.C.|Danish East India Company}} for the appointment but described himself as a weak and meek man and instead applied for a replacement. Again in 1718, he applied for a replacement, but had to wait another two years. Meanwhile, there was a severe shortage of money in the colony, and it had to borrow 6,000 [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]] from the [[Madras Presidency|English at Madras]] and another 5,000 [[Danish rigsdaler]] from a local [[magnate]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}} In 1720, a Danish ship, the ''Jomfru Susanne'', finally reached Tranquebar,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}} along with the ''[[hofjunker]]'' (a young nobleman who serves in the court) and new ''[[Opperhoofd|opperhoved]]'', [[Ulrik Christian Nissen]].{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=65}} Subsequently, Brun-Lundegaard resigned on 2 January 1720 and instead became the vice governor and chief merchant ({{Langx|da|overkøbmand|label=none}}).{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=65}}

=== Reestablishment of Dannemarksnagore ===
In 1716,{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=28}} Tranquebar was visited by a Bengali envoy, named Chandusi, who offered to return Dannemarksnagore,{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=65}}{{Sfn|Diller|1999}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=28}} which had been conquered by the Mughals in 1714,{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=64}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=19, 72}}{{Sfn|Diller|1999}} in return for the Bengali vessel, ''Fatteromany'',{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=65}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=28}} which had previously been captured by the Danes.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=64}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=40}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=27}} After long negotiations, the former lodge was ceded back to the D.E.I.C. in 1718,{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=65}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=28}} and in September the same year,{{Sfn|Diller|1999}} a new governor, [[Gallus Bøgvad]], was sent to the lodge to try to recreate the former conditions, but to no avail.{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=65}}{{Sfn|Diller|1999}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1908|p=28}}

=== Relationship with missionaries ===
{{Further|Tranquebar Mission|New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar}}In contrast to Governor Hassius, Brun-Lundegaard has been considered by later literature to have been friendly to the Lutheran [[Danish-Halle Mission]].{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=100|Stenbæk|1977}}{{Sfn|Sweetman|Ilakkuvan|p=6|2012}} Evidently, Brun-Lundegaard laid the [[foundation stone]] of the [[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar|New Jerusalem Church]] in Tranquebar on 9 February 1717{{Sfn|Larsen|1907|p=65}}{{Sfn|Jeyaraj|2006|p=111, 152}}{{Sfn|Kryger|2006|p=252}} and assisted in gathering resources and a suitable location for the building.{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=101|Stenbæk|1977}}{{Efn|Brun-Lundegaard and many other citizens contributed money towards the church constructions, and transportation of materials was permitted without any [[customs duties]].{{Sfn|Jeyaraj|2006|p=153}} As for the location, Brun-Lundegaard was careful not to offend the missionaries and sold them land for 100 Danish rigsdaler{{Sfn|Jeyaraj|2006|p=110}} in the wealthy European city district.{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=101|Stenbæk|1977}}}} In return, the missionaries arranged a sort of throne as a special place for the governor inside the church.{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=101|Stenbæk|1977}} Additionally, Brun-Lundegaard [[Gun salute|saluted]] from [[Fort Dansborg]] at the consecration of the building{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=101|Stenbæk|1977}} and donated a [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]] to be built into the wall of the church with the inscription:{{Sfn|Jeyaraj|2006|p=153}}
[[File:Foundation Stone in Danish (1717), New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar.JPG|thumb|200x200px|The [[Commemorative plaque|plaque]] donated by Christen Brun-Lundegaard to the [[New Jerusalem Church, Tranquebar|New Jerusalem Church]] in 1717]]
{{Blockquote|text=Psalm 122:6: Wish Jerusalem [Church] the best! May they prosper who love you! In the Name of the Lord Zebaoth, Governor Christian Brun laid the first foundation stone for the building known as the New Jerusalem Church.
February 9, 1717.}}
However, according to Danish priest and historian Anders Nørgaard, there were no major differences between Governor Hassius and Brun-Lundegaard,{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=103|Stenbæk|1977}}{{Sfn|Jeyaraj|2006|p=109}} and Brun-Lundegaard is even said to have been against the Mission.{{Sfn|Nørgaard|2006|p=185}} Moreover, there is no personal friendship between Brun-Lundegaard and the missionaries, although they met when it was necessary, and showed each other goodwill.{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=102|Stenbæk|1977}}

Instead, the change in relations between the local administration and the mission was caused by a new compromise reached in Denmark between the mission's inspectorate and the D.E.I.C. management.{{Sfn|Hermansen|2003|p=213}}{{Sfn|Nørgaard|2006|p=185}} According to the new compromise, the colonial administration was to function as the mission's authority, rather than being a private cause of [[Frederick IV of Denmark|King Frederick IV]].{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=102|Stenbæk|1977}}{{Sfn|Hermansen|2003|p=213}} Meanwhile, the administration was thereby also obliged to subsidize the mission under its authority.{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=101|Stenbæk|1977}}{{Sfn|Hermansen|2003|p=214}} Subsequently, the years following the compromise were a heyday for the mission,{{Sfn|Gregersen|2018}} and there are no reports of problems between the mission and Governor Brun-Lundegaard.{{Sfn|Grane|Lausten|p=100|Stenbæk|1977}}

== Personal and later life ==
Brun-Lundegaard was married twice: first to Wibeke Christensdatter Berg{{Sfn|Dahl|1933|p=76}} on 5 July 1714, and second to Utilia Elisabeth on 29 November 1723,{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}} after Wibeke Christensdatter's death in the same year.{{Sfn|Dahl|1933|p=76}}{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|pp=54–55}} Utilia Elisabeth was the widow of the former leader of the Danish-Halle Mission, {{Interlanguage link|Johann Ernst Gründler|de}}.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=54}}

Brun-Lundegaard died on 24 January 1724 in Tranquebar{{Sfn|Dahl|1933|p=76}} after a long illness, leaving no children.{{Sfn|Larsen|1940|p=55}}

== See also ==

* {{Annotated link|Eskild Andersen Kongsbakke}}
* {{Annotated link|Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg}}
* {{Annotated link|Mikkel Knudsen Crone}}

== Notes and references ==

=== Notes ===
{{Notelist}}

=== References ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Works cited ===
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |author-link=Kay Larsen |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/922667.pdf |title=Guvernører, Residenter, Kommandanter og Chefer |publisher=Arthur Jensens Forlag |year=1940 |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=Governors, Residents, Commanders and Chiefs}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske Koloniers Historie |publisher=Centralforlaget |year=1907 |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies}}
* {{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Kay |title=De dansk-ostindiske koloniers historie – De Bengalske loger & Nikobarerne |publisher=Centralforlaget & Peter Hansens Forlag |year=1908 |volume=2 |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=History of the Danish East Indian Colonies – The Bengali lodges & the Nicobar Islands}}
* {{Cite book |last=Diller |first=Stephan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2zvvSpaWcTIC&q=brun&pg=PA216 |title=Die Dänen in Indien, Südostasien und China (1620-1845) |date=1999 |publisher=[[Harrassowitz Verlag]] |isbn=978-3-447-04123-2 |pages=221 |language=de |trans-title=The Danes in India, Southeast Asia and China (1620-1845)}}
* {{Cite book |last=Grane |first=Leif |author-link=:da:Leif Grane |url=https://www.ronlev.dk/bibliotek/3639.pdf |title=Kirkehistoriske Samlinger 1977 |last2=Lausten |first2=Martin Schwarz |author-link2=:da:Martin Schwarz Lausten |last3=Stenbæk |first3=Jørgen |collaboration=Nørgaard, Anders |publisher=Akademisk Forlag |others=Digitalized by Claus Rønlev |year=1977 |isbn=87-500-1784-5 |series=Kirkehistoriske Samlinger |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=Church historical collections |chapter=Tranquebarmissionens tidlige historie |trans-chapter=The Tranquebar Mission's early History}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Sweetman |first1=Will |author-link=:d:Will Sweetman |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312041849 |title=Bibliotheca Malabarica |last2=Ilakkuvan |first2=R. |date=1 April 2012 |publisher=Institut Français de Pondichéry |isbn=9791036544279 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Jeyaraj |first=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZYAOyJ-6SMC |title=Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, the Father of Modern Protestant Mission |publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge & Gurukul Lutheran Theological College |year=2006 |isbn=81-7214-920-4 |location=Chennai |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Hermansen |first=Karsten |url=https://findresearcher.sdu.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/277177340/Afhandlinger_8_hermansen_pdf_1_.pdf |title=Kirken, kongen og enevælden |publisher=[[University of Southern Denmark]] |year=2003 |language=Danish |trans-title=Church, King, and Absolutism}}
* {{Cite book |last=Gregersen |first=Hans |author-link=:da:Hans Gregersen (forfatter) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JDZnDwAAQBAJ |title=Trankebar |publisher=Lindhardt & Ringhof |year=2018 |isbn=9788711978337 |language=danish |trans-title=Tranquebar}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dahl |first=Aage |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/909818.pdf |title=Haderslevs bys præstehistorie |publisher=O. Lohse |year=1933 |series=Den Sønderjydske Gejstligheds Historie og Genealogi |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish |trans-title=History of Haderslev town}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |title=The Churches of Tranquebar in the Danish Period 1620-1845 |encyclopedia=Halle and the Beginning of Protestant Christianity in India |publisher=[[Francke Foundations]] |location=Halle, Germany |date=2006 |editor-last=Gross |editor-first=Andreas |volume=1-3 |pages=238 |isbn=3-931479-84-6 |editor-last2=Kumaradoss |editor-first2=Yesurajamony |editor-last3=Liebau |editor-first3=Heike}}
** {{harvc|last=Nørgaard|first=Anders|year=2006|in=Gross|in2=Kumaradoss|in3=Liebau|c=The Mission's Relationship to the Danes}}
** {{harvc|last=Kryger|first=Karin|year=2006|in=Gross|in2=Kumaradoss|in3=Liebau|c=The Churches of Tranquebar in the Danish Period 1620-1845}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Brun-Lundegaard, Christen}}
[[Category:1648 births]]
[[Category:1724 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Danish India]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Governors of Danish India]]

Rashid Talukder

2026-04-20T13:16:40Z

Bishnoiseries: New

{{Short description|Bangladeshi photojournalist}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rashid Talukder
| native_name = রশীদ তালুকদার
| native_name_lang = bn
| image = Rashid_Talukder.jpg
| birth_date = 24 October 1939
| birth_place = Baj Baj, [[Pargana]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2011|10|25|1939|10|24}}
| death_place = [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh
| resting_place = Azimpur Graveyard, Dhaka
| occupation = Photojournalist
| employer = ''The Daily Ittefaq''
| organization = founder of the Bangladesh Photo Journalists' Association
| known_for = photographs of Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971
| children = 3
}}

'''Rashid Talukder''' (24 October 1939 – 25 October 2011)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-216442|title=Those who passed on…|date=2012-01-01|work=The Daily Star|access-date=2018-08-24|language=en}}</ref> was a Bangladeshi photojournalist for ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'', most known for capturing some of the defining images of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|the genocide]] during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] of 1971.<ref name=daily/>

Talukder was a founder of the Bangladesh Photo Journalists' Association. He was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award at the [[Chobi Mela]], an international photography festival in Dhaka, in 2006, and the 2010 the 'Pioneer Photographer Award' given by [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic magazine]].<ref name=NPR>{{cite news|first=Claire |last=O'Neill |title=Spotlight on Rashid Talukder, Pioneering Bangladeshi Photographer |publisher=NPR News |date=30 September 2010 |accessdate=26 April 2013 |url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2010/09/29/130221326/test}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Born 24 October 1939 in Baj Baj, near Calcutta (now Kolkata) in [[Pargana]] (now [[24 Parganas]]), [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in West Bengal, India).<ref name=ng>{{cite web|title=Pioneer Award |type=PDF |year=2010 |publisher=National Geographic |url=http://events.nationalgeographic.com/media/files/AR_Talukder_bio.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110105095308/http://events.nationalgeographic.com/media/files/AR_Talukder_bio.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2011 }}</ref> He developed an interest in photography while still at school, and by the time he reached class 8 in 1945, he started working in the [[darkroom]].<ref name=daily/>

==Career==
Talukdar started his career in 1962, as a press photographer with ''[[The Sangbad]]'' in [[Dhaka]] in the then [[East Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Photographer Rashid Talukder dies |newspaper=The New Age(Bangladesh) |date=26 October 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2013 |url=http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-10-25&nid=38192 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629233006/http://newagebd.com/newspaper1/archive_details.php?date=2011-10-25&nid=38192 |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 }}</ref> After working for a few years, he joined ''[[The Daily Ittefaq]]'', where he worked for 29 years as a photojournalist and during his career he most notably shot the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971 against Pakistan and the photograph of [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] delivering his historic speech on 7 March 1971. As he feared for his safety, many of his photographs were not published until 1993 when he was approached by ''[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]''.<ref name=daily/><ref name=independent>{{cite news |title=Tribute to Rashid Talukder |publisher=The Independent (Bangladesh) |date=25 October 2012 |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=138160:tribute-to-rashid-talukder&catid=182:city-life&Itemid=220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Estrin|first=James|date=2012-12-05|title=Images of Independence, Finally Free|url=https://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/05/images-of-independence-finally-free/|access-date=2021-03-14|website=Lens Blog|language=en-US}}</ref> Few photographers were able to film and publish an account of the events. Outside of Bangladesh, [[Horst Faas]] and Michel Laurent of the [[Associated Press]] won a [[Pulitzer Prize for Spot News Photography]] in 1972, which appeared in a print as "Death in Dacca".<ref name=NYTimes>{{cite news|title=Images of Independence, Finally Free |url=http://lens.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/05/images-of-independence-finally-free/ |publisher=New York Times, Lens |date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref>

Talukdar was the founder of the Bangladesh Photo Journalists' Association, and also a member of advisory councils of photographic organisations like Bangladesh Photographic Society.<ref name=ng/><ref name=independent /><ref name=bdnews24 /> In 2006, he was awarded the Lifetime Achievement Award for contributions of photography at the [[Chobi Mela]], an international photography festival in Dhaka,<ref name=daily>{{cite news |title=Rashid Talukder no more |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=208010 |publisher=The Daily Star|date=26 October 2011 }}</ref> and in 2010 he became the first Bangladeshi photographer to have won the prestigious "Pioneer Photographer Award", part of the "All Roads Photography Programme" of [[National Geographic]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-07-05|title=Making Bangladesh proud|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-145376|access-date=2021-03-14|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref>

==List of notable photographs==
* A photograph of a speech given by [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] on 7 March 1971.<ref name=bdnews24>{{cite news |title=Lensman Rashid Talukder fights for life |publisher=bdnews24.com |date=21 October 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2013 |url=http://ns.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=209513&cid=2 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023000226/http://ns.bdnews24.com/details.php?id=209513&cid=2 |archivedate=23 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Talukder had a son and two daughters. He died on 25 October 2011 at a Dhaka hospital, after a brief illness at the age of 72. He was buried next to his wife at the Azimpur graveyard in Dhaka.<ref name=new>{{cite news |title= Rashid Talukder dead|url=http://www.newstoday.com.bd/index.php?option=details&news_id=42725&date=2011-10-26 |publisher=The News Today |date=26 October 2011}}</ref>

==Exhibitions==
* ''Bangladesh 1971,'' [[Side Gallery]], Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, 2008<ref>{{cite news|first=Andrew |last=Fenwick |title=PHOTOGRAPHY: Bangladesh 1971 |publisher=Metro |date=16 September 2008 |accessdate=26 April 2013 |url=https://metro.co.uk/2008/09/16/photography-bangladesh-1971-500405/}}</ref>
* ''Where Three Dreams Cross,'' [[Whitechapel Gallery]], London, 2010<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Right Vision News |title=Bangladesh:Where Three Dreams Cross |date=23 January 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://www.npr.org/blogs/pictureshow/2010/09/29/130221326/test NPR: Spotlight On Rashid Talukder, Pioneering Bangladeshi Photographer]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Talukder, Rashid}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi photojournalists]]
[[Category:War photographers]]
[[Category:Burials at Azimpur Graveyard]]

Hindu Rashtra Sena

2026-04-20T06:14:56Z

Bishnoiseries: put up a page

{{Short description|Hindu activist group}}
'''Hindu Rashtra Sena''' (lit. ''Army for the Hindu Nation'') is an [[Hindutva]] organisation in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/hindu-rashtra-sena-chief-dhanjay-desai-granted-bail-in-pune-techie-s-murder-case/story-XAFXhlTP1sAsy9IubZi34H.html|title=Hindu Rashtra Sena chief Dhanjay Desai granted bail in Pune techie's murder case|date=January 19, 2019|website=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-22 |title=Ahmednagar: Hindu Rashtra Sena chief arrested ahead of protest against CAA, NRC, NPR |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ahmednagar-hindu-rashtra-sena-chief-arrested-ahead-of-protest-against-caa-nrc-npr-6228814/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |author1= Srinath Rao |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230826212514/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ahmednagar-hindu-rashtra-sena-chief-arrested-ahead-of-protest-against-caa-nrc-npr-6228814/ |archive-date= Aug 26, 2023 }}</ref> Its stated objective is propagating the establishment of a ''[[Hindu Rashtra]]'' ({{translation|Hindu Nation}}).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/hindu-rashtra-sena-leader-dhananjay-desai-held-for-planning-march-against-anti-caa-rally/1829622/|title=Hindu Rashtra Sena leader Dhananjay Bhai Desai held for planning march against anti-CAA rally|date=January 20, 2020 |website=The Financial Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826212514/https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/hindu-rashtra-sena-leader-dhananjay-desai-held-for-planning-march-against-anti-caa-rally/1829622/ |archive-date= Aug 26, 2023 }}</ref> Dhananjay Desai is the head of the Hindu Rashtra Sena (HRS).

== Incident ==
After the murder of a 28-year-old Muslim IT professional from [[Pune]] city, its chief Dhananjay Desai and others were arrested.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-court-acquits-hindu-rashtra-sena-president-dhananjay-desai-in-extortion-case/story-IciIGzXXcnDlhlQQ3GVakN.html|title=Pune court acquits Hindu Rashtra Sena president in extortion case|date=August 31, 2019|website=Hindustan Times |first1=Nadeem |last1=Inamdar |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230826220753/https://www.hindustantimes.com/pune-news/pune-court-acquits-hindu-rashtra-sena-president-dhananjay-desai-in-extortion-case/story-IciIGzXXcnDlhlQQ3GVakN.html |archive-date= Aug 26, 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-02 |title=Muslim techie killing: Dhananjay Desai promises to shun Hindu Rashtra Sena activities |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/muslim-techie-killing-dhananjay-desai-promises-to-shun-hindu-rashtra-sena-activities/articleshow/67808060.cms |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231113159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/muslim-techie-killing-dhananjay-desai-promises-to-shun-hindu-rashtra-sena-activities/articleshow/67808060.cms |archive-date= Dec 31, 2023}}</ref> He was released on bail in 2019 after a court hearing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/rights/mohsin-shaikh-murder-hindu-rashtra-sena-chief-released-on-bail|title=Mohsin Shaikh Murder: Hindu Rashtra Sena Chief Released on Bail|website=The Wire}}</ref> All accused were ultimately acquitted by court in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-27 |title=Hindu outfit leader, 21 others acquitted in 2014 murder case of Pune IT professional |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/hindu-outfit-leader-21-others-acquitted-in-2014-murder-case-of-pune-it-professional-101674830345646.html |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Desai accused the government of falsely arresting him because of a political vendetta against him.<ref>{{Cite web |title='सरकारने सोयीचे आरोपी शोधले होते'; निर्दोष मुक्ततेनंतर देसाईंची पहिली प्रतिक्रिया {{!}} Mohsin Shaikh Murder Case |url=https://www.esakal.com/pune/dhananjay-desai-first-reaction-aftersession-court-of-pune-relive-all-accused-in-mohsin-shaikh-murder-case-rak94 |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=eSakal - Marathi Newspaper |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India|Politics|Conservatism}}
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Incitement to genocide by the Hindutva movement]]
[[Category:Sangh Parivar]]
[[Category:Hinduism and politics]]
[[Category:Far-right politics in India]]
[[Category:Vishva Hindu Parishad]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]

{{India-poli-stub}}

Liston Colaço

2026-04-19T18:41:57Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating Basic Info Basic Info - done

{{short description|Indian footballer (born 1998)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Liston Colaço
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Liston Colaço
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|11|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Davorlim]], [[Goa]], India
| height = 1.78 m
| position = [[Forward (association football)|Forward]]
| currentclub = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| clubnumber = 7
| youthyears1 = 2013–2017
| youthclubs1 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
| years1 = 2016–2017
| clubs1 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar B]]
| caps1 = 8
| goals1 = 11
| years2 = 2016–2017
| clubs2 = [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
| caps2 = 20
| goals2 = 13
| years3 = 2017–2019
| clubs3 = [[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa B]]
| caps3 = 9
| goals3 = 6
| years4 = 2017–2020
| clubs4 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| caps4 = 8
| goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2020–2021
| clubs5 = [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad B]]
| caps5 = 3
| goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2020–2021
| clubs6 = [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
| caps6 = 23
| goals6 = 4
| years7 = 2021–
| clubs7 = [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
| caps7 = 98
| goals7 = 17
| nationalyears1 = 2021–
| nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 34
| nationalgoals1 = 1
| club-update = 21:00, 12 June 2025 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 21:00, 31 March 2026 (UTC)
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{Medal|Country|{{fb|IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[SAFF Championship]]}}
{{Medal|W| [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021 Maldives]]|}}
{{Medal|W| [[2023 SAFF Championship|2023 India]]|}}
}}

'''Liston Colaço''' (born 12 November 1998) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Forward (association football)|forward]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]] and the [[Indian national football team|India national team]].

==Club career==
Born in [[Davorlim]], [[Goa]], Colaço is a product of [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]].<ref name="Serious">{{cite news|title=Seriously joking|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/seriously-joking-8/|access-date=19 November 2017|work=Navhind Times|date=9 January 2017|archive-date=8 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170608053200/http://www.navhindtimes.in/seriously-joking-8/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|location=Duler, Goa|title=Salgaocar avoid 1st loss; Vasco gets 1st point|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/salgaocar-avoid-1st-loss-vasco-get-1st-point/|access-date=10 April 2017|website=navahindtines.com|publisher=Navhind Times|date=20 September 2016|archive-date=11 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411135512/http://www.navhindtimes.in/salgaocar-avoid-1st-loss-vasco-get-1st-point/}}</ref> He was the top scorer with the club's under-19 side during the [[2016–17 I-League U18]] with 16 goals. Colaço also played for Salgaocar's first team during the [[2016–17 Goa Professional League]], becoming top scorer during that tournament with 13 goals.<ref>{{cite news|last1=D'Cruz|first1=Errol|title=Green at the grassroots and podium top|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/green-at-the-grassroots-and-podium-top/articleshow/56264041.cms|access-date=19 November 2017|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201071026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/green-at-the-grassroots-and-podium-top/articleshow/56264041.cms|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

In March 2017, it was announced that Colaço had been selected into [[Goa football team|Goa]]'s final squad for the [[2016–17 Santosh Trophy]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Goa Announced Squad For Santosh Trophy|url=http://www.feverpitch.in/articles/news/goa-announced-squad-santosh-trophy|access-date=19 November 2017|work=FeverPitch|date=10 March 2017|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521174101/https://homevdecor.com/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> He began the tournament with a goal in Goa's first match against [[Meghalaya football team|Meghalaya]]. Colaço scored in the 52nd minute as Goa won 2–1.<ref>{{cite news|title=Goa kicks off with win, nets 2-1 against Meghalaya|url=http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Goa-kicks-off-with-win-nets-21-against-Meghalaya/112626.html|access-date=19 November 2017|work=Herald Goa|date=13 March 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041550/http://www.heraldgoa.in/Sports/Goa-kicks-off-with-win-nets-21-against-Meghalaya/112626.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He then scored a brace for Goa in the semi-finals against [[Kerala football team|Kerala]] on 23 March 2017 which sent Goa to the [[2017 Santosh Trophy Final|final]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chandran|first1=M.R. Praveen|title=Sankar Roy does the star turn for Bengal|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/sankar-roy-does-the-star-turn-for-bengal/article17615819.ece|access-date=19 November 2017|work=The Hindu|date=23 March 2017|archive-date=23 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323174130/http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/sankar-roy-does-the-star-turn-for-bengal/article17615819.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Goa===
After his performances for [[Salgaocar F.C.|Salgaocar]] and the [[Goa football team]] in the [[Santosh Trophy]], Colaço joined [[Indian Super League]] side [[FC Goa|Goa]] for a reported 15 lakh.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mergulhao|first1=Marcus|title=FC Goa agree big transfer fee for Liston|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-agree-big-transfer-fee-for-liston/articleshow/58332395.cms|access-date=19 November 2017|work=Times of India|date=24 April 2017|archive-date=27 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127022029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fc-goa-agree-big-transfer-fee-for-liston/articleshow/58332395.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In October 2017, after impressing for [[FC Goa]] Development team, Colaço, along with [[Manvir Singh (footballer, born 1995)|Manvir Singh]], was called up to the first team.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Lopes|first1=Flavio|title=Manvir, Liston earn promotion to FC Goa first team|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/manvir-liston-earn-promotion-to-fc-goa-first-team/articleshow/61252623.cms|access-date=19 November 2017|work=Times of India|date=27 October 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201050726/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/manvir-liston-earn-promotion-to-fc-goa-first-team/articleshow/61252623.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 19 November 2017, Colaço made his professional debut for [[FC Goa|Goa]] in their opening Indian Super League match against [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]. He came on as a 79th-minute substitute for [[Brandon Fernandes]] as Goa won 3–2.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chennaiyin 3-2 Goa|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/19/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/india-fc-goa/2597746/?ICID=PL_MS_03|website=Soccerway|access-date=2018-02-21|archive-date=2018-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526104907/https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2017/11/19/india/indian-super-league/chennai-titans/india-fc-goa/2597746/?ICID=PL_MS_03|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Hyderabad===
On 14 January 2020, Liston joined Indian Super league side [[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]] on a two and half year deal.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 January 2020|last=Lopes|first=Flavio|title=Goa's Liston joins Hyderabad FC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-liston-joins-hyderabad-fc/articleshow/73235708.cms|publisher=timesofindia|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501032918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goas-liston-joins-hyderabad-fc/articleshow/73235708.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> On 30 January 2020, Liston made his debut for Hyderabad against [[Bengaluru FC|Bengaluru]]. He came on as a 71st minute substitute for [[Asish Rai]] as the match ended in a 1–0 victory for Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 January 2020|title=Bengaluru dig deep to grind out a crucial win over Hyderabad|url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-dig-deep-to-grind-out-a-crucial-win-over-hyderabad|access-date=16 December 2020|website=indiansuperleague.com|archive-date=3 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201003003331/https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/bengaluru-dig-deep-to-grind-out-a-crucial-win-over-hyderabad|url-status=live}}</ref> He ended up the season by scoring four goals for the club.

===Mohun Bagan===
On 10 April 2021, it was officially announced that [[Mohun Bagan Super Giant]] and Hyderabad FC have agreed on the transfer of Liston Colaco, which involves an undisclosed transfer fee around ₹1 crores.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATK Mohun Bagan sign Hyderabad forward Liston Colaco for a record transfer fee {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/atk-mohun-bagan-sign-hyderabad-liston-colaco-for-record-transfer-/cd6cog70v76914assh3n07hfr|access-date=2021-04-10|website=goal.com|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410094041/https://www.goal.com/en/news/atk-mohun-bagan-sign-hyderabad-liston-colaco-for-record-transfer-/cd6cog70v76914assh3n07hfr|url-status=live}}</ref> This move set a new record in Indian football for the highest transfer fee for an Indian player, breaking the previous record of transfer of Manvir Singh from FC Goa to Mohun Bagan Super Giant for ₹80 lakhs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ATK Mohun Bagan Sign Hyderabad FC's Liston Colaco for Record Fee, Brandon Fernandes Signs Contract Extension with FC Goa|url=https://www.news18.com/news/sports/atk-mohun-bagan-sign-hyderabad-fcs-liston-colaco-for-record-fee-brandon-fernandes-signs-contract-extension-with-fc-goa-3626660.html|access-date=2021-04-10|website=News18|date=10 April 2021|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410091522/https://www.news18.com/news/sports/atk-mohun-bagan-sign-hyderabad-fcs-liston-colaco-for-record-fee-brandon-fernandes-signs-contract-extension-with-fc-goa-3626660.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Colaco scored his first goal for the club on 21 August against [[Maziya S&RC]] at the [[2021 AFC Cup]]. He debuted for Mohun Bagan in the [[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22 season]] opener against [[Kerala Blasters FC|Kerala Blasters]] on 19 November, where he scored a goal in 4–2 win.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sportstar|first=Team|title=ISL 2021-22 Highlights ATK Mohun Bagan vs Kerala Blasters: ATKMB opens campaign with 4–2 win; Boumous scores brace on debut|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-streaming-roy-krishna-boumous-sahal-vazquez-atkmb-kbfc/article37577667.ece|access-date=2021-11-20|website=Sportstar|date=19 November 2021 |language=en|archive-date=2021-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119192201/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/isl/2021-2022/news/isl-2021-22-atk-mohun-bagan-vs-kerala-blasters-live-score-streaming-roy-krishna-boumous-sahal-vazquez-atkmb-kbfc/article37577667.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> His goal in MBSG's 2–1 victory over FC Goa on 29 December is recorded as one of the fastest shots in the history of the game with 181 km/h,<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=30 December 2021 |title=ISL 2021-22: Liston Colaco wondergoal helps ATK Mohun Bagan beat FC Goa 2–1 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/isl-2021-22-liston-colaco-wondergoal-helps-atk-mohun-bagan-beat-fc-goa-2-1-1893905-2021-12-30 |access-date=2022-01-02 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=2021-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230122907/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/football/story/isl-2021-22-liston-colaco-wondergoal-helps-atk-mohun-bagan-beat-fc-goa-2-1-1893905-2021-12-30 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title=Watch: Liston Colaco scores a stunning goal for ATK Mohun Bagan against FC Goa |url=https://scroll.in/field/1013925/watch-liston-colaco-scores-a-stunning-goal-for-atk-mohun-bagan-against-fc-goa |access-date=2022-03-15 |website=Scroll.in |date=29 December 2021 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315095700/https://scroll.in/field/1013925/watch-liston-colaco-scores-a-stunning-goal-for-atk-mohun-bagan-against-fc-goa |url-status=live }}</ref> taking the sixth spot previously held by former [[England national football team]] captain [[David Beckham]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-04 |title=The Tale Behind The Upswing – Liston Colaco {{!}} IFTWC – Indian Football Team For World Cup |url=https://iftwc.com/the-tale-behind-the-upswing-liston-colaco/ |access-date=2022-03-15 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109091848/https://iftwc.com/the-tale-behind-the-upswing-liston-colaco/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He had an excellent season recording 8 goals, the most by a domestic player, along with 3 assists. He was one of the standout performers of the season.{{fact|date=July 2022}}

On 21 May 2022, Colaco scored a hat-trick in their 4–0 win against Bangladeshi side [[Bashundhara Kings]] at the second group-stage match of [[2022 AFC Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.in/football/indian-i-league/story/4671082/afc-cup-liston-colaco-scores-hat-trick-as-atk-mohun-bagan-beat-bashundhara-kings|title=AFC Cup: Liston Colaco scores hat trick as ATK Mohun Bagan beat Bashundhara Kings|website=espn.com|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=21 May 2022|access-date=21 May 2022|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|archive-date=21 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521174054/https://www.espn.in/football/indian-i-league/story/4671082/afc-cup-liston-colaco-scores-hat-trick-as-atk-mohun-bagan-beat-bashundhara-kings|url-status=live}}</ref> He finished the tournament with four goals.

==International career==
In March 2021, Liston was included in the 35-member list of probables for the [[India national football team|Indian national team]]'s international friendlies against [[Oman national football team|Oman]] and [[UAE national football team|UAE]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Stimac names list of probables for International Friendlies against Oman and UAE|url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/stimac-names-list-of-probables-for-international-friendlies-against-oman-and-uae|access-date=2021-03-25|archive-date=2021-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302185927/https://www.the-aiff.com/article/stimac-names-list-of-probables-for-international-friendlies-against-oman-and-uae|url-status=live}}</ref> He made his national team debut against UAE on 29 March.<ref>{{Cite web|title=United Arab Emirates vs. India – Football Match Report – March 29, 2021|url=https://www.espn.in/football/report?gameId=597706|access-date=2021-04-10|website=ESPN|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410094642/https://www.espn.in/football/report?gameId=597706|url-status=live}}</ref> On 19 March 2025, he scored his first goal for India by a header against Maldives, in which India won by 3–0, ending their 489 days winless run..<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/football/india-vs-maldives-live-score-ind-vs-mdv-international-friendly-2025-scorecard-updates-from-shillong-liveblog-119212835|title=India vs Maldives International Friendly 2025 Highlights Sunil Chhetri, Rahul Bheke, Liston Colaco Score In 3-0 Win; Blue Giants Secure First Win In 489 Days |date=19 March 2025 }}</ref> Colaco has been criticised for his performance in the Indian national team due to his lack of goals and poor finishing.

==Personal life==
Colaço has been in a relationship with [[Goan]] air-hostess Bryna Dsouza.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportzcraazy.com/liston-colaco-biography-personal-life-career-playing-style-age-height-girlfriend-facts-networth/|title=Liston Colaco Biography: Personal Life, Career, Playing Style, Age, Height, Girlfriend, Facts & Networth |date=26 August 2023 }}</ref> They got married on 12 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DSQLhPaDPfo/?igsh=NWM2M2pneHN5MzZq|date=12 December 2025|title=12/12/2025 ❤️}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|match played 19 April 2026}}<ref>{{Soccerway|liston-colaco/522917}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; font-size:90%"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National cup{{efn|Includes [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Durand Cup
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar B]]
|2014–15
|rowspan=1|[[Goa Football League#Competition structure|GFA Third Division]]
|3||5||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|— ||colspan="2"|—||colspan=2|—||3||5
|-
|2015–16
|colspan="3"|—||colspan="2"|— ||colspan="2"|—||colspan=2|—||3{{efn|Appearances in [[Bandodkar Gold Trophy]]}}||4||3||4
|-
|2016–17
|[[Goa Football League#First Division League|GFA First Division]]
|8||11||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|— ||colspan="2"|—||colspan=2|—||8||11
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!11!!16!!colspan="6"|—!!3!!4!!14!!20
|-
|rowspan=2|[[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]]
|[[2016–17 Goa Professional League|2016–17]]
|[[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]]
|20||13||colspan="6"|—||4{{efn|Three appearances and one goal in [[Goa Police Cup]], one appearance GFA Charity Cup}}||1||24||14
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!20 !! 13!!colspan="6"|—!!4!!1!!24!!14
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[FC Goa Reserves and Academy|Goa B]]
|[[2017–18 I-League 2nd Division|2017–18]]
| rowspan="3" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|8||3||colspan="6"|—||10{{efn|Eight appearances and seven goals in [[Goa Football League#Goa Professional League|Goa Professional League]], two appearances and one goal in AWES Cup}}||8||18||11
|-
|[[2018–19 I-League 2nd Division|2018–19]]
|1||3||colspan="6"|—||12{{efn|Appearances in Goa Professional League}}||6||13||9
|-
|[[2019–20 I-League 2nd Division|2019–20]]
|colspan="8"|—||3{{efn|One appearance in GFA Charity Cup, two appearances in Goa Professional League}}||0||3||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!9!!6!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!25!!14!!34!!20
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[FC Goa|Goa]]
|[[2017–18 FC Goa season|2017–18]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian Super League]]
|4||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan=2|—||6||0
|-
|[[2018–19 FC Goa season|2018–19]]
|1||0||4||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan=2|—||5||0
|-
|[[2019–20 FC Goa season|2019–20]]
|3||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearances in [[Durand Cup]]}}||2||colspan=2|—||6||2
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!8!!0!!6!!0!!0!!0!!3!!2!!0!!0!!17!!2
|-
| [[Hyderabad FC Reserves and Academy|Hyderabad B]]
|[[2019–20 I-League 2nd Division|2019–20]]
| rowspan="1" |I-League 2nd Division||3||0||colspan="8"|—||3||0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Hyderabad FC|Hyderabad]]
|[[2019–20 Hyderabad FC season|2019–20]]
| rowspan="2" |Indian Super League
|4||2||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||4||2
|-
|[[2020–21 Hyderabad FC season|2020–21]]
|19||2||colspan=2|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan=2|—||19||2
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!26!!4!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!23!!4
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|{{nowrap|[[2021–22 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2021–22]]}}
| rowspan="5" |Indian Super League
|22||8||0||0||4{{efn|2021 AFCCup|Appearances in [[AFC Cup]]}}||1||colspan="4"|—||26||9
|-
|[[2022–23 ATK Mohun Bagan FC season|2022–23]]
|24||1||3||2||5{{efn|2022 AFCCup}}||4||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||1||1{{efn|One appearance in [[Indian club qualifiers for 2023–24 AFC competitions]]}}||0||36||8
|-
|[[2023–24 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2023–24]]
|19||4||0||0||7 {{efn|2023-24 AFC Cup}} ||2||6{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||1||0||0||32||7
|-
|[[2024–25 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2024–25]]
|27||3||0||0||1{{efn|name=AFCCL|Appearance(s) in ACL Two}}||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||1||0||0||32||4
|-
|[[2025–26 Mohun Bagan Super Giant season|2025–26]]
|9||1
|2||0
|1{{efn|name=AFCCL}}||0
|4{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||5
|1{{efn|name=IFAShield|Appearance(s) in [[IFA Shield]]}}||0
|17||6
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!101!!17!!5!!2!!18!!7!!17!!8!!2!!0!!143!!34
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!175!!56!!11!!2!!18!!7!!20!!10!!34!!19!!258!!94
|}
{{notelist}}

===International===
{{updated|31 March 2026}}<ref>{{NFT player|82174}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!National team!!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[India national football team|India]]
|2021||8||0
|-
|2022||6||0
|-
|2023||4||0
|-
|2024||9||0
|-
|2025||6||1
|-
|2026||1||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total!!34!!1
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of international goals scored by Liston Colaço
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 20 March 2025 || [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Shillong)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Shillong]], [[India]] || {{fb|MDV}} || align=center|'''2'''–0 || align=center| 3–0 || [[Exhibition match|Friendly]]
|}

==Honours==
'''Salgaocar B'''
*[[Goa Football League#First Division League|GFA First Division]]: 2016–17<ref name=gfa>{{Cite web |url=https://www.arunfoot.com/salgaocar-fc-juniors-beat-panjim-footballers-emerge-goa-first-division-champions/ |title=Salgaocar FC Juniors beat Panjim Footballers to emerge Goa First Division champions! |author=Arunava Chaudhuri |date=31 May 2017 |website=arunfoot.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618041419/https://www.arunfoot.com/salgaocar-fc-juniors-beat-panjim-footballers-emerge-goa-first-division-champions/ |archive-date=18 June 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Salgaocar'''
*[[Goa Football League#Goa Pro League|Goa Professional League]]: [[2016–17 Goa Professional League|2016–17]]<ref name=gpl>{{cite news|last1=D'Cruz|first1=Errol|title=Green at the grassroots and podium top|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/green-at-the-grassroots-and-podium-top/articleshow/56264041.cms|access-date=19 November 2017|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201071026/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/green-at-the-grassroots-and-podium-top/articleshow/56264041.cms|archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref>

'''FC Goa'''
*[[Indian Super Cup|Super Cup]]: [[2019 Indian Super Cup|2019]]<ref>{{cite news|title=FC Goa's long wait for a trophy ends|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fc-goas-long-wait-for-a-trophy-ends/article26832013.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 April 2019|access-date=14 April 2019|last1=Sharma|first1=Amitabha Das|archive-date=2 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210702104059/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/fc-goas-long-wait-for-a-trophy-ends/article26832013.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Mohun Bagan'''
* [[Durand Cup]]: [[2023 Durand Cup|2023]]
* [[Indian Super League|ISL Cup]]: [[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]], [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]
* [[IFA Shield]]: [[2025 IFA Shield|2025]]
* [[Indian Super League|Indian Super League Shield]]: [[2023–24 Indian Super League|2023–24]], [[2024–25 Indian Super League|2024–25]]

'''India'''
* [[SAFF Championship]]: [[2021 SAFF Championship|2021]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=Outlook Web |date=2022-01-01 |title=India Vs Nepal, SAFF Championship Final: Sunil Chhetri Equals Lionel Messi Feat As Blue Tigers Win 8th Title |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-india-vs-nepal-saff-football-championship-final-sunil-chhetri-equals-lionel-messi-feat-as-blue-tigers-win-8th-title/397855 |access-date=2022-03-21 |website=Outlook |language=en |archive-date=2022-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321132007/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/sports-news-india-vs-nepal-saff-football-championship-final-sunil-chhetri-equals-lionel-messi-feat-as-blue-tigers-win-8th-title/397855 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Intercontinental Cup (India)|Intercontinental Cup]]: [[2023 Intercontinental Cup (India)|2023]]

'''Individual'''
*[[FPAI Indian Player of the Year]]: 2021–22<ref name="fpai2022">{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/football/liston-colaco-wins-fpai-indian-player-of-the-year-award-akash-mishra-adjudged-young-player-of-the-year-5389501.html |title=Liston Colaco Wins FPAI Indian Player of the Year Award, Akash Mishra Adjudged Young Player of the Year |date=17 June 2022 |website=news18.com |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617093615/https://www.news18.com/news/football/liston-colaco-wins-fpai-indian-player-of-the-year-award-akash-mishra-adjudged-young-player-of-the-year-5389501.html }}</ref>
*[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] Footballer of the year: 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-india-player-shyam-thapa-to-be-conferred-with-mohun-bagan-ratna/articleshow/92730814.cms#_ga=2.65641000.709007170.1657375300-amp-jjRv2CPdera5-SKQSehKr2P9DtYCe77OfpHVHhGYKxDcqQTzU_if2oPdXHw49Y1p|title=Former India player Shyam Thapa to be conferred with Mohun Bagan Ratna|date=7 July 2022|access-date=9 July 2022|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|location=[[Kolkata]], West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709140914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-india-player-shyam-thapa-to-be-conferred-with-mohun-bagan-ratna/articleshow/92730814.cms?from=mdr|archive-date=9 July 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Amitabha|last=Das Sharma|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/shyam-thapa-awarded-mohun-bagan-ratna-indian-football/article65699929.ece/|title=Shyam Thapa conferred the Mohun Bagan Ratna|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|publisher=[[Sportstar]]|date=29 July 2022|access-date=12 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013154828/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/shyam-thapa-awarded-mohun-bagan-ratna-indian-football/article65699929.ece|archive-date=13 October 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/forward-35062-liston-colaco-profile Indian Super League Profile]
*{{Twitter|colaco_liston}}
*{{GSA player|liston-colaco/223774}}

{{Mohun Bagan Super Giant squad}}
{{India squad 2023 AFC Asian Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Colaco, Liston}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Footballers from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC players]]
[[Category:FC Goa players]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Goa Professional League players]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:Hyderabad FC players]]
[[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]
[[Category:2023 AFC Asian Cup players]]

Mizo Revival of 1919

2026-04-19T16:36:53Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating Basic Info Basic Info

{{short description|1919 Christian Revival in Mizoram}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}

The '''Mizo Revival of 1919''' was a [[Christian Revivalism]] movement in the [[British Lushai Hills|Lushai Hills]] ([[Mizoram]]) among the [[Mizo people]]. The revival centred around the theme of Jesus's suffering during the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|Crucifixion]]. It was notable for the use of drums during the congregations and the proliferation of new denominations such as the [[Salvation Army]] and the [[Roman Catholic Church]].

==Background==
A revival was predicted by many who saw the conditions needed being fulfilled. Margaret Sandy, wife of Fred Sandy, stated that villages were encouraging and praying for revivals. Liangkhaia himself established the {{lang|lus|Kristian Beihram Pawl}} ({{translation|Christian Endeavour}}).{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=236}} The group had taken on a duty of conversions in 1918 at a Presbetery in Champhai. The group was mobilised for Christians to convert non-Christians. Since 10% of the Mizo population was Christian, the resolution stated that one person convert at least one person annually to make Mizoram completely Christian in ten years. In June 1918, 344 individuals were converted successfully.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=237}}

==Revival==
The Mizo Revival of 1919 began in three villages simultaneously on 26 July 1919 of Zotlang and Thingsai in the South, and Nisapui in the North. Despite the long distance between Nisapui and the other villages, the simultaneous burst of revival was described as a peculiar coincidence with striking similarities.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=191}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=236}}

The movement spread not only in Mizoram but spilled into [[Hill Tipperah]] and [[Kingdom of Manipur]]. The themes of the Revival centred around the Suffering of Christ on the Cross and the love of God for mankind. The revival oversaw lovefests with singing and dancing.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=191}}

At Nisapui, a three-page article was published by Rela in {{lang|lus|Kristian Tlangau}} September issue. For the Church elders to stimulate a revival, they had offered contribution of vegetables, cottage meetings and relieving volunteers for itinerant preaching. On 26 July 1919, four young women praying in a house experienced the stirring and watched the whole night.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=237}} Sunday evening the stirring increased and different physical manifestations of faith were expressed by the delegates. After a week, several neighbouring villages joined from Khumi Khua (lungdai), Tawia Veng and Lianruma Veng (Thingkhuang).{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=238}}

After several days of religious revival in Nisapui, a large crowd gathered and made a visit to the neighbouring village of Lungdai. The Christians of Lungdai received the revival left to Durtlang.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=191}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=238}} The Christians in Durtlang left for Mission Veng in Aizawl on 25 August led by the Christian Chief Suaka, where in total 4000 people converted from [[Mizo animism]] to Christianity.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=192}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=239}} Following this, the whole of Mizoram was penetrated by the stirring after the spread from Mission Veng.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=240}}

Lloyd argues the role of the drums during hymns and dance as a potent instrument, with some critics seeing it as displacing prayer, scripture and preaching by controlling the energy of the followers. [[Lalsawma]] argues that dancing representing the receiving of the Holy Spirit.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=192}} After the meetings were finished, individuals would ask {{lang|lus|I lâm em?}} ({{translation|Did you dance?}}), which was a question alluding to whether they felt the spirit or not. Lalsawma argued that dancing was proof that an individual had received Christ as their faith.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=193}}

In the south, Zotlang village had prayed for revivals since the beginning of 1919 on every Sunday. After the Zotlang Church visited the Lunglawn Church, they returned to hold their meeting on 26 July and began the revival when reciting the hymn "I'm not ashamed to own my Lord". The meeting continued all day and night until Monday morning.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=240}} The revival spread to Pukpui with exchange visits for the revival fellowship. Following Pukpui, Theiriat was the next Christian village to be affected. The stirring that Thingsai was too intense for any details of the event to be accurately recorded apart from the fact it happened as the same hour and day as the other two sources of the revival and similar to the others in the beginning.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=241}}

F.J. Sandy described the Presbytery of 1919 as the most wonderful he had experienced. Hundreds of people tried to enter the Aizawl chapel. The Church structure was reconfigured with new elders.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=197}} Church reports outlined significant numbers of new converts, such as South Mizoram, growing from 3760 before the revival to 9000.{{sfn|Lloyd|1991|p=198}}

Several authors argue that the theme of the 1919 Revival centred upon the suffering of Christ on the Cross. Margaret Sandy recounts the words of preachers alluding to the topic of crucifixion. Lloyd and Lalsawma simiarlary agree on the Cross as the focus of the revival.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=241}}

==Salvation Army==
Kawlkhuma was an associate of Tlira, who had been excommunicated due to forming his own movement ([[Mizo Revival of 1913#Religious Autonomy Movement|Tlira Movement]]). Kawlkhuma was called to the presbytery where he dnied subscription to Tlira's teachings. Kawlkhuma was warned and was told to retract his schemes or else his Church Committee will be dismissed from Mission Veng Church. Kawlkhuma continued to attempt to preach and made sermons during Church meetings as well.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=245}}

Kawlkhuma created a visible representation of his faith with a uniform for "God's Obeyers". No worldly ornaments such as bangles, earrings, necklaces, tobacco or alcohol were permitted. Kawlkhuma attempted to find a separate village for "God's Obeyers". They were introduced to the Salvation Army and were lent two publications which encouraged them to merge with them. Kawlkhuma was financed by a former Church member, Vanhlira, and went to Shimla to meet with the Salvation Army. Kawlkhuma was placed in an officer-training course at Byculla in Bombay at the Salvation Army Training College. Kawlkhuma worked in Uttar Pradesh since Assam was closed to the Salvation Army. With the Commissioner's permission, Kawlkhuma returned to Mizoram.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=246}} He returned on April 26, 1917, when Lushai soldiers were being paraded off to France for [[World War One]] and this was marked as Salvation Army Day in Mizoram.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=247}}

The Church disliked Kawlkhuma's movement hosting cottage and street meetings while boycotting the Church. Margaret Sanders argued Kawlkhuma to be a man of notoriety rather than faithful zeal in Christian ideals. The Church questioned Kawlkhuma to continue his faith and preach but refrain from teaching violating aspects for the Presbyterian faith. Kawlkhuma stated that he intended to start a new Church as he saw the Presbyterians as following heathen ideals of sacrifices and drinking. Kawlkhuma's familyand followers were removed from Mission Veng as a result. Chief Thamluaia of Sawleng granted the Salvation Army land for them to settle on. A hall was built and Kawlkhuma's financier Vanhlira brought drums.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=247}} The Kawlkhuma during the revival period gradually became a denominal identity than a revival identity. Its number increased and cost membership in the Presbyterian Church. To reduce his influence during the revival, the Presbterian Church only allowed the Baptists to freely preach and for any other denomination to take express permission first.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=248}}

The Salvation Army created evangelistic groups and launched a {{lang|lus|Beirual meiling}} ({{translation|fiery campaign}}). In the early twenties these proved successful and the first chief to convert into the Salvation Army was Lalthima of Tlangpui in March 1922. In 1923, the Commission of the Salvation Army gave control to the Welsh Mission and removed Kawlkhuma to Calcutta.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=249}}

==Roman Catholicism==
[[James Dokhuma]] contended that the Roman Catholic Church emerged in the revival of 1919, while authors such as Saiaithanga disagree and attribute it to the prevalence of Catholic literature discontentment with the Mission Church. When visiting Aichhunga in upper Shillong, Saiaithanga and his student met a Khasi Catholic and received two texts, which he presented to Aichhunga.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=250}} The Khasi Gentleman was a farm manager known as Leo Herrick Singh.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=207}} Aichhunga's cousin, Thangphunga and his friends Lianchheuva, Laldailova, Chalchhuna, Lenga, Laltura and Chhunruma planned to introduce Catholicism to Mizoram following the reading of the texts. They requested a Catholic Bishop in Shillong to send a priest to Aizawl. The Roman Catholic Church took advantage of the Revival to draw attention and grow their followers.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=250}}{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=207}} Thangphunga and his friends officially started the Catholic Church in Mizoram on 1 February 1925 with 22 Catholics.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=208}} In 1925 the first Catholic Missionary Fr. Philease Bouley came to Mizoram and stayed in Aizawl for one week with military escort under the Superintendent.{{sfn|Sangkima|2004|p=209}}{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=251}} Lorrain noted the issue of introducing several denominations to Mizoram for disorder and thus supported the superintendent's decision. Boulay baptised Mary Teresa Biakthangi (Lenga's daughter) and Jacob Francis Laldailova (Thangphunga's son) on 6 December 1925.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=251}}

Thangphunga, Bula Tochhawng, Chawnga Hmar, Lianchheuva, Chalchhuna and Laltura took courses in Chittagong and returned as Catchechists in March 1926. The first chief to join the Roman Catholics was Saitulera Ralte of Kawnpui.{{sfn|Vanlalchhuanawma|2007|p=251}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==

*{{cite book |first=J. Meirion |last=Lloyd |title=History of the Church in Mizoram: Harvest in the Hills |year= 1991 |pages=17–23| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=BkgFAQAAIAAJ| publisher= Synod Publication Board}}
*{{cite book |last=Sangkima|date=2004 |title=Essays on the History of the Mizos |location=Guwahati |publisher=Spectrum Publications|isbn=81-87502-77-0}}
*{{cite book |last=Vanlalchhuanawma |date=2007 |title=Christianity and Subaltern Culture: Revival Movement as a Cultural Response to Westernisation in Mizoram|location=Delhi |publisher=Indian Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |isbn=978-81-7214-901-7}}

[[Category:Christian revivals in Lushai Hills district]]
[[Category:1919 in British India]]
[[Category:1919 in Christianity]]

Banwari Lal Verma

2026-04-18T23:09:15Z

Bishnoiseries: done.

{{short description|Indian politician (born 1961)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Banwari Lal Verma (Lodhi)
| image = B. L. Verma with PM Modi 2021 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2021
| office = [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution|Union Minister of State for Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution]]
| term_start = 10 June 2024
| minister = [[Pralhad Joshi]]
| office1 = [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment|Union Minister of State for Social Justice & Empowerment]]
| term_start1 = 10 June 2024
| minister1 = [[Virendra Kumar Khatik]]
| office2 = [[Ministry of Development of North Eastern Region|Union Minister of State for Development of North Eastern Region]]
| term_start2 = 7 July 2021
| term_end2 = 9 June 2024
| minister2 = [[G. Kishan Reddy]]
| office3 = [[Ministry of Co-operation|Union Minister of State for Cooperation]]
| term_start3 = 7 July 2021
| term_end3 = 9 June 2024
| minister3 = [[Amit Shah]]
| office4 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start4 = 26 November 2020
| predecessor4 = [[Veer Singh (politician)|Veer Singh]]
| constituency4 = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1961|08|07}}
| birth_place = [[Ujhani]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| party = [[File:BJP Flag.svg|25px]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Shanti Devi Verma|1975}}
| children = 3 (1 son & 2 daughters)
| father = Panna Lal Verma
| mother = Bhagya Wati Devi
| education = [[Master of Arts]]
| alma_mater = [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya]]
}}

'''Banwari Lal Verma''' (born 7 August 1961) is an Indian politician and current [[Minister of State]] in the [[Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment]] and [[Minister of State]] in the [[Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution]] of the [[Government of India]].

==Political career==
Verma started off as a party worker from [[Badaun]]. He holds the charge of state vice-president since 2018. He is a prominent leader among the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] [[Lodhi (caste)|Lodhi]] community in western UP. Verma is a former president of the [[Braj]] region. He is considered as a close-aide former CM [[Kalyan Singh]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/union-min-hardeep-puri-ex-dgp-brij-lalamong-8-bjp-candidates-for-rajya-sabha/articleshow/78881715.cms|title=Uttar Pradesh: Union minister Hardeep Puri, ex-DGP Brij Lal among eight BJP candidates for Rajya Sabha | Lucknow News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=27 October 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/report-rajya-sabha-elections-bjp-makes-its-first-move-to-conquer-up-in-2022-know-how-2852589|title=Rajya Sabha Elections: BJP makes its first move to conquer UP in 2022; here's how|date=27 October 2020|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url= https://pledgetimes.com/in-the-rajya-sabha-elections-bjp-gave-loyalty-reward-kalyan-singhs-recommendation-and-relationship-with-rss-also-worked/|title= In the Rajya Sabha elections, BJP gave loyalty reward, Kalyan Singh's recommendation and relationship with RSS also worked|website= Pledge Times.}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

He also holds the post of chairman of UP State Construction Development Corporation Limited (UP Samaj Kalyan Nirman Nigam) which has the same status as of a Minister of State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/badaun-state-minister-bl-verma-welcome-badaun-uttar-pradesh-17917903.html|title=कार्यभार ग्रहण कर लौटे बीएल वर्मा का जोरदार स्वागत|website=Dainik Jagran}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/bareily/story-bl-verma-nominated-up-construction-infrastructure-development-corporation-chairman-1937108.html|title=बीएल वर्मा बने यूपी कंस्ट्रक्शन इंफ्रास्ट्रक्चर डेवलपमेंट कारपोरेशन चेयरमैन|website=Hindustan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/1-rank-1-post-hot-topic-as-up-bjp-plans-new-team/articleshow/76441244.cms|title='1 rank 1 post' hot topic as UP BJP plans new team | Lucknow News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=18 June 2020 }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Third Modi ministry]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, B. L.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1961 births]]

{{UttarPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Saran Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-18T00:46:18Z

Bishnoiseries:

{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Saran
| state = [[Bihar]]
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| incumbent_image = File:The Minister of State for Skill Development & Entrepreneurship (Independent Charge) and Parliamentary Affairs, Shri Rajiv Pratap Rudy addressing at the National Conference on Urban Poverty Alleviation, in New Delhi.jpg
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| preceded_by = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]],[[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|20px]] {{Party index link|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
}}
'''Saran''' is one of the 40 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]] state in eastern [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/nitish-kumar-lalu-prasad-sharad-yadav-ram-vilas-paswan-safe-in-their-lairs/story-gR49lYK0dXRG5YjJYyvcWK.html|title=safe in their lairs?|date=12 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.electionsinindia.com/bihar/saran/electiondata.aspx|title = Forthcoming State Assembly Elections Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Uttarakhand, Manipur and Goa - 2022}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 2008 as a part of the implementation of [[Electoral boundary delimitation|delimitation]] of parliamentary constituencies based on the recommendations of the [[Delimitation Commission of India]] constituted in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/it-is-a-clash-of-stylish-titans-in-bihars-saran-as-rajiv-rudy-chandrika-rai-give-classy-twist-to-ls-battle-2126485.html|title=It is a Clash of 'Stylish' Titans in Bihar's Saran as Rajiv Rudy, Chandrika Rai Give Classy Twist to LS Battle|date=3 May 2019}}</ref> Before delimitation, it was [[Chapra (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 75
| value2 = 25
| label1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|'''BJP''' (3 times)]]
| label2 = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|'''RJD''' (1 time)]]
| color1 = {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| color2 = {{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Saran Lok Sabha constituency|Saran Lok Sabha]]
}}

==Vidhan Sabha segments==
Presently, Saran Lok Sabha constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:

{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"| Party
!colspan="2"| 2024 lead
|-
|117
|[[Marhaura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Marhaura]]
|rowspan="6"| [[Saran district|Saran]]
|[[Jitendra Kumar Rai|Jitendra Rai]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|118
|[[Chapra, Saran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chapra]]
|[[Chhoti Kumari]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|119
|[[Garkha (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Garkha]] (SC)
|[[Surendra Ram]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|120
|[[Amnour (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Amnour]]
|[[Krishna Kumar Mantoo]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|121
|[[Parsa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Parsa]]
|[[Karishma Rai]]
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|{{Party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|122
|[[Sonpur Assembly constituency|Sonpur]]
|[[Vinay Kumar Singh]]
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|}
{{noteslist}}

==Members of Lok Sabha==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''Until 2008 : See [[Chapra Lok Sabha constituency|Chapra]]''}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Saran district|Saran]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|votes = 2,74,209
|percentage = 47.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|votes = 2,22,394
|percentage = 38.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Salim Parwez
|votes = 45,027
|percentage = 7.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Sheo Das Singh
|votes = 9,798
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 51,815
|percentage = 8.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,80,829
|percentage = 48.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General Elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Saran district|Saran]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/33%20-%20Constituency%20wise%20detailed%20result.pdf | title=General Election of India 2014, Constituencywise detail result|publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2015-09-23 |page=65}}</ref><ref name=web-arch-turnout>{{cite web|title=Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |publisher=ECI New Delhi |access-date=2015-09-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606003137/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm |archive-date=June 6, 2014 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|votes = 3,55,120
|percentage = 41.12
|change = +2.83
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Rabri Devi]]
|votes = 3,14,172
|percentage = 36.38
|change = -10.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Saleem Perwez
|votes = 1,07,008
|percentage = 12.39
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bal Mukund Chauhan
|votes = 15,500
|percentage = 1.79
|change = -5.96
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 19,163
|percentage = 2.22
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 40,948
|percentage = 4.74
|change = -4.18
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,63,254
|percentage = 56.10
|change = +7.33
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Saran district|Saran]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]
|votes = 4,99,342
|percentage = 51.29
|change = +10.17}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|candidate=[[Chandrika Roy]]|votes=3,60,913|percentage=38.28|change=+1.9}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=None of the above|votes=28,267|percentage=3.00|change=+0.78}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,38,429|percentage=14.70|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,43,615|percentage=56.60|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Saran district|Saran]]<ref>{{cite web|url= https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS0420.htm|website=Election Commission of India|title=Result 2024|accessdate=5 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls">{{cite news|last1=The Economic Times|title=Bullish Wins & Bearish Losses: Here are the key contests and results of 2024 Lok Sabha polls|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=27 July 2024|date=6 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240727153249/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/bullish-wins-bearish-losses-here-are-the-key-contests-of-2024-lok-sabha-results/articleshow/110713130.cms?from=mdr|archivedate=27 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=4,71,752|percentage=46.18|change={{decrease}}5.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Rohini Acharya]]|party=Rashtriya Janata Dal|votes=4,58,091|percentage=44.84|change={{increase}}6.56}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=11,417|percentage=1.11|change={{decrease}}1.89}}
{{Election box majority||votes=13,661|percentage=1.34|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,22,613|percentage=56.79|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner=BJP
|swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Saran district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Pataliputra (Lok Sabha constituency)]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Saran Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coords|25.9|84.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Saran district]]

Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:38:28Z

Bishnoiseries: created.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}
{{for|the constituency in Punjab|Adampur, Punjab Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Adampur
| type = SLA
| map_caption =
| mla = [[Chander Parkash (politician)|Chander Parkash]]
| party =[[Indian National Congress]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Hisar district|Hisar]]
| reservation = None
| latest_election_year = 2024
| constituency_no = 47
| electors = 1,78,492
| map_image = Adampur, Haryana Assembly constituency map.svg
}}
'''Adampur Assembly constituency''' in [[Hisar district]] is one of the 90 constituencies of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly]] in [[Haryana]] state in northern [[India]].<ref name=ceo1>{{cite web |url=http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |title=Haryana Vidhan Sabha constituencies |access-date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024160419/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/?module=pages&pageid=75 |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is one of the nine assembly segments which make up [[Hisar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hisar Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Assembly==
{|class ="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adampur Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/adampur.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan=2| Party
|-
|[[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Ch. Hari Singh Mohil
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
|rowspan=4 |[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
|[[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|-
|[[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|Jasma Devi
|-
|[[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|rowspan=2 | [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|-
|1998^
|[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|2008^
|{{Full party name with color|Haryana Janhit Congress (BL)|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|-
|2011^<ref name="Congress wins Ratia; Haryana Janhit Congress retains Adampur seat">{{cite news |last1=NDTV |date=4 December 2011 |title=Congress wins Ratia; Haryana Janhit Congress retains Adampur seat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-wins-ratia-haryana-janhit-congress-retains-adampur-seat-566728 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114081851/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/congress-wins-ratia-haryana-janhit-congress-retains-adampur-seat-566728 |archivedate=14 November 2024 |accessdate=14 November 2024}}</ref>
|[[Renuka Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
|rowspan=2 | [[Kuldeep Bishnoi]]
|-
|[[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|2022^
|[[Bhavya Bishnoi (politician)|Bhavya Bishnoi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|[[Chander Prakash Jangra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Chander Parkash (politician)|Chander Parkash]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,371 |percentage=48.17% |change={{increase}}8.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhavya Bishnoi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,103 |percentage=47.24% |change={{decrease}}4.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randeep Choudaryvas |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,869 |percentage=1.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupender Beniwal |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,814 |percentage=1.34% |change={{decrease}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Krishan Gangwa Parjapati |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,297 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=390 |percentage=0.29% |change={{increase}}0.11 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,268 |percentage=0.93% |change= {{decrease}}11.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,35,697 |percentage=75.96% |change= {{decrease}}0.19 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,78,492 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.80 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}3.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly By-election 2022 ===
[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] resigned from the assembly seat in August 2022 and joined BJP. As a result, a by-poll was necessitated.<ref name=msn>{{cite web |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/kuldeep-bishnoi-resigns-from-haryana-assembly-to-join-bjp-tomorrow/ar-AA10gxL4 |title=Kuldeep Bishnoi resigns from Haryana Assembly, to join BJP tomorrow |date=3 August 2022 |access-date= 4 August 2022}}</ref>
<section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/>
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 elections in India#Haryana|2022 Haryana Legislative Assembly by-election]]: Adampur<ref name="TRS wins Mungode, BJP bags Adampur">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |first1= |title=TRS wins Mungode, BJP bags Adampur |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypoll-tally-bjp-records-big-win-with-four-seats/article66104561.ece |access-date=7 November 2022 |date=6 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107121639/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assembly-bypoll-tally-bjp-records-big-win-with-four-seats/article66104561.ece |archive-date=7 November 2022 |language=en-IN}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhavya Bishnoi (politician)|Bhavya Bishnoi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=67,492 |percentage=51.50% |change={{increase}}23.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jai Parkash]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=51,752 |percentage=39.49% |change={{decrease}}12.21 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kurda Ram Nambardar |party=Indian National Lok Dal|votes=5,248 |percentage=4.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satinder Singh Neoli |party=Aam Aadmi Party
|votes=3,420 |percentage=2.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=236 |percentage=0.18% |change={{decrease}}0.35 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,740 |percentage=12.01% |change= {{decrease}}11.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,31,065 |percentage=76.29% |change= {{increase}}0.43 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,72,117 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.77 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}0.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=63,693 |percentage=51.70% |change={{increase}}43.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sonali Phogat]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=34,222 |percentage=27.78% |change={{increase}}20.88 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Kumar |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=15,457 |percentage=12.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=2,088 |percentage=1.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Godara |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,994 |percentage=1.62% |change={{decrease}}31.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satvir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,988 |percentage=1.61% |change={{increase}}0.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sanjay |party=Independent politician |votes=1,414 |percentage=1.15% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=649 |percentage=0.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=29,471 |percentage=23.92% |change= {{increase}}9.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,23,208 |percentage=75.72% |change= {{decrease}}2.57 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,720 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |swing= {{increase}}4.64 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=56,757 |percentage=47.06% |change={{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulveer Singh Beniwal |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=39,508 |percentage=32.75% |change={{increase}}24.52 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satinder Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,209 |percentage=8.46% |change={{decrease}}31.58 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Singh Ranolia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,319 |percentage=6.90% |change={{increase}}5.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Subhash Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=1,527 |percentage=1.27% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satbir Chhimpa |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,167 |percentage=0.97% |change={{decrease}}1.81 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harpal Nokhwal |party=Independent politician |votes=647 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulwant Singh |party=Republican Backward Congress |votes=646 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,249 |percentage=14.30% |change= {{increase}}8.59 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,20,617 |percentage=78.29% |change= {{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,54,074 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |loser=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |swing= {{increase}}1.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Kuldeep Bishnoi]] |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=48,224 |percentage=45.75% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Prakash |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,209 |percentage=40.04% |change={{decrease}}37.87 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Godara |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=8,676 |percentage=8.23% |change={{decrease}}6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,930 |percentage=2.78% |change={{increase}}0.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kharia |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,210 |percentage=1.15% |change={{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Santlal |party=Independent politician |votes=938 |percentage=0.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,015 |percentage=5.71% |change= {{decrease}}57.97 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,05,409 |percentage=81.22% |change= {{increase}}2.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,29,790 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}8.01 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}32.16 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=86,963 |percentage=77.91% |change={{increase}}8.04 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Godara |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=15,882 |percentage=14.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalbir Dhiranwas |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,573 |percentage=4.10% |change={{decrease}}14.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=2,559 |percentage=2.29% |change={{increase}}1.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=71,081 |percentage=63.68% |change= {{increase}}12.74 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,620 |percentage=79.11% |change= {{increase}}5.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,41,094 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.04 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=63,174 |percentage=69.87% |change={{increase}}54.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ganeshi Lal |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,117 |percentage=18.93% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kurra |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=3,416 |percentage=3.78% |change={{decrease}}28.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bir Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=2,642 |percentage=2.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajender |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,062 |percentage=1.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hawa Singh S/O Gugan Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=720 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vikas |party=Independent politician |votes=647 |percentage=0.72% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=597 |percentage=0.66% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=46,057 |percentage=50.94% |change= {{increase}}43.81 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=90,415 |percentage=73.98% |change= {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,22,326 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}7.86 }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= {{increase}}30.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=54,140 |percentage=57.15% |change={{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=34,133 |percentage=36.03% |change={{increase}}28.35 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurmesh |party=Samata Party |votes=3,581 |percentage=3.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kanshi Ram |party=Janhit Morcha |votes=569 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,007 |percentage=21.12% |change= {{decrease}}22.02 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=94,736 |percentage=79.66% |change= {{increase}}6.55 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,21,945 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.44 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhajan Lal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=48,117 |percentage=65.70% |change={{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=16,521 |percentage=22.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=5,622 |percentage=7.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sher Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,038 |percentage=1.42% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=934 |percentage=1.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=31,596 |percentage=43.14% |change= {{increase}}30.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,243 |percentage=72.74% |change= {{decrease}}4.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,960 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.15 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}10.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jasma Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=41,152 |percentage=55.08% |change={{decrease}}12.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Pal Singh |party=Lokdal |votes=31,880 |percentage=42.67% |change={{increase}}14.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramji Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=452 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,272 |percentage=12.41% |change= {{decrease}}27.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=74,714 |percentage=77.17% |change= {{decrease}}1.06 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 98,853 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.12 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=42,227 |percentage=68.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nar Singh Bishnoi |party=Lokdal |votes=17,515 |percentage=28.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Duni Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=710 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Narain Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=593 |percentage=0.96% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Chhaju Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=513 |percentage=0.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,712 |percentage=39.83% |change= {{decrease}}2.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=62,040 |percentage=77.89% |change= {{increase}}5.10 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,950 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.44 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}0.18 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] |party=Janata Party |votes=33,193 |percentage=67.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohar Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=12,390 |percentage=25.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Madan Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,703 |percentage=3.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=721 |percentage=1.47% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suraj Bhan |party=Independent politician |votes=659 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=20,803 |percentage=42.55% |change= {{increase}}19.61 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=48,893 |percentage=72.21% |change= {{decrease}}5.88 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,346 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.72 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}7.35 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=28,928 |percentage=60.54% |change={{increase}}1.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devi Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=17,967 |percentage=37.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Net Ram |party=Samyukta Socialist Party |votes=892 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,961 |percentage=22.94% |change= {{decrease}}2.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,787 |percentage=79.18% |change= {{increase}}7.46 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 61,728 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.87 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1972-election-results.html/|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1972|website=Elections in India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Bhajan Lal Bishnoi|Bhajan Lal]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=23,723 |percentage=59.26% |change={{increase}}58.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balraj Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=13,679 |percentage=34.17% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Net Ram |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=2,080 |percentage=5.20% |change={{increase}}5.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=547 |percentage=1.37% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=10,044 |percentage=25.09% |change= {{increase}}24.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,029 |percentage=71.63% |change= {{decrease}}1.92 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,223 |ref = |change= {{increase}}5.30 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.86 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Adampur<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1967|website=Elections in India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=H. Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,955 |percentage=43.41% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=16,704 |percentage=42.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Net Ram |party=Sanghata Socialist Party |votes=2,172 |percentage=5.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Bhan |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,040 |percentage=5.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=529 |percentage=1.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shankar |party=Independent politician |votes=238 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=221 |percentage=0.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Sain |party=Independent politician |votes=200 |percentage=0.51% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=251 |percentage=0.64% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=39,059 |percentage=74.34% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,341 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Hisar district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://ceoharyana.nic.in Chief Election Officer, Haryana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813091833/http://ceoharyana.nic.in/ |date=13 August 2011 }}

{{Haryana constituencies}}
{{Hisar district topics}}
{{coord|29.28|75.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Hisar district]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Vijay Kumar Mandal

2026-04-13T22:27:11Z

Bishnoiseries: Made Some Biography With Sources

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| office = Minister of Disaster Management [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 16 March 2025
| term_end = 6 October 2025
| successor = [[Narayan Prasad]]
| predecessor = [[Hari Narayan Pramanik]]
| office1 = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 2015
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Anandi Prasad Yadav
| constituency1 = [[Sikti Assembly constituency|Sikti]]
| term_start2 = 2009
| term_end2 = 2010
| predecessor2 = [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
| successor2 = Zakir Hussain Khan
| constituency2 = [[Araria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
| term_start3 = 1995
| term_end3 = 2005
| predecessor3 = Vinod Kumar Roy
| successor3 = [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]]
| constituency3 = [[Araria (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Araria]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1965|01|01|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/|title=BIHAR VIDHAN SABHA|website=Vidhansabha.bih.nic.in|access-date=20 February 2022}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''Vijay Kumar Mandal''' (born 1 January 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar|Bihar]]. He is a five time Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Bihar|Bharatiya Janata Party]].

== Early life and education ==
Mandal is from [[Araria]], Araria district, Bihar. His father Nandkeshwar Mandal is a farmer. He completed his Class 10 at Government High School, Araria in 1984.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Mandal first won from [[Araria Assembly constituency]] representing the Bhartiya Pragatisheel Party in the [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 112,284 votes and won the seat with a vote share of 63.4 per cent.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC: Bihar [1947 - 1999] 1995 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha/1995/bihar-%5B1947---1999%5D/122/2 |access-date=2024-10-07 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref> He retained the seat as an independent in the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].

Later, he won from [[Sikti Assembly constituency]] representing [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ticket in the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 election]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vijay Kumar Mandal(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SIKTI(ARARIA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=3472|access-date=|website=myneta.info}}</ref> as well as [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 election]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Sikti election results LIVE: Vijay Kumar Mandal of BJP wins|url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/india/sikti-election-results-live-vijay-kumar-mandal-of-bjp-leads-in-initial-trends-7446291.htm|access-date=|website=cnbctv18.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikti Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sikti.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref> In between, he won the 2009 by election representing [[Lok Janshakti Party]] as the seat fell vacant following the election of the then sitting MLA [[Pradeep Kumar Singh]] to [[Araria (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Araria Election and Results 2020, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/araria.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandal, Vijay Kumar}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1995–2000]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Mass Jathara

2026-04-06T07:28:43Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating The Details V1 - done

{{Short description|2025 Indian action comedy film by Bhanu Bogavarapu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mass Jathara
| image = Mass Jathara poster.jpeg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Bhanu Bogavarapu
| writer = Bhanu Bogavarapu
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = {{Ubl |Nandu Savirigana}}
}}
| producer = Naga Vamsi Sai Sowjanya
| starring = [[Ravi Teja]] [[Sreeleela]] [[Naveen Chandra]]
| cinematography = [[Vidhu Ayyanna]]
| editing = [[Naveen Nooli]]
| music = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| studio = [[S. Radha Krishna#Sithara Entertainments|Sithara Entertainments]] Fortune Four Cinemas Srikara Studios
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2025|10|31|df=yes}}
| runtime = 160 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tatiparthi |first=Charishma |date=27 October 2025 |title=Ravi Teja Mass Jathara: Censor Report To Pre-Release Event |url=https://english.bigtvlive.com/tollywood/ravi-teja-mass-jathara-censor-report-to-pre-release-event-all-you-need/ |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Bigtvlive English |language=en}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross = ₹22.50 crore<ref>{{cite web |title=Raviteja Mass Jathara Movie Total WW Collections!! |url=https://t2blive.com/raviteja-mass-jathara-movie-total-ww-collections/ |website=T2BLive |language=en |date=3 March 2026|access-date=5 March 2026}}</ref>
}}

'''''Mass Jathara''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Telugu-language|Telugu]]-language [[action comedy film|action comedy]] film written and directed by Bhanu Bogavarapu in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Ravi Teja]] and [[Sreeleela]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-11 |title='Mass Jathara' teaser: Ravi Teja shines as a stylish railway cop; Sreeleela adds charm |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mass-jathara-teaser-ravi-teja-shines-as-a-stylish-railway-cop-sreeleela-adds-charm/articleshow/123231027.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> It was jointly produced by Sithara Entertainments, Fortune Four Cinemas, and Srikara Studios. The technical team consisted of music composer [[Bheems Ceciroleo]], cinematographer [[Vidhu Ayyanna]], and editor [[Naveen Nooli]].

It was theatrically released on 31 October 2025 and received negative reviews from critics and emerged as a box office failure.

== Plot ==
{{Expand section|November 2025|date=December 2025}}
Laxman Bheri (Ravi Teja) is an honest railway policeman. When injustice happens in front of his eyes, he tries to take it under his control even if it is not within his jurisdiction and do justice. In this process, while working in Warangal, he gives a minister's son a piece of advice in his own style. After that, he is transferred to Adivivaram railway station in Alluri district. Sivudu (Naveen Chandra) rules the tribal area between the hills. He grows Sheelavathi type of ganja with the farmers in the surrounding areas and smuggles it to Kolkata. As soon as Laxman steps into that village, he starts going against Shiva. Starting as a district SP, how an ordinary railway SI can stop Sivudu who has support of the entire political establishment and how he can overthrow his marijuana empire makes the rest of the story.

== Cast ==
{{castlist|
* [[Ravi Teja]] as Lakshman Bheri
* [[Sreeleela]] as Tulasi
* [[Naveen Chandra]] as Sivudu
* [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] as Hanuman Bheri, Lakshman's grandfather
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Dharmaraju, Tulasi's father
* Taarak Ponnappa as Patro
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Sivudu's aide Sannasi Naidu
* [[Hyper Aadi]] as Sivudu's aide Paidiraju
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Patro's assistant
* [[Murali Sharma]] as SI Kandukuri Phanendra
* Navya Swamy as Ganga
* K. N. Murali Mohan
* Hemanth
* Sameer
* [[Chammak Chandra]] as Tulasi Das
* Nandagopal MK as Kodanda Ram
* Pandu
* Anand
* [[Himaja]]
* [[Sudharshan]]
* Kadambari Kiran as Devi Priya
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]] as Subramanyam "Subbu", Lakshman’s assistant
* Racha Ravi
* Jabardasth Emmanuel
* Srinivas Raju
* Sammeta Gandhi
* Manik Reddy as Murthy
* Nithin Prasanna as Madhanmohan alias Ranga
* Lakshman Tekumudi as Sivudu’s aide
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Narsing Goud
* [[Sharath Lohithaswa]] as SP in Warangal District
* [[Ajay Rathnam]] as SP Devadas
* [[Priyanka Jawalkar]] as Swathi (Cameo Apperance)
* [[Raj Madiraju]]
* Killi Kranthi Kumar
* Surabhi Prabhavathi
* [[Rupa Lakshmi]]
* [[Samuthirakani]] as B. Ajith Narayana
* Nitish Nirmal as Friend
* Sri Kumari as Rukku
* Bharani Shankar as G. Vishnu
}}

== Production ==

=== Development ===
In early-April 2024, Sithara Entertainments announced their next project with [[Ravi Teja]], tentatively titled, ''RT 75'' marking his 75th film in the lead role directed by writer Bhanu Bhogavarapu in his directorial debut,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-09 |title=RT75: Ravi Teja teams up with Bhanu Bhogavarapu for his next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rt75-ravi-teja-teams-up-with-bhanu-bhogavarapu-for-his-next/articleshow/109158271.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> who has earlier penned screenplays for ''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]'' (2023) and [[Geethanjali Malli Vachindi|''Geethanjaji Malli Vachindi'']] (2024).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-10-29 |title=Official title of Ravi Teja's next to be announced on this date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/29/official-title-of-ravi-tejas-next-to-be-announced-on-this-date |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213193607/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/29/official-title-of-ravi-tejas-next-to-be-announced-on-this-date |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is jointly produced by Sithara Entertainments in association with Fortune Four Cinemas and Srikara Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-09 |title=Ravi Teja's next film announced with Sithara Entertainments |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/09/ravi-tejas-next-film-announced-with-sithara-entertainments |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=23 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240623180105/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Apr/09/ravi-tejas-next-film-announced-with-sithara-entertainments |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sreeleela]] was announced to reunite with Ravi Teja after [[Dhamaka (2022 film)|''Dhamaka'']] (2022) directed by [[Trinadha Rao Nakkina]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-28 |title='Mass Jathara' trailer: Ravi Teja turns railway cop; Fans call it 'Dhamaka + crack' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mass-jathara-trailer-ravi-teja-turns-railway-cop-fans-call-it-dhamaka-crack/articleshow/124861404.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> ''South First'' reported that the film might get titled ''Kohinoor'', with Ravi Teja playing the role of Lakshman Bheri in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-11 |title='RT 75' to be titled 'Kohinoor' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/rt-75-to-be-titled-kohinoor/articleshow/112441140.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 30 October 2024, the film's title, ''Mass Jathara'' was announced.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 November 2024 |title=Ravi Teja's 'RT 75', co-starring Sreeleela, titled 'Mass Jathara' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ravi-tejas-rt-75-co-starring-sreeleela-titled-mass-jathara/article68818743.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 May 2025 |archive-date=15 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415050749/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ravi-tejas-rt-75-co-starring-sreeleela-titled-mass-jathara/article68818743.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The technical team consists of [[Bheems Ceciroleo]] as its music composer, [[Vidhu Ayyanna]] as its cinematographer, and Nagendra Tangala as its production designer, Nandu Savirigana as its dialogue writer and [[Naveen Nooli]] as its editor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-06-11 |title=Ravi Teja-Sreeleela starrer RT75 launched with puja ceremony |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/11/ravi-teja-sreeleela-starrer-rt75-launched-with-puja-ceremony |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421234855/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Jun/11/ravi-teja-sreeleela-starrer-rt75-launched-with-puja-ceremony |url-status=live }}</ref> The film stars [[Naveen Chandra]] as the antagonist and [[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]] playing the role of Ravi Teja's grandfather.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-28 |title=Mass Jathara trailer: Ravi Teja turns on action mode in commercial entertainer |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mass-jathara-trailer-release-ravi-teja-action-comedy-october-31-2809304-2025-10-28 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
Following a formal puja, the [[principal photography]] began on 11 June 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Ravi Teja-Sreeleela's RT 75 Goes On Floors With Puja Ceremony In Hyderabad |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/ravi-teja-sreeleelas-rt-75-goes-on-floors-with-puja-ceremony-in-hyderabad-8930159.html |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=[[News 18]]}}</ref> in [[Hyderabad]] in the presence of the crew and cast.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-11 |title=Ravi Teja starrer 'RT 75' launches with grand 'puja' ceremony in Hyderabad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-teja-starrer-rt-75-launches-with-grand-puja-ceremony-in-hyderabad/articleshow/110895866.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=15 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250615071419/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ravi-teja-starrer-rt-75-launches-with-grand-puja-ceremony-in-hyderabad/articleshow/110895866.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During the filming in mid-August 2024, Ravi Teja got injured in his right hand and had to undergo a surgery, followed by a week's rest.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Bhawana |date=2024-08-23 |title=Ravi Teja injured on the sets of RT75, advised six weeks rest |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/ravi-teja-undergoes-surgery-after-injury-on-movie-sets-1818553 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905163643/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/ravi-teja-undergoes-surgery-after-injury-on-movie-sets-1818553 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-23 |title=Ravi Teja injured during filming; undergoes surgery for a muscle tear |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ravi-teja-injured-during-filming-undergoes-surgery-for-a-muscle-tear-101724414917787.html |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906073126/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/ravi-teja-injured-during-filming-undergoes-surgery-for-a-muscle-tear-101724414917787.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mass Jathara
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| year = 2025
| chronology = [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| misc = {{Singles
|name = Mass Jathara
|type = soundtrack
|single1 = Tu Mera Lover
|single1date = 1 April 2025
|single2 = Ole Ole
|single2date = 5 August 2025
|single3 = Hudiyo Hudiyo
|single3date = 8 October 2025
|single4 = Super Duper
|single4date = 22 October 2025
}}
}}

The background score and soundtrack is composed by [[Bheems Ceciroleo]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Ravi Teja's Mass Jathara postponed, new release date awaited |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Aug/26/ravi-tejas-mass-jathara-postponed-new-release-date-awaited |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The audio rights were acquired by [[Aditya Music]]. The first single "Tu Mera Lover" was released on 14 April 2025, with vocals using [[Generative artificial intelligence|AI-generated]] voice of [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-21 |title='Tu Mera Lover' song from Ravi Teja-Sreeleela's 'Mass Jathara' out now |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tu-mera-lover-song-from-ravi-teja-sreeleelas-mass-jathara-out-now/articleshow/120298001.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250704191836/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/tu-mera-lover-song-from-ravi-teja-sreeleelas-mass-jathara-out-now/articleshow/120298001.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The second single "Ole Ole" was released on 5 August 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-08 |title=Mass Jathara team clears the air on 'Ole Ole' song controversy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/08/mass-jathara-team-clears-the-air-on-ole-ole-song-controversy |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> Upon its release, the song faced severe criticism for its offensive language, but the filmmakers clarified that the criticisms were due to misunderstandings only. <ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-10 |title='Ole Ole' song controversy: 'Mass Jathara' team responds; Sreeleela says, 'Those lines are apt' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ole-ole-song-controversy-mass-jathara-team-responds-sreeleela-says-those-lines-are-apt/articleshow/124402814.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=10 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251010063120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/ole-ole-song-controversy-mass-jathara-team-responds-sreeleela-says-those-lines-are-apt/articleshow/124402814.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The third single "Hudiyo Hudiyo" was released on 8 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Devulapally |first=Aditya |date=2025-10-08 |title=Ravi Teja and Sreeleela bring melody and charm in Mass Jathara's 'Hudiyo Hudiyo' |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/08/ravi-teja-and-sreeleela-bring-melody-and-charm-in-mass-jatharas-hudiyo-hudiyo |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The fourth single "Super Duper" was released on 22 October 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mass Jathara {{!}} Song - Super Duper |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/telugu/mass-jathara-song-super-duper/videoshow/124784697.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Tu Mera Lover
| lyrics1 = [[Bhaskarabhatla| Bhaskarabhatla Ravi Kumar]]
| extra1 = [[Chakri (composer)|Chakri]], [[Bheems Ceciroleo]]
| title2 = Ole Ole
| lyrics2 = Bhaskar Yadav Dasari
| extra2 = Bheems Ceciroleo, Rohini Sorrat
| title3 = Hudiyo Hudiyo
| lyrics3 = Dev Pawar
| extra3 = [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]], Bheems Ceciroleo
| title4 = Super Duper
| lyrics4 = Suresh Gangula
| extra4 = Bheems Ceciroleo, Rohini Sorrat, Kasarla Shyam
}}

== Release ==
''Mass Jathara'' was released in theatres on 31 October 2025, clashing with the re-release of [[Baahubali: The Epic|''Baahubali: The Epic'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-01 |title='Mass Jathara' release date: Find out when Ravi Teja and Sreeleela starrer film hits theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mass-jathara-release-date-find-out-when-ravi-teja-and-sreeleela-starrer-film-hits-theatres/articleshow/124262837.cms |access-date=2025-10-28 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=1 October 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001182702/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/mass-jathara-release-date-find-out-when-ravi-teja-and-sreeleela-starrer-film-hits-theatres/articleshow/124262837.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Earlier it was scheduled to release on 9 May 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2024-10-30 |title=RT 75 is now Mass Jathara |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/30/rt-75-is-now-mass-jathara |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en |archive-date=14 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250514211614/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Oct/30/rt-75-is-now-mass-jathara |url-status=live }}</ref> and then for 27 August 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-20 |title=Ravi Teja's Mass Jathara postponed, producer Naga Vamsi addresses online rumours |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/ravi-tejas-mass-jathara-postponed-producer-naga-vamsi-addresses-online-rumours-2774187-2025-08-20 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> but got delayed due to the industry wide strikes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Ravi Teja's Mass Jathara Postponed, New Release Date Still Unknown |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ravi-tejas-mass-jathara-postponed-new-release-date-still-unknown-1899789 |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en |archive-date=10 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910093320/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/ravi-tejas-mass-jathara-postponed-new-release-date-still-unknown-1899789 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
Netflix acquired the post-theatrical digital streaming rights of ''Mass Jathara''. The film was released for streaming on 28 November 2025 in Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mass Jathara OTT Premiere: Ravi Teja's New Movie Scheduled for Online Streaming Starting THIS Date |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/web-series/mass-jathara-ravi-teja-release-date-watch-online-article-153201930 |access-date=2025-11-27 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Mass Jathara'' received mixed-to-negative reviews from critics.

T Maruthi Acharya of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote, "In the end, ‘Mass Jathara’ doesn’t change the course of Telugu cinema, nor does it try to. But it does remind you why Ravi Teja still commands loyalty. His timing, self-awareness, and that unmistakable laugh are all intact. The film may not soar, but it stands firm as a full-on theatre experience".<ref>{{Cite web|date=1 November 2025|title=Mass Jathara review: Old formula, fresh energy, and Ravi Teja back in rhythm|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/mass-jathara-review-old-formula-fresh-energy-and-ravi-teja-back-in-rhythm-2811684-2025-11-01|website=[[India Today]]}}</ref>

Raisa Nasreen of ''[[Times Now]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "Overall, this film brings back Ravi Teja's mass hero avatar, while he puts a strong show in routine battle between good and evil."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-01 |title=Mass Jathara Movie Review: Ravi Teja Returns To Fine Form In This Mass Entertainer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/mass-jathara-movie-review-ravi-teja-sreeleela-returns-to-fine-form-in-this-mass-entertainer-review-153081497 |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Swaroop Kodur of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2/5 stars and wrote "Bhanu Bhogavarapu’s film borrows something small from all ‘mass’ cinema swirling in the air today, only to put together an experience that is as unappealing as it is tedious."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-01 |title=Mass Jathara review: Ravi Teja's film is defiantly outdated |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/mass-jathara-movie-review-ravi-tejas-film-is-defiantly-outdated-10339031/ |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> BH Harsh of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' gave 1.5/5 stars and wrote "Besides a competent Naveen Chandra, there’s not one redeeming element in this done-to-death ‘mass entertainer' that treats its audience with insulting condescension."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harsh |first=B. H. |date=2025-11-01 |title=Mass Jathara Movie Review: One tiring cliche after another |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2025/Nov/01/mass-jathara-movie-review-one-tiring-cliche-after-another |access-date=2025-11-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>

Srivathsan Nadadhur of [[The Hindu|''The Hindu'']] wrote "The stakes are raised, and finally a few sequences reflect flashes of the explosive film that Mass Jathara wants to be. [...] Despite a better second half, Mass Jathara slips into the tired template of action, sentiment, comedy and song. The packaging is lazy and takes the audiences for granted. [...] Mass Jathara is another futile attempt to revitalise Ravi Teja’s career with a throwback to his past glory."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Nadadhur |first=Srivathsan |date=2025-11-01 |title='Mass Jathara' movie review: An in-form Ravi Teja isn't enough to salvage this lazily written, formulaic film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/mass-jathara-movie-review-the-telugu-action-entertainer-stars-ravi-teja-and-sreeleela/article70228610.ece |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|tt32135720}}
[[Category:2025 films]]
[[Category:2025 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]
[[Category:2025 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Bheems Ceciroleo]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language action comedy films]]
[[Category:Films set in Warangal]]
[[Category:Films set in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2025 action comedy films]]

Madan Bauri (Bankura politician)

2026-03-30T02:06:57Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating A Post Initial Version

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Madan Bauri
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1936/37
| birth_place =
| death_date = 16 September 2015
| death_place =
| office1 = Civil Defence State Minister of West Bengal Government
| term_start1 = 1992
| term_end1 = 1995
| office2 = [[Indpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Indpur]]
| term_start2 = 1982
| term_end2 = 1996
| predecessor2 = Binode Behari Maji
| successor2 = Kiriti Bagdi
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| spouse =
| college =
| children =
| alma_mater =
| faculty =
| website =
| source =
}}

'''Madan Bauri''' was an Indian politician belonging to [[All India Trinamool Congress]]. He was elected as a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Indpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Indpur]] in 1982, 1987 and 1991.<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 9 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No | publisher= Election Commission | accessdate = 9 July 2015}}</ref> He also served as Civil Defence State Minister of West Bengal Government from 1992 to 1995.<ref name=a/> He joined [[All India Trinamool Congress]] in 2001.<ref name=a/> He died on 16 September 2015 at the age of 78.<ref name=a>{{cite web| url = https://www.anandabazar.com/district/purulia-birbhum-bankura/প-রয়-ত-র-জ-য-র-প-র-ক-তন-মন-ত-র-1.209260
|title=প্রয়াত রাজ্যের প্রাক্তন মন্ত্রী
|date=17 September 2015|language=bn|website=Anandabazar Patrika|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bauri, Madan}}
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1982–1987]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1987–1991]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of West Bengal]]
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]

Kolkata Inland Port

2026-03-26T17:07:59Z

Bishnoiseries: put up a page

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox port
| name = Kolkata Inland Port
| type = Inland Port
| country = {{IND}}
| image = Hard coke is being loaded on the Bangladesh bound ship at Garden Reach Jetty–2 of the Kolkata IWAI Terminal or Kolkata IWAI Port.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption= Hard coke is being loaded on the [[Bangladesh]] bound ship at Garden Reach Jetty–2 of the Kolkata Inland Port
| berths =3
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle = General Manager
| cargotonnage = 5,79,539.22 metric ton (2022–2023){{sfn|Shajid|2023|p=29}}
| containervolume =
| operated = Summit Alliance Port East Gateway (India)<ref name="Inland"/>
| owner = [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] (IWAI)
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5470633|N|88.3010365|E}}
| location = [[Garden Reach]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]
| opened = {{start date and age|2013|df=yes}}
| size =
| blankdetailstitle1 =
| blankdetails1 =
| draft_depth = {{convert|5|m}}
| blankdetailstitle2 = Water depth
| blankdetails2 =
| revenue = ₹4,01,81,944.29 (2022–2023){{sfn|Shajid|2023|p=184}}
| profit = ₹72,19,755.15 (2022–2023){{sfn|Shajid|2023|p=184}}
}}

'''Kolkata Inland Port''' (officially known as '''Kolkata Terminal'''{{sfn|Shajid|2023|p=28}}) is an [[inland port]].<ref name="Inland">{{cite web |title=Summit Alliance Port Limited (SAPL) |url=https://www.saplbd.com/subsidiaries/ |website=Summit Alliance Port Limited (SAPL) |access-date=12 May 2024 |date=8 June 2017}}</ref> The port is located on the eastern bank of the [[Hooghly River]] in the [[Garden Reach|Garden Reach area]] of [[Kolkata]]. It was developed by [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] (IWAI) in 2013. It has a total area of 10 acres and a river front of {{convert|400|m|ft}} in length. The port consists of three jetties, which are one permanent RCC jetty and two pontoon jetties. The port mainly handles [[barge]]s; the depth of water at the permanent jetty is {{convert|5|m|ft}}.

The port is connected by inland waterways with the inland ports of North India, West Bengal and North East India and neighboring country [[Bangladesh]]. The port mainly transports General Cargo and container Cargo; according to the data for the financial year 2022–23, the port was able to handle 579,539.22 metric tonnes of cargoes.{{sfn|Shajid|2023|p=29}}

== History ==
{{multiple image |perrow=3/3|total_width=360|caption_align=left|image_style=border:none
| align =right
| image2 =The Union Minister for Shipping, Shri G.K. Vasan flagged off the jetties of the first bulk coal movement project through National Waterways, at a function in Kolkata on November 25, 2013.jpg
| caption2 =on 25 November 2013, former Union Minister for Shipping, Shri G.K. Vasan flagged off the jetties of the first bulk coal movement project through National Waterways in Kolkata.
| image1 =The Union Minister for Shipping, Shri G.K. Vasan inaugurating the Transport terminal of the Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI), at Garden Reach Jetty-2, in Kolkata on November 25, 2013.jpg
| caption1 = on 25 November 2013, former Union Minister for Shipping, Shri G.K. Vasan inaugurating the Transport terminal at Garden Reach Jetty-2.
}}
Former Union Shipping Minister [[G. K. Vasan]] inaugurated [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]]'s (IWAI) Garden Reach Jetty 2 of the Kolkata Inland Port at [[Garden Reach]] on 25 November 2013. On this day, the first barge anchored at the port, the coal barge of 2100 DWT (Deadweight tonnage) was flagged off by the Union Shipping Minister and started its journey to [[Farakka]].<ref name="pib1">{{cite web |title=Shipping Minister Launched Inland Waterways Projects at Kolkatta |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=100825 |website=pib.gov.in |publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India Ministry of Shipping |access-date=13 May 2024 |date=25 November 2013}}</ref>

The Kolkata Inland Port or Kolkata terminal was handed over to Indian subsidiary "Summit Alliance Port East Gateway" of the Summit Alliance Port Limited (SAPL)–a Bangladesh based off-dock service provider and inland water container terminal operator–on 30 October 2018 by the [[Inland Waterways Authority of India]] (IWAI), and began commercial operations on 31 October 2018 under a 30-year concession.<ref name="Inland"/>{{sfn|Shajid|2023|pp=28–29}}<ref>{{cite web |title=In its first Public Private Partnership IWAI to hand over Its Kolkata Terminals to a private company on supply, operate, maintain model |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1551063 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>

== Infrastructure ==
=== Jetties ===
Kolkata Inland Port has three riverine jetties, namely BISN Jetty, Garden Reach Jetty 1 and 2. Jetties provide berthing facilities to [[barge]]s or [[Lighter (barge)|lighter vessels]].

BISN Jetty and Garden Reach Jetty 1 are pontoon jetties, these two jetties designed for [[fly ash]] loading; There are also facilities to provide [[Ro-Ro|Ro-Ro services]]. There is infrastructure for loading fly ash into vessels through pipes by diesel compressors. The combined berthing length of the two jetties is {{convert|70|m|ft}}.<ref name="iwai">{{cite web |title=National Waterway – 1 |url=https://iwai.nic.in/sites/default/files/Details%20of%20Terminals%20on%20National%20Waterways.pdf |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref>

Garden Reach Jetty 2 handles general cargoes, besides having container loading and unloading facilities. Dedicated truck parking space is available, used by cargo transport trucks at the jetty. The jetty is a permanent RCC jetty with a berthing length of {{convert|71.25|m|ft}}.<ref name="IWAI1">{{cite web |title=Technical Specifications of the Terminals of Garden reach (GR Jetty-II), Kolkata & Gaighat Terminal Patna |url=https://iwai.nic.in/sites/default/files/uploads/tender-archives/7082527643Technical%20Specifications.pdf |publisher=IWAI |access-date=13 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="iwai"/>

=== Storage facilities ===
This inland port facility has warehouse areas and storage areas, which are located on the river bank behind the jetties. The Garden Reach Jetty 2 has a warehouse area (transit shed) of 1,187 square meters, and the port has 4,048 square meters of hard stand area and 13,890 square meters of open area for cargo storage.<ref name="IWAI1"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite report |last=Shajid |first=Md. Abdullah Osman |date=2023 |title=Annual Report 2022-23 |url=https://www.saplbd.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Annual-Report-2022-23.pdf |publisher= |access-date=13 May 2024}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline|Kolkata Inland Port}}

{{Ports in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Ports and harbours of West Bengal]]

United States Secretary of State

2026-03-23T19:05:05Z

Bishnoiseries: reworked lead after review and corrected details

{{Short description|Head of the US Department of State}}
{{Distinguish|Secretary of state (U.S. state government)}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = United States Secretary
| body = State
| flag = Flag of the United States Secretary of State.svg
| flagborder = yes
| flagsize = 130
| flagcaption = Flag of the secretary of state
| insignia = Seal of the United States Secretary of State.svg
| insigniasize = 120
| insigniacaption = Seal of the secretary of state
| image = Official portrait of Secretary Marco Rubio.jpg
| incumbent = [[Marco Rubio]]
| incumbentsince = January 21, 2025
| department = [[United States Department of State]]
| style = Mr. Secretary (informal) [[The Honourable#United States|The Honorable]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Protocol Reference|url=https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US|archive-date=January 30, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130184128/https://www.state.gov/protocol-reference/|url-status=live}}</ref> (formal) [[Excellency|His Excellency]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 29, 2021|title=United Nations Heads of State, Protocol and Liaison Service|url=https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200914205358/https://protocol.un.org/dgacm/pls/site.nsf/files/HSPMFM/$FILE/Hspmfm.pdf|archive-date=September 14, 2020|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=United Nations}}</ref> (diplomatic)
| member_of = [[Cabinet of the United States]] [[United States National Security Council]]
| reports_to = [[President of the United States]]
| seat = [[Harry S Truman Building]] [[Washington, D.C.]]
| appointer = The [[President of the United States|president]]
| appointer_qualified = with [[United States Senate|Senate]] [[advice and consent]]
| constituting_instrument = {{UnitedStatesCode|22|2651}}
| precursor = [[United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]]
| formation = {{start date and age|1789|7|27}}
| first = [[Thomas Jefferson]]
| succession = [[United States presidential line of succession|Fourth]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19 |title=3 U.S. Code § 19 – Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President; officers eligible to act |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] |access-date=February 4, 2017 |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226123834/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/19 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| deputy = [[United States Deputy Secretary of State]]
| salary = [[Executive Schedule|Executive Schedule, Level I]]<ref name="UnitedStatesCode|5|5312">{{UnitedStatesCode|5|5312}}.</ref>
| abbreviation = SecState
| termlength = No fixed term
| website = {{URL|https://www.state.gov/secretary|state.gov/secretary}}
}}

The '''United States secretary of state''' ('''SecState''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abbreviations and Terms |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118111217/https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/96602.pdf |archive-date=January 18, 2022 |access-date=July 18, 2023 |website=2001-2009.state.gov}}</ref> is a member of the [[Federal government of the United States#Executive branch|executive branch]] of the [[federal government of the United States]] and the head of the [[U.S. Department of State]], equivalent to a [[minister of foreign affairs]].

The secretary of state serves as the principal advisor to the president of the United States on all [[foreign affairs]] matters. The secretary carries out the president's foreign policies through the U.S Department of State, which includes the [[Foreign Service Institute|Foreign Service]], Civil Service, and [[United States Agency for International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development]]. The office holder is the second-highest-ranking member of the president's [[Cabinet of the United States|cabinet]], after the vice president, and ranks fourth in the [[United States presidential line of succession|presidential line of succession]]; and is first amongst cabinet secretaries.

Created in 1789 with [[Thomas Jefferson]] as its first office holder, the secretary of state represents the United States to foreign countries, and is therefore considered analogous to a secretary or [[Ministry of foreign affairs|minister of foreign affairs]] in other countries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120927014351/http://www.un.int/protocol/documents/Hspmfm.pdf "Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers for Foreign Affairs"], Protocol and Liaison Service, [[United Nations]]. Retrieved November 2, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm NATO Member Countries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001021817/http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm |date=October 1, 2017 }}, [[NATO]]. Retrieved November 2, 2012.</ref> The secretary of state is nominated by the president of the United States and, following a [[United States congressional hearing|confirmation hearing]] before the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Committee on Foreign Relations]], is confirmed by the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. The secretary of state, along with the [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|secretary of the treasury]], [[United States Secretary of Defense|secretary of defense]], and [[United States Attorney General|attorney general]], are generally regarded as the four most crucial Cabinet members because of the importance of their respective departments.<ref>"Cabinets and Counselors: The President and the Executive Branch" (1997). ''[[Congressional Quarterly]]''. p. 87.</ref>

The secretary of state is a [[Executive Schedule#Level I|Level I position in the Executive Schedule]] and thus earns the salary prescribed for that level, $250,600 {{As of|lc=y|2025|January}}.<ref name="UnitedStatesCode|5|5312" /><ref name="Salary">{{cite web |date=January 1, 2025 |title=Rates of Basic Pay for the Executive Schedule |url=https://www.opm.gov/policy-data-oversight/pay-leave/salaries-wages/salary-tables/pdf/2025/EX.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=January 5, 2025 |website=[[United States Office of Personnel Management|Office of Personnel Management]]}}</ref>

== History ==
The secretary of state originates from the government under the [[Articles of Confederation]]. The [[Congress of the Confederation]] established the Department of Foreign Affairs in 1781 and created the office of secretary of foreign affairs.{{Sfn|Short|1923|pp=55–56}} After the [[Constitution of the United States]] was ratified, the [[1st United States Congress]] reestablished the department, renaming it the Department of State, and created the office of secretary of state to lead the department.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Act for establishing an Executive Department, to be denominated the Department of Foreign Affairs |date=27 July 1789 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/1/28?link-type=details |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] |access-date=27 July 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=An Act to provide for the Safe-keeping of the Acts, Records, and Seal of the United States, and for other purposes |date=15 September 1789 |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/link/statute/1/68?link-type=details |publisher=[[United States Government Publishing Office|GPO]] |access-date=27 July 2024 }}</ref>

==Duties and responsibilities==

The stated duties of the secretary of state are to supervise the United States [[foreign service]] and [[immigration policy]] and administer the Department of State. The secretary must also advise the president on U.S. foreign matters such as the appointment of diplomats and ambassadors, advising the president of the dismissal and recall of these people. The secretary of state can conduct negotiations, interpret, and terminate treaties relating to foreign policy. The secretary also can participate in international conferences, organizations, and agencies as a representative of the United States. The secretary communicates issues relating to the U.S. foreign policy to Congress and citizens. The secretary also provides services to U.S. citizens living or traveling abroad such as providing credentials in the form of passports. Doing this, the secretary also ensures the protection of citizens, their property, and interests in foreign countries.<ref name="Duties">{{Cite news |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm |title=Duties of the Secretary of State |work=U.S. Department of State |access-date=February 1, 2017 |archive-date=August 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808114347/https://2009-2017.state.gov/secretary/115194.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{quote box
|align = left
|width = 40%
|quote = What are the Qualifications of a Secretary of State? He ought to be a Man of universal Reading in Laws, Governments, History. Our whole terrestrial Universe ought to be summarily comprehended in his Mind.
|qalign = left
|source = —[[John Adams]]<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last = Ford |editor-first = Worthington C. |editor-link = Worthington Chauncey Ford |year = 1927 |title = Statesman and Friend: Correspondence of John Adams with Benjamin Waterhouse, 1784–1822 |location = Boston, MA |publisher = [[Little, Brown, and Company]] |page = [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015026646540;view=1up;seq=69 57] }}</ref>
|salign = right
}}

Secretaries of state also have domestic responsibilities. Most of the historical domestic functions of the Department of State were gradually transferred to other agencies by the late 19th century as part of various administrative reforms and restructurings.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administrative Timeline of the Department of State – Department History – Office of the Historian|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899|access-date=January 10, 2022|website=history.state.gov|archive-date=November 11, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111183128/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/timeline/1789-1899|url-status=live}}</ref> Those that remain include storage and use of the Great Seal, performance of [[Protocol (diplomacy)|protocol]] functions for the [[White House]], and the drafting of certain proclamations. The secretary also negotiates with the individual states over the extradition of fugitives to foreign countries.<ref name="Duties"/> Under federal law, the resignation of a president or of a vice president is valid only if declared in writing, in an instrument delivered to the office of the secretary of state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=3 U.S. Code § 20 – Resignation or refusal of office|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20|access-date=January 31, 2021|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en|archive-date=December 2, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202201822/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/3/20|url-status=live}}</ref> Accordingly, the resignations of President [[Watergate scandal#Final investigations and resignation|Richard Nixon]] and of Vice President [[Spiro Agnew]] were formalized in instruments delivered to then-Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]].

Although they have historically decreased over time, Congress may occasionally add to the responsibilities of the secretary of state. One such instance occurred in 2014, when Congress passed the Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act which mandated actions the secretary of state must take in order to facilitate the return of abducted children from nations who are party to the [[Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212 |website=Congress.gov |access-date=May 1, 2022 |title=H.R.3212 – 113th Congress (2013–2014): Sean and David Goldman International Child Abduction Prevention and Return Act of 2014 |date=August 8, 2014 |archive-date=May 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501221523/https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/house-bill/3212 |url-status=live }}</ref>

As the highest-ranking member of the cabinet, the secretary of state is the third-highest official of the [[executive branch]] of the U.S. federal government, after the president and vice president, and is fourth in [[United States presidential line of succession|line to succeed the presidency]], after the [[Vice President of the United States|vice president]], the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|speaker of the House of Representatives]], and the [[President pro tempore of the United States Senate|president pro tempore of the Senate]].

Six past secretaries of state{{snd}}[[Thomas Jefferson|Jefferson]], [[James Madison|Madison]], [[James Monroe|Monroe]], [[John Quincy Adams]], [[Martin Van Buren|Van Buren]] and [[James Buchanan|Buchanan]]{{snd}}have gone on to be elected president. Others, including [[Henry Clay]], [[Daniel Webster]], [[Lewis Cass]], [[John C. Calhoun]], [[John M. Clayton]], [[William L. Marcy]], [[William H. Seward|William Seward]], [[Edward Everett]], [[Jeremiah S. Black]], [[James G. Blaine|James Blaine]], [[Elihu B. Washburne]], [[Thomas F. Bayard]], [[John Sherman]], [[Walter Q. Gresham]], [[William Jennings Bryan]], [[Philander C. Knox]], [[Charles Evans Hughes]], [[Elihu Root]], [[Cordell Hull]], [[Edmund Muskie]], [[Alexander Haig]], [[John Kerry]], [[Hillary Clinton]], and [[Marco Rubio]] have also campaigned as presidential candidates, either before or after their term of office as secretary of state, but were ultimately unsuccessful. The position of secretary of state has therefore been viewed to be a consolation prize for failed presidential candidates.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/ |title=Why Do Secretaries of State Make Such Terrible Presidential Candidates? |last=Stone |first=Andrea |magazine=Smithsonian Magazine |date=August 12, 2014 |access-date=September 15, 2021 |url-status=live|archive-date=September 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918151233/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/why-do-secretaries-state-make-such-terrible-presidential-candidates-180952327/}}</ref>

== Timeline of secretaries of state ==
{{See also|List of United States secretaries of state}}
The following [[Bar chart|timeline]] depicts the progression of the secretaries of state and their political affiliation at the time of assuming office.{{#tag:timeline|ImageSize=width:1000 height:auto barincrement:12
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id:demrep value:rgb(0, 0.5, 0) legend: Democratic_Republican_Party
id:natrep value:rgb(1, 0.902, 0.69) legend: National_Republican_Party
id:democratic value:rgb(0,0.33,0.86) legend: Democratic_Party
id:whig value:rgb(0.84, 0.74, 0.34) legend: Whig_Party
id:republican value:rgb(0.86,0.08,0.18) legend: Republican_Party
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bar:Monroe
bar:JQA
bar:Clay
bar:Buren
bar:Livingston
bar:McLane
bar:Forsyth
bar:Webster
bar:Upshur
bar:Calhoun
bar:Buchanan
bar:Clayton
bar:Everett
bar:Marcy
bar:Cass
bar:Black
bar:Seward
bar:Washburne
bar:Fish
bar:Evarts
bar:Blaine
bar:Frelinghuysen
bar:Bayard
bar:Foster
bar:Gresham
bar:Olney
bar:Sherman
bar:Day
bar:Hay
bar:Root
bar:Bacon
bar:Knox
bar:Bryan
bar:Lansing
bar:Colby
bar:Hughes
bar:Kellogg
bar:Stimson
bar:Hull
bar:Stettinius
bar:Byrnes
bar:GCMarshall
bar:Acheson
bar:Dulles
bar:Herter
bar:Rusk
bar:Rogers
bar:Kissinger
bar:Vance
bar:Muskie
bar:Haig
bar:Shultz
bar:Baker
bar:Eagleburger
bar:Christopher
bar:Albright
bar:Powell
bar:Rice
bar:Clinton
bar:Kerry
bar:Tillerson
bar:Pompeo
bar:Blinken
bar:Rubio

PlotData=
width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till

bar:Jefferson
from: 1790 till: 1793 color:DemRep text:"[[Thomas Jefferson]]"
bar:Randolph
from: 1794 till: 1795 color:Federalist text:"[[Edmund Randolph]]"
bar:Pickering
from: 1795 till: 1800 color:Federalist text:"[[Timothy Pickering]]"
bar:Marshall
from: 1800 till: 1801 color:Federalist text:"[[John Marshall]]"
bar:Madison
from: 1801 till: 1809 color:DemRep text:"[[James Madison]]"
bar:Smith
from: 1809 till: 1811 color:DemRep text:"[[Robert Smith (American cabinet member)|Robert Smith]]"
bar:Monroe
from: 1811 till: 1817 color:DemRep text:"[[James Monroe]]"
bar:JQA
from: 1817 till: 1825 color:DemRep text:"[[John Quincy Adams]]"
bar:Clay
from: 1825 till: 1826 color:DemRep
from: 1826 till: 1829 color:NatRep text:"[[Henry Clay]]"
bar:Buren
from: 1829 till: 1831 color:Democratic text:"[[Martin Van Buren]]"
bar:Livingston
from: 1831 till: 1833 color:Democratic text:"[[Edward Livingston]]"
bar:McLane
from: 1833 till: 1834 color:Democratic text:"[[Louis McLane]]"
bar:Forsyth
from: 1834 till: 1841 color:Democratic text:"[[John Forsyth (politician)|John Forsyth]]"
bar:Webster
from: 1841 till: 1843 color:Whig
from: 1850 till: 1852 color:Whig text:"[[Daniel Webster]]"
bar:Upshur
from: 1843 till: 1844 color:Whig text:"[[Abel P. Upshur]]"
bar:Calhoun
from: 1844 till: 1845 color:Democratic text:"[[John C. Calhoun]]"
bar:Buchanan
from: 1845 till: 1849 color:Democratic text:"[[James Buchanan]]"
bar:Clayton
from: 1849 till: 1850 color:Whig text:"[[John M. Clayton]]"
bar:Everett
from: 1852 till: 1853 color:Whig text:"[[Edward Everett]]"
bar:Marcy
from: 1853 till: 1857 color:Democratic text:"[[William L. Marcy]]"
bar:Cass
from: 1857 till: 1860 color:Democratic text:"[[Lewis Cass]]"
bar:Black
from: 1860 till: 1861 color:Democratic text:"[[Jeremiah S. Black]]"
bar:Seward
from: 1861 till: 1869 color:Republican text:"[[William H. Seward]]"
bar:Washburne
from: 1869 till: 1869 color:Republican text:"[[Elihu B. Washburne]]"
bar:Fish
from: 1869 till: 1877 color:Republican text:"[[Hamilton Fish]]"
bar:Evarts
from: 1877 till: 1881 color:Republican text:"[[William M. Evarts]]"
bar:Blaine
from: 1881 till: 1881 color:Republican
from: 1889 till: 1892 color:Republican text:"[[James G. Blaine]]"
bar:Frelinghuysen
from: 1881 till: 1885 color:Republican text:"[[Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen]]"
bar:Bayard
from: 1885 till: 1889 color:Democratic text:"[[Thomas F. Bayard]]"
bar:Foster
from: 1892 till: 1893 color:Republican text:"[[John W. Foster]]"
bar:Gresham
from: 1893 till: 1895 color:Democratic text:"[[Walter Q. Gresham]]"
bar:Olney
from: 1895 till: 1897 color:Democratic text:"[[Richard Olney]]"
bar:Sherman
from: 1897 till: 1898 color:Republican text:"[[John Sherman]]"
bar:Day
from: 1898 till: 1898 color:Republican text:"[[William R. Day]]"
bar:Hay
from: 1898 till: 1905 color:Republican text:"[[John Hay]]"
bar:Root
from: 1905 till: 1909 color:Republican text:"[[Elihu Root]]"
bar:Bacon
from: 1909 till: 1909 color:Republican text:"[[Robert Bacon]]"
bar:Knox
from: 1909 till: 1913 color:Republican text:"[[Philander C. Knox]]"
bar:Bryan
from: 1913 till: 1915 color:Democratic text:"[[William Jennings Bryan]]"
bar:Lansing
from: 1915 till: 1920 color:Democratic text:"[[Robert Lansing]]"
bar:Colby
from: 1920 till: 1921 color:Democratic text:"[[Bainbridge Colby]]"
bar:Hughes
from: 1921 till: 1925 color:Republican text:"[[Charles Evans Hughes]]"
bar:Kellogg
from: 1925 till: 1929 color:Republican text:"[[Frank B. Kellogg]]"
bar:Stimson
from: 1929 till: 1933 color:Republican text:"[[Henry L. Stimson]]"
bar:Hull
from: 1933 till: 1944 color:Democratic text:"[[Cordell Hull]]"
bar:Stettinius
from: 1944 till: 1945 color:Democratic text:"[[Edward Stettinius Jr.]]"
bar:Byrnes
from: 1945 till: 1947 color:Democratic text:"[[James F. Byrnes]]"
bar:GCMarshall
from: 1947 till: 1949 color:Ind text:"[[George C. Marshall]]"
bar:Acheson
from: 1949 till: 1953 color:Democratic text:"[[Dean Acheson]]"
bar:Dulles
from: 1953 till: 1959 color:Republican text:"[[John Foster Dulles]]"
bar:Herter
from: 1959 till: 1961 color:Republican text:"[[Christian Herter]]"
bar:Rusk
from: 1961 till: 1969 color:Democratic text:"[[Dean Rusk]]"
bar:Rogers
from: 1969 till: 1973 color:Republican text:"[[William P. Rogers]]"
bar:Kissinger
from: 1973 till: 1977 color:Republican text:"[[Henry Kissinger]]"
bar:Vance
from: 1977 till: 1980 color:Democratic text:"[[Cyrus Vance]]"
bar:Muskie
from: 1980 till: 1981 color:Democratic text:"[[Edmund Muskie]]"
bar:Haig
from: 1981 till: 1982 color:Republican text:"[[Alexander Haig]]"
bar:Shultz
from: 1982 till: 1989 color:Republican text:"[[George Shultz]]"
bar:Baker
from: 1989 till: 1992 color:Republican text:"[[James Baker]]"
bar:Eagleburger
from: 1992 till: 1993 color:Republican text:"[[Lawrence Eagleburger]]"
bar:Christopher
from: 1993 till: 1997 color:Democratic text:"[[Warren Christopher]]"
bar:Albright
from: 1997 till: 2001 color:Democratic text:"[[Madeleine Albright]]"
bar:Powell
from: 2001 till: 2005 color:Republican text:"[[Colin Powell]]"
bar:Rice
from: 2005 till: 2009 color:Republican text:"[[Condoleezza Rice]]"
bar:Clinton
from: 2009 till: 2013 color:Democratic text:"[[Hillary Clinton]]"
bar:Kerry
from: 2013 till: 2017 color:Democratic text:"[[John Kerry]]"
bar:Tillerson
from: 2017 till: 2018 color:Republican text:"[[Rex Tillerson]]"
bar:Pompeo
from: 2018 till: 2021 color:Republican text:"[[Mike Pompeo]]"
bar:Blinken
from: 2021 till: 2025 color:Democratic text:"[[Antony Blinken]]"
bar:Rubio
from: 2025 till: $now color:Republican text:"[[Marco Rubio]]"
}}

==See also==
*[[List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Short |first=Lloyd Milton |year=1923 |chapter=Chapter IV: The Department of State |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N12GAAAAMAAJ |title=The Development of National Administrative Organization in the United States |series=Studies in Administration |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publisher=The Institute for Government Research; The Johns Hopkins Press |language=en}} Reprint: {{ISBN|0598686584}}.
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* Bemis, Samuel Flagg, ed. (1963). ''The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy'' (19 vols.). Scholarly biographies.
* Graebner, Norman A., ed. (1961). ''An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the Twentieth Century''. Scholarly essays on John Hay through [[John Foster Dulles]].
* Hopkins, Michael F. (2008). "[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14794010802547935 President Harry Truman's Secretaries of State: Stettinius, Byrnes, Marshall and Acheson"]. ''[[Journal of Transatlantic Studies]]'' vol. 6 no. 3 pp. 290–304. {{doi|10.1080/14794010802547935}} (DOI accessed 8 January 2026).
* Mihalkanin, Edward, ed. (2004). ''[https://www.questia.com/read/106788643/american-statesmen-secretaries-of-state-from-john American Statesmen: Secretaries of State]''; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327172244/https://www.questia.com/read/106788643/american-statesmen-secretaries-of-state-from-john |date=March 27, 2020 }} from [[John Jay]] to [[Colin Powell]]. Short scholarly articles by experts.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Secretaries of State of the United States}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-secretaryofstate.ogg|date=February 23, 2010}}
* {{Official website}}

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Rajendra Nath Mookerjee

2026-03-23T17:54:22Z

Bishnoiseries: New

{{Short description|Bengali Indian industrialist}}
{{Use British English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sir Rajen Mookerjee
| image = R_N_Mukerjee.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = 23 June 1854
| birth_place = [[Basirhat#Bhabla|Bhabla, Basirhat]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]<ref>''Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan (Biographical dictionary)'' {{in lang|bn}}, Subodh Chandra Sengupta and Anjali Bose, Sahitya Samsad, Calcutta, 1976, p. 460.</ref>
| death_date = 15 May 1936
| death_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| occupation = Industrialist
| spouse =
}}

'''Sir Rajendra Nath Mookerjee ''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCIE|KCVO}} (or '''Rajen Mookerjee'''; 23 June 1854 – 15 May 1936) was a pioneering [[Bengali Hindu|Bengali]] [[India]]n [[industrialist]].<ref name = "Bose470">Sengupta, Subodh Chandra and Bose, Anjali (editors), (1976/1998), ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (Biographical dictionary) Vol I, {{in lang|bn}}, p 470, {{ISBN|81-85626-65-0}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/historical-train/cid/1267569|title=আজও স্মৃতিপথে এই ট্রেনের আসা-যাওয়া|trans-title=The coming and going of this train is still remembered today|language=bn|date=21 February 2021|access-date=1 February 2023|website=anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|first=Arnab|last=Saha|location=Kolkata|archive-date=21 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210221050404/https://www.anandabazar.com/rabibashoriyo/historical-train/cid/1267569}}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:R_N_Mukerjee 1933.jpg|thumb|left]]
Rajendra Nath Mookerjee was raised by his mother after his father died when he was six. He studied engineering for three years at present day [[Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur]] then located at [[Presidency College, Calcutta]]. His classmate and friend was [[Gagan Chandra Biswas]], whom he later appointed as the Chief Engineer of his company. He started as a contractor and later earned fame as an engineer and businessman.<ref name = "Bose470"/>
[[File:Kaoratala Burning ghat in Kolkata 15.jpg|thumb|Memorial Plaque of Rajendra Nath Mukherjee in Keoratala]]

==Achievements==
Along with Sir [[Thomas Acquin Martin]], he founded [[Martin Burn Limited|Martin & Co.]] and contributed to the success of Bengal Iron at [[Kulti]]. Undertaken Burn & Company, and Jessop after his company's huge success. Later he joined G.H.Fairhurst in founding the iron works of [[IISCO|The Indian Iron and Steel Company]] at [[Burnpur]].<ref>Srinivasan, N.R., ''History of The Indian Iron and Steel Company'', 1983, p44.</ref> Present Day's Garden Reach Ship Builders and Hooghly Dock are also his contributions. Among his achievements were the construction of Palta water works and the [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]] and Howrah Bridge(Old) at Kolkata, Later His Company developed the Bridge in 1945 to a Cantilever Bridge which is now called as Rabindra Setu. He pioneered the laying down and operations of [[Martin's Light Railways]].<ref name = "Bose470"/> He visited England for the first time in 1901 and later several times more in connection with his business.

Beside Business he Also Founded Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) with inspiration of Prasanta Chandra Mohalanobis

==Honours and awards==
In 1908, Mookerjee was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE).<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28210/supplements/3 London Gazette]</ref> In 1911, he became [[Sheriff of Calcutta|sheriff of Kolkata]]. Also in 1911, he was knighted with the KCIE.<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/28559/pages/9361 London Gazette]</ref> In 1922, Mookerjee was further honoured with the dignity of a Knight Commander of the [[Royal Victorian Order]] (KCVO).<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/32716/supplements/4324 London Gazette]</ref> In 1931, the [[University of Calcutta]] honoured him with an honorary D.Sc. (Engineering).<ref name = "Bose470"/> He presided over the 8th session of [[Indian Science Congress Association|Indian Science Congress]] held at Kolkata in 1921.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.sciencecongress.org/html/index.html
| title = The Indian Science Congress Association
| access-date = 2007-02-19
| last =
| first =
| publisher =
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070210013537/http://www.sciencecongress.org/html/index.html  |archive-date = 2007-02-10}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mookerjee was married when he was still in his early teens to eleven-year-old Jadumati Devi, a girl of his own caste and similar background, in a match arranged by their families. They had three sons:
#Jitendra Nath Mookerjee was his eldest son
#Sir Biren Mookerjee, the second son
#Mahendra Nath Mookerjee was his youngest son
His grandsons, Ramen Mookerjee and Robin Mookerjee, took over the reins of [[Martin Burn Limited|Martin Burn & Co.]] after the death of his sons.

==Monuments==
A main thoroughfare in [[Kolkata]] is named after him as Rajendra Nath Mukherjee Road abbreviated as R. N. Mukherjee Road, earlier known as Mission Row.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.calcuttaweb.com/roadnamech.shtml |title=Calcutta road name change |access-date=13 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930083123/http://www.calcuttaweb.com/roadnamech.shtml |archive-date=30 September 2012 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> A statue of Sir R.N. Mukherjee was situated in Victoria Memorial premises.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web
| url = http://mookerjeesofbengal.4t.com/index.html
| title = The Mookerjees of Martin Burn
| last = Kaushik Rana
| first = Tarun Kumar Rana
| publisher =
}}

* {{cite web
| url = https://sites.google.com/site/mookerjeesofbengal/
| title = The Unsung Industrialists of Bengal
| last = Kaushik Rana
| first = Tarun Kumar Rana
| publisher =
}}

* {{cite web
| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ardtgMzuz60&t=3s
| title = Sir Rajen Mookerjee - An Engineering Genius
| last = Chakraborty, R
| first = Chakraborty, S
| website = [[YouTube]]
| publisher =
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mookerjee, Rajen}}
[[Category:1854 births]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the steel industry]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in construction]]
[[Category:Indian people in rail transport]]
[[Category:Indian industrialists]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian engineers]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Mookerjee family|Rajendra]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Kolkata]]
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[[Category:Indian Knights Commander of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Engineers from British India]]
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Marcus Mergulhao

2026-03-14T19:25:07Z

Bishnoiseries:

{{Short description|Indian sports journalist}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Marcus Mergulhao
| image = Marcus Mergulhao.png
| caption = Mergulhao during the 2010s
| citizenship = India
| birth_name = Anthony Marcus Mergulhao
| birth_date = 30 November
| birth_place =
| employer = ''[[The Times of India]]''
| occupation = Sports journalist
| years_active = 1999–present
| website =
}}

'''Anthony Marcus Mergulhao''' is an Indian [[sports journalist]] for ''[[The Times of India]]''. He is best known for his coverage on the [[Indian Super League]]. In November 2023, he penned the script for a [[documentary]] featuring fellow [[Goan]] footballer [[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar]].

==Career==
In April 2018, former [[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]] [[MLA (India)|MLA]] [[Avertano Furtado]] assumed the presidency of the Association for the Wellbeing of Elder Sportspersons (AWES) [[unopposed|without opposition]] during the organization's annual general body meeting. Alongside Ashley Furtado, Mergulhao served as an assistant [[general secretary]] within the committee.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-04-25 |title=LOCAL SPORTS SCAN – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/04/25/sports/local-sports-scan-668/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330213405/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/04/25/sports/local-sports-scan-668/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In February 2023, at [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2022]], Mergulhao, known as a "trusted journalist in the country," was privileged to participate in the voting process for the women's category. When casting his votes for [[The Best FIFA Women's Player]], Mergulhao selected [[Beth Mead]], [[Sam Kerr]], and [[Alexia Putellas]]. Similarly, in The Best FIFA Women's Goalkeeper category, his choices were [[Christiane Endler]], [[Mary Earps]], and [[Merle Frohms]]. For The Best FIFA Women's Coach, Mergulhao voted for [[Sarina Wiegman]], [[Sonia Bompastor]], and [[Pia Sundhage]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-03 |title=FIFA's The Best Awards 2022: Who did India vote for? |url=https://technosports.co.in/fifas-the-best-awards-2022-who-did-india-vote/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=technosports.co.in |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330213400/https://technosports.co.in/fifas-the-best-awards-2022-who-did-india-vote/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 8 November 2023, the [[Chief Minister of Goa]], [[Pramod Sawant]], announced the upcoming release of a [[documentary]] named ''Famously Found @15'' centered around the footballer [[Brahmanand Sankhwalkar]], a football figure in the state of [[Goa]]. The documentary, under the direction of Savio Noronha, explores the key figures who have had a substantial impact on Brahmanand Sankhwalkar's career development. In the creation of the documentary, Mergulhao was responsible for developing the script, Norman Fernandes managed the [[cinematography]], and Uday Kamat offered expertise in production.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The hands of Brahmanand Sankhwalkar kept Goa's football safe |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-hands-of-Brahmanand-Sankhwalkar-kept-Goa%E2%80%99s-football-safe/213300 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2023-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216195841/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Cafe/The-hands-of-Brahmanand-Sankhwalkar-kept-Goa%E2%80%99s-football-safe/213300 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 November 2023, as a component of the National Press Day observance, Mergulhao engaged in a participatory discussion session titled "Challenges and Opportunities in Journalism in the Ever-Increasing Digital, Mobile, and Social Media Environment." The session, held at the [[Institute Menezes Braganza]] in [[Panjim]], included other participants such as Mahesh Ghadi, a senior reporter from ''Prudent Media''; Niraj Naik from ''Digital Goa''; and Shripad Merchant, an [[associate professor]] at [[Dnyanprassarak Mandal's College]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Five journalists to be feted on National Press Day today |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Five-journalists-to-be-feted-on-National-Press-Day-today-/213689 |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=oHeraldo |archive-date=2024-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330213400/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Five-journalists-to-be-feted-on-National-Press-Day-today-/213689 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Anthony Marcus Mergulhao<ref name=":0" /> was born on 30 November.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=30 November 2017 |title=Thank you all for your wonderful messages on my birthday. Much appreciated. |url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/YjD7ZHWCReBWmmmJ/?mibextid=xfxF2i |access-date=2024-03-30 |website=Facebook}}</ref> He hails from the [[seaport]] city of [[Mormugao]], [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Marcus Mergulhao |url=https://muckrack.com/marcus-mergulhao |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=[[Muck Rack]]}}</ref>

==Awards==
On 16 November 2017, Mergulhao was honored for his significant contribution to sports reporting due to his article titled "Beginning of the end."<ref>{{Cite web |last=vjvjakshaynaik |date=2017-11-18 |title=GOA STATE JOURNALISTS AWARDS DECLARED {{!}} Goan Reporter |url=https://www.goanreporter.com/goa-state-journalists-awards-declared/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814044502/https://www.goanreporter.com/goa-state-journalists-awards-declared/ |url-status=live }}</ref> He was a recipient of the Goa State Journalists Awards during the National Press Day function held at the [[Institute Menezes Braganza]] in [[Panaji]]. This recognition was bestowed upon him by the Department of Information and Publicity, which organized the event.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2017-11-17 |title=Don't distort the news: CM to journalists – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/11/17/goanews/dont-distort-the-news-cm-to-journalists/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330213401/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2017/11/17/goanews/dont-distort-the-news-cm-to-journalists/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 November 2020, the Goa State Journalists Awards recipients were announced by the Department of Information and Publicity, following the selection process conducted by the State Journalists Awards Committee. Mergulhao was acknowledged for his work in [[sports journalism|sport reporting]], specifically for his report titled "Dumped in GFA godown." The award ceremony took place during the National Press Day function.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2020 |title=GOA STATE JOURNALISTS AWARDS DECLARED |url=https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Goa-State-Journalists-Awards-Declared.pdf |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Government of Goa |archive-date=24 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220824143436/https://www.goa.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/Goa-State-Journalists-Awards-Declared.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 26 July 2023, Mergulhao's work was once again recognized. He was among the journalists who were honored with the Goa Union of Journalists (GUJ) awards for the years 2021 and 2022. His contributions to sports reporting earned him the award in the sports category.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-23 |title=TOI wins big at GUJ Journalism Awards '21, '22 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/toi-wins-big-at-guj-journalism-awards-21-22/articleshow/102044974.cms |access-date=2024-03-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2023-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724064519/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/toi-wins-big-at-guj-journalism-awards-21-22/articleshow/102044974.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The award ceremony was held during the 46th GUJ Foundation Day at the [[Institute Menezes Braganza]] in [[Panaji]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2023-07-23 |title=Two GUJ awards for 'The Navhind Times' – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/07/23/goanews/two-guj-awards-for-the-navhind-times/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330213402/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2023/07/23/goanews/two-guj-awards-for-the-navhind-times/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 16 November 2023, Mergulhao was once again named a recipient of the Goa State Journalists Awards. The State Journalists Awards Committee acknowledged his work in sports reporting for his report titled "Blinded by fate, 17-year-old champion athlete from Usgao sets sights on international stage." The award was presented during the National Press Day celebration in Panaji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=GOA STATE JOURNALISTS AWARDS DECLARED – Department of Information and Publicity |url=https://dip.goa.gov.in/2023/10/25/goa-state-journalists-awards-declared/ |access-date=2024-03-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201134055/https://dip.goa.gov.in/2023/10/25/goa-state-journalists-awards-declared/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Select bibliography==
*{{cite book |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=18 May 2016|title=Footprints In The Sand: History of Salgaocar FC (1956–2016)|location=[[Vasco da Gama, Goa|Vasco]], Goa|publisher=[[Salgaocar FC]]}}
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Basu |editor-first1=Jaydeep|editor-last2=Mukherjee|editor-first2=Sayan|date=1 January 2022|title=Box to Box: 75 years of the Indian football team|first1=Marcus|last1=Mergulhao|first2=Dhiman|last2=Sarkar|first3=Siddharth|last3=Saxena|publisher=IMH|isbn=978-8185983127}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter|MarcusMergulhao}}
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/author/marcusm/ Profile] on ''[[The Times of India]]''
* [https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/etreporter/author-marcus-mergulhao-479195787.cms Profile] on ''[[The Economic Times]]''
* [https://www.facebook.com/share/p/3rF11JcGcCDzuchk/?mibextid=xfxF2i Autobiography via ''Humans of Indian Football'']

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mergulhao, Marcus}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Mormugao]]
[[Category:Journalists from Goa]]
[[Category:Indian sports journalists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Jack Souza Ferrão

2026-03-14T18:03:08Z

Bishnoiseries: put up a data

{{Short description|Indian actor and singer (1937–2013)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Jack Souza Ferrão
| image = Jack Souza Ferrão.jpg
| caption = Ferrão during his later years
| birth_name = Joaquim Conceicão Souza Ferrão
| birth_place = [[Sanvordem]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1937|3|15|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Margao, Goa]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2013|11|25|1937|3|15|df=y}}
| education = Guardian Angel High School, Sanvordem
| father = [[A. F. Souza Ferrão]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer|playwright|director}}
| organisation = Goenche Fulte Bonge
| relatives = [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]] (uncle)
| years_active = 1944–2000s
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2011)
| notable_works = {{ubl|
* ''[[Amchem Noxib]]''
* ''[[Nirmon]]''
* ''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]''}}
}}

'''Joaquim Conceicão''' "'''Jack'''" '''Souza Ferrão''' (15 March 1937 – 25 November 2013) was an Indian actor, singer, playwright, and [[theatre director]] known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Career==
Ferrão made his debut in the world of ''[[tiatr]]'', a traditional [[Goan]] form of [[musical theater]], at the age of seven in 1944. He first appeared in the ''tiatr'' production called ''Kunbi Jakki'', based on [[Kunbis]], originally written by [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]] and later [[Revival (theatre)|restaged]] and produced by his uncle, [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]]. He realized his dream of becoming a ''[[tiatrist]]'' by participating in another ''tiatr'' directed by Antonio Joaquim Dias, who was the father of the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] playwright [[Aristides Dias]]. This early experience marked the beginning of Ferrão's journey as a performer in the ''tiatr'' industry. Throughout his career, Ferrão established himself as a ''tiatrist'', collaborating with Konkani directors such as Florence Fernandes de Santa Cruz, Tony Sax, Menino Colaço, Jephsis Hitler, Remmie Colaço, Rosario Dias, Mike Mehta, [[Anil Kumar (actor)|Anil Kumar]], and others. He showcased his talent and versatility by taking on various roles and working with different directors. He also performed with the group turned organization Goenche Fulte Bonge led by Rosario Dias.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Sharon |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=90–91}}</ref>

Ferrão's performance in Sadashiv Bandekar's adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Hamlet]]'' in 1959, staged in [[Curchorem]], garnered acclaim. Another role was his portrayal of a ''[[Tehsildar|mamlatdar]]'', a local administrative officer, in Mike Mehta's production titled ''Goem Tum Roddonaka'' (Goa, don't Cry). Initially, Ferrão started his career by taking on comedy roles but later transitioned to [[character role]]s. In addition to acting, Ferrão displayed his musical abilities by lending his voice to several ''tiatrs'', including ''Bhauponnacho Kaido'' (The rule of Brotherhood), ''Onupkari Put'' (Ungrateful Son), ''Bhavank Lagon'' (Due to feelings), ''Kitem Amcho Fuddar'' (What is our future?), ''Kirmidor'' (The Criminal), ''Botler Bab'', and others. Ferrão's contributions to the ''tiatr'' industry extended beyond acting and singing. He ventured into directing, taking charge of Fr. Jose Antonio Costa's ''tiatr Dr. Alfred'' and John Dias' ''Hanv Rinnkari'' (I'm the Debtor). Furthermore, Ferrão wrote and directed three of his own ''tiatrs'': ''Nossai'' (Jealousy), ''Avoichem Sukh'' (Mother's Happiness), and ''Pai Hanv Bhurgo Mungha''. Outside of ''tiatr'', Ferrão also made appearances in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] such as ''[[Amchem Noxib]]'' (1963), ''[[Nirmon]]'' (1966), ''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]'' (1977), ''Zababdari'', and others.<ref name=":0" />

==Personal life==
Joaquim Conceicão Souza Ferrão was born on 15 March 1937 in [[Sanvordem]], [[Goa]], which was a part of [[Portuguese India]] during the [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India), to [[A. F. Souza Ferrão]] and Maria Consescao Mascarenhas. Ferrão hailed from a family deeply rooted in the tradition of ''[[tiatr]]'', a form of [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theater. His paternal uncle, [[A. R. Souza Ferrão]], was a Konkani actor and playwright. Ferrão's passion for tiatr blossomed during his formative years as a student at Guardian Angel High School in Sanvordem. He actively participated in several ''tiatr'' productions as an actor. Ferrão performed under the guidance of directors such as Paixão Manuel Pereira, Sebastião Pereira, Abdonio Rodrigues, Mathew Pereira, and Prof. C. A. Gomes.<ref name=":0" /> On 25 November 2013, Ferrão died in [[Margao, Goa]], aged 76.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2013 |title=Directorate of planning, statistics and evaluation and office of the chief registrar of births and deaths |url=https://rbd.goa.gov.in/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123154022/https://rbd.goa.gov.in/ErrorPage/500.htm?aspxerrorpath=/Certificate/DeathCertificate.aspx#aSearch |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref>

==Awards==
On 14 December 2011,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-20 |title=Veteran tiatr artistes honoured |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/jose-philip-hurt-during-function/articleshow/11174608.cms?_gl=1*txqznz*_ga*YW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.*_ga_FCN624MN68*MTcwODkyOTg5Ny4xMzYuMS4xNzA4OTMwNzUwLjAuMC4w#_ga=2.10653492.1827339112.1708929897-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |access-date=2024-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=2024-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226074330/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/jose-philip-hurt-during-function/articleshow/11174608.cms?_gl=1%2Atxqznz%2A_ga%2AYW1wLVZSa1JjbUZONEdOWklrVTRJWGFieHZrbk93cUkzVHgtSENVYzdRX1FnczUzeU1fbzExekVfemw5Q04zRkJ5TF8.%2A_ga_FCN624MN68%2AMTcwODkyOTg5Ny4xMzYuMS4xNzA4OTMwNzUwLjAuMC4w#_ga=2.10653492.1827339112.1708929897-amp-VRkRcmFN4GNZIkU4IXabxvknOwqI3Tx-HCUc7Q_Qgs53yM_o11zE_zl9CN3FByL_ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ferrão was honored with the "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" during the commemoration of the 140th Birth Anniversary of [[Pai Tiatrist|João Agostinho Fernandes]], the father of ''[[tiatr]]''. The event took place at Ravindra Bhavan in [[Margao]] and was arranged by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2011-12-20 |title=TAG remembers and honours veteran tiatrists – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/20/magazines/buzz/iwatch-tag-remembers-and-honours-veteran-tiatrists/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226074430/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2011/12/20/magazines/buzz/iwatch-tag-remembers-and-honours-veteran-tiatrists/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Legacy==
On 12 September 2023, the Nosa Senhora De Rosa Mystica Association Goa, in partnership with [[Special Olympics Bharat]] Goa, Gujarati Samaj Educational Trust Special School, Margao, and Rev Fr. Franky Fernandes [[OFMCap]], coordinated the inaugural All Goa Jack Souza Ferrao Memorial Special Olympics Futsal Championship 2023. The event took place at the Camp Souza Multi Sports Facility in [[Camurlim]] and welcomed sixty [[Special education|special students]] from six teams representing six schools. Additionally, the tournament included a unified [[futsal]] match featuring international footballers.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Special Olympics futsal at Camorlim |url=https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFaarth-jennica-win-u13-state-chess-titles/103705.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226082908/https://www.thegoan.net/sports/%EF%BB%BFaarth-jennica-win-u13-state-chess-titles/103705.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Select filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1963
|''[[Amchem Noxib]]''
|
|
|rowspan="3"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1966
|''[[Nirmon]]''
|Titi
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Bhuierantlo Munis]]''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''Zababdari''
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-02-08 |title=Konkani VCD 1 new + 4 Releasing soon (plus updated list of 74 VCDs) |url=http://www.goa-world.com/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=Goa World|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040208164344/http://www.goa-world.com/ |archive-date=2004-02-08 }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|}

==Selected stage works==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!Ref
|-
|1944
|''Kunbi Jakki''
|Unnamed role
|Debut as child artiste
|rowspan="7"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|1940s
|Untitled ''tiatr''
|
|
|-
|1959
|''[[Hamlet]]''
|
|[[Konkani language|Konkani]] adaptation
|-
|
|''Goem Tum Roddonaka''
|[[Tehsildar|Mamlatdar]]
|
|-
|
|''Bhauponnacho Kaido''
|Singer
|
|-
|
|''Onupkari Put''
|Singer
|
|-
|
|''Bhavank Lagon''
|Singer
|
|-
|1950s
|''Kitem Amcho Fuddar''
|Singer
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Drums go silent... |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/the-drums-go-silent/109310.html |access-date=2024-02-26 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226193256/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/the-drums-go-silent/109310.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|1973
|''Kirmidor''
|Singer
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=N. T. |date=2019-10-20 |title=TAG to remember tiatr artistes of yesteryears – The Navhind Times |work=The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/10/20/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-3/ |access-date=2024-02-26 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226193250/https://www.navhindtimes.in/2019/10/20/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Botler Bab''
|Singer
|
|rowspan="6"|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|
|''Dr. Alfred''
|Director
|
|-
|
|''Hanv Rinnkari''
|Director
|
|-
|
|''Nossai''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|''Avoichem Sukh''
|Writer/director
|
|-
|
|'' Pai Hanv Bhurgo Mungha''
|Writer/director
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Imdb name|id=4108513}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Souza Ferrão, Jack}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Musicians from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Actors from South Goa district]]

G. Dhananjayan

2026-03-13T20:50:44Z

Bishnoiseries: added a details...

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{multiple issues|
{{promotional|date=May 2013}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2012}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = G. Dhananjayan
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Swarna Kamal Award for the Best Film Critic to Shri G. Dhananjayan, at the 64th National Film Awards Function, in New Delhi.jpg
| caption = Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Swarna Kamal Award for the Best Film Critic to Shri G. Dhananjayan
| alt = GD or DJ
| spouse = Lalitha Dhananjayan
| children =
DL Harita, DL Revati
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Senjiagaram [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| years_active = 2006–present
| occupation = Management Professional, Director – BOFTA Film Institute
}}

'''G. Dhananjayan (GD)''' is an Indian film producer, distributor, columnist, author of four books on Indian films, and founder-director of BOFTA Film Institute.<ref name="BOFTA">{{cite web|title=BOFTA|url=https://www.bofta.in/}}</ref> He has produced films in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Hindi]] languages,<ref>{{cite web|title=GD helps Disney-UTV establish credentials in south business|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/disney-utv-in-conversation-with-team-box-office-india/|publisher=Box office India|access-date=28 September 2013|archive-date=20 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161120121320/http://boxofficeindia.co.in/disney-utv-in-conversation-with-team-box-office-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> including ''[[Sankat City]]'' (2009), ''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'' (2009), ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' (2012), ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' (2014) and ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' (2016), ''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' (2018), ''[[Kabadadaari]]'' (2021), and ''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]'' (2021). He has won two [[National Film Awards]].

== Education and work ==
[[File:Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Special Mention Certificate for “Pride of Tamil Cinema” (1931-2013) in the category of Best Writing on Cinema to the Author, Shri G. Dhananjayan, at the 62nd National Film Awards Function.jpg|thumb|Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Special Mention Certificate for “Pride of Tamil Cinema” (1931–2013)to Shri G. Dhananjayan, at the 62nd National Film Awards Function]]
G. Dhananjayan holds an MBA degree from Sydenham Institute of Management [[SIMSREE]], [[University of Mumbai]] (1991 batch),<ref>{{cite news|title=Guest Leacture by Dhanajayan Govind in SIMSREE|url=http://simsreeblog.blogspot.com/2010/08/guest-lecture-by-mr-dhananjayan-govind.html|date=17 August 2010}}</ref> and earned his Ph.D. from Mumbai University for his thesis on the Indian Film Industry in March 2019.

He worked in [[Asian Paints Ltd]], [[Kansai Nerolac Paints]], [[Saregama]], [[Bharti Airtel]], and [[Vodafone]] for more than 15 years before joining [[Moser Baer]] Entertainment in 2006. Dhananjayan was the company's [[Chief Operating Officer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2009/03/10/stories/2009031051161500.htm|title=Ten films in Moser Baer's production kitty for 2009|author=Ravikumar, R.|date=10 March 2009|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=8 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624004351/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2009/03/10/stories/2009031051161500.htm|archive-date=24 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Moser-Baer-joins-Duet-Movies-for-film-production/article14829280.ece|title=Moser Baer joins Duet Movies for film production|date=5 September 2007|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 May 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of Home Video Business and then chief executive officer of the Film Business.

Dhananjayan was one of the two founding members of [[Moser Baer]] Entertainment in April 2006. Within 6 months, GD acquired the copyright/marketing rights for over 10,000 film titles in ten languages, including Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi, Gujarati, Punjabi to launch DVDs and VCDs under the banner of [[Moser Baer]]. This allowed to compete with low-priced unauthorized copies of DVDs.<ref>{{cite news|title=We want to be India's best entertainment company|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/17moser5.htm|access-date=17 April 2008|publisher=rediff news}}</ref>

Dhananjayan was associated with [[UTV Motion Pictures]] (now part of Disney-India) from January 2011 till February 2016 and was instrumental in producing several films in the South.

Dhananjayan did lectures and interactions with students<ref>{{cite web|title=Guest Lecture by Dhananjayan Govind|url=http://www.pragyan.org/14/home/guest_lectures/|website=pragyan.org|publisher=NIT Trichy}}</ref> of various film institutes across India. He also delivered speeches at IIT, NIT, and other management institutes on film business. Dhananjayan has spoken at various forums and programs on the film business, management, and other topics.

Dhananjayan was the founding Director of BOFTA Film Institute,<ref name="BOFTA"/> a pioneer in Film Education in Tamil Nadu where the students learn from the Masters.

Dhananjayan has also made documentaries on legendary filmmakers. His first documentary on Producer-Director-Writer Panchu Arunachalam titled 'A Creator with Midas Touch' which was selected and screened at Indian Panorama of International Film Festival in Goa (2016). His second documentary on legendary director Krishnan–Panju was selected and screened at Mumbai International Film Festival (2017) and received critical acclaim.

Dhananjayan joined hands with lyricist and screenplay writer [[Madhan Karky]] in 2023 and started a pioneering initiative of SCRIPTick, a ready-to-shoot script bank to help talented screenwriters.<ref>{{cite web|title=SCRIPTick|website=[[DT Next]] |date=22 February 2023 |url=https://www.dtnext.in/cinema/2023/02/22/g-dhananjayan-scriptick-will-bridge-the-writer-producer-gap}}</ref>

=== Film production ===

At [[Moser Baer]] Entertainment Dhananjayan ventured into film production with ''[[Shaurya]]'' in Hindi and ''[[Vellitherai]]'' in Tamil. Moser Baer then produced ''[[Sankat City]]'' and "Hide & Seek" in Hindi, ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]'', ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'', ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]]'',''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'', ''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'', and ''[[Siddhu +2]]'' with K. Bhagyaraj in Tamil and ''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kaana Kanmani]]'' in Malayalam in two years.

At [[UTV Motion Pictures]] (now called Disney-India) Dhananjayan had acquired and also produced films in Tamil and Malayalam. The first film, UTV marketed after his joining was ''[[Deiva Thirumagal]]'' which was a critically acclaimed movie. He was involved in producing, marketing, and distributing films. Under his supervision UTV co-produced in Tamil ''[[Vettai]]'' and ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' with Director N. Lingusamy's Thirrupathi Brothers, ''[[Kalakalappu]] '' and ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' with Sundar C's Avni Cinemax, M.Saravanan—Vikram Prabhu' [[Ivan Veramathiri]] and Suriya's ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' with Director N. Lingusamy's Thirrupathi Brothers, and ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' with Vishal Film Factory. GD had produced under UTV banner ''[[Muran (film)|Muran]]'', ''[[Mugamoodi]]'', ''[[Thaandavam]]'',"''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'', ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'', Director S.P.Jhananathan—Arya-Vijay Sethupathi's ''[[Purampokku]]'' and Director Vishnuvaradhan—Arya's ''[[Yatchan]]'' in Tamil. In Malayalam UTV had produced ''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]'' and ''[[Husbands in Goa]]''. In his last assignment with UTV, Dhananjayan was involved in the marketing of Director [[Sudha Kongara]] and Madhavan's ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' in 2016.

Dhananjayan is currently an independent consulting film producer and distributor. In 2018, he produced Tamil films [[Mr. Chandramouli]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/g-dhananjayan-thanks-team-mr-chandramouli.html|title=G Dhananjayan thanks team Mr Chandramouli|date=4 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/nov/22/mr-chandramouli--to-get-started-1708521.html| title = Mr. Chandramouli to get started- The New Indian Express}}</ref> by [[Thiru (director)]], starring [[Karthik (actor)]], [[Gautham Karthik]], [[Regina Cassandra]], [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]], [[Santhosh Prathap]] and others and [[Kaatrin Mozhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-simbu-compliments-jyothikas-sultry-hello-kaatrin-mozhi-trailer-91228|title = Watch: Simbu compliments Jyothika's 'sultry hello' in 'Kaatrin Mozhi' trailer|date = 8 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/jyothika-wraps-up-radha-mohan-kaatrin-mozhi-tumhari-sulu-remake-1298746-2018-07-28|title = Jyothika wraps up the shooting of Kaatrin Mozhi. See pics}}</ref> by [[Radha Mohan]], starring [[Jyothika]], [[Vidharth]], [[Lakshmi Manchu]], [[Kabadadaari]] with [[Sibi Sathyaraj]] and [[Kapatadhaari]] in Telugu with [[Sumanth]].

Dhananjayan is one of the partners of Infiniti Film Ventures and the company has produced ''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]'', ''[[Kolai (film)|Kolai]]'', and ''[[Raththam]]'' released in 2023.

=== Movie distribution ===

Dhananjayan distributed the film ''[[Zero (2018 film)|Zero]]'' in 2016 under his production banner Blue Ocean Entertainment. In May 2017, he commenced his distribution company Creative Entertainers and Distributors and distributed the successful film ''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/g-dhananjayan-gets-distribution-right-of-ivan-thandhiran.html|title=G Dhananjayan gets distribution right of Ivan Thandhiran|date=29 May 2017|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moviecrow.com/News/16241/national-award-winner-dhananjayan-govind-turns-distributor-with-ivan-thanthiran|title=National Award Winner Dhananjayan Govind turns distributor with Ivan Thanthiran|website=www.moviecrow.com|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> In 2018 GD distributed the film [[U Turn]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/g-dhananjayan-to-distribute-samanthas-u-turn-in-tamil-nadu.html|title = G Dhananjayan to distribute Samantha's U turn in Tamil Nadu|date = 24 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://silverscreen.in/news/makers-of-big-budget-films-have-a-monopolistic-attitude-says-producer-g-dhananjayan/|title = Makers of Big Budget Films Have a Monopolistic Attitude, Says Producer G Dhananjayan|date = 13 September 2018}}{{dead link|date=February 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> starring [[Samantha Prabhu]] in Tamil Nadu, which became a success.

Dhananjayan's recently distributed film is ''[[Kolaigaran]]'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://top10cinema.com/article/49480/distribution-rights-of-kolaikaaran-have-been-bagged-by-a-famous-production-banner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419113231/https://top10cinema.com/article/49480/distribution-rights-of-kolaikaaran-have-been-bagged-by-a-famous-production-banner|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 April 2019|title = Distribution rights of 'Kolaikaaran' have been bagged by a famous production banner!|date = 17 April 2019}}</ref> which was released on June 7, 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-ta/vijay-antonys-kolaigaran-tamilnadu-theatrical-rights-acquired-by-dhananjayans-bofta.html|title = Vijay Antony's Kolaigaran tamilnadu theatrical Rights acquired by Dhananjayan's BOFTA|date = 17 April 2019}}</ref> and "''[[Kavalthurai Ungal Nanban]]'', which got released in 2020. Both films were commercial successes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onlykollywood.com/dhananjayans-creative-entertainers-distributors-acquires-all-rights-to-kavalthurai-ungal-nanban/|title=Dhananjayan's Creative Entertainers & Distributors acquires all rights to Kavalthurai Ungal Nanban|date=28 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/kavalthurai-ungal-nanban-movie-distributed-by-g-dhananjayan-news-252310|title = G. Dhananjayan acquires an interesting film – News|date = 29 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ttncinema.com/kavalthurai-ungal-nanban-screened-across-several-theatres-in-chennai/|title = 'Kavalthurai Ungal Nanban' screened across several theatres in Chennai|date = 27 November 2020}}</ref>

=== Writing career ===

Dhananjayan has contributed several articles to the [[The Times of India|Times of India]], The Hindu Tamil, Dinathanthi Next, Deccan Chronicle, Indian Management, DNA, India Today, and other publications.

Dhananjayan has written a book about Tamil cinema titled ''The Best of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2010'',<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=The Best of Tamil Cinema, launched in style|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/the-best-of-tamil-cinema-launched-in-style-news-tamil-lddlxlebbjgsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716140150/http://www.sify.com/movies/the-best-of-tamil-cinema-launched-in-style-news-tamil-lddlxlebbjgsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 July 2014|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=4 March 2011}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/05/stories/2011010560100200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110023451/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/05/stories/2011010560100200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=10 January 2011 | title=Chronicling the legacy of Tamil cinema | date=5 January 2011 | access-date=8 December 2013 | newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | author=Nadu, Tamil}}</ref><ref name="TTOI">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-chronicler-of-Kollywood/articleshow/7745961.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907162224/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-03-20/chennai/29148702_1_tamil-films-g-dhananjayan-tamil-cinema | url-status=live | archive-date=7 September 2011 | title=The chronicler of Kollywood |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]| date=20 March 2011 | access-date=8 December 2013 | author=Venkateswaran, N}}</ref> in English, which was released by Legendary Actor Kamal Haasan on 2 March 2011 in the presence of eminent film makers.<ref>{{cite news|title=THE BEST OF TAMIL CINEMA 1931–2010 released by Dr Kamal|url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-565296|access-date=3 March 2011|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Super Star [[Rajinikanth]] personally appreciated the book by giving a memento for the fantastic research and writing on Tamil cinema.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajinikanth appreciates Dhananjayan's book|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rajinikanth-appreciates-dhananjayan-s-book-news-tamil-lehqIMhbdeh.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410211730/http://www.sify.com/movies/rajinikanth-appreciates-dhananjayan-s-book-news-tamil-lehqIMhbdeh.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 April 2011|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=8 April 2011}}</ref>

Dhananjayan's second book was "Pride of Tamil Cinema", released in 2014.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://gulfnews.com/arts-entertainment/celebrity/india/south-india/pride-of-tamil-cinema-a-treat-for-film-buffs-1.1421323|title=' Pride of Tamil Cinema,' a treat for film buffs|first=Mythily Ramachandran, Special to|last=tabloid!|date=4 December 2014|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref> The book was released at Indian Panorama, Goa in 2014.

Dhananjayan's fourth book titled 'The Art and Business of Cinema(ABC)' was released in December 2017 comprising nearly 100 articles that explains the various art and business facets of cinema.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web|title=Art and Business of Cinema|website=[[Cinema Express]] |url=http://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2018/feb/06/filmmaking-101-4396.html}}</ref><ref name="auto4">{{cite news |last1=Nathan |first1=Archana |title=What Kollywood needs to do better: 'Don't release six films on the same day, create more heroes' |url=https://scroll.in/reel/865687/what-kollywood-needs-to-do-better-dont-release-six-films-on-the-same-day-create-more-heroes |access-date=18 April 2021 |work=Scroll.in |date=January 28, 2018}}</ref>

Dhananjayan's series of articles in various newspapers won him his second National Award as the Best Critic of the Year 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Award on Best Critic|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=160659|website=pib.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Express List of National Awards|date=8 April 2017|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2017-complete-winner-list-4603752/}}</ref>

Dhananjayan was also the compiling author of two books by legendary actor, painter, orator and philanthropist Sivakumar titled ‘Paintings of Sivakumar’ and ‘Golden Moments of Sivakumar’.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paintings of Sivakumar|url= https://bookwomb.com/paintings-of-sivakumar.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Painting expo|url= http://archive.ptinews.com//news/8003983_Tamil-actor-Sivakumar-s-painting-expo-opens-.html}}</ref>

In 2021, served for a brief period as the Head of Tamil content and digital business in [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Lata|date=2021-06-11|title=SonyLIV appoints G. Dhananjayan as head of Tamil content|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/sonyliv-appoints-g-dhananjayan-as-head-of-tamil-content-11623415067822.html|access-date=2021-06-13|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> In 2023, Dhananjayan and [[Madhan Karky]] started SCRIPTICK, a "script bank" to help aspiring screenwriters better research their scripts.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Suganth |first=M. |title=Madhan Karky and Dhananjayan team up to create a script bank for Kollywood |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madhan-karky-and-dhananjayan-team-up-to-create-a-script-bank-for-kollywood/articleshow/97815625.cms |access-date=2023-03-16 |date=11 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajaraman |first=Kaushik |date=2023-02-22 |title=G Dhananjayan: Scriptick will bridge the writer-producer gap |url=https://www.dtnext.in/entertainment/cinema/g-dhananjayan-scriptick-will-bridge-the-writer-producer-gap |access-date=2026-02-06 |website=[[DT Next]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
''' As the Producer or Co-Producer at Moser Baer Entertainment'''

* ''[[Vellithirai]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (2008 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Poo (film)|Poo]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Abhiyum Naanum (film)|Abhiyum Naanum]] '' (2008)
* ''[[Sankat City]]'' (2009) - Hindi
* ''[[Kana Kanmani (film)|Kana Kanmani]]'' (2009) – Malayalam
* ''[[Kanden Kadhalai]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Aval Peyar Thamizharasi]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Siddhu +2]]'' (2010)
* ''Hide & Seek'' (2010) – Hindi
* ''[[Mayilu]]'' (2012)

''' As Associate Producer at Disney-UTV Motion Pictures'''

* ''[[Deivathirumagal]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Muran (film)|Muran]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Vettai]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Vazhakku Enn 18/9]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Grandmaster (2012 film)|Grandmaster]]'' (2012) – Malayalam
* ''[[Husbands in Goa]]'' (2012) – Malayalam
* ''[[Mugamoodi]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Thaandavam]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Ivan Veramathiri]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Sigaram Thodu]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Purampokku]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Yatchan]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Irudhi Suttru]]'' (2016)

'''As Producer – Creative Entertainers'''
*''[[Mr. Chandramouli]]'' (2018)
*''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]'' (2018)
*''[[Kabadadaari]]'' (2021)
*''[[Kapatadhaari]]'' (2021)

'''As Partner Producer – Infiniti Film Ventures'''
*''[[Kodiyil Oruvan]]'' (2021)
*''[[Kolai (film)]]'' (2023)
* ''[[Raththam]]'' (2023)

'''As Co-Producer'''
*''[[Vanamagan]]'' (2017)

'''As Theatrical Distributor'''
*''[[Zero (2016 film)|Zero]]'' (2016)
*''[[Ivan Thanthiran]]'' (2017)
*''[[U Turn (2018 film)|U Turn]]'' (2018)
*''[[Kolaigaran]]'' (2019)
*''[[Asuran (2019 film)|Asuran]]'' (2019)
*''[[Kavalthurai Ungal Nanban]]'' (2020)

'''As Digital Distributor'''
*''[[Irudhi Pakkam]]'' (2021)
*''[[Kayamai Kadakka]]'' (2021)
*''[[Parole (2022 film)|Parole]]'' (2022)
*''[[Erumbu]]'' (2023)

'''As the Co-Producer at Studio Green'''
*''[[Teddy (film)|Teddy]]'' (2021)
*''[[Kaatteri]]'' (2022)
*''[[Theal (film)|Theal]]'' (2022)
*''[[Pathu Thala]]'' (2023)
*''[[80s Buildup]]'' (2023)
*''[[Rebel (2024 film)|Rebel]]'' (2024)
*''[[Vaa Vaathiyaare]]'' (2024)
*''[[Thangalaan]]'' (2024)
*''[[Kanguva]]'' (2024)

'''Documentary films'''

* ''A Creator with Midas Touch'' (documentary on [[Panchu Arunachalam]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-documentary-on-panchu-arunachalam-veteran-screenwriter-and-producer-in-tamil-cinema/article8399359.ece|title=The man who made Rajinikanth|last=Srinivasan|first=Sudhir|date=26 March 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 May 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-documentary-on-panchu-arunachalam-veteran-screenwriter-and-producer-in-tamil-cinema/article8399359.ece|title = The man who made Rajinikanth|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 26 March 2016|last1 = Srinivasan|first1 = Sudhir}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Documentary on Panchu Arunachalam|website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/a-documentary-on-panchu-arunachalam-veteran-screenwriter-and-producer-in-tamil-cinema/article8399359.ece}}</ref>
* ''The Pioneering Duo'' (documentary on [[Krishnan–Panju]])<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2017/04/09205411/1030959/Documentary-on-pioneers-of-Indian-cinema-launched.vpf?TId=112136|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522050435/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2017/04/09205411/1030959/Documentary-on-pioneers-of-Indian-cinema-launched.vpf?TId=112136|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2018|title=Documentary on pioneers of Indian cinema launched|date=10 April 2017|work=[[DT Next]]|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/apr/05/producer-writer-g-dhananjayan-next-project-on--legendary-director-duo-of-krishnan-panju-1590335.html|title = Producer-writer G. Dhananjayan next project on legendary director duo of Krishnan-Panju}}</ref>

'''As Actor'''
*''[[Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)|Mandhira Punnagai]]'' (2010)
*''[[Vandhaan Vendraan]]'' (2011)
*''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' (2014)
*''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (2016 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]'' (2016)
*''[[Utharavu Maharaja]]'' (2018)
*''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]'' (2019)
*''[[Kabadadaari]]'' (2021)

== Books ==
*Best of Tamil Cinema: 1931 to 2010 (2 Volumes)<ref name="auto" /><ref name="auto1" /><ref name="TTOI" />
*[[Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013]]<ref name="auto2" />
*Vellithirayin Vetri Manthirangal (in Tamil)
*The Art and Business of Cinema (ABC)<ref name="auto3" /><ref name="auto4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/865687/what-kollywood-needs-to-do-better-dont-release-six-films-on-the-same-day-create-more-heroes|title = What Kollywood needs to do better: 'Don't release six films on the same day, create more heroes'}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[62nd National Film Awards|2015]]: [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] ([[National Film Award – Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Book on Cinema)|Special Mention]]) – ''Pride of Tamil Cinema (1931–2013)''<ref>{{cite web|title=62nd National Film Awards announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=117636|publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] (Press release)|access-date=24 March 2015|date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
*[[64th National Film Awards|2017]]: [[National Film Award for Best Film Critic]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/producer-dhananjayan-thanks-the-press-for-his-national-award.html|title=Producer Dhananjayan thanks the press for his National Award|date=7 April 2017|access-date=11 February 2018}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.rediff.com/money/2008/apr/17moser1.htm Rediff.com – Interview]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110107003701/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/62836.html IndiaGlitz]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110204034002/http://www.sify.com/movies/g-dhananjayan-joins-utv-news-tamil-lcbrc0chhec.html Sify]
* [https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Rajinis-Enthiran-is-still-the-top-grosser-in-South/articleshow/25599919.cms?.html Banglore mirror – Interview]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhananjayan, G.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film producers from Chennai]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Indian film historians]]
[[Category:Indian chief operating officers]]
[[Category:Best Critic National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Telugu film producers]]

Terauchi Masatake

2026-03-05T10:21:51Z

Bishnoiseries:

{{Short description|Prime Minister of Japan from 1916 to 1918}}
{{family name hatnote|Terauchi|lang=Japanese}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)|Marshal]] [[Kazoku|Count]]
| name = Terauchi Masatake
| native_name = {{nobold|寺内正毅}}
| native_name_lang = ja
| image = Masatake Terauchi 2.jpg
| office = [[Prime Minister of Japan]]
| monarch = [[Emperor Taishō|Taishō]]
| term_start = 9 October 1916
| term_end = 29 September 1918
| predecessor = [[Ōkuma Shigenobu]]
| successor = [[Hara Takashi]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Minister of Finance]]
| primeminister2 = ''Himself''
| term_start2 = 9 October
| term_end2 = 16 December 1916
| predecessor2 = [[Taketomi Tokitoshi]]
| successor2 = [[Kazue Shōda]]
| office3 = [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister for Foreign Affairs]]
| status3 = Acting
| primeminister3 = ''Himself''
| term_start3 = 9 October
| term_end3 = 21 November 1916
| predecessor3 = [[Ishii Kikujirō]]
| successor3 = [[Motono Ichirō]]
| primeminister4 = Katsura Tarō
| term_start4 = 14 July
| term_end4 = 27 August 1908
| predecessor4 = [[Hayashi Tadasu]]
| successor4 = [[Komura Jutarō]]
| office5 = [[Governor-General of Chōsen|Governor-General of Korea]]
| monarch5 = [[Emperor Meiji|Meiji]] Taishō
| term_start5 = 1 October 1910
| term_end5 = 9 October 1916
| predecessor5 = Himself (as [[Japanese Resident-General of Korea|Resident-General]])
| successor5 = [[Hasegawa Yoshimichi]]
| office6 = [[Japanese Resident-General of Korea#List of Japanese residents-general|Resident-General of Korea]]
| monarch6 = Meiji
| termstart6 = 30 May
| termend6 = 1 October 1910
| predecessor6 = [[Sone Arasuke]]
| successor6 = Himself (as Governor-General)
| office7 = [[Army Ministry|Minister of the Army]]
| primeminister7 = {{ubl|Katsura Tarō|Saionji Kinmochi}}
| term_start7 = 27 March 1902
| term_end7 = 30 August 1911
| predecessor7 = [[Kodama Gentarō]]
| successor7 = [[Ishimoto Shinroku]]
| office8 = [[Inspectorate General of Military Training#List of Inspectors-General of Military Training|Inspector-General of Military Training]]
| termstart8 = 14 January 1904
| termend8 = 9 May 1905
| monarch8 = Meiji
| successor8 = [[Nishi Kanjirō]]
| predecessor8 = [[Nozu Michitsura]]
| termstart9 = 22 January 1898
| termend9 = 25 April 1900
| monarch9 = Meiji
| predecessor9 = ''Position established''
| successor9 = [[Nozu Michitsura]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1852|2|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Yamaguchi (city)|Yamaguchi, Chōshū Domain]], Japan
| death_date = {{death date and age|1919|11|3|1852|2|5|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Tokyo]], Japan
| signature = TerauchiM kao.png
| party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Terauchi Tani||1890|end=died}} {{marriage|Terauchi Taki|1890|reason=}}
| children = [[Hisaichi Terauchi]]
| relatives = [[Hideo Kodama]] (son-in-law)
| allegiance = [[Empire of Japan]]
| branch = [[Imperial Japanese Army]]
| serviceyears = 1871–1910
| rank = Field Marshal (''[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)|Gensui]]'') [[File:元帥徽章.svg|25px]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
*[[Boshin War]]
**[[Battle of Hakodate]]
*[[Satsuma Rebellion]]
**[[Battle of Tabaruzaka]]{{WIA}}
*[[First Sino-Japanese War]]
*[[Russo-Japanese War]]{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Order of the Rising Sun]] [[Order of the Golden Kite]] [[Order of the Bath]]
}}
Count '''Terauchi Masatake''' ({{langx|ja|寺内正毅}}, 5 February 1852 – 3 November 1919) was a Japanese military officer and politician who served as [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime minister of Japan]] from 1916 to 1918. He was a ''[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)|Gensui]]'' (or [[Marshal]]) in the [[Imperial Japanese Army]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Terauchi Masatake" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 964|page=964}}.</ref>

==Military career==
Terauchi Masatake was born in Hirai Village, [[Suo Province]] (present-day [[Yamaguchi (city)|Yamaguchi city]], [[Yamaguchi Prefecture]]), and was the third son of Utada Masasuke, a samurai in the service of [[Chōshū Domain]]. He was later adopted by a relative on his mother's side of the family, Terauchi Kanuemon, and changed his family name to "Terauchi".

As a youth, he was a member of the [[Kiheitai]] militia from 1864, and fought in the [[Boshin War]] against the [[Tokugawa shogunate]] from 1867, most notably at the [[Battle of Hakodate]]. After the victory at Hakodate, he travelled to [[Kyoto]], where he joined the [[Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)|Ministry of War]] and was drilled by French instructors in Western weaponry and tactics. He became a member of [[Emperor Meiji]]'s personal guard in 1870 and travelled with the Emperor to [[Tokyo]]. He left military service in 1871 to pursue language studies, but was recalled with the formation the fledgling [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in 1871 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant after attending the Army's Toyama School. He was appointed to the staff of the new [[Imperial Japanese Army Academy]] in 1873. He against the [[Satsuma Rebellion]] in 1877 and was injured and lost his right hand during the [[Battle of Tabaruzaka]]. His [[physical disability]] did not prove to be an impediment to his future military and political career.

In 1882, he was sent to France as [[aide-de-camp]] to [[Prince Kan'in Kotohito]] and was appointed a [[military attaché]] the following year. He remained in France for studies until 1886. On his return to Japan, he was appointed deputy chief of staff to the minister of the Army. In 1887, he became commandant of the Army Academy. In 1891, he was chief of staff to the [[IJA 1st Division]] and in 1892 was chief of the First Bureau (Operations) of the [[Imperial Japanese Army General Staff]].

[[File:Generals Terauchi and Kodama at Russo-Japanese War.jpg|thumb|left|Terauchi Masatake (left) with General [[Kodama Gentarō]] (right) in 1904]]
With the start of the [[First Sino-Japanese War]] in 1894, Terauchi was appointed Director of Transportation and Communications for the [[Imperial General Headquarters]], which made him responsible for all movement of troops and supplies during the war. In 1896, he was assigned command of the IJA 3rd Infantry Brigade. In 1898, he was promoted to become the first [[Inspectorate General of Military Training|Inspector General of Military Training]], which he made one of the three highest positions in the army. In 1900, he became Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army, and went to China to personally oversee Japanese force during the [[Boxer Rebellion]]

Terauchi was appointed as [[Army Ministry|Minister of the Army]] in 1901, during the first [[Katsura Tarō|Katsura administration]]. The [[Russo-Japanese War]] (1904–1905) occurred during his term in office. He was also made a chairman of the [[South Manchurian Railway Company]] in 1906. In 1907, in recognition of the four wars he had served in, he was elevated to [[viscount]] (子爵, ''Shishaku'') in the ''[[kazoku]]'' peerage.

He continued in office as Army Minister under the first [[Saionji Kinmochi|Saionji administration]] and the second Katsura administration from July 1908 to August 1911.

==Governor-General of Korea (1910–1916)==
Following the assassination of former [[Prime Minister of Japan|prime minister]] [[Itō Hirobumi]] in [[Harbin]] by a Korean nationalist, [[An Jung-geun]] in October 1909, Terauchi was appointed to replace [[Sone Arasuke]] as the third and last [[Japanese Resident-General of Korea]] in May 1910. As Resident-General, he executed the [[Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty]] in August of the same year, and he thus became the first Japanese [[governor-general of Korea]]. In this position, he reported directly to the Emperor and as [[proconsul]] had wide-ranging powers ranging from legislative, administrative, and judicial to effect changes and reforms. The annexation of Korea by Japan and subsequent policies introduced by the new government was highly unpopular with the majority of the Korean population, and Terauchi (who concurrently maintained his position as Army Minister) employed military force to maintain control. However, he preferred to use the deep historical and cultural ties between Korea and Japan as justification for the eventual goal of complete assimilation of Korea into the Japanese mainstream. To this end, thousands of schools were built across Korea. Although this contributed greatly to an increase in literacy and the educational standard, the curriculum was centered on [[Japanese language]] and [[Japanese history]], with the intent of assimilation of the populace into loyal subjects of the [[Empire of Japan]].

Other of Terauchi's policies also had noble goals but [[unforeseen consequence]]s. For example, [[land reform]] was desperately needed in Korea. The Korean land ownership system was a complex system of absentee landlords, partial owner-tenants, and cultivators with traditional but without legal proof of ownership. Terauchi's new Land Survey Bureau conducted [[cadastral survey]]s that reestablished ownership by basis of written proof (deeds, titles, and similar documents). Ownership was denied to those who could not provide such written documentation (mostly lower class and partial owners, who had only traditional verbal "cultivator rights"). Although the plan succeeded in reforming land ownership/taxation structures, it added tremendously to Korean hostility, bitterness, and resentment towards Japanese administration by enabling a huge amount of Korean land (roughly 2/3 of all privately owned lands by some estimates) to be seized by the government and sold to Japanese developers.

In recognition of his work in Korea, his title was raised to that of ''hakushaku'' ([[count]]) in 1911.

[[Isabel Anderson]], who visited Korea and met Count Terauchi in 1912, wrote as follows:<ref>[http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41722 Isabel Anderson, "The Spell of Japan", Boston, 1914, p.15.]</ref>
{{blockquote|The Japanese Governor-General, Count Terauchi, is a very strong and able man, and under his administration many improvements have been made in Korea. This has not always been done without friction between the natives and their conquerors, it must be confessed, but the results are certainly astonishing. The government has been reorganized, courts have been established, the laws have been revised, trade conditions have been improved and commerce has increased. Agriculture has been encouraged by the opening of experiment stations, railroads have been constructed from the interior to the sea-coast, and harbours have been dredged and lighthouses erected. Japanese expenditures in Korea have amounted to twelve million dollars yearly. |Isabel Anderson|The Spell of Japan, 1914}}

For reference, the $12 million figure in Anderson's book is roughly equivalent to $373.1 million in 2023.<ref>CPI Inflation Calculator. https://www.in2013dollars.com/us/inflation/1913?amount=12000000</ref>

==Premiership (1916–1918)==
{{Infobox premiership
| image = Portrait of Masatake Terauchi.jpg
| caption = Portrait by [[Okada Saburōsuke]]
| name = Premiership of Terauchi Masatake
| party = [[Imperial Japanese Armed Forces|Military]] ([[Imperial Japanese Army|Army]])
| monarch = [[Emperor Taishō]]
| seat = [[Naikaku Sōri Daijin Kantei]]
| constituency =
| term_start = 9 October 1916
| term_end = 29 September 1918
| cabinet =[[Terauchi Cabinet]]
| election = [[1917 Japanese general election|1917]]
| predecessor = [[Ōkuma Shigenobu#Second premiership|Ōkuma Shigenobu]]
| successor = [[Hara Takashi#Premiership (1918–1921)|Hara Takashi]]
| seal = Emblem of the Government of Japan.svg
| seal_caption = Emblem of the Government of Japan
}}
{{seealso|Terauchi Cabinet}}
In June 1916, Terauchi he received his promotion to the largely ceremonial rank of ''[[Gensui (Imperial Japanese Army)|Gensui]]'' (or [[Field Marshal]]). In October, he became Prime Minister, and concurrently held the cabinet posts of [[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Foreign Minister]] and [[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Finance Minister]]. His cabinet consisted solely of career bureaucrats as he distrusted career civilian politicians.

During his tenure, Terauchi pursued an aggressive foreign policy. He oversaw the [[Nishihara Loans]] (made to support the Chinese warlord [[Duan Qirui]] in exchange for confirmation of Japanese claims to parts of [[Shandong Province]] and increased rights in [[Manchuria]]) and the [[Lansing–Ishii Agreement]] (recognizing Japan's special rights in China). Terauchi upheld Japan's obligations to the [[United Kingdom]] under the [[Anglo-Japanese Alliance]] in [[World War I]], dispatching ships from the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]] to the [[Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], [[Indian Ocean]] and [[Mediterranean]], and seizing control of German colonies in [[Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory|Qingdao]] and the [[South Seas Mandate|Pacific Ocean]]. After the war, Japan joined the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] in the [[Siberian Intervention]] (whereby Japan sent troops into [[Siberia]] in support of [[White movement|White Russian]] forces against the [[Bolshevik]] [[Red Army]] in the [[Russian Revolution]]).

In September 1918, Terauchi resigned his office, due to the [[Rice Riots of 1918|rice riots]] that had spread throughout Japan due to [[inflation]]; he died the following year.

His decorations included the [[Order of the Rising Sun]] (1st class) and [[Order of the Golden Kite]] (1st Class).

The [[billiken]] doll, which was a [[Kewpie]]-like fad toy invented in 1908 and was very popular in Japan, lent its name to the Terauchi administration, partly due to the doll's uncanny resemblance to Count Terauchi's bald head.

==Legacy==
Terauchi's eldest son, [[Count]] [[Hisaichi Terauchi|Terauchi Hisaichi]], was the commander of the Imperial Japanese Army's [[Southern Expeditionary Army Group]] during [[World War II]]. The 2nd Count Terauchi also held the rank of ''Gensui'' (or [[Marshal]]) like his father. Terauchi's eldest daughter married Count [[Hideo Kodama]], the son of General [[Kodama Gentaro]].

==Honours==
''From the corresponding article in the Japanese Wikipedia''

===Peerages===
*[[Viscount]] (21 September 1907) <ref>『官報』第7272号「授爵敍任及辞令」September 23, 1907</ref>
*[[Count]] (21 April 1911)<ref>『官報』第8347号「授爵・叙任及辞令」April 22, 1911。</ref>

===Japanese decorations===
* 1892 – [[File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 3Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Sacred Treasure]] [[Order of the Sacred Treasure]], 3rd class <ref>『官報』第2828号「叙任及辞令」November 30, 1892</ref>
* 1894 – [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 4Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 4th class
* 1895 – [[File:JPN Kinshi-kunsho 3Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Golden Kite]] [[Order of the Golden Kite]], 3rd class <ref>『官報』第3644号「叙任及辞令」August 21, 1895</ref>
* 1895 – [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 3Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 3rd class <ref>『官報』第3644号「叙任及辞令」August 21, 1895</ref>
* 1899 - [[File:JPN Zuiho-sho (WW2) 2Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Sacred Treasure]] Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class <ref>『官報』第4754号「叙任及辞令」May 10, 1899</ref>
* 1901 – [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 1Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun<ref>『官報』第2612号「叙任及辞令」April 19, 1921</ref>
* 1901 – [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 4Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Rising Sun]] [[Order of the Rising Sun]], 4th class <ref>『官報』第5487号「叙任及辞令」October 15, 1901</ref>
* 1906 – [[File:JPN Kinshi-kunsho 1Class BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Golden Kite]] Order of the Golden Kite, 1st class<ref>『官報』号外「叙任及辞令」January 28, 1907</ref>
* 1906 – [[File:JPN Toka-sho BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Paulownia Flowers]] Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers<ref>『官報』号外「叙任及辞令」January 28, 1907</ref>
* 1919 – [[File:JPN Daikun'i kikkasho BAR.svg|50px|link=Order of the Chrysanthemum]] Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (posthumous)

===Foreign decorations (partial list)===
* 1886 – [[File:Legion Honneur Chevalier ribbon.svg|50px|link=Legion of Honour]] France - [[Legion of Honour]], Chevalier <ref>『官報』第779号「叙任及辞令」February 9, 1886</ref>
* 1891 – [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|50px|link=Legion of Honour]] France - [[Legion of Honour]], Officier <ref>『官報』第2485号「叙任及辞令」October 9, 1891</ref>
* 1894 – [[File:Order of the Medjidie - Ribbon bar.svg|50px|link=Order of the Medjidie]] Ottoman Empire - [[Order of the Medjidie]], Commandeur <ref>『官報』第4192号「叙任及辞令」June 24, 1897</ref>
* 1897 – [[File:RUS Order św. Stanisława (baretka).svg|50px|link=Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]] - Russia - [[Order of Saint Stanislaus (House of Romanov)|Order of Saint Stanislaus]], 1st class <ref>『官報』第4192号「叙任及辞令」June 24, 1891</ref>
* 1897 – [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|50px|link=Legion of Honour]] France - [[Legion of Honour]], Commandeur <ref>『官報』第4192号「叙任及辞令」June 24, 1891</ref>
* 1906 – [[Knight Grand Cross]] of the [[Order of the Bath]] (GCB) (15 March 1906)<ref>{{London Gazette|issue=27913|page=3323|date=15 May 1906}}</ref>
* 1907 – [[File:Order of the Dragon of Annam Knight ribbon.svg|50px|link=Order of the Dragon of Annam]] Annam - [[Order of the Dragon of Annam]], Commander <ref>『官報』第4192号「叙任及辞令」June 24, 1891</ref>

==Popular culture==
* Portrayed by Lee Young-seok in the 2015 film ''[[Assassination (2015 film)|Assassination]]''.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [[Albert M. Craig|Craig, Albert M.]] ''Chōshū in the Meiji Restoration.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/482814571 OCLC 482814571]
*Duus, Peter. ''The Abacus and the Sword: The Japanese Penetration of Korea, 1895-1910 (Twentieth-Century Japan - the Emergence of a World Power''. University of California Press (1998). {{ISBN|0-520-21361-0}}.
* Dupuy, Trevor N. ''[[Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography]]''. New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc., 1992. {{ISBN|0-7858-0437-4}}
* [[Marius Jansen|Jansen, Marius B.]] and [[Gilbert Rozman]], eds. (1986). ''Japan in Transition: from Tokugawa to Meiji.'' Princeton: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|9780691054599}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12311985 OCLC 12311985]
* ____________. (2000). ''The Making of Modern Japan.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|9780674003347}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/44090600 OCLC 44090600]
* Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC ''Japan encyclopedia.''] Cambridge: Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-01753-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/58053128?referer=di&ht=edition OCLC 58053128]

==External links==
{{commons category|Terauchi Masatake}}

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{{s-bef|before=[[Hayashi Tadasu]]}}
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{{s-ttl|title=[[Resident-General of Korea|Resident General of Korea]]|years=May 1910 – October 1910}}
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{{s-bef|before=Himself|as=[[Resident-General of Korea|Resident General of Korea]]}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Ishii Kikujirō]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=October 1916 – November 1916}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Taketomi Tokitoshi]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Finance (Japan)|Finance Minister]]|years=October 1916 – December 1916}}
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{{s-bef|before=[[Ōkuma Shigenobu]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Japan]]|years=October 1916 – September 1918}}
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{{s-mil}}
{{succession box | before=none | title=[[Inspectorate General of Military Training|Inspector-General of Military Training]] | years=January 1898 – April 1900 | after=[[Nozu Michitsura]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[Nozu Michitsura]]| title=[[Inspector-General of Military Training]] | years=January 1904 – May 1905 | after=[[Nishii Hiroshi]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Prime Ministers of Japan}}
{{Japanese foreign ministers}}
{{Japanese finance ministers}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terauchi, Masatake}}
[[Category:1852 births]]
[[Category:1919 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Yamaguchi (city)]]
[[Category:People of the Meiji era]]
[[Category:Kazoku]]
[[Category:20th-century prime ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Ministers of finance of Japan]]
[[Category:Governors-general of Chōsen]]
[[Category:Japanese Residents-General of Korea]]
[[Category:Japanese amputees]]
[[Category:Military attachés for Japan]]
[[Category:Marshals of Japan]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Japan]]
[[Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Japan]]
[[Category:Government ministers with disabilities]]
[[Category:Ministers of the Imperial Japanese Army]]
[[Category:Japanese people of the Russo-Japanese War]]
[[Category:People of the Boshin War]]
[[Category:Japanese people of World War I]]
[[Category:Grand Cordons of the Order of the Rising Sun]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 2nd class]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Golden Kite, 1st class]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Dragon of Annam]]
[[Category:Japanese politicians with disabilities]]
[[Category:Japanese people of the Russian Civil War]]

Caiti

2026-03-04T18:06:21Z

Bishnoiseries: added a article

{{Short description|Indian make-up artist (1941–2017)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Caiti
| image = Caiti at Tiatr Day 2017 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Pinto at [[Kala Academy]], 2015
| birth_name = Caetano Francisco Pinto
| birth_place = [[Vanxim]], [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|1|29|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
| occupation = Make-up artist
| death_date = {{death date and age|2017|11|5|1941|1|29|df=y}}
| years_active = 1961–2010s
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution Award" (2009)
}}

'''Cajetan Francis Pinto''' (born '''Caetano Francisco Pinto'''; 29 January 1941 – 5 November 2017), known [[mononymously]] as '''Caiti''', was an Indian [[make-up artist]] who worked on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].

==Early life==
Caetano Francisco Pinto was born on 29 January 1941 in the island of [[Vanxim]], [[Goa]] in a [[Goan Catholic]] family. Vanxim was part of [[Portuguese India]] during the time of the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Pinto's father, Manoel Vicente Pinto, hailed from the island of [[Chorão (Island)|Chorão]] and served as an employee of a company. His mother, Maria Angelina de Souza, originated from [[Aldona|Aldonã]] and fulfilled the role of a [[homemaker]]. As the third child in a family of four siblings, Pinto grew up alongside his elder brothers Ricardo (born in 1936 in [[Bombay]]) and Luis (born in 1934). An additional sibling, who remains unnamed, was born in 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=30 June 2006 |title=Registo De Nascimento |url=https://goaonline.gov.in/Appln/UIL/BirthDeathCertificate_af?__Key=&_Mode=B&__cscKey= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810131321/https://goaonline.gov.in/HomePage |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=Goa Online}}</ref> Following the completion of his education in Goa, Pinto ventured to Bombay, where he pursued specialized training in [[typewriter]] mechanics. Since his early years, Pinto fostered an affection for ''[[tiatr]]'', a distinctive form of [[Goan]] [[musical theater]].<ref name=":0" />

During his time in Bombay, he made a concerted effort to attend ''tiatr'' performances, seizing every available opportunity to immerse himself in this cultural tradition. Eager to explore the intricacies of the art form, he frequently visited the [[green room]], where he keenly observed the meticulous application of makeup on the actors. Pinto honed his skills as a ''tiatr'' [[make-up artist]]. His expertise allowed him to enhance the appearances of several ''[[tiatrist]]s'', ensuring that their physical portrayals aligned with their respective characters on the theatrical stage.<ref name=":0" />

==Career==
During the year 1961, Pinto commenced his collaboration with [[Valente Mascarenhas]] (1925–1999), a [[make-up artist]] who later transitioned into becoming a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] actor. Their partnership primarily revolved around providing makeup assistance to ''[[tiatrist]]s'' (performers in a distinctive [[Goan]] [[musical theater]] form) based in [[Bombay]] (now known as Mumbai). A turn of events occurred when Valente was unable to fulfill his obligations for a ''[[tiatr]]'' performance, leading Konkani comedian [[Anthony Mendes]] to request Pinto's support as a replacement. This marked the emergence of Pinto as a make-up artist in his own right. Over the course of his career, Pinto extended his makeup services to a wide array of Konkani ''tiatrists'' from earlier generations. Known figures within the Konkani ''tiatr'' realm, including [[C. Alvares]], [[M. Boyer]], [[Remmie Colaço]], [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Alfred Rose (singer)|Alfred Rose]], Bab Peter, [[Chris Perry (musician)|Chris Perry]], [[Kid Boxer]], and [[Robin Vaz]], consistently sought Pinto's expertise in various locations such as [[Goa]], Bombay, and beyond.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=da Costa |first=Fausto V. |title=TIATR 125th Anniversary Commemorative Volume |publisher=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] |year=2019 |location=[[Panaji, Goa]] |pages=244–245}}</ref> Pinto's makeup artistry left a mark on several popular ''tiatrs'', including ''Duddvanchem Sukh'' (Happiness of Money), ''Kednam Udetolo Tho Dis'' (When Will That Day Come?), and ''Vavraddi'' (Labourer).<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=49 |language=en |access-date=2023-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230827202743/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |archive-date=2023-08-27 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 8 February 2014, Pinto assumed the role of makeup artist for a Goan ''tiatr'' organized by the Vasai Konkani Welfare Association (VKWA). The theatrical production, written and directed by Tony Martins, took place at the YMCA Hall in [[Manickpur]], [[Vasai]], [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai: VKWA to stage Goan comedy tiatr on Feb 8 |url=https://daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=216993 |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=daijiworld.com |language=en}}</ref> Pinto's expertise extended beyond makeup application, as he also performed [[hairstyling]] for the ''tiatr'' artists.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2018-01-21 |title=TAG to remember tiatr artistes of yesteryears on January 23 – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2018/01/21/magazines/buzz/tag-to-remember-tiatr-artistes-of-yesteryears-on-january-23/ |access-date=2024-04-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> His contributions to the field of ''tiatr'' were further acknowledged when he shared his insights and experiences in Dr. Kyoko Matsukawa's [[scholarly article]] titled "Tiatr's Bombay Days," which was published on [[Sahapedia]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Matsukawa |first=Kyoko |date=20 October 2016 |title=Tiatr's Bombay Days |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/tiatrs-bombay-days |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref> Pinto stood alongside professionals such as [[Valente Mascarenhas]], Camilo Pinto of [[Aldona]], Xavier Mascarenhas of [[Vasco da Gama, Goa]], Premanand Pole, Zeferin Silveira from [[Calangute]], Jocky de Curtorim, Mary Vaz, and [[C. D'Silva]] as one of the select few make-up artists on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] during the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=344 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
After finishing his training as a [[typewriter]] mechanic, Pinto settled in [[Dhobitalao]], Bombay. The ''2012 Directory of Tiatr Artistes'' mentioned that he lived at the Grand Club of Vanxim in Dhobitalao.<ref name=":1" /> Pinto worked as a typewriter mechanic by trade but found his true passion in being a ''[[tiatr]]'' [[make-up artist]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marfatia |first=Meher |date=7 October 2014 |title=Little Goa in a room |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/meher-marfatia/little-goa-in-a-room/articleshow/44572243.cms |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=Mumbai Mirror |language=en}}</ref> Pinto received a monthly [[financial grant]] of {{INRConvert|2500|year=2010}} from the [[Government of Goa]] under the Kala Samman Scheme in recognition of his contributions to the field of art and culture. The scheme aimed to support senior artists facing financial difficulties.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kala Samman Scheme (Financial Assistance) to Artist {{!}} Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Goa, India |url=https://www.artandculture.goa.gov.in/en/schemes-programmesschemes/kala-samman-scheme-financial-assistance-to-artist |access-date=2024-04-19 |website=www.artandculture.goa.gov.in}}</ref> Pinto was one of the artists chosen for this honor in the period of 2010–11, starting from September 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018–19 |title=Kala Samman Scheme list of beneficiaries |url=https://artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/Kala%20Samman%20Scheme%20list%20of%20beneficiaries%20for%20Upload%20on%20website.pdf |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Directorate of Art and Culture (Goa)}}</ref> On 5 November 2017, Pinto died in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], at the age of 76.<ref name=":0" />

==Awards==
Pinto received several awards recognizing his contributions to the art form. In 2009, the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] honored him with the "Lifetime Contribution Award". Furthermore, on 17 November 2016, he was celebrated by the 125th Anniversary of Tiatr Celebrations Committee in [[Mumbai]] for his dedication to ''[[tiatr]]''.<ref name=":0" /> Pinto was also acknowledged with the Kala Gaurav Puraskar for the year 2016–2017 specifically for his work in ''tiatr'' [[make-up]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019–20 |title=Kala Gaurav |url=https://artandculture.goa.gov.in/sites/default/files/Kala%20Gaurav.pdf |access-date=19 April 2024 |website=Directorate of Art and Culture (Goa)}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Caiti}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2017 deaths]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:People from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian make-up artists]]

Town Bus

2026-03-04T05:05:35Z

Bishnoiseries: Made Initial Location W/ Infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Town Bus
| image = Town Bus poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = K. Somu
| producer = M. A. Venu
| writer = [[A. P. Nagarajan]]
| starring = [[N. N. Kannappa]] [[Anjali Devi]]
| music = [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
| cinematography = V. K. Gopal
| editing = T. Vijayarangam
| studio = M. A. V. Pictures
| released = {{film date|1955|11|13|df=y}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Town Bus''''' is a 1955 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by K. Somu and produced by M. A. Venu. The film was written by [[A. P. Nagarajan]], and the soundtrack was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]]. The film stars [[N. N. Kannappa]] and [[Anjali Devi]], with [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[A. Karunanidhi]], [[T. K. Ramachandran]], [[M. N. Rajam]] and [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] in supporting roles. The plot of the film was built around a bus transport company based in [[Coimbatore]]. The film, released on 13 November 1955, performed well at the box office.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=September 2024}}
Velu, an unemployed youth, meets a [[bus conductor]] Amutha by circumstance, joins the transporter company as driver and gradually gets close to her. The owner's daughter falls in love with him, but her father wants her to marry Ramu, a relative who is the manager of the company. He is only after money and also a [[Promiscuity#Male promiscuity|womaniser]].

Velu's friend Mannaru falls in love with another conductor named Poongavam. The manager dismisses the two drivers, after which Velu becomes an [[auto rickshaw]] driver. Soon he sets up his own company and experiences success in a short span of time. He marries Amutha and has a child through her. As he becomes more successful, his lifestyle changes and he falls in love with another woman, a dancer named Pankajam.

Amutha learns about her husband's affair with Pankajam and more complications follow. She eventually learns that Pankajam is her long-lost sister. Ramu locks up Velu in a room with the intention of killing him. The two women and the bus owner's daughter, who remains single, team up to save Velu. In the process, Ramu shoots Pankajam and is arrested. Velu, Amutha and their child unite and live happily.

== Cast ==

{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="song book" />
* [[N. N. Kannappa]] as Velu
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Ayya Kannu
* [[A. Karunanidhi]] as Mannaru
* [[T. K. Ramachandran]] as Ramu
* [[P. D. Sambandam]] as Vaiyapuri
* P. S. Venkatachalam as Thayanidhipillai
* Kallapart Natarajan as Satagopan
* R. Pakkirisamy as Murugan
{{col-break|width=46%}}
;Female cast<ref name="song book" />
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Amutha
* [[M. N. Rajam]] as Pankajam
* [[T. P. Muthulakshmi]] as Poongavanam
* K. S. Angamuthu as Meenakshi
* [[Tambaram Lalitha]] as Vimala
* Baby Kanchana as Mani
{{Col-end}}

== Production ==
''Town Bus'' was directed by K. Somu and produced by M. A. Venu for ''M. A. V. Pictures''.<ref name="BfTP" /> The film was written by [[A. P. Nagarajan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raman |first=Mohan V. |author-link=Mohan Raman |date=14 April 2012 |title=Master of mythological cinema |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/master-of-mythological-cinema/article3314719.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523032809/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/master-of-mythological-cinema/article3314719.ece |archive-date=23 May 2013 |access-date=20 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> V. K. Gopal was the cinematographer. Shooting took place mainly in [[Coimbatore]].<ref name="BfTP" />

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[K. V. Mahadevan]], with lyrics by [[Ka. Mu. Sheriff]].<ref name="song book" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Town Bus |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/town-bus/42mdBfsCIec_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221005111744/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/town-bus/42mdBfsCIec_ |archive-date=5 October 2022 |access-date=5 October 2022 |website=[[JioSaavn]]|date=31 December 1955 }}</ref> Songs such as "Chittukkuruvi Chittukuruvi" (picturised on Anjali Devi) and the dance number "Leda Lady Aruginil Vaada Aadi Paadalam" became popular.<ref name="BfTP" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Chittukuruvi Chittukuruvi" (Happy) || M. S. Rajeswari || 02:21
|-
| "Chittukkuruvi Chiitukuruvi" (Sad) || M. S. Rajeswari || 03:11
|-
| "Chittukkuruvi Chiitukuruvi" (Bit) || M. S. Rajeswari || 00:46
|-
| "Leda Lady Aruginil" || S. C. Krishnan, Seerkazhi Govindarajan & U. R. Chandra || 03:09
|-
| "Vadakathi Kallanada.... Thilaalanga Thilaalanga" || T. M. Soundararajan || 01:10
|-
| "Ponnaana Vaazhvu Mannaagi Poma" || Thiruchi Loganathan, M. S. Rajeswari & Radha Jayalakshmi || 05:46
|-
| "Panam Padaitha Selvar" || ||
|-
| "Utthamaraai....Thottratthai Kandum" || T. M. Soundararajan || 02:53
|-
| "Nenjam Urugudhe" || Radha Jayalakshmi || 03:11
|-
| "Poongavaname Nee Purinji" || S. C. Krishnan & U. R. Chandra ||
|}

== Release and reception ==
''Town Bus'' was released on 13 November 1955.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1955 – டவுன்பஸ் – எம்.ஏ.வி.பிக்சர்ஸ் |trans-title=1955 – Town Bus – M.A.V. Pictures |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails16.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419063406/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1955-cinedetails16.asp |archive-date=19 April 2018 |access-date=19 April 2018 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Anjali Devi appears to game for any kind of role and she makes a truly striking figure as a bus conductress".<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 November 1955 |title=Town Bus |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19551125&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=16 March 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> According to historian [[Randor Guy]], the film was commercially successful mainly because of the music.<ref name="BfTP" />

== References ==
<references>

<ref name="BfTP">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=18 August 2012 |title=Blast from the Past: Town Bus 1953 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/town-bus-1953/article3789146.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114134226/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/town-bus-1953/article3793478.ece |archive-date=14 January 2017 |access-date=14 January 2017 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
<ref name="song book">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/download/sok.TownBus_K.Somu_1955/40.%20TownBus_K.Somu_1955.pdf |title=டவுன் பஸ் |publisher=M. A. V. Pictures |year=1955 |language=ta |type=[[song book]] |access-date=5 October 2022 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

</references>

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{A. P. Nagarajan}}

[[Category:1955 Indian films]]
[[Category:1950s road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1950s romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1955 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1955 films]]
[[Category:Films about buses]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Somu]]
[[Category:Films scored by K. V. Mahadevan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Coimbatore]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by A. P. Nagarajan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Lakshmi Vijayam (1976 film)

2026-03-03T21:10:36Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating New Details Needs Work - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Lakshmivijayam
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. P. Kumaran]]
| producer = A. G. Abraham
| writer = A. G. Abraham V. T. Nandakumar (dialogues)
| screenplay = V. T. Nandakumar
| starring = [[Sukumaran]] [[Alummoodan]] Baby Jayashanthi [[Rani Chandra]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| cinematography = [[Shaji N. Karun]]
| editing = Gouthaman
| studio = Samarias
| distributor = Samarias
| released = {{Film date|1976|07|23|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Lakshmivijayam''''' is a 1976 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[K. P. Kumaran]] and produced by A. G. Abraham. The film stars [[Sukumaran]], [[Alummoodan]], Baby Jayashanthi and [[Rani Chandra]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=655|title=Lakshmivijayam|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?1274|title=Lakshmivijayam|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/lakshmi-vijayam-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009182844/http://spicyonion.com/title/lakshmi-vijayam-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 October 2014|title=Lakshmivijayam|accessdate=2014-10-06|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Sukumaran]]
*[[Alummoodan]]
*Baby Jayashanthi
*[[Rani Chandra]]

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]] and the lyrics were written by [[Mullanezhi]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Maanathu Thaarangal" || [[K. P. Brahmanandan]], Chorus || [[Mullanezhi]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Naayaka Paalaka" || [[Vani Jairam]], Chorus || Mullanezhi ||
|-
| 3 || "Pakalinte Virimaaril" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Mullanezhi ||
|-
| 4 || "Raavurangi Thaazhe" || K. J. Yesudas || Mullanezhi ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0234077|Lakshmi Vijayam}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:1976 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]
{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Panchu Arunachalam

2026-02-27T21:59:05Z

Bishnoiseries: minor edit

{{short description|Indian writer and producer}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Panchu Arunachalam
| image = Panchu Arunachalam.jpg
| caption = Panchu Arunachalam at the SIIMA awards
| birth_name = Panchanathan Arunachalam<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/man-of-mettle-from-kitsch-to-classy-panchu-wrote-them-all/ |title=Man of Mettle {{!}} From kitsch to classy, Panchu wrote them all |last=Vamanan |author-link=Vamanan |date=11 August 2016 |website=The Times of India |access-date=21 December 2019 |archive-date=29 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200129143214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/man-of-mettle-from-kitsch-to-classy-panchu-wrote-them-all/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date|1941|3|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sirukoodalpatti]], [[Karaikudi]], Tamil Nadu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/11/18224845/panchu-arunachalam-introduce-i.html|title=Tamil Cinema News | Kollywood News | Tamil Film News - Maalaimalar|access-date=19 November 2013|archive-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227074412/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/11/18224845/panchu-arunachalam-introduce-i.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|08|09|1941|6|18}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = Producer, screenwriter, director, lyricist
| yearsactive = 1963-2016
| spouse = Meena
| children = 4,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/veteran-film-producer-panchu-arunachalam-dies-at-76/articleshow/53617327.cms|title=Veteran film producer Panchu Arunachalam dies at 76|date=9 August 2016|work= The Times of India}}</ref> including [[Subbu Panchu]]
}}
'''Panchanathan Arunachalam''' (22 March 1941 – 9 August 2016)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-623914 |title=Tamil Writer, Producer Panchu Arunachalam celebrates his 70th Birthday |date=19 June 2011 |website=[[CNN IBN]] |access-date=13 September 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060506/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-623914 |url-status=live }}</ref> was an Indian writer, director, producer and lyricist who worked in the [[Tamil cinema]]. He was mentored by poet [[Kannadasan]] who was his uncle. He also worked as a [[lyricist]] in the Tamil cinema industry. He started producing films under his production banner named P. A. Arts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/10/03/stories/2010100350371100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629052736/http://www.hindu.com/cp/2010/10/03/stories/2010100350371100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2011 |title=Making an impression |date=3 October 2010 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> His son [[Subbu Panchu Arunachalam]] is an actor and dubbing artist in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article1447176.ece |title=My First Break: Subbu |last=S. R. Ashok kumar |date=12 February 2011 |work=The Hindu |access-date=9 September 2013 |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060054/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/article1447176.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
In 2004, Panchu Arunachalam chose to return to work as a director and planned a film titled ''Ganesha'' with [[Cheran (director)|Cheran]] in the lead role. However, the film eventually did not materialise.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13429274&cid=2408 |title=I had immense faith in 'Autograph': Cheran |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827091522/http://www.sify.com/movies/malayalam/interview.php?id=13429274&cid=2408 |archive-date=27 August 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date= December 2022}}

===As director===
* ''[[Manamagale Vaa]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Puthu Paatu]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Kalikaalam (1992 film)|Kalikaalam]]'' (1992)

=== As a writer and producer ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Film
! colspan="2"|Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
! Writer !! Producer
|-
| 1963 || ''[[Ratha Thilagam]]''|| {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1972 || ''[[Thiruneelakandar]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Co-written with [[Kannadasan]]
|-
| ''Hello Partner''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1974 || ''Kalyanamam Kalyananam'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ungal Viruppam]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Engamma Sapatham]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1975 || ''[[Avanthan Manithan]]'' || {{Partial|Dialogues}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Thottadhellam Ponnaagum]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mayangukiral Oru Maadhu]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Uravu Solla Oruvan]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1976 || ''[[Thunive Thunai]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Annakili]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1977 || ''[[Avar Enakke Sontham]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kavikkuyil]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Gaayathri]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1978 || ''[[Kaatrinile Varum Geetham]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''Ithu Eppadi Irukku''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vattathukkul Chaduram]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (1978 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1979 || ''[[Kavari Maan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{partial|Co-producer}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|Kalyanaraman]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vetrikku Oruvan]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Niram Maaratha Pookkal]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1980 || ''[[Rusi Kanda Poonai]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ullasa Paravaigal]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1981 || ''[[Kazhugu (1981 film)|Kazhugu]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Ellam Inba Mayyam]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Kadal Meengal]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1982 || ''[[Anandha Ragam]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Magane Magane]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pokkiri Raja (1982 film)|Pokkiri Raja]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1983 || ''[[Veetula Raman Veliyila Krishnan]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Paayum Puli (1983 film)|Paayum Puli]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Sagara Sangamam|Salangai Oli]]''|| {{Partial|Dialogues}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Adutha Varisu]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mann Vasanai]]''|| {{Partial|Dialogues}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1984 || ''[[Kuva Kuva Vaathugal]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1985 || ''[[Japanil Kalyanaraman]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Nalla Thambi]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Uyarndha Ullam]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Theerppu]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1987 || ''[[Ullam Kavarndha Kalvan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Paruva Ragam]]''|| {{Partial|Dialogues}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Manithan (1987 film)|Manithan]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1988 || ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[En Jeevan Paduthu]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Manamagale Vaa]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1989 || ''[[Rajadhi Raja (1989 film)|Rajadhi Raja]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Raja Chinna Roja]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1990 || ''[[Michael Madhana Kamarajan]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Athisaya Piravi]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Engitta Mothathay]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1992 || ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' || {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Raasukutti]]''|| {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Pandiyan (film)|Pandiyan]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| ''[[Singaravelan]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Enga Muthalali]]''|| {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1994 || ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Vanaja Girija]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1995 || ''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| ''[[Thottil Kuzhandhai]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Alexander (1996 film)|Alexander]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]''|| {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Rishi (2001 film)|Rishi]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Solla Marandha Kadhai]]''|| {{No}} || {{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Okariki Okaru|Unnai Paartha Naal Mudhal]]''|| {{Partial|Dialogues}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Chanakya (2005 film)|Chanakya]]''|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Mayakannadi]]'' || {{No}} || {{partial|Co-producer}} ||
|}

===As lyricist===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Songs
|-
|1962 || ''[[Sarada (1962 film)|Sarada]]'' || Manamagale Marumagale
|-
|rowspan=4| 1963 || ''[[Kattu Roja]]'' || Ennai Paaru
|-
| ''[[Aasai Alaigal]]'' || Nadanthu Vandha
|-
| ''[[Naanum Oru Penn]]'' || Poopola poopola
|-
| ''[[Ezhai Pangalan]]'' || Thaayaga Marava and Manathil Enna Mayakkam
|-
|rowspan=2| 1964 || ''[[Alli (film)|Alli]]'' || Ennunga Ennai Theriyuma and Nalungu Paadaya
|-
| ''[[Amma Enge]]'' || Amma Amma Enge Pone
|-
|rowspan=4| 1965 || ''[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]'' || Kandalum Kandene
|-
| ''Paditha Manaivi'' || Appa Oru Kannu
|-
| ''[[Kalangarai Vilakkam]]'' || Ennai Marandhadhaen and Ponnezhil Poothadhu
|-
| ''[[Kanni Thai]]'' || All songs
|-
|rowspan=2| 1966 || ''[[Kathal Paduthum Padu]]'' || Alli Chendathuthe
|-
| ''[[Madras to Pondicherry]]'' || Malar Pondra Paruvame
|-
|rowspan=2| 1971 || ''Deivam Pesuma'' || Netru Paarthathellam and Ondre Ondru Than
|-
| ''[[Veguli Penn]]'' || Neethan Mohiniyo
|-
|rowspan=2| 1976 || ''[[Annakili]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''Uravaadum Nenjam''|| All songs
|-
|rowspan=7| 1977 || ''Aalukkoru Aasai'' || All songs
|-
| ''Avar Enakke Sontham'' || Kabhi Kabhi, Oru Veedu, Surangani and Thenil Aadum
|-
| ''[[Kavikuyil]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''Thunai Iruppal Meenakshi'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Bhuvana Oru Kelvi Kuri]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Gaayathri]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''Sainthadamma Sainthadu'' || All songs
|-
|rowspan=7| 1978 || ''[[Kaatrinile Varum Geetham]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''Vaazha Ninaiththal Vazhalam'' || Veenai Meetum Kaigale
|-
| ''Maariyamman Thiruvizha'' || Pozhuthu Eppo and Sirithal Sirithen
|-
| ''Ithu Eppadi Irukku'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Vattathukkul Chaduram]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Mullum Malarum]]'' || Adi Penne
|-
| ''[[Priya (1978 film)|Priya]]'' || All songs
|-
|rowspan=6|1979 || ''[[Kavari Maan]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Poonthalir]]'' || Manathil Yenna, Raja Chinna Raja and Vaan Ponmayile
|-
| ''[[Kalyanaraman (1979 film)|Kalyanaraman]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Niram Maratha Pookal]]'' || Aayiram Malargale and Niram Mara Pookale
|-
| ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Vetrikku Oruvan]]'' || All songs
|-
|rowspan=9|1980 || ''[[Nadhiyai Thedi Vandha Kadal]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Ullasa Paravaigal]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Poottaatha Poottukkal]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Anbukku Naan Adimai]]'' || Kaattiloru Singakuttiyam and Onedrodu Onedranaom
|-
| ''[[Guru (1980 film)|Guru]]'' || Naan Vanangugiren
|-
| ''[[Nizhalgal]]'' || Dhoorathil Naan Kanda
|-
| ''[[Nenjathai Killathe]]'' || Paruvame
|-
| ''[[Murattu Kaalai (1980 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Rusi Kanda Poonai]]'' || Anbu Mugam, En Nenjam and Kanna Nee Enge
|-
|rowspan=9|1981 || ''[[Kanni Theevu]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Meendum Kokila]]'' || Hey Oraiyiram and Ponnaana Meni
|-
| ''[[Kazhugu (1981 film)|Kazhugu]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Kadal Meengal]]'' || Endrendrum Anandhame
|-
| ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' || Kadhal Oviyam
|-
| ''[[Garjanai (1981 film)|Garjanai]]'' || Enna Sugamana and Varuvai Anbe
|-
| ''[[Karaiyellam Shenbagapoo]]'' || Kaadellam and Yeriyile
|-
| ''[[Ellam Inba Mayyam]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''Oomai Ullangal'' || Thulirvidum and Vazhavaitha
|-
|rowspan=7|1982 || ''[[Anandha Ragam]]'' || Kadaloram and Megam Karukkuthu
|-
| ''[[Magane Magane]]'' || Madhu Malargale and Per Solla Vantha
|-
| ''[[Thanikattu Raja]]'' || Mullai Arumbe
|-
| ''[[Kadhal Oviyam]]'' || Kuyile Kuyile
|-
| ''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]'' || All songs except Thaayum Naanai
|-
| ''[[Rani Theni]]'' || Ramanukke Seethai
|-
| ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (1982 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]'' || Veeraiyya Veeraiyya
|-
|rowspan=3|1983 ||''[[Veetula Raman Veliyila Krishnan]]'' || All songs except Aathu Pakkam
|-
|''[[Adutha Varisu]]'' || Aasai Nooruvagai, Kaveriye and Pesakoodathu
|-
|''[[Mann Vasanai]]'' || Anantha Then
|-
|rowspan=5|1984 ||''[[Kuva Kuva Vaathugal]]'' ||All songs
|-
| ''[[Vaazhkai (1984 film)|Vaazhkai]]'' || Yaavum Ayyappa
|-
| ''[[Thambikku Entha Ooru]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]'' || Kalyana Chelai
|-
| ''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]'' || Megam Karukayilae
|-
|1985 || ''En Selvame'' || All songs except Naan Vaazha
|-
|1986 || ''Neethane Antha Kuyil'' || En Jeevan Paduthu
|-
|1987 || ''[[Ullam Kavarntha Kalvan]]'' || All songs except Kalangathale Oru Padam
|-
|rowspan=4|1988 || ''[[Irandil Ondru]]'' || Sangeetha Poo, Thanga Kudam, Inge Ellarum and Kadhalukku Thoodhu
|-
| ''[[En Jeevan Paduthu]]'' || All songs except Engirundho Azhaikkum
|-
| ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]'' || Muthamizh Kaviye
|-
| ''[[Manamagale Vaa]]'' || All songs except Tell me
|-
|1989 || ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]'' || Ennathan Sugamo
|-
|rowspan=2|1990 || ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]'' || Kadha Kelu and Sundari Neeyum
|-
| ''[[Puthu Paatu]]'' || Intha Bhoomiye Enga
|-
|1991 || ''[[Dharma Durai (1991 film)|Dharma Durai]]'' || All songs except Aannenna
|-
|rowspan=3|1992 || ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' || Kannan Vantha and Sonnalum
|-
| ''[[Pandian (film)|Pandiyan]]'' || Paandiyanin Raajyathil
|-
| ''[[Raasukutti]]'' || Adi Naan Pudicha and Holi Holi
|-
|rowspan=2|1993 || ''[[Chinna Kannamma]]'' || Enthan Vazhkaiyin and Thayilla Pillai
|-
| ''[[Enga Muthalali]]'' || Marumagale
|-
|rowspan=3|1994 || ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'' || Aathile Annakili, Adi Pandhalile and Konji Konji
|-
| ''[[Vietnam Colony (1994 film)|Vietnam Colony]]'' || Enakku Ullathellam
|-
| ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' || Siragadikkuthu and Thirumagal Un
|-
|rowspan=3|1995 || ''[[Thottil Kuzhandhai]]'' || All songs
|-
| ''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || All songs except Naan Poranthathu
|-
| ''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Ammadi Aathadi and Vanji Ponnu
|-
|rowspan=2|1996 || ''[[Aruva Velu]]'' || Yemma Indha Rathiri
|-
| ''[[Alexander (1996 film)|Alexander]]'' || Rajarajan Naane
|-
|1998 || ''[[Kavalai Padathe Sagodhara]]'' || Thiruvonam Thirunalam, Iswar Allah and Chinna Chinna
|-
|2017 || ''[[Muthuramalingam]]'' || All songs
|-
|}

==Awards==

* Won, 1982 - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Dialogue Writer]] for ''[[Engeyo Ketta Kural]]''{{citation needed|date= December 2022}}
* Won, 2016 - [[SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |title=South Indian International Movie Awards |website=siima.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613033614/http://siima.in/2016/winners.html |archive-date=2016-06-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}{{SIIMA Lifetime Achievement Award}}{{Chettinad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arunachalam, Panchu}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]

Vennira Aadai Moorthy

2026-02-23T20:49:58Z

Bishnoiseries: Made Basic Details Basic Info

{{Short description|Indian actor (born 1936)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vennira Aadai Moorthy
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Krishnamoorthy Nataraja Sastri
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1936|07|25}}
| birth_place = [[Komaratchi block]], [[Chidambaram]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| yearsactive = 1965–2018
| spouse = [[Manimala (actress)|Manimala]] (m.1966)
| children = 1
| occupation = Actor, comedian
}}

'''Krishnamoorthy Nataraja Sastri''', better known by his stage name '''Vennira Aadai Moorthy''' (born 25 July 1936),<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-04-19 |title=Memories of Madras — Days of baby taxis and food tickets |work=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article1709562.ece |access-date=2016-01-12}}</ref> is an Indian actor and comedian in [[Tamil cinema]]. He has starred in many [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and television serials as a comedian and also played supporting roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 20, 2016 |title=வெண்ணிற ஆடை மூர்த்தி சின்னத்திரையில் சாதனை |trans-title=Venniradai Moorthy succeeded in Television also |work=Maalai Malar |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/05/20215724/vennira-aadai-moorthi-tv-seria.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927004550/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/05/20215724/vennira-aadai-moorthi-tv-seria.html |archive-date=27 September 2013}}</ref> He is a lawyer by education, and holds a [[Bachelor of Laws|B.L.]] degree in addition to a PhD in astrology.<ref name="Chaplin">{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |date=1982 |title=Chaplin of Tamil cinema |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1251811253820899330/photo/1 |access-date=15 July 2020 |archive-date=8 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208020142/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1251811253820899330/photo/1 |url-status=live }}</ref> He is married to actress Manimala who played [[Suhasini Maniratnam|Suhasini]]'s mother in ''[[Sindhu Bhairavi (film)|Sindhu Bhairavi]]'' (1985) and the heroine in ''[[Vallavanukku Vallavan]]'' (1965). He is also a well known script-writer. [[Kamal Haasan]]'s first full-fledged film as hero, ''[[Maalai Sooda Vaa]]'', had Murthy as a script writer.<ref name="Vignettes">{{Cite news |date=2010-11-18 |title=Vignettes from a veteran |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article893780.ece?homepage=true |access-date=2016-01-12}}</ref>

He is especially remembered for his Sunday TV Show 'Meendum Meendum Sirippu', which aired on Sun TV for 11 years.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Indiaglitz |title=Venniradai Moorthy: I'm Familiar With Double Meaning Dialogues {{!}} May Day Special |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7rQ3jxRuOA&t=1786s |access-date=2020-09-07 |website=YouTube |archive-date=7 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240207033012/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7rQ3jxRuOA&t=1786s |url-status=live }}</ref> The show had a comical take on common household themes involving slapstick and wordplay, usually ending with a social message. Moorthy wrote much of the material himself, in addition to starring on the show. He has Also written 11 books off which 1 in English and 10 in Tamil which includes "Super market" "Jokes Dairy" and "Nambamudiyadha Nambikkaigal" are noted few.

== Early life ==
Moorthy was born on 25 July 1936 in British India. He is the youngest of seven children of Parents Chidambaram K. R. Nataraja Sastri, Thiruvaduthurai Sivakami The Father a criminal lawyer.<ref name="Vignettes" /> He sought to follow in his father's footsteps and studied law, but ultimately never became a lawyer. After completing his BL, he obtained employment as a sales representative of [[Remington Rand]]. Moorthy left the job because it involved excess touring, and struggled to find a new job.<ref name="Chaplin" />
He had a brief stint at AMJain college, Meenambakkam Chennai as tutor in department of English. He taught [[Shakespeare's plays]] in 1959–1960.{{citation needed|date=December 2021}}

== Career ==
After leaving Remington Rand, Moorthy met his friend Chakravarthy, an associate of filmmaker C. V. Sridhar, and told him about his desire to act. Chakravarthy, who had previously seen Moorthy act on stage, told Sridhar about him,<ref name="Chaplin" /> and Moorthy made his film debut in ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' (1965).<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 December 2016 |title='I can recall every frame of mgr films' |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/09/i-can-recall-every-frame-of-mgr-films-1547366.html |access-date=2020-09-07 |archive-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101210321/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2016/dec/09/i-can-recall-every-frame-of-mgr-films-1547366.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was after the success of this film that he came to be known as '''Vennira Aadai Moorthy'''.

== Filmography ==
===Tamil films===
{{colbegin}}
* ''[[Vennira Aadai]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Thenmazhai]]'' (1966)
* ''[[Kadhal Paduthum Paadu]]''
* ''[[Anjal Petti 520]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Sivantha Mann]]''
* ''[[Naangu Killadigal]]''
* ''[[Irulum Oliyum]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1971 film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]''
* ''[[Uttharavindri Ulle Vaa]]''
* ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Ponvandu]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Pookkari]]''
* ''[[Engamma Sapatham]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Athaiya Mamiya]]''
* ''Paatha Poojai''
*''[[Anbe Aaruyire (1975 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]'' (1975)
* ''[[Annakili]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Vazhvu En Pakkam]]''
* ''Kalamadi Kalam'' (1977)
* ''[[Gayathri (1977) Film|Gayathri]]''
* ''[[Chittu Kuruvi]]''
* ''[[Mullum Malarum]]''
* ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (1978 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]''
* ''[[Kuppathu Raja (1979 film)|Kuppathu Raja]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Enippadigal]]''
* ''[[Azhiyatha Kolangal]]''
* ''[[Jamboo]]'' (1980)
* ''[[Ullasa Paravaigal]]''
* ''Neerottam''
* ''[[Kannil Theriyum Kathaikal]]''
* ''[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Kanni Theevu]]''
* ''[[Nandu (film)|Nandu]]''
* ''[[Panneer Pushpangal]]''
* ''[[Sivappu Malli]]''
* ''[[Sankarlal]]''
* ''Kaathula Poo''
* ''[[Keezh Vaanam Sivakkum]]''
* ''Raja Enga Raja'' (1982)
* ''Deviyin Thiruvilaiyadal''
* ''Thaniyatha Thagam''
* ''[[Azhagiya Kanne]]''
* ''[[Thanikattu Raja]]''
* ''[[Sangili (1982 film)|Sangili]]''
* ''[[Theerpugal Thiruththapadalam]]''
* ''Theeratha Vilaiyattu Pillai''
* ''Nadamadum Silaigal''
* ''Iniyavale Vaa''
* ''[[Paritchaikku Neramaachu]]''
* ''[[Silk Silk Silk]]'' (1983)
* ''[[Uruvangal Maralam]]''
* ''Nenjamellam Neeye''
* ''[[Sivappu Sooriyan]]''
* ''[[Dowry Kalyanam]]''
* ''[[Ilamai Kaalangal]]''
* ''[[Antha Sila Naatkal]]''
* ''[[Uyirullavarai Usha]]''
* ''Thambathigal''
* ''[[Saatchi (film)|Saatchi]]''
* ''Thandikkappatta Niyayangal''
* ''[[Manaivi Solle Manthiram]]''
* ''[[Thangaikkor Geetham]]''
* ''Madurai Sooran'' (1984)
* ''Theerpu En Kaiyil''
* ''Kathula Poo''
* ''[[Vetri (film)|Vetri]]''
* ''Vengaiyin Maindhan''
* ''Maaman Machaan''
* ''[[Veetuku Oru Kannagi]]''
* ''[[Sanga Natham]]''
* ''Sankari''
* ''[[Iru Medhaigal]]''
* ''[[Kudumbam (1984 film)|Kudumbam]]''
* ''[[Nalla Thambi]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Kanni Rasi]]''
* ''[[Pudhu Yugam (1985 film)|Pudhu Yugam]]''
* ''[[Navagraha Nayagi]]''
* ''[[Raman Sreeraman]]''
* ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]''
* ''Irandu Manam''
* ''Veettukkari''
* ''[[Engal Kural]]''
* ''[[Urimai]]''
* ''[[Sri Raghavendra]]''
* ''Unakkaga Oru Roja''
* ''[[Raja Rishi]]''
* ''[[Neethiyin Marupakkam]]''
* ''Samaya Purathale Satchi''
* ''Paadum Vaanampaadi''
* ''[[Anandha Kanneer]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kulirkaala Megangal]]''
* ''Cinema Cinema''
* ''[[Muthal Vasantham]]''
* ''[[Manithanin Marupakkam]]''
* ''[[Mythili Ennai Kaathali]]''
* ''Paaru Paaru Pattinam Paaru''
* ''[[Oru Iniya Udhayam]]''
* ''[[Sirai Paravai]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Paadu Nilave]]''
* ''[[Anand (1987 film)|Anand]]''
* ''[[Jallikattu (1987 film)|Jallikattu]]''
* ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]''
* ''Enga Veetu Ramayanam''
* ''Kalyana Kacheri''
* ''[[Theertha Karaiyinile]]''
* ''[[Mupperum Deviyar]]''
* ''Shenbagame Shenbagame'' (1988)
* ''[[Manamagale Vaa]]''
* ''[[Annanagar Mudhal Theru]]'' (1988) as Script Writer
* ''[[Kaalaiyum Neeye Maalaiyum Neeye]]''
* ''Sakkarai Panthal''
* ''[[Solla Thudikuthu Manasu]]''
* ''[[Therkathi Kallan]]''
* ''[[Rendum Rendum Anju]]''
* ''[[Paatti Sollai Thattathe]]''
* ''[[Soora Samhaaram]]''
* ''[[En Purushanthaan Enakku Mattumthaan]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Sattathin Thirappu Vizhaa]]''
* ''[[Thangamani Rangamani]]''
* ''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]''
* ''Avathellam Pennalae''
* ''Moodu Manthiram''
* ''Dharma Devan''
* ''Thangamana Purushan''
* ''[[Thangamani Rangamani]]''
* ''[[Annanukku Jai (1989 film)|Annanukku Jai]]''
* ''[[Kai Veesamma Kai Veesu]]''
* ''Poruthathu Pothum''
* ''[[Raaja Raajathan]]''
* ''Sattathin Marupakkam''
* ''[[Kavalukku Kettikaran]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Idhaya Thamarai]]''
* ''[[Kavalukku Kettikaran]]''
* ''[[Aadi Velli (film)|Aadi Velli]]''
* ''[[Salem Vishnu]]''
* ''[[Vedikkai En Vadikkai]]''
* ''[[Nila Pennae]]''
* ''[[Engitta Mothathay]]''
* ''[[Mallu Vetti Minor]]''
* ''[[En Kadhal Kanmani]]''
* ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
* ''[[Nadigan]]''
* ''[[Ethir Kaatru]]''
* ''[[Michael Madhana Kamarajan]]''
* ''Vaaliba Viliyattu''
* ''[[Aatha Naan Pass Ayittaen]]''
* ''[[Eeramana Rojave]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Thangamana Thangachi]]''
* ''[[Nanbargal]]''
* ''[[Sendhoora Devi]]''
* ''[[Shanti Enathu Shanti]]''
* ''[[Pondatti Pondattithan]]''
* ''Veetla Ezhi Velila Puli''
* ''[[Kizhakku Karai]]''
* ''[[Moondrezhuthil En Moochirukkum]]''
* ''Kurumbukkaran''
* ''[[Thayamma]]''
* ''[[Idhu Namma Bhoomi]]''
* ''[[Rickshaw Mama]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Senbaga Thottam]]''
* ''Thangarasu''
* ''[[Singaravelan (1992 film)|Singaravelan]]''
* ''[[Sevagan]]''
* ''[[Brahmachari (1992 film)|Brahmachari]]''
* ''[[Annan Ennada Thambi Ennada]]''
* ''Sathiyam Adhu Nichayam''
* ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]''
* ''[[Mutrugai]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Sinna Mapplai]]''
* ''[[Maamiyar Veedu]]''
* ''[[Pettredutha Pillai]]''
* ''[[Minmini Poochigal]]''
* ''[[Prathap (1993 film)|Prathap]]''
* ''[[Ulle Veliye]]''
* ''[[Rajadhi Raja Raja Kulothunga Raja Marthanda Raja Gambeera Kathavaraya Krishna Kamarajan]]''
* ''[[Pass Mark]]''
* ''[[Athma (film)|Athma]]''
* ''Poranthalum Aambalaya Porakka Kudathu''
* ''[[Pondatti Pondattithan]]''
* ''[[Maravan]]''
* ''[[Karuppu Vellai]]''
* ''[[Karpagam Vanthachu]]''
* ''[[Enga Muthalali]]''
* ''[[Paarambariyam]]''
* ''[[Sabash Babu]]''
* ''[[Oru Vasantha Geetham]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Mogamul]]''
* ''[[Kaviyam]]''
* ''[[Vaanga Partner Vaanga]]''
* ''[[Chinna Pulla]]''
* ''Sevvanthi''
* ''[[Sathyavan]]''
* ''[[Sevatha Ponnu]]''
* ''[[En Rajangam]]''
* ''[[Priyanka (1994 film)|Priyanka]]''
* ''[[Pathavi Pramanam]]''
* ''[[Pondattiye Deivam]]''
* ''[[Killadi Mappillai]]''
* ''[[Manasu Rendum Pudhusu]]''
* ''[[Atha Maga Rathiname]]''
* ''[[Mappillai Manasu Poopola]]''
* ''[[Vaa Magale Vaa]]''
* ''Aval Pottakolam'' (1995)
* ''[[Valli Vara Pora]]''
* ''[[Manathile Oru Paattu]]''
* ''[[Raja Enga Raja]]''
* ''[[Aanazhagan]]''
* ''[[Thai Thangai Paasam]]''
* ''[[Mogamul]]''
* ''[[Avatharam (1995 film)|Avatharam]]''
* ''[[Rajavin Parvaiyile]]''
* ''[[Nadodi Mannan (1995 film)|Nadodi Mannan]]''
* ''Santhaikku Vanthakkili''
* ''Udhavum Karangal''
* ''[[Neela Kuyil]]''
* ''[[Varraar Sandiyar]]''
* ''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Irattai Roja]]''
* ''[[Mappillai Manasu Poopola]]''
* ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]''
* ''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]''
* ''[[Tata Birla]]''
* ''[[Andha Naal (1996 film)|Andha Naal]]''
* ''[[Mr. Romeo]]''
* ''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]''
* ''[[Purushan Pondatti]]''
* ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Nalla Manasukkaran]]''
* ''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]''
* ''[[Pongalo Pongal]]''
* ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam]]''
* ''[[Thedinen Vanthathu]]''
* ''[[Periya Manushan]]''
* ''Veerapandi Kottayiley''
* ''[[Color Kanavugal]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Ponnu Velayira Bhoomi]]''
* ''[[Rathna (film)|Rathna]]''
* ''[[Aval Varuvala]]''
* ''[[Golmaal (1998 film)|Golmaal]]''
* ''[[Poonthottam]]''
* ''[[Thayin Manikodi]]''
* ''[[Ellame En Pondattithaan]]''
* ''[[Ponmaanai Thedi]]''
* ''[[Sivappu Nila (1998 film)|Sivappu Nila]]''
* ''[[Adutha Kattam]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Mugam (1999 film)|Mugam]]''
* ''[[Pudhu Kudithanam]]''
* ''[[Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa]]''
* ''[[Thai Poranthachu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Athey Manithan]]''
* ''[[Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela]]''
* ''[[Magalirkkaga]]''
* ''[[Nageswari]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Thaalikaatha Kaaliamman]]''
* ''[[Sigamani Ramamani]]''
* ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]''
* ''[[Krishna Krishna]]''
* ''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]''
* ''[[Viswanathan Ramamoorthy (film)|Viswanathan Ramamoorthy]]''
* ''[[Vedham]]''
* ''[[Chocolate (2001 film)|Chocolate]]''
* ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]''
* ''[[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam|Gounder Veetu Maapillai]]'' (2002)
* ''Karpooranayagi''
* ''[[Ezhumalai]]''
* ''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]''
* ''[[I Love You Da]]''
* ''[[Annai Kaligambal]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Ramachandra (film)|Ramachandra]]''
* ''[[Yes Madam (2003 film)|Yes Madam]]''
* ''[[Well Done (2003 film)|Well Done]]''
* ''[[Saamy]]''
* ''[[Parasuram (2003 film)|Parasuram]]''
*''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]''
* ''[[Galatta Ganapathy]]''
* ''[[Anbe Un Vasam]]''
* ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]''
* ''[[Jai (2004 Telugu film)|Jairam]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Madhurey]]''
* ''[[M. Kumaran Son Of Mahalakshmi]]''
* ''[[Kadhale Jayam]]''
* ''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Prathi Gnayiru 9 Manimudhal 10.30 Varai]]''
* ''[[Kaatrullavarai]]''
* ''[[Ponniyin Selvan (2005 film)|Ponniyin Selvan]]''
* ''[[Alaiyadikkuthu]]''
* ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]''
* ''[[Madrasi (2006 film)|Madrasi]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei]]''
* ''[[Kaivantha Kalai]]''
* ''[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]''
* ''[[Vathiyar]]''
* ''[[Sainikudu|Kumaran]]''
* ''[[Madhurai Veeran]]'' (2007)
* ''18 Vayasu Puyale''
* ''[[Yaaruku Yaaro]]''
* ''[[Thavam]]''
* ''[[Dindigul Sarathy]]'' (2008)
* ''Unnai Naan''
* ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]''
* ''[[Jaganmohini]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Anthony Yaar?|Anthony Yaar]]''
* ''Sivagiri''
* ''[[Oru Kadhalan Oru Kadhali]]''
* ''[[Tamizh Padam]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Rasikkum Seemane]]''
* ''[[Sura (2010 film)|Sura]]''
* ''Pournami Nagam''
* ''[[Ochayee]]''
* ''[[Vallakottai (film)|Vallakottai]]''
* ''[[Pasakkara Nanbargal]]'' (2011)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2011/Apr/29/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-345758.html|title=பாசக்கார நண்பர்கள்|trans-title=''Pasakkara Nanbargal''|date=29 April 2011|website=[[Dinamani]]|language=ta|access-date=13 February 2026}}</ref>
* ''[[Sagakkal]]''
* ''Vaaliban Sutrum Ulagam''
* ''[[Thambi Vettothi Sundaram]]''
* ''[[Maharaja (2011 film)|Maharaja]]''
* ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Summa Nachunu Irukku]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Arya Surya]]''
* ''Pani Vizhum Nilavu'' (2014)
* ''[[Killadi]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Sandamarutham]]''
* ''[[Rombha Nallavan Da Nee]]''
* ''[[Vasuvum Saravananum Onna Padichavanga]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Itly]]'' (2018)
{{colend}}

===Other language films===
;Telugu
* ''[[Bala Nagamma (1981 film)|Bala Nagamma]]'' (1981)
* ''[[Bandhuvulostunnaru Jagratha]]'' (1989)
* ''Ganga'' (1991)
* ''[[Prema Thapassu]]'' (1991)
* ''[[Thammudu]]'' (1999)
;Malayalam
* ''[[Kochi Rajavu]]'' (2004)
;Hindi
*''Khajuraho'' (2002)

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name of Television Show
!Role
!Network
|-
|2015
|''Meendum Meendum Sirippu''
|
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2024
|''[[Super Singer 10|Super Singer Season 10]]''
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay]]
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1166534}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moorthy, Venniradai}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Cuddalore district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]

U. Aswathanarayana

2026-02-12T03:16:31Z

Bishnoiseries: Made Some Data Needs Work

{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = U. Aswathanarayana
| image = U Aswathanarayana.JPG
| occupation = Geologist, Geochemist, Professor, Former Honorary director, Mahadevan International Centre for Water Resources Management, India
| alma_mater = [[Andhra University]]
| discipline = Geology
| workplaces = [[Andhra University]] 
[[California Institute of Technology]] 
[[Oxford University]] 
[[University of Western Ontario]] 
[[University of Sagar]] 
[[University of Dar es Salaam]] 
[[Universidade Eduardo Mondlane]] 
| partner = Vijayalakshmi
| awards = Excellence in Geophysical Education Award, AGU (2005),
AGU International Award (2007)
| academic_advisors = [[Arthur Holmes]] [[J. Tuzo Wilson]] [[Louis H. Ahrens]] [[Clair Patterson]] [[Stephen Moorbath]]
| doctoral_advisor = [[Calamur Mahadevan]] 
}}

'''Uppugunduri Aswathanarayana''' (1 July 1928{{snd}}6 March 2016) was the Honorary Director of the Mahadevan International Centre for Water Resources Management, India.<ref>Indian National Science Academy (2016) Obituary: Uppugunduri Aswathanarayana. Proc Indian Natn Sci Acad 82 No. 4 September 2016 pp. 1325-1338</ref> He is counted among the doyens of geology in independent India and revered as a leading scientist from [[Andhra Pradesh]].

He studied and taught geology at [[Andhra University]]; [[California Institute of Technology]]; [[Oxford University]]; [[University of Western Ontario]]; [[University of Sagar]]; [[University of Dar es Salaam]], and [[Eduardo Mondlane University|Universidade Eduardo Mondlane]]. He has served as the Dean and Director of Centre for Advanced Study in Geology, University of Sagar, India; Head of Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Director, State Mining Corporation, Tanzania and Adviser on Environment and Technology, Mozambique. He also served as Consultant to [[UNDP]], [[World Bank]], Louis Berger Inc., and [[Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency|SIDA]], while in Mozambique.<ref>{{cite web |title=Deceased Fellow |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N76-0029 |publisher=Indian National Society Academy |access-date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=12 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190512160305/http://insaindia.res.in/detail/N76-0029 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Education==

Aswathanarayana had a difficult childhood because of poverty. He was a student of the Municipal High School, [[Ongole]], Andhra Pradesh, India. He nearly missed the mathematics examination in the Secondary School Leaving Certificate of the then [[Madras Presidency]] when he reached the examination hall 30 minutes late, as he had to walk barefoot in the hot sun for a considerable distance. He scored 100% marks in mathematics and set up a record for aggregate marks in the examination. Despite his meritorious performance in the high school, he almost gave up the idea of going to college because his parents could not afford it. Ultimately his mother had to sell whatever jewels she had to send him to college and then to university after a time gap.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Negotiation lessons from three generations in India
| publisher = Thunderbird Global School of Management
| author = Karen S. Walch
| url = http://knowledgenetwork.thunderbird.edu/worldcafe/2009/05/22/brahma/ }}</ref>

It was the vision of his mentor, [[Calamur Mahadevan|Prof. C. Mahadevan of Andhra University]], that launched him on his doctoral studies in what later came to be known as nuclear geology.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}} Geology in those days was just hammer and hand lens affair. He did doctoral research in radioactivity studies using the equipment that he built himself with the help of the [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]], [[Mumbai]]. It was the first doctoral thesis on nuclear geology in India and was examined by [[Arthur Holmes]], F.R.S. of UK, [[J. Tuzo Wilson]], F.R.S., of Canada, and [[Louis H. Ahrens|Louis Ahrens]] then at Oxford. Later he did post-doctoral work on lead isotopes with [[Clair Patterson]] in [[Caltech]] in 1957, and [[Rubidium-strontium dating|Rb – Sr]] and [[Potassium-argon dating|K – Ar]] [[Radiometric dating|dating]] with [[Stephen Moorbath]] in Oxford, England, in 1963.

==Career==
{{unreferenced section|date=November 2022}}
In the course of a career of teaching, research and institutional capacity building spanning more than half a century, Aswathanarayana has been associated with Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, India, which was his alma mater; California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA; Oxford University, Oxford, England; University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; University of Saugar, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India; University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, and Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Mozambique. He has served as the Dean and Director of Centre of Advanced Study in Geology, University of Sagar; Head of Department of Geology, University of Dar es Salaam; Director, State Mining Corporation, Tanzania and Adviser on Environment and Technology, Mozambique. He also served as Consultant to UNDP, World Bank, Louis Berger Inc., and SIDA, while in Mozambique. He was a [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]] National Fellow, India (1976–79); UGC National Lecturer, India and [[UNIDO]] Consultant on Non-Metallic Minerals, [[Vienna]] (1988).

==Geoscience and social welfare==

Aswathanarayana's exposure to the extremely severe human problems endemic in Africa convinced him of the need to switch to the application of geoscience to human welfare. Using [[geochemical]] and [[isotope|isotopic]] tools, he and his Tanzanian and Finnish associates could identify the pathways of geoenvironment-induced endemicity of diseases, such as [[Dental fluorosis|fluorosis]], [[stomach cancer]] and [[goitre]].<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = Geoenvironment-related disease endemicity in Africa, with special reference to Tanzania
| author = Aswathanarayana, U
| journal = Geomedicine
| pages = 235–244
| publisher = CRC Press
}}
</ref> His most significant contribution to the advancement of science lay in the original way he did high – quality science in the process of developing paradigms for improving the quality of life of the ordinary people in Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = Aswathanarayana receives 2005 Excellence in Geophysical Education Award
| journal = Eos
| publisher = AGU
| issue = 25
| date = 21 June 2005
}}
</ref> Thus, his work entitled "Innovative use of people-participatory technologies for poverty alleviation and improvement of the quality of life in [[Chamanculo]], a slum area near [[Maputo]], Mozambique" has been chosen by the Third World Network of Scientific Organizations (now Consortium on Science, Technology and Innovation for the South), [[Trieste]], Italy and UNDP, New York, as an outstanding example of "Innovation in Development in the Third World".

==Mahadevan International Centre for Water Resources Management==

After returning to India, he got instituted the Mahadevan International Centre for Water Resources Management of which he has been the Founder and Honorary Director. The Centre was formally established on 6 May 2001, with the co-operation of Prof. G.O.P. Obasi, the then Secretary-General, [[WMO]], Geneva. The purpose of the Centre is to serve as a clearinghouse for [[Hydrology|water sciences]] and technologies in the [[developing countries]]. It is modelled after the [[Abdus Salam]] [[ICTP]], [[Trieste]], Italy, in its ethos, and mode of functioning. Like ICTP, the Mahadevan Centre offers a series of customised courses for the water scientists, technologists and managers from the developing countries.

==Honours and awards==

Aswathanarayana is recipient of the Excellence in Geophysical Education Award (2005;<ref>{{cite journal
| title=Aswathanarayana Receives 2005 Excellence in Geophysical
| year=2004
| publisher=Eos
| bibcode = 2005EOSTr..86R.240A | doi=10.1029/2005EO250006| last1=Krishnamurti
| first1=T. N.
| last2=Aswathanarayana
| first2=Uppugunduri
| journal=Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
| volume=86
| issue=25
| page=240
| doi-access=free
}}</ref>
International Award ( 2007) of the [[American Geophysical Union]]
<ref>{{cite web
| title=Uppugunduri Aswathanarayana Receives AGU's New International Award
| publisher=AGU
| url=http://www.agu.org/about/honors/union/international/aswathanarayana_uppugunduri.shtml
}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
Certificate of Recognition (2007) of the [[International Association of GeoChemistry]];
<ref name="newsletter">{{Cite web
| title = News Letter May 2007
| author = IAGC
| url = http://www.iagc.ca/newsletters/newsletter46_1.pdf
| access-date = 2 October 2009
| archive-date = 6 July 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110706182903/http://www.iagc.ca/newsletters/newsletter46_1.pdf
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> and Eminent Citizen Award in the area of Water Sciences of the [[Sivananda Trust]], India (2007).

==Other mentions==

Aswathanarayana served as general secretary, [[Geological Society of India]] (1976–1979), Chairman, Working Group on Isotope Geochemistry of IAGC(1979–1983),<ref name="newsletter" /> Leader, IAVCEI W.G. on Deccan Volcanism (1979–83) and Chairman of the Working Group on "Geochemical Training in Developing Countries" of the [[International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry]] (1996–2008). He was UNESCO Expert affiliated to the [[Institute for Trace Element Research]], [[Lyon]], France (1991).

==Publications==

Aswathanarayana is the author of over 100 original scientific papers and ten books.<ref>
{{cite web
|title = U. Aswathanarayana-Bibliography
|publisher = Amazon
|url = https://www.amazon.com/U.-Aswathanarayana/e/B001JCJ87Y/ref=sr_tc_2_0}}
</ref> His first book, ''Principles of Nuclear Geology'' (A.A. Balkema, Netherlands, 1986), was followed by a quartet of books on the ecologically sustainable and employment-generating use of natural resources: ''Geoenvironment: An Introduction'' (A.A. Balkema, Netherlands, 1995), ''Soil Resources and the Environment'' (Science Publishers, Enfield, USA, 1999), ''Water Resources Management and the Environment'' (A.A. Balkema, 2001),<ref>{{cite book
| title = Water resources management and the environment
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cU4NEpK3HC0C&q=Water%20Resources%20Management%20and%20the%20Environment&pg=PP1
| publisher = A.A. Balkema, Netherlands
| year = 2001
| author = Aswathanarayana, U
| isbn = 978-90-5809-322-6}}
</ref> ''Mineral Resources Management and the Environment'' (A.A. Balkema, 2003).<ref>{{cite book
| title=Mineral resources management and the environment
| publisher = A.A. Balkema
| year = 2003
| author = Aswathanarayana, U
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IKn_C2MxSbQC&q=Uppugunduri+Aswathanarayana&pg=PP1
| isbn=978-90-5809-545-9 }}</ref>

The Geological Society of India, Bangalore, has brought out his popular science booklet, "Natural Resources and Environment", (2003) which has been translated into Indian languages. ''Advances in Water Science Methodologies'' (2005),<ref>{{cite book
| title = Advances in Water Science Methodologies
| author = Aswathanarayana, U
| publisher = Taylor & Francis, UK
| year = 2005
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZDKgOH8Od0AC&q=Advances%20in%20Water%20Science%20Methodologies&pg=PP1
| isbn = 978-0-415-37533-7 }}
</ref> ''The Indian Ocean Tsunami'' (2006), ''Food and Water Security'' (2008),<ref>{{cite book
| title = Food and Water Security
| author = Aswathanarayana, U
| publisher = Taylor & Francis, UK
| year = 2008
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=bURtbmyKEEQC&q=Food%20and%20Water%20Security&pg=PP1
| isbn = 978-0-415-44018-9 }}
</ref> "Energy Portfolios" (2009)<ref>{{cite web
| title = Energy Portfolios
| author = Aswathnarayana, U and Divi, R.S. (Eds)
| publisher = Taylor & Francis, UK
| year = 2009
}}</ref> are some of his recent books. His recent books, ''Green Energy: Technology, Economics and Policy''<ref>{{cite web
| title = Green Energy: Technology, Economics and Policy
| author = Aswathanarayana, U., Harikrishnan, T. and Thayyib Shani, K.M. (Eds)
| publisher = Taylor & Francis, UK
| year = 2010
| url = https://www.routledge.com/Green-Energy-Technology-Economics-and-Policy/Aswathanarayana-Harikrishnan-Kadher-Mohien/p/book/9780415876285 }}
</ref> and Natural Resources – Technology, Economics & Policy, are published by [[Taylor & Francis]] of the UK.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Natural Resources – Technology, Economics & Policy
| author = Aswathanarayana, U.
| publisher = Taylor & Francis, UK
| year = 2012
| url = https://www.crcpress.com/Natural-Resources---Technology-Economics--Policy/Aswathanarayana/p/book/9780415897914 }}
</ref>

==Notes==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://www.amazon.com/U.-Aswathanarayana/e/B001JCJ87Y Amazon author page of U. Aswathanarayana]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aswathanarayana, U.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian geologists]]
[[Category:1928 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Dar es Salaam]]
[[Category:People from Kadapa district]]
[[Category:Andhra University alumni]]

Edward Tuite Dalton

2026-01-29T19:02:27Z

Bishnoiseries: added pg...

'''Edward Tuite Dalton''' [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] (1815 - 1880) was a British soldier and anthropologist. He was posted in [[Assam]], then became commissioner of [[Chota Nagpur Division]]. He was posted in Chotanagpur for two decades. Later he became major general of Bengal Lancer. He commanded both European and native people during the sepoy mutiny of 1857. Dalton, along with justice Campbell, [[Herbert Hope Risley]], [[John-Baptist Hoffmann]] and P.O.Bidding initiated ethnographic studies in Chotanagpur. His work ''Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal'' formed a part of the [[Census in British India]] in 1872.<ref name="academia.edu2015">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/42298290|title=Pages from the Old Records: A Note on 'The "Kols" of Chota-Nagpore' by E.T. Dalton|author=Sanjay Nath|website=academia.edu|pages=19–23|year=2015|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.125201/2015.125201.The-Mundas-And-Their-Country_djvu.txt|title=Munda and their country|author=Sarat Chandra Roy|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9wxWAAAAcAAJ|title=Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing|author=Edward Tuite Dalton|year=1872}}</ref>

==Early life==
He was born in [[Ireland]] in 1815. His father was a music composer. His maternal grandfather, Sir [[John Andrew Stevenson]], was also a music composer. His father died in 1821. Then his mother, Olivia, married [[Thomas Taylour, 2nd Marquess of Headfort|Thomas Taylour]] in 1822. His brother's name was Gustavus and his sister's Adelaide. His mother died in 1834. Then Thomas married the widowed Frances in 1853. Edward studied at [[Harrow School|Horrow School]]. Edward remained a Bachelor throughout his life and never married.<ref name="famousbound">{{Cite web|url=https://farbound.net/major-general-edward-tuite-dalton/|title=MAJOR GENERAL EDWARD TUITE DALTON|publisher=famousbound|date=5 August 2018|access-date=25 October 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
===Assam===
After education, Edward joined the [[East India Company]] and arrived in India on 12 November 1835 at the age of 20. He worked for 39 years and resigned his commission on 18 April 1875. He first was commissioned at [[Dibrugarh]] in [[Assam]] from 1838 to 1841. He had proficiency in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Assamese language|Assamese]] and cleared the exam in these languages. The territory of Assam came under British control in 1826 after defeating the Burmese in the [[Anglo-Burmese Wars]]. The Northeast was inhabited by numerous tribes such as the [[Naga people|Naga]], [[Khamti people|Khamtis]], [[Mising people|Mishing]], who did not hesitate to raid and pillage the towns of East India company and tea gardens. In 1835, a military base was destroyed by the Kopachor tribe in Balipara in [[Sonitpur]] of Assam. Later, in [[Sadia]], Khampti and Singhpo tribe killed a political agent and 80 soldiers in 1839. He spent eighteen years in the first Assam light infantry, which was raised in 1817 in [[Cuttack]], Odisha. In 1858, two French missionaries, Nicholas Michael Kirck and Bourry, were killed by Mishmi villagers with their chief Kaieesha in Rima, Tibet, who were travelling to Tibet for their missionary activities. Edward was ordered to carry out an expedition against the [[Mishmi people|Mishmi]] tribe from Dibrugarh. The British forces arrived at the villages. Edward sent Lieutenant Eden with a band of soldiers and in the fight, three sons of Kaieesha were killed. Their chief Kaieesha was arrested and executed in Dibrugarh.<ref name="famousbound"/>

===Chota Nagpur===
Later, he was posted to [[Ranchi]] in 1857 as commissioner of [[Chota Nagpur Division]] with the rank of Captain. During 1857, a mutiny of sepoys had occurred. The revolt in Chotanagpur began with the revolt of the [[Danapur]] in Patna. Then it spread to Ramgarh battalion with the headquarters at [[Hazaribagh]]. Then to [[Purulia]] in [[West Bengal]] and [[Chaibasa]]. In [[Singhbhum district]], the king of Porahat, [[Raja Arjun Singh]], aided by kol ([[Ho people|Hos]]), declared war on the king of the [[Saraikela State|Saraikela]] and [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]], the allies of the East India Company. In September, the Sepoys of Chaibasa plundered the treasury. In Palamu, the [[Chero]] and Bhogta revolted. Lieutenant Graham went to subdue the mutineers of Hazaribagh but his troops also revolted and did not follow the orders of Graham. They arrived in Ranchi at night. The sepoy of head quarter were not ready to repel the mutineers. So, on 2 August 1857, Edward, other British officers and a few soldiers left for Hazaribagh. After they left, the mutineers burnt down and destroyed the British headquarters, buildings and churches. But they spared the house of Edward. They also took his four personal elephants. On the next day, Edward reached Hazaribagh but large numbers of insurgents forced him to abandon the military station in Hazaribagh. During this time, the king of Ramgarh, Jagannath Shahi, helped him and provided his fifty Soldiers for protection. The king of [[Saraikela State|Seraikela]], [[Kharsawan State|Kharsawan]] and several other zamindar and tribal chiefs provided assistants to him in the [[Rebellion of 1857]]. While Edward requested reinforcement in Chotanagpur, East India Company was more concerned with mutiny in North India in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar with large numbers of soldiers. With regiments in North India in mutiny, the British mobilized the [[Madras Regiment]] from South India, which arrived in Kolkata on 5 August 1857 and while others marched to Chotanagpur from Cuttuck. The detachment reinforced Edward in Bagodar and occupied Hazaribagh, then Doronda in Ranchi, which was declared part of the Mughal Empire by rebel Soldiers. On 2 October 1857, 300 Soldiers defeated 3000 rebel mutineers, which is known as the [[Battle of Chatra]].<ref name="famousbound"/>

In January 1858, Edward marched to quell Chero and Bhogta, who had attacked landlords and destroyed jails, courthouses, government buildings and occupied [[Palamu Forts]]. He failed to capture the leaders of the Rebellion due to difficult terrain. He founded the city of [[Daltonganj]], now known as Medininagar. In [[Singhbhum district|Singhbhum]], the kols had declared [[Raja Arjun Singh|Arjun Singh]] as their king and revolted against colonial rule and burnt down the government buildings. The British forces defeated kols in a pitted battle and Arjun Singh surrendered, but Kol continued their insurgency till 1861.<ref name="famousbound"/>

In 1859, the East India Company desolated. For war service, Edward received a gallantry award and was promoted to the rank of Major.<ref name="famousbound"/> Then he authored the book ''Descriptive Ethnology of Bengal'' in which he gave descriptions of people of the [[Bengal Presidency]]. He started to work on Ethnology of Bengal in 1866 with the rank of Colonel at the age of 51. It was a catalogue entrusted by [[The Asiatic Society]] of Bengal for an exhibition of the primitive tribes of British India in Kolkata, which was the brainchild of Sir Joseph Fayrer. But the exhibition ended due to logistical, political and health issues about ferrying the tribals of Assam to Kolkata. The exhibition was scrapped but the Asiatic Society of Bengal and the British Indian Government were interested in scientific studies of tribals. Edwards completed the book after six years in 1872, residing in Ranchi.<ref name="famousbound"/>

===Helping pastor Fedrick Batsch===
In 1868, Edward supported pastor Fedrick Batsch, who constructed the [[Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church in Chotanagpur and Assam|Gossner Evangelical Lutheran Church, Ranchi]] in 1855 and accumulated a congregation of 10,000 tribal followers. Between 1866 and 1872, under investigation by Reverend Ansorge, he was wrongfully accused of crimes and ex-communicated. He tried to reconcile Batsch with Reverend Ansorge but was in vain. After the ex-communication of Batsch with four other pastors in 1871, the Bishop Robert Milman inducted them into the Anglican fold. Edward donated 500 pounds for the construction of St.Paul's Church in 1871 in Ranchi.<ref name="famousbound"/>

===Companion of the Order of the Star of India===
In 1869, he was knighted with the Companion of the Order of the Star of India for his service. In 1875, with the rank of Lieutenant Colonel, he resigned as the commissioner of Chotanagpur at the age of 60.<ref name="famousbound"/>

== Death==
He died on 30 December 1880 in [[Cannes]], [[France]] due to a [[Cardiac arrest|Cardiac Arrest]] at the age of 65.<ref name="famousbound"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dalton, Edward Tuite}}
[[Category:1815 births]]
[[Category:1880 deaths]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]
[[Category:British anthropologists]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]

INS Viraat

2026-01-26T05:21:38Z

Bishnoiseries: brief corrected information for clarity

{{Short description|Centaur-class aircraft carrier of the Indian Navy}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Viraat front view.jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Viraat'' (R22) in 2002
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header = title
| country = India
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = ''Viraat''
| namesake =
| acquired = May 1987
| commissioned =
| recommissioned = 12 May 1987<ref name=indiannavy/>
| decommissioned = 6 March 2017
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service = 23 July 2016
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit = April 1986, July 1999, Mid-2003-November 2004, August 2008-November 2009, November 2012-July 2013
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: R22
| motto = ''Jalameva Yasya, Balameva Tasya'' ([[Sanskrit]]: "He who rules over the seas is all powerful")
| nickname = ''Grand Old Lady''<ref>{{Cite news|title=INS Viraat sails to Kochi for repairs, dry-docking|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-viraat-sails-to-kochi-for-repairs-dry-docking/articleshow/53361648.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=24 July 2016|date=24 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160727181918/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-viraat-sails-to-kochi-for-repairs-dry-docking/articleshow/53361648.cms|archive-date=27 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Scrapped at Alang, 2021.
| notes =
| badge =
| honours =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header = title
| country = United Kingdom
| flag = {{shipboxflag|United Kingdom|naval}}
| name = [[HMS Hermes (R12)]]
| namesake =
| owner =
| operator =
| registry =
| route =
| ordered = 1943
| awarded =
| builder = [[Vickers-Armstrong]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down = 21 June 1944
| launched = 16 February 1953
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| acquired =
| commissioned = 25 November 1959
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned = 1984
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck = 1985
| reinstated =
| homeport = [[HMNB Portsmouth]]
| identification = [[Pennant number]]: R12
| motto =
| nickname =
| honors =
| captured =
| fate = Sold to India in 1986
| notes =
| badge =
| honours =
}}

|section4={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = [[Centaur-class aircraft carrier|Centaur-class]] [[light aircraft carrier]]
| type =
| tonnage =
| displacement = *23,900 tons standard
*28,700 tons full load
| length = {{convert|226.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|48.78|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught = {{convert|8.8|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| draft =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| ramps =
| ice_class =
| power =
| propulsion = 2 × Parsons geared steam turbines; 4 boilers with 400 psi, {{convert|76,000|shp|kW|abbr=on}}
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|28|kn|km/h}}
| range = {{convert|6500|mi|km|abbr=on}} at {{convert|14|kn|km/h}}
| endurance =
| test_depth =
| boats =
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement = *Maximum 2,100;
*1,207 ship's crew,
*143 air crew
| crew =
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *1 × BEL/Signaal RAWL 02 air radar
*1 × RAWS 08 air/surface radar
*2 × BEL Rashmi navigation radars
*1 × EL/M-2221 STGR fire control radar
*1 × Plessey Type 904 radar
*1 × FT 13-S/M Tacan system
*'''Sonar:'''
*1 × Graseby Type 184M hull-mounted sonar
| EW = *1 × BEL Ajanta ESM
*'''Decoy:'''
*2 × Knebworth Corvus chaff launchers
| armament = *2 × 40 mm [[Bofors]] AA guns
*16 × [[Barak SAM]] VL cells
*2 × twin [[AK-230]] CIWS
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft = *Up to 26 aircraft, including
* 16 × [[British Aerospace Sea Harrier]] FRS51
* 4 × [[Westland Sea King]] Mk.42B-C
* 2 × [[HAL Chetak]]
* 4 × [[HAL Dhruv]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}
'''INS ''Viraat''''' ([[Sanskrit]]: [[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|Virāṭa]] meaning ''Giant'') was a [[Centaur-class aircraft carrier|''Centaur''-class]] [[light aircraft carrier]] of the [[Indian Navy]]. INS ''Viraat'' was the [[flagship]] of the Indian Navy until {{INS|Vikramaditya}} was commissioned in 2013. The ship was completed and commissioned in 1959 as the Royal Navy's {{HMS|Hermes|R12|6}}, and decommissioned in 1984. She was sold to India in 1987. INS ''Viraat'' was commissioned into the Indian Navy on 12 May 1987,<ref name=indiannavy>{{cite web|title=Surface Ships|url=http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0,1|work=[[Indian Navy]]|access-date=23 August 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004145613/http://www.indiannavy.nic.in/naval-fleet/ships?page=0%2C1|archive-date=4 October 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and served for almost 30 years.

In February 2015, the Navy stated that ''Viraat'' would be decommissioned the following year.<ref name="decom">{{cite news|first=S|last=Anandan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-to-be-decommissioned-in-2016/article6884261.ece|title=INS Viraat to be decommissioned in 2016|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 February 2015|access-date=13 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713201837/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-to-be-decommissioned-in-2016/article6884261.ece|archive-date=13 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The last British-built ship serving with the Indian Navy, she was the oldest aircraft carrier in service in the world. On 23 July 2016, ''Viraat'' sailed for the last time under her own power from [[Mumbai]] to [[Kochi]], where she was dry-docked and prepared for decommissioning.<ref name="last_journey"/> She was towed out of Kochi on 23 October, returning to Mumbai on 28 October, where she was laid up.<ref name="decommissioned_January"/> ''Viraat'' was formally decommissioned on 6 March 2017.<ref name="bows_out">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-bows-out-of-service/article17416652.ece|title=INS Viraat bows out of service|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-03-08|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828014812/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-bows-out-of-service/article17416652.ece|archive-date=28 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> After the failure of plans to convert her into a hotel and museum, she was sold for scrap and planned to be broken up beginning in September 2020, but the scrapping was [[Stay of execution|stayed]] by the [[Supreme Court of India]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=INS Viraat's Dismantling Kept On Hold, Supreme Court Notice To Owner|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/aircraft-carrier-ins-viraats-dismantling-kept-on-hold-by-supreme-court-notice-issued-to-company-that-bought-it-for-scrap-2367281|access-date=2021-06-23|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> after 40% of the body had already been scrapped.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news|title=INS Viraat now private property: SC|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-now-private-property-sc/article34244872.ece|access-date=2021-06-27|website=thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Design==
INS ''Viraat'' had a 12° [[Aircraft ski-jump|ski jump]] to operate the [[Sea Harrier]] along with a reinforced flight deck, and {{convert|1.2|in|cm|0}} of armour over the magazines and machinery spaces. The magazine capacity included at least 80 lightweight [[torpedo]]es. The vessel retained commando transport capability for up to 750 troops and carried four [[LCVP landing craft]] in the aft section.<ref>{{Cite book|title=China and the Asia-pacific Region: Geostrategic Relations and a Naval Dimension|first=Jae-Hyung|last=Lee|page=174|year=2003|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-26043-0}}</ref> In a wartime scenario, the ship could carry up to 26 combat aircraft and was suited for supporting [[Amphibious warfare|amphibious operations]] and conducting [[Anti-submarine warfare|ASW]] operations.

===Aircraft===
The aircraft on board INS ''Viraat'' were operated by four squadrons of the Naval air arm of the Indian Navy:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Air squadrons
|-
! Squadron !! Name !! Aircraft
|-
| [[INAS 300]] || White Tigers || [[BAE Sea Harrier]]
|-
| [[INAS 552]] || The Braves || [[BAE Sea Harrier]]
|-
| [[INAS 321]] || Angels || [[Alouette III]] [[HAL Chetak]]
|-
| [[INAS 330]] || Harpoons || [[Westland Sea King]]
|}

Primary strike aircraft have been the Sea Harriers operating several modern missiles such as the British anti-ship Sea Eagle missile,<ref name ='Hir 287.'>Hiranandani 2000, p. 287.</ref> and the French [[R.550 Magic|Matra Magic]] missile for air-to-air combat.<ref name ='Hir 154.'>Hiranandani 2012, p. 154.</ref> Other ordnance has included 68 mm rockets, runway-denial bombs, cluster bombs, and podded 30 mm cannon.<ref name ='Hir 154.'/> In 2006, the Indian Navy started the 'Limited Upgrade Sea Harrier (LUSH)' program by upgrading up to 15 Sea Harriers in collaboration with [[Israel]] by installing the [[Elta Systems|Elta]] [[EL/M-2032]] radar and the [[Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Ltd.|Rafael]] 'Derby' medium-range air-to-air BVR missile.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Indias-Sea-Harrier-Shortage-04774/ |title= India's Sea Harrier Shortage |publisher= Defense Industry Daily |date= 2 November 2010 |access-date= 31 December 2013 |url-status= live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131231015052/http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Indias-Sea-Harrier-Shortage-04774/ |archive-date= 31 December 2013 |df= dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defensenews.com/story.php?i=3480072 |title= Indian Sea Harrier Tests BVR Missile |first= Vivek |last= Raghuvanshi |publisher= Defense News |date= 16 April 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170424003929/http://en.mercopress.com/2017/04/06/tech-entrepreneur-wants-to-rescue-falklands-flagship-hms-hermes-from-the-scrap-heap |archive-date= 24 April 2017 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>

The fleet also consisted of [[Kamov Ka-31|Kamov Ka-31 Helix-B]] airborne early warning aircraft and [[Kamov Ka-27|Kamov Ka-28 Helix-A]] helicopters.

All Sea Harrier operations from the deck of INS ''Viraat'' ceased on 6 May 2016 following the retirement of Harrier fleet.

==Operational history==
===Royal Navy===
{{Main article|HMS Hermes (R12)}}
INS ''Viraat'' was originally commissioned by the British [[Royal Navy]] as {{HMS|Hermes|R12|6}} on 18 November 1959, 15 years after she was laid down in June 1944. She served as the flagship of the Royal Navy's task force during the [[Falklands War]] in 1982 and was decommissioned from active duty in 1985. In April 1986, ''Hermes'' was towed from Portsmouth Dockyard to Devonport Dockyard to be refitted, re-activated and sold to India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://navaltoday.com/2016/03/07/one-sailor-dead-three-injured-after-fire-breaks-out-on-indian-aircraft-carrier/ |title=One sailor dead, three injured after fire breaks out on Indian aircraft carrier |date=7 March 2016 |access-date=2016-03-09 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309211628/http://navaltoday.com/2016/03/07/one-sailor-dead-three-injured-after-fire-breaks-out-on-indian-aircraft-carrier/ |archive-date=9 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===Indian Navy===
After evaluating vessels from several countries, the [[Indian Navy]] purchased the vessel in April 1986 and gave her an extensive refit at [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]] in [[Plymouth]], England, to allow for continued carrier operations into the next decade.<ref>{{Cite book|page=[https://archive.org/details/navalarmstrade00anth/page/135 135]|title=The Naval Arms Trade|first=Ian|last=Anthony|publisher=SIPRI|year=1990|isbn=978-0-19-829137-4|url=https://archive.org/details/navalarmstrade00anth/page/135}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1-5|first=Indu|last=Ramchandani|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=2000|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5}}</ref> New fire control equipment, navigation radars, improved [[NBC (weapon)|NBC]] protection, and deck landing aids were installed in this refit. Boilers were converted to operate on [[fuel oil|distillate fuel]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Aircraft Carriers|first1=Chris|last1=Bishop|first2=Christopher|last2=Chant|publisher=MBI Publishing Company LLC|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7603-2005-1}}</ref>

''India Today'' in 1988 reported that then Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] went to the [[Bangaram Atoll]] in [[Lakshadweep]] on a holiday with his family and other prominent politicians and media persons on board the INS Viraat.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pratap |first1=Anita |title=Idyllic vacation for the Gandhis in the Lakshadweep archipelago |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19880131-idyllic-vacation-for-the-gandhis-in-the-lakshadweep-archipelago-769007-2013-11-21 |access-date=10 May 2019 |work=India Today |date=31 January 1988 |language=en}}</ref> The allegation has been refuted by a retired Indian Navy officer, [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]] Ajay Chitnis, who was involved in planning former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi's 1987 Lakshadweep trip.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha-2019/story/rajiv-gandhi-ins-viraat-lakshadweep-commodore-ajay-chitnis-1521766-2019-05-10 Rajiv Gandhi did not misuse INS Viraat: Navy officer who planned former PM's Lakshadweep trip]</ref>

In September 1993, the engine room of the ship was flooded, putting the vessel out of service for several months. The vessel was back in service in 1995 and was fitted with a new search radar. Between July 1999 and April 2001, the ship completed another life-extension refit expected to extend her serviceability until 2010. This refit upgraded propulsion systems, added a package of sensors to sound emergency alerts and introduced modern communication systems. In addition, a long-range surveillance radar, weapon systems, and a new hangar with fire curtains were installed.

The ship underwent a fourth refit in Indian service from January to August 2009 at [[Cochin Shipyard]], [[Kochi, India|Kochi]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ins-viraat-out-of-dry-dock-to-sail-to-gulf-of-aden-soon_1283177|title=INS Viraat out of dry dock, to sail to Gulf of Aden soon|newspaper=DNA|date=26 February 2011|access-date=12 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031093525/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_ins-viraat-out-of-dry-dock-to-sail-to-gulf-of-aden-soon_1283177|archive-date=31 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The refit was expected to ensure her continued service in the Indian Navy until 2015, and the ship went through exercises in the [[Arabian Sea]] for a month and a half before being deployed to the [[Gulf of Aden]].<ref>{{cite news|author=IANS|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article4365.ece|title=INS Viraat refit complete, gears up for golden jubilee|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 August 2009|access-date=26 February 2011|location=Chennai, India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807031252/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article4365.ece|archive-date=7 August 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Navy officers later reported that the carrier might be kept in service until 2020, as two Indigenous Aircraft Carriers (IACs) seemed likely to be fully operational by then.<ref name="SP">{{cite web|url=http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/articles/20090820.aspx|title=Naval Air: Where There Were None, Now There Is One|publisher=Strategypage.com|date=20 August 2009|access-date=26 February 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108154403/http://strategypage.com/htmw/htnavai/articles/20090820.aspx|archive-date=8 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/ins-viraat-refit-complete-gears-up-for-golden-jubilee_100233596.html/|title=INS Viraat refit complete, gears up for golden jubilee|first=Ritu|last=Sharma|work=Indo-Asian News Service|date=17 August 2009|access-date=14 October 2010|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927015734/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/ins-viraat-refit-complete-gears-up-for-golden-jubilee_100233596.html|archive-date=27 September 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 12 July 2011, the ship arrived at Cochin shipyard for a short refit scheduled to be completed in two months and it was repainted. Indian Navy indicated that the ship could remain in service until 2020, provided that there are still Sea Harriers available for ship-borne operations.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/navy-to-operate-viraat-aircraft-carrier-for-another-decade/articleshow/7320975.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|title=Navy to operate Viraat aircraft carrier for another decade|date=19 January 2011|access-date=12 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015003600/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/navy-to-operate-viraat-aircraft-carrier-for-another-decade/articleshow/7320975.cms|archive-date=15 October 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 2 November 2012, the ship arrived in Kochi for the first part of a major two-phase refit. In the first phase, the hull was cleaned, probed for corrosion, worn hull plates were reinforced and received a fresh coat of corrosion-resistant paint.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-arrives-in-kochi-for-periodic-refit/article4059156.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=INS Viraat arrives in Kochi for periodic refit|date=3 November 2012|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403041853/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-arrives-in-kochi-for-periodic-refit/article4059156.ece|archive-date=3 April 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The carrier sailed to Mumbai for further upgrades to her machinery before rejoining the fleet in the summer of 2013. The refit would enable her to serve through 2016 and was the final major refit before her decommissioning.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/major-repairs-for-the-ins-viraat-its-replacement-delayed-again-by-russia-339905|work=[[NDTV]]|title=Major repairs for the INS Viraat, its replacement delayed again by Russia|date=8 March 2013|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112045619/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/major-repairs-for-the-ins-viraat-its-replacement-delayed-again-by-russia-339905|archive-date=12 November 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In August–September 2015, the ship underwent a short refit to reinforce her hull and inspection before her participation in the International Fleet Review in February 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/ins-viraat-to-have-short-refit/article7457329.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|title=INS Viraat to have short refit|date=24 July 2015|access-date=16 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828014812/http://www.thehindu.com/news/ins-viraat-to-have-short-refit/article7457329.ece|archive-date=28 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

===Decommissioning===
By 2013, ''Viraat''{{'}}s age and cost of maintenance prompted the navy to begin the process to obtain Defence Ministry clearance for her decommissioning;<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131204/jsp/nation/story_17641840.jsp#.UqnxrOJckxY|title=Navy plans nuke-powered carrier|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]]|date=12 March 2013|access-date=12 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208150217/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1131204/jsp/nation/story_17641840.jsp#.UqnxrOJckxY|archive-date=8 December 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in December 2014, a review board was established to determine the ship's continued service life.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/12/03/article448907.ece/Navy-technical-board-to-assess-service-life-of-INS-Viraat|title=Navy technical board to assess service life of INS Viraat|date=4 December 2014|access-date=18 January 2015|newspaper=ABP|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118164253/http://www.abplive.in/india/2014/12/03/article448907.ece/Navy-technical-board-to-assess-service-life-of-INS-Viraat|archive-date=18 January 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
[[File:Aerial photo of INS Viraat.JPG|thumb|INS Viraat prior to retirement]]
In February 2015, the navy announced plans to decommission the ship in 2016 and began the process to obtain Defence Ministry clearance for the carrier's decommissioning.<ref name="decom"/> On 23 July 2016, ''Viraat'' sailed from Mumbai to Kochi for the last time under her own steam; by then, she had spent a total of 2,250 days at sea and had steamed a total of 1,094,215 kilometers.<ref name="final_journey">{{cite news|title=INS Viraat sails on final journey from Kochi to Mumbai for decommissioning|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/oct/23/ins-viraat-sails-on-final-journey-from-kochi-to-mumbai-for-decommissioning-1530997.html|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=23 October 2016|access-date=23 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023201606/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2016/oct/23/ins-viraat-sails-on-final-journey-from-kochi-to-mumbai-for-decommissioning-1530997.html|archive-date=23 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> At Kochi, she underwent a month-long deactivation in preparation for decommissioning; during this period, her boilers, engines, propellers and rudders were removed.<ref name="last_journey">{{cite news|title=INS Viraat's last journey|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-embarks-on-farewell-voyage-to-kochi/article8890882.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=23 July 2016|access-date=23 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723233943/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-embarks-on-farewell-voyage-to-kochi/article8890882.ece|archive-date=23 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=INS Viraat's last journey commences|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INS-Viraat-sets-sail-for-the-last-time/articleshow/53354614.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=23 July 2016|access-date=23 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723145431/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/INS-Viraat-sets-sail-for-the-last-time/articleshow/53354614.cms|archive-date=23 July 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Deactivation was completed on 4 September, and the carrier was towed back to Mumbai on 23 October for her formal decommissioning ceremony.<ref name="final_farewell">{{cite news|title=INS Viraat's final farewell set in Mumbai|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ins-viraats-final-farewell-set-in-mumbai/article9146018.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=25 September 2016|access-date=7 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925013417/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/ins-viraats-final-farewell-set-in-mumbai/article9146018.ece|archive-date=25 September 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="final_journey"/> ''Viraat'' arrived in Mumbai on 28 October and was laid up.<ref name="decommissioned_January">{{cite news|first=Vinaya|last=Deshpande|url=http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/7122-ins-viraat-reaches-mumbai-set-be-decommissioned-january|title=INS Viraat reaches Mumbai, set to be decommissioned in January|newspaper=The Sunday Guardian Live|date=29 October 2016|access-date=30 October 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031025457/http://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/7122-ins-viraat-reaches-mumbai-set-be-decommissioned-january|archive-date=31 October 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> On 6 March 2017, she was decommissioned.<ref name="bows_out"/> ''Viraat'' was formally decommissioned on 6 March 2017.<ref name="bows_out"/><ref>Indian Navy ''[[Ships Monthly]]'' June 2017 page 15</ref> Her weapons systems and operational equipment were to have been removed by mid-2017.

==Preservation plans==
In July 2015, it was announced that the ship would be transferred to the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] for conversion into a [[museum ship]] at a cost of {{INRConvert|20|c|0}}; [[Chandrababu Naidu]], the chief minister of Andhra Pradesh, confirmed the plans on 8 February 2016.<ref name="handover">{{cite news|first=C.H.R.S.|last=Sarma|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/ins-viraat-to-be-handed-over-to-ap-govt/article8209603.ece|title='INS Viraat' to be handed over to Andhra Pradesh after decommissioning|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 February 2016|access-date=15 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828014812/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/ins-viraat-to-be-handed-over-to-ap-govt/article8209603.ece|archive-date=28 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian carrier Viraat 'de-operationalised'|url=http://www.janes.com/article/57905/indian-carrier-viraat-de-operationalised|work=Janes|access-date=12 May 2016|date=11 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315222956/http://www.janes.com/article/57905/indian-carrier-viraat-de-operationalised|archive-date=15 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Indian Navy's aircraft carrier INS Viraat may be modified into a luxury hotel|url=http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindian-navys-aircraft-carrier-ins-viraat-may-be-modified-into-luxury-hotel-4807555|work=Naval Technology|date=11 February 2012|access-date=11 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416121129/http://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindian-navys-aircraft-carrier-ins-viraat-may-be-modified-into-luxury-hotel-4807555|archive-date=16 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=INS Viraat: A warship that will soon be converted into a hotel!|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/travel-buzz/story/ins-viraat-a-warship-that-will-soon-be-converted-into-a-hotel-308070-2016-02-10|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=11 May 2016|date=11 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315130122/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/ins-viraat-a-warship-that-will-soon-be-converted-into-a-hotel/1/592235.html|archive-date=15 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> By April 2016, however, the plans had apparently fallen through.<ref name="handover"/><ref>{{Cite news|title=INS Viraat is up for grabs, but so far no takers|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ins-viraat-is-up-for-grabs-but-so-far-no-takers-2204782|newspaper=DNA|access-date=12 May 2016|date=2 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526175359/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ins-viraat-is-up-for-grabs-but-so-far-no-takers-2204782|archive-date=26 May 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A British businessman's proposal to preserve the ship failed when its crowdfunding campaign failed to make a tenth of its goal and it was stated that if ''Viraat'' was not to be preserved, she would be scrapped.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.crowdfunder.co.uk/hms-hermes-repatriation/? |title=HMS Hermes repatriation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tech entrepreneur wants to rescue Falklands' flagship HMS Hermes from the scrap heap|url=http://en.mercopress.com/2017/04/06/tech-entrepreneur-wants-to-rescue-falklands-flagship-hms-hermes-from-the-scrap-heap|website=MercoPress|access-date=23 April 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424003929/http://en.mercopress.com/2017/04/06/tech-entrepreneur-wants-to-rescue-falklands-flagship-hms-hermes-from-the-scrap-heap|archive-date=24 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 1 November 2018 the [[Maharashtra]] cabinet approved the conversion of ''Viraat'' into India's first moored maritime museum and marine adventure centre, to be located near [[Nivati fort|Nivati]], [[Sindhudurg district]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Bhavika |title=INS Viraat to be turned into maritime museum|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ins-viraat-to-be-turned-into-maritime-museum/articleshow/66469224.cms |access-date=2 November 2018 |work=Times of India |agency=TNN |date=2 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=INS Viraat to get 2nd life as maritime museum |url=http://www.asianage.com/metros/mumbai/021118/ins-viraat-to-get-2nd-life-as-maritime-museum.html |access-date=2 November 2018 |work=The Asian Age |date=2 November 2018 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> This proposal, which included a hotel, did not attract tenders because of high cost,<ref>{{cite news |first=Bhavika |last=Jain |agency=TNN |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/plans-to-turn-ins-viraat-into-museum-hotel-run-aground/articleshow/70181705.cms |title=Plans to turn INS Viraat into museum-hotel run aground |newspaper=Times of India |date=12 July 2019 |access-date=1 September 2020 }}</ref> and the state government abandoned it in November 2019.<ref name=Econ>{{cite news |first=Rashmi |last=Rajput |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/as-scrap-retired-naval-aircraft-carrier-viraat-finds-no-takers/articleshow/72862015.cms |title=As scrap, retired Naval aircraft carrier Viraat finds no takers |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=19 December 2019 |access-date=1 September 2020 }}</ref>

After an expert committee determined ''Viraat'' 's structural deterioration made her preservation unviable, the union government decided to scrap her and held an online auction;<ref name=Econ/><ref name="Alang_dismantling">{{cite news|title=INS Viraat set for dismantling at Alang yard|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ins-viraat-set-for-dismantling-at-alang/article32716233.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 September 2020|access-date=28 September 2020|df=dmy-all}}</ref> in July 2020, Gujarat-based shipping firm Shri Ram Shipping purchased the ship from the Metal Scrap Corporation for {{INRConvert|38.54|c|0}}.<ref name="Alang_dismantling"/> She was scheduled to be dismantled at [[Alang Ship Breaking Yard|Alang]] starting in September 2020.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/08/26/like-indias-1st-aircraft-carrier-steel-from-scrapped-viraat-may-be-used-for-bikes.html |title=Like India's 1st aircraft carrier, steel from scrapped Viraat may be used for bikes |website=The Week |date=26 August 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/ins-viraat-decommissioned-three-years-ago-to-be-dismantled-at-alang-in-gujarat/articleshow/77739691.cms |title=INS Viraat, decommissioned three years ago, to be dismantled at Alang in Gujarat |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=25 August 2020 |access-date=1 September 2020 }}</ref><ref name="AMirror820">{{cite web |title=Iconic INS Viraat to be dismantled at Alang |url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/columns/the-informer/iconic-ins-viraat-to-be-dismantled-at-alang/articleshow/77711135.cms |website=Ahmedabad Mirror |access-date=29 August 2020 |date=24 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="IExpress820">{{cite web |last=Nair |first=Avinash |title=INS Viraat to be broken at Alang and sold as scrap |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ins-viraat-to-be-broken-at-alang-and-sold-as-scrap-6568260/ |website=The Indian Express |access-date=29 August 2020 |date=24 August 2020}}</ref> On 19 September 2020, ''Viraat'' was towed from her berth at the Mumbai Naval Dockyard to the scrappers at Alang in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat, reaching the port at Alang on the evening of 22 September.<ref name="Alang_dismantling"/>

On 28 September, ''Viraat'' was beached at Alang. At the end of September, a private Mumbai-registered company, Envitech Marine Consultants Private Limited, offered to purchase the ship from Shree Ram Shipping and preserve her as a museum and tourist centre, to be provisionally berthed at Goa. The Goa state government gave its support provided the project was approved by the Ministry of Defence, the necessary clearances were obtained and the state would incur no financial obligations. Shree Ram Shipping offered to sell ''Viraat'' to Envitech for {{INRConvert|100|c|0}}, provided the firm receive the clearances and assume all cost and risk.<ref name="100_crore">{{cite web |last=Nair |first=Avinash |title=Rs 100 cr, multiple clearances required to save INS Viraat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rs-100-cr-multiple-clearances-required-to-save-ins-viraat-6657376/|website=The Indian Express |access-date=1 October 2020 |date=1 October 2020}}</ref> Discussions were in progress as of 1 October.<ref name="100_crore"/>

On 10 February 2021 a Supreme Court hearing stayed the dismantling of the ship. The Court heard that Envitech proposed to purchase the ship for RS 100 cr and sought responses from Shree Ram Shipping and the Ministry of Defence.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-stays-dismantling-of-decommissioned-aircraft-carrier-ins-viraat-101612940015755.html |title=Supreme Court Stays Dismantling Of INS Viraat |website=Hindustan Times |date=10 February 2021 |access-date=21 February 2021 }}</ref> On 10 April 2021, the Supreme Court informed counsel for Envitech that INS Viraat had already become private property of Shree Ram Group; who had testified that 40% of the ship had already been broken,<ref name="thehindu.com"/> and on 12 April 2021 the petition was dismissed saying it was too late since 40% of the ship had been dismantled.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ins-viraat-40-dismantled-cant-convert-it-into-museum-says-sc/articleshow/82029848.cms INS Viraat 40% dismantled, can't convert it into museum, says SC]Times of India 12 April 2021</ref>

There is a plan to have two of INS ''Viraat'''s anchors displayed at the Port Museum in Alappuzha, which is being developed.<ref>{{Cite news|title=INS Viraat's anchor to be part of Port Museum?|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2021/jun/04/ins-viraats-anchor-to-be-part-of-port-museum-2311483.html|access-date=2021-06-27|website=www.newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:May 1986. HMS Hermes passing Plymouth Hoe on her way into Devonport Dockyard for reactivation and service with the Indian Navy.jpg|''Hermes'' enters [[HMNB Devonport|Devonport Dockyard]] to begin a refit following her purchase by India
File:INS Viraat (ex HMS Hermes), sailing from Devonport Dockyard to begin her service with the Indian Navy.jpg|''Viraat'' departs Devonport on her delivery voyage to India.
File:US Navy 070907-N-8591H-194 F-A-18F Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 102, F-A-18E Super Hornet Strike Fighter Squadron 27, Indian Navy Sea Harriers, Indian Air Force Jaguars over INS Viraat (R 22), Malabar 07-2.jpg|Indian Navy Sea Harriers and Indian Air Force [[SEPECAT Jaguar]]s with US Navy [[Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet|F/A-18 Super Hornets]] flying over INS ''Viraat''
File:Indian Navy's aircraft carriers INS Viraat and Vikramaditya.jpg|INS ''Viraat'' (top) escorting the Indian Navy's newly acquired aircraft carrier {{INS|Vikramaditya||2}} during the latter's delivery voyage
File:INS Viraat leaving Mumbai harbour for one last time under own power (1).jpg|''Viraat'' departs [[Mumbai]] under her own power for the last time in July 2016 en route to [[Kochi]].
File:INS Viraat Sails on her own Steam for One Last Time.jpg|INS ''Viraat'' sails under her own steam for the last time.
</gallery>

==Commanding officers==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! scope="col" style="width: 20px;" | S.No
! scope="col" style="width: 400px;" | Name
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Assumed office
! scope="col" style="width: 150px;" | Left office
! scope="col" style="width: 600px;" | Notes
|-
|1
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Vinod Pasricha {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|12 May 1987
|15 December 1988
|Commissioning CO. Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].
|-
|2
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Madhvendra Singh]]
|15 December 1988
|30 August 1990
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].
|-
|3
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Arun Prakash]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|VrC|VSM}}}}
|30 August 1990
|26 December 1991
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].
|-
|4
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Madanjit Singh
|26 December 1991
|21 March 1993
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]] and
[[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].
|-
|5
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] Yashwant Prasad
|21 March 1993
|28 September 1994
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].
|-
|6
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Jagjit Singh Bedi]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|VSM}}}}
|28 September 1994
|13 October 1995
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].
|-
|7
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Vijay Shankar (admiral)|Vijay Shankar]]
|13 October 1995
|8 November 1996
|Later Commander-in-Chief, [[Strategic Forces Command]] and [[Commander-in-Chief, Andaman and Nicobar Command]].
|-
|8
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Nirmal Kumar Verma]]
|8 November 1996
|13 December 1997
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].
|-
|9
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] S. K. Damle {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|NM|VSM}}}}
|13 December 1997
|15 June 2000
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].
|-
|10
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[R. F. Contractor]]
|15 June 2000
|18 December 2001
|Later [[Director General of the Indian Coast Guard]].
|-
|11
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Devendra Kumar Joshi]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|NM|VSM}}}}
|18 December 2001
|7 January 2003
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].
|-
|12
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Anil Chopra (admiral)|Anil Chopra]]
|7 January 2003
|6 January 2004
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]] and [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].
|-
|13
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Pradeep Chauhan]]
|6 January 2004
|31 May 2005
|Later [[Commandant of Indian Naval Academy]].
|-
|14
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Surinder Pal Singh Cheema]] {{small|{{postnominals|country=IND|sep=,|NM}}}}
|6 January 2004
|31 May 2005
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].
|-
|15
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Girish Luthra]]
|31 May 2005
|1 August 2007
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].
|-
|16
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Abhay Raghunath Karve]]
|1 August 2007
|27 December 2008
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].
|-
|17
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Anil Kumar Chawla]]
|27 December 2008
|6 August 2010
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]].
|-
|18
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[R. Hari Kumar]]
|6 August 2010
|15 November 2011
|Later [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]].
|-
|19
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Ajendra Bahadur Singh]]
|15 November 2011
|1 June 2013
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Naval Command]].
|-
|20
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Biswajit Dasgupta]]
|1 June 2013
|1 June 2015
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]].
|-
|21
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Rajesh Pendharkar]]
|1 June 2015
|13 July 2016
|Later [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Naval Command]].
|-
|22
|[[Captain (Indian Navy)|Captain]] [[Puneet Chadha]]
|13 July 2016
|26 February 2017
|Later Additional Director General of the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|National Cadet Corps]].
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[List of aircraft carriers]]
* {{INS|Vikrant|1961}}
* {{INS|Vikramaditya}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|INS Viraat (ship, 1953)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070311135105/http://indiannavy.nic.in/viraat.htm Indian Navy]
*[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/183-INS-Viraat.html ''INS Viraat'' - Bharat Rakshak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220055737/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/Ships/Active/183-INS-Viraat.html |date=20 December 2016 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190702015247/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/020719/centre-rejects-andhra-pradeshs-viraat-plan.html ''Huge disappointment to Andhra Pradesh'' - Deccan Chronicle]

{{Centaur class aircraft carrier}}
{{Indian Navy aircraft carriers}}
{{Ship classes of the Indian Navy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Viraat}}
[[Category:Centaur-class aircraft carriers of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Ships built in Barrow-in-Furness]]
[[Category:1953 ships]]
[[Category:Aircraft carriers of India]]

K. Ganeshan

2026-01-25T05:14:29Z

Bishnoiseries: put up page

{{Short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K. Ganeshan
| [[K GANESHAN FILM DIRECOTR|image]] =
| birth_name = Kuppan Ganeshan
| birth_place = [[Bengaluru]] [[Karnataka]] [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| known for = ''[[Porkalathil Oru Poo]]'' ''[[18.05.2009]]''
| yearsactive = 1993 – present
| occupation = Film director Screenwriter Producer Actor
| children =
| native_name =
}}

'''K. Ganeshan''' is an [[Cinema of India|Indian]] film director, producer, screenwriter and actor working in Kannada, Tamil and Telugu films.

==Career==
K.Ganeshan started his career as an assistant director, later made directorial debut with ''Asha Jyothi'' (1993), where he played lead role as well. ''[[Porkalathil Oru Poo]]'' is a banned film<ref>{{cite news |title=இசைப்பிரியா பற்றிய கதை படத்துக்கு தடை: பின்னணி காரணம்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/tamil-cinema/52318- |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[Ananda Vikatan]]|language=ta |date=12 September 2015}}</ref> based on the life of [[Isaipriya]], a journalist and television broadcaster for the rebel [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Director P.Ganesan briefs on Issai Priya's mentality and thought prior to her death |url=http://www.lankasrinews.com/view.php?224OllaacB5YY44e2SMW3022mmB2dddBBmU300MgAAee4AY55cca2lOO23 |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=Lankasri News |date=30 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Porkalathil Oru Poo denied censor certificate? |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/150520/entertainment-kollywood/article/porkalathil-oru-poo-denied-censor-certificate |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=21 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=No censor certificate for Tamil film on Lankan TV journalist |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-cinema/no-censor-certificate-for-tamil-film-on-lankan-tv-journalist/story-EZJOMq9NoBbqz3hWZIHwuK.html |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=26 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Porkalathil Oru Poo's release prospects wither with censor heat |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/Porkalathil-Oru-Poo%E2%80%99s-release-prospects-wither-with-censor-heat/article15476021.ece |access-date=21 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 October 2016}}</ref> Ganeshan's other notable films are ''Savi Nilaya'', that won Baby Mevisha [[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Female)]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka State Film Awards, 2015: Full List |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/karnataka-state-film-awards-2015-full-list/articleshow/52311976.cms |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[Bangalore Mirror]] |date=17 May 2016}}</ref> ''[[18.05.2009]]'', based on [[Sri Lankan Civil War]], and ''[[Namma Magu]]'' that was screened at [[UNESCO]] [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tamil Director K Ganeshan Receives International Recognition For His Kannada Film |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/tamil-director-k-ganeshan-receives-international-recognition-for-his-kannada-film-4352825.html |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[News 18]] |date=22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sudha |first1=K |title=Film on Sri Lankan Army's Tamil genocide waging war with censors |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/may/23/film-on-sri-lankan-armys-tamil-genocide-waging-war-with-censors-1818157.html |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=18.05.2009 - Tamil Cinema Review |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/review/2018/05/18133610/1164017/18052009-Movie-Review.vpf |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[Maalai Malar]] |date=18 May 2018}}</ref>

Ganeshan's new film is a Tamil film titled as ''Kadhal Sei'' with [[Ilaiyaraaja]] as composer. The film was dubbed in Kannada as ''Preethsu''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ilaiyaraaja: 'ಪ್ರೀತ್ಸು' ಚಿತ್ರಕ್ಕೆ ಸಂಗೀತ ನೀಡಿದ ಇಳಯರಾಜಾ; ಸ್ಯಾಂಡಲ್‌ವುಡ್‌ಗೆ ಮರಳಿದ 'ಮ್ಯೂಸಿಕ್ ಮಾಸ್ಟ್ರೋ' |url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/ilayaraja-musical-preethsu-kannada-movie-audio-released/articleshow/90703403.cms |access-date=21 May 2022 |publisher=[[Vijaya Karnataka]] |date=7 April 2022 |language=kn}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! Year
! Film
! Language
! width=10 |Director
! width=10 |Writer
!Producer
!Actor
! Notes
|-
| 1993
|''Asha Jyothi''
| rowspan="4" |Kannada
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 1998
|''Naane Sathya''
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
| 2001
|''Maanavieyathe''
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2005
|''Navabharathi''
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2006
|''Putham Pudhusu''
|Tamil
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 2007
|''Mannina Makkalu''
|Kannada
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2008
|''Miss Bharathi''
|Telugu
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.andhravilas.com/movienews/71182/3/ |title='Miss Bharathi' real story flick in Telugu |access-date=18 March 2010 |archive-date=7 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707141440/http://www.andhravilas.com/movienews/71182/3/ |url-status=usurped |date=28 September 2008|website=Andhravilas.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2011
|''Yaare Nee Mohiniya''
|Kannada
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015
|''[[Porkalathil Oru Poo]]''
| Tamil
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
|''Savi Nilaya''
| Kannada
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2018
|''[[18.05.2009]]''
| Tamil
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|-
| 2019
|''Suji Pass''
|Kannada
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2020
|''Manitham ''
|Tamil
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''Kasturi 5ne Tharagathi (KASTURI VTH STD)''
| rowspan="3" |Kannada
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''[[Namma Magu]]''
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|2021
|''Bhairavi''
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
| 2022
|''Kadhal Sei''
| Tamil
| {{yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|11807182}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganeshan, K}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Kannada film directors]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Aruna Tanwar

2026-01-24T19:08:55Z

Bishnoiseries: info.

{{short description|Indian para-taekwondo athlete}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Aruna Singh Tanwar
| image =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Haryana]]
| height =
| weight =
| website =
| country = [[India]]
| sport = [[Taekwondo]]
| event =
| coach = Swaraj Kumar Singh
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Taekwondo at the 2022 Asian Para Games|47 kg]]}}
}}

'''Aruna Tanwar''' is an Indian [[Para Taekwondo]] athlete and two time Olympian from Haryana. She is currently ranked [[World Taekwondo|World No.4]] in the W-49 kg | K43 | and [[World Taekwondo|World No. 30]] in the W-49 kg | K44 event category of [[Para Taekwondo|World Para Taekwondo Events]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/ranking/ranking.html |title= Tournaments Record|work= World Taekwondo | access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=http://www.worldtaekwondo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Medal-winners-ALL.pdf|title= Individual winners by category World Para Taekwondo Championships 2019|work= World Taekwondo | access-date=}}</ref> She qualified to represent India at the 2024 Summer Paralympics at Paris, her second Olympics.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-18 |title=Lko athlete qualifies for Paralympics |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/aruna-tanwar-qualifies-for-paris-paralympics-2024-latest-news/articleshow/108571667.cms |access-date=2024-08-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Career==
Tanwar was born in Dinod village, near [[Bhiwani]] in [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/2021-paralympic-games-21-year-old-daughter-of-factory-driver-from-haryana-gets-tokyo-call-up-7352213/|title= The confirmation that came from the Para Taekwondo Association India (PTAI) was a big booster for Naresh, who works as a driver with a chemical factory to support his three children, including Aruna|work= The Indian Express News | access-date=}}</ref> She began practicing [[Taekwondo]] at eight years and she is a five-time National champion. She is a B.P.Ed. student at [[Chandigarh University]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/chandigarh-universitys-aruna-tanwar-becomes-indias-first-ever-taekwondo-athlete-to-qualify-for-paralympics/678541/|title= Chandigarh University's Aruna Tanwar becomes India's first ever Taekwondo athlete to qualify for Paralympics|work= The Print News | access-date=}}</ref>

===2020 Summer Paralympics===
Aruna became first-ever Indian Taekwondo athlete to qualify for [[Taekwondo at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics Olympic Games]] at [[Tokyo]], Japan on the allocation of a bi-partite invitation spots, where [[Taekwondo at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|Taekwondo Paralympic event]] was featured for the first time. She represented [[India at the 2020 Summer Paralympics|Indian Team]] in Taekwondo at the [[2020 Summer Paralympics]] in Tokyo, Japan.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://thebridge.in/tokyo-2020-paralympics/aruna-tanwar-india-first-para-takewondo-qualify-tokyo-paralympics-22008?infinitescroll=1|title= Aruna Tanwar has qualified for the upcoming 2020 Tokyo Paralympics after receiving a wildcard entry for the Games in Women's U49 category|work= The Bridge News | access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/tokyo-paralympics-aruna-tanwar-becomes-india-s-first-ever-taekwondo-entry-1812960-2021-06-09|title= Tokyo Paralympics: Aruna Tanwar becomes India's first-ever Taekwondo entry|work= The India Today News | access-date=}}</ref> She is coached by Swaraj Kumar Singh.

== Tournaments record ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+ International Competition Results
|-
! Year
! Event
! G- Rank
! Location
! Place
|-
|2019|| 5th Asian Para Open Taekwondo Championships||G-4/G-2||Amman {{flagIOC|JOR|2020 Summer}}|| {{bronze medal}}
|-
|2019|| 8th World Para Taekwondo Championships||G-10||Antalya {{flagIOC|TUR|2020 Summer}}|| {{bronze medal}}
|-
|2018|| 4th Asian Para Taekwondo Championships||G-4/G-2||Hochiminh {{flagIOC|VIE|2020 Summer}}|| {{silver medal}}
|-
|2018|| 3rd WT President's Cup Asian Region Para Taekwondo Championships||G-1||Kish Island {{flagIOC|IRI|2020 Summer}}|| {{silver medal}}
|-
|2018|| Kimunyong International Para Taekwondo Open||G-1||Seoul {{flagIOC|KOR|2020 Summer}}|| {{gold medal}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tanwar, Aruna Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian female taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:Paralympic taekwondo practitioners for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Haryana]]
[[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Taekwondo practitioners at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]

{{india-taekwondo-bio-stub}}
{{paralympics-stub}}

Little Mount Shrine

2026-01-22T04:08:08Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating Initial Stub Initial Version

{{Short description|Church in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{unreliable sources|date=January 2026}}
{{refimprove|date=January 2026}}
{{Sources exist|date=January 2026}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}{{Infobox church
| name = Little Mount Shrine
| fullname =
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| osgridref =
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| location = [[Chinnamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = India

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}}
{{distinguish|St. Thomas Mount National Shrine Basilica}}

The '''Little Mount Shrine''' is a church located on a [[hillock]] in [[Chinnamalai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is dedicated to [[Thomas the Apostle|St. Thomas]] and to [[Our Lady of Health]].<ref>{{Cite book |date=2022-01-01 |title=Christianity |chapter=Apostle of India: Seven and a Half Churches |last=Kurikilamkatt |first1=James |editor-last1=Chathanatt |editor-first1=John |url=https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-024-2241-2_3 |access-date=2024-11-14 |publisher=Springer |page=74-79 |doi=10.1007/978-94-024-2241-2_3}}</ref>{{fv|date=January 2026}} There is a cave on Little Mount where, according to tradition, St. Thomas lived for some time as a refuge from persecution.<ref name="Kamath 2000">{{cite book |last1=Kamath |first1=Rina |title=Chennai, Kanchipuram, and Mamallapuram: A Disha Guide |date=2000 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=Chennai |isbn=81-250-1378-4 |edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bw2vDg2fTrMC&dq=st+thomas+cave+chennai&pg=PA39}}</ref>{{rp|39}} Two churches stand on the hill today.<ref name="Kamath 2000"/>{{rp|39}} One is the old Portuguese-built church dedicated to Our Lady of Good Health, which was built in 1551.<ref name="Nagy 2016">{{cite book |last1=Nagy |first1=Thomas Charles |title=Catholic Shrines in Chennai, India |date=2016 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=9781317169147 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUrUDAAAQBAJ&dq=little+mount+chennai&pg=PT36 |access-date=23 August 2023}}</ref>{{rp|36}}{{fv|date=January 2026|reason=Link is to e-book edition without page numbers}}<ref name="Kamath 2000"/>{{rp|39}} The cave is accessible through this church.<ref name="Nagy 2016"/>{{rp|36}}{{fv|date=January 2026|reason=Link is to e-book edition without page numbers}} The other is a newer church built in 1971<ref name="Kamath 2000"/>{{rp|39}} or 1972, replacing the older parish church.<ref name="Nagy 2016"/>{{rp|36}}{{fv|date=January 2026|reason=Link is to e-book edition without page numbers}}

== Other organizations of the church ==

=== Our Lady of Health School ===
This school was started with the purpose of providing education in English medium for the poor residents of the Little Mount parish. This school has only primary section and after fifth class students usually move on to other schools for continuing their education.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

=== Immaculate Conception convent ===
The Immaculate Conception (IC) convent is located behind the church and near the entrance to Holy Land.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

=== Missionaries of Charity (Brothers) - Karunai Illam ===
Karunai Illam provides a home for the destitute people who are differently disabled, both mentally and physically. It is run by brothers of [[Missionaries of Charity]]. Missionaries of Charity, Brothers was founded in 1963 by Mother Teresa to do work similar to the Sisters of Missionaries of Charity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.motherteresa.org/layout.html|title=Layout|access-date=17 January 2012|archive-date=11 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811033145/http://www.motherteresa.org/layout.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Ozanam Health Center ===
This health center was started at the initiative of Society of St. Vincent de Paul of Our Lady of Health Church. It was started at a time when common diseases were spreading among the poor people and doctors were difficult to find. It seeks to provide consultation and treatment to poor people for free or at nominal cost.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

=== St. Thomas Community Hall ===
A small non-airconditioned community hall was constructed by the Church for use by its parishioners. It is built over two floors and has a very small car park. The first floor can seat about 300 people and the dining ground floor can seat about 100. Cars are often parked outside the facility in the land belonging to Church. It is not available during the Church festival period.{{cn|date=January 2026}}

=== Catholic graveyard ===
A graveyard used for burying the dead parishioners is located near the newly constructed meetinghouse of [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].{{cn|date=January 2026}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Catholic church buildings in India]]
[[Category:Churches in Chennai]]

George Stapylton Barnes

2026-01-16T00:49:01Z

Bishnoiseries: added new data

{{Short description|British barrister (1858–1946)}}
[[File:Sir George Stapylton Barnes.jpg|thumb|right|Barnes in 1921.]]
'''Sir George Stapylton Barnes''', KCB, KCSI (8 February 1858 – 9 December 1946) was a British barrister and civil servant who served in the United Kingdom and in British India.

The son of [[George Carnac Barnes]], Foreign Secretary of India, he spent much of his career at the [[Board of Trade]], where he rose to Joint [[Permanent Secretary (United Kingdom)|Permanent Secretary]] in 1915.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=11 December 1946 |title=Sir George Barnes |pages=7 |work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> He was a member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] from 1916 until 1921.<ref>{{Who's Who|id=222273|title=Barnes, Sir George Stapylton|type=was}}</ref>

A younger brother was Monsignor [[Arthur Barnes (monsignor)|Arthur Stapylton Barnes]].

His daughter Lucy Eleanor Barnes married [[Charles FitzRoy, 10th Duke of Grafton]] in 1924.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{NPG name|79677|Sir George Stapylton Barnes}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barnes, George}}
[[Category:1858 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
[[Category:Alumni of University College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Members of the Inner Temple]]
[[Category:Civil servants in the Board of Trade]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of the Governor General of India]]
[[Category:English barristers]]
[[Category:British civil servants in British India]]

Naveen Malik

2026-01-05T22:16:35Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating New Biography Needs Work

{{Short description|Indian freestyle wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Naveen Malik
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Naveen Malik.jpg
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption = Malik in August 2022
| headercolor =
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| birth_name = 
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| nickname =
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| national_team = 
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| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|11|21}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.birmingham2022.com/athletes/naveen-naveen/4f75396e-6163-467b-b09d-c3fac256a17e |title=Naveen NAVEEN |website=Birmingham2022.com |publisher=[[Birmingham Organising Committee for the 2022 Commonwealth Games Limited]] |accessdate=7 August 2022}}</ref>
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| sport = [[Amateur wrestling]]
| position =
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| event = [[Freestyle wrestling|Freestyle]]
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| coach = Kuldeep Singh
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| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Sport| Men's [[freestyle wrestling]] }}
{{Medal|Country| {{IND}} }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Commonwealth Games]] }}
{{Medal|Gold| [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Birmingham]] | [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 74 kg|74 kg]] }}
{{Medal|Competition| [[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]] }}
{{Medal|Bronze| [[2022 Asian Wrestling Championships|2022 Ulaanbaatar]] | 70 kg }}
| medaltemplates-title =
| module3 =
}}

'''Naveen Malik''' (born 21 November 2002) is an Indian [[Freestyle wrestling|freestyle wrestler]]. He participated in the [[2022 Commonwealth Games]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/commonwealth-games/commonwealth-games-2022-live-day-9-focus-on-vinesh-phogat-ravi-dahiya-pv-sindhu-badminton-india-vs-england-t20-women-hockey-team-nikhat-zareen-boxing-101659772283146.html |title=Commonwealth Games 2022 Live Day 9: Vinesh Phogat, Ravi Dahiya, Naveen win gold; IND 1-0 SA in hockey semifinal |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=6 August 2022 |accessdate=6 August 2022}}</ref> winning the [[gold medal]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/commonwealth-games-2022/story/cwg-2022-naveen-delighted-with-gold-win-over-pakistan-s-muhammad-tahir-i-played-with-high-intensity-1984731-2022-08-07 |title=Naveen delighted with Gold win over Pakistan's Muhammad Tahir: I played with high intensity |work=[[India Today]] |date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/sports/cwg-2022-19-yr-old-indian-grappler-naveen-bags-gold-beats-pakistans-muhammad-sharif-tahir-1503097687.html |title=CWG 2022: 19-yr-old Indian grappler Naveen bags gold, beats Pakistan’s Muhammad Sharif Tahir |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> in the [[Wrestling at the 2022 Commonwealth Games – Men's freestyle 74 kg|men's freestyle 74 kg]]. He defeated [[Muhammad Sharif Tahir]] of Pakistan in the finals with score 9-0.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1703558/another-gold-in-sight-as-wrestler-muhammad-sharif-tahir-reaches-final-of-74kg-freestyle-wrestling-at-cwg-2022 |title=Muhammad Sharif Tahir bags silver for Pakistan in 74kg freestyle wrestling final at CWG 2022 |work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]] |date=6 August 2022 |access-date=6 August 2022}}</ref>

He competed in the [[2022 World Wrestling Championships – Men's freestyle 70 kg|70{{nbsp}}kg]] event at the [[2022 World Wrestling Championships]] held in Belgrade, Serbia.<ref name="results_book_world_wrestling_championships_2022">{{Cite web |title=2022 World Wrestling Championships Results Book |url=https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918183512/https://cdn.uww.org/s3fs-public/2022-09/final-book-2022-senior-world-championships_compressed.pdf?VersionId=zoTz_Ra8zK5EkVhfrZuDG5THXf4.3ik. |archive-date=18 September 2022 |access-date=18 September 2022 |website=United World Wrestling}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{UWW|naveen-naveen|archive=20230505051210}}
* {{IWD}}
* {{2022 Commonwealth Games profile|127378}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Malik, Naveen}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games gold medallists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2022 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Wrestling Championships medalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Swayamprabhasuri

2026-01-01T23:09:32Z

Bishnoiseries: Made Some Data Basic Info

{{Short description|6th-century BC Indian Jain ascetic}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox religious biography
| honorific prefix = Ācārya
| honorific suffix = Mahārāja Sāheb
| religion = [[Jainism]]
| sect = [[Śvetāmbara]]
| initiator = [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]]
| successor = [[Ratnaprabhasuri]]
| lineage = of [[Parshvanatha]]
| known_for = Condemnation of [[animal sacrifice]] and creation of [[Shrimal|Śrīmali]] and [[Porwal|Porvāl]] castes
| honours = Purvadhāri, Śrut Kevalī
| predecessor = [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]]
| subsect = [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]
| other_name = ''Svayamprabhasuri'', ''Somaprabhasuri''
| death_place = [[Palitana]]
}}
{{Jainism}}

'''Swayamprabhasuri''' or '''Svayamprabhasuri''' was a [[Śvetāmbara]] [[Jain]] ascetic and the 5th successor in the lineage of the monastic heads of the ''Chaturvidha Sangha's'' ({{Translation|four-fold congregation}}) [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]. He succeeded [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] and is believed to have existed in 6th–5th century BC. He is known for establishing the ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmali]]'' and ''[[Porwal|Porvāl]]'' clans.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.calcutta.06227/page/n249/mode/2up |title=Indian Antiquary: A Journal of Oriental Research, Vol-19, Issue no.-January–December}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhye |first=A N |title=Jain Bibliography Part 2 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/016036/59 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== Birth and initiation ==
Although not much is known about him, some non-canonical scriptures such as Ratnaprabhasuri's ''"Upkeśa Gaccha Caritra"'' ({{translation|Biography of the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]}}) describe his ascetic life in detail and life before initiation into the ''Jain Sangha'' succinctly. As per scriptures of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect, he is believed to have been born in the 6th century BC in a family belonging to the [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādhara'']] clan.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Maharaja |first=Gyansundar |title=Oswal Porwal Aur Shreemal Jatiyo Ka Sachitra Prachin Itihas |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/034569/15 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Maharaj |first=Hastimal |title=Jain Legend Volume 4 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007597/162 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

He is believed to have been initiated by [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]], the 4th ''pattadhār'' ({{translation|head of the monastic order}}) in the 23rd [[tirthankara]] [[Parshvanatha]]'s lineage. Therefore, unlike most Jain ascetics today who trace their lineage to the 24th Tirthankara [[Mahavira]], Swayamprabhasuri traces his ascetic ancestry to the 23rd Tirthankara [[Parshvanatha]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Jaina Sutras, Part II (SBE45): Uttarâdhyayana: Twenty-Third Lecture. Kêsi and Gautama |url=https://sacred-texts.com/jai/sbe45/sbe4525.htm |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>

== Monastic lineage ==

According to [[Uttaradhyayana|Uttaradhyayana Sutra]], an ancient canonical text of the Śvetāmbaras, it is believed that [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] had a conversation with [[Mahavira]]'s prime disciple [[Indrabhuti Gautama]] about the differences in the teachings of both the Tirthankaras. It is said that the disciples of [[Parshvanatha]] wore colored (usually dark-brown) clothes and those of [[Mahavira]] wore white clothes. It is such differences that [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] came to discuss with [[Indrabhuti Gautama]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Muni |first=Ratnaprabhavijay |title=Sramana Bhagwaan Mahavira |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/008006/111 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

The text further states that upon receiving adequately satisfying answers from [[Indrabhuti Gautama]], [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] and all his disciples accepted the order of [[Mahavira]] and became white-clad mendicants. Later on, his lineage came to be known as the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Nahar |first=P C |title=Encyclopedia of Jainism |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011043/807 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=K C |title=Encyclopedia of Jainism |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011043/703 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref> Even though it merged into [[Mahavira]]'s ''Chaturvidha Sangha'', this ''[[gaccha]]'' ({{Translation|administrative sub-sect}}) always maintained its unique identity until its extinction in and around 1930 AD.<ref name=":4" /> Swayamprabhasuri was the successor of [[Kesi (Ganadhara)|Keśiśramanācharya]] and the next head of the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=K C |title=Encyclopedia of Jainism |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011043/808 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== Ascetic life ==
He is said to have been well-versed with the ''Dvādaśāṅga'' ({{Translation|12 aṅgas}}) and the 14 ''purvas'' of the Jain canon. Today, the 14 ''purvas'' are considered to have been lost along with the rest of the text of the 12th ''aṅga [[Drstivada]].'' He is, therefore, considered to have known the complete canon, making him one of the ''Śrut Kevalīs''. Since he knew the 14 ''purvas'', he is considered to have been a ''Purvadhāri'' as well. Since he was born in the [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādhara'']] clan, he is also said to have known several of the magical rituals (or v''idyās'') that members of the [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādhara'']] clan knew.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

Scriptures describing his life mention that he headed the congregation of 'several thousands' of ascetics (which is said to have been only [[Parshvanatha]]'s congregation and their work is separately acknowledged from [[Mahavira]]'s followers) and helped eliminate violent practices of [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] in the name of religion, especially the rituals of ''[[Shaktism]]''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Maharaj |first=Hastimal |title=Jain Legend Volume 1 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007594/259 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== Creation of the ''Śrīmali'' clan ==
Scriptural accounts of his life describe his visit to [[Rajasthan]] 57 years after [[Mahavira]]'s ''[[nirvana]]'' which was in 527 BCE. This would date his visit to ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]]'' in 470 BCE. Most of the non-canonical texts of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect agree upon this account and describe him as one of the first few Jain monks to visit Rajasthan. Following is a brief scriptural account of the establishment of the ''Śrīmali'' clan by Swayamprabhasuri.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Bhupraj |title=Jain Vidyalaya Granth |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/012030/281 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Baya |first=D S |title=Oswals and Other Jains of Rajasthan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/250235/2 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

In ''[[Maru Pradesh]]'' (modern-day [[Rajasthan]]), monks neither of Jainism, nor of [[Buddhism]] had preached due to the difficult terrain (desert). [[Brahmin]]s had a monopoly in this part of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demographics of Rajasthan |url=https://foundation.rajasthan.gov.in/DemographicsStatistics.aspx}}</ref> It is said that practices of ''Kundapanth'' and ''Caliyapanth'', branches of [[Tantric hinduism|''Tantric Hinduism'']], were very popular. It is believed that they promoted several [[Tantra|''tantric'']] malpractices in the name of religion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajputana (Agency) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmUm6e0MaYC&dq=kunda%20sect&pg=PA204 |title=The Rajputana Gazetteer |date=1879 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Print. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=कुडा एवं ऊंदऱ्या पंथ कुडा एवं ऊंदऱ्या पंथ - Hindi |url=https://bookstruck.app/book/3199/61496 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=bookstruck.app |language=en}}</ref> It is further stated that ''[[Shrimal|Śrīmal]]'' (modern-day [[Bhinmal]]), a town in [[Rajasthan]], was at the center of such practices.<ref name=":2" />

Once, Swayamprabhasuri was wandering with his disciples near [[Mount Abu]] for the first time after visiting [[Palitana temples]]. Several merchants from ''Śrīmal'' visited Mount Abu for business. Some of them happened to come across Swayamprabhasuri's sermons on [[Nonviolence|non-violence]]. They insisted upon him to visit ''Śrīmal'' to end such malpractices. Later, he visited ''Śrīmal'' where preparations for an [[Ashvamedha|''Ashvamedha Yagya'']] were being made. Several animals were readied for sacrifice. When his disciples went out to [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra|beg for food]], they returned without any food stating that only meat being cooked at all households they went to and that they could not find food [[Ācārāṅga Sūtra|'free from 42 faults']] in the town.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Dodhia |first=Rati |title=Rise and Glory History of Halari Visa Oshwals |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007575/43 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

Upon hearing this, Swayamprabhasuri immediately went to King Jayasen's palace where Brahmins were preparing for the [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]]. The king welcomed him and asked about the reason for his visit. Swayamprabhasuri clearly stated the Jain principle of "''[[Ahimsa parmo dharma]]''" ({{Translation|non-violence is the first act of righteousness}}). Interrupting his sermon, the [[Brahmin]] leader for the sacrificial ritual told the king that [[Jainism|Jains]] do not follow the [[Vedas]] and must not be heeded to. However, Swayamprabhasuri stayed determined on his point and a lengthy debate followed. Swayamprabhasuri emerged victorious in the debate and King Jayasen, along with 90000 households of the town turned towards non-violence and eventually, [[Jainism]] after Swayamprabhasuri preached them about the [[Śvetāmbara|12 vows]] for householders.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />
[[File:Swayamprabhasuri_converts_Srimal_town.png|center|thumb|360x360px|Swayamprabhasuri delivering a sermon in the court of King Jayasena of Srimal]]
Later on, residents of this large town moved to various parts of Rajasthan and their clan was named ''Śrīmali'' after their hometown ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]].''<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Maharaj |first=Hastimal |title=Jain Legend Volume 2 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007595/153 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sangve |first=Vilas |title=Jaina Community, a Social Survey |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007019/113?highlight=Sayamprabha |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

It is believed that Swayamprabhasuri consecrated a temple and an idol of the 1st [[Tirthankara]] [[Rishabhanatha]] at ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]].'' A pilgrimage procession to [[Palitana temples]] was also organized by the ''Jain Sangha'' at ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]].'' It is further stated that they also renovated Jain temples at [[Mount Abu]].<ref name=":2" />

== Creation of the ''Prāgvat'' (''Porvāl'') clan ==
After his sermons at ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]],'' householder and King Jayasen requested him to visit the region of ''Padmavati'' near [[Aravalli Range]] since similar practices of [[Animal sacrifice in Hinduism|animal sacrifice]] were being performed there. He agreed to it and owing to his ''labdhi'' and ''vidyā'', reached ''Padmavati'' within a period of 48 minutes the morning of when the [[Ashvamedha|''Ashvamedha Yagya'']] was scheduled to be performed. He entered the king's court.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" />

Since this was a while after Swayamprabhsuri's sermons in ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]],'' [[Brahmin]]s stated that they knew of his sermons at ''[[Bhinmal|Śrīmal]]'' and that they would not accept his ideology. Swayamprabhasuri emphasized the importance of a ''bhāv yagya'' ([[Homa (ritual)|''Homa'']] performed mentally and not physically). He further explained with the analogy that with [[Karma in Jainism|''karma'']] as the wood and non-violence as the sacrifice, one purifies their soul and becomes eligible for ''[[moksha]]''. He further explained the meaning of the ''[[Ratnatraya]]''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" />
[[File:Swayamprabhasuri_converts_Padmavati_town.png|center|thumb|360x360px|Swayamprabhasuri delivering a sermon in the court of King Padmasena of Padmavati]]
[[Brahmin]]s lost the ensuing debate, and the residents of 45000 households of the kingdom and King Padmasena accepted [[Jainism]]. However, as a to respect the [[Brahmin]]s, the name of the newly established caste was decided to be ''[[Porwal|Prāgvat]]'' as the [[Brahmin]]s who lost were ''Prāgvata Brahmins''. Later on, the clan came to be known as ''[[Porwal|Porvāl]].''<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=swayamprabha%20suri%20shrimal%20-wikipedia |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |language=en}}</ref>

It is further stated that he consecrated a temple and an idol of the 16th Tirthankara [[Shantinatha]] at ''Padmavati'' among several temples and icons he consecrated at various villages and towns surrounding ''Padmavati''.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Somani |first=Ramvallabh |title=Jain Inscriptions of Rajasthan |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001596/68 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== Initiation of ''Ratnachuda Vidyādhara'' ==
According to legends, Swayamprabhasuri was once preaching lay-followers, and ''Ratnachuda,'' a king of the [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādhara'']] clan was flying above him. The latter halted to hear the sermon. The soft-hearted king was moved by the sermon and he expressed his will to become Swayamprabhasuri's disciple. He renounced his kingdom and consecrated his son, ''Kanakchuda'', as the king and along with 500 other [[Vidyadhara|''Vidyādharas'']], accepted initiation into the ''Jain'' ''sangha''.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoernle |first=A F Rudolph |title=Indian Antiquary |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/032511/259 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

According to non-canonical scripture ''"Upkeśa Gaccha Caritra"'' ({{translation|Biography of the [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]}}) of the [[Śvetāmbara]] sect, 52 years after [[Mahavira]]'s ''[[nirvana]]'', in 465 BC, Swayamprabhasuri consecrated ''Ratnachudamuni'' as the next [[Acharya (Jainism)|acharya]] ({{Translation|head of the monastic order}}) of [[Upkeśa Gaccha]] and named him [[Ratnaprabhasuri|Ācārya Ratnaprabhasuri]] who went on to create the [[Oswal]] clan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=G C |title=Jain Thought and Culture |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/011055/73 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== Death and legacy ==
At a later time, he went to [[Palitana]], and performed ''[[Sallekhana]]'' by fasting for one month and passed away.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

[[Mahavira]], [[Gautama Swami]], [[Sudharmaswami]], [[Jambuswami]] attained ''[[moksha]]'' during his time as the head of the monastic order of [[Upkeśa Gaccha]]. He is also credited with the establishment of the mercantile and warrior clans of ''Prāgvat'' (''Porvāl'') and ''Śrīmali'', the members of which are some of the wealthiest merchants of [[India]] today. Wealthy merchants of the PORWAL community constructed some of the most important pilgrimage sites of [[Śvetāmbara|Śvetāmbara Jains]] such as [[Ranakpur Jain temple]], and [[Dilwara Temples]].<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jain |first=Chagganlal |title=Jaino Ka Itihas Darshan Vyavahar Evam Vaignanik Adhar |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/002322/65 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Upadhye |first=A N |title=Jain Bibliography Part 1 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/016035/397 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=jainqq.org}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Uttaradhyayana]]
* [[Tapa Gaccha]]
* [[Hiravijaya]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Jain Gurus}}
{{Jainism topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Jain writers]]
[[Category:Indian Jain monks]]
[[Category:Prakrit literature]]
[[Category:Śvetāmbara monks]]
[[Category:Jain acharyas]]

Paradesi Jews

2026-01-01T07:21:39Z

Bishnoiseries: brief fixed references based on references and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Moresources|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image = [[File:WLANL - 23dingenvoormusea - David Henriques de Castro.jpg|150px]]
| caption = Portrait of David Henriques De Castro, by Gabriel Haim Henriques De Castro (1838-1897)
| group = Paradesi Jews
| region1 = {{flag|Israel}}
| pop1 = 700
| region2 = {{IND}}
| pop2 = 52<ref>Census of India 2001</ref>
| langs = Initially [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]], later [[Judeo-Malayalam]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], now mostly Hebrew and English
| rels = [[Orthodox Judaism]]
| related = [[Spanish and Portuguese Jews]] [[Sephardic Jews in India]] [[De Castro family (Sephardi Jewish)|De Castro family]] [[Henriques family]] [[Cochin Jews]] [[Indian Jews]] [[Desi Jews]]
| native_name = Djudios Paradesi
| native_name_lang = lad
}}
{{cleanup rewrite|date=July 2020}}
'''Paradesi Jews''' refer to [[Jewish]] immigrants to the [[Indian subcontinent]] during the 15th and 16th centuries following the [[expulsion of Jews from Spain]] and [[Portugal]]. ''Paradesi'' means ''foreign'' in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Lobo |first1=Christabel |title=India's Jew Town only has a few Jews left, but traditions and landmarks remain |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/indias-jew-town-only-has-a-few-jews-left-but-traditions-and-landmarks-remain/ |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |issn=0040-7909}}</ref> These [[Sephardic]] immigrants fled [[persecution]] and [[death by burning]] in the wake of the 1492 [[Alhambra Decree]] and [[Manuel I of Portugal|King Manuel]]'s 1496 decree expelling Jews from Portugal. They are sometimes referred to as "White Jews", although that usage is generally considered pejorative or discriminatory and refers to relatively recent Jewish immigrants (end of the 15th century onward), predominantly Sephardim.<ref name="Muzeon"/>

During the 18th and 19th centuries, there was [[Jewish exodus from the Muslim world]] Paradesi Jews were [[Mizrahi Jews]] to the Indian subcontinent from Arab and Muslim countries<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/VideoLibrary/Pages/Jewish-refugees-from-Arab-lands.aspx|title=VI- November 30: Commemorating the expulsion of Jews from Arab lands|accessdate=19 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Group seeks justice for 'forgotten' Jews |first=Warren |last=Hoge |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/04/world/americas/04iht-nations.4.8182206.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=5 November 2007 |access-date=3 December 2012}}</ref> fleeing [[forcible conversion]], [[persecution]], and [[antisemitism]]. The Paradesi Jews of [[Cochin]] traded in spices. They are a community of [[Mizrahi Jews]] and [[Sephardic Jews]] settled among the larger [[Cochin Jews|Cochin Jewish]] community located in [[Kerala]], a coastal southern state of India.<ref name="Muzeon">{{cite book |title=The Jews of India: A Story of Three Communities |editor-first=Orpa |editor-last=Slapak |first=Muzeon |last=Yisra'el |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhKGPprbQaYC |publisher=UPNE |date=1995 |page=28 |isbn=965-278-179-7 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

Paradesi Jews of Madras (now [[Chennai]]) traded in [[Golconda diamonds]], precious stones, and corals. They had very good relations with the rulers of [[Golkonda]] because they maintained trade connections to some foreign countries (e.g. [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]], Europe), and their language skills were useful. Although the Sephardim spoke [[Judaeo-Spanish|Ladino]] (i.e. Judeo-Spanish), in India they learned [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Konkani language|Konkani]] as well as [[Judeo-Malayalam]] from the Cochin Jews, also known as [[Malabar Jews]].<ref name=Katz-Koder-Puthiakunnel>Katz 2000; Koder 1973; Thomas Puthiakunnel 1973</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2016}}

After India gained its independence in 1947 and Israel was established as a nation, most of the Malabar Jews made [[Aliyah]] and emigrated from [[Kerala]] to Israel in the mid-1950s. In contrast, most of the Paradesi Jews preferred to migrate to Australia and other [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] countries, similar to the choices made by [[Anglo-Indians]].<ref name=":1">Weil, Shalva. ''From Cochin to Israel'', Jerusalem: Kumu Berina, 1984. (Hebrew)</ref>

==History of Madras (Chennai) Jews==
{{Jews and Judaism sidebar|ethnicities}}
[[File:Plan of Fort St George and the City of Madras 1726.jpg|thumb|Plan of Fort St George and the city of Madras in 1726, b.Jews Burying Place is the location of Second [[Madras Synagogue]] and [[Jewish Cemetery Chennai]].Bartolomeo Rodrigues Tomb in Four Brothers Garden]]
[[File:Census of British India by religion, 1921.jpg|thumb|The [[Census of India prior to independence|1921 Census of British India]] shows 45 Jews living in Madras.]]
[[File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi and Rebecca Cohen, Paradesi Jews of Madras.jpg|thumb|left|Rabbi Salomon Halevi (Last Rabbi of Madras Synagogue) and his wife Rebecca Cohen ([[Najran]] Jew) ]]
[[File:Mr.Cohen his German wife and kids, Paradesi Jews of Madras.jpg|thumb|left|Mr. Cohen ([[Najran]] Jew), his German wife, and children, Paradesi Jews of Madras]]
[[File:Paradesi Jews of Madras.jpg|thumb|left|Paradesi Jews of Madras]]
[[File:Paradesi Jews of Madras at EIC garden.jpg|thumb|left|Paradesi Jews of Madras at EIC garden]]
[[File:Paradesi Jews of Madras at Fort St. George.jpg|thumb|left|Paradesi Jews of Madras at [[Fort St. George]] ]]

The [[East India Company]] (EIC) wanted to break the monopoly of Portugal in trading with [[Golconda diamonds]] and precious stones from the mines of [[Golkonda]]. The EIC entered India around 1600 and had built the [[Fort St. George]] (White Town) fortress by 1644<ref>Roberts, J: "History of the World" (Penguin, 1994).</ref>{{full citation needed|date=May 2016}} at the coastal city of Madras, now known as Chennai.

EIC policy permitted only its shareholders to trade in [[Golconda diamonds]] and precious stones from the mines. The Company considered the Madras Jews to be interlopers because they traded separately through their Jewish community connections.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FInDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA69 |title=The Alchemy of Empire: Abject Materials and the Technologies of Colonialism |first=Rajani |last=Sudan |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-0-82327-067-5 |page=69 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

Madras Jews specialised in [[Golconda diamonds]], precious stones, and corals.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thejc.com/lifestyle/travel/holidays/chennai-where-life-is-enshrined-1.27058 |title=Chennai: Where life is enshrined |first=Liz |last=Gill |date=1 September 2011 |work=The Jewish Chronicle |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> They had very good relations with the rulers of Golkonda and this was seen as beneficial to Fort St. George, so Madras Jews were gradually accepted as honourable citizens of Fort St. George/Madras.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&pg=PA183 |title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India |volume=1 |editor-first=S. |editor-last=Muthiah |publisher=Palaniappa Brothers |year=2008 |isbn=978-8-18379-468-8 |page=183 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>{{qn|date=May 2016}}

[[Jacques de Paiva]] (Jaime Paiva), originally from [[History of the Jews in Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] and belonging to [[Western Sephardim|Amsterdam Sephardic community]], was an early Jewish arrival and the leader of Madras Jewish community. He built the Second [[Madras Synagogue]] and [[Jewish Cemetery Chennai]] in Peddanaickenpet, which later became the South end of [[Mint Street, Chennai|Mint Street]].<ref name="madrasmusings.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-20/the-last-family-of-pardesi-jews-in-madras/|title=The last family of Pardesi Jews in Madras « Madras Musings | We Care for Madras that is Chennai |date=9 February 2018 }}</ref><ref name="metroplus">{{cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |date=3 September 2007 |title=The Portuguese Jews of Madras |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-portuguese-jews-of-madras/article2252700.ece |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

de Paiva died in 1687 after a visit to his [[Golconda diamonds]] mines and was buried in the Jewish cemetery which he had established,<ref name="metroplus" /> alongside the synagogue which also existed at Mint Street.<ref name="Sundaram">{{cite news |last=Sundaram |first=Krithika |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1320429.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609171724/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/article1320429.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |title=18th century Jewish cemetery lies in shambles, craves for attention |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 October 2012 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

After de Paiva's death in 1687, his wife [[Hieronima de Paiva]] fell in love with [[Elihu Yale]], Governor of Madras, and went to live with him, causing quite a scandal within Madras' colonial society. Governor [[Elihu Yale]] later achieved fame when he gave a large donation to the University of New Haven in [[Connecticut]], which was then named after him — the [[Yale University]]. Elihu Yale and Hieromima de Paiva had a son, who died in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.esefarad.com/?p=10147|title = The Portuguese Jewish Community of Madras, India, in the Seventeenth Century| date=11 April 2010 }}</ref>

In 1670, the Portuguese population in Madras numbered around 3,000.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Before his death, de Paiva established 'The Colony of Jewish Traders of Madraspatam' with Antonio do Porto, Pedro Pereira, and Fernando Mendes Henriques.<ref name="metroplus" /> This enabled more Portuguese Jews from [[History of the Jews in Livorno|Leghorn]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Resettlement of the Jews in England|London]], and [[History of the Jews in Amsterdam|Amsterdam]] to settle in Madras.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}} Coral Merchant Street was named after the Jews' business.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000180300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030312192024/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/30/stories/2002093000180300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=12 March 2003 |title=Will Chennai's Jews be there? |first=S. |last=Muthiah |date=30 September 2002 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

Three Portuguese Jews were nominated to be aldermen of Madras Corporation.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4iVSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT141 |title=Madras Rediscovered |first=S. |last=Muthiah |publisher=Westland |year=2014 |isbn=978-9-38572-477-0 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> Three - Bartolomeo Rodrigues, Domingo do Porto, and Alvaro da Fonseca - also founded the largest trading house in Madras. The large tomb of Rodrigues, who died in Madras in 1692, became a landmark in Peddanaickenpet but was later destroyed.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/lustre-dims-legacy-stays/article5088977.ece |work=The Hindu |date=3 September 2013 |title=Lustre dims, legacy stays |first=Anusha |last=Parthasarathy |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

Samuel de Castro came to Madras from Curaçao in 1766 and Salomon Franco came from Leghorn.<ref name="metroplus"/><ref name="ijcp">{{cite web |url=http://www.iajgsjewishcemeteryproject.org/india/chennai.html |title=Chennai |publisher=International Jewish Cemetery Project |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

[[Isaac Sardo Abendana]] (1662–1709), who came from Holland, died in Madras. He was a close friend of [[Thomas Pitt]] and may have been responsible for the fortune that Pitt amassed.<ref name="metroplus"/>

[[Portuguese Jews]] were used as diplomats by the East India Company to expand English trading. Avraham Navarro was the most prominent of these.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=3622342 |title=Abraham Navarro: Jewish Interpreter and Diplomat in the Service of the English East India Company (1682-1692) |first=Walter J. |last=Fischel |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research |volume=25 |year=1956 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.2307/3622342 }}</ref>

In 1688, the famous Sephardi poet Daniel Levy de Barrios wrote a poem in Amsterdam, with historical and geographical meaning. His information was usually most precise and drawing upon him we may receive a panorama of Sephardi life in the seventeenth century. There were six Jewish communities — Nieves, London, Jamaica, fourth and fifth in two parts of Barbados, and the sixth in Madras-Patan.<ref name="minnambalam.com">{{Cite web|url=https://minnambalam.com/public/2020/07/15/27/story-about-Jew-who-wants-peace|title = சிறப்புக் கட்டுரை: அமைதியை விரும்பும் யூதர்!| date=14 July 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://esefarad.com/?p=10147|title = The Portuguese Jewish Community of Madras, India, in the Seventeenth Century| date=11 April 2010 }}</ref>

During the 18th and 19th centuries, [[Yemenite Jews]] started coming to Madras via Cochin. They were very religious. Some came from [[Najran]]. They were Rabbis and jewelry-makers.<ref name="madrasmusings.com"/>

From the 19th centuries, [[Yemenite Jews]] and [[Portuguese Jews]] started intermarrying.<ref name="madrasmusings.com"/><ref name="minnambalam.com"/>

== Paradesi synagogues and cemeteries ==
The Paradesi Jews had built three Paradesi synagogues and cemeteries.

In 1500, the first [[Madras Synagogue]] and cemeteries was built by the [[Western Sephardim|Amsterdam Sephardic community]] in Coral Merchant Street, George Town, Madras, which had a large presence of Portuguese Jews in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Neither the synagogue nor the Jewish population remains today.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LnflUVu0w2QC&q=coral+merchant+street+chennai&pg=PA30 |title=The Unhurried City: Writings on Chennai |first=S. |last=Muthiah |editor-first=C. S. |editor-last=Lakshmi |page=30 |isbn=9780143030263 |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2004 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

In 1568, the first Cochin [[Paradesi Synagogue]] and cemetery was built in Cochin-Jew Street, adjacent to [[Mattancherry Palace]], Cochin, now part of the Indian city of [[Ernakulam]], on land given to them by the Raja of Kochi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kochi/paradeso-synagogue-mattancherry.php |title=Paradesi Synagogue |publisher=Kerala Tourism |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

In 1644, the second Madras Synagogue and Jewish Cemetery Chennai was built by de Paiva, also from Amsterdam Sephardic community in Madras, Peddanaickenpet, which later became the south end of Mint Street.<ref name="metroplus"/> It was demolished by local government in 1934 and the tombstones were moved to the Central Park of Madras along with the gate of the cemetery on which ''Beit ha-Haim'' (the usual designation for a Jewish cemetery, literally "House of Life") were written in Hebrew.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sefarad.org/lm/041/5.html |title=The Portuguese Jewish Community Of Madras, India, In The Seventeenth Century |publisher=Sefarad.org |first=Mordechai |last=Arbell |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref> The tombstones were moved again {{citation needed span|in 1979|date=June 2017}} to Kasimedu, when a government school was approved to be built. In 1983, they were moved to Lloyds Road, when the Chennai Harbour expansion project was approved.<ref name="Sundaram"/> In this whole process seventeen tombstones went missing, including that of de Paiva.<ref>{{cite web |first=Janani |last=Sampath |title=Chennai's link to its Jewish past, cemetery in Mylapore fading into oblivion |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/05/09232326/Chennais-link-to-its-Jewish-past-cemetery-in-Mylapore.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610164606/http://www.dtnext.in/News/City/2016/05/09232326/Chennais-link-to-its-Jewish-past-cemetery-in-Mylapore.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 June 2016 |publisher=DT Next |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

== Last Jewish Business House and Trust of Chennai, Owned by Henriques De Castro Family ==
* HDC Transports, Henriques De Castro family.
* HDC Industrial and management consultants, Henriques De Castro family.
* Isaac and Rosa Charitable Trust, Henriques De Castro family.

== Places named after Madras (Chennai) Jews ==
[[File:Holocaust Memorial of Isaac & Rosa Henriques Decastro.jpg|thumb|left|Holocaust Memorial of Isaac & Rosa Henriques Decastro, erected by C. N. Annadurai Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
* Isaac Street was named after Isaac Henriques De Castro, who was killed in the Holocaust.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-20/the-last-family-of-pardesi-jews-in-madras/ |title=The last family of Pardesi Jews in Madras |first=N.S. |last=Parthasarathy |date=9 February 2018 |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>
* Pereira Street was named after Pedro Pereira, a member the colony of Jewish traders of Madraspatam.<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Coral Merchant Street was named after Jewish settlement.<ref name="thehindu.com" />
* De Caster Main Road was named after De Castro family (Portuguese Jew).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://madrasmusings.com/Vol%2020%20No%205/readerswrite.html |title=Our Readers Write |access-date=6 October 2018}}</ref>

==Notable Madras (Chennai) Jews==
* [[Jacques de Paiva]] – The first Madras Jewish community leader, he built the Second [[Madras Synagogue]] and [[Jewish Cemetery Chennai]] in Madras, Peddanaickenpet.<ref name="metroplus" /><ref name="Sundaram"/>
* Bartolomeo Rodrigues – Among 12 aldermen who founded Madras Corporation<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Domingo do Porto – Among 12 aldermen who founded Madras Corporation<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Alvaro da Fonseca – Among 12 aldermen who founded Madras Corporation<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Above Four were called four brothers, they had their own garden in which Bartolomeo Rodrigues Tomb was built<ref name="minnambalam.com"/>
* Plan of Fort St George and the city of Madras in 1726, shows Four Brothers Garden and Bartolomeo Rodrigues Tomb<ref name="minnambalam.com"/>
* Antonio do Porto – The Colony of Jewish Traders of Madraspatam<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Pedro Pereira – The Colony of Jewish Traders of Madraspatam<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Fernando Mendes Henriques – The Colony of Jewish Traders of Madraspatam<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Avraham Navarro – Prominent Jewish diplomat of East India Company<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=3622342 |title= Abraham Navarro: Jewish Interpreter and Diplomat in the Service of the English East India Company (1682-1692) |first=Walter J. |last=Fischel |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research |volume=25 |year=1956 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.2307/3622342 }}</ref>
* Samuel de Castro – Founder of De Castro Trading house.<ref name="metroplus"/><ref name="ijcp" />
* Salomon Franco – Founder of De Castro Trading house.<ref name="metroplus"/><ref name="ijcp" />
* [[Isaac Sardo Abendana]] – Best Diamond Appraiser<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Isaac Henriques De Castro - Close friend of [[C. N. Annadurai]] Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu<ref name="minnambalam.com"/>
* Rabbi Salomon Halevi<ref name="kulanu.org">{{Cite web|url=https://kulanu.org/communities/india/the-jews-of-madras/madras-rabbi-salomon-halevi-and-rebecca-cohen-b/|title = Madras Rabbi Salomon Halevi and Rebecca Cohen B}}</ref> - Last Rabbi of [[Madras Synagogue]]<ref name="minnambalam.com"/>
* Davvid Levi - Great-grandson of Rabbi Salomon Halevi and Isaac Henriques De Castro<ref>{{cite web |url=https://madrasmusings.com/vol-27-no-20/the-last-family-of-pardesi-jews-in-madras|title=Our Readers Write |access-date=1 February 2018}}</ref>

==Madras (Chennai) Jewish surnames (partial list)==
{{colbegin|colwidth=22em}}
*ABENDANA SARDO<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Cohen
* De Castro<ref name="metroplus"/><ref name="ijcp" />
* DE PAIVA<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Franco<ref name="metroplus"/><ref name="ijcp" />
* Halevi<ref name="kulanu.org"/>
* Helen Herzberg
* Henriques De Castro
* Henriques<ref name="metroplus"/>
* HEYNEMANN
* JOSHUA
* Levi<ref name="kulanu.org"/>
* Meyer
* NAVARRO<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=3622342 |title= Abraham Navarro: Jewish Interpreter and Diplomat in the Service of the English East India Company (1682-1692) |first=Walter J. |last=Fischel |journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research |volume=25 |year=1956 |pages=39–62 |doi=10.2307/3622342 }}</ref>
* Pereira<ref name="metroplus"/>
* RODRIGUES<ref name="metroplus"/>
* do Porto<ref name="metroplus"/>
* da Fonseca<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Mendes<ref name="metroplus"/>
* Salomón
* SALOMONS
* SOFAER<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.andrewwhitehead.net/blog/another-term-in-chennai-toyah-farewell|title=Another term in Chennai: Toyah, farewell!}}</ref>
* Toback
* WECHSLER
* Weichmann
* Wolf
* Moonien

{{colend}}

==Image gallery==
<gallery>
File:Indemnity note 1932- Issac Henriques De Castro.jpg|Indemnity note 1932- Issac Henriques De Castro
File:Isaac Henriques De Castro Cheque - 1930.jpg|Isaac Henriques De Castro Cheque - 1930
File:Rabbi Salamon Halevi Fort St George Gazette 19 Dec 1956.jpg|Rabbi Salamon Halevi Fort St George Gazette 19 Dec 1956
File:Rabbi Salamon Halevi Pawnbroker ACT 1943- 1st June 1955.jpg|Rabbi Salamon Halevi Pawnbroker ACT 1943- 1 June 1955
File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi - Inoculation.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Halevi - Inoculation
File:Rabbi Salamon Halevi Madras Act No 30 of 1963.jpg|Rabbi Salamon Halevi Madras Act No 30 of 1963
File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi War Damage Commission 7.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Halevi War Damage Commission 7
File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi Registration of Vechicles Malacca 7a.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Halevi Registration of Vehicles Malacca 7a
File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi Registration of Vechicles Malacca 7b.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Halevi Registration of Vehicles Malacca 7b
File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi Air Sea passage sponser 12.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Halevi Air Sea passage sponsor 12
File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi Life Assurance 31st December 1942.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Halevi Life Assurance 31 December 1942
File:Rabbi Salomon Levi Indian Relief Committee.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Levi Indian Relief Committee
File:Rabbi Salomon Levi Prescription.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Levi Prescription
File:Rebecca Cohen 11-10-1913 Court Immoveables Declaration.jpg|Rebecca Cohen 11-10-1913 Court Immoveables Declaration
File:Rebecca Cohen 1940 Ownership Motor Vehicle.jpg|Rebecca Cohen 1940 Ownership Motor Vehicle
File:Rebecca Cohen Madrsa Motor Vechicles Taxation Act 1931a.jpg|Rebecca Cohen Madrsa Motor Vehicles Taxation Act 1931a
File:Rebecca Cohen Madrsa Motor Vechicles Taxation Act 1931b.jpg|Rebecca Cohen Madrsa Motor Vehicles Taxation Act 1931b
File:Rebecca Cohen Indian Postal and Telegraphs License.jpg|Rebecca Cohen Indian Postal and Telegraphs License
File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi Court Madras - 1944a.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Halevi Court Madras - 1944a
File:Rabbi Salomon Halevi Court Madras - 1944b.jpg|Rabbi Salomon Halevi Court Madras - 1944b
File:HDC ‘Henriques De Castro’ - Money lenders Receipt, Rangoon 1950a.jpg|HDC ‘Henriques De Castro’ - Money lenders Receipt, Rangoon 1950a
File:HDC Levi Henriques De Castro’ - Money lenders, Henzada, 12th March 1951.jpg|HDC Levi Henriques De Castro’ - Money lenders, Henzada, 12 March 1951
File:HDC Henriques De Castro - Industial and management consultants, Madras, 24th May 1957.jpg|HDC Henriques De Castro - Industrial and management consultants, Madras, 24 May 1957
File:HDC Henriques De Castro - Transports, Madras, 24th May 1957.jpg|HDC Henriques De Castro - Transports, Madras, 24 May 1957
File:Cheque 7th June 1884.jpg|Cheque 7 June 1884
File:Levi Henriques De Castro - Patta Receipt Fee.jpg|Levi Henriques De Castro - Patta Receipt Fee
File:Levi Henriques De Castro 1952 - Letter Registered.jpg|Levi Henriques De Castro 1952 - Letter Registered
File:Levi Henriques De Castro’ - Parry & Co.jpg|Levi Henriques De Castro’ - Parry & Co
File:Rachel Halevi Letter.jpg|Rachel Halevi Letter
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Gathering of Israel]]
* [[History of the Jews in India]]
* [[Jewish Cemetery Chennai]]
* [[Madras Synagogue]]
* [[Meshuchrarim]] Jews of Cochin
* [[Synagogues in India]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Diamonds and Coral: Anglo-Dutch Jews and Eighteenth-Century Trade New edition by Gedalia Yogev (Author)
* Renascent Empire?: The House of Braganza and the Quest for Stability in Portuguese Monsoon Asia C.1640-1683 by Glenn Joseph Ames
* Global Trade and Commercial Networks: Eighteenth-Century Diamond Merchants By Tijl Vanneste
* Goods from the East, 1600-1800: Trading Eurasia By Felicia Gottmann, Hanna Hodacs, Chris Nierstrasz
* The Jewish Merchant-Colony in Madras (Fort St. George) during the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Contribution to the Economic and Social History of the Jews in India (Concluded) Walter J. Fischel
* The Palgrave Dictionary of Anglo-Jewish History edited by W. Rubinstein, Michael A. Jolles
* {{cite news|last=Harikrishnan|first=Charmy|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/the-last-tribe/388811/0 |title=The Last Tribe: A lament for the dying Jewry in Kerala |date=23 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=6 October 2018}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Paradesi Jews}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051023045151/http://www.ananthapuri.com/kerala-history.asp?page=jew Jews of Kerala]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151110060957/http://dailysamsara.com/the-jews-of-chennai/ The Jews of Chennai]

{{Asia topic|History of the Jews in}}
{{Sephardi Jews topics}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Paradesi Jews| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Jews| ]]
[[Category:Jewish ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Judaism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Sephardi Jewish culture in India]]

Rajith Menon

2025-12-30T12:49:14Z

Bishnoiseries: Pg

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajith Menon
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rajith C Ravindranadhan<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |url=http://kerala9.com/news/interview-with-actor-rajath-menon/ |title=Interview with Actor Rejath Menon | Kerala9.com |access-date=29 January 2014 |archive-date=3 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203003226/http://kerala9.com/news/interview-with-actor-rajath-menon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|03|05|df=yes}}
| other_names = Rajith Menon<ref name="auto"/>
| yearsactive = 2007 – present
| parents = Ravindranadhan Premalatha
| spouse = Sruthi Mohan (m.2018)
}}

'''Rajith CR''', better known as '''Rajith Menon''', is an Indian actor and director who works in Malayalam and Tamil films. He made his acting debut in the Malayalam film ''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|Goal]]'' and in Tamil through ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]''.

==Personal life==

Rajith Menon attended [[Abu Dhabi Model School]], and earned a bachelor's degree in [[Mechanical engineering]] at [[St. Joseph's College of Engineering]] in [[Chennai]]. He also has an [[MBA]] in Human Resources from [[Sikkim Manipal University]]. He is married to Dr. Sruthi Mohan and they have a daughter named Malhara.

== Direction ==
He directed the music video "Love Policy" which featured [[Aju Varghese]] and [[Shritha Sivadas]], and was recorded by [[Sony Music]]. This music video had music composed by Sreejith-Saachin and was vocals by Sooraj Santhosh and [[Remya Nambeesan]]. It went on to become one of the most top trending music videos in YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/4954/love-policy-breaking-all-policies/E |title=Mathrubhumi: ReadMore -'Love Policy'- breaking all policies |website=mathrubhuminews.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216122123/http://mathrubhuminews.in/ee/ReadMore/4954/love-policy-breaking-all-policies/E |archive-date=2014-02-16}}</ref>

His second music video was dedicated to motherhood titled "Anbendraale Amma" in Tamil and "With Love Maa" in Hindi. It featured [[Zarina Wahab]] and was recorded by [[Times Music]]. Renjith Unni composed the music and [[Shweta Mohan]] and [[Saptaparna Chakraborty]] provided the vocals. The song went on to become viral and was praised for its theme and direction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rajith-menons-anbendraale-amma-album-zarina-wahab-gets-good-response-video-664662|title=Rajith Menon's 'Anbendraale Amma' album with Zarina Wahab gets good response [VIDEO]|first=Anu|last=James|date=27 January 2016|website=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref>

Rajith directed a Tamil short film titled ''My Death Certificate'' which won many awards and accolades at Indian and International film festivals. Besides filmmaking, he is the managing director of an ad agency called Arvy Productions.

== Awards ==

* Best Newcomer - Asianet Awards

* Best New Talent - Chennai Film Awards

* Best Director Award for his short film "My Death Certificate" in over 50 plus national and international film festivals.

==Filmography==
*''All films are in Malayalam, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Goal (2007 Malayalam film)|Goal]]'' || Sam Issac || Debut film
|-
|rowspan="2" | 2009
|| ''[[Orkkuka Vallappozhum]]'' || Teen Sethumadhavan ||
|-
|| ''[[Vellathooval]]'' || Manu ||
|-
|-
|rowspan="4"|2010
|-
|| ''[[Janakan]]'' || Ambareesh ||
|-
|| ''[[Nilavu]]'' || Deepu ||
|-
|| ''[[Holidays (2010 film)|Holidays]]'' || Soumitran ||
|-
|-
|Rowspan=3|2011 || ''[[Sevenes]]'' || Sharath ||
|-
| ''[[Doctor Love (film)|Doctor Love]]'' || Martin ||
|-Negative role
|-
| ''[[Innanu Aa Kalyanam]]'' || Karthik ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2012
|| ''[[Navagatharkku Swagatham]]'' || Prasanth ||
|-
|| ''[[Chapters (film)|Chapters]]'' || Shyam || Credited as Rejath Menon
|-
|-
| Rowspan=5 |2013 ||''[[Rose Guitarinaal]]'' || Binoy ||
|-
| ''[[Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu]]'' || Suraj ||
|-
| ''[[Abhiyum Njanum]]'' || fake Sohan Menon ||
|-
| ''[[Tourist Home (film)|Tourist Home]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus]]'' || Alex ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || Mohan || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2019
||''[[Embiran]]''|| Priyan || Tamil film
|-
||''[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]'' || || Tamil film <ref> {{Cite web | date=2019-09-27 | title= Namma Veetu Pillai movie review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/namma-veetu-pillai/movie-review/71324988.cms&ved=2ahUKEwio4PXhqeWRAxX0S2cHHfIgDu8QFnoECEwQAQ&sqi=2&usg=AOvVaw1adFTlr-gApzpnTFxYfvgK | access-date=2019-09-27
|website=Times of India |language=en}} </ref>
|-
|-
| 2021
|''Dhamki'' ||
|
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Cicada (2024 film)|Cicada]]'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-29 |title=Trailer Of Malayalam Film, Titled CICADA, Out. Watch It Here |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/trailer-of-malayalam-film-titled-cicada-out-watch-it-here-8983024.html |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2025 || ''[[Vallamai]]'' || || Tamil film <ref>
{{Cite web | date=2025-04-25 | title= Vallamai movie review |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2025/Apr/26/vallamai-movie-review-callous-treatment-squanders-a-sensitive-storyline | access-date=2025-04-25
|website= Times of India
|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|| ''[[J.S.K – Janaki V v/s State of Kerala]]'' || Venkat ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Suresh Gopi and Anupama Parameswaran's JSK gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/May/28/suresh-gopi-and-anupama-parameswarans-jsk-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|2570664}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Rajith}}
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations in Geneva

2025-12-20T09:20:10Z

Bishnoiseries: Created

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox official post
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| body = India to the UN and other International Organizations in Geneva
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| imagesize =
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| incumbent = [[Arindam Bagchi]]
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 20 January 2024
| department = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] Permanent Mission of India in Geneva
| style = [[Excellency|His or Her Excellency]] (formal) Mr. or Madam Ambassador (informal)
| type =
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| deputy = Deputy Permanent Representative of India to the UN and other International Organizations in Geneva<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador/DPR
|url=https://pmindiaun.gov.in/pages/MzIwMQ,, |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=pmindiaun.gov.in}}</ref>
| website = {{URL|pmindiaun.gov.in}}
}}

The '''Ambassador and Permanent Representative of India to the UN and other International Organizations in Geneva''' is the head of the '''Permanent Mission of India in Geneva''' which represents India at the [[United Nations Office at Geneva]] and [[List of international organizations based in Geneva|other international organizations]] in [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]].

== List ==
This is a list of [[India|Indian]] permanent representative to the United Nations Office at Geneva.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Ambassadors/PRs |url=https://pmindiaun.gov.in/pages/ODgy |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=pmindiaun.gov.in}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
!S. No.
!Name
!Entered office
!Left office
|-
| 1
| [[Samar Sen (diplomat)|Samar Sen]]
| June 1953
| October 1955
|-
| 2
| Kottakaran Vadagarakaran Padmanabhan
| 1955
| 1958
|-
| 3
| Amrik Singh Mehta
| Feb 1959
| ?
|-
| 4
| K. P. Lukose
| April 1964
| March 1967
|-
| 5
| [[Natarajan Krishnan]]
| April 1967
| August 1971
|-
| 6
| [[Purnendu Kumar Banerjee]]
| August 1971
| August 1973
|-
| 7
| [[Brajesh Chandra Mishra]]
| September 1973
| December 1976
|-
| 8
| [[Chinmaya Gharekhan|Chinmaya Rajaninath Gharekhan]]
| March 1977
| May 1980
|-
| 9
| Ayilam Panchapakesa Venkateswaran
| May 1980
| August 1982
|-
| 10
| [[Muchkund Dubey]]
| November 1982
| September 1985
|-
| 11
| Alfred S. Gonsalves
| October 1985
| August 1986
|-
| 12
| Jaskaran Singh Teja
| August 1986
| August 1988
|-
| 13
| [[Kamalesh Sharma]]
| September 1988
| May 1990
|-
| 14
| [[Indrajit Singh Chadha]]
| May 1990
| July 1991
|-
| 15
| [[Prakash Shah]]
| August 1991
| October 1992
|-
| 16
| [[Satish Chandra (diplomat)|Satish Chandra]]
| October 1992
| July 1995
|-
| 17
| [[Arundhati Ghose]]
| July 1995
| November 1997
|-
| 18
| Savitri Kunadi
| January 1998
| February 2002
|-
| 19
| [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| March 2002
| October 2005
|-
| 20
| Swashpawan Singh
| December 2005
| December 2008
|-
| 21
| Achamkulangare Gopinathan
| January 2009
| December 2011
|-
| 22
| [[Dilip Sinha]]
| March 2012
| November 2014
|-
| 23
| Ajit Kumar
| March 2015
| 2017
|-
| 24
| Rajiv K Chander
| April 2017
| August 2020
|-
| 25
| Indra Mani Pandey
| September 2020
| December 2023
|-
| 26
| [[Arindam Bagchi]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambassador/PR |url=https://pmindiaun.gov.in/pages/OQ,, |access-date=2025-05-29 |website=pmindiaun.gov.in}}</ref>
| 20 January 2024
| Incumbent
|-
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Politics}}
* [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations]]
* [[India and the United Nations]]
* [[Official Spokesperson of the Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]
* [[List of current permanent representatives to the United Nations]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Diplomatic missions of India]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{URL|pmindiaun.gov.in|Official website of the Permanent Mission of India to the UN in Geneva}}

{{Ambassadors of India}}
{{Permanent Representatives to the United Nations}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

[[Category:Permanent representatives of India to the United Nations in Geneva| ]]
[[Category:Lists of permanent representatives to the United Nations|India]]
[[Category:Lists of ambassadors of India|United Nations Office at Geneva]]

Marco della Tomba

2025-12-10T00:30:00Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating New Info W/ Refs - done

'''Marco della Tomba, [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|O.F.M. Cap.]]''' (1726–1803) was an [[Italians|Italian]] [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]] [[friar]], who served as a [[missionary]] in [[North India]], then called by its [[Persian language|Persian]] name of [[Hindustan]]. He was a part of the [[Catholic Church in Tibet|Mission to Tibet]] financed by the [[Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples|Sacred Congregation of Propaganda Fide]], which still supervises the missionary activity of the Catholic Church throughout the world.<ref name="david">{{cite book |last= Lorenzen |first=David N.|title= Who invented Hinduism: Essays on Religion in History |publisher= Yoda Press|place=[[New Delhi]]|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SO-YmMWpcVEC&pg=PA227 |year= 2006 |pages=227–238|isbn= 81-902272-6-2}}</ref><ref name="jstor">{{cite journal|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|volume= 41|number=4|pages=630–659 |url= http://historytoo.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/who-invented-hinduism.pdf |title= Who Invented Hinduism? |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]]|date=October 1999|doi= 10.1017/S0010417599003084|accessdate= 18 November 2013 |last1= Lorenzen|first1= David N.|s2cid= 247327484}}</ref>

Friar Marco appears to have lived and worked in Tibet, Nepal, and northern India, viz., [[Bihar]] and [[Bengal]]. He is credited for writing several essays and letters describing his experiences of Indian society and customs for the benefit of future missionaries, notably in two autobiographical essays: ''Diversi sistemi della religione dell'Indostano'' and ''Osservazioni sopra le relazioni che fa Monsieur Holwell Ingles''; several translations of Indian religious texts from [[Standard Hindi|Hindi]] to [[Italian language|Italian]]; and 55 pieces of correspondence between himself and [[cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] [[Stefano Borgia]], Secretary of the Congregation of Propaganda Fide.<ref name="david"/><ref name="jstor"/>

This friar was literally unknown or unheard of until his life and works were described by journals and articles published by [[Cambridge University Press]] and others, based on a research project in 1998 by [[David Lorenzen]], an author who used Marco's surviving letters in the [[Vatican Library]] and the [[Vatican Secret Archives]] of the Propaganda Fide to write a personal and intellectual biography of him from Marco's own view. Lorenzen used the texts of Marco's surviving letters and essayswith material from various works to fill in the gaps. He thus wrote the friar's life, attributing to Marco words that he never wrote or spoke, in order to "construct" a "historical text".<ref name="david"/>

==Life==
He was born '''Pietro Girolamo Agresti''' in 1726 to Crisostomo Agresti and Vittoria Luzietti in the village of [[Castel Colonna|Tomba]], near the town of [[Senigallia]], then part of the province of [[Urbino]] in the [[Papal States]], now in the [[Province of Ancona]]. There existed a Capuchin friary in his town, and he was clearly inspired by the lives of the friars to enter their Order. He was received into the [[novitiate]] of the Capuchin friars in [[Camerino]] on 25 April 1745 and given his [[religious name]] of Marco. He professed [[solemn vows]] as a member of the Order one year later. Volunteering for the foreign missions, he was sent to serve the Tibet Mission which had been entrusted to the members of his Capuchin [[ecclesiastical province]] by the Propaganda Fide. After departing Italy, Marco arrived in [[Chandannagar|Chandernagore]] in the region of [[Bengal]] on 8 October 1757.<ref name="david"/><ref name="cam1">{{cite journal |first1=David N.|last1=Lorenzen|title= Marco della Tomba and the Brahmin from Banaras: Missionaries, Orientalists, and Indian Scholars |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=65|pages=115–143|date= December 17, 2007 |doi= 10.1017/S0021911806000088 |publisher= journals.cambridge.org |s2cid=161734096|doi-access=free}}</ref>

What Marco found was a small Capuchin community struggling to cope with the devastation caused by the conquest of the French fort by British forces. At the order of the head of the [[prelature]], he left for [[Bihar]] on 29 January of the following year, where he took up the post of [[military chaplain]] for the French forces commanded by Jean Law in [[Bettiah]]. Marco spent much of his time in [[Patna]], Chuhari, and in the mission station in Bettiah - near the Nepal border and more or less, directly south of [[Kathmandu]]. During this time, he recorded and commented on the number of events of the late eighteenth century as essays, letters, and translations, including religious texts, beliefs, and practices in India. He was ordered by his superiors to return to Italy in 1773, where he remained until 1783. During this time he made a number of requests either to be sent back to India or to Brazil, as he knew Portuguese.

Marco was sent back to India in 1783 and lived mostly in Bettiah, Patna, Chandernagore, and [[Bhagalpur]]. He died in Bhagalpur on 13 March (or 7 June) 1803 at an age of 77.<ref name="david"/><ref name="cam1"/>

==Writings==
During his stay in Northern India, Marco wrote a great number of essays and letters, which still survive in the Vatican library and the archives of the ''Propaganda Fide''. Marco nowhere mentioned the overview of the mission and his own life. Based on the archives of the Capuchin Order, by the time he arrived in Chandernagore on 8 October 1757, the English had transported most of the French men to outside the city, after a war between French and English in March of that year; a large number of English workers were employed to demolish the fort and factories belonging to the French company. His accounts also describe several historical events such as a plague in the city of Chandernagore after its conquest by the British; his departure to Bettiah and Patna; accounts such as English were in war against the people of the country, both Hindu and Muslim; and the banishment of the [[Jesuits]] from Chandernagore.<ref name="david"/>

In 1766 Marco wrote an essay in Italian entitled ''Diversi sistemi della religione dell'Indostano'' referring to the people of the country as ''Gentili'', but never using the term "Hindu"; instead, he contrasts their religion with that of both the Christians and Muslims.<ref name="jstor"/> He divides the "diverse tribes of men" as that are believed to originate from the body of [[Brahma]]—the tribes of [[Brahmin]]s and cows; the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavas]] (Bisnuas); the [[Ramanandi]]s; the [[Shaivism|Saivas]]; the [[Smartism|Smartas]] ( Asmaetr) of [[Adi Shankara|Sankaracarya]], the [[Āstika and nāstika|Nastikas]] or [[atheist]]s, the Pasandas or [[Hedonism|hedonists]](according to Marco), and the [[Shaktism|Saktas]]. He further subdivides religious practitioners of these sects or groups, according to their style of observance into [[Yogi]]s, [[Vanaprastha]]s, [[Sannyasa|Sannyasis]], [[Naga people|Nagas]], [[Sannyasa|Vairagis]], and [[Avadhuta]]s. Marco distinguishes the [[Kabir panth|Kabir Panthis]] (Cabiristi) and the [[Sikh]]s (Nanekpanti) as two groups somewhat separate from other eight groups.<ref name="david"/><ref name="jstor"/> In his discussion of the Sikhs, he tried to show that Sikhs had staked out a religious position combining elements of both the Hindu and Muslim faiths, based on a Hindi phrase:{{Cquote|Nanak fakir, Hindu ka guru, Musalaman ka pir.<ref name="david"/><ref name="jstor"/>}}
In 1771 he wrote an essay in Italian language entitled ''Piccola descrizione dell'India orientale, o Industan'' (''A short description of East India, or Hindustan'') in which he described his Indian experiences for the benefit of future missionaries.<ref name="david"/><ref name="jstor"/><ref name="cam1"/>

After Marco returned to Italy in 1773, sometime between 1774 and 1783, he edited some of his earlier essays to refine them, and wrote an essay ''Osservazioni sopra le relazioni che fa Monsieur Holwell Ingles'' (''Observations on the Accounts of the English Lord [[John Zephaniah Holwell|Holwell]]'') and a long [[polemic]]al essay against Holwell's views on Hinduism. During his stay in Italy, he also drew up a plan for the future of the Tibet mission, which had already been expelled from Tibet in 1745. No writings by him are known from after his return to India.<ref name="david"/><ref name="cam1"/>

==Legacy==
In general, Marco's essays, letters, and translations of Indian religious texts into Italian appears in his accounts of his experiences and explorations in India. Among them is the translation of a part of [[Tulsidas]]'s ''Ram-carit-manas'' ([[Ramcharitmanas]]) and an essay entitled ''Libri Indiani''(Indian Books), which contain the discussions of the four [[Veda]]s, eighteen [[Puranas]], different philosophical [[Hindu philosophy|darsanas]], more in line with the standard model of Hinduism.<ref name="david"/><ref name="jstor"/><ref name="cam1"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/61303142/Lorenzen-Europeans-in-Late-Mughal-South-Asia-The-Perceptions-of-Italian-Missionaries-in-Moghul-Empire Europeans in late Mughal south Asia: The perceptions of Italian missionaries]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120623210916/http://www.yodapress.com/Others.html The Scourge Of The Mission: Marco della Tomba in Hindustan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035833/http://www.kervan.unito.it/contents/documents/n_6_5_LORENZEN.pdf MARCO DALLA TOMBA Y LA MISIÓN DE TIBET]
* [http://www.ineszupanov.com/publications/Orientalist%20Museum.pdf ORIENTALIST MUSEUM - ROMAN MISSIONARY COLLECTIONS AND PRINTS(EIGHTEENTH CENTURY)]

{{Christianity in Tibet}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marco della Tomba}}
[[Category:1726 births]]
[[Category:1803 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Ancona]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian Roman Catholic priests]]
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:Capuchin missionaries in India]]
[[Category:Italian male writers]]
[[Category:Translators from Hindi]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in Nepal]]
[[Category:Capuchin missionaries in Tibet]]
[[Category:Italian expatriates in India]]
[[Category:18th-century Italian translators]]
[[Category:Italian missionary linguists]]
[[Category:Italian missionaries in China]]

Datta Damodar Naik

2025-12-09T08:58:01Z

Bishnoiseries: added new details

{{Short description|Indian businessperson and writer (born 1954)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{About|the businessperson and writer|the film music director|Datta Naik}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Datta Damodar Naik
| image = Datta Damodar Naik.jpg
| caption = Naik in 2025
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|12|30|df=y}}
| spouse =
| occupation = {{flatlist|
* Writer
* Businessperson
}}
| notableworks = {{flatlist|
* ''Jai ki Jui''
}}
| awards = [[Sahitya Akademi Award]]
}}
'''Datta Damodar Naik''' (born 30 December 1954) is an [[Indian people|Indian]] businessperson and writer. He is the winner of the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] and is part of the [[Monginis]] group.<ref name="HeraldUncommon15">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-01 |title=Pages full of Uncommon Wealth |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/story/cafe/pages-full-of-uncommon-wealth/85475 |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref><ref name="GoanKBM24">{{Cite web |date=28 Dec 2024 |title=Margao bizman donates Rs 1 cr to Konkani Bhasha Mandal, creates corpus |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/margao-bizman-donates-rs-1-cr-to-konkani-bhasha-mandal-creates-corpus/123829.html |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ToIBakery">{{Cite news |last=Coutinho |first=Tonella |date=2015-06-27 |title=He has his cake, eats it, and owns the bakery too |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/he-has-his-cake-eats-it-and-owns-the-bakery-too/articleshow/47846190.cms |access-date=2025-01-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life==
Datta Damodar Naik was born on 30 December 1954.<ref name="GoanKBM24" /> He graduated with a degree in mathematics.<ref name="ToIBakery" />

== Career ==
=== Business ===
Naik inherited the family's old, dying business of importing confectionery and biscuits. He and his son now run New Millennium Bakers that produces Monginis products. They also run businesses in organic farming, logistics, real estate (Commonwealth Developers) and hospitality.<ref name="ToIBakery" />

=== Writing ===
Naik's first book was a socio-economic study of [[Canacona|Canacon]], followed by another on Valpoi, in 1973. He won the Sahitya Akademi Award for Konkani in 2006.<ref name="ToIBakery" />

Naik has also published regular columns in Marathi publications like ''Sadhana'' and ''Antaarnad''.<ref name="GoanFeted25" />

After releasing many books in Konkani and Marathi, in 2015, he released his first book in English, ''Uncommon Wealth – A Modern Day Panchatantra''. The book is targeted towards children.<ref name="HeraldUncommon15" />

==Awards and accolades==
Naik was awarded the 2016 Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani for his book, ''Jai ki Jui''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Akademi Awards (1955-2015)|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084937/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp|archive-date=4 March 2016|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|accessdate=4 March 2016}}</ref>

In January 2025, to celebrate his 70th birthday, he was felicitated at a function by politician and writer [[Shashi Tharoor]], who presented Naik with a painting by artist [[Subodh Kerkar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2025 |title=Celebrating 70 yrs of impact: Datta Naik honoured for his contributions to business, literature and social activism |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/celebrating-70-yrs-of-impact-datta-naik-honoured-for-his-contributions-to-business-literature-and-social-activism/124246.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Naik is based in [[Margao]]. He is also a philanthropist and donated to the [[Konkani Bhasha Mandal]].<ref name="GoanKBM24" /> He is an atheist.<ref name="ToIBakery" />

He is a [[Saraswat Brahmin]] but has been vocal about his anti-[[caste]] opinions on multiple occasions. He thus started the Samata Andolan, a movement to work against Saraswat organization.<ref name="ToIBakery" /> He has also been accused of hurting religious sentiments.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2025 |title=Hindu activists lodge complaint against Datta Naik |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/hindu-activists-lodge-complaint-against-datta-naik/124248.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

Naik was also part of organisations and civil society movements such as Lokshakti. He also founded and convened the Dakshinayan Abhiyan in Goa.<ref name="GoanFeted25">{{Cite web |date=2 January 2025 |title=Activist and Sahitya Akademi awardee Naik to be feted on 70th birthday |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-inshorts/activist-and-sahitya-akademi-awardee-naik-to-be-feted-on-70th-birthday/124071.html |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Datta Damodar}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Goa]]
[[Category:People from Margao]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:Indian atheists]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Konkani]]

Battle of Sikandarabad

2025-11-10T10:25:01Z

Bishnoiseries:

{{Short description|1760 Afghan-Maratha battle in India}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Sikandarabad
| partof = The [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|Afghan–Maratha conflicts]]
| date = 4 March 1760
| place = [[Sikandrabad]]
| result = Durrani victory
| combatant1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] [[Durrani Empire]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg}} [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]
| combatant2 = {{flag|Maratha Empire}}
| commander1 = [[File:Seal of Ahmad Shah Durrani.svg|18px]] [[Ahmed Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] [[Sardar Jahan Khan]] {{flagicon image|Flag of the Rampur State.svg}} [[Najib ad-Dawlah|Najib Khan]]
| commander2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Malhar Rao Holkar|Malharro Holkar]]
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}
{{Indian Campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
{{Campaigns of Ahmad Shah Durrani}}
The '''Battle of Sikandrabad''' was a military engagement between the [[Afghans in Iran|Afghan]] [[Durrani|Durranis]] and the [[Marathi people|Marathas]] near the city of [[Sikandrabad]].

==Prelude==
Jankoji Sindhia led the Marathas after their defeat at [[Battle of Barari Ghat|Barari Ghat]] and soon rendezvoused with the retreating families that were heading for [[Rewari]]. They reached [[Kotputli]] on January 15, where he met [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] and voluntarily handed him the command of the Maratha army on 24 January, Holkar ordered the Marathas to return to [[Delhi]] and engage the invading Afghans until the arrival of reinforcements. A Maratha contingent was defeated by Jahan Khan near Rewari on 11 February.{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=271}}

==Battle==
The Maratha troops led by Holkar sighted the Afghans in the vicinity of [[Bahadurgarh]] and forced the Afghans to retreat to [[Delhi]]. Upon learning of their approach, Holkar bypassed the city and entered [[Doab|Ganga Doab]] by crossing the [[Yamuna]] river. On the night of 26–27 February, he learned that the Afghans had entered Delhi two days earlier. He sacked the town of [[Sikandrabad]] on March 1, Holkar spent 3–4 days attempting to find a [[Ford (crossing)|ford]] to cross the [[Ganges|Ganga river]] into [[Rohilkhand]] for loot and plunder. However, while retreating to Delhi, Abdali was kept informed of the Marathas' march. The advance guard of the Marathas was caught and annihilated. The defeat panicked Holkar into a retreat towards [[Agra]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=272}}

==Aftermath==
With Holkar's defeat, the victorious Afghans marched to [[Aligarh]] and encamped there, in order to prepare for another fresh Maratha army coming from Deccan as advised by [[Najib ad-Dawlah]].{{sfn|Mehta|2005|p=272}} The Marathas captured Delhi on August 1,<ref>Jaswant Lal Mehta, p. 274</ref> which led to the [[Third Battle of Panipat]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Jaswant Lal |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=d1wUgKKzawoC}} |title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813 |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-1-932705-54-6 |language=en}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1760]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Durrani Empire]]
[[Category:18th-century battles]]
[[Category:1760 in India]]
[[Category:1760s in the Durrani Empire]]

Laddu

2025-10-29T17:50:08Z

Bishnoiseries: Article updated with latest changes

{{Short description|Spherical sweet from the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2025}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Redirect|Ladoo|the Malayalam film|Ladoo (film)}}
{{Infobox food
| name = Laddu
| image = Laddu Sweet.JPG
| caption =
| region = [[Indian subcontinent]], [[Caribbean]]
| main_ingredient = Flour, sugar, [[ghee]], dry fruits
| variations = [[Gram flour]], [[Semolina|rava]]
| calories =
| other =
| type = Sweet
}}

'''Laddu''' or '''laddoo''' is a spherical sweet from the [[Indian subcontinent]] made of various ingredients and [[sugar syrup]] or [[jaggery]]. It has been described as "perhaps the most universal and ancient of [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent|Indian sweets]]."<ref name = "bloom">{{cite book|date=2023|title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzysEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT269|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|pages=269–270|isbn=978-1-350-12865-1 |access-date=2023-03-14|archive-date=2023-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314103601/https://books.google.com/books?id=AzysEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT270|url-status=live}}</ref>

Laddus are often served during celebrations and religious festivals, especially those associated with the [[Hindu]] deity [[Ganesha]].<ref name = "bloom"/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Sweet-shops-make-hay-in-Diwali-shine/2013/10/31/article1864851.ece |title=Sweet shops make hay in Diwali shine |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=21 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421022428/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Sweet-shops-make-hay-in-Diwali-shine/2013/10/31/article1864851.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/as-good-as-home/article5288375.ece |title=As good as home |author=Sangeetha Devi Dundoo |work=The Hindu |date=31 October 2013 |access-date=17 January 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123212432/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/as-good-as-home/article5288375.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== History and etymology==
The word ''laddu'' is derived from a [[Sanskrit]] term meaning "small ball."<ref>{{cite book|last=Roufs|first=Timothy G.|date=2014|title=
Sweet Treats Around the World: An Encyclopedia of Food and Culture|url={{Google books|hhXHEAAAQBAJ|page=PA171|plainurl=yes}}|publisher=ABC-CLIO|pages=171}}</ref>

In the 3rd-4th century [[Sanskrit]] medical text ''[[Sushruta Samhita]]'', ladduka are described as small balls of jaggery, [[peanut|peanuts]], and [[sesame seeds]] coated with [[honey]]. These balls were used as an [[antiseptic]] and to [[oral administration|deliver]] medication.<ref name = "bloom"/>

However, the first documented mention of laddu as a sweet is in the 11th-century [[Western India|Western Indian]] cookbook [[Indian cookbooks|''Lokopakara'']]. It gives a recipe for making laddus with [[sevai|shavige]] (rice vermicelli), ghee, and sugar syrup, which were formed into balls and fried in ghee. The 15th-century Indian cookbook ''[[Nimatnama-i-Nasiruddin-Shahi]]'' gives several recipes for laddus made with [[white flour]], [[dried fruits]], [[rosewater]], [[camphor]], and [[musk]].<ref name = "bloom"/>

==Varieties==

===Besan laddu===
[[File:Besan Laddoo Sweets India cropped.jpg|thumb|200px|Besan (chickpea flour) laddus]]

Besan laddu is the most common variety. To prepare it, [[besan]] (chickpea flour) is fried in hot [[ghee]] (clarified butter). Sugar and [[cardamom]] powder are then mixed in. The mixture is formed into balls and allowed to cool and solidify.<ref name = "bloom"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Collingham |first1=Lizzie |author-link=Lizzie Collingham |title=Curry : a tale of cooks and conquerors |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0195320015 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2rRCwAAQBAJ&pg=Pg105 |access-date=2018-12-22 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314103616/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2rRCwAAQBAJ&pg=Pg105 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Motichoor laddu===
[[File:Motichoor Ki Laadu Khajrana Indore.jpg|thumb|200px|Motichoor laddus]]
Motichoor ("crushed pearls" in [[Hindi]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/motichoor-ladoo-a-sweet-dip-in-the-history-of-indias-favourite-festive-treat-1729993 | title=Motichoor Ladoo (Laddu): A Sweet Dip in the History of India's Favourite Festive Treat | access-date=2022-08-15 | archive-date=2022-09-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902165037/https://food.ndtv.com/food-drinks/motichoor-ladoo-a-sweet-dip-in-the-history-of-indias-favourite-festive-treat-1729993 | url-status=live }}</ref> laddu is made from [[boondi]], tiny fried balls of chickpea batter soaked in sugar syrup.<ref name = "bloom"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Krondl |first1=Michael |title=Sweet invention a history of dessert |date=2011 |publisher=Chicago Review Press |location=Chicago, Ill. |isbn=9781569769522 |page=17 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt0RErSFvE8C&pg=PP17 |access-date=2018-12-22 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314103602/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dt0RErSFvE8C&pg=PP17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Thaggu ke laddu===

Thaggu ke ("Cheat's") laddu is made from [[khoa]] (condensed milk), [[semolina]], and [[white sugar]] and is a specialty of [[Kanpur]], India. It was invented by Mattha Pandey, a follower of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]. Pandey heard Gandhi refer to white sugar, which was popularized in India by the British, as "white poison" and disease-causing. Since his laddu was made with white sugar, he named it accordingly.<ref name = "bloom"/>

===Shahi laddu===
Shahi (royal) laddu is made from the sweets [[peda]] and [[barfi]], which are ground into a paste, mixed with cardamom, dried fruits, and nuts, and formed into balls. It is decorated with [[vark]] (edible foil).<ref name = "bloom"/>

=== Coconut laddu ===
[[File:Coconut Laddoo 5.jpg|thumb|Coconut laddus]]

[[Coconut]] laddu originated in the medieval [[Chola Empire]], when it was packed for travelers and warriors for good luck on their expeditions.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/food-story-the-journey-of-ladoo-from-a-medicine-to-the-much-loved-indian-sweet/#sthash.6mHIen3o.dpuf |title=Food Story: The journey of ladoo from a medicine to the much-loved Indian sweet |work=The New Indian Express |date=16 October 2004 |author=Madhulika Dash |access-date=26 September 2015 |archive-date=27 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927072954/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/food-wine/food-story-the-journey-of-ladoo-from-a-medicine-to-the-much-loved-indian-sweet/#sthash.6mHIen3o.dpuf |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Gond ke laddu===
[[File:Gondh ke ladoo.jpg|thumb|Gond ke laddus]]
Gond ke laddu is made from roasted and powdered [[Gum arabic|gond]] (gum arabic), ghee, jaggery, and sometimes ''battisa'' or ''keoka'' powder. It is commonly served in North India as a [[postpartum]] food.<ref name = "bloom2">{{cite book|date=2023|title=The Bloomsbury Handbook of Indian Cuisine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jusEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA322|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|pages=322|isbn=978-1-350-12865-1}}</ref>

===Temple laddus===
{{See also|Tirupati Laddu}}
Some [[Hindu temples]] have their own laddu versions, which are offered to the deities and then served to devotees as [[prasada]] (sanctified food). The besan laddu served in the [[Venkateswara Temple]] in [[Tirupati]], India, has been called "the most famous temple laddu." The [[Maa Tarini Temple, Ghatgaon|Maa Tarini Temple]] in [[Ghatgaon]], India serves laddus made from coconut and [[khoa]]. The special laddu at the [[Subramaniya Swamy Temple, Tiruchendur|Subramaniya Swamy Temple]] in [[Tiruchendur]], India is made from [[foxtail millet]].<ref name = "bloom"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Collingham |first1=Lizzie |title=Curry : a tale of cooks and conquerors |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0195320015 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2rRCwAAQBAJ&pg=Pg105 |access-date=2018-12-22 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314103616/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2rRCwAAQBAJ&pg=Pg105 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Others===
[[File:Atta Laddoos.jpg|thumb|Wheat flour laddus]]
[[File:Til Ko Laddu.jpg|thumb|Til (sesame seed) laddus]]
[[File:RiceFlourLaddu Homemdae Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Rice flour laddus]]
Every region of India has its own version of laddu. In [[Rajasthan]], laddus are made from [[wheat flour]], in [[Maharashtra]] from [[sesame seeds]], in [[Kerala]] from [[rice flour]], and in [[Andhra Pradesh]] from [[rice flakes]]. Optional ingredients include [[grated coconut]], roasted chickpeas, [[Nut (fruit)|nuts]], and [[raisins]].<ref name = "bloom"/>

==World record==
[[File:Largest Laddu (individual).jpg|thumb|200px|An advertisement depicting the world record holder]]

According to ''[[Guinness World Records]]'', the world's largest laddu to date was created by PVVS Mallikharjuna Rao in [[Tapeswaram]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India in 2016. It weighed 29,465 kilograms (64,959 pounds) and was made using a traditional boondi recipe with ghee, oil, cashews, sugar, almonds, cardamom, and water.<ref>{{cite book|title=Guinness World Records|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-laddu-(individual)}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
In the ''[[Sesame Street]]'' episode "Rakhi Road", [[Elmo]] is shown eating laddus.<ref>{{cite news|title=Guide to Deepavali|url=https://www.timeout.com/kuala-lumpur/things-to-do/guide-to-deepavali|newspaper=Time Out|date=October 24, 2019|quote= ‘Sesame Street’ even paid tribute with a Rakhi Road episode which shows Elmo chomping away at laddu. }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tirupati laddu]]
* [[Sweets from the Indian subcontinent]]
* [[List of Indian sweets and desserts]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}
{{Burmese cuisine}}
{{Bruneian cuisine}}
{{Indonesian cuisine}}
{{Malaysian cuisine}}
{{Kue}}
{{Singaporean cuisine}}

[[Category:Bangladeshi desserts]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Bihari cuisine]]
[[Category:Bruneian snack foods]]
[[Category:Burmese desserts and snacks]]
[[Category:Chickpea dishes]]
[[Category:Kue]]
[[Category:Indian pastries]]
[[Category:Malay cuisine]]
[[Category:Malaysian snack foods]]
[[Category:Nepalese cuisine]]
[[Category:Pakistani desserts]]
[[Category:Singaporean cuisine]]
[[Category:Thai desserts and snacks]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradeshi cuisine]]
[[Category:Vegetarian dishes of India]]
[[Category:Indo-Caribbean cuisine]]

2016–17 Kerala Premier League

2025-10-29T06:50:32Z

Bishnoiseries: improve section for clarity

{{Short description|4th season of Kerala Premier League}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox football league season
| competition = [[Kerala Premier League]]
| logo = KeralaPL2017Logo.png
| season = 2016–17 (4th Season)
| winners = KSEB (1st title)
| promoted = [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
| relegated =
| best goalkeeper =
| biggest home win = {{nowrap|[[Gokulam FC]] 7–0 Cochin Port Trust}} (20 May 2017)
| biggest away win = {{nowrap|KSEB 0–5 [[Gokulam FC]]}} (10 May 2017)
| highest scoring = {{nowrap|[[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]] 5–3 Cochin Port Trust}} (30 April 2017)
| matches = 45
| total goals = 126
| league topscorer = {{flagicon|IND}} Firos Kalathingal (7 goals)
| longest wins = [[FC Thrissur]] [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]] (3 games)
| longest unbeaten = [[FC Thrissur]] (6 games)
| longest winless = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]] (7 games)
| longest losses = Accountant General Office (4 games)
| prevseason = [[2015–16 Kerala Premier League|2015–16]]
| nextseason = [[2017–18 Kerala Premier League|2017–18]]
| updated = 1 June 2017
}}

The '''2016–17 Kerala Premier League''' Season was the fourth season of the [[Kerala Premier League]]. Unlike last 3 seasons, the season featured 11 teams which were divided into 2 groups with Group A having 5 and Group B having 6 teams and wes played on a home-and-away format with half of the teams being private clubs. Later [[Quartz S.C.|Quartz SC]] announced its withdrawal from the league making the number of teams 10.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tennyson|first1=Rayson P|title='Player revolt' forces Quartz to pull out of KPL? – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/player-revolt-forces-quartz-to-pull-out-of-kpl/articleshow/58666875.cms|website=The Times of India|accessdate=15 May 2017}}</ref> The season kicked off on 8 April 2017.<ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=KPL to have a home-and-away format|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/KPL-to-have-a-home-and-away-format/article17091767.ece#|website=The Hindu|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=|title=Kerala Premier League to kick off on April 8|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/kerala-premier-league-to-kick-off-on-april-8/article17836429.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=13 April 2017}}</ref> KSEB beat FC Thrissur in the finals to clinch their maiden Kerala Premier League title.

==Teams==
<section begin=map />
{{location map+ |Kerala|width=330
|float=right
|caption=Locations of the 2016–17 Kerala Premier League teams
|alt=Locations of the 2016–17 Kerala Premier League teams
|places=
{{location map~ |Kerala |lat=9.979064 |long=76.288102 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;">{{nowrap|[[Ernakulam]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Kerala |lat=10.532267 |long=76.215951 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;">[[Thrissur]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Kerala |lat=11.046392 |long=76.072919 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;">{{nowrap|[[Malappuram]]}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Kerala |lat=10.916072 |long=75.919615 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;">{{nowrap|SA Tirur}}</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |Kerala |lat=8.504808 |long=76.950645 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;position:relative;">[[Thiruvananthapuram]]</div>|position=right}}

{{Location map~ |Kerala |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=11.137645|long=74.718018|label=<div style="font-size:80%;">{{nowrap|'''Malappuram teams'''}} 
{{nowrap|[[Gokulam FC]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]]}} 
</div>|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |Kerala |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=10.608982|long=74.718018 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">{{nowrap|'''Thrissur teams'''}} 
{{nowrap|[[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]}} 
{{nowrap|[[FC Thrissur]]}} 
</div>|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |Kerala |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=9.998267|long=74.718018 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">{{nowrap|'''Ernakulam teams'''}} 
{{nowrap|Central Excise}} 
{{nowrap|[[Cochin Port|Cochin Port Trust]]}} 
</div>|position=right}}
{{Location map~ |Kerala |mark=TransparentPlaceholder.png |marksize=1 |lat=8.670294|long=74.718018 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">{{nowrap|'''Thiruvananthapuram teams'''}} 
{{nowrap|[[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]}} 
{{nowrap|KSEB}} 
Accountant General Office
</div>|position=right}}
}}
<section end=map />
It featured 11 teams from Kerala affiliated to the [[Kerala Football Association|KFA]] competing for the Trophy. The league is played in a home and away format for the first time. Three points are awarded for a win, one for a draw and zero for a loss. At the end of the season a table of the final League standings is determined, based on the following criteria in this order: points obtained, goal difference, and goals scored.
{{Quote box|width=100%|align=center|quote="We have eight confirmed teams and four are private clubs: Gokulam FC (Manjeri), Quartz (Kozhikode), FC Thrissur, FC Kerala (also from Thrissur), One more club, SAT from Tirur, is likely to be included which could make it five private clubs this time."|source= '''P. Anilkumar''', the Kerala Football Association secretary, on 24 January 2017}}

===Stadiums and locations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Stadium
! Capacity
|-
| [[Central Excise]]
|rowspan="2"| Ambedkar Stadium, [[Ernakulam]]
|rowspan="2"| 10,000
|-
| [[Cochin Port|Cochin Port Trust]]
|-
| [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
|rowspan="2"| 15,000
|-
| [[FC Thrissur]]
|-
| [[Gokulam FC]]
|rowspan="2"| Kottappadi Football Stadium, [[Malappuram]]
|rowspan="2"| 10,000
|-t
| [[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]]
|-
| [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium, [[Tirur]]
| –
|-
| [[KSEB]]
|rowspan="2"| [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
|rowspan="2"| 25,000
|-
| [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
|-
| [[Accountant General Office]]
| [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)]]
| 20,000
|-
|bgcolor="#FFBBBB"| [[Quartz S.C.|Quartz SC]] w
|bgcolor="#FFBBBB"| [[EMS Stadium]]
|bgcolor="#FFBBBB"| 85,000
|}

w Withdrawn

==Results==

===League table===
====Group A====
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=


|team1=GFC |team2=KSEB |team3=FCK |team4=CPT |team5=QSC
|result1=KO |result2=KO |result5=K1


|win_CPT=0 |draw_CPT=1 |loss_CPT=5 |gf_CPT=9 |ga_CPT=24
|win_FCK=3 |draw_FCK=1 |loss_FCK=2 |gf_FCK=11 |ga_FCK=9
|win_GFC=4 |draw_GFC=0 |loss_GFC=2 |gf_GFC=18 |ga_GFC=5
|win_KSEB=3 |draw_KSEB=2 |loss_KSEB=1 |gf_KSEB=9 |ga_KSEB=9
|win_QSC=0 |draw_QSC=0 |loss_QSC=0 |gf_QSC=0 |ga_QSC=0


|name_CPT= [[Cochin Port|Cochin Port Trust]]
|name_FCK= [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
|name_GFC= [[Gokulam FC]]
|name_KSEB= KSEB
|name_QSC= [[Quartz S.C.|Quartz SC]]


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
|col_K1=#FFBBBB |text_K1=Withdrawn from the League
}}

====Group B====
{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL

|update=complete
|source=


|team1=SAT |team2=FCT |team3=KEP |team4=SBI |team5=AGS |team6=CEX
|result1=KO |result2=KO


|win_SBI=3 |draw_SBI=4 |loss_SBI=3 |gf_SBI=9 |ga_SBI=8
|win_KEP=5 |draw_KEP=2 |loss_KEP=3 |gf_KEP=13 |ga_KEP=8
|win_SAT=6 |draw_SAT=2 |loss_SAT=2 |gf_SAT=15 |ga_SAT=8
|win_FCT=5 |draw_FCT=3 |loss_FCT=2 |gf_FCT=16 |ga_FCT=11
|win_CEX=2 |draw_CEX=1 |loss_CEX=7 |gf_CEX=9 |ga_CEX=17
|win_AGS=2 |draw_AGS=2 |loss_AGS=6 |gf_AGS=11 |ga_AGS=21


|name_SBI= [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
|name_KEP= [[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]]
|name_SAT= [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
|name_FCT= [[FC Thrissur]]
|name_CEX= Central Excise
|name_AGS= Accountant General Office


|res_col_header=Q
|col_KO=#ccffcc |text_KO=Advance to [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
}}

===Knockout stage===
{{4TeamBracket

| team-width = 190
| score-width = 40

| RD1 = [[#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]
| RD1-seed1 = A1
| RD1-team1 = [[Gokulam FC]]
| RD1-score1 = 0 (5)
| RD1-seed2 = B2
| RD1-team2 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| RD1-score2 = 0 (6)

| RD1-seed3 = A2
| RD1-team3 = KSEB
| RD1-score3 = 0 (4)
| RD1-seed4 = B1
| RD1-team4 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| RD1-score4 = 0 (1)

| RD2 = [[#Final|Final]]
| RD2-team1 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| RD2-score1 = 2
| RD2-team2 = KSEB
| RD2-score2 = 4
}}

===Fixtures and results===
:{{color box|#FFBBBB}} Cancelled Matches
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 8 April 2017
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [http://www.mediaonetv.in/news/sports/29806-sat-fc-win-first-match-of-kpl/ Report]
| team2 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| goals1 = Muhammed Shibili {{goal|36}} Fasalu Rahman {{goal|56}}
| goals2 = S Rajesh {{goal|82}}
| location = [[Tirur]]
| stadium = Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 9 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [http://www.mediaonetv.in/news/sports/29873-kpl/ Report]
| team2 = KSEB
| goals1 = Ubaid {{goal|90+}}
| goals2 = Uvais {{goal|32|o.g.}} {{goal|90+|o.g.}}
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 13 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Cochin Port Trust]]
| score = 1–4
| report = [http://www.mediaonetv.in/news/sports/30217-Kerala-Premier-League-gokulam-fc/ Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam FC]]
| goals1 = Sylla Sulaiman {{goal|78}}
| goals2 = Shihad {{goal|14}} Pritam Sarkar {{goal|46}} Arif Javed Sheikh {{goal|76}} VP Suhair {{goal|90+}}
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| stadium = Ambedkar Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 13 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| score = 2–1
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/rajesh-last-minute-winner-earns-3-points/ Report]
| team2 = Central Excise
| goals1 = Ashik {{goal|21}} S Rajesh {{goal|87}}
| goals2 = Shehanaz {{goal|45+}}
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 15 April 2017
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Kerala Police
| score = 0–2
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/fc-thrissur-tops-kpl-grouo-b-table/ Report]
| team2 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = Ashik {{goal|25}} Ashar {{goal|40}}
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 16 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/sat-tirur-holds-sbi-goal-less-draw/ Report]
| team2 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 19 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
| score = 9–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/its-raining-goals-fc-kerala-beats-quartz/ Report]
| team2 = [[Quartz S.C.|Quartz SC]]
| goals1 = Jerry {{goal|4|o.g.}} Uvais {{goal|7}} Bala {{goal|10}} Ubaid {{goal|39}} Bineesh {{goal|50}} {{goal|70}} {{goal|78}} Anoop {{goal|60}} Harikrishnan {{goal|86}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
| bg = FFBBBB
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 19 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Accountant General Office
| score = 2–1
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/its-raining-goals-fc-kerala-beats-quartz/ Report]
| team2 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| goals1 = Nazarudeen {{goal|63}} Y Dany {{goal|90+}}
| goals2 = Shaheed {{goal|24}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 19 April 2017
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Kerala Police
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/its-raining-goals-fc-kerala-beats-quartz/ Report]
| team2 = Central Excise
| goals1 = Jimshad {{goal|17}} Firos Kalathingal {{goal|46}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 22 April 2017
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Kerala Police
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/second-win-for-police-in-kpl/ Report]
| team2 = Accountant General Office
| goals1 = Aneesh {{goal|45}} Jimmy {{goal|85}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 23 April 2017
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam FC]]
| score = 5–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/gokulam-fc-beats-quarts-fc-in-kerala-premier-league/ Report]
| team2 = [[Quartz S.C.|Quartz SC]]
| goals1 = VP Suhair {{goal|10}} {{goal|29}} Francis {{goal|17}} Mohammed Salim {{goal|61}} {{goal|75}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
| bg = FFBBBB
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 23 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Central Excise
| score = 0–1
| report = [http://www.mediaonetv.in/news/sports/30977-Kerala-premier-league/ Report]
| team2 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = S Rajesh {{goal|90}}
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| stadium = Ambedkar Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 26 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| score = 3–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/sat-takes-revenge-beating-ags-office/ Report]
| team2 = Accountant General Office
| goals1 = [[Atsushi Yonezawa]] {{goal|4}} {{goal|53}} Shaheed {{goal|16}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Tirur]]
| stadium = Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 26 April 2017
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam FC]]
| score = 1–2
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/kseb-shocks-gokulam-at-kottapadi Report]
| team2 = KSEB
| goals1 = VP Suhair {{goal|67}}
| goals2 = Alex {{goal|17}} Rakesh {{goal|87}}
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 29 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| score = 1–1
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/two-draws-in-kpl-2017/ Report]
| team2 = Kerala Police
| goals1 = S Rajesh {{goal|-}}
| goals2 = Firos Kalathingal {{goal|-}}
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 29 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/two-draws-in-kpl-2017/ Report]
| team2 = Accountant General Office
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 30 April 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
| score = 5–3
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/bineesh-shines-in-fc-kerala-win/ Report]
| team2 = Cochin Port Trust
| goals1 = Sadhik {{goal|28}} Bineesh {{goal|53}} {{goal|54}} {{goal|80}} Jithin {{goal|90}}
| goals2 = Sylla Sulaiman {{goal|32}} {{goal|86}} Assaku Aqua Effiong {{goal|36}}
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
|round=}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 1 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sat-beats-kerala-police-tops-the-table/ Report]
| team2 = Kerala Police
| goals1 = Shaheed {{goal|85}} {{goal|90+}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Tirur]]
| stadium = Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 1 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Central Excise
| score = 3–2
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sat-beats-kerala-police-tops-the-table/ Report]
| team2 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| goals1 = Askar {{goal|-}} {{goal|-}} Muhammed Rafi {{goal|-}}
| goals2 = Sajith Poulose {{goal|-}} Prasoon {{goal|-}}
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| stadium = Ambedkar Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 3 May 2017
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam FC]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/gokulam-beats-fc-kerala-tops-table/ Report]
| team2 = [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
| goals1 = [[Bello Razaq]] {{goal|49}} Arif Javed Sheikh {{goal|90+}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 5 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Cochin Port Trust
| score = 2–2
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/cochin-port-holds-kseb-in-a-fight-back/ Report]
| team2 = KSEB
| goals1 = Sylla Sulaiman {{goal|60}} Assaku Aqua Effiong {{goal|67}}
| goals2 = Muhammed Parakkottil {{goal|50}} {{goal|59}}
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| stadium = Ambedkar Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 7 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| score = 2–2
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sbi-end-up-in-an-another-frustrating-draw/ Report]
| team2 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| goals1 = Jasir {{goal|53}} Antony Poulose {{goal|76}}
| goals2 = Shaijumon {{goal|51}} Jijo Joseph {{goal|88}}
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 8 May 2017
| time = 19:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Kerala Police
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/police-takes-their-third-win/ Report]
| team2 = Central Excise
| goals1 = Bibin Thomas {{goal|44}} Firos Kalathingal {{goal|78}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 10 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Quartz S.C.|Quartz SC]]
| score = 0–8
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/fc-kerala-trashed-quartz-once-again/ Report]
| team2 = FC Kerala
| goals1 =
| goals2 = Harikrishnan {{goal|16}} {{goal|32}} Jithin {{goal|36}} {{goal|72}} {{goal|88}} Jerrybie Kelechi {{goal|48}} Bala {{goal|84}} Ubaid {{goal|90+}}
| location = [[Kozhikkode]]
| stadium = [[EMS Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
| bg = FFBBBB
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 10 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/yet-another-draw-frustrates-sbi/ Report]
| team2 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 10 May 2017
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = KSEB
| score = 0–4
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/gokulam-fc-takes-revenge-kseb/ Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam FC]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 = VP Suhair {{goal|5}} {{goal|24}} Mohammed Rashid {{goal|82}} Mohammed Salim {{goal|85}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 10 May 2017
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Kerala Police
| score = 1–1
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sat-holds-kerala-police-draw/ Report]
| team2 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| goals1 = Rahul {{goal|12}}
| goals2 = [[Mohamed Irshad|Irshad]] {{goal|70}}
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 13 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Accountant General Office
| score = 3–1
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/ags-office-beats-group-leader-fc-thrissur/ Report]
| team2 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| goals1 = Kannan {{goal|38}} Midhun {{goal|42}} {{goal|78}}
| goals2 = Ozowara CE {{goal|4}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 14 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sat-beats-central-excise-tops-table/ Report]
| team2 = Central Excise
| goals1 = Shaheed {{goal|32}} Unais {{goal|86}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Tirur]]
| stadium = Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 14 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
| score = 2–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/fc-kerala-deafeats-gokulam-keeps-semi-hopes-alive/ Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam FC]]
| goals1 = EC Lucky {{goal|34}} Jerrybie Kelechi {{goal|42}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 14 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Kerala Police
| score = 1–0
| report =
| team2 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| goals1 = Firos Kalathingal {{goal|25}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 17 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = KSEB
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sat-defeats-sbi-close-to-semi-final/ Report]
| team2 = [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 17 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sat-defeats-sbi-close-to-semi-final/ Report]
| team2 = Accountant General Office
| goals1 = Ozowara CE {{goal|25}} {{goal|49}} {{goal|65}}
| goals2 = Dany Y {{goal|15}}
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 17 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sat-defeats-sbi-close-to-semi-final/ Report]
| team2 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| goals1 = Fasalu Rahman {{goal|67}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Tirur]]
| stadium = Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 19 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Accountant General Office
| score = 1–2
| report =
| team2 = Central Excise
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 20 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| score = 3–1
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/sat-beaten-injury-time-fc-thrissur-keeps-semi-hopes/ Report]
| team2 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| goals1 = Haseeb {{goal|13}} Ozowara CE {{goal|90+}} Somi {{goal|90+}}
| goals2 = Shibili {{goal|33|p}}
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 20 May 2017
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Gokulam FC]]
| score = 7–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/gokulam-fc-first-team-to-enter-semi/ Report]
| team2 = Cochin Port Trust
| goals1 = Francis Xavier {{goal|35}} Muhammed Salim {{goal|47}} VP Suhair {{goal|52}} Arif Javed Shaikh {{goal|53}} Bright Mendes {{goal|57}} [[Sushanth Mathew]] {{goal|63}} Shihad {{goal|83}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Malappuram]]
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 21 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| score = 1–0
| report =
| team2 = Central Excise
| goals1 = Aslam Jr. {{goal|44}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 22 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Accountant General Office
| score = 1–4
| report =
| team2 = Kerala Police
| goals1 = Febindas {{goal|48}}
| goals2 = KP Jimshad {{goal|50|p}} Firos Kalathingal {{goal|51}} {{goal|66}} {{goal|76}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 23 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Cochin Port Trust
| score = 2–3
| report =
| team2 = [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
| goals1 = Assaku Aqua Efiong {{goal|31}} Sylla Sulaiman {{goal|47}}
| goals2 = Mousoof Naizan {{goal|68}} {{goal|90}} Jithin MS {{goal|90+}}
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| stadium = Ambedkar Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 24 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Central Excise
| score = 1–2
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sat-thirur-qualified-to-kpl-semi-final/ Report]
| team2 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| goals1 = Melvino Fernandez {{goal|44}}
| goals2 = Fasalu Rehman {{goal|27}} Shaheed {{goal|67}}
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| stadium = Ambedkar Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 24 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Accountant General Office
| score = 1–3
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/sat-thirur-qualified-to-kpl-semi-final/ Report]
| team2 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| goals1 = Manu {{goal|34}}
| goals2 = Aslam Sr. {{goal|25}} Jijo Joseph {{goal|67}} Shaijumon {{goal|70}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[University Stadium (Thiruvananthapuram)]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 25 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = KSEB
| score = 3–1
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kseb-reach-kpl-semi-final-fc-kerala-out/ Report]
| team2 = Cochin Port Trust
| goals1 = Joby Justin {{goal|-}} Sajeer Khan {{goal|-}} {{goal|-}}
| goals2 = Assaku Aqua Efiong {{goal|-}}
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 26 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = Central Excise
| score = 2–2
| report =
| team2 = Accountant General Office
| goals1 = Muneer {{goal|-}} Balu P Maani {{goal|-}}
| goals2 = Jipson Justus {{goal|-}} Manuprasad {{goal|-}}
| location = [[Ernakulam]]
| stadium = Ambedkar Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 27 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[State Bank of Travancore (football club)|SBI Kerala]]
| score = 1–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/fc-thrissur-reaches-semis-kerala-police-out/ Report]
| team2 = Kerala Police
| goals1 = Sajith Poulose {{goal|82}}
| goals2 =
| location = [[Thiruvananthapuram]]
| stadium = [[Chandrasekharan Nair Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}

'''Semi-finals'''

{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 29 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[Sports Academy Tirur]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/kseb-vs-fc-thrissur-in-kpl-final/ Report]
| team2 = KSEB
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| penaltyscore = 1–4
| penalties1 = [[Mohamed Irshad|Irshad]] {{penmiss}} Shafeek {{penmiss}} Rahil {{pengoal}}
| penalties2 = Joby Justin {{pengoal}} Franicis {{pengoal}} Surjith {{pengoal}} Alex {{pengoal}}
| location = [[Tirur]]
| stadium = Rajiv Gandhi Municipal Stadium
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}
{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 29 May 2017
| time = 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| score = 0–0
| report = [http://fanport.in/football/kerala-premier-league/kseb-vs-fc-thrissur-in-kpl-final/ Report]
| team2 = [[Gokulam FC]]
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| penaltyscore = 6–5
| penalties1 = Akhil {{penmiss}} Somi P T {{pengoal}} Saneesh VP {{pengoal}} S Rajesh {{pengoal}} Ozowara CE {{penmiss}} Sebin Varghese {{pengoal}} Haseeb KV {{pengoal}} Ashique {{pengoal}}
| penalties2 = Arif Javed Shaikh {{pengoal}} [[Bello Razaq]] {{pengoal}} [[Sushanth Mathew]] {{penmiss}} Myron Mendez {{pengoal}} Noushad {{penmiss}} Mohammed Salim {{pengoal}} Bijesh Balan {{pengoal}} Francis Xaviour {{penmiss}}
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}

'''Final'''

{{footballbox collapsible
| date = 31 May 2017
| time = 21:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[FC Thrissur]]
| score = 2–4
| report = [https://www.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/kpl-kseb-fc-thrissur-1.1979353 Report]
| team2 = KSEB
| goals1 = Somi PT {{goal|24}} S Rajesh {{goal|75}}
| goals2 = Alex {{goal|29}} Joby Justin {{goal|32}} Sajeer Khan {{goal|66}} Mohammad Safwan {{goal|80}}
| location = [[Thrissur]]
| stadium = [[Thrissur Municipal Corporation Stadium]]
| attendance = –
| referee =
| stack =
}}

==Season statistics==
{{updated|1 June 2017}}

=== Top scorers ===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Club
!Goals
|-
|1
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Firos Kalathingal
|align="left"|[[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]]
|7
|-
|2
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} Shaheed
|align="left"|[[Sports Academy Tirur]]
|6
|-
|rowspan="4"|3
|align="left"|{{flagicon|NGR}} Ozowara CE
|align="left"|[[FC Thrissur]]
|rowspan="4"|5
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} S Rajesh
|align="left"|[[FC Thrissur]]
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|GUI}} Sylla Sulaiman
|align="left"|Cochin Port Trust
|-
|align="left"|{{flagicon|IND}} VP Suhair
|align="left"|[[Gokulam FC]]
|-
|}

=== Hat-tricks ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Player !! For !! Against !! style="text-align:center"| Result !! Date !! Ref
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Bineesh Balan || [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]] || Cochin Port Trust || style="text-align:center;"| 5–3 || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|4|30}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://fanport.in/football/bineesh-shines-in-fc-kerala-win/|title=FC Kerala 5–3 Cochin Port Trust|date=30 April 2017|accessdate=4 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|NGR}} Ozowara CE || [[FC Thrissur]] || Accountant General Office || style="text-align:center;"| 3–1 || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|5|17}} || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://fanport.in/football/sat-defeats-sbi-close-to-semi-final/|title=FC Thrissur 3–1 Accountant General Office|date=17 May 2017|accessdate=18 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} Firos Kalathingal || [[Kerala Police Football Team|Kerala Police]] || Accountant General Office || style="text-align:center;"| 4–1 || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|5|22}} || –
|}

===Season awards===

{| class=wikitable
!Award
!Recipient
|-
| Most Valuable Player || Shaheed ([[Sports Academy Tirur]])
|-

| Fairplay award || [[F.C. Kerala|FC Kerala]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{2016–17 in Indian football}}
{{Football in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2016-17 Kerala Premier League}}
[[Category:Kerala Premier League seasons]]
[[Category:2016–17 in Indian football leagues|4]]

Nina Shivdasani

2025-09-27T02:25:02Z

Bishnoiseries: New

{{Short description|Indian filmmaker (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
'''Nina Shivdasani Rovshen Sugati''' (born 15 May 1946, in [[Karachi]], [[Undivided India]]), also known as '''NinaSugati SR'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Source Within Inner Wealth |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt27447638/mediaviewer/rm1066346753/?ref_=tt_ov_i |website=IMDb}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Nina Shivdasani Rovshen |url=https://experimenta.in/texts/interviews/nina-shivdasani-rovshen/ |website=Nina Shivdasani Rovshen}}</ref> and '''NinaSugati SR Shivdasani Rovshen'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=NinaSugati SR Shivdasani Rovshen |url=https://filmfreeway.com/NinaSugatiSRShivdasaniRovshen212 |website=FilmFreeway}}</ref> is an Indian filmmaker and visual artist, best known for her arthouse film ''Chhatrabhang'' (1975).

== Life and career ==
She started out as a painter, but later turned to photography. She is a graduate of the [[School of Visual Arts]] in [[New York City|New York]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhawan |first1=Himanshi |title=Frames Of Life |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010716/mscape.shtml |access-date=21 June 2023 |work=India Today |date=15 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615220717/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010716/mscape.shtml |archive-date=15 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Der stürzende Thron |url=https://www.filmdienst.de/film/details/55263/der-sturzende-thron |website=www.filmdienst.de |access-date=21 June 2023 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema |date=10 July 2014 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-94325-7 |page=427 |language=en}}</ref> She has exhibited her paintings and her photographs under the title Conceptual Art Imageographs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frames of Life |url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010716/mscape.shtml |website=India Today |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080615220717/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/20010716/mscape.shtml |archive-date=15 June 2008 }}</ref> She is problaby the first Indian experimental filmmaker.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nina Shivdasani |url=https://jnaf.org/artist/nina-shivdasani/ |website=Jehangir Nicholson Art Foundation}}</ref>

Her arthouse film ''Chhatrabhang'' (''The Divine Plan'') won her the first [[International Federation of Film Critics|FIPRESCI Award]] for an Indian film at the [[26th Berlin International Film Festival]] in 1976 and a [[Maharashtra State Film Awards|Maharashtra State Film Award]] in 1975. The seventy-five-minute color documentary about a caste dilemma in rural India was shot by cameraman [[Apurba Kishore Bir]] in two weeks among villagers and edited by Shivdasani over a year. This film is accompanied by music by [[Edgard Varèse|Edgar Varèse]] and a commentary written by [[Vinay Shukla]] and spoken by [[Amrish Puri]]. It was shot on location in Jogiya village and enacted by local villagers.<ref name=":1" /> ''Chhatrabhang'' is a Marxist critque of the Indian caste (and class) system, strong and immovable as a rock. There is a recurrent shot of a labourer hammering and breaking apart a large rock as a symbol of changing social times. The "divine plan" of the title is that of the Brhamins who make the other castes serve them. This "partisan film"<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Falling Throne |url=https://www.filmdienst.de/film/details/55263/der-sturzende-thron |website=Film Dienst}}</ref> ends with a portrait of [[B. R. Ambedkar|Baba Saheb]] and headlines about the killiings of thousands of Harijans (low caste citizens) for having dared to draw water from wells belonging to the Brahmins.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

Her 2021 three-hour-long documentary ''SWA: Source Within Inner Wealth'' is an experiental exploration inspired by the [[Taittiriya Upanishad]].<ref name=":0" />

== Filmography ==
* ''Breaking Ground'' (1971)
* ''A World of all Intelligence'' (1972)
* ''Hope No One’s Listening'' (1972)
* ''Something about Transformation & Rediscovery'' aka ''The Banana Leaf'' (1972)
* ''Chhatrabhang'' (''The Divine Plan'') (1975)
* ''SWA: Source Within Inner Wealth'' (2021)
* ''Pragyanam (Consciousness)'' aka ''Nadh (Resonance'') (2023)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== See also ==
* Shai Heredia (June 2005): "'''[https://experimenta.in/texts/interviews/nina-shivdasani-rovshen/ NINA SHIVDASANI ROVSHEN IN CONVERSATION]"'''
* Ankan Kazi (21 May 2024): "[https://asapconnect.in/post/725/singlestories/creating-the-imageograph Creating the Imageograph: Nina Sugati SR and the Counter-Cultural Image]"
* Ankan Kazi (22 May 2024): "[https://www.asapconnect.in/post/726/singlestories/on-broken-ground On Broken Ground: Early Short Films by Nina Sugati SR]"
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4MXcSa_8Rhs An Exploded View: Panel discussion | 15 May 2021] @ YouTube
* Nancy Adajania (15 December 2020): "[https://archive-2014-2024.internationaleonline.org/opinions/1049_there_must_be_a_ground_down_there/ There must be a ground down there]"

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivdasani, Nina}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Indian women film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]

{{India-film-bio-stub}}

Military hotels in Bengaluru

2025-09-25T01:18:59Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating New Entry With Sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
'''Military hotels''' are a large number of restaurants and eateries located in different parts of [[Bangalore]]. Some of the notable hotels are Shivaji Military Hotel, Ranganna Military Hotel, Naidu Military Hotel, S.K Donne Biryani Military Hotel etc.<ref name="Boot camp biryani">{{cite news|title=Boot camp biryani|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/boot-camp-biryani-114071000844_1.html|access-date=23 February 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="Going Bananas over Biryani">{{cite news|title=Going Bananas over Biryani|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/columns/you/Going-bananas-over-biryani/articleshow/34262620.cms|access-date=23 February 2016|work=Business Standard}}</ref><ref name="Outlook traveller">{{cite news|title=Military hotels|url=http://www.outlooktraveller.com/food-and-drink/military-hotels-1005197#5170|access-date=23 February 2016|work=Outlook traveller}}</ref><ref name="India Traveller">{{cite news|title=Served Hot: Eat Your Way Through Bengaluru's Military Hotels|url=http://www.natgeotraveller.in/magazine/month/february-2015/bengalurus-military-hotels/|access-date=23 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215172523/http://www.natgeotraveller.in/magazine/month/february-2015/bengalurus-military-hotels/|archive-date=15 February 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
The origins of the term are not clearly known, but it is assumed that they were originally run by or for families associated with the army. Shivaji Military Hotel is one of the oldest military hotels in the city, having been established in 1924.<ref name="Boot camp biryani" />

== Cuisine ==
Military hotels in Bangalore serve mainly non-vegetarian foods, but they generally don't serve beef and pork. Some of the commonly served food items are [[biryani]], mutton chaap, keema, chicken, and ragi mudde.<ref name="Boot camp biryani.

== Hotels ==
Some of the notable military hotels in Bangalore are:<ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka Labour Journal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4KkuAQAAIAAJ|year=1979|publisher=Commissioner of Labour|page=10}}</ref><ref name="India Traveller" />
# Shivaji Military Hotel,
# Ranganna Military Hotel,
# Naidu Military Hotel,
# Kalpatharu Hindu Military Hotel,<ref> https://www.zomato.com/bangalore/sri-kalpatharu-hindu-military-hotel-kumaraswamy-layout-bangalore/reviews </ref>
#S.K Donne Biryani Military Hotel,
# Chandu's Military Hotel,
# Gowdru's Military Hotel,
# Rajanna Hindu Military Hotel,<ref name="The Military Hotel">{{cite news|title=The Military Hotel|url=http://www.motherlandmagazine.com/military/the-military-hotel|access-date=23 February 2016|work=Motherland Magazine}}</ref>
# Shivanna Hindu Military Hotel,
# Royanna Military Canteen

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bangalore}}

[[Category:Restaurants in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengaluru]]

Siswala

2025-09-20T08:28:20Z

Bishnoiseries: Made Initial Page V1

{{More citations needed|date=September 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Siswala
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag =
| flag_size = 300px
| flag_alt =
| flag_border =
| flag_link =
| image_map =

| mapsize = 300px
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| image_map1 =
| mapsize1 = 300px
| map_alt1 =
| map_caption1 =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_label =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize = 300px
| pushpin_map_caption = Kheri Jalab in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|29.102200|N|75.549982|E|display=inline,title}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Siswala,+Haryana+125001/@29.1022003,75.5499826,15z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m13!1m7!3m6!1s0x3913cf37a8cbc8cb:0x63df1283d0ec1c9a!2sSiswala,+Haryana+125001!3b1!8m2!3d29.1020826!4d75.5526368!3m4!1s0x3913cf37a8cbc8cb:0x63df1283d0ec1c9a!8m2!3d29.1020826!4d75.5526368|title=Siswala map|accessdate=2017-07-25}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Hisar (district)|Hisar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Local government]]
| governing_body = [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
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| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 125052
| registration_plate =[[List of RTO districts in India#HR.E2.80.94Haryana|HR]]-20
| website = {{URL|haryana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Siswala''' is a village in the [[Hisar district]] of [[Haryana]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hisar.nic.in/deptreports/Report-Civilsergonhisar.pdf|title=List of government health institutions in the district of Hisar|publisher=Hisar.nic.in|accessdate=2013-09-09|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703000630/http://hisar.nic.in/deptreports/Report-Civilsergonhisar.pdf|archivedate=3 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It is 19 km west of [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], near the [[Rajasthan]] border.

==Demographics==
The population of the village is approximately 3,442.<ref name="pop 11">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/60905-siswala-haryana.html|title=Population of Siswala|publisher=census2011.co.in|accessdate=2017-07-25}}</ref> The main occupation of most peoples is agriculture,{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} and a few people are employed in the Indovax Company, which is 2 km outside the village. This company has given employment to hundreds of people from the Siswala village and nearby villages Kirtan, Rawalwas and Kharia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indovax.com/ |title=Welcome to Indovax |publisher=Indovax.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref>

==Government==
The village has a [[local administration]] called [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]].<ref name="pop 11"/> The head of the panchayat is known as the [[sarpanch]].

==Culture==
The village has people from all the communities but the majority include Jat(42%) and Kumhar(22%).{{citation needed|date=September 2013}} The village has two [[Hindu temples]] and one [[Gurudwara]].

==Resources and infrastructure==
The agricultural land in the village is irrigated by a [[canal]], or rajbaha, known as Balsamand Minor and by a few [[tube well]]s. The village has two ponds for drinking water for [[cattle]]: Pili Johari and Johar. Drinking water is supplied from a water supply system situated outside the village operated by the state government.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ddws.gov.in/ddwsimis/RuralWaterSupply/Reports/ReportYSRHabitationDistrict.aspx?districtId=0154&districtname=HISAR |title=ReportYSRHabitationDistrict |website=ddws.gov.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721170712/http://ddws.gov.in/ddwsimis/RuralWaterSupply/Reports/ReportYSRHabitationDistrict.aspx?districtId=0154&districtname=HISAR |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wss.hry.nic.in/public/tubewell_data.aspx?tb_code=T00002418 |title=Archived copy |website=wss.hry.nic.in |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214915/http://wss.hry.nic.in/public/tubewell_data.aspx?tb_code=T00002418 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Power is available from a substation built in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070509/haryana.htm |title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Haryana |publisher=Tribuneindia.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-09}}</ref>

==Transportation==
Siswala is accessible by road transport from the nearest city, [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]]. A few bus services operate regularly during the day, including Haryana Roadways and Ganga Jamuna.<ref>[http://hartrans.gov.in/roadways/time_tablelist.asp?start=4174 ]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://article.wn.com/view/WNAT3b6576e2763b9d8a4997dfc86565b460/ Article.wn.com]
*[https://www.google.com/search?hl=en&q=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE&um=1&ie=UTF-8&sa=N&tab=Tw Google.co.uk]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716090726/http://hisar.nic.in/deptreports/REPORT-PUBLIC.HEALTH.%20Engg.%20Divn.No.1,%20HISAR.pdf Hisar.nic.in]

[[Category:Villages in Hisar district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Democratic Progressive Azad Party

2025-09-03T16:23:21Z

Bishnoiseries: created redirect

#redirect[[Ghulam Nabi Azad#Democratic Progressive Azad Party]]

1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

2025-08-06T11:10:07Z

Bishnoiseries: stub.

{{Short description|none}} 
{{good article}}
{{Infobox hurricane season
|Track=1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map.png
|Basin=NIO
|Year=1960
|First storm formed=May 10, 1960
|Last storm dissipated=December 3, 1960
|Strongest storm name=Ten
|Strongest storm winds=80
|Strongest storm pressure=967
|Average wind speed=3
|Total disturbances=15
|Total depressions=8
|Total storms=5
|Total intense=2
|Fatalities=20,341 total
|Damagespre=At least
|Damages=9.24
|five seasons=[[1940s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons|1940s]], [[1950s North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons|1950s]], '''1960''', [[1961 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1961]], [[1962 North Indian Ocean cyclone season|1962]]
|Atlantic season=1960 Atlantic hurricane season
|East Pacific season=1960 Pacific hurricane season
|West Pacific season=1960 Pacific typhoon season
}}

The '''1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season''' featured two deadly [[tropical cyclones]] that collectively killed approximately 20,000 people collectively in [[East Pakistan]] (present-day [[Bangladesh]]). The [[Indian subcontinent]] divides the North Indian Ocean into two areas: the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the east and the [[Arabian Sea]] to the west. The official [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre]] for this basin is the [[India Meteorological Department]] (IMD), while the [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] releases unofficial advisories. On average, five storms form in the North Indian Ocean every season with dual peaks in activity during May and November.<ref name="IMD">{{cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: What is the annual frequency of Cyclones over the Indian Seas? What is its intra-annual variation? |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |access-date=July 18, 2013 |url=http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/faq/FAQP.htm#q18 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521044203/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/faq/FAQP.htm |archive-date=May 21, 2015 }}</ref> Cyclones that occurred between [[45th meridian east|45°E]] and [[100th meridian east|100°E]] were included in seasonal records by the IMD.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=India Meteorological Department |date=January 2009 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |title=Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over the North Indian During 2008 |url=http://www.imd.ernet.in/section/nhac/dynamic/rsmc.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529004113/http://www.imd.ernet.in/services/cyclone/tropical-cyclone.htm |archive-date=May 29, 2009 }}</ref>

Fifteen [[depression (meteorology)|depressions]] developed during the 1960 season, with five becoming [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|cyclonic storms]]. The majority of the activity took place in the Bay of Bengal, where eleven systems formed; however, the season's first storm formed over the Arabian Sea on May 10. The storm produced hurricane-force winds and attained a barometric air pressure of 974 mbar (hPa; {{convert|974|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}). The deadliest and most intense cyclone of the season was Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten, which killed 14,174 in East Pakistan in early November. With peak winds estimated at {{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} and a pressure of 966.7 mbar (hPa; {{convert|966.7|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}), it struck just three weeks after the previous system devastated the same area. The storm produced a {{convert|6.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} storm tide that swept 16 km (10 mi) inland, submerging several small islands. The two storms left a combined 200,000–300,000 people homeless. These systems marked the start of an unusually active period of cyclones impacting East Pakistan, culminating ten years later with the [[1970 Bhola cyclone]], which killed between 300,000 and 500,000 people.<ref name="Deadliest"/> During the 1960 season, several depressions impacted India with heavy rainfall. Collectively, these systems killed 167 people.

__TOC__
{{Clear|right}}

== Systems ==
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=== Very Severe Cyclonic Storm One ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Severe Cyclonic Storm One analysis 16 May 1960.png
|Track=02-A 1960 track.png
|Formed=May 10
|Dissipated=May 19
|3-min winds=65
|Pressure=974
}}
On May 10, an area of low pressure was identified over the Arabian Sea roughly 400 km (250 mi) to the northwest of the [[Maldives]]. Moving northwestward, it gradually became more concentrated,<ref name="02AIBTrACS">{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2013|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=1960 02A (1960132N09070)|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1960132N09070}}}}</ref> becoming a depression by the evening of May 12.<ref name="SCSOne">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1960 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Severe cyclonic storm in the Arabian Sea |url=https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |pages=1–4 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301175136/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> After turning more toward the west,<ref name="02AIBTrACS"/> the system continued to slowly deepen. On May 14, the ''S.S. Kampala'' sailed into the system, encountering {{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} winds and rough seas. Over the following two days, the depression intensified into a [[Tropical cyclone scales#North Indian Ocean|cyclonic storm]], with gale-force winds extending 150 km (90 mi) from the center. During the overnight hours of May 16 through 17, the SS ''Mohammedi'' sailed almost directly into the center of the cyclone, reporting a [[barometric pressure]] of 974 [[mbar]] (hPa; {{convert|974|mbar|inHg|lk=on|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}) and {{convert|9.1|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} waves. Several other vessels, such as the ''S.S. Saudi'' and ''S.S. Exchequer'', encountered the storm. Both ships reported hurricane-force winds, and the latter endured seas as high as {{convert|15.2|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} early on May 18. Later that day, the storm weakened so rapidly the crew of the ''S.S. Exchequer'' were able to watch the pressure on their [[barometer]] actively rise.<ref name="SCSOne"/> The storm continued westward, moving ashore [[Al Mahrah Governorate]] in eastern [[South Yemen]] as a severe cyclonic storm on May 18, before dissipating. The next Yemeni landfall would not occur again until 2015 with [[Cyclone Chapala]].<ref name="imd">{{cite report|publisher=India Meteorological Department|title=Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, Chapala over the Arabian Sea (28 October - 04 November 2015): A Report |date=December 2015|access-date=27 January 2016|url=http://www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/images/pdf/publications/preliminary-report/chap.pdf}}</ref><ref name="SCSOne"/>

As a developing cyclone, the system brought [[monsoon]]-like moisture to much of the Maldives, [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]] (present-day Sri Lanka), and southern India between May 14 and 17. The heaviest rains fell on May 17, with {{convert|190|mm|in|abbr=on}} recorded at [[Cochin]], India, that day.<ref name="SCSOne"/>
{{clear}}

=== Deep Depression Two ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Deep Depression Two analysis 27 May 1960.png
|Track=01-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=May 26
|Dissipated=May 29
|Type1=deepdepression
|3-min winds=40
|Pressure=988
}}
On May 25, an upper-level low-pressure system developed over the northern Bay of Bengal. The following day, a surface low formed in association with this feature. By May 27, the low further consolidated into a depression while situated 285 km (175 mi) south of [[Calcutta]], India.<ref name="DDTwo">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1960 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Deep depression in the Bay of Bengal |url=https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=4–5 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301175136/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Tracking northward,<ref name="01BIBTrACS">{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2013|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=1960 01B (1960148N20089)|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1960148N20089}}}}</ref> it intensified into a deep depression before making [[landfall]] on the [[Sundarbans]] region of [[West Bengal]]—near the border of [[East Pakistan]]—early on May 28. Though it was classified a deep depression, stronger winds of up to {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} were reported from [[Sagar Island]]. Based on measurements from nearby stations, it is estimated that the system attained a minimum pressure of 988 mb (hPa; 29.18 inHg) just as it moved ashore. Once inland, the system quickly weakened and accelerated northeastward. It later dissipated over [[Assam]] on May 30.<ref name="DDTwo"/>

The system produced torrential rains across eastern India and East Pakistan. In [[Cherrapunji]], {{convert|540|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell during a two-day span, while many other areas recorded over {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}}. No rainfall data were available from West Bengal and Assam.<ref name="DDTwo"/> Strong winds from the storm destroyed numerous homes in West Bengal, and at least seven people were killed.<ref>{{cite news|agency =Associated Press|newspaper=Lewiston Morning Tribune|date=May 30, 1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Indian Gale Kills Seven|page=6|location=Calcutta, India|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=171eAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EDEMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5032,4738647&dq=bengal&hl=en}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Deep Depression Three ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Deep Depression Three analysis 2 July 1960.png
|Track=03-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=June 29
|Dissipated=July 4
|Type1=deepdepression
|3-min winds=
|Pressure=
}}
On June 29, a [[Trough (meteorology)|trough]], associated with an upper-level low, extended over the northwestern Bay of Bengal. Following a drop in sea-level pressure over the next day, a depression formed in this area.<ref name="DThree">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Bay of Bengal|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=5}}</ref> Moving slowly westward,<ref name="03BIBTrACS">{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2013|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=1960 03B (1960182N20089)|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1960182N20089}}}}</ref> the storm intensified into a deep depression early on July 2. Shortly thereafter, the system made landfall near [[Angul]], India,<ref name="DThree"/> and accelerated toward the northwest.<ref name="03BIBTrACS"/> The system later dissipated on July 4 over [[Madhya Pradesh]] after being absorbed back into the trough that it developed from.<ref name="DThree"/>

Widespread heavy rains accompanied the depression along portions of the coast from [[Odisha|Orissa]] to West Bengal and as far inland as Madhya. Sagar Island recorded at least {{convert|360|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain over the span of two days, while [[Vishakhapatnam]] received {{convert|300|mm|in|abbr=on}} in just one. As much as {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} of precipitation fell across Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="DThree"/>
{{clear}}

=== Depression Four ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Depression Four analysis 3 July 1960.png
|Track=04-A 1960 track.png
|Formed=July 2
|Dissipated=July 5
|Type1=niodepression
|3-min winds=40
|Pressure=991
}}
On June 26, a slow-moving trough developed over [[Gujarat]]. By July 2, the system developed into a shallow land depression while situated {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} north of [[Veraval]]. Winds in the area were measured up to {{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}; however, as the system moved offshore, winds quickly increased to {{convert|65|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. Low pressures were recorded across the area, with a minimum of 990.8 mbar (hPa; {{convert|990.8|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}) measured in [[Dwarka]]. Becoming nearly stationary off the coast of Gujarat, the depression began to interact with an approaching monsoon. This interaction caused winds to increase, with two vessels reporting {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} winds during the late morning hours of July 4. Later that day, the system began moving to the northwest and quickly weakened. It was last noted the following day as a dissipating low over the northeastern Arabian Sea.<ref name="DFour">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Arabian Sea|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=5–6}}</ref>

Between July 2 and 4, heavy rains amounting to more than {{convert|300|mm|in|abbr=on}} fell across much of the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] region of Gujarat. These rains triggered severe flooding that killed at least 35 people and left 6,000 others homeless.<ref name="DFour"/> At least 500 homes were destroyed in the region.<ref>{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=The Morning Herald|date=July 5, 1960|page=2|title=30 Die In Floods|location=Bombay, India}} {{subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=== Depression Five ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Depression Five analysis 8 August 1960.png
|Track=05-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=August 8
|Dissipated=August 10
|Type1=niodepression
|3-min winds=15
|Pressure=996
}}
On August 6, a westward moving area of low pressure was identified over [[Burma]]. Initially an upper-level system, it gradually propagated to the surface, becoming a depression on August 9. Tracking west-northwestward, the system crossed the Indian coastline later that day near [[Balasore]], where a pressure of 996.1 mbar (hPa; {{convert|996.1|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}) was measured. Sustained winds reached just {{convert|30|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. Once onshore, the depression degenerated into a remnant low on August 10. The remnants continued northwestward, ultimately merging with a trough over [[Uttar Pradesh]] on August 12.<ref name="DFive">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1960 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Bay of Bengal |url=https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=6–7 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301175136/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

The depression dropped heavy rains over parts of India between August 8 and August 14. The highest totals were recorded on August 14 when {{convert|240|mm|in|abbr=on}} of rain fell in [[Jhansi]]. Significant flooding took place along the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] as a result of the rains. Forty villages along the river near [[Fatehgarh]] were inundated.<ref name="DFive"/>
{{clear}}

=== Deep Depression Six ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Depression Six analysis 14 August 1960.png
|Track=07-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=August 12
|Dissipated=August 20
|Type1=deepdepression
|3-min winds=25
|Pressure=
}}
As the previous depression dissipated over India,<ref name="DFive"/> a new circulation developed over the Bay of Bengal on August 12. This system quickly became a depression.<ref name="DDSix">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1960 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Deep depression in the Bay of Bengal |url=https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=7–8 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301175136/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Moving slowly northwestward,<ref name="07BIBTrACS">{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=1960 07B (1960226N19090)|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1960226N19090}}}}</ref> it became a deep depression on August 14 before making landfall in the Sundarbans region. Winds up to {{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} were reported in Sandheads. Once onshore, it turned westward and slowed while maintaining its intensity.<ref name="DDSix"/><ref name="07BIBTrACS"/> The system finally weakened on August 18 as it resumed moving northwestward again, and two days later it dissipated over southeastern [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="DDSix"/>

Large portions of India were affected by rains from the depression, with Orissa and Madhya receiving the heaviest rains.<ref name="DDSix"/> According to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], up to {{convert|40|in|mm|abbr=on|disp=flip}} of rain fell across portions of Orissa. The tremendous precipitation triggered disastrous floods that killed at least 65 people.<ref name="TSLT1"/> Continued rains over the next two weeks exacerbated the situation and by August 30, an estimated 2.5 million people were homeless.<ref>{{cite news|agency=United Press International|newspaper=Wisconsin State Journal|date=August 30, 1960|title=2,500,000 Homeless in India Floods|location=Calcutta, India|page=5}} {{subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Most affected were areas around the [[Mahanadi|Mahanadi River]] and its tributaries where flood waters reached {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on|disp=flip}} in depth. At least 85 villages were reportedly destroyed. Orissa government officials described the disaster as "the worst in living memory."<ref name="TSLT1">{{cite news|agency=New York Times Service|newspaper=The Salt Lake Tribune|date=August 26, 1960|title=Flood Disaster Hits India Area|location=New Delhi, India|page=6}} {{subscription required|via=Newspapers.com}}</ref> Rail lines and roads were severely damaged across the state, hampering initial relief efforts.<ref name="TSLT1"/> A total of 1.87 million acres of crops were flooded and overall damage amounted to {{ntsp|111700000||{{Indian Rupee|link=Indian Rupee}}}}.<ref>{{cite web|work=Department of Water Resources|publisher=Government of Orissa|year=2009|access-date=April 23, 2015|title=List of Past Flood and Area Damaged by Flood in Orissa|url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/HistoryofFLOOD/HistoryofFLOOD.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150225020947/http://dowrorissa.gov.in/HistoryofFLOOD/HistoryofFLOOD.pdf|archive-date=February 25, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Depression Seven ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Depression Seven analysis 24 August 1960.png
|Track=06-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=August 24
|Dissipated=August 28
|Type1=niodepression
|3-min winds=
|Pressure=
}}
On August 20, a wave of low pressure formed over Burma. Moving westwards, this upper-level system triggered the development of a surface low two days later over the Bay of Bengal. Turning northwestward, the low consolidated into a depression by August 24 before making landfall in the Sundarbans region later that day. Once onshore, the depression degenerated into a remnant low; the remnants persisted until August 28 when they were absorbed into a trough over Rajasthan Pradesh.<ref name="DSeven">{{cite journal |author=India Meteorological Department |year=1960 |title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Bay of Bengal |url=https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |journal=India Weather Review |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |pages=8 |access-date=May 9, 2013 |archive-date=March 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301175136/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Heavy rains affected much of [[Bihar]], Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, and Uttar Pradesh. The highest daily precipitation total was measured in [[Ghatsila]] at {{convert|190|mm|in|abbr=on}}. These rains triggered severe flooding along the [[Beas River|Beas]], Ganges, [[Jamuna River (Bangladesh)|Jamuna]], and [[Sutlej]] rivers. Large areas of Uttar Pradesh were left submerged, and significant crop and property damage took place in Punjab.<ref name="DSeven"/> At least 55 people were killed in Punjab alone, and losses overall amounted to $9.24 million (1960 [[United States dollar|USD]]).<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=New York Times|date=September 4, 1960|title=Punjab Flood Toll 55; Loss From High Water Is Put at $9,240,000}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=== Deep Depression Eight ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Deep Depression Eight analysis 24 September 1960.png
|Track=08-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=September 24
|Dissipated=September 28
|Type1=
|3-min winds=30
|Pressure=
}}
On September 22, an area of low pressure was identified over the [[Andaman Sea]]. Tracking northwestward, the system consolidated into a depression two days later over the Bay of Bengal. During the evening of September 24, it further strengthened to a deep depression, with winds of {{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. Early the next day it made landfall in Orissa between Balasore and [[Chandabali]].<ref name="DDEight">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Deep depression in the Bay of Bengal|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=9–10}}</ref> Once onshore, the system slowed and turned northeastward.<ref name="08BIBTrACS">{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2013|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=1960 08B (1960270N21087)|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1960270N21087}} }}</ref> It later dissipated over [[Nepal]] on September 28 as it interacted with the [[Himalayas]].<ref name="DDEight"/>

Heavy rains accompanying the depression affected much of Bihar, Orissa, and West Bengal. Many areas recorded more than {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on}} during a four-day span; the highest single-day total was {{convert|270|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Bahadurganj, Kishanganj|Bahadurganj]].<ref name="DDEight"/>
{{clear}}

=== Severe Cyclonic Storm Nine ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Severe Cyclonic Storm Nine analysis 10 October 1960.png
|Track=10-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=October 5 (Entered basin)
|Dissipated=October 12
|Type1=
|3-min winds=60
|1-min winds=85
|Pressure=986
}}
In late September, a tropical storm developed over the [[South China Sea]]. Striking [[South Vietnam]], the storm slowly moved over [[Indochina]], ultimately crossing 100°E and entering the basin on October 5 while over [[Thailand]]. After crossing southern [[Burma]],<ref name="10BIBTrACS">{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2013|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=1960 10B (1960273N13117)|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1960273N13117}}}}</ref> the low moved northwestward over the Bay of Bengal and reorganized. Following a report of {{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} winds from the ''S.S. Glenpark'' on October 8, the system was classified as a depression.<ref name="SCSNine">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Severe cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=10–11}}</ref> Moving slowly northwestwards,<ref name="10BIBTrACS"/> the system further deepened into a cyclonic storm on October 9. Several ships in the path of the storm recorded gale-force winds, depicting its strengthening. Early on October 10, it became a severe cyclonic storm and soon reached its peak intensity with winds of {{convert|110|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}. Its central pressure at this time was estimated to be 986 mbar (hPa; {{convert|986|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}).<ref name="SCSNine"/> The [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) estimated that the storm attained one-minute sustained winds of {{convert|155|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}.<ref name="NOAA"/> Turning northeastward, the system made landfall between [[Barisal]] and [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]] in East Pakistan,<ref name="SCSNine"/> with the [[Eye (cyclone)|eye]] passing directly over the islands of Bhola, [[Hatia Island|Hatia]], and [[Ramgati Upazila|Ramgati]].<ref name="NOAA"/> Once onshore, the system quickly weakened and ultimately dissipated over Assam early on October 12.<ref name="SCSNine"/>

Across coastal areas of East Pakistan, the storm wrought catastrophic damage. A {{convert|5.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} tidal surge washed over the islands of Hatia, [[Sandwip]], [[Kutubdia Upazila|Kutubdia]].<ref name="SCSNine"/> Communications across the region were crippled, and it took six days for word of the scale of damage to reach officials. Entire villages were reportedly wiped out by the storm.<ref>{{cite news|agency =Associated Press|newspaper=St. Petersburg Times|date=October 17, 1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Tidal Wave Kills 3,000 In Pakistan|page=1|location=Dacca, East Pakistan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=tz5SAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HHkDAAAAIBAJ&dq=bengal&pg=3665%2C3502118}}</ref> Approximately 35,000 homes were destroyed, most of which were thatched huts made of bamboo and mud. About 300 schools were also damaged.<ref name="TA1">{{cite news|newspaper=The Age|date=October 18, 1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Pakistan Troops Aid Rescue Teams|location=Dacca, East Pakistan|page=4|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=6q4UAAAAIBAJ&sjid=e7oDAAAAIBAJ&dq=pakistan&pg=5665%2C3128446}}</ref> The worst damage took place on Ramgati Island where 3,500 people were killed.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The Glasgow-Herald|date=October 18, 1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Relief Work In Pakistan: Cyclone Aftermath|page=1|location=Dacca, East Pakistan|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AHdAAAAAIBAJ&sjid=b6MMAAAAIBAJ&dq=pakistan&pg=5896%2C7138164}}</ref><ref name="TSNP1"/> Roughly 95 percent of the island's structure were destroyed, forcing residents to cling to trees for survival. Only two police officers survived and were able to inform government officials of the disaster.<ref name="TSNP1">{{cite news|agency =Associated Press|newspaper=The Sunday News Press|date=October 22, 1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Pakistan Storm Toll on Island Rises to 3,500|location=Dacca, East Pakistan|page=5|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yypUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=IjoNAAAAIBAJ&dq=pakistan&pg=2243%2C3614997}}</ref> An estimated 6,000 people perished while another 100,000 were left homeless. Heavy rain accompanied the storm, with [[Cox's Bazar]] reporting {{convert|180|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="SCSNine"/> Relief efforts in the wake of the storm were hampered by the nation's poor infrastructure and debris left behind.<ref name="TMJ1">{{cite news|agency =Associated Press|newspaper=The Milwaukee Journal|date=October 17, 1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=3,000 East Pakistanis Are Killed by Storm|location=Dacca, East Pakistan|page=1|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ot8jAAAAIBAJ&sjid=_iUEAAAAIBAJ&dq=bengal&pg=1952%2C4626892}}</ref> On October 18, members of the East Pakistani military were deployed to the hardest hit areas to provide stable communication and clean drinking water.<ref name="TA1"/>
{{clear}}

=== Very Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Severe Cyclonic Storm Ten analysis 31 October 1960.png
|Track=09-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=October 27
|Dissipated=November 1
|Type1=
|3-min winds=80
|1-min winds=105
|Pressure=967
}}
On October 26, a trough formed over the south Andaman Sea and extended into the southern Bay of Bengal. By October 28, the system consolidated into a depression as it moved northwestward. Steadily intensifying, several ships encountered the storms increasing winds as it moved northward in the Bay. On October 30, it attained gale-force winds and further became a severe cyclonic storm early the next morning. During the evening of October 31, the ''IST Barisal'' recorded winds of {{convert|130|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}, indicating that the system had acquired a core of hurricane-force winds. The maximum winds of this system is unknown, though reports indicated that winds peaked between 150 and 215 km/h (90 and 135 mph).<ref name="SCSTen"/> NOAA estimated that the storm peaked with one-minute sustained winds of {{convert|195|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} and a pressure of 966.7 mbar (hPa; {{convert|966.7|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}).<ref name="NOAA">{{cite journal|journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]]|author =Gordon E. Dunn, United States Weather Bureau|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|issue=3|volume=90|date=March 1962|access-date=May 10, 2013|title=The Tropical Cyclone Problem In East Pakistan|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/mwr/090/mwr-090-03-0083.pdf|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1962)090<0083:TTCPIE>2.0.CO;2|pages=83–86|bibcode = 1962MWRv...90...83D |doi-access=free}}</ref> The storm soon made landfall with great intensity near Noakhali, East Pakistan, just three weeks after the previous storm devastated the country.<ref name="SCSTen">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Severe cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=11–13}}</ref> Once onshore, cold, dry air quickly wrapped around the backside of the cyclone. Within four hours of landfall, little rainfall was reported near the storm's eye.<ref name="NOAA"/> The cyclone rapidly weakened and dissipated the following day over the [[Lushai Hills]].<ref name="SCSTen"/>

Striking East Pakistan as a powerful storm, the system produced a storm tide of {{convert|6.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} that moved 16 km (10 mi) inland, devastating many communities.<ref name="SCSTen"/> A [[storm surge]] of {{convert|6.7|m|ft|abbr=on}} was measured in [[Halishahar]]. In addition to the surge, there was a series of tidal waves that followed the storm, causing additional damage. Offshore, these waves were estimated at {{convert|12.2|m|ft|abbr=on}}; though they significantly decreased before impacting land.<ref name="NOAA"/> [[Chittagong]] and surrounding communities were regarded as the hardest hit, with most being submerged in {{convert|3|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} of water. The city's port was largely destroyed, with almost every vessel washed ashore. Some were found 16 km (10 mi) away and one even at another port.<ref name="SCSTen"/> The storm's intense winds, estimated as high as {{convert|240|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} on Sandwip Island,<ref name="NOAA"/> leveled buildings and scattered debris over large distances. Crops were flattened by the storm and in some instances had been "burnt" by the sheer force of the wind. A total of 14,174 people perished in the storm while another 200,000 were left homeless.<ref name="SCSTen"/><ref>{{cite news|agency =Reuters|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=May 10, 1961|access-date=May 10, 2013|title=Ships Sink In Cyclone|location=Karachi, India|page=1|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5XxWAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HeYDAAAAIBAJ&dq=cyclone&pg=2196%2C1993784}}</ref> Following the mass casualties from the two storms, the [[Government of Pakistan]] requested the assistance of former [[National Hurricane Center]] director, Gordon E. Dunn, to improve the warning system.<ref name="Deadliest">{{cite journal|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|author =Neil L. Frank|author2=S. A. Husain|author3=National Hurricane Center, Pakistan Meteorological Department|title=The Deadliest Tropical Cyclone in History?|date=June 1971|pages=438–444|volume=52|issue=6|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1971)052<0438:TDTCIH>2.0.CO;2|bibcode=1971BAMS...52..438F|doi-access=free}}</ref>
{{clear}}

=== Depression Eleven ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Depression Eleven analysis 7 November 1960.png
|Track=14-A 1960 track.png
|Formed=November 7
|Dissipated=November 10
|Type1=
|3-min winds=25
|Pressure=
}}
On November 5, an area of low pressure was identified over [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="DEleven">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Arabian Sea|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=13–14}}</ref> Tracking generally northwestward,<ref name="14AIBTrACS">{{cite web|publisher=International Best Track Archive|year=2013|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=1960 14A (1960312N11069)|url={{IBTRACS url|id=1960312N11069}}}}</ref> it gradually organized into a depression by November 7. No further development took place over the following days and the system eventually degraded into a remnant low on November 10. Though the storm itself did not impact land, associated moisture combined with a low over the Bay of Bengal to produce heavy rains across [[Madras State]] and nearby islands from November 5 to 10.<ref name="DEleven"/>

{{clear}}

=== Shallow Depression Twelve ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Shallow Depression Twelve analysis 10 November 1960.png
|Track=11-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=November 10
|Dissipated=November 12
|Type1=niodepression
|3-min winds=
|Pressure=
}}
On November 7, an area of low pressure over the Bay of Bengal formed and gradually moved towards India. By November 9, it was located just of the [[Coromandel Coast]]. The following day, it deepened into a depression while situated off the northern edge of Ceylon. Becoming nearly stationary, the system failed to develop and soon weakened into a remnant low. The low dissipated early on November 12. Heavy rains fell across much of Madras State in association with the system; a 24‑hour total of {{convert|240|mm|in|abbr=on}} was reported in [[Nagapattinam]]. These rains triggered significant flooding that disrupted travel and communications. Severe damage took place in [[Madurai]] where 10,000 people were left homeless. Overall, five people were killed and 150,000 were left homeless.<ref name="SDTwelve">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Arabian Sea|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=13}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=== Cyclonic Storm Thirteen ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Cyclonic Storm Thirteen analysis 20 November 1960.png
|Track=15-A 1960 track.png
|Formed=November 17
|Dissipated=November 23
|3-min winds=40
|Pressure=994
}}
On November 14, an area of low pressure formed to the west of Lakshadweep. Tracking generally westward, it eventually developed into a depression three days later. Gradual intensification took place over the following two days, with the system becoming a cyclonic storm on November 19. On November 20, the system attained its peak intensity with winds of {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} and a minimum pressure of 994 mbar (hPa; {{convert|994|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}). Continuing westward, the cyclone entered the [[Gulf of Aden]] on November 22 before becoming nearly stationary. During this time, it weakened to a depression before dissipating the following day.<ref name="CSThirteen">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Cyclonic storm in the Arabian Sea|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=14–15}}</ref>

{{clear}}

=== Cyclonic Storm Fourteen ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Cyclonic Storm Fourteen analysis 19 November 1960.png
|Track=13-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=November 18
|Dissipated=November 21
|Type1=cyclstorm
|3-min winds=
|Pressure=996
}}
A well-defined area of low pressure was identified over the southwestern Bay of Bengal on November 17. The following day, the system developed into a depression as it moved slowly northwestward. On November 20, as it neared the coast of [[Tamil Nadu]], it intensified into a cyclonic storm, with gusts estimated as high as {{convert|135|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. Shortly thereafter, it made landfall near [[Chennai]]. In nearby [[Tambaram]], a pressure of 995.7 mbar (hPa; {{convert|995.7|mbar|inHg|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=out}}) was recorded, the lowest in relation to the cyclone. A small storm, it quickly weakened once onshore and was last noted early on November 21 as a dissipating low.<ref name="CSFourteen">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Cyclonic storm in the Bay of Bengal|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=14}}</ref>

Heavy rains impacted most of southern Madras State, with a maximum daily total of {{convert|110|mm|in|abbr=on}} in [[Punalur]]. The most significant damage took place in Madras City where gale-force winds uprooted trees and disrupted transport and communications. Many poorly constructed homes were damaged or destroyed by the storm, leaving numerous low-income families homeless.<ref name="CSFourteen"/>

{{clear}}

=== Depression Fifteen ===
{{Infobox tropical cyclone small
|Basin=NIO
|Image=Depression Fifteen analysis 1 December 1960.png
|Track=12-B 1960 track.png
|Formed=November 26
|Dissipated=December 3
|3-min winds=30
|Type1=niodepression
|Pressure=
}}
On November 24, the SS ''Rajula'' sailed under a well-defined trough over the southwest Bay of Bengal and reported {{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}} winds. Two days later, a tropical wave interacted with the system and resulted in the development of a depression. Over the following several days, the system drifted northwestward without change in intensity. By December 3, it degenerated into a remnant low, ultimately tracking over southern India, near [[Northern Circars|Circars]], on December 4 before dissipating. The system brought locally heavy rains to parts of the Andaman Islands and Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="DFifteen">{{cite journal|journal=India Weather Review|author =India Meteorological Department|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|year=1960|access-date=May 9, 2013|title=Annual Summary — Storms & Depressions: Depression in the Bay of Bengal|url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED26A.pdf|pages=15–17}}</ref>

{{clear}}

== Season effects ==
This is a table of all storms in the 1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. It mentions all of the season's storms and their names, durations, peak intensities (according to the IMD storm scale), areas affected, damages, and death totals. Damage and death totals include the damage and deaths caused when that storm was a precursor wave or extratropical low, and all of the damage figures are in 1960 USD.

{{North Indian Ocean areas affected (Top)}}
|-
| One || {{Sort|01|May 10–19}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{Sort|5|Very severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{Sort|120|{{convert|120|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{sort|0974|{{convert|974|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || [[Maldives]], [[Sri Lanka|Ceylon]], [[South India]] ||align=right| {{ntsh|0}} Minimal ||align=right| {{nts|0}} ||
|-
| Two || {{Sort|02|May 26–29}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|075|{{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{sort|0988|{{convert|988|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || [[East India]], [[Northeast India]], [[East Pakistan]] ||align=right| {{ntsh|1}} Unknown ||align=right| {{nts|7}} ||
|-
| Three || {{Sort|03|June 29 – July 4}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|0|N/A}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{sort|0|N/A}} || East India, [[North India]] ||align=right| {{ntsh|1}} Unknown ||align=right| {{nts|0}} ||
|-
| Four || {{Sort|04|July 2–5}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|075|{{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{sort|0991|{{convert|991|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || [[Gujarat]] ||align=right| {{ntsh|1}} Unknown ||align=right| {{nts|35}} ||
|-
| Five || {{Sort|05|August 8–10}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|030|{{convert|30|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{sort|0996|{{convert|996|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || East India, North India ||align=right| {{ntsh|1}} Unknown ||align=right| {{nts|0}} ||
|-
| Six || {{Sort|06|August 12–20}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|045|{{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{sort|0|N/A}} || East India, Northeast India, North India ||align=right| {{ntsh|2}} Millions ||align=right| {{nts|65}} ||
|-
| Seven || {{Sort|07|August 24–28}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|0|N/A}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{sort|0|N/A}} || East India, Northeast India, North India ||align=right| {{ntsp|9240000}} ||align=right| {{ntsh|55}} >55 ||
|-
| Eight || {{Sort|08|September 24–28}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|2|Deep depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{Sort|055|{{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|DD}}|{{sort|0|N/A}} || East India, Northeast India ||align=right| {{ntsh|0}} Minimal ||align=right| {{nts|0}} ||
|-
| Nine || {{Sort|09|October 5–12}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{Sort|4|Severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{Sort|110|{{convert|110|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|SCS}}|{{sort|0986|{{convert|986|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || [[Thailand]], [[Burma]], East Pakistan, Northeast India ||align=right| {{ntsh|1}} Unknown ||align=right| {{ntsh|6000}} ~6,000 ||
|-
| Ten || {{Sort|10|October 27 – November 1}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{Sort|5|Very severe cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{Sort|150|{{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|VSCS}}|{{sort|0967|{{convert|967|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || East Pakistan, Northeast India, Burma ||align=right| {{ntsh|1}} Unknown ||align=right| {{nts|14,174}} ||
|-
| Eleven || {{Sort|11|November 7–10}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|045|{{convert|45|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{sort|0|N/A}} || [[Madras State]] ||align=right| {{ntsh|0}} None ||align=right| {{nts|0}} ||
|-
| Twelve || {{Sort|12|November 10–12}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|0|Shallow depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|0|N/A}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{sort|0|N/A}} || Ceylon, Madras State ||align=right| {{ntsh|1}} Unknown ||align=right| {{nts|5}} ||
|-
| Thirteen || {{Sort|13|November 17–23}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{Sort|3|Cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{Sort|075|{{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|0994|{{convert|994|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || None ||align=right| {{ntsh|0}} None ||align=right| {{nts|0}} ||
|-
| Fourteen || {{Sort|14|November 18–21}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{Sort|3|Cyclonic storm}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{Sort|1|N/A}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|CS}}|{{sort|0996|{{convert|996|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}}} || [[South India]] ||align=right| {{ntsh|1}} Unknown ||align=right| {{nts|0}} ||
|-
| Fifteen || {{Sort|15|November 26 – December 3}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|1|Depression}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{Sort|055|{{convert|55|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}}} || bgcolor=#{{storm colour|D}}|{{sort|0|N/A}} || [[Andaman Islands]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] ||align=right| {{ntsh|0}} None ||align=right| {{nts|0}} ||
|-
{{TC Areas affected (Bottom)|TC's=15 systems|dates=May 10 – December 3|winds={{convert|150|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}|pres={{convert|967|hPa|inHg|sigfig=4|abbr=on}}|damage=>{{ntsp|9240000}}|deaths=20,341|Refs=}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
* [[North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone]]
* [[List of tropical cyclone records]]
* [[1960 Atlantic hurricane season]]
* [[1960 Pacific hurricane season]]
* [[1960 Pacific typhoon season]]
* Australian region cyclone seasons: [[1959–60 Australian region cyclone season|1959–60]] [[1960–61 Australian region cyclone season|1960–61]]
* South Pacific cyclone seasons: [[1959–60 South Pacific cyclone season|1959–60]] [[1960–61 South Pacific cyclone season|1960–61]]
* South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons: [[1959–60 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1959–60]] [[1960–61 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season|1960–61]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150517005046/http://www.imd.gov.in/section/nhac/dynamic/cyclone.htm India Meteorological Department]
*[http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ Joint Typhoon Warning Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150809201922/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/ |date=2015-08-09 }}

{{TC Decades|Year=1960|basin=North Indian Ocean|type=cyclone}}
{{Tropical cyclone season|1960}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1960 North Indian Ocean Cyclone Season}}
[[Category:1960 North Indian Ocean cyclone season| ]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:1960 in India]]
[[Category:1960 in East Pakistan]]
[[Category:Articles which contain graphical timelines]]
[[Category:1960 disasters in India]]
[[Category:1960 disasters in Pakistan]]

List of villages in Jayal tehsil

2025-05-19T19:55:22Z

Bishnoiseries: Creating Some Location From Scratch

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
This is a list of villages located in [[Jayal]] [[Tehsil]], [[Rajasthan]] State, [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2011 |title=Primary Census Abstract Data Tables – India: Final Population Totals |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=11 July 2022 |access-date=27 April 2025 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*Aheerpura
*Ajabpura
*Akora
*Ambali
*Khidarpura
*Arsinga
*Bagrasar
*Balaji Nagar
*Barnel
*Barsuna
*Batwari
*Berasar
*Bhawla
*Bhiniyad
*Bhiniyad Chak-1(A)
*Bodind Kalan
*Bodind Khurd
*Borwa
*Boseri
*Bugarda
*Burdi
*Chawad
*Chawali
*Chhajoli
*Chhapra
*Chhawata Kalan
*Chhawata Khurd
*Danta
*Deediya Kalan
*Deediya Khurd
*[[Deh, India|Deh]]
*Dehroli
*Dhanani
*Dharna
*Dhatiyad
*Dheejpura
*Dhehari
*Dodoo
*Dotina
*Dugastau, Rajasthan
*Dugoli
*Ewad
*Firozpura
*Gadriya
*Geloli
*Gorau
*Goth
*Gugriyali
*Gujariyawas
*Gumanpura
*Gurharohili
*Hirasani
*Igyar
*Jakhan
*Jalniyasar
*Janewa (East)
*Janewa (West)
*Janwas
*[[Jayal]]
*Jhalalar
*Jhareli
*Jocheena
*Jyani
*Kachras
*Kalvi
*Kameriya
*Kangsiya
*Kasari
*Kashipura
*Kasnau
*Kathoti
*Khabariyana
*Khanpura Manjra
*Khangar
*Khara Manjra
*Khari Jodha
*Khatoo Kalan
*Kheraheerawas
*Kherat
*Khinyala
*Khinyawas
*Kishanpura
*Kunwar Khera
*Kubota
*Manglod
*Matasukh
*Meetha Manjra
*Merwas
*Moti Nagar
*Mundi
*Mundiyau
*Neem Nagar
*Nimbora
*Nokha Jodha
*Nooriyas
*Nosariya
*Pannapura
*Peendiya
*Phardod
*Piriyara
*Rajod
*Rampura-A
*Rampura-B
*Ramsar
*Ratanga
*Rohina
*[[Rol Qazian|Rol]]
*Rooniya
*Rotoo
*Sandeela
*Sedau
*Shivnagar
*Silariya
*Somana
*Soneli
*Surpaliya
*Suwadiya
*Talniyau
*Tangla
*Tangli
*Tanwara
*Tarnau
*Tatarwa
*Tatarwi
*Tejasar
*Ubasi
*Unchaira
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagaur district}}
[[Category:Rajasthan-related lists|Nagaur district, Jayal Tehsil villages]]
[[Category:Villages in Nagaur district|*]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in Rajasthan|Jayal Tehsil]]

Bitangad

2025-05-06T11:05:15Z

Bishnoiseries: cleanup

{{short description|Ancient Indian fort}}
{{Infobox Military Structure
|name = Bitangad Fort, Bitka
|partof =
|location = [[Nashik district]], [[Maharashtra]]
|image =
|caption =
|map_type=India Maharashtra#India
| map_size = 300
|map_caption = Shown within [[Maharashtra]]
|type = Hill fort
|coordinates = {{coord|19|39|13.79|N|73|47|10.11|E}}
|materials = Stone
|height = 4000 fts above msl
|used =
|condition = Ruins
|ownership = Government of India
|open_to_public = Yes
|controlledby =
}}

'''Bitangad Fort''' is a fort in [[Nashik district]] in the Igatpuri taluka in [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]].

==Location==
The fort is located about 130 km from [[Mumbai]]. The nearest town is [[Ghoti]]. The fort lies about 22 km east of the [[Ghoti]] town on [[Kalsubai]] hill range. The fort is situated near the village Taked. A short walk from the Hanuman temple at Taked leads to the base village Bitanwadi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortsandtreks.blogspot.com/2018/03/bitangad-hill-fort.html|title=Forts and Treks: Bitangad Hill fort is situated in Nashik district of Maharashtra|first=Midlime|last=Info}}</ref>

==Places to see==
This fort can be reached after an easy walk of 30mins followed by a steep rock technical climb of another half an hour from the base village Bitangad. There are no proper fortifications or bastions left on the fort except for a few rock cut caves and water cisterns.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://trekshitiz.com/trekshitiz/ei/Bitangad-Trek-B-Alpha.html|title=Bitangad, Western Ghats, Sahyadri, Adventure, Trekking|website=trekshitiz.com}}</ref>

==History==
Very little history of this fort is known. It was used as a watch tower.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{Maratha Empire}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Forts in Nashik district]]
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]