Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Jacaranda mimosifolia

2026-05-31T20:57:07Z

Birjesh Kumar: started new pg nd citations!

{{Short description|Species of sub-tropical tree}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Jacarandá-mimoso (do tupi îakarandá) - 54942878507 02.jpg
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Hills, R. |date=2020 |title=''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T32027A68135641 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T32027A68135641.en |access-date=2 April 2022}}</ref>
| genus = Jacaranda
| species = mimosifolia
| authority = [[David Don|D.Don]]<ref>{{GRIN | access-date=2008-03-09}}</ref>
| synonyms = {{Plainlist | style = margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em; |
*''Jacaranda chelonia'' Griseb.
*''Jacaranda ovalifolia'' R.Br.
*''Jacaranda acutifolia'' auct. non Humb. & Bonpl.
}}
| synonyms_ref = <ref>{{citation
|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-317311
|title=The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species
|access-date=10 September 2016}}</ref>
}}

'''''Jacaranda mimosifolia''''' is a sub-tropical tree native to south-central [[South America]] that has been widely planted elsewhere because of its attractive and long-lasting [[Violet (color)|violet-colored]] flowers. It is also known as the '''jacaranda''', '''blue jacaranda''', '''black poui''', '''Nupur''' or '''fern tree'''. Older sources call it ''J. acutifolia'', but modern authorities usually classify it as ''J. mimosifolia''. In scientific usage, the name "jacaranda" refers to the [[genus]] ''[[Jacaranda]]'', which has many other members, but in horticultural and everyday usage, it nearly always means the blue jacaranda.

In its native range in the wild, ''J. mimosifolia'' is listed as Vulnerable by the [[IUCN Red List|IUCN]].<ref name=iucn/>

==Description==
{{more citations needed section |date=April 2026}}
The tree grows to a height of up to {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>[http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb/AFTPDFS/Jacaranda_mimosifolia.PDF Agroforestry Database 4.0 (Orwa et al. 2009)]</ref> Its bark is thin and gray-brown, smooth when the tree is young but eventually becoming finely scaly. The twigs are slender and slightly zigzag; they are a light reddish-brown. The flowers are up to {{convert|5|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long, and are grouped in {{convert|30|cm|in|abbr=on|adj=on}} [[panicle]]s. They appear in spring and early summer, and last for up to two months. They are followed by woody seed pods, about {{convert|5|cm|in|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} in diameter, which contain numerous flat, winged seeds. The blue jacaranda is cultivated for the sake of its large compound leaves, even in areas where it rarely blooms. The leaves are up to {{convert|45|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and bi-pinnately compound, with leaflets little more than {{convert|1|cm|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} long. There is a white form available from nurseries.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px" mode="packed" align="center">
Image:Jacaranda1212.jpg|Tree in flower in [[Whakatāne]], New Zealand
Image:Jacaranda bhutan.jpg|Jacaranda trees in [[Bhutan]]
Image:Jacarandá-mimoso (do tupi îakarandá) - 54942861777 02.jpg|Tree in Brazil
</gallery>

The unusually shaped, tough pods, which are {{convert|2|to|3|in|cm|disp=flip|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} across, are often gathered, cleaned, and used to decorate Christmas trees and dried arrangements.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px" mode="packed" align="center">
File:Jacaranda mimosifolia fruits (opened and closed) 3.jpeg|''J. mimosifolia'' fruits
File:Jacaranda Seed Pod.jpg|A jacaranda seed pod
File:Early jacaranda sprout with second round of leaf growth (cropped).jpg|Early jacaranda sprout
</gallery>

==Wood==
[[File:Jacaranda mimosifolia00.jpg|thumb|upright|Wood]]
The wood is pale grey to whitish, straight-grained, relatively soft, and knot-free. It dries without difficulty and is often used in its green or wet state for [[turnery]] and bowl carving.

==Habitat and range==
''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' is native to southern Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, northern Argentina (Salta, Jujuy, Catamarca, and Misiones provinces), and southern Bolivia. It is found in the [[Dry Chaco]] and flooded savannas, and in the [[Southern Andean Yungas]] of the eastern [[Andes|Andean]] piedmont and inter-Andean valleys, up to 2600 meters elevation. In its native range, the tree is threatened by uncontrolled logging and clearing of land for agriculture, and is assessed as [[Vulnerable species|Vulnerable]] in the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name = iucn/>

The jacaranda is regarded as an [[invasive species]] in parts of [[South Africa]], [[Namibia]], and [[Queensland]], [[Australia]], where it can out-compete [[native species]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Jacaranda mimosifolia (Jacaranda) |url=https://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/weeds/key/weeds/Media/Html/Jacaranda_mimosifolia_(Jacaranda).htm |publisher=BioNET-EAFRINET |access-date=2021-10-30}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The taxonomic status of the blue jacaranda is unsettled. [[Integrated Taxonomic Information System|ITIS]] regards the older name, ''J. acutifolia'', as a [[synonym (biology)|synonym]] for ''J. mimosifolia''. However, some modern taxonomists maintain the distinction between these two species, regarding them as geographically distinct: ''J. acutifolia'' is endemic to Peru, while ''J. mimosifolia'' is native to [[Bolivia]] and [[Argentina]]. If this distinction is made, cultivated forms should be treated as ''J. mimosifolia'', since they are believed to derive from Argentine stock. Other synonyms for the blue jacaranda are ''J. chelonia'' and ''J. ovalifolia''. The blue jacaranda belongs to the section ''Monolobos'' of the genus ''Jacaranda''.

==Ornamental use==
The blue jacaranda has been cultivated in almost every part of the world where there is no risk of frost; established trees, however, tolerate brief spells of temperatures down to around {{convert|-7|C|F}}.<ref name="Sunset">{{cite book| title=Sunset Western Garden Book| author=Kathleen Norris Brenzel| publisher=Sunset Publishing Group| year=2007| page=415}}</ref> Even when young trees are damaged by a hard frost and suffer [[Forest dieback|dieback]], they will often rebound from the roots and grow in a shrub-like, multi-stemmed form.<ref name="Sunset"/> However, flowering and growth will be stunted if the jacaranda is grown directly on the California coast, where a lack of heat combined with cool ocean winds discourages flowering.<ref name="Sunset" />

This plant has won the [[Royal Horticultural Society]]'s [[Award of Garden Merit]].<ref name = RHSPF>{{cite web | url = https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9429/Jacaranda-mimosifolia/Details | title = ''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' | website = www.rhs.org | publisher = Royal Horticultural Society | access-date = 25 September 2020}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
[[File:New Farm Park Jacaranda-001+ (273298097).jpg|thumb|right|Jacarandas at [[New Farm Park]] in [[Brisbane]], [[Queensland]], Australia]]
Jacaranda trees were introduced to [[South Africa]] by [[Baron von Ludwig]] during the start of the botanical garden in [[Cape Town]] around 1829.<ref name=Goldbeck>{{Cite news | title=It's jacaranda time! | last=Goldbeck | first=Manfred | newspaper=[[The Namibian]] | date=17 October 2025 | page=12 | url=https://padlangsnamibia.com/padlangs-namibia/its-jacaranda-time}}</ref> [[Pretoria]], the administrative capital of [[South Africa]], is popularly known as ''Jacaranda City'' because of the large number of trees; It is estimated that Pretoria and surroundings are home to more than 65,000 of them.<ref>{{Cite web | title=Jacaranda: Jacaranda mimosifolia | last1=le Roux | first1=Arni | last2=Venter | first2=Tamara | publisher=[[University of Pretoria]] | year=2022 | url=https://www.up.ac.za/botanical-garden/article/3108004/jacaranda-jacaranda-mimosifolia | accessdate=18 October 2025}}</ref> Jacaranda trees turn the city blue and purple when they flower in spring. The jacaranda trees, far from their native South Central South America (southern Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina, and southern Bolivia), bloom every October. [[Water scarcity]] has South Africa trying to eradicate foreign species of plants and trees, including the jacaranda. Acknowledging the tree's popularity with locals, the government announced in the early 2000s that it would not remove the trees, but banned the planting of new ones.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0803/p7s1.html|title = South Africa's deep-rooted problem: Unwelcome trees|journal = Christian Science Monitor|date = 3 August 2001}}</ref> By 2016, this decision was reversed, and jacarandas were again allowed to be planted in urban environments in some provinces.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Import |first=Pongrass |date=2019-11-13 |title=Confusion over jacarandas |url=https://rosebankkillarneygazette.co.za/264799/confusion-over-jacarandas/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Rosebank Killarney Gazette |language=en-US}}</ref>

[[File:"Under the Jacaranda" by R Godfrey Rivers - Queensland Art Gallery - Joy of Museums - 2.jpg|thumb|left|Jacaranda in [[City Botanic Gardens]] [[Brisbane]], painted by [[Richard Godfrey Rivers]] in 1903]]The first jacaranda bloomed in [[Sydney]], Australia, in about 1850. An 1865 report mentioned that Sydneysiders were visiting the [[Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney|Botanic Garden]] to see the tree's "luxuriant blossom". This tree was over 175 years old {{asof|2023|lc=y}}, and protected by ropes to prevent it from falling apart.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Power |first=Julie |date=2023-10-20 |title=Sydney's lesser known jacaranda hotspots and why trees are good for your health |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/sydney-s-lesser-known-jacaranda-hotspots-and-why-trees-are-good-for-your-health-20231017-p5ed05.html |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> In the early 20th Century, Margaret Fell, wife of [[John Fell (industrialist)|John Fell]], was significant in boosting the popularity of jacarandas. Many of the trees in the avenue of jacarandas, at [[Grafton, New South Wales|Grafton]], were grown from seed of the trees that she grew in the garden of the Fells' home, 'Rostrevor', at [[Northwood, New South Wales|Northwood]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=1937-12-15 |title=JACARANDA TREE |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article194419989 |access-date=2022-04-19 |work=Daily Examiner |page=9}}</ref>

Jacarandas were first introduced to [[Brisbane]] in 1864, and there are guided tours of the best locations to view the flowers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kruk |first=Courtney |date=2023-10-12 |title=Our relationship with jacarandas runs deeper than what meets the eye |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/queensland/our-relationship-with-jacarandas-runs-deeper-than-what-meets-the-eye-20231010-p5eb0l.html |access-date=2023-10-23 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> The city of [[Grafton, New South Wales|Grafton]] on the north coast of [[New South Wales]] has a jacaranda festival each year in late October and early November.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jacarandafestival.org.au/ |title= Jacaranda Festival Grafton |access-date= 2016-09-14 |archive-date= 2010-09-21 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100921223739/http://www.jacarandafestival.org.au/ }}</ref>

In the [[United States]], the jacaranda is grown extensively in [[California]], the [[southwestern United States|Southwest]], southeast [[Texas]] and [[Florida]].<ref name="Fact sheet">{{cite web|author=Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2|date=November 1993|title=Jacaranda Mimosifolia Fact Sheet|url=https://hort.ifas.ufl.edu/database/documents/pdf/tree_fact_sheets/jacmima.pdf|access-date=2019-02-21|publisher=hort.ifas.ufl.edu}}</ref> Jacaranda can be found throughout most of [[Southern California]], where they were imported by the horticulturalist [[Kate Sessions]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Howser|first=Huell|title=#15006 Jacaranda|url=http://www.calgold.com/calgold/|newspaper=California's Gold|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112233530/http://www.calgold.com/calgold/|archive-date=2013-01-12}}</ref> Sessions is credited with importing and popularizing the jacaranda in San Diego.<ref name="Chr18">Christman (1985), p. 18.</ref> They are also planted as far north as the [[San Francisco Bay Area]] and along the frost-free coastal regions of [[Northern California]].<ref name="Fact sheet" /><ref>{{cite news|author=Buzz Bertolero|date=2006-10-06|title=Jacaranda trees growing in popularity in Bay Area|publisher=East Bay Times|url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/2006/10/07/jacaranda-trees-growing-in-popularity-in-bay-area/|access-date=2019-02-21}}</ref> In San Francisco, they can only be grown in the city's warmest [[Microclimate|microclimates]], such as [[Potrero Hill]] and the [[Mission District, San Francisco|Mission District]].<ref>{{cite book| title=Trees of San Francisco| author=Michael Sullivan| publisher=Wilderness Press| year=2013| page=44}}</ref>

It is one of the most common trees in Argentina's capital city, [[Buenos Aires]].<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/lifestyle/jacaranda-asi-es-arbol-tine-cubre-ciudad-nid2187175 La Nación - August 28th, 2019]</ref> Jacarandas can also be found in many parts of [[Mexico City]] and are usually in full bloom in March.{{cn|date=December 2023}}

In Europe the jacaranda is grown on the Mediterranean coast of [[Spain]] (it is prominent in the [[Valencian Community]], the [[Balearic Islands]] and [[Andalusia]], with especially large specimens present in [[Valencia]], [[Alicante]] and [[Seville]], and usually with earlier flowering than in the rest of Europe), in southern [[Portugal]] (notably in [[Lisbon]]), southern [[Italy]] ([[Naples]] and [[Cagliari]] have many mature specimens), southern Greece (especially [[Athens]]) and the islands of [[Malta]] and [[Cyprus]].{{citation needed|date=February 2019}}

Jacarandas are also common in other cities across [[Southern Africa]]. They were introduced to [[Cape Town]]; then [[Johannesburg]]; [[Windhoek]], [[Namibia]]; [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]]; [[Gaborone]], [[Botswana]]; [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]]; and [[Harare]], [[Zimbabwe]]. Beyond the region, Jacaranda are also cultivated in [[Kathmandu]], the capital of [[Nepal]] and [[Maharashtra]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], and [[Jharkhand]] states in [[India]]. They are also a common sight in [[Israel]], mainly in the towns and cities of the coastal plain. As mentioned above, the trees are best associated with spring in the cities of Pretoria and Harare, the respective capitals of South Africa and Zimbabwe.
[[File:SĦAlim.jpg|thumb|Specimen in Israel]]

==In popular culture==
[[Jacaranda FM]], a South African radio station in [[Midrand]], is named after the Jacaranda tree.<ref name=Goldbeck/>

The Australian [[Christmas]] song "[[Christmas Where the Gum Trees Grow]]" refers to jacaranda trees, as the blooms are only seen in summer time—as the song explains, "When the bloom of the jacaranda tree is here, Christmas time is near".<ref>{{cite web |title=CHRISTMAS WHERE THE GUM TREES GROW - Lyrics |url=http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/xmas/christmaswherethegumtreesgrow.shtml |publisher=International Lyrics Playground |access-date=June 16, 2022}}</ref>

The movie musical ''[[Encanto]]'', set in Colombia, references the plant in the song "[[What Else Can I Do? (Stephanie Beatriz and Diane Guerrero song)|What Else Can I Do]]". [[Isabela Madrigal]] explores her plant-summoning powers, she creates, and mentions by line, "a hurricane of jacarandas".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diane Guerrero & Stephanie Beatriz – What Else Can I Do?|url=https://genius.com/Diane-guerrero-and-stephanie-beatriz-what-else-can-i-do-lyrics|access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>

References to the jacaranda plant recur in the musical work of [[Trevor Rabin]], providing the title of his [[Jacaranda (Trevor Rabin album)|2012 solo album]] and also appearing in the lyrics of "I'm Running", a song which he co-wrote and performed as part of [[Yes (band)|Yes]] and which appeared on their 1987 album ''[[Big Generator]]''. The plant has also lent its name to his home studio, The Jacaranda Room.

In [[Argentina]], [[María Elena Walsh]] dedicated her song "Canción del Jacarandá" to the tree. Writer [[Alejandro Dolina]], in his book ''Crónicas del Ángel Gris'' (''Chronicles of the Gray Angel''), tells the legend of a massive ''jacarandá'' tree, planted in Plaza Flores in [[Buenos Aires]], that was able to whistle [[tango (music)|tango]] songs on demand. Miguel Brascó's folk song "Santafesino de veras" mentions the aroma of ''jacarandá'' as a defining feature of the littoral [[Santa Fe Province]] (along with the [[willow]]s growing by the rivers).

[[Jorge Drexler]]'s song, "Un Lugar En Tu Almohada" mentions the tree in the line, "...Una cascada azul, Como la sombra de un jacarandá..."
===Exam folklore===
[[File:Buenos Aires - Avenida Santa Fe entre Maipú y Esmeralda.jpg|200px|left|thumb|Jacarandas in [[Avenida Santa Fe]], [[Buenos Aires]]. Its blooms were popularly associated with exam time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-37819712|title=Australians mourn tree that 'failed' university students|date=2016-10-31 |publisher=BBC News|language=en-GB |access-date=2016-10-31}}</ref> The tree collapsed in October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://sydney.edu.au/news-opinion/news/2016/10/29/university-community-mourns-jacaranda-tree-collapse.html |title=University community mourns jacaranda tree collapse |publisher=The University of Sydney|access-date=2016-11-06}}</ref>]]

The [[University of Queensland]] in [[Brisbane]] is particularly well known for its ornamental jacarandas, and a common maxim among students holds that the blooming of the jacarandas signals the time for serious study for end-of-year exams; the jacaranda when in bloom is also known as the '''exam tree'''.<ref name=":0">[http://www.uq.edu.au/centenary/jacaranda-and-sandstone UQ Centenary 2010 - Jacaranda and Sandstone]</ref><ref name="tc" /> '''Purple panic''' is a term used by students in south-east [[Queensland]] for student stress during the period of late spring and early summer. The "purple" refers to the flowers of Jacaranda trees, which bloom at that time and have been extensively planted throughout that district. The "panic" refers to the need to complete assignments and study for final exams.<ref name="tc">{{cite web |url=http://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/jacarandas-signal-purple-panic/398281/ |title=Jacarandas signal 'purple panic' |work=The Chronicle |access-date=29 February 2016 |archive-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030174431/https://www.thechronicle.com.au/news/jacarandas-signal-purple-panic/398281/ }}</ref>

There is a similar maxim concerning the [[Jacaranda, University of Sydney|jacaranda at the University of Sydney]], in the [[University of Sydney Quadrangle|main quadrangle]], which was planted by [[Eben Gowrie Waterhouse#Landscape and garden| E.G. Waterhouse]] in 1928.

Conversely, while the time of year the jacarandas bloom in Pretoria coincides with the year-end exams at the [[University of Pretoria]], legend has it that if a flower from a jacaranda drops on a student's head, the student will pass all their exams.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sapeople.com/2014/10/27/jacarandas-bloom-exams-start-south-africa/ |title=It's Purple Paradise as Jacarandas Bloom & Exams start soon! |publisher=SA people NEWS |access-date=29 February 2016|date=2014-10-27 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://showme.co.za/pretoria/tourism/the-jacaranda-city/ |title=The Jacaranda City |publisher=ShowMe South Africa |access-date=29 February 2016}}</ref>

{{Clear|left}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Jacaranda mimosifolia}}
* {{cite iucn |author=Hills, R. |date=2020 |title=''Jacaranda mimosifolia'' |volume=2020 |article-number=e.T32027A68135641 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T32027A68135641.en |access-date=12 November 2021}} Listed as Vulnerable (VU B1+2ac v2.3){{AfricanPlants|Jacaranda mimosifolia}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q838818}}

[[Category:Jacaranda|mimosifolia]]
[[Category:Medicinal plants]]
[[Category:Ornamental trees]]
[[Category:Trees of Argentina]]
[[Category:Trees of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Trees of Brazil]]
[[Category:Trees of temperate climates]]
[[Category:Vulnerable plants]]
[[Category:Trees of mild maritime climate]]
[[Category:Gran Chaco]]

Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency

2026-05-08T04:39:06Z

Birjesh Kumar: started a entry

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Kerala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
|name = Alappuzha {{Small|KL-14}}
|map_image = Alappuzha Lok Sabha Constituency.jpg
|map_caption = Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency
|established = 1962
|reservation = None
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|mp = [[K. C. Venugopal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
|state = [[Kerala]]
|assembly_cons = [[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]] [[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]] [[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]] [[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]] [[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]] [[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]] [[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]]
}}
'''Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 20 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Kerala]] state in southern [[India]].

==Assembly segments==

Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-20
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085443/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=30 October 2008
|url-status=dead
}}</ref>
{|class ="wikitable sortable"
|-
!No
! Name
!District
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
!colspan=2|2024 Lead
|-
|102
|[[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
|rowspan=6|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]
|[[Daleema]]
|{{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|103
|[[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
|[[P. Prasad]]
|-
|104
|[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|[[P. P. Chitharanjan]]
|-
|105
|[[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
|[[H. Salam]]
|-
|106
|[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
|[[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|108
|[[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]
|[[M. Liju]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|116
|[[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]]
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]
|[[C. R. Mahesh]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

Former Assembly Segments

*[[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
*[[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
*Mararikulam (Former)
*[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
*[[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
*[[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]]
*[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]

After the Delimitation [[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]] and [[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]] were added & [[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]] were moved to Mavelikkara Loksabha Constituency.

== Members of Parliament ==
'''As Alleppey in [[Travancore-Cochin]]'''
{{Pie chart
|value1=47.05
|value2=29.41
|value3=17.64
|value4=5.88
|label1=[[Indian National Congress|'''INC '''(8 Times)]]
|label2=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|'''CPI(M)''' (5 Times)]]
|label3=[[Communist Party of India|'''CPI''' (3 Times)]]
|label4=[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|'''RSP''' (1 Times)]]
|color1={{party color|Indian National Congress}}
|color2={{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|color3={{party color|Communist Party of India}}
|color4={{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|caption=Most Successful parties from Alappuzha Lok Sabha}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[1st Lok Sabha|1st]]
|[[P.T. Punnoose]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|1952-1957
|-
|}

'''As Ambalappuzha'''

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]]
|[[P.T. Punnoose]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Communist Party of India}}" |
|rowspan=2 |[[Communist Party of India]]
|1957-1962
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|[[3rd Lok Sabha|3rd]]
|[[P. K. Vasudevan Nair]]
|1962-1967
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[4th Lok Sabha|4th]]
|[[Susheela Gopalan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|1967-1971
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[5th Lok Sabha|5th]]
|K. Balakrishnan
|{{Full party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|1971-1977
|-
|}

'''As Alappuzha'''

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! Election
! Lok Sabha
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! Tenure
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[6th Lok Sabha|6th]]
|[[V. M. Sudheeran]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|1977-1980
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[7th Lok Sabha|7th]]
|[[Susheela Gopalan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|1980-1984
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[8th Lok Sabha|8th]]
|rowspan=2 |[[Vakkom Purushothaman]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2 |[[Indian National Congress]]
|1984-1989
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[9th Lok Sabha|9th]]
|1989-1991
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[10th Lok Sabha|10th]]
|[[T. J. Anjalose]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|1991-1996
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|rowspan=3 |[[V. M. Sudheeran]]
| rowspan="3" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=3 |[[Indian National Congress]]
|1996-1998
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|1998-1999
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|1999-2004
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|[[K. S. Manoj]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|2004-2009
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|rowspan=2 |[[K. C. Venugopal]]
| rowspan="2" width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2 |[[Indian National Congress]]
|2009-2014
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|2014-2019
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|[[A. M. Ariff]]
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|dab=yes}}
|2019-2024
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|[[K. C. Venugopal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|''Incumbent''
|-
|}

==Election results==
===General Election 2024 ===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Alappuzha]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[K.C. Venugopal]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=4,04,560|percentage=38.21|change={{decrease}}1.80}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[A. M. Ariff]]|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|votes=3,41,047|percentage=32.21|change={{decrease}}8.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Sobha Surendran]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=2,99,648|percentage=28.30|change={{increase}}11.06}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=7,365|percentage=0.70|change={{up}}0.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Muraleedharan Koncherillam|votes=1,626|percentage=0.15|change={{decrease}}0.07}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=R. Arjunan|votes=1,319|percentage=0.12|change={{increase}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Adv. K. M. Shahjahan|votes=682|percentage=0.06|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Vayalar Rajeevan|votes=675|percentage=0.06|change=0}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Shahjahan V. A.|votes=576|percentage=0.05|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Satheesh Shenoi|votes=482|percentage=0.05|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Jayakrishnan P.|votes=385|percentage=0.04|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Independent|candidate=Jyothi Abraham|votes=338|percentage=0.03|change=-}}
{{Election box majority||votes=63,513|percentage=6.00|change={{up}}5.04}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=10,68,949|percentage=75.99|change={{decrease}}4.36}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2024)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|102
|[[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|11,016
|-
|103
|[[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|843
|-
|104
|[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|18,418
|-
|105
|[[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|14,555
|-
|107
|[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|1,345
|-
|108
|[[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|1,441
|-
|116
|[[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|8,925
|}

===General election 2019===
According to Election Commission, there are 13,14,535 registered voters in Alappuzha Constituency for 2019 Lok Sabha Election.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-alappuzha-constituency-live-results.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422180520/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-alappuzha-constituency-live-results.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=22 April 2019|title=2019 General Election Alappuzha Constituency Live Results|first=Abdul Basheer V.|last=K}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Alappuzha]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[A. M. Ariff]]
|votes = 4,45,981
|percentage = 40.96
|change = {{decrease}}3.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Shanimol Usman]]
|votes = 4,35,496
|percentage = 40.00
|change = {{decrease}}6.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[K. S. Radhakrishnan | Dr. K. S. Radhakrishnan]]
|votes = 1,87,729
|percentage = 17.24
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,065
|percentage = 0.56
|change = {{decrease}}0.58
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Social Democratic Party of India
|candidate = K. S. Shan
|votes = 3,595
|percentage = 0.33
|change = {{decrease}}0.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Adv. Prashant Bhim
|votes = 2,431
|percentage = 0.22
|change = {{decrease}}0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Ambedkarite Party of India
|candidate = A. Akhilesh
|votes = 1,782
|percentage = 0.16
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Peoples Democratic Party (India)
|candidate = Varkala Raj
|votes = 1,689
|percentage = 0.15
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = R. Parthasarathy Varma
|votes = 1,113
|percentage = 0.10
|change = {{decrease}}0.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Satheesh Shenoi
|votes = 783
|percentage = 0.07
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Santhosh Thuravoor
|votes = 749
|percentage = 0.07
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Vayalar Rajeevan
|votes = 696
|percentage = 0.06
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| |party = Independent
|candidate = Thahir
|votes = 571
|percentage = 0.05
|change = -
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 10,474
|percentage = 0.96
|change = {{decrease}}0.99
}}
{{Election box turnout
| |votes = 10,90,112
|percentage = 80.35
|change = {{increase}}1.50
}}

{{Election box gain with party link
| |winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2019)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|102
|[[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|648
|-
|103
|[[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|CPI(M)
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|16,895
|-
|104
|[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|69
|-
|105
|[[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|638
|-
|107
|[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|5,844
|-
|108
|[[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|CPI(M)
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|4,297
|-
|116
|[[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|4,780
|}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Alappuzha]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[K.C. Venugopal]]|votes=462,525|percentage=46.31|change={{decrease}}5.31}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=C.B. Chandrababu|votes=4,43,118|percentage=44.37|change={{decrease}}0.90}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Revolutionary Socialist Party (Bolshevik)|candidate=[[A.V. Thamarakshan]]|votes=43,051|percentage=4.31|change={{up}}2.11}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=11,338|percentage=1.14|change=---}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Thulaseedharan Pallikkal|votes=10,993|percentage=1.10|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=D. Mohanan|votes=9,414|percentage=0.94|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Adv. M. A. Bindu|votes=5,921|percentage=0.60|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=P. V. Natesan|votes=3,385|percentage=0.34|change={{decrease}}0.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Venugopal P. C.|votes=3,149|percentage=0.31|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Chandrababu G.|votes=1,615|percentage=0.16|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=T. S. Balakrishnan|votes=1,363|percentage=0.14|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=S. B. Basheer|votes=709|percentage=0.07|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Jayachandran Sarasamma|votes=481|percentage=0.05|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=M. M. Paulose|votes=402|percentage=0.04|change=N/A}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 19,407
|percentage = 1.95
|change = {{decrease}}4.40
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,97,464|percentage=78.85|change={{decrease}}0.55}}

{{Election box hold with party link
| |winner = Indian National Congress

|swing = {{decrease}}5.31
}}

{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2014)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|102
|[[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|963
|-
|103
|[[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|1,349
|-
|104
|[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|7,699
|-
|105
|[[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|3,237
|-
|107
|[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|8,865
|-
|108
|[[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|CPI(M)
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|3,286
|-
|116
|[[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|703
|}

===General election 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Alappuzha]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[K.C. Venugopal]]|votes=468,679|percentage=51.44|change={{increase}}5.50}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Dr. K. S. Manoj]]|votes=4,11,044|percentage=45.11|change={{decrease}}0.96}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||party=National Democratic Alliance|candidate=Sony P. Kalyankumar|votes=19,711|percentage=2.20|change={{decrease}}3.83}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. S. Prasad|votes=4,813|percentage=0.53|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=S. Seethilal|votes=2,705|percentage=0.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=P. J. Kurian|votes=1,025|percentage=0.11|change={{decrease}}0.25}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 57,635
|percentage = 6.33
|change ={{increase}}6.19
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=9,11,120|percentage=79.42|change={{increase}}4.42}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing = {{increase}}5.50
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2009)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|102
|[[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|10,689
|-
|103
|[[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|7,535
|-
|104
|[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|15,903
|-
|105
|[[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|11,737
|-
|107
|[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|5,958
|-
|108
|[[Kayamkulam (State Assembly constituency)|Kayamkulam]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|2,959
|-
|116
|[[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|3,010
|}

===General election 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Alappuzha]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Dr. K. S. Manoj]]|votes=335,494|percentage=46.07|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[V. M. Sudheeran]]|votes=3,34,485|percentage=45.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=BJP|candidate=Adv. V. Padmanabhan|votes=43,891|percentage=6.03|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=V. S. Sudheeran|votes=8,282|percentage=1.14|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Dal (United)|candidate=P. J. Kurian|votes=2,642|percentage=0.36|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=V. I. Bose|votes=2,291|percentage=0.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Parthasarathy Varma|votes=2,024|percentage=0.28|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=T. A. Krishnankutty|votes=987|percentage=0.13|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory
| |votes = 1,009
|percentage = 0.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=7,28,156 |percentage=75.00|change=}}

{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = CPI(M)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (2004)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|97
|[[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|7,615
|-
|98
|[[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|CPI(M)
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|1,822
|-
|99
|Mararikkulam
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|CPI(M)
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|7,423
|-
|100
|[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|1,489
|-
|101
|[[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|CPI(M)
|style="background:{{party color|CPI(M)}} ; color:white;"|2,835
|-
|102
|[[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|1,003
|-
|103
|[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|1,243
|}

===General Election 1999===

{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general elections]]: [[Alappuzha]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[V. M. Sudheeran]]
|votes = 3,92,700
|percentage = 49.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = CPI(M)
|candidate = Muralidharan Pillai
|votes = 3,57,606
|percentage = 45.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = T. Parameswaran Nair
|votes = 27,682
|percentage = 3.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Democratic Labour Party (Kerala)
|candidate = K. M. Balanandan
|votes = 6,422
|percentage = 0.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
|candidate = C. K. Sajeev
|votes = 2,218
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|candidate = Mini K. Philip
|votes = 947
|percentage = 0.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Niranam Rajan
|votes = 695
|percentage = 0.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = 506
|percentage = 0.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 35,094
|percentage = 4.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,88,766
|percentage = 76.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = CPI(M)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

'''By Assembly Segments (1999)'''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! No.
! Constituency
! Party
! Lead
|-
|97
|[[Aroor (State Assembly constituency)|Aroor]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|9,428
|-
|98
|[[Cherthala (State Assembly constituency)|Cherthala]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|3,223
|-
|99
|Mararikkulam
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|2,084
|-
|100
|[[Alappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Alappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|14,044
|-
|101
|[[Ambalappuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Ambalappuzha]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|3,865
|-
|102
|[[Kuttanad (State Assembly constituency)|Kuttanad]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|599
|-
|103
|[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]]
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|INC
|style="background:{{party color|INC}} ; color:white;"|1,141
|}

==See also==
* [[Alappuzha]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Indian general election, 2014 (Kerala)]]
* [[2014 Indian general election]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218010942/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp Election Commission India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110908165639/http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3782&Itemid=3022 DELIMITATION OF CONSTITUENCY-2008]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20190422180520/https://www.indiancrux.info/2019/04/2019-general-election-alappuzha-constituency-live-results.html 2019 General Election Alappuzha Constituency Live Results]}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Kerala}}

{{coord|9.51|76.34|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alappuzha (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Kerala]]
[[Category:Politics of Alappuzha district]]

Rural Development Trust Stadium

2026-05-04T17:17:39Z

Birjesh Kumar: started first entry nd citations - done

{{Short description|Cricket ground}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Rural Development Trust Stadium
| nickname =
| image =
| caption =
| country = India

| location = [[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.6388|77.6198|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| map =
| establishment = 2004
| demolished =
| last used = 2018
| seating_capacity = 5,000
| owner = Rural Development Trust
| architect =
| contractor =
| operator = Rural Development Trust
| tenants = [[Andhra cricket team]]

| date = 9 April
| year = 2023
| source = https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57878.html Cricinfo
}}

'''Rural Development Trust Stadium''' is a [[cricket]] ground in [[Anantapur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/2266.html | title=Rural Development Trust Stadium | publisher=CricketArchive | accessdate=9 April 2023}}</ref> The stadium comes with all necessary modern facilities, having been built and maintained by the Rural Development Trust.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/57878.html#Profile | title=Ground Profile: Rural Development Trust Stadium | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=9 April 2023}}</ref> It was used as the home ground for [[Andhra cricket team]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Cricket basks in the badlands |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/554214.html |accessdate=9 April 2023 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The first recorded match on this ground was played between Andhra and [[Railways cricket team|Railways]], on 22 December 2004 in the [[2004–05 Ranji Trophy]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/2266_f.html | title=First-class matches played on Rural Development Trust Stadium | publisher=CricketArchive | accessdate=9 April 2023}}</ref> It hosted [[Ranji Trophy]] matches between 2004 and 2018.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/2266_rt.html | title=Ranji Trophy matches played on Rural Development Trust Stadium | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=9 April 2023}}</ref> It had also hosted [[List A cricket|Women's List A]] matches in the [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] in 2007 and 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/2266_wa.html | title=Women's List A matches played on Rural Development Trust Stadium | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=9 April 2023}}</ref> Annual school competitions are also held at this ground.<ref>{{cite web |title=It takes a district |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/nikita-bastian-watches-anantapur-s-rural-district-tournament-650649 |accessdate=9 April 2023 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/2266.html Rural Development Trust Stadium] at [[CricketArchive]]

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Anantapur district]]

{{India-cricket-ground-stub}}

Vayu Vajra

2026-05-02T14:02:32Z

Birjesh Kumar:

{{Short description|Indian public bus transportation service in Bengaluru}}{{Distinguish|Vajra Bus,BMTC}}{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox bus company
| name = Vayu Vajra
| logo = Vayu Vajra Logo.jpg
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| image = Vayu Vajra 2.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| image_caption = Vayu Vajra bus in front of [[Kempegowda Bus Station]], Majestic, Bengaluru
| parent = [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation]]
| founded = 
| commenced =
| headquarters = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| locale =
| service_area = Bengaluru
| service_type = [[Air condition|AC]] [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]],[[Switch Mobility|Switch]] bus
| alliance =
| routes =
| stops = [[Kempegowda International Airport]]
| destinations =
| hubs =
| stations =
| lounge =
| depots = Kamakya etc.
| fleet =
| ridership = 
| annual_ridership =
| fuel_type = [[Diesel fuel|Diesel]],[[Electric vehicle|Electric]]
| operator = Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation
| ceo =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| website = {{URL |https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Airport+Vayu+vajra+Services/en}}
| map =
| map_name =
| map_state = 
}}
'''Vayu Vajra''' ({{Translation|Air diamond}}) is a series of public bus owned by the [[Government of Karnataka]]'s public road transport department [[Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation|BMTC]], in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Skeletal Vayu Vajra service from Wednesday to Bengaluru aiport [sic]|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/apr/28/skeletal-vayu-vajra-service-from-wednesday-to-bengaluru-aiport-2295763.html |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=The New Indian Express |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |location=India |archive-date=2021-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928171445/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/apr/28/skeletal-vayu-vajra-service-from-wednesday-to-bengaluru-aiport-2295763.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=Now you can book seats in Vayu Vajra online |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/now-you-can-book-seats-in-vayu-vajra-online-924288.html |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=Deccan Herald |publisher=[[Deccan Herald]] |location=India |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207032739/https://www.deccanherald.com/city/bengaluru-infrastructure/now-you-can-book-seats-in-vayu-vajra-online-924288.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-19 |title=Lukewarm response to Vayu Vajra online booking service |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/lukewarm-response-to-vayu-vajra-online-booking-service/article34102427.ece |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=The Hindu |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |location=India |archive-date=2021-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324143337/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/lukewarm-response-to-vayu-vajra-online-booking-service/article34102427.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru opens up to transport: 23 Vayu Vajra buses to take passengers to Kempegowda Airport |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/article/bengaluru-23-vayu-vajra-buses-to-take-passengers-to-kempegowda-international-airport/600611 |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=www.timesnownews.com |publisher=[[Times Now]] |location=India |language=en |archive-date=2021-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928171426/https://www.timesnownews.com/bengaluru/article/bengaluru-23-vayu-vajra-buses-to-take-passengers-to-kempegowda-international-airport/600611 |url-status=live }}</ref> They are [[air condition]]ed [[Volvo Buses|Volvo buses]] colored blue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-07 |title=BMTC Vayu Vajra AC Volvo buses: Full route map, timings of Bengaluru International Airport shuttle bus services |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bmtc-vayu-vajra-ac-volvo-buses-full-route-map-timings-bengaluru-international-airport-bus-services-5878070/ |access-date=2021-09-28 |website=The Indian Express |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |location=India |language=en |archive-date=2021-01-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109110131/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bmtc-vayu-vajra-ac-volvo-buses-full-route-map-timings-bengaluru-international-airport-bus-services-5878070/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The buses carry people from the city centre to the [[Kempegowda International Airport]], located in the suburban village of [[Devanahalli]].

{{Multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=350|align=left
|image1 = Kamakya Bus Depo (3), Bengaluru.jpg
|width1 = 250px
|image2 = Volvo 8400 inside.jpg
|width2 = 300px
|footer = (L–R) Vayu Vajra buses in [[bus garage|bus depot]] 13, Kamakya, Bengaluru, Interior of a Vayu Vajra bus
}} {{-}}
[[File:Bangalore Bus.JPG|thumb|center|Old Vayu Vajra bus]]

== Routes ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Serial number
!Route Number
!Service Start Place in the city
!Via
!Journey Time
|-
|1
|KIA 4
|HAL Main Gate
|
* Hebbala
* Mekheri Circle
* Jayachamarajendra Nagara
* Halasuru Lake
* Indiranagara KFC
|1 hour 50 minutes
|-
|2
|KIA 4A
|Whitefield TTMC (Vydehi Hospital)
|
* Air Force Station Yelahanka
* Hebbala
* Mekheri Circle
* Jayachamarajendra Nagara
* [[Halasuru Lake]]
* Indiranagara KFC
* HAL
* [[Marathahalli]] Bridge
* Kundalahalli Gate
* CMRIT
* Graphite India
|2 hours
|-
|3
|KIA 5
|[[Banashankari]]
|
* Hebbala
* Mekheri Circle
* Mahatma Gandhi Road
* Shantinagara TTMC
* Jayanagara 4th Block
* Jayaprakash Nagara 6th Phase
|1 hour 50 minutes
|-
|4
|KIA 5D
|Brigade Meadows, Kanakapura Road
|
* Hebbala
* Mekheri Circle
* Mahatma Gandhi Road
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee TTMC (Shantinagara TTMC)
* Jayanagara 4th Block
|2 hours 20 minutes
|-
|5
|KIA 6
| rowspan=''2''|Kadugodi Bus Station
|
* Hebbala
* Mahatma Gandhi Road
* Marathahalli
* Whitefield
* Hope Farm
|2 hours
|-
|6
|KIA 6A
|Kadugodi Bus Station
|
* [[Hebbala]]
* Tin Factory Junction
* [[Krishnarajapura]]
* [[Garudacharapalya]]
* [[Hoodi]] Circle
* [[ITPL]]
* Hope Farm
|2 hours
|-
|7
|KIA 7
|HSR KEB Junction
|
* Guttahalli
* Indian Express
* Atal Bihari Vajpayee TTMC (Shantinagara TTMC)
* Checkpost
* Koramangala Water Tank
* Jakkasandra
|1 hour 50 minutes
|-
|8
|KIA 7A
|HSR BDA Complex
|
* Hebbala
* Mekheri Circle
* Shivajinagara Bus Station
* Mahatma Gandhi Road
* Jakkasandra
|1 hour 50 minutes
|-
|9
|KIA 8
|[[Electronic City]]
|
* Hebbala
* Tin Factory Junction
* Marathahalli Bridge
* Central Silk Board
|2 hours
|-
|10
|KIA 8A
|Kuvempunagara
|
* Hebbala
* Tin Factory Junction
* Marathahalli Bridge
* Central Silk Board
|2 hours
|-
|11
|KIA 8C
|[[Chandapura]]
|
* Hebbala
* Tin Factory Junction
* Marathahalli Bridge
* Central Silk Board
|3 hours
|-
|12
|KIA 8E
|[[Electronic City]] Wipro Back Gate
|
* Bagaluru
* Byrathi Bande
* Tin Factory Junction
* Marathahalli Bridge
* Central Silk Board
|2 hours 10 minutes
|-
|13
|KIA 8D
|Sarjapura Wipro Campus
|
* Hebbala
* Tin Factory Junction
* Marathahalli Bridge
|3 hours
|-
|14
|KIA 9
|[[Kempegowda Bus Station]]
|
* Hebbala
* Mekheri Circle
* Shivananda Circle
|1 hour
|-
|15
|KIA 9H
|[[Hebbala]]
|
* Hunusamaranahalli
* Kogilu Cross
* Esteem Mall
|1 hour
|-
|16
|KIA 10
|[[Mysuru Road Bus Station]]
|
* Hebbala
* [[Yeshavanthapura]]
* West of Chord Road
* [[Vijayanagara]]
|1 hour 45 minutes
|-
|17
|KIA 14
|Royal Meenakshi Mall
|
* [[Hebbala]]
* Mekheri Circle
* [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee TTMC]] (Shantinagara TTMC)
* [[Bilekahalli]]
*[[Arekere]]
*[[Hulimavu]]
|1 hour 50 minutes
|-
|18
|KIA 15
|[[Whitefield]] TTMC (Vydehi Hospital)
|
* Beguru
* Singahalli Cross
* Yelahanka
* Budigere
* Khaji Sonnenahalli
* Kadugodi
* Hope Farm
* ITPL
|1 hour 45 minutes
|-
|19
|KIA 15A
|Whitefield TTMC (Vydehi Hospital)
|
* Beguru
* Singahalli Cross
* [[Yelahanka]]
* Budigere
* Khaji Sonnenahalli
* [[Kadugodi]]
* [[Varthur]] Kodi
* [[Kundalahalli]]
* Graphite India
|2 hours
|-
|20
|KIA 17
|BEML Layout 5th Stage
|
* Hebbala
* Goraguntapalya
* Summanahalli
* [[Nayandahalli]]
* [[Rajarajeshwari Nagar]]
|2 hours
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://mybmtc.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Airport+Vayu+vajra+Services/en Official website]

{{Bangalore topics|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Bus transport in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Transport in Bengaluru]]

Putlur railway station

2026-04-30T00:37:13Z

Birjesh Kumar: started new stub initial version

{{Short description|Railway station in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{one source|date=February 2019}}
{{third-party|date=February 2019}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Putlur
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railways]] and [[Chennai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Putlur station suburban platform 01.jpg
| image_caption = Putlur railway station in June 2024
| address = [[Putlur]], [[Tiruvallur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|13|6|46|N|79|56|24|E|display=inline}}
| mapframe-marker = rail
| mapframe-marker-color = #FF3210
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| map_state = collapsed
| line = [[West Line, Chennai Suburban|West]], [[West North Line, Chennai Suburban|West North]] and [[West South Line, Chennai Suburban|West South]] lines of [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform =
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks =
| parking =
| bicycle =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = 29 November 1979<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification"/>
| accessible =
| code = PTLR
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Southern Railway (India)|Southern Railways]]
| former = South Indian Railway
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{adjacent stations|system1=Chennai Suburban|line1=West|left1=Tiruvallur|to-left=Arakkonam Junction|right1=Sevvapet Road|to-right1=Chennai Central MMC}}
| route_map = {{West Line, Chennai Suburban}}
| mapframe = yes
}}

'''Putlur Railway Station''' is one of the railway stations of the [[Chennai Central]]–[[Arakkonam]] section of the [[Chennai Suburban Railway Network]]. It serves the neighbourhood of [[Putlur]], a suburb of [[Chennai]], and is located 39 km west of Chennai Central railway station. It has an elevation of 44 m above [[Mean sea level|sea level]].

Putlur is a halt station and not a full-fledged one.

==History==
[[File:Putlur station westward view.jpg|thumb|left|Putlur Chennai suburban station—westward view (June 2024)]]
[[File:Putlur station road overbridge.jpg|thumb|left|Road overbridge crossing the Putlur railway station]]
The lines at the station were electrified on 29 November 1979, with the electrification of the Chennai Central–Tiruvallur section.<ref name="IRFCA_HistoryOfElectrification">{{cite web
| last =
| first =
| title = IR Electrification Chronology up to 31.03.2004
| work = History of Electrification
| publisher = IRFCA.org
| date =
| url = http://irfca.org/docs/electrification-history.html
| doi =
| accessdate = 17 Nov 2012}}</ref>

== Station Layout ==
This suburban railway station consists of 2 Platforms (1 [[side platform]] and 1 [[island platform]]) which can fit an 24-coach express train.
{| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="0"
| valign="top" width="50" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''G'''
| valign="top" width="100" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |North Entrance Street level
| valign="top" width="390" style="border-top:solid 1px gray;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Exit/Entrance, [[Footbridge#Railways|FOB]] & ticket counter
|-
| rowspan="6" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="center" |'''P'''
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Track 4'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |Towards → [[Chennai Central railway station|MGR Chennai Central]]
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 3px black;" |'''Track 3'''
| width="500" style="border-bottom:solid 3px black;" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] / [[Jolarpettai Junction railway station|Jolarpettai Junction]]
|-
| colspan="2" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 2px black;text-align:center;" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Island platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P2'''<nowiki> Doors will open on the left | </nowiki>'''T3 & T4''' – '''''Express Lines'''''
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" |'''Platform 2'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="500" |Towards → [[Moore Market Complex railway station|Chennai Central MMC]] next station is [[Sevvapet Road railway station|Sevvapet Road]]
|-
| width="100" style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" |'''Platform 1'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px white;" width="500" |Towards ← [[Arakkonam Junction railway station|Arakkonam Junction]] next station is [[Tiruvallur railway station|Tiruvallur]]
|-
| colspan="2" width="100" style="border-top:solid 2px black;border-right:solid 2px black;border-left:solid 2px black;border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" align="center" |[[Foot overbridge|FOB]], [[Side platform]]<nowiki> | </nowiki>'''P1''' Doors will open on the left
|-
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |'''G'''
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |South Entrance Street level
| style="border-bottom:solid 1px gray;" width="50" valign="top" |Exit/Entrance & ticket counter
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Chennai Suburban Railway]]
* [[Putlur Angala Parameshwari Amman Temple]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/putlur-halt-ptlr/9444 Putlur halt station at Indiarailinfo.com]

{{Chennai - Suburban Railway, West|Putlur|Sevvapet Road|Tiruvallur|21|39}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Chennai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Tiruvallur district]]

{{TamilNadu-railstation-stub}}

Varni, India

2026-04-28T17:37:51Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding Article

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Varni
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Town]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.53227|N|77.895935|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nizamabad district|Nizamabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 19.13
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 430
| population_total = 14737
| population_as_of = 2019
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[503201]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =TS16
| website = {{URL|telangana.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Varni''' is a town in [[Nizamabad district]] in the Indian state of Telangana. Varni Mandal Headquarters is Varni.

==Geography==
Varni is located at {{Coord|18.53227|N|77.895935 |E|}}. It has an average elevation of 403 metres.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.mapcoordinates.net/en | title=Google Maps - Find GPS coordinates, longitude, latitude, altitude }}</ref> It comes under Banswada Legislative and Zaheerabad Parliamentary constituencies. There is a statue of Netaji Shubash Chandra Bose in center of the town, popularly known as center/Bose bomma.

==Economy==
The villages under this mandal live mainly on agriculture and animal husbandry. Nizamsagar Project Canal is the main source of irrigation, though many bore-wells are used in recent times. Milk production is high in this area.

==Demography==
According to [[Indian census]], 2011, the demographic details of Varni mandal are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=2011,Census Data|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=606993}}</ref>
* Total Population: 72,230
* Male Population: 35,311 and Female Population: 36,919
* Total Literates: 36,500

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Nizamabad district]]

Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India

2026-04-28T11:58:49Z

Birjesh Kumar: started initial pg w/ sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI)
| formation = 1972
| logo =
| founder = Prof. M.M.S. Ahuja
| fields = Diabetes care, research, and education in India
| leader_title = National President
| leader_name = Dr. Anuj Maheshwari (2026)
| leader_title2 = National President Elect
| leader_name2 = Dr. Sunil Gupta (2026)
| website = https://www.rssdi.in/
}}

'''Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India''' (RSSDI)<ref>{{Cite web |title=RSSDI |url=https://www.rssdi.in/ |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=www.rssdi.in}}</ref> is a professional medical association dedicated to diabetes care, research, and education in India. Established in 1972, it is regarded as Asia's largest association of [[Diabetes|diabetes healthcare]] professionals,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India |url=https://idf.org/our-network/regions-and-members/south-east-asia/members/india/research-society-for-the-study-of-diabetes-in-india/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250423213318/https://idf.org/our-network/regions-and-members/south-east-asia/members/india/research-society-for-the-study-of-diabetes-in-india/ |archive-date=23 April 2025 |access-date=6 February 2026 |work=International Diabetes Federation |language=en-GB}}</ref> comprising physicians, researchers, academicians, and allied health professionals involved in diabetes management.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India - Gujarat Chapter {{!}} eMedEvents |url=https://www.emedevents.com/organizer-profile/research-society-for-the-study-of-diabetes-in-india-rssdi-gujarat-chapter |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=www.emedevents.com}}</ref>

The society advances diabetes prevention and treatment through medical education, postgraduate training, research support, public awareness initiatives, and policy advocacy. RSSDI supports high-quality research through grants and multicentric studies, provides continuous medical education, and conducts nationwide programs focused on early detection and prevention of [[Type 2 diabetes|Type 2 diabetes mellitus.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) Establishes a New Centre for Digital Diabetology with Support from the Koita Foundation |url=https://www.koitafoundation.org/NewsEvents/SSDI_KCDD_press_release_Apr_2024 |access-date=6 February 2026 |website=www.koitafoundation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India |url=https://idf.org/our-network/regions-and-members/south-east-asia/members/india/research-society-for-the-study-of-diabetes-in-india/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250423213318/https://idf.org/our-network/regions-and-members/south-east-asia/members/india/research-society-for-the-study-of-diabetes-in-india/ |archive-date=2025-04-23 |access-date=2026-02-09 |work=International Diabetes Federation |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-26 |title=AstraZeneca’s signs MoU with Indian Diabetes Research Society (RSSDI) to empower 1 Crore Indian Diabetic patients by 2023 |url=https://www.astrazeneca.com/content/az-in/media/press-releases/2020/astrazenecas-signs-mou-with-indian-diabetes-research-society-rssdi-to-empower-1-crore-indian-diabetic-patients-by-2023.html |access-date=2026-02-09 |website=www.astrazeneca.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Health in India]]
[[Category:Diabetes organizations]]
[[Category:Diabetes research]]
[[Category:Diabetologists by nationality]]

Musashi International School Tokyo

2026-04-24T16:06:48Z

Birjesh Kumar: Starting New Entry

{{Infobox school
| name = Musashi International School Tokyo (former: Little Angels International School and Academy)
| native_name = Former: リトルエンジェルス・インターナショナルスクール
| motto = Nothing is impossible.
| location = 9-7-14, Shimorenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0013, Japan
| schooltype = Private co-educational school
| established = 2002
| head_of_school = Edward Gilbreath
| grades = PreK-12
| accreditation = Cambridge Assessment International Education
| website = https://mist.school
}}
'''Musashi International School Tokyo''' ('''MIST'''{{#tag:ref|The school name in Japanese uses Latin characters<ref>{{cite web|url=https://mist.school/jp/about/#overview|title=Overview|publisher=Musashi International School Tokyo|accessdate=2022-11-13}}</ref>|group=note}}), formerly '''Little Angels International School and Academy''' ('''LAIS''' リトルエンジェルス・インターナショナルスクール; formerly リトルエンジェルス学園 ''Ritoru Enjerusu Gakuen''), is an international school, kindergarten, English school, and adult business school with two campuses located in [[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]], [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]].

It was designed to cater to Japanese children, whereas other Indian international schools in Japan were established mainly for Indian children.<ref name=Fackler>Fackler, Martin. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/02/business/worldbusiness/02japan.html Losing an Edge, Japanese Envy India’s Schools]." ''[[The New York Times]]''. January 2, 2008. Retrieved on March 9, 2015. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309142533/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Nytimes.pdf Alternate link]}} ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309142533/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Nytimes.pdf Archive]}}) "Unlike other Indian schools, Ms. Angelina said, Little Angels was intended primarily for Japanese children, to meet the need she had found when she sent her sons to Japanese kindergarten."</ref>

==Composition==
The school included Little Angels International School ('''LAIS'''; リトル・エンジェルス・インターナショナル・スクール) for full-time students and Little Angels English Academy (リトル・エンジェルス・イングリッシュ・アカデミー) for after-school classes. The Little Angels International School had four divisions: Little Angels International Kindergarten (リトル・エンジェルス幼稚園), the Little Angels International Elementary School (リトル・エンジェルス小学校), Little Angels International Middle School (リトル・エンジェルス中学校)　and Little Angels High School　(リトル・エンジェルス高等学校). The curriculum followed both [[Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology]] (MEXT) guidelines and international English guidelines for education. The Little Angels Middle School and High School have received accreditation from the [[Cambridge International Examinations]].

The school also offered special classes for adults,<ref name=Joe>Joe, Melinda. "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2010/04/15/lifestyle/why-do-english-teachers-have-to-be-native-speakers/ Why do English teachers have to be native speakers?]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150304172218/http://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2010/04/15/lifestyle/why-do-english-teachers-have-to-be-native-speakers Archive]). ''[[The Japan Times]]''. April 15, 2010. Retrieved on March 9, 2015.</ref> under the name Little Angels Business School (リトル・エンジェルス・ビジネス・スクール).<ref>"{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150331212829/http://www.angelsenglish.com/index_1.html Welcome to Little Angels Business School]}}." Little Angels International School. Retrieved on March 9, 2015.</ref>

The Mitaka Main Campus (三鷹本校) had all levels of education,<ref>"{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309051747/http://www.angelsenglish.com/M1.html Mitaka Main Campus]}}." Little Angels International School. Retrieved on March 9, 2015. "Address: 9-7-14, Shimorenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0013 〒181-0013 東京三鷹市下連雀9-7-14"</ref> including the school, kindergarten, English academy, and business school.<ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309051325/http://www.angelsenglish.com/AdSquarePage.html Home]}}. Little Angels International School. Retrieved on March 9, 2015.</ref> The [[Mitaka Station]] Campus (三鷹駅校) housed the Little Angels English Academy & International Kindergarten.<ref>"{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309051804/http://www.angelsenglish.com/M2.html Mitaka Station Campus]}}." Little Angels International School. Retrieved on March 9, 2015. "1-3-2, Kamirenjaku, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-0012 〒181-0012 東京都三鷹市上連雀 1-3-2"</ref>

The school's original kindergarten campus in Mitaka was previously a single family residence.<ref name=Saito>Saito, Mayumi. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20070815123802/http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200709220042.html Weekend Beat: Japanese parents praise Tokyo's Indian schools]" (). ''[[The Asahi Shimbun]]''/''[[International Herald Tribune]]''. September 22, 2007, Tokyo edition. Retrieved on March 10, 2015. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310005612/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Asahi-IHT-2007-Sep-22.pdf See alternate location]}} ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310005612/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Asahi-IHT-2007-Sep-22.pdf Archive]}}). "A native of India, Sanku opened the kindergarten in Mitaka, western Tokyo, in 2004."</ref> The school previously had a campus in [[Kichijōji]], [[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]].<ref>"{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309053150/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/Archived-files/2011/SpingSchool_App2011.pdf Spring School Program 2011 Application Form]}}" ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309053150/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/Archived-files/2011/SpingSchool_App2011.pdf Archive]}}). Little Angels International School. Retrieved on March 9, 2015. "Little Angels International School 4-9-15, Honcho, Kichijoji, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-0004 (〒180-0004 東京都武蔵野市吉祥寺本町4-9-15)"</ref>

==History==
Jeevarani Angelina, a native of [[Chennai]], moved to Japan in 1990 and became a [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|non-resident Indian]]. Angelina, who is known as "Rani Sanku"{{#tag:ref|"Sanku" is the surname of Angelina's husband, Sarath Chandar Rao Sanku|group=note}} due to the ease in pronouncing it in Japanese,<ref name=Fackler/> established an English-training school, Little Angels English Academy, in 2002.<ref>"{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309051805/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/history.html History]}}." Little Angels International School. Retrieved on March 9, 2015.</ref> The kindergarten was started in 2004.<ref name=Saito/> In the beginning, the school had an enrollment of only 5 students; This, however, increased to 15 students in 2005 and 30 students in 2006. By February 2008, enrollment had reached 85 students.<ref name=Terada>Terada, Shinichi "[http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/12/28/national/more-parents-send-kids-to-indian-chinese-schools/#.VP_HpY7kfX8 More parents send kids to Indian, Chinese schools]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20090101015446/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20081228f1.html Archive]). ''[[The Japan Times]]''. Sunday December 28, 2008. Retrieved on March 11, 2015. {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150402123005/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/JapanTimes2008.pdf Alternate link]}}</ref> Japanese student enrollment increased along with the general student enrollment.<ref name=TakizawaFukuda>Takizawa, Kosuke and Mai Fukuda. "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309053449/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/News-2-12-2010.pdf Indian-style education gets an A]}} " ([https://archive.today/20100218122609/http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/dy/national/T100211006043.htm Archive]). ''[[The Daily Yomiuri]]''. February 12, 2010. Retrieved on March 9, 2015.</ref> The school was scheduled to add the sixth grade in 2011. Melinda Joe of ''[[The Japan Times]]'' wrote that Little Angels "even helped pave the way for other Indian international schools in Tokyo, such as the [[Global Indian International School (Tokyo)|Global Indian International School]] in [[Edogawa, Tokyo|Edogawa]]."<ref name=Joe/>

==Curriculum==
Circa 2010 the school had incorporated aspects of Montessori education,<ref name=Joe/> with additional group work and a decreased emphasis on memorization.<ref name=Fackler/> Students begin speaking English in public at ages 2<ref name=Oguma>Oguma, Naoto. "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309132827/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Funlife-summer2012.pdf Little Angels Gakuen Encouraging Independence and Self-reliance]}}" ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309132827/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Funlife-summer2012.pdf Archive]}}). ''[[Fun Life!]]''. No. 1, Summer 2012. Retrieved on March 9, 2015.</ref> or 3,<ref name=Terada/> and at age 4 they were to only speak in English at school.<ref name=Oguma/> Mathematics instruction began at age 2 and computer instruction began at age 3; these ages are younger than the respective ages at traditional Japanese schools. Other classes include arts and crafts, dance,<ref name=Terada/> and science.<ref name=Asiansfresh>"{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310000147/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Nikkei_E.pdf Asians offer fresh perspectives]}}" (). ''[[The Nikkei Weekly]]''. August 27, 2007. Retrieved on March 10, 2015.</ref> The school used Indian textbooks,<ref name=Terada/> but the school did not have Indian history classes.<ref name=Fackler/> Conversation, games, and songs are part of the curriculum.<ref name=Asiansfresh/>

{{As of|2010}}, most students at this school and other Indian international schools who intended to study in the system until high school were aiming to enroll in universities outside Japan; the Tokyo Metropolitan Government considered this school and the other two Indian international schools in Tokyo to be "unauthorized schools" or schools which do not count as providing compulsory education under the School Education Law of Japan. A student who only attends "unauthorized schools" is ineligible to attend a university in Japan,<ref name=TakizawaFukuda/> unless they complete an accepted international curriculum such as the International Baccalaureate,<ref>Iwasaki, Kumiko. "[http://www.nippon.com/en/currents/d00096/ Will the International Baccalaureate Take Off in Japan?]" Nippon.com, [[Nippon Communications Foundation]]. December 4, 2013. Retrieved on August 13, 2015.</ref><ref>Abrioux, Marc and Jill Rutherford. ''Introducing the IB Diploma Programme'' (Cambridge resources for the IB diploma). [[Cambridge University Press]], February 14, 2013. {{ISBN|1107606284}}, 9781107606289. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=D1UGVo8AI2AC&pg=PT47 1].</ref> or [[Cambridge International Examinations]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Little Angels - About Us|url=http://angelsenglish.com/our-history/|website=LAIS Homepage|access-date=2016-12-05|archive-date=2016-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212174304/http://angelsenglish.com/our-history/|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

The school is currently{{when|date=November 2022}} undergoing evaluation by the Council of International Schools to provide opportunities for the graduates to enter Japanese and foreign universities.

==Student body==
In 2008, it had 45 students, one of whom was Indian.<ref name=Fackler/> Japanese people made up 80% of the students {{as of|2010|lc=y}}. Children of mixed marriages and children from other countries make up the remainder.<ref name=Joe/> {{As of|2012}}, the percentage of Japanese students rose to almost 90%.<ref name=Oguma/> {{As of|2015}}, the number of students rose to almost 90 students spanning from pre-school to middle school.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

==Teaching staff==
In 2008, there were four full-time teachers, three of whom were non-Japanese.<ref name=Fackler/> {{As of|2008}}, the majority of the teachers started [[English language|English]] early in their lives.<ref name=Terada/> These instructors originated from [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]; including India, Indonesia, and Nepal.<ref name=Joe/> As of 2015, the school has teachers from Australia, England, Greece, India, Jamaica, Nepal, Philippines, the United States and have a diverse faculty.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}}

==See also==
{{Portalbar|Tokyo|India|Schools}}
* [[List of high schools in Tokyo]]
* [[Indians in Japan]]

Japanese schools in India:
* [[Japanese School of Mumbai]]
* [[Japanese School New Delhi]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Further reading==
Video files:
* "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310021406/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/LA-CNN.mp4 LA-CNN.mp4]}}" ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310021406/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/LA-CNN.mp4 Archive]}}). ''[[CNN]]''. January 17, 2008.

Audio files:
* "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310021445/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/ABC-Radio.mp3 ABC-Radio.mp3]}}" ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310021445/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/ABC-Radio.mp3 Archive]}}). ''[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC Radio]]''. - Interview of Angelina
* "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310021545/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/NikkeiNewsWeekly.mp3 NikkeiNewsWeekly.mp3]}}" ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310021545/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/NikkeiNewsWeekly.mp3 Archive]}}). ''[[Nikkei News Weekly]]'' podcast. Circa 2007. - Interview regarding "Asians Offer Fresh Perspectives" from ''[[The Nikkei Weekly]]''.
{{in lang|ja}}
* "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309124108/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Yomiuri29-12-2010.pdf 留学経験の親「英語身につけて」]}}" ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309124108/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Yomiuri29-12-2010.pdf Archive]}}). ''[[Yomiuri Shimbun]]''. December 12, 2010 ([[Heisei]] 22).
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309231711/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/GlitterMag2010.pdf Article in]}} ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309231711/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/GlitterMag2010.pdf Archive]}}). ''[[Glitter (magazine)|Glitter]]'' (グリッター)/''Mama & Kids'' (ママ＆キッズ). Volume 1, No. 100. November 2010.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309232739/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/President_Baby_Nov-13-2010.pdf Article in]}} ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150309232739/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/President_Baby_Nov-13-2010.pdf Archive]}}). ''[[President Baby]]'' (プレジデントベービー). November 13, 2010.
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310001845/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/sukusuku.pdf Article in]}} ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310001845/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/sukusuku.pdf Archive]}}) ''{{ill|SukuSuku Paradise|ja|すくすくパラダイス}}'' (すくすくパラダイス), January 2008.
* "{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310002205/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/kodomonojikan2007.pdf Why India now?]}}" ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310002205/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/kodomonojikan2007.pdf Archive]}}). ''[[Kodomojikan]]'' (こどもじかん). November 2007. - {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310002147/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Kodomonijikan-english.pdf English translation]}} ({{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20150310002147/http://www.angelsenglish.com/about/MediaC/Kodomonijikan-english.pdf Archive]}}).

==External links==
* {{Official|https://mist.school}}
{{Mitaka, Tokyo}}
{{International schools in Tokyo}}
{{Indian international schools}}
{{coord|35.6879|139.5600|type:edu_globe:earth_region:JP|display=title}}

[[Category:International schools in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Cambridge schools in Japan]]
[[Category:Education in Mitaka, Tokyo]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Mitaka, Tokyo]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Musashino, Tokyo]]
[[Category:Indian international schools in Japan]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2002]]
[[Category:Elementary schools in Japan]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Japan]]

Neeraj (rower)

2026-04-24T12:10:56Z

Birjesh Kumar: Starting New Article

{{Short description|Indian rower}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Neeraj
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1999|12|14}}
| birth_place = Khwaja Nagla, [[Baghpat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| nationality = Indian
| height = 189 cm
| weight = 82 kg
| country = [[India]]
| sport = Men's [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]]
| medaltemplates = {{Medal|Country|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Rowing (sport)|rowing]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Rowing at the 2022 Asian Games – Men's eight|Eight]]}} {{Medal|Competition|[[National Games of India]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|2022 Gujarat|Men's eight }}
{{Medal|Competition|National Championships of India}}
{{Medal|Gold|2022 Pune|Men's Eight}}
{{Medal|Silver|2023 Pune|Coxless Four}}
{{Medal|Silver|2023 Pune|Men's Eight}}
{{Medal|Silver|2024 Pune|Men's Eight}}
{{Medal|Competition|Junior National Championships of India}}
{{Medal|Gold|2016 Kollam, Kerala|Men's Four}}
{{Medal|Competition|Open Sprint National Rowing Championships of India}}
{{Medal|Gold|2023 Pune|Men's Four}}

| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}
| branch = {{Army|India}}
| unit =
| serviceyears = 2018–present
| rank = [[File:Subedar_-_Risaldar_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|25px]] [[Subedar]]
}}
}}

'''Neeraj''' (born 14 December 1999) is an Indian rower from [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=PM lauds Men's Coxed Eight team for winning silver at Asian Games 2022 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1960225 |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> He was named to the Indian rowing team for the [[2022 Asian Games]] in [[Hangzhou]], [[China]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Full list of Indian athletes for Asian Games 2023 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/asian-games-2023-full-list-of-634-indian-athletes-who-will-take-part-in-hangzhou-event-13042652.html |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref> where he won a silver medal in the men's eight.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title=Asian Games: Meet the Family of Eight rowers that opened India's medal account |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/asian-games/asian-games-meet-the-family-of-eight-rowers-that-opened-indias-medal-account-8954349/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-25 |title=Asian Games: पिता की बाईपास सर्जरी, मां के पेट के 4 ऑपरेशन, देश के सबसे सूखे राज्य से आने वालों ने रोइंग में लगाई नैया पार |url=https://www.jansatta.com/khel/asian-games-2023-indian-rowing-team-men-8-silver-medal-neetish-kumar-neeraj-maan-bheem-singh-result-schedule/3018558/ |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2023-09-24 |title=Asian Games 2023: India wins silver in rowing men's eight event |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/asian-games/asian-games-2023-rowing-mens-eight-silver-medal-second-timing-result-highlights/article67340597.ece |access-date=2023-09-29 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-25 |title=Asian Games: India win bronze in men's four rowing |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/other-news/250923/asian-games-india-win-bronze-in-mens-four-rowing.html |access-date=2023-09-28 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Neeraj hails from Khawaja Nangla, a small Village in [[Chhaprauli]] Block of [[Bagpat district|Baghpat District]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
In December 2016, he won gold as part of the Junior men's coxless four BSC team at Kollam, Kerala.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=India Rowing |url=https://www.indiarowing.com/natresult_search.php?search_name=neeraj&Submit=search |access-date=2023-11-01 |website=www.indiarowing.com}}</ref>

In January 2022, as part of the men's eight SER team, he won the gold at the 39th Senior National Rowing Championship at the Army Rowing Node, Pune.<ref name=":1" />

In February 2023, as part of the Coxless Fours team of the Army, he won a silver medal at the 40th Senior National Rowing Championship at the Army Rowing Node, Pune.<ref name=":1" />

In September 2023, he won a silver medal as part of the Indian team in the men's eight at the 2022 Asian Games.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=2023-09-24 |title=Hangzhou Asian Games {{!}} Indian rowers clinch silver medal in Men's Coxed Eight Team event |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/hangzhou-asian-games-indian-rowers-clinch-silver-medal-in-mens-coxed-eight-team-event/article67340626.ece |access-date=2023-11-01 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-24 |title=19th Asian Games: Indian rowers win silver in Men's Coxed Eight event |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/asian-games-2023/india-asian-games/19th-asian-games-indian-rowers-win-silver-in-mens-coxed-eight-event/articleshow/103901189.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-11-01 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://twitter.com/Media_SAI/status/1705821657175331183 Twitter SAI Media]
* [https://www.indiarowing.com/admin/statumoredl/202007082159452(Sl%20No%2016.1)%20RFI-ID%20Card-07.07.20-1.pdf Rowing Federation of India lists]
* {{Instagram|neerajrowing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neeraj}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Indian male rowers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rowers at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in rowing]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games rowers for India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Khaleel Ahmed (judge)

2026-04-23T06:47:48Z

Birjesh Kumar: made first info more to come

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Khaleel Ahmed
| image = Justice Khaleel Ahmed.jpg
| office = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Orissa High Court|5th Chief justice]] of [[Orissa High Court]]
| term_start = 18 January 1965
| term_end = 5 April 1967
| appointer = [[S. Radhakrishnan]]
| predecessor = [[Ramaswamy Laxman Narasimham|R. L. Narasimham]]
| successor = [[Satya Bhusan Burman]]
| office1 = Judge of [[Patna High Court]]
| appointer1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| term_start1 = 23 April 1951
| term_end1 = 17 January 1965
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1907|4|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| education = [[LL.B]] and [[Post-graduation|Post Graduation]] in [[Mathematics]]
}}
'''Khaleel Ahmed''' (born 4 April 1907 - death date unknown) was an Indian judge and former Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Former Chief Justice {{!}} Orissa High Court, Cuttack |url=https://www.orissahighcourt.nic.in/judges/former-chief-justices/hon-ble-mr-justice-khaleel-ahmed/ |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.orissahighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ahmed was born as the eldest son of his parents on 4 April 1907, in [[Patna]]. He got his preliminary education from Patna High School. In the year 1928, he was enrolled for reading Law and the [[Post-graduation|Post Graduation]] Course in [[Mathematics]]. After obtaining a law degree in 1930, he joined the profession in 1931 in District Civil Court, Patna. On 23 April 1951, he was elevated to the Bench of [[Patna High Court]].<ref name=":0" />

He also served as the Chief Justice of [[Orissa High Court]] from 18 January 1965 to 5 April 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon'ble Judges Transferred to Other High Courts |url=https://patnahighcourt.gov.in/judges_ft |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=patnahighcourt.gov.in}}</ref>

==References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Khaleel}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:Year of death missing]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Samskrita Bharati

2026-04-19T21:34:20Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding A Details

{{Short description|Pan-Indian language}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Samskrita Bharati
| num_members =
| full_name =
| native_name =
| image = [[image:SamskritBharati_Nehal.jpg|275px]]
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1981|}}
| dissolved =
| merged_into =
| headquarters = 25 Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Marg [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
| website = {{URL|https://samskritabharati.in/}}
| leader_title = Officers
| leader_name = {{ubl|Gopabandhu Mishra (President)|Shrinivasa Varkharedi (Vice President)|Satyanarayana Bhat (General Secretary)|Dinesh Kamath (Org. Secretary)|P. Nandakumar (Secretary)}}
}}

'''Samskrita Bharati''' ({{langx|sa|संस्कृतभारती|Saṃskṛtabhāratī|translit-std=IAST}}, {{IPA|sa|sɐm̩skɻ̩tɐ bʱaːɾɐtiː|pron}}) is a [[non-profit organisation]] working to [[language revitalization|revive]] [[Sanskrit]]. Sanskrit was a pan-Indian language in the Vedic and classical period but lost its place to its derivative regional dialects in modern India. According to their own figures, repeated often in their promotional literature, by 2025, they trained over 10 million people to speak Sanskrit through 120,000 ''sambhashana shivir (''conversation camps).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=About Samskrita Bharati |url=https://www.samskritabharati.in/about_us |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=www.samskritabharati.in |language=en}}</ref> Just about 25 years ago, in 1998, 2.9 million people had already attended the conversation camps.<ref name="sb1998">Samskrita Bharati (1998) Samskrtam vadatu. New Delhi: Samskrita Bharati.</ref> They have helped shape over 6000 'Sanskrit homes' where all members of the family speak in Sanskrit, and the mother tongue (native language) of the children is Sanskrit.<ref name=":0" />

Samskrita Bharati, founded in 1981, has its headquarters in [[New Delhi]], and has local offices at the various state capitals within India, district headquarters and grass root local level offices.<ref name=":0" />

==Mission and motivations==
The basic mission of this organisation is to democratise and popularise Sanskrit by encouraging the use of simple Sanskrit in everyday conversational contexts.<ref name="hastings2003"/> More recently, the organisation has started to focus on the maintenance of the "mother-tongue-ness" ({{langx|sa|मातृभाषात्वम्|mātṛbhāṣātvam|translit-std=IAST}}) of Sanskrit by means of Sanskrit households.<ref>{{lang|sa|संस्कृतसम्मेलनसमितिः दक्षिणभारतीयसंस्कृतगृहसम्मेलनम्}}. Bangalore: Bhāratī</ref> Additionally, the primary impetus is on direct Sanskrit language instruction through Sanskrit itself as the [[medium of instruction]].

===Motivation===

As its founder says, "Sanskrit is the best tool to remove the five types of social differences; linguistic, class, caste, sect and the north vs south division."<ref name="hastings2008">{{cite journal | doi=10.1111/j.1548-1395.2008.00002.x | title=Licked by the Mother Tongue: Imagining Everyday Sanskrit at Home and in the World | date=2008 | last1=Hastings | first1=Adi | journal=Journal of Linguistic Anthropology | volume=18 | pages=24–45 }}</ref> A basic goal is to create a nation of Sanskrit speakers, (re)creating a national unity for India through common linguistic practice.

Another one of the main premises of the movement is to allow direct access to the vast storehouse of the Sanskrit textual tradition.<ref name="hastings2003"/>

==Pedagogical principles==
The organisation's pedagogical philosophy is based on the idea that listening and speaking must precede reading and writing.<ref name="hastings2003"/> Rejecting both Western-style grammatical instruction (or more recent innovations) and Indian traditions of Sanskrit instruction emphasising systematic memorisation, Samskrita Bharati instead has focused its energies on immersion through conversation.<ref name="sb1998"/> A common [[aphorism]] used in their literature is: "Speak in Samskrit, not about Samskrit."<ref name="hastings2008"/>

This follows a theory of linguistic practice which imagines a progression from the capacity for "general communication" (simple reference and predication), through the capacity for expressing thought or reasoning (logical argumentation), culminating in the capacity for the outward manifestation of emotions.<ref name="sankramaNam">{{lang|sa|संक्रमणम्{{snd}}कृष्णशास्त्रिः १९९९}}</ref>

===Simple Sanskrit Usage===
To provide a gentler introduction to Sanskrit, Samskrita Bharati has developed a simple and effective method of Sanskrit instruction through Sanskrit. Initial instruction is on simple use of the language, which while conforming to Panini's grammar, focuses on the use of very regular forms for conversational purposes at initial stages. As Dr Hastings observes:
<blockquote>
the "simple" of simple Sanskrit points to the fact that it is designed to act as a bridge between the modern vernacular(s) a simple Sanskrit learner already knows and, ideally, acquisition of the {{Sic|?|hide=y|fully|-}}elaborated Classical Sanskrit grammar... "simple Sanskrit" is a variety of the language which has been subjected to what we could call distributional simplification. That is, almost all of the differences between simple Sanskrit and Classical Sanskrit are differences in the distribution of forms rather than grammatical".<ref name="hastings2003"/>
</blockquote>
This form of simple use of language exists and is practised in several languages in India. A news anchor, or a stage speaker, might for instance, construct sentences using advanced grammatical or literary phrases. These advanced constructions are found widely in literature, however, not required for day-to-day communication, and can be acquired and understood overtime. (Note that this is NOT the difference between colloquial and formal language). Simple use of Sanskrit is very much formal and grammatically accurate.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24692622 | jstor=24692622 | last1=Kahrs | first1=Eivind | title=Reviewed work: Saṃskṛta-sādhutā / Goodness of Sanskrit: Studies in Honour of Professor Ashok Aklujkar, CHIKAFUMI WATANABE, MICHELE DESMARAIS, YOSHICHIKA HONDA | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London | year=2014 | volume=77 | issue=1 | pages=236–238 | doi=10.1017/S0041977X13001171 | url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| title=Pāṇinian grammar of living Sanskrit : features and principles of the Prakriyā-Sarvasva of Nārāyaṇa-Bhaṭṭa of Melputtūr | author=Jan E.M. Houben | journal=Bulletin d'Études Indiennes | volume=32 | pages=149–170 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318532228 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911030140/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Johannes-Houben/publication/318532228_Paninian_grammar_of_living_Sanskrit_features_and_principles_of_the_Prakriya-Sarvasva_of_Narayana-Bhatta_of_Melputtur_Bulletin_d'Etudes_Indiennes_vol_32_pp_149-170/links/596f6679458515d5ff64e255/Paninian-grammar-of-living-Sanskrit-features-and-principles-of-the-Prakriya-Sarvasva-of-Narayana-Bhatta-of-Melputtur-Bulletin-dEtudes-Indiennes-vol-32-pp-149-170.pdf | archive-date=2022-09-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Tradition and Reflection in Kumārila's Last Stand against the Grammarians' Theories of Verbal Denotation | author=Kiyotaka Yoshimizu | url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52413066/2012_Tradition_and_Reflection_in_Kumarilas_Last_Stand-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1662868815&Signature=eJhi5IuNRDuEAO519JOxsvK7FsWo-FMvkXR~UIq9TfGWeX6RYhIJD-HIrmU7NHUrqrPmtLJxkDMWTN7Z23owsQO~K0ud1wL45LE23pBI0Mb5K6oVobQpjAFLWAo4sqAf~rUkGXID7wszD6Z-k6gsw4YNxxVlL2rsq-2iPhEIBHrDZruJYgLjQFpUCrW98T9ApGiKAOqXopUwUytAun7oq4q9Z95CFDyhvGsMlfNnrSqHKGEgwoCghRdo4T0OznyjO8JQuSESy2~VsfCs4GaIAk0EH~RGE3bB8apLmDKd6vXGGtWXbRcu-wOEzkU5W72klS6rTm-rmxwdXTrnyG6ABw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911030140/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/52413066/2012_Tradition_and_Reflection_in_Kumarilas_Last_Stand-with-cover-page-v2.pdf?Expires=1662868815&Signature=eJhi5IuNRDuEAO519JOxsvK7FsWo-FMvkXR~UIq9TfGWeX6RYhIJD-HIrmU7NHUrqrPmtLJxkDMWTN7Z23owsQO~K0ud1wL45LE23pBI0Mb5K6oVobQpjAFLWAo4sqAf~rUkGXID7wszD6Z-k6gsw4YNxxVlL2rsq-2iPhEIBHrDZruJYgLjQFpUCrW98T9ApGiKAOqXopUwUytAun7oq4q9Z95CFDyhvGsMlfNnrSqHKGEgwoCghRdo4T0OznyjO8JQuSESy2~VsfCs4GaIAk0EH~RGE3bB8apLmDKd6vXGGtWXbRcu-wOEzkU5W72klS6rTm-rmxwdXTrnyG6ABw__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA | archive-date=2022-09-11}}</ref>

==Work==
[[File:Sambhāṣaṇasandeśaḥ (sambhashan sandesha).jpg|thumb|right|{{transliteration|sa|IAST|Sambhāṣaṇa Sandeśaḥ}}{{snd}}the organisation's official Sanskrit magazine]]
Samskrita Bharati is primarily a volunteer-driven organisation, with volunteers from all walks of life spending time educating people to speak Sanskrit. Their most popular offering is the 10-day capsule of two-hour classes designed to impart simple Sanskrit conversational skills.<ref name="hastings2003"/>

Besides this, the organisation conducts the following programmes:
* A two-week intense residential teaching programme called {{transliteration|sa|IAST|Saṃvādaśālā}} ({{langx|sa|संवादशाला}}), is conducted in New Delhi, India every summer.
* Weekend camps and yearly residential camps as well in many parts of the US and India.
* Development and publication of Simple Sanskrit books, tapes and CDs for learning practical conversations in Sanskrit at various levels are developed systematically to allow new speakers to effectively use Sanskrit for conversations.
* Publication of the {{transliteration|sa|IAST|Sambhāṣaṇa Sandeśaḥ}} magazine.
* Distance learning programmes or [http://www.samskritabharati.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64&Itemid=242&lang=en {{transliteration|sa|IAST|dūrasthaśikṣaṇam}} ({{lang|sa|दूरस्थशिक्षणम्}})] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308003338/http://www.samskritabharati.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=64&Itemid=242&lang=en |date=8 March 2021 }}.
* Sanskrit as a foreign language programme for children in USA.
* Competitions to encourage Sanskrit learning amongst children.

===Effectiveness===
Even as he acknowledges that "end of the ten days, the participants have a reasonable command of many basic features of (simple) Sanskrit and can formulate a wide variety of expressions.",<ref name="hastings2003"/> Hastings notes:<ref name="hastings2008"/>
<blockquote>
While the Sanskrit conversation camps have garnered a great degree of public visibility for the Sanskrit revival movement, they have not generated as large and dedicated a following as Samskrita Bharati would hope. The organisation has a host of follow-up activities for graduates of the introductory ten-day camps, but there is a substantial attrition rate after initial exposure in the camps.
</blockquote>

==Origin==
[[Chamu Krishna Shastry]], a Sanskrit scholar from Tirupati Sanskrit College along with five of his colleagues, after graduating in Sanskrit, came up with a methodology of teaching spoken Sanskrit through the "Speak Samskritam" (called a {{transliteration|sa|IAST|Sambhāṣaṇa Śibiram}}) course with ten-day capsule classes of two hours duration. Within a short span of time, this methodology became a trailblazer in the field of teaching Sanskrit. This "Speak Samskritam" Movement took off in 1981 from Bangalore city, and later "Samskrita Bharati"{{mdash}}a national level organisation{{mdash}}was established in New Delhi in 1995.<ref name="hastings2003">{{cite journal|title= Simplifying Sanskrit|first1= Adi|last1= Hastings|journal= Pragmatics|volume= 13|number= 4|year= 2003|url= https://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/pragmatics/article/view/411.html|archive-date= 8 November 2015|access-date= 8 February 2021|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20151108034936/http://journals.linguisticsociety.org/elanguage/pragmatics/article/view/411.html|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal
|author = चमू कृष्ण शस्त्री
|title = उदिता संस्कृताभारती
|url = http://70.85.191.122/Sambhashanasandesha/pdf/1996/1996-6.pdf
|publication = सम्भाषण सन्देशः
|date = October 1996
|archive-date = 28 May 2014
|access-date = 27 May 2014
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140528005641/http://70.85.191.122/Sambhashanasandesha/pdf/1996/1996-6.pdf
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sanskrit revival]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://samskritabharati.in http://samskritabharati.in{{snd}}Official Website (India)]
*[http://surasa.net/music/samskrta-vani/sbharati.php Speeches by Samskrita Bharati]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070309202846/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/14/stories/2006081406150200.htm Special day to showcase Sanskrit talent of students], 14 Aug 2006, [[The Hindu]]
*[https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0705/p14s02-lihc.html Sanskrit echoes around the world], 5 July 2007, [[Christian Science Monitor]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120211155817/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-08-13/india/27856220_1_sanskrit-vedic-scholar-kysar-khan This village speaks gods language] 13 Aug 2005 [[Times of India]] Retrieved on 14 September 2008
*[http://www.discoverbangalore.com/samskrita.htm Special Feature on Samskrita Bharati Bangalore]

[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1995]]
[[Category:Language education in India]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Sanskrit revival]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Delhi]]

Binjharpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:20:18Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding Entry

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Binjharpur}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Binjharpur
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 48
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Jajpur district|Jajpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Jajpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jajpur]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = SC
| incumbent_image = Pramila Mallik.jpg
| mla = [[Pramila Mallik]]
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,29,680{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Binjharpur''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Jajpur district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=48|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113143100/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=48|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 January 2017|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Binjharpur (48) District : Jajpur|accessdate= 1 March 2014}}</ref>

The area of this state legislature constituency includes Binjharpur block and 12 [[Gram panchayat|GP]]s (Biripata, Asanpur, Palatpur, Khannagar, Kamardihi, Nizampur, Duttapur, Bihari, Gramnandipur, Thalkudi, Kayan and Chasakhanda) of Dasarathpur block.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf|title=Assembly Constituencies and their Extent}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls|title=Seats of Odisha}}</ref>

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp29.htm |title= 29 - Binjharpur (SC) Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 1 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|48.84}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.18}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|57.4}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|43.57}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|55.44}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.48}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|41.98}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|38.99}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.06}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|47.81}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|53.78}}
}}

Since its formation in 1951, 17 elections had been held till 2024. It was a 2-member constituency until 1952.

List of members elected from Binjharpur constituency are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual – 2011: List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly (1951–2004) |access-date=2014-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dhamnagar Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/binjharpur.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Binjharpur Assembly Election Results 2024: Binjharpur Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/binjharpur-constituency-result-18048 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| rowspan="6" |[[Pramila Mallik]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=6|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |accessdate=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|Arjun Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|[[Pramila Mallik]]
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |Naba Kishore Mallick
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Santanu Kumar Das
|{{full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
||Baishnab Charan Mallick
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Pabitra Mohan Jena
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress (R)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Baishnab Charan Mallick
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Chittaranjan Naik
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1957 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Banka Behari Das
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1951 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1951]]{{efn|It was a 2 member constituency}}
|Naba Kishore Mallick
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|Padmanava Roy
|}

== Election Results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pramila Mallik]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Babita Mallick by a margin of 2,856 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]],Binjharpur <ref name="p856">{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Election Commission of India | url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S1848.htm | access-date=2024-06-07}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Biju Janata Dal
|candidate=[[Pramila Mallik]]
|votes=74,185
|percentage=48.84
|change={{decrease}}6.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate=Babita Mallick
|votes=71,329
|percentage=46.96
|change={{increase}}6.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Kanaklata Mallick
|votes=4,392
|percentage=2.89
|change={{increase}}0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=947
|percentage=0.62
|change={{decrease}}0.01
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=2,856
|percentage=1.8
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,51,907
|percentage=66.14
|change=
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pramila Mallik]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate Babita Mallick by a margin of 11,226 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin|
|title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Binjharpur<ref name="News18 2019 Binjharpur">{{cite web | title=Binjharpur Assembly Election Results 2019 Live: Binjharpur Constituency (Seat) Election Results, Live News. | website=News18 | date=2019-04-29 | url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/binjharpur--election-result-s18a048/ | access-date=2019-06-20 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20190620103352/https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2019/odisha/binjharpur--election-result-s18a048/ | archive-date=2019-06-20 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Assembly Election 2019 Binjharpur">{{cite web | title=Election Commission of India | website=Assembly Election 2019 | url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1848.htm?ac=48 | access-date=2019-06-20 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20190620104120/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS1848.htm?ac=48 | archive-date=2019-06-20 | url-status=live }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pramila Mallik]]
|votes = 79,087
|percentage = 55.18
|change = {{decrease}}2.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Babita Mallick|votes=57,861|percentage=40.37|change={{increase}}28.54}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Manoranjan Das|votes=3,997|percentage=2.79|change={{decrease}}25.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=906|percentage=0.63|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=11,226|percentage=13.71|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,43,319|percentage=67|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pramila Mallik]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Babita Mallick by a margin of 38,190 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|access-date=19 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title=[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Binjharpur<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Binjharpur|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1848.htm?ac=48|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=19 August 2014}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Binjharpur (48)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=48|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819203755/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=48|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 August 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=19 August 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pramila Mallik]]
|votes = 74,532
|percentage = 57.4
|change = {{decrease}}3.65
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Babita Mallick|votes=36,342|percentage=27.99|change={{decrease}}3.81}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Deba Prasad Mallik|votes=15,358|percentage=11.83|change={{increase}}10.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,085|percentage=0.84|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=38,190|percentage=29.40|change=0.15}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,29,857|percentage=68.38|change=7.87}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 1,89,901
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]], [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Pramila Mallik]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Babita Mallick by a margin of 31,861 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=31861 |access-date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Binjharpur <ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Pramila Mallik]]
|votes = 66,507
|percentage = 61.05
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Babita Mallick
|votes = 34,646
|percentage = 31.80
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Manas Ranjan Mallick
|votes = 4,159
|percentage = 3.82
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 31,861
|percentage = 29.25{{efn|%of total valid votes}}
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,08,979
|percentage = 60.51
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jajpur district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coord|20.73|86.40|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Jajpur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

R. T. Arasu

2026-04-11T20:12:43Z

Birjesh Kumar: started the details from scratch - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = R. T. Arasu
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1967|5|4|df=y}}
| birth_place = Irumbedu
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly-Tamil Nadu.
| constituency1 = [[Cheyyur Assembly constituency|Cheyyur]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| predecessor1 = [[V. S. Raji]]
| successor1 = [[M. Babu]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = [[Dentist]]
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''R. T. Arasu''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He hails from Irumbedu village in [[Kanchipuram district]]. A holder of a bachelor's degree in Dental Surgery (BDS), Arasu belongs to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) party. In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]s, he contested from the [[Cheyyur Assembly constituency]] and was elected as a Member of the Legislative Assembly.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO 2016. Chennai-600 009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. 27 December 2018. p. 108-110.</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiavotes.com/vidhan-sabha-details/2016/tamil-nadu/cheyyur/40/36995/250 | title=AC: Cheyyur 2016 | accessdate=19 December 2025}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2016===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Cheyyur]]<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222083235/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC034.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC034.pdf|access-date= 24 Jan 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Arasu R T |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,446 |percentage=37.51% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Munusamy A |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=63,142 |percentage=37.33% |change=-18.26% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ezhil Caroline |party=Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi |votes=17,927 |percentage=10.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadaiyappan V |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=17,892 |percentage=10.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=1,827 |percentage=1.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sampath P |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,559 |percentage=0.92% |change=-0.06% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Dhasarathan A |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=919 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=304 |percentage=0.18% |change=-18.69% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,69,134 |percentage=80.11% |change= -0.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,11,135 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -18.08% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arasu, R.T.}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian dentists]]

K. N. Rajanna

2026-04-10T03:58:18Z

Birjesh Kumar: made first entry more to come

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. N. Rajanna
| image =
| office = [[Cabinet Minister]] [[Government of Karnataka]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Siddaramaiah]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata = * Co-operation (excluding Agricultural Marketing)
| term_start = 27 May 2023
| term_end = 11 August 2025
| office1 = President of the Karnataka State Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd.
| term_start1 = October 2001
| term_end1 = April 2005
| predecessor1 = Kotoji Rao
| successor1 = M. N. Rajendra Kumar
| term_start2 = 12 August 2015
| term_end2 = September 2020
| predecessor2 = R. M. Manjunatha Gowda
| successor2 = S. Ziyaullah
| office3 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 = May 2023
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = [[M. V. Veerabhadraiah]]
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = [[Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Madhugiri]]
| term_start4 = 2013
| term_end4 = 2018
| predecessor4 = [[Anitha Kumaraswamy]]
| successor4 = M. V. Veerabhadraiah
| constituency4 = [[Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Madhugiri]]
| term_start5 = 2004
| term_end5 = 2007
| predecessor5 = R. Narayana
| successor5 = ''Seat abolished''
| constituency5 = [[Bellavi Assembly constituency|Bellavi]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1951|4|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (1972–2004, 2007–present)
| other_party = [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (2004–2007)
| relations =
| spouse = Shantala
| children =
| alma_mater =
}}

'''Kyathasandra N. Rajanna''' (born 13 April 1951)<ref name="profile">{{cite web |title=Profile of Sri K. N. Rajanna |url=https://karnatakaapex.in/new/images/2018/kscabl-president-profile.pdf |publisher=karnatakaapex.in |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503072548/https://karnatakaapex.in/new/images/2018/kscabl-president-profile.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> is an Indian politician from the state of [[Karnataka]]. He served as Cabinet Minister for Cooperation in the [[Second Siddaramaiah ministry|Second Siddaramaiah Ministry]] until his sacking in August of 2025. He is member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) representing [[Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Madhugiri]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Cabinet expansion, 24 legislators take oath as Ministers|work= The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-cabinet-expansion-24-legislators-take-oath-as-ministers/article66900019.ece|date=27 May 2023|access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref> Having begun his career in the cooperative sector, Rajanna has previously served as director of [[National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India]] and president of the Karnataka State Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd.<ref name="profile"/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Prabhu |first1=Nagesh |title=K.N. Rajanna: How the Congress leader’s loose tongue finally cost him his Cabinet berth |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kn-rajanna-known-for-sparking-controversies-finally-exits-cabinet/article69920279.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=12 August 2025 |language=en-IN |date=11 August 2025}}</ref> In August 2025, he was removed from the Karnataka state cabinet for criticising [[Rahul Gandhi]]’s “vote theft” allegation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karnataka minister K N Rajanna sacked from Cabinet after quitting post amid Congress seeking action over Rahul Gandhi criticism |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/karnataka-minister-k-n-rajanna-resigns-as-cong-high-command-seeks-action-over-rahul-gandhi-criticism-3675422 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Rajanna was involved in the [[Cooperative movement in India|cooperative sector]] since 1972. His public life began around the same period when he served as secretary of the Kyathasandra [[taluk]] unit of the [[Indian National Congress]]. In 1976, he was elected president of the [[nagar panchayat]] Kyathasandra, before heading INC's Youth Congress wing of the [[Tumkur district]]-unit between 1980 and 1984.<ref name="profile"/>

Rajanna was elected to the [[Karnataka Legislative Council]] in 1998 and completed the six-year term till 2004.<ref name="profile"/> After being denied an INC ticket to contest the [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004 Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Bellavi Assembly constituency|Bellavi]], Rajanna quit the party and joined the [[Janata Dal (Secular)]] (JD(S)),<ref>{{cite news |title=Congress leaders from Tumkur admitted to Janata Dal (S) |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022704990400.htm |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=The Hindu |date=27 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080122160306/http://www.hindu.com/2004/02/27/stories/2004022704990400.htm |archive-date=22 January 2008}}</ref> with whose ticket he successfully contested. Rajanna entered the assembly again in 2013, this time from [[Madhugiri Assembly constituency|Madhugiri]], and again in 2023.<ref name="profile"/> He served two terms as president of the Karnataka State Co-operative Apex Bank Ltd., the first from 2001 to 2005, and the second from 2015 to 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of the Presidents |url=https://www.karnatakaapex.com/new/index.php/en/about-us/executives/list-of-the-presidents |publisher=karnatakaapex.com |access-date=3 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240503101910/https://www.karnatakaapex.com/new/index.php/en/about-us/executives/list-of-the-presidents |archive-date=3 May 2024 |url-status=live }}</ref> In May 2023, he was appointed a cabinet minister,<ref>{{Cite web|title= K. N. Rajanna sworn as Cabinet Minister in Government of Karnataka|url=https://newskarnataka.com/karnataka/bengaluru/tumakuru/tumakuru-celebrations-as-kn-rajanna-becomes-minister/28052023}}</ref> and was handed the Cooperation portfolio (excluding Agriculture Marketing).<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka Cabinet Expansion: Full list of 34 ministers who were inducted into Siddaramaiah’s Cabinet |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-cabinet-full-list-8619271 |access-date=3 May 2024 |work=The Indian Express |date=20 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajanna, K. N.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018]]
[[Category:1951 births]]

Pukhrayan train derailment

2026-04-07T19:16:15Z

Birjesh Kumar: started new data nd citations - done

{{Short description|2016 train accident in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox public transit accident
| name = Pukhrayan Train Derailment

| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =

| image_map =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| alternative_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| mapframe =
| qid =
| mapframe_zoom =
| coordinates = {{coord|26|13|50|N|79|50|54|E|type:event|display=inline}}

| date = 20 November 2016
| time = 3:10 a.m. [[Indian Standard Time|local time]] (21:40 [[coordinated universal time|UTC]], 19 November)
| location = [[Pukhrayan]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| location_dir =
| location_city =
| location_dist_km =
| location_dist_mi =
| country = [[India]]
| line = Jhansi—Kanpur line
| operator = {{Ubl|[[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]] (train)|[[North Central Railway zone|North Central Railway]] (line)}}
| owner =[[Indian Railways]]
| service =[[Indore–Patna Express]]
| type = [[Derailment]]
| cause = Under investigation/Sabotage or terrorism ruled out<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/nia-wont-file-chargesheet-in-kanpur-derailment-case/article25280396.ece|title=NIA won’t file chargesheet in Kanpur derailment case|first=Vijaita|last=Singh|date=21 October 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

| bus =
| trains = 1 (Indore Patna Express)
| vehicles = [[WAP-4]] locomotive
| passengers =
| crew =
| pedestrians =
| deaths = 150
| injuries = ≈150
| damage =
| property =

| route_map =
| route_map_state =
| route_map_name =

| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Pukhrayan accident.jpg|thumb|Scheduled train route from Indore to Patna.]]

On 20 November 2016, the [[Indore–Patna Express]] 19321, a scheduled train from [[Indore]] to [[Patna]], derailed near [[Pukhrayan]], [[Kanpur Dehat district|Kanpur]], India, resulting in the death of 150 passengers and injuries to at least another 150.<ref name="Pukhrayan2016">{{cite news|title=Indore-Patna Express derailment: Toll touches 150; deadliest rail mishap since 1999|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indore-Patna-Express-derailment-Toll-touches-150-deadliest-rail-mishap-since-1999/articleshow/55565092.cms |accessdate=22 November 2016|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== Derailment ==

The Indore–Patna Express travels twice a week between [[Indore Junction railway station]] and [[Rajendra Nagar Terminal]] in Patna.<ref name=aljazeera>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/dozens-killed-train-derails-north-india-161120033638655.html|title=Almost 100 people killed in India train derailment|date=20 November 2016|website=[[Aljazeera.com]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20161120104112/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/11/dozens-killed-train-derails-north-india-161120033638655.html|archivedate=20 November 2016|accessdate=20 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Timetable 35|url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/railwayboard/uploads/directorate/coaching/TAG_2016-17/35.pdf|publisher=Indian Railways|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> At approximately 03:10 local time on 20 November 2016, the train derailed in the town of Pukhrayan near the city of Kanpur. Fourteen carriages derailed, killing 150 people and injuring 150 others.<ref name=Pukhrayan2016 />

Most of the casualties were from two severely damaged coaches, namely S1 and S2 of [[Indian Railways coaching stock|sleeper class]], and heavy machinery was used to rescue passengers trapped in the train.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=120 Dead After Indore-Patna Express Derails In Train Accident Near Kanpur Today|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/10-dead-after-patna-indore-express-derails-near-kanpur-1627673|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=NDTV}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite news|title=Kanpur Train Accident: Rajnath Singh Sends Disaster Response Teams For Rescue Ops|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/kanpur-train-accident-rajnath-singh-sends-disaster-response-teams-for-rescue-ops-1627704|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=NDTV}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
The [[Indian Army]], the [[National Disaster Response Force]], and teams of doctors and local police carried out rescue operations.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Rail mobile-medical units were also on site. Helpline numbers for those affected by the derailment were issued by [[Indian Railways]].<ref name=":22">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/live-14-coaches-of-patna-indore-express-derail-in-kanpur-several-casualties/story-GgKLNd7LgBaWm8EyPDbgLM.html|title=LIVE {{!}} Kanpur train tragedy: Death toll rises to 120, rescue operations on|date=2016-11-20|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=2016-11-20}}</ref>

Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] said that he was "Anguished beyond words on the loss of lives due to the derailing of the Indore–Patna Express" and added that his "thoughts are with the bereaved families", in a tweet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-narendra-modi-expresses-anguish-over-indore-patna-express-train-derailment-1627687|date=20 November 2016|title=
PM Narendra Modi Expresses Anguish Over Indore-Patna Express Train Derailment|work=NDTV|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> The Railways Minister [[Suresh Prabhu]] tweeted, "Strictest possible action will be taken against those who could be responsible for accident".<ref name=":22"/>

== Compensation ==
As the rescue operation was underway, the Indian Railways, Prime Minister Narendra Modi and chief ministers across the states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar announced ex-gratia payments for the victims of the accident.<ref name="Relief">{{cite news|title=Indore-Patna Train Accident: Victims' Kin to Get Rs 14.5 Lakh Compensation|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/indore-patna-train-accident-families-of-victims-to-get-rs-12-5-lakh-compensation-1313601.html|accessdate=20 November 2016|publisher=News18}}</ref> Earlier on 1 September 2016, the Indian Railways had launched an optional insurance scheme at a low premium.<ref>{{cite news|title=Railways offers Rs 10 lakh insurance cover for train travel|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/railways-offers-rs-10-lakh-insurance-cover-for-train-travel/articleshow/53964634.cms|accessdate=1 September 2016|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align:center; border: none;"
|-
! Authority !! Kin of the deceased !! Critically injured !! Survivors with minor injuries !! Notes
|-
| [[Narendra Modi]] ([[Prime Minister of India]]) || {{INRConvert|2|l|0}} || {{INRConvert|50|k|0}} || - || <ref name="Relief"/>
|-
| [[Indian Railways]] || {{INRConvert|3.5|l|0}} || {{INRConvert|50|k|0}} || {{INRConvert|25|k|0}} || <ref name="Relief"/>
|-
| [[Akhilesh Yadav]] ([[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]) || {{INRConvert|5|l|0}} || {{INRConvert|50|k|0}} || {{INRConvert|25|k|0}} || <ref name="Relief"/>
|-
| [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]] ([[Chief Minister of Madhya Pradesh]]) || {{INRConvert|2|l|0}} || {{INRConvert|50|k|0}} || - || <ref name="Relief"/>
|-
| [[Nitish Kumar]] ([[Chief Minister of Bihar]]) || {{INRConvert|2|l|0}} || {{INRConvert|50|k|0}} || - || Compensation announced only for the residents of Bihar.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kanpur train derailment: Bihar CM Nitish Kumar announces ex-gratia payment for Rs 2 lakh to dead, Rs 50,000 to injured |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Kanpur-train-derailment-Bihar-CM-Nitish-Kumar-announces-ex-gratia-payment-for-Rs-2-lakh-to-dead-Rs-50000-to-injured/articleshow/55527478.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |author=Madan Kumar |date=20 November 2016 |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref>
|}

== Investigation ==
Within hours of the incident, the central government ordered an investigation into the cause.<ref name="bbc">{{cite web|title=Dozens killed as train derails near Kanpur, India|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-38041755|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=20 November 2016}}</ref> Some sources speculated the train to have been overcrowded;<ref>{{cite news|title=Indore-Patna Express derailment: Train was carrying more passengers than its capacity|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indore-Patna-Express-derailment-Train-was-carrying-more-passengers-than-its-capacity/articleshow/55529907.cms|accessdate=20 November 2016|work=The Times of India}}</ref> sources in the railways suspected rail fracture might have caused the train to skid off.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indore-Patna Express train accident: Rail fracture suspected to be cause of derailment|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indore-Patna-Express-train-accident-Rail-fracture-suspected-to-be-cause-of-derailment/articleshow/55523889.cms|accessdate=20 November 2016|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indore Patna Express accident: MoS Railways hints at fractured track for derailment|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/indore-patna-express-accident-mos-railways-hints-at-fractured-track-for-derailment-4385744/|accessdate=20 November 2016|newspaper=[[Indian Express]] }}</ref> Some survivors claimed that one of the coaches was making noise and that its wheels were not running smoothly.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indore-Patna train derailment: FIR lodged against railway staffers|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Indore-Patna-train-derailment-FIR-lodged-against-railway-staffers/articleshow/55544294.cms|accessdate=21 November 2016|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>

[[2016 Kanpur train accident|Another train derailed]] on 28 December 2016, {{convert|50|km|mi}} from Kanpur. Both incidents were thought to have been caused by fractured tracks.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Debabrata Mohanty |author2=Avishek G. Dastidar |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/andhra-pradesh-several-dead-as-seven-coaches-engine-of-jagdalpur-bhubaneswar-express-derail-near-vizianagaram-4485762/ |title=Jagdalpur-Bhubaneswar Express derailment: Third train accident in 2 months, 40 killed in Andhra |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=24 January 2017 }}</ref> In January 2017, after deliberately damaged track was found in time to avoid a third derailment, three suspects arrested for placing a bomb on rail tracks near [[Ghorasahan]], Motilal Paswan, Umashankar Patel and Mukesh Yadav, were implicated in the two Kanpur derailments.

They admitted working for [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] of [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Debashish Karmakar |author2=Bharti Jain |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/police-suspect-pakistans-spy-agency-isi-hand-in-two-rail-accidents-in-uttar-pradesh-that-killed-151-passengers/articleshow/56634949.cms |title=Police suspect Pakistan's spy agency ISI hand in two rail accidents in Uttar Pradesh |newspaper=The Times of India |date=18 January 2017 }}</ref> According to a police officer, although no evidence of explosives had been found in connection with the two Kanpur derailments, audio recovered from one of the suspects' cellphones suggested they were involved in them.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/kanpur-train-tragedy-audio-clips-recovered-from-suspects-phone-point-to-chatter-on-indore-patna-express-accident-3212664.html |title=Kanpur train tragedy: Audio clips recovered from suspect's phone point to 'chatter' on Indore-Patna Express accident |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> Brij Kishore Giri, a [[Nepal]]ese suspected of being the men's "handler", was arrested in Nepal, as was Shamsul Huda, suspected of masterminding the plot, after he had been deported from [[Dubai]].<ref>{{cite news |author=Bharti Jain |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/isi-agent-shamshul-huda-mastermind-of-kanpur-train-derailment-arrested-in-nepal/articleshow/57014034.cms |title=ISI agent Shamshul Huda, mastermind of Kanpur train derailment, arrested in Nepal |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 February 2017 }}</ref>

In October 2018, the [[National Investigation Agency]] (NIA) decided not to file a chargesheet for the case as there was no indication of any sabotage or explosion.<ref name="thehindu.com"/>

==See also==
* [[2016 Eséka train derailment]], another deadly derailment a few weeks earlier
* [[List of accidents and disasters by death toll#Rail accidents and disasters|List of deadliest rail accidents]]
* [[List of Indian rail incidents]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Portal bar|India}}
{{2016 railway accidents}}
{{Disasters in India in 2016}}

[[Category:2016 disasters in India]]
[[Category:2010s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:November 2016 in India]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2016]]
[[Category:Railway accidents and incidents in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kanpur Dehat district]]
[[Category:Derailments in India]]

Hardeep Singh Mundian

2026-04-07T14:19:27Z

Birjesh Kumar: made new bio v1

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| order =
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLA]], [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] and Cabinet Minister Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Water Supply & Sanitation and Housing and Urban Development.
| term_start = [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| term_end = 
| constituency = [[Sahnewal Assembly constituency|Sahnewal]]
| majority = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = 
| office2 = 
| term_start2 = 
| term_end2 = 

| pronunciation =
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| birth_place =
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| citizenship =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| education =
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| blank1 =
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}}
'''Hardeep Singh Mundian''' is an Indian politician and the MLA representing the [[Sahnewal Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]]. He is a member of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref name="List Financialexpress">{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022, Punjab election results 2022, Punjab election winners list, Punjab election 2022 full list of winners, Punjab election winning candidates, Punjab election 2022 winners, Punjab election 2022 winning candidates constituency wise |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/punjab-assembly-election-results-2022-check-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-complete-list-of-punjab-results-2022-bjp-congress-akali-dal-aap/2456066/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2022 Winner list">{{cite news |title=All Winners List of Punjab Assembly Election 2022 {{!}} Punjab Vidhan Sabha Elections |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2022/punjab/all-winners/ |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=News18 |language=en}}</ref> He was elected as the MLA in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab election 2022 result constituency-wise: Check full list of winners |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/punjab-assembly-election/punjab-election-result-2022-check-constituency-wise-leading-trailing-candidates-full-list-of-winners-aap-bhagwant-mann-congress-charanjit-singh-channi-bjp-akalis-election-news-today-101646877618898.html |access-date=10 March 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==MLA==
The Aam Aadmi Party gained a strong 79% majority in the [[sixteenth Punjab Legislative Assembly]] by winning 92 out of [[List of constituencies of the Punjab Legislative Assembly|117 seats]] in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]]. MP [[Bhagwant Mann]] was sworn in as [[List of chief ministers of Punjab (India)|Chief Minister]] on 16 March 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 March 2022 |title=AAP's Bhagwant Mann sworn in as Punjab Chief Minister |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/punjab-assembly/aaps-bhagwant-mann-sworn-in-as-punjab-cm/article65230309.ece |access-date=22 March 2022 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
;[[16th Punjab Assembly#Committees|Committee assignments of Punjab Legislative Assembly]]
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Petitions|Committee on Petitions]]<ref name="Committee on Petitions">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=33&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>
*Member (2022–23) [[Punjab Assembly Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities|Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities]]<ref name="Committee on Agriculture and its allied activities">{{cite web |title=Vidhan Sabha |url=http://punjabassembly.nic.in/index.php/component/content/article?id=806&Itemid=119 |website=punjabassembly.nic.in}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Sahnewal Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Sahnewal Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2022}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN MLA box
| state= Punjab
| constituency= Sahnewal
| before= -
| after=
| years= [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election|2022]] – }}
{{s-end}}
{{Aam Aadmi Party |state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mundian, Hardeep Singh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Bava Lakshmanan

2026-04-04T21:10:28Z

Birjesh Kumar: started post

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Bava Lakshmanan
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Super Good Lakshmanan
| occupation =
| years_active = 1990{{Endash}}present
| known_for = Actor
| notable_works =
}}
'''Bava Lakshmanan''' is an Indian Tamil actor and comedian who predominantly featured in comedy roles. For the major part of his acting career, he shared screenspace with fellow veteran comedian actor [[Vadivelu]] in many film comedy sequences.<ref>{{Cite web |title=கல்யாணமா..? அந்த ஆசையே போச்சு; இதுதான் காரணமே - மனம் திறந்த பாவா லட்சுமணன்! - தமிழ்நாடு |url=https://ibctamilnadu.com/article/actor-bava-lakshmanan-interview-about-marriage-1720271281 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=IBC Tamilnadu |language=ta}}</ref>

== Career ==
Originally from Madurai, Lakshmanan was born as fifth child among two sisters and six brothers in the family.<ref name="kungumam">{{cite web|url=http://kungumam.co.in/Articalinnerdetail.aspx?id=8695&id1=3&issue=20150511|date=11 May 2015|website=Kungumam|access-date=22 December 2024|title=எங்கேயோ பார்த்த முகம்|first=மை. |last=பாரதிராஜா |language=Tamil}}</ref> He started his career as child actor portraying Surulirajan's son in ''[[Madras to Pondicherry]]'' (1966) through which he developed interest towards acting. He was originally screen tested for Karthik's role in ''[[Alaigal Oivathillai]]'' (1981), which did not happen.<ref name="kungumam" /> He briefly worked as painter and construction worker. He joined as worker for FEFSI Vijayan through which he tried for opportunities for films. He worked as manager for the film ''[[Sirayil Sila Raagangal]]'' (1990) and worked as production manager for Super Good Films where he earned the name Super Good Lakshmanan.<ref name="kungumam" /> Many directors cast him in comedic roles due to his Madurai Tamil dialect.

He received more attention and popularity from general audience when they regularly combined with Vadivelu in comedy tracks. He was well known for his dialogue "Vaa Ma Minnal" ({{translation|"Come Minnal"}}; {{literal|Come Lightning}}) during a marriage proposal sequence in the film ''[[Maayi]]'' (2000), which gained him lot of fame.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=யாரு அது நம்மள மாதிரியே இருக்கா? - சத்தியமா அது நான் இல்லை: ரசிகர்கள் அதிர்ச்சி - தமிழ்நாடு |url=https://ibctamilnadu.com/article/madurai-actor-lakshamanan-brother-raman-photoviral-1632811915 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=IBC Tamilnadu |language=ta}}</ref>

He had worked as a painter for over 5 years after not gaining adequate film acting opportunities due to being constantly cornered and sidelined by the new filmmakers in search of finding youngsters in comedy roles and also the trend of separate comedy track genre began to dwindle in Tamil cinema post 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=மலர் |first=மாலை |date=2024-12-21 |title=தயாரிப்பாளர் அட்லீக்கு நெருக்கடி கொடுக்கும் பாலிவுட் - காரணம் என்ன ? |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/what-is-the-reason-behind-bollywood-putting-pressure-on-producer-atlee-752393 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=www.maalaimalar.com |language=ta |archive-date=2024-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241221121910/https://www.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinemanews/what-is-the-reason-behind-bollywood-putting-pressure-on-producer-atlee-752393 |url-status=live }}</ref> He alongside other side character artists and comedian actors only made sporadic appearances in films ever since Vadivelu lost film acting opportunities as the latter was banned due to lack of work ethic and other controversies. Hence Bava Lakshmanan along with the renowned Vadivelu gang was mostly ignored by filmmakers in Tamil cinema post Vadivelu era as the current set of filmmakers went onto cast popular social media trendsetters and social media influencers in film comedy sequences.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-06-15 |title="கட்டை விரலை எடுத்துட்டாங்க; பொண்டாட்டி, புள்ளகுட்டி இருந்திருந்தா..." - பாவா லட்சுமணன் வருத்தம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/comedy-actor-bava-lakshmanan-interview-about-his-health-condition |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Vikatan |language=ta |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706140549/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/comedy-actor-bava-lakshmanan-interview-about-his-health-condition |url-status=live }}</ref> Bava Lakshmanan eventually went onto act in numerous small budgeted films as a result of the change in taste of the mindset of Tamil film industry as well as the change in preference of the mindset by the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Aranthangi Nisha and Bava Lakshmanan are part of Vasantabalan's next |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/aranthangi-nisha-and-bava-lakshmanan-are-part-of-vasantabalans-next/articleshow/85204114.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His deteriorating health condition also further hampered his acting career in perhaps what is considered to be his latter stages of his career.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Navaneethakrishnan |first=Stalin |title=Bava Lakshmanan: 'சுகர் மாத்திரை வாங்க காசில்லை.. செத்துட்டேனு போஸ்டர் ஒட்டியாச்சு' பாவா லட்சுமணன் உருக்கம்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-bava-lakshmanan-interview-about-vadivelu-friendship-131686312995956.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref>

== Controversy ==
He stirred a controversy during the shooting set of ''[[Aanandham]]'' (2001), when he tried to slap fellow actor [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] over a dispute regarding the fact that Abbas did not maintain punctuality by arriving late to the shooting sets.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=பாரதி |date=2024-12-09 |title=அப்பாஸை அன்று அடிக்கப்போனேன் - பாவா லட்சுமணன்! |url=https://kalkionline.com/entertainment/cinema/i-went-to-beat-abbas-that-day-bhava-lakshmanan |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Kalki Online |language=ta}}</ref> Bava Lakshmanan revealed in an exclusive interview that he inquired upon why Abbas did not adhere to the accountability and responsibility that should have been followed by him in terms of reporting to the film shoot on time and Abbas was quoted to have said he would only come like that taking his time. Hence Lakshmanan became furious over the immature response from Abbas, whereas the former highlighted the fact that the main lead actor [[Mammootty]] who has a huge star status had arrived to the shooting sets of ''Aanandham'' on time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=manimegalai.a |title=திமிராக பேசிய அப்பாஸ்; ஆனந்தம் படப்பிடிப்பில் அடிக்க பாய்ந்த பாவா லட்சுமணன்! என்ன நடந்தது? |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/comedy-actor-bhava-lakshmanan-went-to-beat-abbas-on-the-anandam-shooting-mma-smz9vf |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Asianet News Tamil |language=ta |archive-date=2024-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215084615/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/comedy-actor-bhava-lakshmanan-went-to-beat-abbas-on-the-anandam-shooting-mma-smz9vf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" />

== Personal life ==
Lakshmanan also suffered significant setback in his acting career when he was diagnosed with diabetes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=சர்க்கரை நோயால் 'வாம்மா மின்னல்' புகழ் நடிகரின் கால் கட்டை விரல் அகற்றம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-news/diabetes-issue-actor-bava-lakshmanans-toe-removed/articleshow/101014807.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> One of his big toes had been removed after undergoing a surgery at Chennai Omanthurar Government Hospital due to excessive sugar levels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-15 |title=Bava Lakshmanan: பிரபல நகைச்சுவை நடிகர் பாவா லட்சுமணன் கால் கட்டை விரல் அகற்றம்! |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/tamil/tamil-nadu/entertainment/movie/comedian-bava-lakshmanan-toe-removed-due-to-sugar-at-chennai/tamil-nadu20230615130757754754753 |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=V |first=Aarthi |title=Bava Lakshmanan: நடிகர் பாவா லட்சுமணன் கால் கட்டை விரல் அகற்றம் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actor-bava-lakshmanan-toe-removed-131686795618241.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref> He remains a bachelor and lives alone at his residence.<ref name=":1" /> He also revealed in a YouTube interview that he was addicted to liquor consumption which was also one of the prime reasons why he lost on many acting offers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Karthikeyan |title='சினிமாக்காரர்களுக்கு பெண்கள் பழக்கம் இருக்கும்' - காமெடி நடிகர் பாவா லட்சுமணன் ஓப்பன் டாக்! |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/comedy-actor-bava-lakshmanans-latest-emotional-interview-131701719885201.html |access-date=2024-12-22 |website=Tamil Hindustan Times |language=ta}}</ref>

== Partial filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{Colbegin}}
*''[[Sirayil Sila Raagangal]]'' (1990)
*''[[Sollamale]]'' (1998)
*''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]'' (1999)
*''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' (2000)
*''[[Maayi]]'' (2000)
*''[[Aanandham]]'' (2001)
*[[Red (2002 film)|''Red'']] (2002)
*''[[Roja Kootam]]'' (2002)
*''[[Thamizh]]'' (2002)
*[[Raja (2002 film)|''Raja'']] (2002)
*''[[Jjunction]]'' (2002)
*[[Run (2002 film)|''Run'']] (2002)
*''[[En Mana Vaanil]]'' (2002)
*''[[April Maadhathil]]'' (2002)
*''[[Vaseegara]]'' (2003)
*''[[Aasai Aasaiyai]]'' (2003)
*''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' (2003)
*''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' (2003)
*[[Ice (2003 film)|''Ice'']] (2003)
*''[[Alaudin]]'' (2003)
*[[Winner (2003 film)|''Winner'']] (2003)
*''[[Kurumbu]]'' (2003)
*[[Soori (2003 film)|''Soori'']] (2003)
*[[Aai (film)|''Aai'']] (2004)
*[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|''Chatrapathy'']] (2004)
*[[Kovil (film)|''Kovil'']] (2004)
*''[[Vayasu Pasanga]]'' (2004)
*[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|''Ayya'']] (2005)
*''[[Jithan]]'' (2005)
*''[[6′.2″]]'' (2005)
*''[[Kadhal Seiya Virumbu]]'' (2005)
*''[[Amudhae]]'' (2005)
*''[[Englishkaran]]'' (2005)
*[[Sivakasi (film)|''Sivakasi'']] (2005)
*''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' (2005)
*''[[Bambara Kannaley]]'' (2005)
*''[[Varalaru]]'' (2006)
*''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' (2006)
*''[[Don Chera]]'' (2006)
*[[Perarasu (film)|''Perarasu'']] (2006)
*[[Dharmapuri (film)|''Dharmapuri'']] (2006)
*''[[Paramasivan]]'' (2006)
*''[[Kai Vandha Kalai]]'' (2006)
*''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' (2006)
*[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|''Kurukshetram'']] (2006)
*''[[Sudesi]]'' (2006)
*''[[Nagareega Komali]]'' (2006)
*[[Muruga (film)|''Muruga'']] (2007)
*''[[Viyabari]]'' (2007)
*''[[Thaamirabharani]]'' (2007)
*[[Vel (film)|''Vel'']] (2007)
*''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' (2007)
*''[[Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar]]'' (2007)
*''[[Koodal Nagar]]'' (2007)
*[[Pazhani (2008 film)|''Pazhani'']] (2008)
*''[[Sandai]]'' (2008)
*[[Pandi (film)|''Pandi'']] (2008)
*''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' (2008)
*''[[Kee Mu]]'' (2008)
*''[[Aayudham Seivom]]'' (2008)
*''[[Ragasiya Snehithane]]'' (2008)
*''[[Ini Varum Kaalam]]'' (2008)
*''[[Theeyavan]]'' (2008)
*''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' (2008)
*''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' (2008)
*[[Surya (2008 film)|''Surya'']] (2008)
*''[[Sutta Pazham]]'' (2008)
*[[Perumal (film)|''Perumal'']] (2009)
*''[[Solla Solla Inikkum]]'' (2009)
*''[[Aarumaname]]'' (2009)
*''[[Gnabagangal]]'' (2009)
*[[1977 (film)|''1977'']] (2009)
*[[Ninaithale Inikkum (2009 film)|''Ninaithale Inikkum'']] (2009)
*''[[Moscowin Kavery]]'' (2010)
*''[[365 Kadhal Kadithangal]]'' (2010)
*''[[Nagaram Marupakkam]]'' (2010)
*''[[Azhagaana Ponnuthan]]'' (2010)
*[[Mandhira Punnagai (2010 film)|''Mandhira Punnagai'']] (2010)
*''[[Nellu (2010 film)|Nellu]]'' (2010)
*''[[Aattanayagann]]'' (2010)
*[[Vedi (film)|''Vedi'']] (2011)
*''[[Osthe]]'' (2011)
*''[[Markandeyan]]'' (2011)
*[[Udhayan (film)|''Udhayan'']] (2011)
*''[[Ilaignan]]'' (2011)
*[[Aivar (film)|''Aivar'']] (2011)
*''[[Kalakalappu]]'' (2012)
*''[[Yugam (film)|Yugam]]'' (2012)
*''[[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]]'' (2012)
*''[[Saattai]]'' (2012)
*''[[Thagaraaru]]'' (2013)
*''[[Pattathu Yaanai]]'' (2013)
*''[[Pandiya Naadu]]'' (2013)
*''[[Chandhamama]]'' (2013)
*''[[Oruvar Meethu Iruvar Sainthu]]'' (2013)
*''[[Theeya Velai Seiyyanum Kumaru]]'' (2013)
*''[[Thulli Vilayadu]]'' (2013)
*''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]'' (2014)
*''Angusam'' (2014)
*''[[Poriyaalan]]'' (2014)
*''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' (2014)
*''[[Vilaasam]]'' (2014)
*''[[Jilla]]'' (2014)
*''[[Velmurugan Borewells]]'' (2014)
*[[Jeeva (2014 film)|''Jeeva'']] (2014)
*''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]'' (2014)
*''[[Adhibar]]'' (2015)
*''[[Aavi Kumar]]'' (2015)
*''[[Sathuran]]'' (2015)
*''[[Maharani Kottai]]'' (2015)
*[[Eli (2015 film)|''Eli'']] (2015)
*[[En Vazhi Thani Vazhi (2015 film)|''En Vazhi Thani Vazhi'']] (2015)
*''[[Velainu Vandhutta Vellaikaaran]]'' (2016)
*''[[Pagiri]]'' (2016)
*''[[Navarasa Thilagam]]'' (2016)
*''[[Tamilselvanum Thaniyar Anjalum]]'' (2016)
*''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' (2016)
*''[[Hello Naan Pei Pesuren]]'' (2016)
*''[[Thirunaal]]'' (2016)
*[[Si3 (film)|''Si3'']] (2017)
*''[[Saravanan Irukka Bayamaen]]'' (2017)
*''[[Tubelight (2017 Tamil film)|Tubelight]]'' (2017)
*[[Bongu (film)|''Bongu'']] (2017)
*''[[Kaathadi]]'' (2018)
*''[[Kaathiruppor Pattiyal]]'' (2018)
*''[[Kadikara Manithargal]]'' (2018)
*[[Torchlight (2018 film)|''Torchlight'']] (2018)
*[[Pottu (film)|''Pottu'']] (2019)
*''[[Oviyavai Vitta Yaru]]'' (2019)
*[[Sathru (2019 film)|''Sathru'']] (2019)
*''[[Butler Balu]]'' (2019)
*''[[Kudimagan]]'' (2019)
*''[[Ganesha Meendum Santhipom]]'' (2019)
*''[[Butler Balu]]'' (2019)
*''[[Kanni Raasi]]'' (2020)
*[[Cocktail (2020 film)|''Cocktail'']] (2020)
*[[Thaen (film)|''Thaen'']] (2021)
*[[Jango (2021 film)|''Jango'']] (2021)
*''[[Eeswaran]]'' (2021)
*''[[Thanne Vandi]]'' (2021)
*[[Idiot (2022 film)|''Idiot'']] (2022)
*''[[Hostel (2022 film)|Hostel]]'' (2022)
*[[Pistha (2022 film)|''Pistha'']] (2022)
*''[[Rayar Parambarai]]'' (2023)
*''[[Mudakkaruthaan]]'' (2024)
*''[[Mr. Housekeeping]]'' (2025)
{{colend}}

=== Television ===
*''[[Enga Veetu Meenakshi]]'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Here's how Team Enga Veetu Meenakshi celebrated Jeeva Thangavel's birthday |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/heres-how-team-enga-veetu-meenakshi-celebrated-jeeva-thangavels-birthday/articleshow/84944504.cms |access-date=2024-12-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|6064238}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmanan, Bava}}
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sadruddin Aga Khan

2026-04-01T07:39:44Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding New Data

{{short description|UN High Commissioner for Refugees (1933–2003)}}
{{featured article}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan
| image = Sadruddin Aga Khan (1991) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg
| caption = Sadruddin Aga Khan in 1991
| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|fa|{{nq|صدر الدین آغا خان}}}}}}
| native_name_lang = ar
| birth_date = {{birth date|1933|1|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], France
| death_date = {{death date and age|2003|5|12|1933|1|17|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Boston]], Massachusetts, United States
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|[[Nina Dyer]]|1957|1962}}
* {{marriage|Catherine Aleya Sursock|1972|2003}}
}}
| parents = [[Aga Khan III|Sultan Muhammad Shah]] (father) Andrée Joséphine Carron (mother)
| family = [[Aly Khan]] (brother) [[Aga Khan IV|Karim al-Husseini]] (nephew) [[Amyn Aga Khan]] (nephew) [[Yasmin Aga Khan]] (niece)
| education = [[Harvard University]]
}}
'''Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan''' ({{Nowrap|17 January}} 1933 – {{Nowrap|12 May}} 2003) was a French-born statesman and activist who served as [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] from 1966 to 1977. During his tenure, the agency expanded its operational focus to include refugee situations outside Europe.

He married twice, but had no children of his own. Sadruddin died of cancer at the age of 70, and was buried in Switzerland.

==Life and career==
===Childhood and education===
Born in [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]], France, he was the only child of [[Aga Khan III|Sultan Mahomed Shah]] (known by his title Aga Khan III) and his third wife, the French-born wife Andrée Joséphine Carron. He received his early education in [[Lausanne]], Switzerland, before graduating [[Phi Beta Kappa]] in 1954 from [[Harvard College]].<ref name="SydneyHerald2003">{{cite news |date=16 June 2003 |title=Genial diplomat shone under fire |url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/06/15/1055615679497.html |access-date=23 August 2018 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |publisher=[[Fairfax Media]]}}</ref> At Harvard, he lived in Eliot House with [[Paul Matisse]], grandson of French artist [[Henri Matisse]], with future ''[[Paris Review]]'' founders [[George Plimpton]] and [[John Train (investment advisor)|John Train]], and with [[Stephen James Joyce|Stephen Joyce]], grandson of Irish writer [[James Joyce]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Reed|first=Christopher|title=Pure Fabrications|journal=Harvard Magazine|issue=May–June 2002|date=May–June 2002|url=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050244.html|access-date=23 August 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203192353/http://www.harvardmagazine.com/on-line/050244.html|archive-date=3 December 2008}}</ref> Along with Plimpton, he was an editor for the ''[[Harvard Lampoon]]''. After three years of post-graduate research at the Harvard Center for Middle Eastern Studies, Sadruddin began a career in international service.<ref name="Times2003">{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/printFriendly/0%2C%2C1-45-681660%2C00.html|title=Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan (Obituary)|work=The Times|date=16 May 2003|access-date=23 August 2018|publisher=News Corporation}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="PRAgaKhan2003"/>

Although he was raised in Europe by his French mother, his father, who was the 48th hereditary [[Imam]] of the [[Nizari]] [[Ismaili|Ismaili Muslims]], had a strong influence on him. He recalled that his father "insisted that I learnt the Koran and encouraged me to understand the basic traditions and beliefs of Islam but without imposing any particular views. He was an overwhelming personality but open-minded and liberal."<ref name="Telegraph1998">{{cite news |last=Ducas |first=June |date=24 January 1998 |title=Hidden secrets of the universe |url=http://www.amaana.org/ISWEB/sadruddin.htm |access-date=23 August 2018 |work=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

He described Iran as the cradle of his family, though he never lived there.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991">{{cite news|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000886/088610eo.pdf |title=Interview with Sadruddin Aga Khan|work=UNESCO Courier|date=May 1991|pages=4–9|access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> When he was a child, his paternal grandmother used to recite to him the great epic poems of Persian history.<ref name="Telegraph1998"/> He held [[British people|British]], [[French nationality law|French]], [[Iranian nationality law|Iranian]], and [[Swiss nationality law|Swiss]] [[citizenship]], and was fluent in French, English, German and Italian, while also speaking some [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="Ahram2003">{{cite news |last=Elbendary |first=Amina |date=28 May 2003 |title=Obituary: Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan (1933–2003) |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/639/in3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414225630/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/639/in3.htm |archive-date=14 April 2008 |access-date=23 August 2018 |work=[[Al-Ahram Weekly]] |publisher=Al-Ahram Publishing House |issue=639}}</ref>

===UNESCO===
Sadruddin joined the [[United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization]] (UNESCO) in 1958, and became the Executive Secretary to its International Action Committee for the Preservation of [[Nubia]] in 1961. This initiative brought together archaeologists from Eastern Europe and the West at the height of the [[Cold War]]. The construction of the [[Aswan Dam]] threatened [[ancient Egypt]]ian treasures including [[Abu Simbel]], the temples of [[Philae]] and Kalabsha, and the Christian churches of Nubia.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/><ref name="Guardian2003">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/obituaries/story/0,3604,956084,00.html |title=Obituary: Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan |work=The Guardian |date=15 May 2003 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> He would later describe it as "one of UNESCO's great achievements" because of the challenging historical context in which it took place—in particular the ongoing tensions in the Middle East and the Cold War.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/>

===UN High Commissioner for Refugees===
Sadruddin began as a Special Envoy to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in 1959 with a focus on World Refugee Year (1959–1960).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/4402ff2d2.html |title=Records of Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan – UNHCR Archives |format=PDF |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> The initiative became known for its ''Stamp Plan'', a [[Philately|philatelic]] programme that raised funds through United Nations member countries, as well as the support of the [[Universal Postal Union]]. At the time, the UNHCR's resources were primarily focused on supporting [[refugee]]s crossing from Eastern Europe.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/>

In January 1966, Sadruddin was appointed United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees after serving for three years as Deputy High Commissioner. At the age of 33 he became the youngest person ever to lead the UNHCR.<ref name="UNNews2003">{{cite news |date=13 May 2003 |title=Former UN refugee agency chief Sadruddin Aga Khan dies |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=7056&Cr=refugees&Cr1=&Kw1=aga+khan&Kw2=&Kw3= |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=UN News Centre}}</ref> For the next twelve years he directed the UN refugee agency through one of its most difficult periods, coordinating the international response to the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|1971 Bangladesh crisis]] that uprooted {{Nowrap|10 million}} people, the [[Burundi genocide (1972)|1972 exodus]] of hundreds of thousands of [[Hutus]] from Burundi to Tanzania, and the [[Vietnamese boat people]] tragedy of the mid-1970s. In 1972, Sadruddin played a key role in finding new homes for tens of thousands of [[Expulsion of Asians in Uganda in 1972|South Asians expelled]] from Uganda by [[Idi Amin]].<ref name="UNNews2003"/>

During the 1950s, the majority of refugees requiring assistance were of European origin, estimated between 200,000 and 300,000. By the 1970s, many of these European refugee issues had been largely addressed. At the same time, new refugee crises emerged in parts of the developing world, including Palestine, Vietnam, Angola, and Algeria. Under Sadruddin Aga Khan’s tenure as United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees from 1966 to 1977, the agency’s mandate expanded beyond its original focus on Europe to address these broader global displacement challenges.<ref name="UNNews2003" />

This period saw an increase in the scale and complexity of refugee situations worldwide. The UNHCR and the wider international community adjusted their approaches accordingly.<ref name="UnescoCourier1991" /> By the time Sadruddin Aga Khan stepped down in 1977, he was the longest-serving High Commissioner in the agency’s history.<ref name="SydneyHerald2003" />

===United Nations diplomatic career===
From 1978 onwards, Sadruddin held several roles within the United Nations, including the Special Consultant and Chargé de Mission to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, [[Special Rapporteur (UN)|Special Rapporteur]] of the [[UN Human Rights Commission]] and Convenor and co-chairman of the Independent Commission on International Humanitarian Issues and of the Independent Working Group on the UN Financial Emergency. He also served as Coordinator for United Nations Humanitarian and Economic Assistance Programmes Relating to the People of Afghanistan and as Executive Delegate of the Secretary-General for a UN Inter-Agency Humanitarian Programme addressing issues in Iraq’s border areas.<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003"/><ref>{{cite press release |title=SG appoints Sadruddin Aga Khan to coordinate humanitarian programme for Iraq, Kuwait, border areas (SG/A/455, IK/15) |publisher=United Nations |date=9 April 1991}}</ref>

In September 1990, he was appointed Personal Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Humanitarian Assistance Relating to the Crisis between Iraq and Kuwait.<ref>{{cite press release |title=SG appoints Sadruddin Aga Khan as personal representative for humanitarian assistance relating to Iraq-Kuwait crisis (SG/A/442, IK/1) |publisher=United Nations |date=12 September 1990}}</ref> During this period, he negotiated with Iraqi officials, including Foreign Minister [[Tariq Aziz]], to establish a UN relief program for Shia Muslims in the marshlands of southern Iraq, despite the Iraqi government’s reluctance to coordinate with the UN.<ref name="SydneyHerald2003"/>

Sadruddin Aga Khan was nominated twice for the position of UN Secretary-General. In 1981, although he received majority support in the Security Council vote, his appointment was vetoed by the [[Soviet Union]], which reportedly considered him too Western.<ref name="Times2003"/> He was nominated again in 1991 but did not secure the position, with the United States and United Kingdom reportedly opposing him due to disagreements over his support for increasing aid to Iraq.<ref name="Times2003"/>

===Environmental protection and advocacy===
In 1977, Sadruddin Aga Khan co-founded the Geneva-based Groupe de Bellerive with [[Denis de Rougemont]] and the non-profit Bellerive Foundation. The foundation collaborated with international institutions, bilateral aid organizations, and NGOs such as the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/> It focused on environmental protection, natural resource conservation, and biodiversity.

The Bellerive Foundation worked with UNICEF and other partners on initiatives related to deforestation. It promoted the development and distribution of low-cost, energy-efficient cooking stoves using renewable energy sources, primarily in rural African communities. The foundation’s activities also addressed issues such as nuclear disarmament and species conservation<ref name="UnescoCourier1991"/>

In 1990, Sadruddin launched Alp Action at the [[World Economic Forum]] to support environmental conservation in the European Alps. The program aimed to promote eco-tourism and reduce the environmental impact of outdoor recreational activities. Over its period of operation, Alp Action implemented projects across seven countries.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.greengold.on.ca/newsletter/nl2001_07.html#articles1 |title=High Minded Action |editor-first=David |editor-last=Chernushenko |publisher=The Sustainable Sport Sourceline |date=July 2001 |access-date=23 August 2018|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706192221/http://www.greengold.on.ca/newsletter/nl2001_07.html#articles1 |archive-date=6 July 2011 }}</ref> It found inspiration in the system of national parks of the [[Canadian Rockies]].<ref name="Ahram2003"/>

In May 2006, the activities of the Bellerive Foundation were incorporated into the Geneva-based [[Aga Khan Foundation]] to establish the Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan Fund for the Environment.<ref name="PRAKDN20060531" /> The fund, with an endowment of approximately US$10 million, focuses on environmental education, natural resource management, protected areas, tourism infrastructure, environmental health, and research.<ref name="PRAKDN20060531">{{cite press release |url=http://www.akdn.org/press_release/562/Bellerive-Foundation-Merges-with-the-Aga-Khan-Foundation |title=Bellerive Foundation Merges with the Aga Khan Foundation |publisher=[[Aga Khan Development Network]] |date=31 May 2006 |access-date=23 August 2018|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308031100/http://www.akdn.org/press_release/562/Bellerive-Foundation-Merges-with-the-Aga-Khan-Foundation |archive-date=8 March 2012 }}</ref>

==Death and remembrance==
Sadruddin Aga Khan died of cancer in Boston, Massachusetts, on 12 May 2003.<ref name="Times2003"/><ref name="Ahram2003"/> His body was transported to Switzerland, where members of the diplomatic corps, government officials, and acquaintances paid respects at Château de Bellerive and signed condolence books at various locations internationally.<ref name="PRAgaKhanFuneral2003">{{cite press release |url=http://www.amaana.org/agakhan/sadruddin3.htm |title=Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan's Funeral Ceremonies in Geneva |publisher=Secrétariat de Son Altesse l'Aga Khan, Aiglemont |date=14 May 2003 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>

[[Ruud Lubbers]], then UNHCR High Commissioner, then UNHCR High Commissioner, issued a statement acknowledging Sadruddin’s tenure at the agency and his role during challenging periods.<ref name="UNNews2003" />

In accordance with his wishes, a private burial ceremony was held in Switzerland with family members present.<ref name="Times2003" /><ref name="Ahram2003" /><ref name="PRAgaKhanFuneral2003" /> Traditional Muslim rites were also conducted. The funeral procession took place from Château de Bellerive to the local cemetery of [[Collonge-Bellerive]].<ref name="PRAgaKhanBurial2003">{{cite press release |url=http://ismaili.net/timeline/2003/20030516press1.html |title=Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan Laid to Rest in Collonge-Bellerive |publisher=Secrétariat de Son Altesse l'Aga Khan, Aiglemont |date=16 May 2003 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> A tribute from the [[Canton of Geneva]] noted the family's historical ties to the region and referenced their Persian descent.<ref name="PRAgaKhanBurial2003" />

A memorial ceremony was held at United Nations headquarters in New York on 28 October 2003.<ref name="PRUNMemorial2003">{{cite press release |url=http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2003/sgsm8971.html |title=Secretary-General Hails Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan as True Statesman, in Remarks to Memorial Ceremony for Former Refugee Chief |publisher=United Nations Information Service |date=29 October 2003 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> At the event, then-UN Secretary-General [[Kofi Annan]] highlighted Sadruddin’s contributions to humanitarian work and environmental issues.<ref name="PRUNMemorial2003" />

He was survived by his wife Catherine, three stepsons—Alexandre, Marc, and Nicolas—and extended family including nephews, nieces, and cousins.<ref name="PRAgaKhanFuneral2003" /> It was his and Catherine's wish that their remains be interred in Egypt.<ref name="PRAgaKhanBurial2003" />

==Personal life==
Sadruddin Aga Khan’s family included several individuals with roles in political and international organizations. His grandmother was a descendant of [[Qajar dynasty|Qajar]] Emperor [[Fat′h Ali Shah Qajar|Fath'Ali Shah]].<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003">{{cite press release |url=http://www.amaana.org/agakhan/sadruddin3.htm |title=Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan |publisher=Secrétariat de Son Altesse l'Aga Khan, Aiglemont |date=13 May 2003 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref>

His father served as President of the [[League of Nations]] and held administrative positions in [[British India]].<ref name="DawnFreedom2006">{{cite news |url=https://ismailimail.wordpress.com/2007/01/04/freedom-movement-and-the-aga-khan-by-sherali-alidina/ |first=Sherali |last=Alidina |title=Freedom movement and the Aga Khan |work=Dawn: One Hundred Years of the Muslim League 1906–2006 |publisher=The DAWN Group of Newspapers, Pakistan |date=30 December 2006 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> He also served two terms as President of the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="Times2003"/> His half-brother [[Aly Khan]] was Pakistan’s Ambassador to the United Nations. His nephew Karim Aga Khan was the 49th Imam of the Ismaili Muslims. Another nephew, [[Amyn Aga Khan]], previously worked for the United Nations before joining the Aga Khan’s secretariat.<ref name="AkdnWebHH">{{cite web |url=http://www.akdn.org/about_agakhan.asp |title=His Highness the Aga Khan |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203095703/http://www.akdn.org/about_agakhan.asp |archive-date=3 December 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> His niece [[Yasmin Aga Khan]] is involved in Alzheimer’s disease advocacy.<ref "name=WICBioYasmin">{{cite web |url=http://www.wic.org/bio/pkhan.htm |title=Princess Yasmin Aga Khan: Bringing the World Intelligent Awareness |access-date=23 August 2018|publisher=Women's International Center}}</ref>

He participated in cultural activities such as music, art, and literature, and attended cultural events in Europe and abroad. He engaged in outdoor activities including skiing and sailing.<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003"/> While a student at Harvard in 1953, he co-founded the ''[[Paris Review]]'', a literary magazine.<ref name="NYTimes1990">{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE4DF173BF937A35750C0A966958260&sec=&pagewanted=print |title=Heavyweights and High Spirits (review – ''The Paris Review Anthology'') |last=Kirby |first=David |work=The New York Times|date=4 March 1990 |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> The magazine awards an annual fiction prize, the [[Aga Khan Prize for Fiction]], established by his father.<ref name="NYTimes1990" />

===Marriages===
On 27 August 1957, he married [[Nina Dyer]] in [[Bellerive, Switzerland|Bellerive]], Switzerland. Dyer, a former fashion model and ex-wife of [[Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza|Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza]], converted to Islam during their marriage and adopted the name "Shirin." They divorced in 1962 and had no children. Dyer died by suicide in 1965.<ref name="NYTimes1957">{{cite news |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FB071EFB385A177B93CAAB1783D85F438585F9 |title=Aly Khan's Brother Weds Model |work=The New York Times| agency=Associated Press | date=28 August 1957 |page=9 | access-date=23 August 2018}} {{subscription required}}</ref>

On 25 November 1972, he married Catherine Aleya Beriketti Sursock in the [[British West Indies]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1972/11/28/archives/prince-sadruddin-aga-khan-un-commissioner-and-mrs-sursock-married.html "Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan, U. N. Commissioner, and Mrs. Sursock Married"] ''The New York Times'' (November 28, 1972). Retrieved November 23, 2021</ref> She was previously married to Lebanese aristocrat Cyril Sursock. They had no children together, but he became stepfather to her three children: Alexandre, Marc, and Nicolas Sursock.

===Art collection===
Sadruddin Aga Khan assembled a private collection of [[Islamic art]] over approximately 50 years.<ref name="ArtsOfAsia1984">{{cite journal |last=Safrani |first=Shehbaz H. |date=Nov–Dec 1984 |title=The Arts of the Islamic Book: The Collection of Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan |journal=Arts of Asia |volume=14 |issue=6 |pages=55–66 |url=http://www.ismaili.net/sadruddin/islamic.html |access-date=23 August 2018}}</ref> The collection included paintings, drawings, manuscripts, and miniatures.<ref name="Telegraph1998" /> He also collected primitive and African art, which he sold before 1985.<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003" /><ref name="ArtsOfAsia1984" />

His interest in Islamic art reportedly began in his youth, influenced by his paternal grandmother’s library of Persian books and related texts.<ref name="SydneyHerald2003"/> During his time at Harvard in the 1950s, he made acquisitions in New York and later from dealers in Paris, Geneva, and London. He also participated in auctions at Sotheby’s and Christie’s. He sought advice from [[Stuart Cary Welch]], a historian of Islamic art at Harvard.<ref name="ArtsOfAsia1984"/>

His collection contains Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Indian items dating from the 10th century onward. Examples include a [[Quran|Quranic]] page of North African origin written in [[Kufic|Kufic script]], estimated to be over 1,000 years old. The collection includes Persian calligraphy and pictorial works, as well as [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] manuscripts and paintings.<ref name="ArtsOfAsia1984" />

Some pieces from the collection were exhibited in New York, London, and Zürich. In 1998, the British Museum organized a touring exhibition<ref name="SydneyHerald2003" /><ref name="Telegraph1998" /> titled "Princes, Poets and Paladins,"<ref name="PRHarvard1998">{{cite press release |title=Exhibit at the Sackler to Present Islamic and Indian Paintings from One of the Most Important Private Collections in the World |date=29 April 1998 |publisher=Harvard University Art Museums |url=http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/press/released1998/princespoets.html |access-date=23 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173031/http://www.artmuseums.harvard.edu/press/released1998/princespoets.html |archive-date=21 January 2008}}</ref> which included items from the collection. The full collection is housed at the [[Aga Khan Museum]] in Toronto, established by his [[Aga Khan IV|nephew]].<ref name="PRAgaKhan2003" /><ref name="TIO20100520">{{cite news |last=Thawer |first=Mehnaz |date=20 May 2010 |title=Aga Khan Museum Collection reflects pluralism of the Muslim world and shared human heritage |url=http://www.theismaili.org/cms/999/Aga-Khan-Museum-Collection-reflects-pluralism-of-the-Muslim-world-and-shared-human-heritage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524024154/http://www.theismaili.org/cms/999/Aga-Khan-Museum-Collection-reflects-pluralism-of-the-Muslim-world-and-shared-human-heritage |archive-date=24 May 2010 |access-date=23 August 2018 |newspaper=The Ismaili}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
Sadruddin Aga Khan received honorary doctorates and national awards from several countries, including Pakistan, Poland, and the Vatican. In 1991, he was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]].<ref name="AAAS">{{cite web |title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref>

He received the [[United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights|United Nations Human Rights Award]],<ref name="UNNews2003" /> and was awarded several national decorations:

* Bourgeois d'Honneur de Genève (City of Geneva)<ref>{{cite web |title=Décès de S.A. le Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan – Site officiel de l'Etat de Genève, May 14, 2003 |url=http://www.geneve.ch/chancellerie/conseil/2001-2005/ppresse/2003_0514.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041227050025/http://www.geneve.ch/chancellerie/conseil/2001-2005/ppresse/2003_0514.html |archive-date=27 December 2004 |access-date=23 August 2018 |language=fr}}</ref>
* Commandeur of the [[Legion of Honour|Légion d'honneur]] (France)
* Knight Commander of the [[Order of St. Sylvester]] ([[Holy See]])
* [[Order of the Nile]] (Egypt)<ref name="Times2003" />
* [[Order of the British Empire|Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] – KBE (United Kingdom)<ref name="SydneyHerald2003" />

He also held honorary citizenship of [[Patmos]], Greece, where he maintained a residence.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 September 2000 |title=Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan Honourable Citizen of Patmos |url=http://www.hri.org/cgi-bin/brief?/news/greek/mpab/2000/00-09-24.mpab.html#06 |access-date=23 August 2018 |publisher=Macedonian Press Agency (News in English)}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sadruddin Aga Khan}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.geneve.ch/fao/2003/20030519.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130115184519/http://www.geneve.ch/fao/2003/20030519.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2013 |title=Sadruddin Aga Khan, le Prince qui voulait un monde meilleur – Site officiel de l'Etat de Genève, 19 May 2003 |language=fr |access-date=1 January 2007 }}
*{{cite news|url=http://ismaili.net/timeline/2003/20030514tiuk.html |title=Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan: Radical statesman of the United Nations who occupied a unique position between Islam and the West | newspaper=The Independent (UK) | date=14 May 2003 |access-date=1 January 2007}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ismaili.net/intervue/intsad06.html |title=Interview with Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan – Refugees, November 1988 |access-date=1 January 2007}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.ismaili.net/jrnsidx.html |title=Collection of articles on Prince Sadruddin at ismaili.net |access-date=2 January 2006}}
*{{cite web |url=http://www.theparisreview.org/about/masthead | access-date=13 October 2010 | title=The Paris Review Masthead}}
*[https://repository.globethics.net/handle/20.500.12424/4054095 "Prince Sadruddin Aga Khan: humanitarian and visionary"], Miserez, Diana, 2017

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Félix Schnyder]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]]|years=1966–1977}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Poul Hartling]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}

{{Freedom Award laureates}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aga Khan, Sadruddin}}
[[Category:1933 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Qajar dynasty]]
[[Category:Harvard College alumni]]
[[Category:The Harvard Lampoon alumni]]
[[Category:Aga Khan Development Network]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]]
[[Category:French Ismailis]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:United Nations high commissioners for refugees]]
[[Category:French expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Knights of the Order of St. Sylvester]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]
[[Category:French people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:French officials of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Noorani family]]

Khatgavhan

2026-03-30T00:44:24Z

Birjesh Kumar: made new pg v1

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khatgavhan
| settlement_type = Village
| native_name_lang =
| population_demonym = Khatgavhankar
| population_total = 1072
| population_as_of = 2011
| area_blank1_ha =
| government_type = Grampanchayat
| governing_body =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Kamalbai Asaram Payghan<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meri Panchayat |url=https://meripanchayat.gov.in/citizen/JanPratinidhi |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=meripanchayat.gov.in}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Divisions of Maharashtra|Region]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Marathwada]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Maharashtra|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Majalgaon]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[List of talukas of Maharashtra|Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Beed district|Beed]]
| area_blank1_title = Area
| area_total_ha = 243
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| registration_plate = MH–23
| postal_code = 431131
| postal_code_type = Pin code
| government_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=RDD |url=https://mahaegram.co.in/GeneralPages/DistrictInformation.aspx?distcode=470&distname=%27Beed%27&ctl00_ContentPlaceHolder1_GridChangePage=19_50 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=mahaegram.co.in}}</ref>
| other_name = Khatgavan
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|7|23.88|N|76|22|9.48|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India#Asia
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra
}}

'''Khatgavhan''' is a village in [[Majalgaon]] taluka of [[Beed district]], situated on the banks of [[Godavari River|Godavari river]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board |url=https://www.mpcb.gov.in/sites/default/files/public_hearing/mom/2023-01/PH%20Minutes%20in%20English%20Sand%20Ghats%20Beed.pdf |journal=Maharashtra Pollution Control Board}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Survey of India–Beed |url=https://surveyofindia.gov.in/files/BEED.pdf |journal=[[Survey of India Service|Survey of India]]}}</ref>

== Administration ==
As per the [[Constitution of India]] and [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayat Raj Act]], the village is administered by [[Sarpanch]] under [[Beed district|Beed]] [[Zilla Parishad (India)|Zilla Parishad]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=in4lbc4oQsgC |title=District Census Handbook: Bid |date=1986 |publisher=Director, Government Print. and Stationery, Maharashtra State |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maharashtra |first=India Superintendent of Census Operations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=saT5LENBNFAC |title=District Census Handbook, [Maharashtra]: Aurangabad |date=1964 |publisher=Director, Government Printing and Stationery, Maharashtra State |language=en}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to the 2011 census of India, there are 1072 people living in the village with 242 families.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population finder {{!}} Government of India |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder#:~:text=The%20Population%20Finder%20retrieves%20data,for%20urban%20and%20rural%20areas. |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Socio Economic and Caste Census (SECC) |url=https://secc.gov.in/getSTCategoryExclusionBlockLgdReport.htm/27/470/4327 |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=[[2011 Socio Economic and Caste Census|secc.gov.in]]}}</ref>

== 2021 protests ==
The protests in Khatgavhan have been sparked by the failure of the '[[Agriculture Insurance Company of India]]' to provide farmers with the insurance compensation they were promised. Despite receiving a total insurance amount of 860 crores from both central and state governments, farmers have only received a fraction of it, amounting to just 13 crores. This disparity has led to widespread discontent among farmers, prompting strikes and hunger strikes organized by the Shetkari Sangharsha Samiti (Farmers' Struggle Committee) under the leadership of Gangabhishan Thaware. The protests have seen active participation from various farmers, demanding fair compensation for their losses.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-02 |title=खतगव्हाणमध्ये शेतकऱ्यांचे चूलबंद आंदोलन |url=https://www.lokmat.com/beed/farmers-agitation-khatgavhan-a705/ |access-date=2024-05-08 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Villages in Beed district]]
[[Category:Gram Panchayats in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Places situated on the banks of the Godavari river]]

Ek: The Power of One

2026-03-27T21:31:29Z

Birjesh Kumar: quick add information and fixed typos as per guidelines

{{short description|2009 Hindi-language action thriller film}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2010}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ek: The Power of One
| image = Ekthepowerofone poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sangeeth Sivan]]
| producer = Jasswant Khera
| writer = Pankaj Trivedi Sachin Shah
| screenplay =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Athadu]]''|[[Trivikram Srinivas]]}}
| starring = [[Bobby Deol]] [[Nana Patekar]] [[Shriya Saran]]
| music = '''Score:''' [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]] '''Songs:''' [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| cinematography = [[Ramji (cinematographer)|Ramji]]
| editing = Chirag Jain
| studio =
| distributor = [[K Sera Sera]] Dharam Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|3|27|}}
| runtime = 146 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ek-the-power-of-one-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtotcyndax|title=Ek - The Power of One|website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=27 March 2022|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216185015/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/ek-the-power-of-one-film-qxnzzxq6vlgtotcyndax|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross = {{INR}}6 crore<ref name="IBOgross">{{cite news|title=Dashavtaar Opens To A Poor Response|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=887&nCat=box_office_report|publisher=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network|date=18 April 2009|accessdate=18 April 2009|archive-date=30 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730140901/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=887&nCat=box_office_report|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}
'''''Ek: The Power of One''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[action thriller film]] directed by [[Sangeeth Sivan]], starring [[Bobby Deol]], [[Nana Patekar]] and [[Shriya Saran]]. It is a remake of the [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film ''[[Athadu]]'' (2005).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-the-power-of-one/critic-review/ek-the-power-of-one-movie-review/ | title=Ek – the Power of One Review 2/5 | Ek – the Power of One Movie Review | Ek – the Power of One 2009 Public Review | Film Review | website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] | date=27 March 2009 | access-date=29 April 2022 | archive-date=29 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429010211/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ek-the-power-of-one/critic-review/ek-the-power-of-one-movie-review/ | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-ek-the-power-of-one/story-YD9ORxz4xR6J0haYCueNcI.html | title=Review: Ek – the Power of One | newspaper=Hindustan Times | date=27 March 2009 | access-date=29 April 2022 | archive-date=29 April 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429010211/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-ek-the-power-of-one/story-YD9ORxz4xR6J0haYCueNcI.html | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
{{More plot|date=July 2021}}
Nandkumar “Nandu” Sharma, a contract killer, is hired along with his associate Shekhar by politician Anna Mhatre to stage a fake assassination attempt on Mhatre during a public meeting in order to gain sympathy votes. However, the plan goes wrong when Mhatre is actually shot dead by an unknown assailant. In the ensuing chaos, Shekhar is presumed dead, and Nandu escapes by jumping onto a moving train.

On the train, Nandu encounters Puran Singh, who is returning to his native village, Chambela, after many years. When police attempt to capture Nandu at a station, they open fire but accidentally kill Puran instead. Taking advantage of the confusion, Nandu escapes and later travels to Chambela to inform Puran’s family of his death. Upon arrival, Puran’s family mistakes Nandu for Puran and welcomes him back. Unable to reveal the truth immediately, Nandu assumes Puran’s identity.

Over time, Nandu becomes emotionally attached to the family and begins to resolve their personal and financial problems. He also develops a romantic relationship with Preet Kaur, Puran’s childhood friend. Nandu eventually confides his true identity to Guru, Puran’s close friend, who chooses to support him.

Meanwhile, CBI officer Nandkumar Rane is assigned to investigate Mhatre’s murder. His inquiry leads him to Chambela, where he grows suspicious of Nandu. Before Rane can confront him, Nandu flees. Rane subsequently informs Puran’s family of Puran’s death, leading them to believe that Nandu deceived them.

After learning of the family’s reaction, Nandu returns and admits his true identity. Although initially hurt, the family comes to accept him after recognizing his actions and intentions. Determined to clear his name, Nandu gathers evidence against those responsible for the conspiracy.

Nandu discovers that Shekhar is alive and was responsible for killing Mhatre, having framed Nandu for the crime. He also uncovers the involvement of politician Joshi, who had orchestrated the plot. Nandu records a confession from Joshi implicating both himself and Shekhar.

In a confrontation, Nandu kills Shekhar in self-defense. He later hands over the recorded evidence to Rane, who uses it to confront Joshi. Facing exposure and legal consequences, Joshi commits suicide.

With the case resolved, Rane acknowledges Nandu’s role in uncovering the truth and allows him to go free under Puran’s identity. Nandu performs Puran’s last rites and returns to Chambela to start a new life.

==Cast==
* [[Bobby Deol]] as Nandkumar 'Nandu' Sharma / Puran Singh (Fake)
* [[Shriya Saran]] as Preet Kaur
* [[Nana Patekar]] as CBI Inspector Nandkumar Rane
* Pradeep Kharab as Shekhar
* [[Sachin Khedekar]] as Opposition Minister Anna Mhatre
* [[Raghuveer Yadav]] as Minister Joshi
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Kripal Singh, Puran's grandfather
* Prete Bhutani as Nandini
* [[Jackie Shroff]] as Savte (special appearance)
* [[Zarina Wahab]] as Gayathri
* [[Gurpreet Ghuggi]] as Guru
* [[Jaspal Bhatti]] as Amrik Singh Nasa
* [[Upasana Singh]] as Manjeet
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as [[Advocate]] Parminder Singh
* [[Rana Ranbir]] as Dev
* [[Akshay Kapoor]] as Puran Singh

* [[Ajaz Khan]] as Anna Mhatre's son
* Rana Jung Bahadur as Chaudhary
* [[Chunky Pandey]] as Balli
* [[Vikramjeet Virk]] (special appearance)
* [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]] as DIG Shergill
* Ritu Vij as Balbir
* [[Anant Jog]] as Police Inspector
* [[Shishir Sharma]] as CBI Officer
* Simran Deepali as Channo

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ek: The Power of One
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2009}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Billu]]
| prev_year = 2009
| next_title = [[Aa Dekhen Zara]]
| next_year = 2009
}}{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| all_music = [[Pritam (composer)|Pritam]]
| title1 = Sambhale
| length1 = 05:45
| lyrics1 = [[Shabbir Ahmed (lyricist)|Shabbir Ahmed]]
| extra1 = [[Sukhwinder Singh]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| title2 = Sona Lagda
| length2 = 05:09
| lyrics2 = Shabbir Ahmed
| extra2 = Shashwati Phukan
| title3 = Tum Saath Ho
| length3 = 05:21
| lyrics3 = Shabbir Ahmed
| extra3 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]]
| title4 = Bang Bang
| length4 = 05:40
| lyrics4 = [[Mayur Puri]]
| extra4 = Rana Mazumder
| title5 = Sona Lagda (Kilogram Mix)
| length5 = 03:54
| lyrics5 = Shabbir Ahmed
| extra5 = Shashwati Phukan
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt1454461}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ek: The Power of One}}
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Telugu films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]
[[Category:2009 action thriller films]]
[[Category:Films about contract killing in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sangeeth Sivan]]

Naan Aval Adhu

2026-03-26T17:38:43Z

Birjesh Kumar: Starting New Entry.

{{short description|Unreleased film directed by Kona Venkat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Naan Aval Adhu
| image = Naan Aval Adhu Poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Kona Venkat]]
| writer = Kona Venkat
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]]|[[Shamita Shetty]]|[[Sadha]]}}
| producer = Saurav Sharma [[Junaid Memon]]
| music = {{unbulleted list|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] (2 songs)|[[R. P. Patnaik]]|[[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]] (1 song)|Prasanna}}
| released =
| runtime =
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| budget =
}}
'''''Naan Aval Adhu''''' ({{translation|Me, Her, It}}) is an unreleased Indian Tamil-language horror film directed by [[Kona Venkat]]. [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]], [[Shamita Shetty]] and [[Sadha]] featured in the leading roles, while the film had songs and score composed by four music directors including [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]]. A remake of the Hindi film, ''[[Darling (2007 Hindi film)|Darling]]'' (2007), the film was initially launched in 2006 as [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s production, but was eventually sold to Storm Pictures after Varma, Venkat and Madhavan had gone through creative differences. During post-production, the unit experienced further difficulties after the producer had failed to pay technicians, and subsequently the film did not have a theatrical release.

==Cast==
* [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] as Aditya
* [[Shamita Shetty]] as Geeta
* [[Sadha]] as Ashwini
* [[Sayaji Shinde]]
* [[Sriman (actor)|Sriman]]
* [[Sunil (actor)|Sunil]]
* [[Vizag Prasad]]
* Master Praharsha
* Baby Harshita

==Production==
In late 2006, it was announced that [[Ram Gopal Varma]] would produce his Tamil film, which would be a remake of his own ''[[Darling (2007 Hindi film)|Darling]]'' (2007), and [[R. Madhavan|Madhavan]] would star in the lead role. Varma's frequent collaborator, [[Kona Venkat]], was announced to be the film's director. In January 2007, the film developed under the tentative title of ''Darling'' with [[Nisha Kothari]] reported to have joined the cast, though this later proved to be untrue. [[Shamita Shetty]] was announced as the film's lead actress in February 2007, marking a return to Tamil films after a period of five years. [[Sriya Reddy]] was subsequently added to the film's cast, with [[Reliance MediaWorks|Reliance Adlabs]] joining the project as co-producers with Varma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news278.html|title=Telugu cinema news - idlebrain.com|website=idlebrain|access-date=4 November 2015|archive-date=25 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125173734/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/2000march20/news278.html|url-status=live}}</ref> However Sriya Reddy was sacked from the film, and after further unsuccessful attempts to bring in either [[Isha Sharvani]], [[Esha Deol]] or [[Nandana Sen]], [[Sadha]] was signed on for the role. The title of the film was changed to ''Leelai'' to recoup tax benefits.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Ram-Gopal-Varma-to-enter-Kollywood-with-%60Leelai/article14762283.ece|title=Ram Gopal Varma to enter Kollywood with 'Leelai'|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 May 2007|via=thehindu|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206043515/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/Ram-Gopal-Varma-to-enter-Kollywood-with-%60Leelai/article14762283.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

The team began filming the first schedule at Ramoji Film City in Hyderabad during February 2007 with Madhavan and Shamita Shetty, and the makers announced that the film would also be dubbed and released in Telugu as ''Adi Oka Idile''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/another-tryst-with-south/article2241022.ece|title=Another tryst with south|newspaper=The Hindu|date=21 February 2007|via=www.thehindu.com|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206043456/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/another-tryst-with-south/article2241022.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Scenes were then canned in Chennai at the [[AVM Studios]] in June 2007, with scenes involving Sadha as the mother of a small child being shot.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/darling-remakes-ready-before-the-original/|title=Darling remakes ready before the original : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama|first=Bollywood|last=Hungama|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=3 March 2007|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206043458/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/darling-remakes-ready-before-the-original/|url-status=live}}</ref> In mid 2007, Ram Gopal Varma opted out of the agreement and sold the film to Gaurav Sharma of Storm Pictures. Most of the filming was complete and only post-production works remained by mid 2007, with editing work taking place at Sabdalaya Theatres. During May 2008, the film was involved in a tussle over the title of ''Leelai'', with [[Aascar Films]] claiming that they had registered the name for their [[Leelai|own venture]] featuring newcomers. After losing the title, the film was renamed as ''Naan Aval Adhu'' in Tamil and ''Nenu Tanu Aame'' in Telugu. Further problems occurred when Sharma left [[Chennai]] without notice, amidst financial troubles, and consequently brought the shooting of the film to an abrupt halt. Sharma had then secretly worked on post-production works with a separate team, without informing the cast and crew of the film.

Amidst reports of the film being shelved in mid-2008, a promotional campaign suddenly began and the producer released the trailer, album and video songs from the film. In September 2008, Madhavan filed a complaint against Gaurav Sharma and Storm Pictures to the [[Nadigar Sangam]], stating that the producer had tried to release the film without informing or paying the actors or the director. Director Kona Venkat also successfully blocked Sharma from having a promotional event to mark the release of the film's Telugu soundtrack album.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Madhavans-money-matters/articleshow/4361616.cms|title=Madhavan's money matters|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=5 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605165458/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/Madhavans-money-matters/articleshow/4361616.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The deadlock continued into early 2009, after Sharma was only able to make a small payment towards the actors' remuneration.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/deadlock-over-naan-aval-adhu-continues-news-tamil-kkfsiTebgbjsi.html |title=Deadlock over Naan Aval Adhu continues |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101003019/http://www.sify.com/movies/deadlock-over-naan-aval-adhu-continues-news-tamil-kkfsiTebgbjsi.html |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Subsequently, Sharma tried to release the film on his own, after using dubbing artistes instead of the original actors, but was unable to finance a release.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/maddy-loses-his-voice-news-tamil-kkfrVwgeaagsi.html |title=Maddy loses his voice |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101004524/http://www.sify.com/movies/maddy-loses-his-voice-news-tamil-kkfrVwgeaagsi.html |archive-date=1 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Following the success of his other horror film, ''[[Yavarum Nalam]]'' (2009), Madhavan opted to end his protest and agreed to pave way for the release of the film and completed dubbing for his portions in July 2009 at Bharani Studios, Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southdreamz.com/9045/madhavan-dubs-for-naan-aval-adhu/|title=Madhavan dubs for Naan Aval Adhu|date=1 July 2009|website=South Indian Cinema Magazine|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206043457/https://www.southdreamz.com/9045/madhavan-dubs-for-naan-aval-adhu/|url-status=usurped}}</ref> However remaining cast and crew remained unpaid, and the film subsequently did not have a theatrical release.

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Naan Aval Adhu
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2008
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Ananda Thandavam (2009 film)|Ananda Thandavam]]
| prev_year = 2008
| next_title = [[Seval]]
| next_year = 2008
}}
The songs were composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar|G. V. Prakash]], [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan]], Prasanna and [[R. P. Patnaik]],<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.musicplug.in/songs.php?movieid=29359 | title=MP3Quack - Free Mp3 Music Download Song High Quality Audio | access-date=7 October 2010 | archive-date=20 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720235957/http://www.musicplug.in/songs.php?movieid=29359 | url-status=live }}</ref> while lyrics were written by [[Pa. Vijay]] and [[Na. Muthukumar]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.tamilsonglyrics.org/movies/k-o/naan-aval-adhu-songs-lyrics-wiki/|title=Naan avalathu movie songs lyrics|work=tamilsonglyrics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613130221/http://www.tamilsonglyrics.org/movies/k-o/naan-aval-adhu-songs-lyrics-wiki/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/A-treat-for-Maddys-fans/articleshow/3219522.cms|title=A treat for Maddy's fans|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 February 2020|archive-date=25 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025035351/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/A-treat-for-Maddys-fans/articleshow/3219522.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film's trailer and soundtrack album was launched at a ceremony on 9 March 2009 at [[Sathyam Cinemas]] by [[Amruta Patki]]. Owing to the commercial dispute between the technicians and the producer, none of the cast or crew were present, though the cast of Gaurav Sharma's other ongoing venture, ''Kalla Kadhalan'', including [[Sibiraj]] were present.

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Performer(s)
| title1 = Naan Aval Adhu | lyrics1 = [[Na. Muthukumar]] | music1 = [[R. P. Patnaik]] | extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title2 = Kaadhal Oru Kaatru | lyrics2 = [[Pa. Vijay]] | music2 = R. P. Patnaik | extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], Nihal
| title3 = Aakayam Irangiya | lyrics3 = Na. Muthukumar | music3 = [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] | extra3 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| title4 = Nee Dooramai | lyrics4 = Na. Muthukumar | music4 = Prasanna | extra4 = Sunitha Sarathy
| title5 = Vaa Nila | lyrics5 = Na. Muthukumar | music5 = [[Dharan Kumar|Dharan]] | extra5 = [[Mahathi (singer)|Mahathi]]
| title6 = Nenjil Thee | lyrics6 = Na. Muthukumar | music6 = G. V. Prakash Kumar | extra6 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Anushka Manchanda]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0977659}}

[[Category:Indian romantic horror films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Unreleased Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
[[Category:Indian horror film remakes]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. P. Patnaik]]

St. Mary's Church, Marady

2026-03-26T12:30:46Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding Stub

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox church
| name =[[File: Syriac orthodox COA.svg|55 px]] St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church {{small|Under the Holy See of Antioch and All the East}}
| native_name = {{plainlist|
*{{langx|syc|ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘ̣ܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܝܰܥܩܽܘܒܳܝܬܳܐ ܕܡܳܪܬܝ ܡܰܪܝܰܡ ܒܡܰܪܰܕܺܝ}}
*{{langx|ml|മാറാടി വി. മർത്തമറിയം യാക്കോബായ സുറിയാനി പള്ളി}}}}
| image =
Kurukkunnapuram church.jpg
| image_size = 250
| caption = Aerial View
| location = [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Kerala]]
| country = India
| pushpin map = Kerala#India
| pushpin label position = none
| coordinates = {{coord|9.9547224|76.5679345|type:landmark|display=it}}
| denomination = [[Syriac Orthodox Church|Syriac Orthodox]]
| tradition = [[West Syriac Rite]]
| membership = 1,800 (2016)
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| founded date = {{start date and age|1865}}
| founder = Fr. Paulose Kuttipuzha
| dedication = [[Mary, mother of Jesus|Virgin Mary]], [[Theotokos|Mother of God]]
| relics = Saint Qaumo
| diocese =
[[Angamali Diocese|Angamaly]]
| division = Muvattupuzha Region
| bishop = [[Mor Antheemos Mathews|Anthimos Matthews]] [[Metropolitan bishop|Metropolitan]]
| vicar = Fr. Siju Valayamprayil
}}
'''St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Church''' is a church located in Kurukkunnapuram, East Marady, Muvattupuzha, Kerala, India.<ref name="Google Maps">[https://www.google.com/maps?cid=6673639899605376888&hl=en&gl=gb Google Maps]</ref>

==History==

[[File:Marady church old.jpg|thumb|left|The Old Church]]
From the ancient times, there was a strong Christian presence in these areas. [[St. George's Church, Kadamattom]] and St. Mary's Church, Rackad were the parishes of Jacobite believers in the earliest times.

When the number of Jacobite Christians in [[Marady]] increased and they were struggling to carry on their spiritual activities in the church at a distance of miles away, the ancestors decided to build a church in Marady. The foundation stone of the church was laid on 1865 (1040 ME) at Kurukkunnapuram, a hill surrounded by paddy fields and fruit trees. Fr. Paulose Kuttipuzha led the building of the church. The construction was completed on 1867 (1042 ME) as a result of the collective activity of 70 families in Marady and nearby.

The church was established with the intention of continuing to follow the traditions of Universal Syriac Orthodox Church under the Patriarch of Antioch and All the East.

===Reconstruction===
[[File:Marady consecration.jpg|thumb|left|The consecration of the Church]]
The reconstruction of the church began on 2007 and completed on 2015. On 10 February 2015, [[Patriarch of Antioch|Patriarch]] [[Ignatius Aphrem II]] [[Church of Antioch|of Antioch]] consecrated the church during his First Holy Apostolic Visit to India. He was assisted by [[Catholicos of India|Catholicos]] [[Baselios Thomas I|Baselios Thomas I of India]], and Anthimos Matthews Metropolitan.<ref>{{cite web|title=മാറാടി സെന്റ്. മേരീസ്‌ യാക്കോബായ സുറിയാനി പള്ളിയുടെ വിശുദ്ധ കൂദാശ പരിശുദ്ധ പാത്രിയർക്കീസ് ബാവാതിരുമനസ്സുകൊണ്ട്‌ നിർവ്വഹിച്ചു|url=http://www.jscnews.org/news/news_details.php?id=1631|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415095013/http://jscnews.org/news/news_details.php?id=1631|url-status=usurped|archive-date=15 April 2016|website=JSC News}}
</ref>

==Holy altars==

[[File:Marady church holy qurobo.png|thumb|left|[[Holy Qurobo]]]]
There are five altars at the church. The main altar, the central one, is in the name of Virgin Mary, Mother of God.

There are two altars on the north and south of the main one. The altar on the northern side is consecrated to [[Thomas the Apostle|Saint Thomas the Apostle]] and the altar on the southern side is consecrated in the name of [[Saint George]].

There are two smaller altars, to the front of the main altar. The north among these is in the name of [[Constantine the Great|Saint Constantine the Great]] and his mother, [[Helena (empress)|
Saint Helena of Constantinople]]. The southern among the small altars is consecrated to [[Ignatius Elias III|Patriarch Saint Ignatius Elias III of Antioch]].

==Holy relic==

[[File:Marady mor qaumo shrine.png|thumb|The [[reliquary]] which keeps the Holy Relic of Mor Qaumo]]
The Holy Relic of Saint Shemvun Qaumo Abilo (also called Mar Kauma), a 5th-century Syriac monk who meditated for 45 years in the standing position, has been installed at the church in 1928 by Saint Osthathios Sliba, the Patriarchal Delegate of the Holy See of Antioch to India.

The Holy Relic is ceremoniously taken out and exhibited for public veneration on the Saint's Feast Day (14 November) every year.

==Feasts==
* The Feast of [[Presentation of Jesus at the Temple|Ma`alto]] - 2 February (It is the main feast at the church)
* The Feast of [[Dormition of the Mother of God|Shunoyo]] - 15 August
* The Feast of Saint Qaumo - 14 November

==[[Holy Qurobo]] timings==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! !! Morning Prayer !! Holy Qurobo
|-
| Sundays || 7:00 AM || 8:00 AM
|-
| Feast Days || 7:00 AM || 8:00 AM
|-
| Other Days || 7:00 AM || 7:30 AM
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Syriac Orthodox churches in India]]
[[Category:1865 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1867]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 2015]]
[[Category:19th-century churches in India]]
[[Category:19th-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]
[[Category:21st-century churches in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Oriental Orthodox church buildings]]

HMIS Konkan

2026-03-25T03:54:43Z

Birjesh Kumar: made new post w/ infobox

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
|image=
|image_caption=
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
|hide_header=
|country=India
|flag={{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
|name=''Konkan''
|ordered=4 February 1941
|awarded=
|builder=[[Lobnitz]] & Co.
|laid_down=15 August 1941
|launched=18 February 1942
|christened=
|acquired=
|commissioned=12 June 1942
|recommissioned=
|decommissioned=1963
|in_service=
|out_of_service=
|renamed=
|reclassified=
|refit=
|captured=
|struck=
|reinstated=
|fate=Scrapped 1973
|homeport=
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
|hide_header=
|header_caption=
|class={{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}
|displacement=*{{convert|673|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} standard
*{{convert|860|LT|t|0|abbr=on}} full
|length={{convert|189|ft|m|abbr=on}} [[Length overall|o/a]]
|beam={{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|draught={{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}
|depth=
|hold_depth=
|power=*{{convert|2400|ihp|abbr=on|lk=in}}
*2 × [[Admiralty 3-drum boiler]]s
|propulsion=*2 shafts
*2 [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]]
|speed={{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}
|range={{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in|abbr=on}} at {{convert|10|kn}}
|complement=60
|sensors=
|EW=
|armament=*1 × single [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12-pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]]
*1 × single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or
*1 × quadruple [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]
}}
}}
'''HMIS ''Konkan'' (J228)''' was a {{sclass|Bangor|minesweeper}}s built for the [[Royal Navy]], but transferred to the [[Royal Indian Navy]] (RIN) during the Second World War.

==Design and description==
The ''Bangor'' class was designed as a small minesweeper that could be easily built in large numbers by civilian shipyards; as [[steam turbine]]s were difficult to manufacture, the ships were designed to accept a wide variety of engines. ''Konkan'' displaced {{convert|673|LT|t}} at [[Displacement (ship)|standard]] load and {{convert|860|LT|t}} at [[deep load]]. The ship had an [[length overall|overall length]] of {{convert|189|ft|m|1}}, a [[beam (nautical)|beam]] of {{convert|28|ft|6|in|m|1}} and a [[draft (hull)|draught]] of {{convert|10|ft|6|in|m|1}}.<ref>Lenton, pp. 253–54</ref> The ship's complement consisted of 60 officers and [[naval rating|ratings]].<ref name=c1>Chesneau, p. 64</ref>

She was powered by two [[Marine steam engine#Triple or multiple expansion|vertical triple-expansion steam engines]] (VTE), each driving one shaft, using steam provided by two [[Admiralty three-drum boiler]]s. The engines produced a total of {{convert|2400|shp|lk=in}} and gave a maximum speed of {{convert|16|kn|lk=in}}. The ship carried a maximum of {{convert|160|LT|t|0}} of [[fuel oil]] that gave her a range of {{convert|2800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|10|kn}}.<ref name=l3>Lenton, p. 254</ref>

The VTE-powered ''Bangor''s were armed with a [[QF 3 inch 20 cwt|12-pounder {{convert|3|in|mm|adj=on}}]] [[anti-aircraft gun]] and a single [[QF 2-pounder naval gun|QF 2-pounder (4 cm)]] AA gun or a quadruple mount for the [[Vickers .50 machine gun]]. In some ships the 2-pounder was replaced a single or twin [[Oerlikon 20 mm cannon|20 mm Oerlikon]] AA gun, while most ships were fitted with four additional single Oerlikon mounts over the course of the war.<ref name=l3/> For escort work, their minesweeping gear could be exchanged for around 40 [[depth charge]]s.<ref name=c1/>

==Construction and career==
HMIS ''Konkan'' was ordered from [[Lobnitz]] & Co. originally for the [[Royal Navy]] as HMS ''Tilbury'' in 1940. However, before she was launched, she was transferred to the Royal Indian Navy and eventually commissioned as ''Konkan''.<ref name=u-tilbury>{{cite web|url=http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/7981.html |title=HMS Tilbury (J 228) of the Royal Navy - British Minesweeper of the Bangor class - Allied Warships of WWII |publisher=uboat.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref> The ship was a part of the [[Eastern Fleet]], and escorted numerous convoys between [[Africa]], [[British India]] and [[Australia]] in 1943-45.<ref name=nh-1943>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1943a.htm |title=Eastern Fleet War Diary 1943 |publisher=Naval-history.net |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref><ref name=nh-1944>{{cite web|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xDKWD-EF1944-11.htm |title=East Indies Fleet War Diary 1944 |publisher=Naval-history.net |date=1944-12-30 |access-date=2015-08-25}}</ref>

According to the 1971-72 edition of Jane's Fighting Ships, INS KONKAN operated as part of the 31st Minesweeping Squadron and shows a photo of her sporting a '31' on the funnel and pennant number M 228. Two other Bangor class minesweepers were also operated by the Squadron until their retirement in 1960 - INS RAJPUTANA and ROHIKHAND. Three Australian built Bathurst class minesweepers - INS BENGAL (ret. 1967), INS BOMBAY (ret. 1962), and INS MADRAS (ret. 1962) were also part of the 31st Minesweeping Squadron.
INS KONKAN was still listed on the Indian Navy list in the spring of 1971 <ref>Jane's Fighting Ships 1971-72</ref> and was disposed of in 1973 <ref>Conway's All The Worlds Fighting Ships 1947-1995</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946|editor1-last=Chesneau|editor1-first=Roger|publisher=Conway Maritime Press|location=Greenwich, UK|year=1980|isbn=0-85177-146-7}}
*{{Colledge: Ships RN|year=2006}}
*{{cite book|last=Lenton|first=H. T.|author-link=Henry Trevor Lenton|title=British & Empire Warships of the Second World War|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1998|isbn=1-55750-048-7}}

{{Bangor class minesweeper}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Konkan (J228)}}
[[Category:Bangor-class minesweepers of the Royal Indian Navy]]
[[Category:1942 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built on the River Clyde]]
[[Category:World War II minesweepers of India]]
[[Category:Konkan]]

Muthassi (magazine)

2026-03-20T00:23:32Z

Birjesh Kumar: Starting New Pg.

{{Infobox magazine
| title = Muthassi
| logo =
| logo_size =
| image_file = Muthassi Childrens Magazine Malayalam5.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| editor =
| editor_title =
| previous_editor =
| staff_writer =
| photographer =
| category = [[comic book|Children's magazine]]
| frequency = [[Fortnightly]]
| circulation =
| publisher = Kerala Sabdam
| founder = V. Parameswaran Nair<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-12-19 |title=Kerala: Remembering the first MP who won with Left backing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/kerala-remembering-the-first-mp-who-won-with-left-backing/articleshow/79809846.cms |access-date=2025-01-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
| founded =
| firstdate = 1980s
| finaldate =
| finalnumber =
| company = Kerala Sabdam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keralasabdam |url=https://www.keralasabdam.in/ |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.keralasabdam.in}}</ref>
| country = India
| based = [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]]
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| website =
}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Muthassi''''' was a [[Malayalam]] children's magazine published from [[Kollam]], [[Kerala]] by Kerala Sabdam Ltd.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vw8bAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Lalu+Leela%22|title=Press in India|accessdate=6 March 2013|year=1984}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hDtiAAAAMAAJ&q=Social+impact+of+mass+media+in+Kerala |title=Social impact of mass media in Kerala|accessdate=6 March 2013|isbn=9788172140649|author=Joseph Velacherry|date=December 1993|publisher=CISRS, Bangalore }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&q=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Literature:+A-Devo|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|accessdate=6 March 2013|isbn=9788126018031|author=Amaresh Datta|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi }}</ref>

The magazine was a leading Children's magazine in the 1980s and 1990s but stopped publication in the early 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Children's Literature in Kerala: Traces and Trajectories |url=https://www.sahapedia.org/childrens-literature-kerala-traces-and-trajectories |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=Sahapedia |language=en}}</ref>[[:ml:/ആർ._കൃഷ്ണസ്വാമി_റെഡ്യാർ|''Muthuchippi'']] was another children's magazine from the same group.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|Children's literature}}

{{Malayalam journalism}}

[[Category:Children's magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Comics magazines published in India]]
[[Category:Malayalam comics]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language magazines]]
[[Category:Mass media in Kerala]]

{{comics-mag-stub}}

Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam

2026-03-15T09:45:03Z

Birjesh Kumar: fixed issues

{{Short description|Book by Mark Curtis}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = Secret Affairs
| image = Secret Affairs.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption =
| author = [[Mark Curtis (British author)|Mark Curtis]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator = Kamal al-Sayyid
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = [[United Kingdom]]
| language = [[English language|English]], [[Arabic]]
| series =
| release_number =
| subject = [[International relations]], [[politics]], [[terrorism]]
| genre =
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Serpent's Tail]]
| publisher2 = Egyptian National Center for Translation
| pub_date = First published in 2010 by Serpent's Tail, an imprint of [[Profile Books Ltd]]
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages = 430
| awards =
| isbn = 9781846687631
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
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}}

'''''Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion With Radical Islam''''' is a 2010 [[Nonfiction|non-fiction]] book written by the British historian and journalist [[Mark Curtis (British author)|Mark Curtis]] which explores the [[United Kingdom]]'s relationship with [[Islamic extremism|radical Islamism]].

==Content==

In the book, using declassified [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK government]] documents, Curtis argues that the British state has supported Islamic extremists since the early 20th century to further their [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom|foreign policy goals]] in the [[Muslim world]], claiming that Britain's policies in the region "have generally aimed at maintaining in power or installing governments that will promote Western-friendly oil policies."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/05/islamist-terrorism-foreign-policy|title=UK's collusion with Islamists 'catastrophic'|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=5 July 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210918011552/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/jul/05/islamist-terrorism-foreign-policy|archive-date=18 Sep 2021 |last1=Norton-Taylor |first1=Richard }}</ref><ref name="Frontline Magazine">{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30189647.ece|title=Islamist proxies|publisher=[[Frontline Magazine]]|website=frontline.thehindu.com|date=27 December 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210918174253/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30189647.ece|archive-date=18 Sep 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialistreview.org.uk/350/secret-affairs|title=Secret Affairs|publisher=[[Socialist Review]]|website=socialistreview.org.uk|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210917233427/http://socialistreview.org.uk/350/secret-affairs|archive-date=17 Sep 2021}}</ref>

Curtis writes that this relationship between the UK and radical Islam started as the British government looked for a way to counter the rise of [[Arab nationalism|nationalism]] in the [[Middle East]] and maintain Western dominance in the wider Muslim world, focusing on events such as the [[1953 Iranian coup d'état]], the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|unification]] of [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[Free Aceh Movement]]-led [[Insurgency in Aceh|insurgency]] in [[Indonesia]]. ''Secret Affairs'' also claims that British support in radical Islam is primarily rooted in Britain's [[Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom relations|relationship with]] the [[Politics of Saudi Arabia|Saudi government]], as Saudi Arabia is a primary purchaser of military equipment from UK-based [[Arms industry|weapons manufacturers]]; leading to the British state intentionally overlooking promotion of Islamic extremism in Britain by the Saudi government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/secret-affairs-mark-curtis-2038691.html|title=Secret Affairs, By Mark Curtis|publisher=[[The Independent]]|website=independent.co.uk|date=29 July 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210828214919/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/secret-affairs-mark-curtis-2038691.html|archive-date=28 Aug 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2010/07/20/secret-affairs-book-review-453399/|title=Secret Affairs should be required reading for politicians|publisher=[[Metro UK]]|website=metro.co.uk|date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210917220514/https://metro.co.uk/2010/07/20/secret-affairs-book-review-453399/|archive-date=17 Sep 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newhumanist.org.uk/2340/book-review-secret-affairs-by-mark-curtis|title=Book Review: Secret Affairs by Mark Curtis|publisher=[[New Humanist]]|website=newhumanist.org.uk|date=20 July 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210917222908/https://newhumanist.org.uk/2340/book-review-secret-affairs-by-mark-curtis|archive-date=17 Sep 2021}}</ref>

Claiming the British government supported various radical Islamic groups in [[Iran]], [[Egypt]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Iraq]], [[Libya]], [[Syria]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia]], Curtis places these developments in a larger pattern of British foreign policy of self-interest in the Muslim world; citing the example of British attempts to cultivate a relationship with the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] in order to overthrow Egyptian political leader [[Gamal Abdel Nassar]] after he nationalized the [[Suez Canal]] (as a precursor to the [[Suez Crisis|Tripartite Aggression]] by the UK, France and Israel in 1956).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/in-bed-with-radical-islam|title=In bed with radical Islam|publisher=[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]|website=morningstaronline.co.uk|date=15 February 2018 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210917223421/https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/in-bed-with-radical-islam|archive-date=17 Sep 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://newint.org/columns/media/books/2010/09/01/secret-affairs/|title=Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam|publisher=[[New Internationalist]]|website=newint.org|date=September 2010 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210917223924/https://newint.org/columns/media/books/2010/09/01/secret-affairs/|archive-date=17 Sep 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.executive-magazine.com/business-all/society/secret-affairs-a-book-by-mark-curtis|title=Secret Affairs: a book by Mark Curtis|publisher=[[Executive Magazine]]|website=executive-magazine.com|date=3 March 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210917232047/https://www.executive-magazine.com/business-all/society/secret-affairs-a-book-by-mark-curtis|archive-date=17 Sep 2021}}</ref>

Curtis also focuses on a lack of media attention in the UK towards British foreign policy, citing British news coverage of Britain's support for [[Syrian opposition]] in the [[Syrian civil war|ongoing civil war in Syria]] as an example of "how poorly the mainstream media serves the public", stating in an interview with ''[[openDemocracy]]'': "While large sections of the public are deluged with misreporting, disinformation or simply the absence of coverage of key policies, there may never be a critical mass of people prepared to take action in their own interests to bring about a wholly different foreign policy."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/britain-s-collusion-with-radical-islam-interview-with-mark-curtis/|title=Britain's collusion with radical Islam: Interview with Mark Curtis|publisher=[[openDemocracy]]|website=opendemocracy.net|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200723203042/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/opendemocracyuk/britain-s-collusion-with-radical-islam-interview-with-mark-curtis/|archive-date=23 Jul 2020}}</ref>

==Reception==

In a review for ''[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]'', Robert Murphy wrote that "''Secret Affairs'' deserves to become a key reference point in the debate over terrorism and Middle East policy", though he criticized the "exclusive focus on Britain’s involvement [which] pushes the [[Foreign policy of the United States|US’s larger role]] to one side."

The book was translated into [[Arabic]] by Kamal al-Sayyid and published in [[Cairo]] by the [[Egyptian National Center for Translation]] in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/292081|title=العلاقة السرية بين بريطانيا وجماعات الإسلام السياسي.. كتاب لمارك كورتيس|publisher=[[Al-Masry Al-Youm]]|website=almasryalyoum.com|language=ar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210918005348/https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/292081|archive-date=18 Sep 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://elaph.com/Web/NewsPapers/2013/12/860207.html|title=التاريخ السرّي لتآمر بريطانيا مع الأصوليين|publisher=[[Elaph]]|website=elaph.com|date=23 December 2013 |language=ar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210918004351/https://elaph.com/Web/NewsPapers/2013/12/860207.html|archive-date=18 Sep 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2013/2/19/وثائق-تاريخية-بريطانية-إنجلترا-وجهت-الإخوان-والسعودية-لاغتيال-«عبدالناصر»-السعوديون/950816|title=وثائق تاريخية بريطانية: إنجلترا وجهت الإخوان والسعودية لاغتيال "عبدالناصر".. السعوديون رشوا ضباطاً سوريين بمليونى جنيه إسترلينى لإسقاط طائرة "الزعيم الراحل" وهو فى طريقه لدمشق|publisher=[[Youm7]]|website=youm7.com|date=19 February 2013 |language=ar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210918010119/https://www.youm7.com/story/2013/2/19/%D9%88%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7-%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84-%C2%AB%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%C2%BB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86/950816|archive-date=18 Sep 2021}}</ref> ''Secret Affairs'' remained on the bestseller list in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.albawabhnews.com/129751|title=المركز القومي للترجمة يصدر "التاريخ السري لتآمر بريطانيا مع الأصوليين"|publisher=Albawabhnews|website=albawabhnews.com|date=September 2013 |language=ar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210918025347/https://www.albawabhnews.com/129751|archive-date=18 Sep 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Books|Politics}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Unholy Wars]]''
* ''[[The Grand Chessboard]]''
* ''[[Memoirs of Mr. Hempher, The British Spy to the Middle East]]''
* [[Devil's Game (book)|''Devil's Game'' (book)]]
* ''[[The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy]]''
* ''[[Confessions of an Economic Hit Man]]''
* ''[[The Shock Doctrine]]''
* ''[[Fitnat al-Wahhabiyya]]''
* [[List of books about al-Qaeda]]
* ''[[Declassified UK]]''
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://markcurtis.info/2010/07/20/secret-affairs-britains-collusion-with-radical-islam/ Official website]
* [https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Secret-Affairs%3A-Britain's-Collusion-with-Radical-Stott/e2731e722adca83a8461f817c313fd207fe37a4d ''Secret Affairs: Britain's Collusion with Radical Islam''] on [[Semantic Scholar]]

{{Islamism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Books about foreign relations of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Books about politics of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Books about Islamic terrorism]]
[[Category:Books about Islamism]]
[[Category:Muslim Brotherhood]]
[[Category:Serpent's Tail books]]
[[Category:2010 non-fiction books]]

United Democratic Front (Kerala)

2026-03-15T05:11:52Z

Birjesh Kumar: clean up

{{short description|Congress-led alliance in Kerala, India}}
{{For|the political alliance in Mizoram|United Democratic Front (Mizoram)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = United Democratic Front
| native_name = {{lang|ml|ഐക്യ ജനാധിപത്യ മുന്നണി}}
| logo = UDF logo.png
| logo_size = 100
| colorcode = {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
| leader = *[[V. D. Satheesan]] {{small|([[List of leaders of the opposition in the Kerala Legislative Assembly|Leader of the Opposition]])}}
*[[Adoor Prakash]] {{small|([[convenor]])}}
| chairman = [[V. D. Satheesan]]
| foundation = {{start date and age|1979|||df=yes}}
| headquarters = Indira Bhavan, [[Vellayambalam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram District]], [[Kerala]]
| position =
| national = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
| website = {{URL|udf.in}}
| country = India
| abbreviation = UDF
| predecessor =
| student_wing = [[UDSF|The United Democratic Students' Front]]
| membership = {{increase}} 8,935,209
| membership_year = 2024
| seats2_title = [[Lok Sabha]]
| seats2 = {{composition bar|18|20|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats1_title = [[Rajya Sabha]]
| seats1 = {{composition bar|3|9|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats3_title = [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
| seats3 = {{composition bar|41|140|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats5_title = [[Gram Panchayats]]
| seats5 = {{composition bar|505|941|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats6_title = [[Panchayat Samiti|Block Panchayats]]
| seats6 = {{composition bar|79|152|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats7_title = [[District council (India)|District Panchayats]]
| seats7 = {{composition bar|7|14|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats8_title = [[Municipalities]]
| seats8 = {{composition bar|54|87|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| seats9_title = [[Municipal Corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]]
| seats9 = {{composition bar|4|6|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}}}
| colours = {{color box|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|border=darkgray}} Blue
| eci =
| leader2_title = [[Lok Sabha]] Leader
| leader2_name = [[Priyanka Gandhi]]
| leader1_title = [[Rajya Sabha]] Leader
| leader1_name = [[Jebi Mather]]
| founders = [[K. Karunakaran]]
| logo_upright = 1.15
| logo_alt = Logo of the United
Democratic Front
}}

The '''United Democratic Front''' ('''UDF''') is the [[Indian National Congress]]-led alliance of political parties in the Indian state of [[Kerala]].<ref name="WP">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |title=India's election results were more than a 'Modi wave' |quote=The BJP's primary rival, the centrist Indian National Congress (Congress), won only 52 seats. |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |access-date=31 May 2019 |archive-date=31 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531123638/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/05/31/indias-election-results-were-more-than-modi-wave/ |url-status=live }}</ref> It is one of the two major political alliances in Kerala, the other being [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Democratic Front]], each of which has been in power alternately since the [[First Nayanar ministry|1980 E. K. Nayanar ministry]] until the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 Legislative Assembly election]] in the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html|title=Election history of Kerala|website=CEO Kerala|publisher=Chief Election Officer, Kerala|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111050225/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/electionhistory.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The alliance currently acts as the opposition in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislature of Kerala]]. Most of the United Democratic Front constituents are members of the [[Indian National Congress]]-led [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] at pan-India level.

United Democratic Front was created by the [[Indian National Congress]] (then known as [[Indira Gandhi|Congress-Indira]]) party leader [[K. Karunakaran]] in 1979, as a successor to the existing Congress-led alliance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |date=23 December 2010 |title=Who was K Karunakaran? |work=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |access-date=11 February 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022111155/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/who-was-k-karunakaran-442836 |url-status=live }}</ref> The alliance first came to power in 1981 ([[Second Karunakaran ministry|K. Karunakaran ministry]]) and has won elections to the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislature of Kerala]] in the years [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]] ([[Third Karunakaran ministry|Karunakaran]] [[First Nayanar ministry|ministry]]),<ref name="e82">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820615-congressi-leader-karunakaran-sworn-in-as-kerala-cm-772555-2013-10-09|title=Congress(I) leader Karunakaran sworn in as Kerala CM|magazine=India Today|language=en|access-date=19 May 2019|archive-date=8 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108152127/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/19820615-congressi-leader-karunakaran-sworn-in-as-kerala-cm-772555-2013-10-09|url-status=live}}</ref> [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]] ([[Fourth Karunakaran ministry|Karunakaran]] and [[Second Antony ministry|A. K. Antony]] ministries),<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Isaac|first1=T. M. Thomas|last2=Kumar|first2=S. Mohana|date=1991|title=Kerala Elections, 1991: Lessons and Non-Lessons|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=26|issue=47|pages=2691–2704|issn=0012-9976|jstor=4398338}}</ref> [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]] ([[Third Antony ministry|Antony]] and [[First Oommen Chandy ministry|Oommen Chandy]] ministries),<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF swept out in Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/ldf-swept-out-in-kerala/article27934303.ece|last=Menon|first=Girish|date=14 May 2001|access-date=2 February 2021|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119132313/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/ldf-swept-out-in-kerala/article27934303.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]] ([[Second Oommen Chandy ministry|Oommen Chandy ministry]]).<ref>{{Cite news|title=This story is from May 13, 2011 Kerala assembly elections 2011: UDF wins by narrow margin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/kerala/kerala-assembly-elections-2011-udf-wins-by-narrow-margin/articleshow/8288245.cms|last=Anantha Krishnan|date=13 May 2011|access-date=2 February 2021|work=Times of India|archive-date=4 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204194737/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/kerala/kerala-assembly-elections-2011-udf-wins-by-narrow-margin/articleshow/8288245.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> United Democratic Front leaders [[V. D. Satheesan]] and [[K. Sudhakaran]] currently serve as the [[Leader of the Opposition]] and [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]] President respectively.<ref name="hs">{{Cite news |last=Chandran |first=Cynthia |date=3 October 2020 |title=MM Hassan takes charge as the UDF convener |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/oct/03/mm-hassan-takes-charge-as-the-udf-convener-2205259.html}}</ref>

The alliance currently consists of [[Indian National Congress]], [[Indian Union Muslim League]], [[Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress (Joseph)]], [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]], [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] and a variety of other smaller parties. The alliance follows [[big tent]] policy and includes a variety political parties.<ref name="sd">{{Cite news|title=A virus, social democracy, and dividends for Kerala|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-virus-social-democracy-and-dividends-for-kerala/article31370554.ece|last=Heller|first=Patrick|date=18 April 2020|access-date=2 February 2021|work=The Hindu|archive-date=19 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119130557/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-virus-social-democracy-and-dividends-for-kerala/article31370554.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Current members==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" style="width:10px;" |Party
!Abbr.
!Flag
! style="width:10px;" |MPs in Lok Sabha
! style="width:10px;"|MPs in Rajya Sabha
!MLA in state legislature
!Kerala leader
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |1
| [[Indian National Congress]]
|'''INC'''
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|frameless|135x135px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 14
| style="text-align: center;" | 01
| style="text-align: center;" | 20
|[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]]
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |2
| [[Indian Union Muslim League]]
|'''IUML'''
|[[File:Flag of the Indian Union Muslim League.svg|frameless|135x135px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 03
| style="text-align: center;" | 02
| style="text-align: center;" | 15
|[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |3
| [[Kerala Congress]]
|'''KEC'''
|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|center|frameless|135x135px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 01
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | 02
|[[P. J. Joseph]]
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |4
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|'''RSP'''
|[[File:RSP-flag.svg|frameless|135x135px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 01
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
|[[Shibu Baby John]]
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |5
| [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)]]
|'''KEC(J)'''
|[[File:Kerala-Congress-flag.svg|center|frameless|135x135px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | 01
|[[Anoop Jacob]]
|-
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |6
| [[Democratic Congress Kerala|Kerala Democratic Party]]
|'''KDP'''
| [[File:Kerala Democratic Party Flag.png|frameless|135x135px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | 01
|[[Mani C. Kappan]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color|Communist Marxist Party}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |7
| [[Communist Marxist Party]]
|'''CMP'''
| [[File:CMP-banner.svg|frameless|135x135px]]
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
| style="text-align: center;" | 00
|[[C. P. John]]
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color| All India Forward Bloc}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |8
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|'''AIFB'''
|
|style="text-align: center;" |00
|style="text-align: center;" |00
|style="text-align: center;" |00
|T. Manoj Kumar
|-
| style="background-color:{{party color| Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy}}; text-align: center;color:white;" |9
|[[Janathipathiya Samrakshana Samithy]]
|'''JSS'''
|[[File:Janathipathiya samrakshana samithy Flag.jpg|frameless|135x135px]]
|style="text-align: center;" |00
|style="text-align: center;" |00
|style="text-align: center;" |00
|A. N. Rajan Babu
|-
|}<ref>https://trend.sec.kerala.gov.in/</ref>
=== Associate Members ===

* Kerala Pravasi Association<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2024-04-23 |title=ലോക്‌സഭാ തെരഞ്ഞെടുപ്പ്: കേരള പ്രവാസി അസോസിയേഷൻ പിന്തുണ യുഡിഎഫിന് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/lok-sabha-elections-kerala-pravasi-association-supports-udf-251920 |access-date=2024-09-05 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008114137/https://www.mediaoneonline.com/kerala/lok-sabha-elections-kerala-pravasi-association-supports-udf-251920 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[All India Trinamool Congress]]
*[[Janadhipathya Rashtriya Sabha]]<ref>https://www.deccanherald.com/india/kerala/anvar-janu-join-udf-as-associate-members-kkc-leader-chandrasekharan-declines-offer-3839344</ref>

==History==

=== Antecedents ===
Precursors to the United Democratic Front were,

* Joint Front ([[Pattom A. Thanu Pillai ministry|Pattom]] and [[R. Sankar ministry|Sankar ministries]])
** [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] - [[Praja Socialist Party]] - [[Indian Union Muslim League]] (left 1961)
* [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-supported "Mini Front" or "Democratic Front" ([[First C. Achutha Menon ministry|Menon ministry]])
** [[Communist Party of India|Communist Party of India -]] [[Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League -]] [[Kerala Congress]] - [[Indian Socialist Party]]
* [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-supported "United Front"
** "Mini Front" or "Maxi Front" ([[Second C. Achutha Menon ministry|Second Menon ministry]])
*** [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] (from 1971) - [[Communist Party of India]] [[Indian Union Muslim League]] [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|- Revolutionary Socialist Party -]] [[Praja Socialist Party]] [[Kerala Congress|- Kerala Congress]] (from 1975)
** "Ruling Front" or "Maxi Front Revamped" ([[First K. Karunakaran ministry|Karunakaran]], [[First A. K. Antony ministry|Antony]] and [[P. K. Vasudevan Nair|P. K. V. ministries]])
*** Congress - [[Communist Party of India]] - [[Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress -]] [[Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League -]] [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
** [[Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League -]] [[Praja Socialist Party]] - [[National Democratic Party (Kerala)|National Democratic Party]] alliance (supported by [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]) ([[C. H. Mohammed Koya ministry|Koya ministry]])

=== United Democratic Front (1979 – present) ===
[[File:K. Karunakaran (image).jpg|thumb|220x220px|The third-longest serving [[chief minister of Kerala]], [[K. Karunakaran]], was the founder of United Democratic Front]]
The United Democratic Front (UDF) was formed just before [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980 assembly election]]. In elections, the Front was defeated by the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Democratic Front]]. However, the fall of the first [[Left Democratic Front]] ministry resulted in the 6th [[President's rule|President's Rule]] in Kerala (1981).

United Democratic Front first came into power in Kerala in 1981 under [[K. Karunakaran]].<ref name="e82" /> It led the [[Government of Kerala]] in 1982–87 (K. Karunakaran), 1991–96 (K. Karunakaran and [[A. K. Antony]]), 2001–06 (A. K. Antony and [[Oommen Chandy]]), and 2011–16 (Oommen Chandy). The alliance currently serves as the opposition in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Assembly]].

* In the [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016 elections]] conducted to the Kerala state legislature, United Democratic Front managed to win 47 out of 140 seats to the assembly,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/live-assembly-poll-results-counting-of-votes-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-west-bengal-puducherry/story-nmYc0zJVdyQ25jUFRZsGrN.html|title=As it happened: TMC, AIADMK retain power; BJP takes Assam, Left Kerala|date=19 May 2016|newspaper=Hindustan Times|access-date=11 August 2019|archive-date=29 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629120216/https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/live-assembly-poll-results-counting-of-votes-in-tamil-nadu-kerala-assam-west-bengal-puducherry/story-nmYc0zJVdyQ25jUFRZsGrN.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and Congress leader [[Ramesh Chennithala]] was chosen as the [[List of current Indian opposition leaders|Leader of Opposition]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Congress Elects Ramesh Chennithala As Leader Of Opposition In Kerala Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/kerala-news/congress-elects-ramesh-chennithala-as-leader-of-opposition-in-kerala-assembly-1413314 |access-date=11 February 2021 |work=NDTV |date=30 May 2016}}</ref> In [[2019 Indian general election in Kerala|2019 Indian general election]], the alliance won 19 out of 20 seats in the state.
* In the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|last elections]] conducted to the Kerala state legislature in 2021, United Democratic Front managed to win 40 out of 140 seats to the assembly, and Congress leader [[V. D. Satheesan]] chosen as the [[List of current Indian opposition leaders|Leader of Opposition]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=LDF retains power in Kerala winning 99 seats, decimates UDF to 41|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ldf-retains-power-in-kerala-winning-99-seats-decimates-udf-to-4120210503031257/|last=ANI|date=3 May 2021|work=ANI|archive-date=19 May 2021|access-date=19 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519112542/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/ldf-retains-power-in-kerala-winning-99-seats-decimates-udf-to-4120210503031257/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Congress appoints V D Satheesan as Leader of Opposition in Kerala|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/v-d-satheesan-kerala-congress-leader-of-opposition-7325419/|last=Manoj C G|date=22 May 2021|work=Indian Express|archive-date=22 May 2021|access-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522072929/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kerala/v-d-satheesan-kerala-congress-leader-of-opposition-7325419/|url-status=live}}</ref> The alliance supported [[K. K. Rema]] for [[Vadakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vadakara Constituency]] who sits as a separate block.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|title=Wearing T P's badge, K K Rema takes oath; Will cooperate with opposition on issues where consensus could be built, she says|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=555188&u=wearing-t-p%E2%80%99s-badge-k-k-rema-takes-oath-will-cooperate-with-opposition-on-issues-where-consensus-could-be-built-she-says|access-date=24 May 2021|website=Keralakaumudi Daily|language=en|archive-date=24 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524114513/https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=555188&u=wearing-t-p%E2%80%99s-badge-k-k-rema-takes-oath-will-cooperate-with-opposition-on-issues-where-consensus-could-be-built-she-says|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Chief Ministers ==

=== Pre-United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1956 – 1979) ===
* [[Pattom Thanu Pillai]] (1960–62)
* [[R. Sankar]] (1962 – 64)
* [[C. Achutha Menon]] (1970–77)
* [[K. Karunakaran]] (1977)
* [[A. K. Antony]] (1977 – 78)
* [[P.K. Vasudevan Nair]] (1978–79)
* [[C.H. Mohammed Koya]] (1979)

=== United Democratic Front Chief Ministers (1981 – present) ===
{{Gallery
|title=United Democratic Front Chief Ministers
|width=300 | height=150
|align=centre
|K. Karunakaran, Indian politician.jpg|[[K. Karunakaran]] (1981 – 82, 1982 – 1987, 1991 – 95)
|A. K. Antony.jpg |[[A. K. Antony]] (1995 – 96, 2001 – 04)
|Oommen Chandy 2013 4.JPG|[[Oommen Chandy]] (2004 – 06, 2011 – 16)
}}

=== List of United Democratic Front Chief Ministers by length of term ===
[[File:Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1983_Karunakaran.jpg|thumb|308x308px|United Democratic Front ministry in 1983 ([[Third Karunakaran ministry|3rd Karunakaran ministry, 1982 - 87]])]]
[[File:Kerala_Council_of_Ministers_1991_Karunakaran.jpg|thumb|308x308px|United Democratic Front ministry in 1991 ([[Fourth Karunakaran ministry|4th Karunakaran ministry, 1991 - 95]])]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: x-big;"
|-
! data-sort-type="number" style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" rowspan="2" | {{Tooltip|No.}}
! style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" rowspan="2" | Name (Ministry)
! style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" colspan="2" | Length of term<ref>[http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_5.htm Chief Ministers of Kerala since 1957] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20131003155929/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/ginfo_5.htm |date=3 October 2013 }}. [[Kerala Legislature]]</ref>
|-
! style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |Longest continuous term
! style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" |Total years of premiership
|-
! data-sort-value="1" style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | 1
| {{Sortname|K.|Karunakaran}} (1918 - 2010)

* [[First Karunakaran ministry|1st Karunakaran ministry (1977)]]
* [[Second Karunakaran ministry|2nd Karunakaran ministry (1981 - 82)]]
* [[Third Karunakaran ministry|3rd Karunakaran ministry (1982 - 87)]]
* [[Fourth Karunakaran ministry|4th Karunakaran ministry (1991 - 95)]]
| 4 years, 305 days
(1982–87)
| 8 years, 315 days
(four terms)
|-
|-
! data-sort-value="2" style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | 2
| {{Sortname|A. K. |Antony}} (born 1940)

* [[First Antony ministry|1st Antony ministry (1977 - 78)]]
* [[Second Antony ministry|2nd Antony ministry (1995 - 96)]]
* [[Third Antony ministry|3rd Antony ministry (2001 - 04)]]
| 3 years, 74 days
(2001–04)
| 5 years, 306 days
(three terms)
|-
! data-sort-value="3" style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | 3
| {{Sortname|Oommen|Chandy}} (born 1943)

* [[First Chandy ministry|1st Chandy ministry (2004 - 06)]]
* [[Second Chandy ministry|2nd Chandy ministry (2011 - 16)]]
| 5 years, 6 days
(2011–16)
| 6 years, 256 days
(two terms)
|}

== Leaders of Opposition (U. D. F) ==

* [[K. Karunakaran]] (1980–81, 87 - 91)
* [[A. K. Antony]] (1996 - 2001)
* [[Oommen Chandy]] (2006–11)
* [[Ramesh Chennithala]] (2016–21)
* [[V. D. Satheesan]] (2021–present)

== United Democratic Front Conveners ==
[[File:P.J Joseph (cropped).jpg|thumb|232x232px|[[P. J. Joseph]] served as the first United Democratic Front Convener (1980–82)]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: x-big; width="100%"
! style="width:100%;"Style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | Period
! style="width:100%;"Style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | U D F Convener
! style="width:100%;"Style="background-color:white; color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}" | Political affiliation
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1979–80
| colspan="2" |Nil
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1980–82
|[[P. J. Joseph]]
|[[Kerala Congress]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1982–85
|[[Oommen Chandy]]<ref name="mn">{{Cite book |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala |publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature |year=2018 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=32 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062017/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
| rowspan="7" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
|1985–2001
|[[K. Sankaranarayanan]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala |publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature |year=2018 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |page=150 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062017/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2001–04
|[[Oommen Chandy]]<ref name="mn" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2004–18
|[[P. P. Thankachan]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 June 2018 |title=I am competent to continue as UDF convenor, says P P Thankachan |work=Mathrubhumi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/i-am-competent-to-continue-as-udf-convenor-says-p-p-thankachan-1.2859750 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519111530/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/i-am-competent-to-continue-as-udf-convenor-says-p-p-thankachan-1.2859750 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bb">{{Cite news |last=Special Currespondent |date=20 September 2018 |title=Benny Behanan is UDF convener |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/benny-behanan-is-udf-convener/article24996840.ece |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519112157/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/benny-behanan-is-udf-convener/article24996840.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2018–20
|[[Benny Behanan]]<ref name="bb" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=27 September 2020 |title=UDF convenor Benny Behanan steps down |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/sep/27/udf-convenor-benny-behanan-steps-down-2202596.html |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519111530/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/sep/27/udf-convenor-benny-behanan-steps-down-2202596.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2020-25
|[[M. M. Hassan]]<ref name="hs" />
|- style="text-align:center;"
|2025-'''incumbent'''
|[[Adoor Prakash]]
|}

== Legacy ==

=== K. Karunakaran ===
[[File:Cochin international airport terminal.jpg|thumb|226x226px|[[Cochin International Airport]]]]
The [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]], [[Kottayam]], was established by bifurcating [[University of Kerala]] during the period of [[Third Karunakaran ministry|3rd Karunakaran ministry (1982 - 87)]]. It was during the second U. D. F. government ([[Third Karunakaran ministry]]), that the last two districts of Kerala, namely [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]] and [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]], were inaugurated, raising the total number of districts in Kerala to fourteen.<ref name="mn_2">{{Cite book |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala |publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature |year=2018 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=22 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062017/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> During his third tenure as Chief Minister (1982–87), Karunakaran directly handled the [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] Development.<ref name="mn_2" /> [[Kerala State Film Development Corporation]] was also introduced during the tenure of Karunakaran.<ref name="mn_2" />

Chief Minister Karunakaran was instrumental in several infrastructure projects in Kerala which includes the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] in Kochi,<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIP Football Pavilion at Kaloor Stadium Named after K Karunakaran|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/aug/21/vip-football-pavilion-at-kaloor-stadium-named-after-k-karunakaran-802521.html|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The New Indian Express|archive-date=27 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127212049/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2015/aug/21/VIP-Football-Pavilion-at-Kaloor-Stadium-Named-after-K-Karunakaran-802521.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[Cochin International Airport]], both of which were sanctioned during his 1991-95 stint as the Chief Minister.<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=14 July 2014|title=Karunakaran Pavilion|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Pavilion-to-be-named-after-Karunakaran/articleshow/48063171.cms|access-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> [[International Container Transshipment Terminal, Kochi|Vallarpadam Terminal]], which later became the first transshipment terminal in India was other key project coined during the administration of Karunakaran.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/government/uae-in-india/dp-world-kochi-poised-to-grow-its-capacity-1.1668086 |title=DP World Kochi poised to grow its capacity |publisher=[[Gulf News]] |date=8 February 2016 |access-date=16 October 2017 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016071620/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/government/uae-in-india/dp-world-kochi-poised-to-grow-its-capacity-1.1668086 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other major infrastructure projects introduced during the terms of Karunakaran include the [[Goshree bridges|Goshree Bridges]] of [[Kochi]], [[Guruvayur–Thrissur spur line|Guruvayur Railway Line]], and [[Rajiv Gandhi Combined Cycle Power Plant]] at [[Kayamkulam]].<ref name="mn_2" /> The first phase of [[Kollam Bypass]] was completed in 1993.{{citation needed|date=May 2021}}

=== A. K. Antony ===
Antony administration was instrumental in the establishment of [[Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="mn_1">{{Cite book |url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala |publisher=Secratriat of Kerala Legislature |year=2018 |location=Thiruvananthapuram |pages=24 |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062017/http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[InfoPark, Kochi|InfoPark]] at [[Kochi]] was established in the year 2004.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 2017 |title=Kochi to turn into a job park |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jan/19/kochi-to-turn-into-a-job-park-1561046.html |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521041624/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/jan/19/kochi-to-turn-into-a-job-park-1561046.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It was also under his administration that the [[Kannur University]] was created by bifurcating the [[University of Calicut]]. The [[Sree Sankaracharya University of Sanskrit|University of Sanskrit]] was inaugurated in 1994.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Madampat |first=Shajahan |date=11 April 2019 |title=The importance of IUML |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/ |url-status=live |access-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612120000/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/indian-union-muslim-league-yogi-rahul-gandhi-wayanad-elections-2019-5669399/ |archive-date=12 June 2020}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode|Indian Institute of Management]] and the [[National Institute of Technology Calicut|National Institute of Technology]] at [[Kozhikode]] were established in the years 1996 and 2002 respectively.<ref name="growth">{{cite web |title=IIMK – Growth History |url=http://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/growthhistory.php?page=2 |website=iimk.ac.in |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-date=2 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102223513/https://www.iimk.ac.in/iimk/growthhistory.php?page=2 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The [[Akshaya project|Akshaya Project]] was implemented in 2002 to expand [[digital literacy]] in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Log-on-to-Indias-first-e-district/articleshow/818786.cms |website=The Times of India |title=The first E-literate district of India |date=18 August 2004 |access-date=3 July 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126203012/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/log-on-to-indias-first-e-district/articleshow/818786.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> During his tenure as Chief Minister, [[A. K. Antony]] introduced the [[Unemployment benefits|Unemployment Allowance]], Festival Allowance for the Kerala state employees.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |date=26 February 2011 |title=Chief Ministers, Ministers and Leaders of Opposition in Kerala: Biographical Sketches and other data |url=http://niyamasabha.org/codes/Chief%20Ministers%20Book%20Final.pdf |access-date=14 December 2011 |publisher=[[Niyamasabha]] |archive-date=25 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025015508/http://niyamasabha.org/codes/Chief%20Ministers%20Book%20Final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

During his tenure as Chief Minister, [[A. K. Antony]] introduced the prohibition of [[arrack]] in Kerala.<ref name=":3" /> It was at Chief Minister Antony's behest that the decision to construct the [[Niyamasabha|new Kerala Legislature Complex]] was taken in 1977.<ref name=":3" /> He also ordered the [[Plachimada Coca-Cola struggle|closure of the Kerala Coca-Cola plant]] in 2004 due to non-availability of drinking water in the plant area.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Konikkara |first=Aathira |title=Nearly 15 years after Coca Cola plant shut down, Plachimada's fight for Rs 216 crore in compensation continues |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/communities/coca-cola-plachimada |access-date=8 September 2020 |website=The Caravan |language=en}}</ref>

=== Oommen Chandy ===
It was also during tenure of Oommen Chandy that 12 new [[List of taluks of Kerala|taluk]]s, 28 new [[List of cities and towns in Kerala|municipalities]], and [[Kannur Municipal Corporation]] were formed.<ref name="tal">{{Cite news |date=21 March 2013 |title=12 new taluks to be formed in Kerala |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115013905/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/12-new-taluks-to-be-formed-in-kerala/article4530074.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="new">{{Cite news |last=TNN |date=15 January 2015 |title=Kannur to become corporation; 28 new municipalities on anvil |work=Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kannur-to-become-corporation-28-new-municipalities-on-anvil/articleshow/45891777.cms |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512194608/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/Kannur-to-become-corporation-28-new-municipalities-on-anvil/articleshow/45891777.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> It was the largest [[Tehsil|taluk]] delimitation in the state of Kerala after 1957.<ref name="c1961">{{Cite book |last=Devassy |first=M. K. |title=Census of India – 1961, Kerala (Census Atlas) |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala and Laccadive Islands |year=1967}}</ref><ref name="tal" /> The [[Kerala Urban Road Transport Corporation]] (KURTC) was formed under KSRTC in 2015 to manage affairs related to urban transportation.{{sfn|Chandran|2018|p=422}} [[File:Oomman chandy.jpg|thumbnail|[[Oommen Chandy]] in September 2015|268x268px]]The Chandy ministry established new Government Medical Colleges in Kerala (in 2013, after a gap of 31 years).<ref>{{Cite news |author= |date=2 September 2013 |title=A new government medical college in Kerala after 31 years |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-new-government-medical-college-in-kerala-after-31-years/article5082996.ece |archive-date=30 August 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830004614/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/a-new-government-medical-college-in-kerala-after-31-years/article5082996.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Special Currespondent |date=4 May 2019 |title=MCI recognition for Manjeri medical college |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mci-recognition-for-manjeri-medical-college/article27029294.ece |archive-date=12 May 2021 |access-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512140352/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/mci-recognition-for-manjeri-medical-college/article27029294.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The "Karunya Scheme" was implemented in the year 2011–12 for the free treatment of patients with cancer, [[haemophilia]], [[kidney]], and [[heart]] diseases.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=2 April 2020 |title=Karunya Benevolent Fund Scheme extended for one more year |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/apr/02/karunya-benevolent-fund-scheme-extended-for-one-more-year-2124595.html |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519062020/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2020/apr/02/karunya-benevolent-fund-scheme-extended-for-one-more-year-2124595.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=4 October 2012 |title=43 cochlear implant surgeries performed |work=New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/oct/04/43-cochlear-implant-surgeries-performed-412100.html |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032854/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2012/oct/04/43-cochlear-implant-surgeries-performed-412100.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A number of organ implantation surgeries were done through the "Mruthasanjeevani Project".<ref name="clg">{{Cite news |last=Webdesk |date=4 April 2021 |title='മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിയുടെ വെല്ലുവിളി ഏറ്റെടുക്കുന്നു'; വികസനങ്ങൾ എണ്ണിപ്പറഞ്ഞ് ഉമ്മൻചാണ്ടി |work=Malayalam Indian Express |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/election/takes-up-cms-challenge-oommen-chandy-enumerated-the-developments-477881/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032858/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/election/takes-up-cms-challenge-oommen-chandy-enumerated-the-developments-477881/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Second Chandy ministry]] had also taken the decision to prohibit [[liquor]] in Kerala by discouraging bars.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Shaju |date=22 December 2014 |title=Oommen Chandy: Changes in liquor policy final |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/oommen-chandy-changes-in-liquor-policy-final/ |archive-date=18 May 2021 |access-date=18 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518115335/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/oommen-chandy-changes-in-liquor-policy-final/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of political killings were relatively low (11) during the period 2011–16 in the state.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2020 |title=Oommen Chandy blames CPM for political killings |work=Mathrbhumi |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/oommen-chandy-blames-cpm-for-political-killings-1.5036983 |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520032857/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/oommen-chandy-blames-cpm-for-political-killings-1.5036983 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Natural rubber|Rubber]] [[subsidy]] to ensure a minimum price of Rs 150/kg was implemented in 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Express News Service |date=27 August 2015 |title=Subsidy for Rubber Fixed at Rs 150/kg |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/aug/27/subsidy-for-rubber-fixed-at-rs-150kg-805557.html |archive-date=8 December 2023 |access-date=17 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208070629/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/aug/27/Subsidy-for-Rubber-Fixed-at-Rs-150kg-805557.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2005, Information Technology was made a compulsory subject for the school-level students.<ref name="it">{{Cite news |last=Express Web Desk |date=7 August 2017 |title=Kerala's 'IT@school' project now a government company 'KITE', CM Vijayan launches logo |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/keralas-itschool-project-now-a-government-company-kite-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-launches-logo-4785993/ |archive-date=8 November 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108152138/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/keralas-itschool-project-now-a-government-company-kite-cm-pinarayi-vijayan-launches-logo-4785993/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Victers TV]], the children's television channel on [[GSAT-3|EDUSAT]] for schools, was inaugurated in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KITE |url=https://kite.kerala.gov.in/KITE/index.php/welcome/about_victers |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-date=21 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421225145/https://kite.kerala.gov.in/KITE/index.php/welcome/about_victers |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[National University of Advanced Legal Studies]] at [[Kochi]] was founded in 2005 and the [[IIT Palakkad|Indian Institute of Technology]] at [[Palakkad]] was established in the year 2015. The universities founded in 2011–16 period include the [[Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University|Malayalam University]] at [[Tirur]] (2012) and [[APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University|Technological University]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] (2014).<ref name="Ord">{{cite web |title=Thunchath Ezhuthachan Malayalam University Ordinance, 2012 |url=http://www.keralalawsect.org/images/legg/ord56_2012.pdf |access-date=4 November 2012 |work=Kerala Gazette |publisher=Government of Kerala}}{{dead link|date=March 2018|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=2 November 2012 |title=Kerala gifts Malayalis a university |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kerala-gifts-malayalis-a-university/article4055548.ece |access-date=3 November 2012 |archive-date=4 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104081841/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kerala-gifts-malayalis-a-university/article4055548.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 November 2012 |title=Jayakumar to take charge as Malayalam University VC |newspaper=The New Indian Express |url=http://newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1322139.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304080058/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/article1322139.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> The [[K. R. Narayanan National Institute of Visual Science and Arts|National Institute of Visual Science and Arts]] at [[Kottayam]] was inaugurated in January 2016.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Press Information Bureau |title=Remarks by Vice President of India, Shri M. Hamid Ansari, at the inauguration of the KR Narayanan National Institute of Visual Sciences & Arts at Kottayam, Kerala |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=134373 |access-date=12 January 2016 |publisher=Government of India |archive-date=26 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126203416/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=134373 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kerala was declared as the first complete digital state of India on 27 February 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Special currespondent |date=28 February 2016 |title=Kerala the first digital State |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kerala-the-first-digital-state/article8291466.ece |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415102347/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/kerala-the-first-digital-state/article8291466.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Kerala Public Service Commission]] filled the vacant posts during 2011–16.<ref name="pen">{{Cite news |date=23 July 2016 |title=What the finance minister wouldn't tell you |work=Onmanorama |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/columns/straight-talk/oommen-chandy-challenges-thomas-isaac-claims-kerala-finance.html}}</ref> As many as {{formatnum:167096}} job candidates were appointed, setting a record.<ref name="pen" /> As many as 46,223 posts were created in the same period.<ref name="pen" /> The Phase-3 of the [[Technopark, Trivandrum|Technopark]] at [[Thiruvananthapuram]] was inaugurated in 2014.<ref name="techno">{{Cite news |last=P K Krishnakumar |date=17 January 2014 |title=Technopark becomes largest IT park in the country |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/technopark-becomes-largest-it-park-in-the-country/articleshow/28958104.cms |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040243/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/technopark-becomes-largest-it-park-in-the-country/articleshow/28958104.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The Taurus Downtown at Technopark was commenced during the period 2011–16.<ref name="techno" /> The phase-2 of [[InfoPark, Kochi]] was inaugurated in May 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=ET Bureau |date=4 May 2015 |title=Infopark second phase inaguration on May 6 |work=Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infopark-second-phase-inaguration-on-may-6/articleshow/47149317.cms |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040245/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/infopark-second-phase-inaguration-on-may-6/articleshow/47149317.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Phase-2 of [[InfoPark Thrissur]] was completed during the same period.<ref>{{Cite news |author= Reporter |date=14 January 2016 |title=CM to inaugurate Koratty infopark |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/CM-to-inaugurate-Koratty-infopark/article13998132.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2014 |title=nfopark Koratty Phase II starts off with Indeevaram on January 21 |work=Kerala IT News |url=https://keralaitnews.com/5595/infopark-koratty-phase-ii-starts-off-with-indeevaram-on-january-21/ |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040316/https://keralaitnews.com/5595/infopark-koratty-phase-ii-starts-off-with-indeevaram-on-january-21/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The Park Centre of [[Cyberpark|Cybercity]] at [[Kozhikode]] was formally opened by IT Minister [[P.K. Kunhalikutty]] on 15 February 2014.<ref name="Cyberpark to place Kozhikode on IT map">{{cite news |date=14 February 2014 |title=Cyberpark to place Kozhikode on IT map |newspaper=The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cyberpark-to-place-kozhikode-on-it-map/article5686855.ece |access-date=16 February 2014 |archive-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040246/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cyberpark-to-place-kozhikode-on-it-map/article5686855.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Now, Cyberpark puts Kozhikode on the IT map">{{cite news |date=16 February 2014 |title=Now, Cyberpark puts Kozhikode on the IT map |newspaper=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Now-Cyberpark-puts-Kozhikode-on-the-IT-map/articleshow/30482192.cms |access-date=16 February 2014 |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623031141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/now-cyberpark-puts-kozhikode-on-the-it-map/articleshow/30482192.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> UL Cyberpark at [[Kozhikode]] was inaugurated in January 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Govind |first=Biju |date=24 February 2016 |title=UL CyberPark marks a first in IT sector |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/ul-cyberpark-marks-a-first-in-it-sector/article8274206.ece |archive-date=21 May 2021 |access-date=21 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521040250/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kozhikode/ul-cyberpark-marks-a-first-in-it-sector/article8274206.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of the [[SmartCity, Kochi|Smart City Project]].<ref name="oc" />

Chandy received the United Nation's Public Service Award for his Mass Contact Programme ("Jana Samparkka Paripadi").<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kerala Chief Minister Oommen Chandy bags UN award for 'mass contact programme'|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-chief-minister-oommen-chandy-bags-un-award-for-mass-contact-programme/articleshow/20206064.cms|access-date=6 November 2020|archive-date=27 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927115246/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kerala-chief-minister-oommen-chandy-bags-un-award-for-mass-contact-programme/articleshow/20206064.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="cm">{{Cite web |title=തലസ്ഥാനത്തെ ഏറ്റവും കൂടുതല്‍ പരിഗണിച്ച മുഖ്യമന്ത്രിയാര് ? കണക്കുകള്‍ പറയുന്നു അത് ഉമ്മന്‍ചാണ്ടി |url=http://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalam/news/who-is-the-best-cm-in-kerala--2020-09-19.php |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=www.kaumudiplus.com |language=en |archive-date=18 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718140430/https://www.kalakaumudi.com/malayalam/news/who-is-the-best-cm-in-kerala--2020-09-19.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> The government also sanctioned of [[Unemployment benefits|Unemployment Allowance]].<ref name="mn" /> Social welfare pension amounts and numbers were doubled during the [[second Chandy ministry]].<ref name="pen" /><ref name="clg" /> Old-age pension amounts were also increased.<ref name="pen" /> Other social welfare measures during Chandy reign include free ration for those who lost their employment.<ref name="cm" /> Free rice was given to those who did not belong to [[Poverty threshold|Above Poverty Line (APL)]].<ref name="clg" /> Food kits were distributed to the people during [[Onam]], the Eid, and Christmas.<ref name="clg" />

Chandy government constructed more than 400,000 houses for the homeless people in Kerala.<ref name="cm" />

Chandy's regime was instrumental in beginning the construction of [[Kannur International Airport|Kannur Airport]],<ref name="oc">{{Cite web|title=Congress kicks off poll campaign with 'Aiswarya Kerala yatra'|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-kicks-poll-campaign-aiswarya-kerala-yatra-142608|access-date=24 November 2020|website=The News Minute|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202041352/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/congress-kicks-poll-campaign-aiswarya-kerala-yatra-142608|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ht" /> the [[Kochi Metro]],<ref name="oc" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kochi Metro turns a glorious chapter today|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/07/kochi-metro-turns-a-glorious-chapter-today-2193400.html|date=7 September 2020|work=New Indian Express|archive-date=12 May 2021|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512154300/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/sep/07/kochi-metro-turns-a-glorious-chapter-today-2193400.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ht" /> and the [[Vizhinjam International Seaport|Vizhinjam Port]] near [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref name="oc" /><ref name="ht">{{Cite news|title=Kerala: Hitting out at 'misrule' of LDF govt, UDF launches state-wide rally|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-hitting-out-at-misrule-of-ldf-govt-udf-launches-state-wide-rally-101612103005072.html|last=PTI|date=31 January 2021|work=Hindutan Times|archive-date=12 May 2021|access-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134945/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kerala-hitting-out-at-misrule-of-ldf-govt-udf-launches-state-wide-rally-101612103005072.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Kochi]]-[[Mangalore]] [[GAIL]] pipeline was commissioned by the [[second Chandy ministry]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Shaju |date=11 January 2021 |title=Gas pipeline from Kochi to Mangaluru: hurdles crossed, and why it matters |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gas-pipeline-from-kochi-to-mangaluru-hurdles-crossed-and-why-it-matters-7141149/ |archive-date=31 July 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731070654/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/gas-pipeline-from-kochi-to-mangaluru-hurdles-crossed-and-why-it-matters-7141149/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, the [[Cochin International Airport|Cochin Airport]] became the world's first fully [[solar power]]ed airport.<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2015 |title=Cochin International Airport set to become worlds's first fully solar-powered major airport |work=LiveMint |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html |access-date=5 March 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322074258/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/nYRV0SGkot3GIOvQrqhBXL/Worlds-first-solarrun-airport-in-Kochi.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |last=Menon |first=Supriya |date=9 October 2015 |title=How is the world's first solar powered airport faring? – BBC News |work=BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |access-date=1 December 2016 |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525214353/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-34421419 |url-status=live }}</ref> During his period, 227 road bridges worth nearly Rs 16 billion were built across [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chandy challenges LDF to disclose list of bridges constructed during their tenure |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/chandy-challenges-ldf-to-disclose-list-of-bridges-constructed-during-their-tenure-1.5551643 |access-date=30 March 2021 |website=Mathrubhumi name="227 Bridges" |archive-date=28 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328093546/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/chandy-challenges-ldf-to-disclose-list-of-bridges-constructed-during-their-tenure-1.5551643 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="clg" />

A number of [[List of state highways in Kerala|state highways]] were constructed under Chandy government and the final decision to widen the [[National Highway (India)|national highway]]s of the state to 45 m were taken in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philip |first=Shaju |date=24 October 2014 |title=Kerala government finally decides to develop national highways at 45-meter width |work=Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-government-finally-decides-to-develop-national-highways-at-45-meter-width/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=20 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520142317/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/kerala-government-finally-decides-to-develop-national-highways-at-45-meter-width/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Several "bypass" roads were also constructed.<ref name="clg" />

==Kerala Assembly Election results==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title={{color|white|Vote share in consecutive Kerala Assembly elections}}
|titlebar= {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}
|width=250px
|barwidth=
|bars=
{{bar percent|1982|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|48.25}}
{{bar percent|1987|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|43.65}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|44.84}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|44.84}}
{{bar percent|2001|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|49.05}}
{{bar percent|2006|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|42.98}}
{{bar percent|2011|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|45.83}}
{{bar percent|2016|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|38.81}}
{{bar percent|2021|{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}|39.47}}
}}
{| class="sortable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: 2px #000000 solid; font-size: x-big; width="70%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="1"
|+Assembly election results<ref name="htr">{{Cite web|url=https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature|title=History of Kerala Legislature|website=kerala.gov.in|publisher=Government of Kerala|access-date=11 May 2021|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814235820/https://kerala.gov.in/history-of-kerala-legislature|url-status=dead}}</ref>
! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Election
! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Alliance leader
! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Seats won
! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Change in seats
! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | Outcome
|- style="text-align:center;"
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| rowspan="4" |[[K. Karunakaran]]
|{{Composition bar|46|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
|New
| {{partial|Opposition, later Government}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
|{{Composition bar|77|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{gain}} 31
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|{{Composition bar|61|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{loss}} 16
| {{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center
|[[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
|{{Composition bar|90|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{gain}} 29
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center
|[[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
|rowspan=2|[[A. K. Antony]]
|{{Composition bar|59|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{loss}} 31
| {{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center
|[[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
|{{Composition bar|99|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{gain}} 40
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center
|[[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
|rowspan=3|[[Oommen Chandy]]
|{{Composition bar|42|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{loss}} 57
| {{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center
|[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
|{{Composition bar|72|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{gain}} 30
|{{yes2|Government}}
|-
|- style="text-align:center
|[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
||{{Composition bar|47|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{loss}} 25
| {{No2|Opposition}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|[[Ramesh Chennithala]]
|{{Composition bar|41|140|hex={{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}} }}
||{{loss}} 6
| {{No2|Opposition}}
|-
|}

=== Electoral history ===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%; text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Mandate
! colspan="3" |Seats secured
! rowspan="2" |Ruling coalition
! rowspan="2" |Majority
|-
!style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF!! style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF!! Others
|-
|[[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" |'''93'''
|46
|1
|style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#DB0000;"|'''47'''
|-
|[[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
||63||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white|'''77'''|| 0 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF
|style="color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|'''14'''
|-
|[[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|'''78'''|| 61||1 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''17'''
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || 48 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" |'''90'''|| 2 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF
|style="color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|'''40'''
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"| '''80'''|| 59 || 1 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''21'''
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]] || 40 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white"|'''99'''|| 1 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF
|style="color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|'''59'''
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|'''98'''|| 42 || 0 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''56'''
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]] || 68 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white"|'''72'''|| 0 || style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}; color:white" | UDF
|style="color:{{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}};"|'''04'''
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" |'''91'''|| 47 || 2 ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''44'''
|-
| [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]] ||style="width:15%;"Style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white"|'''99'''|| 41 ||0 || style="background-color:#FF0000; color:white" | LDF
|style="color:#FF0000;"|'''59'''
|}

== Lok Sabha Electoral History ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Seats won
!Change in seats
!Voteshare
!Outcome
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|08 / 20
|New
| {{steady}}
|Government
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|18 / 20
| {{increase}} 10
|51.29%
|Government
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|17 / 20
| {{decrease}} 1
|49.29%
|Opposition
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|16 / 20
| {{decrease}} 1
|48.59%
|Government
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|10 / 20
| {{decrease}} 6
|45.75%
|Opposition
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|11 / 20
| {{increase}} 1
|46.08%
|Opposition
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|11 / 20
|{{steady}}
|46.9%
|Opposition
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|01 / 20
| {{decrease}} 10
|38.38%
|Government
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|16 / 20
| {{increase}} 15
|47.73%
|Government
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|12 / 20
| {{decrease}} 4
|41.98%
|Opposition
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|19 / 20
| {{increase}} 7
|47.48%
|Opposition
|-
|[[Next Indian general election|2024]]
|18 / 20
| {{decrease}} 01
|45.21%
|Opposition
|}

== List of elected members ==
===State legislature===
[[File:2021 Kerala election result.svg|thumb|300px|Map of Kerala showing 2021 state Legislative Assembly election results]]
The United Democratic Front currently has 41 members in the 140-member [[Kerala Niyamasabha|Kerala]] [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]]. The alliance currently forms the Opposition in the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Assembly]].

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress (INC)}} {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League|Indian Union Muslim League (IUML)}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress|Kerala Congress (KEC)}} {{Party index link|Kerala Congress (Jacob)|Kerala Congress (Jacob) (KC(J))}}{{Party index link|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India (RMPI)}} {{Party index link|Kerala Democratic party|Kerala Democratic Party (KDP)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Constituency
! scope="col" | Member
! Party
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Kasaragod district|'''Kasaragod district''']]
|-
! 1 ||[[Manjeshwaram (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeshwaram]] ||[[A. K. M. Ashraf]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 2 ||[[Kasaragod (State Assembly constituency)|Kasaragod]] ||[[N. A. Nellikkunnu]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Kannur district|'''Kannur district''']]
|-
! 3 ||[[Irikkur (State Assembly constituency)|Irikkur]] ||[[Sajeev Joseph]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 4 ||[[Peravoor (State Assembly constituency)|Peravoor]] ||[[Sunny Joseph (politician)|Sunny Joseph]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Wayanad district|'''Wayanad district''']]
|-
! 5 ||[[Sulthan Bathery (State Assembly constituency)|Sulthan Bathery]] ||[[I. C. Balakrishnan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 6 ||[[Kalpetta (State Assembly constituency)|Kalpetta]] ||[[T Siddique]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Kozhikode district|'''Kozhikode district''']]
|-
! 7 ||[[Koduvally (State Assembly constituency)|Koduvally]]||[[M. K. Muneer]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" | [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 8 ||[[Vadakara (State Assembly constituency)|Vadakara]] ||[[K. K. Rema]] || width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Marxist Party of India}} "| [[Revolutionary Marxist Party of India|RMPI]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Malappuram district|'''Malappuram district''']]
|-
! 9 ||[[Kondotty (State Assembly constituency)|Kondotty]] ||[[T. V. Ibrahim]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 10 ||[[Eranad (State Assembly constituency)|Eranad]] ||[[P. K. Basheer]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 11 ||[[Wandoor (State Assembly constituency)|Wandoor]] ||[[A. P. Anil Kumar]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 12 || [[Manjeri (State Assembly constituency)|Manjeri]] ||[[U. A. Latheef]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 13||[[Perinthalmanna (State Assembly constituency)|Perinthalmanna]] ||[[Najeeb Kanthapuram]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 14 ||[[Mankada (State Assembly constituency)|Mankada]] ||[[Manjalamkuzhi Ali]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 15 ||[[Malappuram (State Assembly constituency)|Malappuram]] ||[[P. Ubaidulla]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 16 || [[Vengara (State Assembly constituency)|Vengara]] ||[[P. K. Kunhalikutty]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 17 ||[[Vallikkunnu (State Assembly constituency)|Vallikkunnu]] ||[[P. Abdul Hameed]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 18 ||[[Tirurangadi (State Assembly constituency)|Tirurangadi]] ||[[K. P. A. Majeed]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 19 ||[[Tirur (State Assembly constituency)|Tirur]] ||[[Kurukkoli Moideen]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 20 ||[[Kottakkal (State assembly constituency)|Kottakkal]] ||[[K. K. Abid Hussain Thangal]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Palakkad district|'''Palakkad district''']]
|-
! 21 ||[[Mannarkkad (State Assembly constituency)|Mannarkkad]] ||[[N. Samsudheen]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}"| [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
! 22 || [[Palakkad (State Assembly constituency)|Palakkad]] ||[[Rahul Mamkootathil]] || width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Thrissur district|'''Thrissur district''']]
|-
! 23 ||[[Chalakudy (State Assembly constituency)|Chalakudy]] ||[[T. J. Saneesh Kumar Joseph]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Ernakulam district|'''Ernakulam district''']]
|-
! 24 ||[[Perumbavoor (State Assembly constituency)|Perumbavoor]] ||[[Eldhose Kunnappilly]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 25 ||[[Angamaly (State Assembly constituency)|Angamaly]]||[[Roji M. John]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 26 ||[[Aluva (State Assembly constituency)|Aluva]] ||[[Anwar Sadath]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 27 ||[[Paravur (State Assembly constituency)|Paravur]] ||[[V. D. Satheesan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 28 ||[[Thrippunithura (State Assembly constituency)|Thrippunithura]] ||[[K. Babu]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 29 ||[[Ernakulam (State assembly constituency)|Ernakulam]] ||[[T. J. Vinod]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 30 ||[[Thrikkakara (State Assembly constituency)|Thrikkakara]] ||[[Uma Thomas]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 31 ||[[Piravom (State Assembly constituency)|Piravom]] ||[[Anoop Jacob]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}"| [[Kerala Congress (Jacob)|KC (J)]]
|-
! 32 ||[[Muvattupuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Muvattupuzha]] ||[[Mathew Kuzhalnadan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Idukki district|'''Idukki district''']]
|-
! 33 ||[[Thodupuzha (State Assembly constituency)|Thodupuzha]] ||[[P. J. Joseph]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress (Jacob)}}"| [[Kerala Congress|KEC]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Kottayam district|'''Kottayam district''']]
|-
! 34 ||[[Pala (State Assembly constituency)|Pala]] ||[[Mani C. Kappan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|United Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"| Kerala Democratic Party
|-
! 35 ||[[Kaduthuruthy (State Assembly constituency)|Kaduthuruthy]]||[[Monce Joseph]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}"| [[Kerala Congress|KEC]]
|-
! 36 ||[[Kottayam (State Assembly constituency)|Kottayam]]||[[Thiruvanchoor Radhakrishnan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 37 || [[Puthuppally (State Assembly constituency)|Puthuppally]] ||[[Chandy Oommen]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Alappuzha district|'''Alappuzha district''']]
|-
! 38 ||[[Haripad (State Assembly constituency)|Haripad]] ||[[Ramesh Chennithala]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Kollam district|'''Kollam district''']]
|-
! 39 ||[[Karunagappally (State Assembly constituency)|Karunagappally]] ||[[C. R. Mahesh]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
! 40 ||[[Kundara (State Assembly constituency)|Kundara]] ||[[P. C. Vishnunadh]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| colspan="4" align="center" style="background-color: grey;"|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|'''Thiruvananthapuram district''']]
|-
! 41 ||[[Kovalam Assembly constituency|Kovalam]] ||[[M. Vincent]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

=== Lok Sabha ===
Out of the 20 [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha (House of the People)]] constituencies in Kerala, 18 were won by the United Democratic Front in [[2024 Indian general election|2024 Lok Sabha election]].
[[File:2024 Lok Sabha Kerala Result Map.svg|thumb|2024 Indian general election]]
The following is the list of United Democratic Front Lok Sabha members from the state of Kerala:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}} {{Party index link|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! No.
! Parliamentary Constituency
! Member (M. P.)
! Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || [[Kasaragod (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kasaragod]] || [[Rajmohan Unnithan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 2 || [[Kannur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kannur]] ||[[K. Sudhakaran]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 3 || [[Vatakara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vatakara]] || [[Shafi Parambil]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 4 || [[Wayanad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Wayanad]] || [[Priyanka Gandhi|Priyanka Gandhi Vadra]] || width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 5 || [[Kozhikode (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kozhikode]] || [[M. K. Raghavan]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 6 || [[Malappuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malappuram]] || [[E. T. Muhammed Basheer]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" | [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
| 7 || [[Ponnani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ponnani]] || [[M. P. Abdussamad Samadani|M.P. Abdussamad Samadani]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" | [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|-
| 8 || [[Palakkad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Palakkad]] ||[[V. K. Sreekandan]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 9 || [[Chalakudy (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chalakudy]]||[[Benny Behanan]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 10 || [[Ernakulam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ernakulam]]||[[Hibi Eden]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 11 || [[Idukki (Lok Sabha constituency)|Idukki]]||[[Dean Kuriakose]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 12 || [[Kottayam Lok Sabha constituency|Kottayam]]|| [[K. Francis George]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Kerala Congress}}"| [[Kerala Congress|KEC]]
|-
| 13 || [[Alappuzha Lok Sabha constituency|Alappuzha]]||[[K. C. Venugopal]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 14 || [[Mavelikkara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara]] || [[Kodikunnil Suresh]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 15 || [[Pathanamthitta (Lok Sabha constituency)|Pathanamthitta]] || [[Anto Antony Punnathaniyil]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 16 || [[Kollam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kollam]] || [[N. K. Premachandran]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}"| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|-
| 17 || [[Attingal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Attingal]] ||[[Adoor Prakash]]||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
| 18 || [[Thiruvananthapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Thiruvananthapuram]] || [[Shashi Tharoor]] ||width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}"| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|}

=== Rajya Sabha ===
The following is the list of United Democratic Front Rajya Sabha members from the state of Kerala:

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Indian Union Muslim League}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! No.
! State
! Member (M. P.)
! Party affiliation
|-
| 1 || rowspan="2" | [[Kerala]] || [[Jebi Mather]] || width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|-
|2
|[[P. V. Abdul Wahab]]|| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian Union Muslim League}}" | [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]]
|}

== See also ==
* [[United Front (1970-79, Kerala)|United Front (1970–79)]]
* [[Kerala Pradesh Congress Committee]]
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
* [[Indian National Congress]]
* [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Left Democratic Front]]
* [[Indian Union Muslim League]]

==References==
=== Notes ===
{{Notelist|40em}}
===References===
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus – 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing & Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
* {{Citation|title=Chief Ministers, Ministers, and Leaders of Opposition of Kerala|publisher=Secratriat of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|Kerala Legislature]]|year=2018|location=[[Thiruvananthapuram]]|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/chief%20ministers,%20ministers,%20leaders%20of%20opposition.pdf}}

{{United Democratic Front (Kerala) |state=collapsed}}
{{United Progressive Alliance |state=collapsed}}
{{Kerala topics}}
[[Category:Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
[[Category:Political parties in Kerala]]
[[Category:Political party alliances in India]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Asia]]
[[Category:United Progressive Alliance]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1979]]
[[Category:1979 establishments in Kerala]]

Ferdous Ahmed

2026-03-07T17:20:42Z

Birjesh Kumar: brief rework formatting based on references for accuracy

{{Short description|Bangladeshi film actor, producer and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ferdous Ahmed
| native_name =
| image = File:2019-04-05_Bangladesh_Cholochitra_Sangbadik_Samity_Film_Awards_presentation_Hasan_Mahmud_Bangladesh_Film_Archive_Dhaka_(PID-0039230)_(cropped).jpg
| caption = Ahmed in 2019
| office = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]
| constituency = [[Dhaka-10]]
| term_start = 29 January 2024
| term_end = 6 August 2024
| predecessor = [[Shafiul Islam Mohiuddin]]
| successor = [[Shaikh Rabiul Alam]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Tania Ferdous|2004}}
| children = 2
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|06|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Comilla]], Bangladesh
| occupation = Actor, producer and politician
| party = [[Bangladesh Awami League]]
| awards = [[Bangladesh National Film Awards]] (4 times)
| alma_mater = [[University of Dhaka]] [[Adamjee Cantonment College]]
}}

'''Ferdous Ahmed''' (born 7 June 1972)<ref name=mp>{{Cite web |title=Ferdous Ahmed |url=https://www.parliament.gov.bd/member-profile/012018301/ferdous-ahmed |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Bangladesh Parliament |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110165200/https://www.parliament.gov.bd/member-profile/012018301/ferdous-ahmed |archive-date=10 January 2024}}</ref> is a Bangladeshi film actor, producer,<ref name="birthday">{{cite news |author=Shah Alam Shazu |date=7 June 2017 |title=Happy Birthday Ferdous! |newspaper=The Daily Star |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/event/happy-birthday-ferdous-1416454 |access-date=7 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2019 |title=Who is Ferdous Ahmed? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/ferdous-ahmed-bangladesh-actor-tmc-lok-sabha-elections-2019-5678511/ |access-date=13 May 2023 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> and politician.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ferdous gets perfect ten in debut electoral victory |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/election/336170/ferdous-gets-perfect-ten-in-debut-electoral |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=7 January 2024}}</ref> He served as an [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]] representing the [[Dhaka-10]] constituency.<ref>{{Cite news |script-title=bn:ঢাকা-১০ আসনে বিজয়ী হলেন ফেরদৌস |url=https://www.ittefaq.com.bd/673260/%E0%A6%A2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%9F%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8C%E0%A6%B8%C2%A0 |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=The Daily Ittefaq |language=bn}}</ref>

His work includes ''[[Hothat Brishti]]'' (1998), ''[[Kokhono Megh Kokhono Brishti]]'' (2003), ''[[Chandrokotha]]'' (2003), ''[[Nondito Noroke]]'' (2006), ''Amar Swapna Tumi'' (2005), ''[[Moner Manush]]'' (2010), and ''[[Guerrilla (2011 film)|Guerrilla]]'' (2011). He won the [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actor]] five times for his roles in the films ''[[Hothat Brishti]]'' (1998), ''[[Gangajatra]]'' (2009), ''[[Kusum Kusum Prem]]'' (2011), ''[[Ek Cup Cha]]'' (2014), and ''[[Putro (film)|Putro]]'' (2018).<ref name="nfa">{{cite web |script-title=bn:জাতীয় চলচ্চিত্র পুরস্কার প্রাপ্তদের নামের তালিকা (১৯৭৫-২০১২) |trans-title=List of the winners of National Film Awards (1975-2012) |url=http://www.fdc.gov.bd/site/page/f3bb17fe-d9ad-4b61-bd8a-5824262691ad/১৯৭৫-২০১২ |access-date=25 March 2019 |website=Bangladesh Film Development Corporation |publisher=Government of Bangladesh |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=17 March 2013 |title=Guerrilla bags 10 National Film Awards |language=en |work=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/guerrilla-bags-10-national-film-awards |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 February 2016 |title=29 artistes get Nat'l Film Award 2014 |language=en |work=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/29-artistes-get-natl-film-award-2014-682438 |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2019 |title=National Film Awards for 2017 and 2018 announced |language=en |work=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/national-film-awards-2017-and-2018-announced-1824415 |access-date=14 November 2019}}</ref>

In November 2023, Ahmed was nominated as [[Awami League]]'s candidate for the [[Dhaka-10]] constituency, replacing the incumbent [[Shafiul Islam Mohiuddin]], in the [[2024 Bangladeshi general election|2024 Bangladeshi selection]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2023 |title=Actor Ferdous gets AL ticket from Dhaka-10 |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/politics/yl7jpajdct |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=Prothom Alo |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Ferdous Ahmed has become one of the highest-paid actors in Bangladesh.<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2019 |title=With four national awards, 200 movies, actor Ferdous popular in Bangladesh, Bengal |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/with-four-national-awards-200-movies-actor-ferdous-popular-in-bangladesh-bengal/ |access-date=13 May 2023 |work=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ahmed was introduced to the film industry by choreographer [[Amir Hossain Babu]].<ref name=break/> He debuted in the film ''Buker Vetor Agun''. But ''[[Hothat Brishti]]'' (1998), directed by [[Basu Chatterjee]], was Ahmed's first massive success.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hothat Brishti made me the Ferdous I am |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/hothat-brishti-made-me-the-ferdous-i-am-28269 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref> He won his first [[Bangladesh National Film Award for Best Actor]] for the lead role in the film.<ref name=nfa/> He then acted in two other Chatterjee films – ''Chupi Chupi'' (2001) and ''[[Tak Jhal Mishti]]'' (2002).

In 2002, he appeared in Azadi Hasanat Firoz's romance ''Sobar Upore Prem''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shobar Upore Prem |url=http://photo.bfa.gov.bd/product/shobar-upore-prem-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%89%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%ae-2/ |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=Bangladesh Film Archive |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2003, he performed in ''[[Chandrokotha]]'' and ''Kal Shokale''. He appeared in ''[[Bachelor (2004 film)|Bachelor]]'' (2004) and in ''Meher Nigar'' (the first film made from the writing of national poet Kazi Nazrul Islam). In 2005, he performed in ''Rakkhushi''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-27 |script-title=bn:ঢাকায় নজরুল সাহিত্যের যত চলচ্চিত্র |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/entertainment-news/2025/08/27/1151462 |access-date=2025-09-02 |work=Bangladesh Pratidin |language=bn}}</ref> In 2006, Ahmed appeared in two films by Didarul Alam. The first was made from Humayun Ahmed's [[In Blissful Hell|novel]], ''[[In Blissful Hell#Adaptation|Nondito Noroke]]'', directed by Belal Ahmed.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ferdous to be honoured at Bangla Fest in Canada |url=http://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/225598/Ferdous-to-be-honoured-at-Bangla-Fest-in-Canada-/2017-05-11 |newspaper=Daily Sun |location=Dhaka |date=11 May 2017 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=8 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405094253/https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/225598/Ferdous-to-be-honoured-at-Bangla-Fest-in-Canada-/2017-05-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ferdous Ahmed owns a film production company, ''Nuzhat Films'',<ref>{{cite news |title=Ferdous: Dedication and earnestness are prerequisites for making good films |url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/entertainment/2014/apr/12/ferdous-dedication-and-earnestness-are-prerequisites-making-good-films |work=Dhaka Tribune |access-date=11 November 2015}}</ref> the television production house ''CinemaScope'', and a wing of an event planning studio.<ref name=break>{{cite magazine |title=Breaking Cultural Barriers |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/05/01/cinema.htm |magazine=Star Weekend |date=6 May 2005 |access-date=19 October 2012 |archive-date=18 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618223909/http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2005/05/01/cinema.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> He produced his first film, ''[[Ek Cup Cha]]'' in 2014.<ref name=keeping>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/keeping-ferdous-1835302 |title=Keeping up with Ferdous |date=4 December 2019 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |access-date=4 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 August 2010 |title="I had no intention of being an actor" -- Ferdous |language=en |work=The Daily Star |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-150482 |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> which produced ''Postmaster 71''.<ref name=keeping/>

==Personal life==
Ferdous married Tania Ferdous, a pilot by profession, in 2004.<ref>{{cite news |script-title=bn:অ্যাডিলেডে সপরিবারে ফেরদৌস |trans-title=Ferdous with family in Adelaide |url=http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/92881/ |newspaper=Prothom Alo |language=bn |access-date=10 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210095227/http://www.prothom-alo.com/entertainment/article/92881/ |archive-date=10 December 2014}}</ref><ref name=price/> Together they have two daughters, Nuzhat and Namira.<ref name=price>{{Cite news |last=Purohit |first=Devadeep |title=Bangladesh superstar Ferdous Ahmed is still paying the Lok Sabha poll price |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/bangladesh-superstar-ferdous-ahmed-is-still-paying-the-lok-sabha-poll-price/cid/1694783 |date=18 July 2018 |access-date=1 December 2023 |work=The Telegraph |language=en}}</ref>

==Controversy==
During the run-up to the [[2019 Indian general election]], Ahmed visited [[West Bengal]], India, and was campaigning for chief minister and [[All India Trinamool Congress]] chief [[Mamata Banerjee]]. The [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Indian Union Ministry of Home Affairs]] revoked his business visa in turn.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ahuja |first1=Namrata Biji |title=Bangladeshi actor Ferdous Ahmed in hot water after campaigning for TMC |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/04/16/bangladeshi-actor-ferdous-ahmed-hot-water-after-campaigning-for-tmc.html |access-date=17 April 2019 |work=The Week |date=16 April 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

In September 2024, a series of [[WhatsApp]] messages from a group named "''Alo Ashbei''" circulated online.<ref>{{Cite news |date=September 2024 |title=Shock and surprise grip entertainment arena after chats discovery |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/765421 |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref> The group, reportedly initiated by Ahmed and former state minister [[Mohammad Ali Arafat]], included numerous pro-[[Awami League]] entertainers, politicians, and journalists.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Alo Ashbei WhatsApp group message leaked |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/tags/alo-ashbei-whatsapp-group-message-leaked |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref> The leaked chats exposed members discussing strategies against the [[2024 Bangladesh quota reform movement|student-led anti-discrimination protests]] that took place in July 2024, which called for reform in the government job quota system and later evolved into a [[Non-cooperation movement (2024)|broader movement]] against the [[Fifth Hasina ministry|Awami League government]] and then-Prime Minister [[Sheikh Hasina]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-03 |title='Throw hot water on protesters': 'Alo Ashbei' artistes' WhatsApp group under fire |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/entertainment/tv-film/news/throw-hot-water-protesters-alo-ashbei-artistes-whatsapp-group-under-fire-3693581 |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}</ref>

The messages revealed in the chats, which included violent and provocative language, sparked outrage among netizens and within the entertainment industry. For instance, actress [[Aruna Biswas]], another member of the group, suggested that they should "dump hot waters on the protesters", a comment she later clarified was misinterpreted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-09-04 |title=Leaked conversation of artists speaking against student movement goes viral |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/splash/leaked-conversation-artists-speaking-against-student-movement-goes-viral-933266 |access-date=2024-09-04 |work=The Business Standard |language=en}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{main|Ferdous Ahmed filmography}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* {{IMDb name|1383799}}

{{Bangladesh National Film Award Best Actor}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Ferdous}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Adamjee Cantonment College alumni]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi male film actors]]
[[Category:Best Actor National Film Award (Bangladesh) winners]]
[[Category:12th Jatiya Sangsad members]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Awami League politicians]]
[[Category:Bangladeshi actor-politicians]]
[[Category:People from Titas Upazila]]
[[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]

Ayana (film)

2026-03-05T18:44:58Z

Birjesh Kumar: started new info

{{short description|Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ayana
| image = Ayana (film).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| director = Gangadhar Salimath
| writer =
| producer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*Deepak Subramanya
* Apoorva Soma
}}
| cinematography = Varun D.K.
| editing = Ravikumar M.
| music = Shriyansh Shreeram Arjun Rajkumar
| studio = Dees Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2017|9|8}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ayana''''' is a 2017 [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Gangadhar Salimath.<ref name=n>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/09/ayana-review-the-movie-explores-techie-life-the-kanglish-way-1654327.html|title=Ayana review: The movie explores techie life, the Kanglish way|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2022-06-01|archive-date=2017-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910135630/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/sep/09/ayana-review-the-movie-explores-techie-life-the-kanglish-way-1654327.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film is set in Bengaluru and features newcomers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ayana-is-a-slice-of-life-film-about-an-entrepreneur-gangadhar-salimath/articleshow/60409617.cms|title=Ayana is a slice-of-life film about an entrepreneur: Gangadhar Salimath - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 September 2017 |access-date=2022-06-01|archive-date=2022-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220208180329/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ayana-is-a-slice-of-life-film-about-an-entrepreneur-gangadhar-salimath/articleshow/60409617.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ayana-takes-a-close-look-at-the-priorities-in-the-life-of-a-professional/articleshow/60325756.cms|title=Ayana takes a close look at the priorities in the life of a professional - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 September 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/what-made-it-easy-for-gangadhar-to-work-on-ayana/articleshow/60390711.cms|title=What made it easy for Gangadhar to work on Ayana? - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 September 2017 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
*Deepak Subramanya as Aditya Adi
* Apoorva Soma<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-see-myself-taking-up-roles-that-add-value-to-the-script-apoorva-soma/articleshow/60347761.cms|title=I see myself taking up roles that add value to the script: Apoorva Soma - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 September 2017 |access-date=2022-06-01|archive-date=2022-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602045937/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-see-myself-taking-up-roles-that-add-value-to-the-script-apoorva-soma/articleshow/60347761.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Karthik
*[[Ramesh Bhat]]
*Sriharsha
*Goutham
*Vedashree
*Nagashree Moksha

== Production ==
The cast and crew are debutantes who worked in a technology company.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/from-computers-to-large-screens/article19636359.ece|title=From computers to large screens|first=Shilpa Sebastian|last=R|date=7 September 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023801/https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/from-computers-to-large-screens/article19636359.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/working-with-a-bunch-of-experts-on-ayana-has-made-me-a-much-better-filmmaker/articleshow/60360689.cms|title=Working with a bunch of experts on Ayana has made me a much better filmmaker - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 September 2017 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
Sunayana Suresh of ''[[The Times of India]]'' said that "What works for Ayana is that it is fresh and has certain scenes that are beautifully shot. The flipside to this is that the film {{sic|comprises |hide=y|of}} mainly newcomers and some of the crucial scenes end up coming across as rehearsed and not too natural, which brings down the realistic treatment that the cinema aims to show".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/ayana/movie-review/60422408.cms|title=Ayana Review {2.5/5}: The fresh subject and some realistic depictions can make this a one-time watch for people, especially the IT crowd|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A. Sharadhaa of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' opined that "The story is fresh, but unfortunately the film fails in its screenplay. The first half is dull even when there was scope for creative storytelling, but the second half adds more weight to the narrative".<ref name =n/>

==Home media==
The film is available on Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81067757|title=Watch Ayana | Netflix|website=Netflix|access-date=2022-06-01|archive-date=2021-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227021226/https://www.netflix.com/title/81067757|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
;[[Karnataka State Film Awards]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/state-film-award-2017-699865.html|title=State Film Award 2017: Suddi bags Best Film award|date=25 October 2018|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=1 June 2022|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516060049/https://www.deccanherald.com/state/state-film-award-2017-699865.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*[[Karnataka State Film Award for Director's First Time Best Film|First Best Director]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Bengaluru]]

Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu

2026-03-03T22:28:33Z

Birjesh Kumar: basic refine article also and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu
| image = Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu.jpg
| caption =
| director = T. V. Singh Takur
| producer = A. C. Narasimha Murthy & Friends
| writer = Chi. Sadasivaiah (dialogues)
| based_on = ''Dharma Devathe'' by [[Krishnamoorthy Puranik]]
| screenplay = Shilashree Sahithya Vrunda
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Udaykumar]] [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] [[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]] [[Rajasree]]
| music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
| cinematography = B. Dorairaj
| editing = Venkatram Raghupathi
| studio = Shilashree Productions
| distributor = Shilashree Productions
| released = {{Film date|1962|08|16|df=y}}
| country = [[India]]
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಕರುಣೆಯೇ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಕಣ್ಣು.ogg|pronunciation}} {{translation|Humanity is the eye of a family}}) is a 1962 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film, directed by T. V. Singh Takur and produced by A. C. Narasimha Murthy and Friends. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]], [[Udaykumar]], [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] and [[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]], with a musical score composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chiloka.com/movie/karuneye-kutumbada-kannu-1962|title=Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu|accessdate=2015-01-10|publisher=chiloka.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.in.com/tv/movies/udaya-movies-140/karuneye-kutumbada-kannu-30241.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113011814/http://www.in.com/tv/movies/udaya-movies-140/karuneye-kutumbada-kannu-30241.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2015-01-13|title=Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu|accessdate=2015-01-10|publisher=in.com}}</ref> The film is based on the Kannada novel ''Dharma Devathe'' by [[Krishnamoorthy Puranik]] and is considered the first Kannada film adaptation from a novel.<ref>{{cite web |title=History 41 - First Novel Based Film |url=http://chitraloka.com/history/3846-karuneye-kutumabada-kannu-movie.html |website=Chitraloka |access-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913131435/http://chitraloka.com/history/3846-karuneye-kutumabada-kannu-movie.html |archive-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
*[[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] as Kumar
*[[Udaykumar]] as Ranganna
*[[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]] as Balendra Mohana Kutike
*[[Narasimharaju (Kannada actor)|Narasimharaju]] as Narasimharaju
*[[K. S. Ashwath]] as K. Venkanna
*[[Rajashankar]] as Chandrashekhar
*Ganapathi Bhat
*Vijayarao
*Mahalinga Bhagavathar
*Kuppuraj
*Basappa
*Vijaykumar
*Master Udayashankar
*[[Leelavathi (actress)|Leelavathi]]
*[[Advani Lakshmi Devi]]
*[[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]] in a cameo
*[[M. Jayashree]] as Suma
*Sharadamma
*[[Rajasree]]
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by G. K. Venkatesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://play.raaga.com/kannada/album/Karuneye-Kutumbada-Kannu-K0001000|title=Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu Songs|accessdate=2015-01-10|website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ashagana Mohana" || [[S. Janaki]] || Kanagal Prabhakara Shastry || 03:15
|-
| 2 || "Baramma Guruseve" || S. Janaki || || 03:21
|-
| 3 || "Jan Jan Kalgejje" || S. Janaki || || 03:42
|-
| 4 || "Kanneradoo" || P. B. Srinivas || || 03:59
|-
| 5 || "Nagareekane Ninna" || S. Janaki || || 05:06
|-
| 6 || "Nijavo Sullo" || S. Janaki, P. B. Srinivas || K. P. Shasthry || 04:06
|-
| 7 || "Premagana Thanda" || S. Janaki || || 02:55
|-
| 8 || Title Song (Instrumental) || Instrumental || || 02:11
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1411878}}

[[Category:1962 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:1962 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1962 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]

{{1960s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat

2026-03-03T12:04:20Z

Birjesh Kumar: clean up

{{Short description|2001 film by Rajiv Rai}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat
| image = Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat.jpg
| caption = Poster
| screenplay = Rajiv Rai [[Shabbir Boxwala]]
| starring = [[Sunil Shetty]] [[Aftab Shivdasani]] [[Arjun Rampal]] [[Keerti Reddy]]
| director = [[Rajiv Rai]]
| producer = [[Gulshan Rai]]
| editing = Rajiv Rai
| cinematography = [[P. S. Vinod]]
| distributor = [[Trimurti Films]]
| released = {{film date|df=y|2001|8|3}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| language = Hindi
| country = India
| music = [[Viju Shah]]
| budget = {{INR}}12 [[crore]]
| gross = {{INR}}7.15 [[crore]]
}}

'''''Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat''''' (English: ''Love, Amour and Romance'') is a 2001 Indian [[Bollywood|Hindi]]-language [[romance film]] written and directed by [[Rajiv Rai]] and produced by [[Gulshan Rai]] under the [[Trimurti Films]] banner. The film stars [[Arjun Rampal]] alongside [[Suniel Shetty]], [[Aftab Shivdasani]] and [[Keerthi Reddy]] in the lead roles.

The film was released on 3 August 2001, and was a disaster at the box office.<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web |title=Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=689 |website=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Yash Sabharwal ([[Sunil Shetty]]) is an enterprising billionaire who excels in business strategy. He is smitten by the brilliant and lovely Isha Nair ([[Keerti Reddy]]). She is a smart medical student and her idealism leads her to [[Scotland]] for advance research. Yash sends her away by giving her a scholarship. Before she leaves, Yash hires Gaurav Saxena ([[Arjun Rampal]]) to go to Scotland with her and, using his magic, make Isha fall in love with Yash.

In Scotland, Taj Bharadwaj ([[Aftab Shivdasani]]), an endearing and loveable guy, falls madly for Isha. Born and brought up in a royal luxury, Taj is a perfect NRI gentleman. He has only one problem — whether his father Lord Bharadwaj ([[Dalip Tahil]]) would agree with him or not. When Gaurav comes into the life of Isha, Isha also falls in love with him and Gaurav falls in love with her. When Yash finds out about this, he tells Gaurav to go and break Isha's heart, so she would come back to him. Gaurav uses Maya Dhillon ([[Monica Bedi]]) by starting a fake affair with her and sleeps with her. Taj discovers it and informs Isha. When Isha sees Gaurav and Maya together, she starts hating him. Gaurav is awarded with [[Pound (currency)|£]]1 billion by Yash for getting out of Isha's life and opening the ways for him.

Gaurav opens a bank account but is unaware that the bank is owned by the Bharadwaj family and Taj runs it. Taj is shocked when he learns that a humble guy like Gaurav is opening an account of £1 billion. Taj asks Gaurav about it. Gaurav informs him that he has sold his soul to the devil. Gaurav starts to realise that he cannot live without Isha as he was really in love with her. He returns the money to Yash, informs Maya that he never loved her, and it was just a part of his plan. He informs Maya that he is going back to India and that he is in love with Isha. Maya meets Isha and tells her that Gaurav seriously loved her but sacrificed his love for Yash. Isha forgives Gaurav and still loves him.

However, Isha's parents have fixed her engagement with Taj and Isha has to agree to make her parents happy. Isha's friend Rubaina Alam ([[Isha Koppikar]]) invites Yash to the engagement. Yash refuses to attend. Rubaina insults him, tells him that he is responsible for the trouble, and he must attend. Yash decides to break Taj and Isha's engagement. On the other hand, Gaurav appears at Isha's engagement in the room where Isha is preparing. Gaurav informs her that he has always loved her but it is the end and she has to forget about him and think about Taj. Gaurav tells her that she must not tell anyone about their love and continue her life.

Taj Bharadwaj sees Gaurav and asks him about why has he come. Gaurav tries to escape with his and Isha's pictures but Taj stops him. The situation becomes worse and the pictures fall on the floor. Taj Bharadwaj sees the pictures and tries to shoot Gaurav but Yash appears and saves Gaurav. He tells everyone that he deserves to be killed and not Gaurav because he has used Gaurav and Isha and has broken their love. Isha's parents ask her who she really loves. Gaurav tells her to focus on what he has said. Isha starts crying and tells everyone that she is engaging with Taj with her own will and is not being forced by anyone. However, her mood tells that she is not saying this intentionally. Taj Bharadwaj tells Isha's parents not to force her and ask her about her real choice. Isha tells her parents that she loves Gaurav. Isha and Gaurav's engagement is fixed.

As a result, Gaurav is the one who succeeds in his true love. Yash and Taj fail, but Gaurav fixes Taj's engagement with Maya and Yash's mother fixes his engagement with Rubaina. Therefore, all three pairs start living happily. Gaurav's love for Isha wins in the end.

==Cast==
*[[Suniel Shetty]] as Yash Sabharwal
*[[Arjun Rampal]] as Gaurav Saxena
*[[Aftab Shivdasani]] as Tajinder "Taj" Bhardwaj
*[[Keerthi Reddy]] as Isha Nair
*[[Isha Koppikar]] as Rubaina Alam
*[[Monica Bedi]] as Maya Dhillon
*[[Raza Murad]] as Dr. Alam
*[[Dalip Tahil]] as Lord Inder Bhardwaj
*[[Smita Jaykar]] as Ms. Sabbarwal
*[[Harish Patel]] as Hassu Bhai
*[[Anjan Srivastav]] as Pramod Mehra
*[[Denzil Smith]] as Mahesh Nair

==Production==
=== Casting ===
[[Akshay Kumar]] and [[Bobby Deol]] were the original choices for the roles of Taj Bhardwaj and Gaurav Saxena respectively. Once [[Akshay Kumar]] left the film the role of Taj was originally offered to [[Arjun Rampal]]. [[Arjun Rampal]] grabbed the role of Gaurav Saxena when [[Bobby Deol]] exited the fim. [[Kajol]] and then [[Urmila Matondkar]] were [[Rajiv Rai]]'s initial choices to play the lead role of Isha Nair but eventually [[Kirti Reddy]] was roped in.<ref name="Rediff Review">{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/aug/03pyaar.htm|title=The review of Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 November 2013|date=3 August 2001|author=Sukanya Verma}}</ref>

===Filming===
Filming began on June 23, 2000. After a two-month schedule, the shooting was completed in August. The film was extensively shot in Scotland and Switzerland for a 90-day schedule.<ref>https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/20000703-filmmaker-rajiv-rai-returns-to-india-after-underworld-threat-says-he-is-damaged-and-hurt-779224-2000-07-02</ref>

== Release ==

=== Critical reception ===
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[Bollywood Hungama|indiaFM]] gave 1 out of 5 stars, quoting "''Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat'' is too weak a film to leave any impression whatsoever."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201611|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921061516/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/201611|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2013|title=Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat|author=Taran Adarsh|author-link=Taran Adarsh|publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama|indiaFM]]|date=2 August 2001|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> [[Sukanya Verma]] of [[Rediff.com]] wrote "Rajiv Rai, a personal favourite, who carried off fancy action-thrillers like ''[[Tridev]]'' and ''[[Mohra]]'' in style and displayed his skills as a crisp editor in the edge of the seat thriller ''[[Gupt]]'', disappoints."<ref name="Rediff Review"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apunkachoice.com/titles/pya/pyaar-ishq-aur-mohabbat/mid_12042/reviews-editor/|title=Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat Movie Review|work=Apun Ka Choice.com|author=N K Deoshi|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref>
===Box office===
The film was released worldwide on August 3, 2001. It collected {{INR}}56 lakh at the domestic box office on the opening day. Its first weekend total collection in India was {{INR}}1.52 crore and the film collected $155,000 from overseas, taking its first weekend total collection worldwide to {{INR}}1.52 crore. The domestic first week collection totaled at {{INR}}2.41 crore and the first week collections from overseas amounted to $215,000, taking its first week worldwide total to {{INR}}5.05 crore. The film ran for eleven weeks in cinemas but collections declined in the coming weeks. It concluded its box office run with a total worldwide gross of {{INR}}7.15 crore against a budget of {{INR}}12 crore. It was termed a disaster at the box office.

== Music ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Viju Shah]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 17 May 2001
| recorded = 2000
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = [[Tips Music Films]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack album of ''Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat'' was composed by regular [[Rajiv Rai]] loyalist [[Viju Shah]] contains eight tracks. The lyrics were penned by [[Anand Bakshi]]. It was released by the [[Tips Music Films]] label on 17 May 2001.<ref name="Rediff">{{cite web|title=Hummdinger!|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/may/17pyaar.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=18 August 2013|author=Sukanya Verma}}</ref> The singers include [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] (credited as Shantanu Mukherjee), [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Sadhana Sargam]] and Janki Iyer.

The album opens with the funky musical track "Apni Yaadon Ko" sung by Shaan. It is pictured on [[Arjun Rampal]] and marks his Bollywood debut. The song became very famous due to its excellent music and established Shaan as a household name. The next song "Chand Ho" is sung by Alka Yagnik and Sonu Nigam and it is pictured on Arjun Rampal, [[Monica Bedi]] and [[Aftab Shivdasani]]. This song samples "solitude" by German composer Karunesh .Arjun and Monica lip-synch the lyrics and Aftab is featured observing the two. The third song "Dono Taraf" is sung by [[Kumar Sanu]] and [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]. It is pictured on Arjun Rampal, [[Sunil Shetty]], Aftab Shivdasani, [[Kirti Reddy]], Monica Bedi and [[Isha Koppikar]] at the closing credits of the movie.

The fourth track "Jab Tujhe Maine" is a romantic song by [[Udit Narayan]] and [[Sadhana Sargam]]. It is pictured on Aftab Shivdasani and Kirti Reddy in Aftab's dream sequence. It is followed by "Main Bewafa". The song features rock music performed by guitar. It is sung by Kumar Sanu and is pictured on Arjun Rampal. The sixth track "Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat" is the title track sung by Udit Narayan and Alka Yagnik. It is a beautiful romantic ballad shot in the mountains of [[Switzerland]] and is pictured on Arjun Rampal and Kirti Reddy.

The seventh song is a classical romantic song "Tum Lakh Chupe Ho" by [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]] and Janki Iyer. It is pictured on Sunil Shetty and Kirti Reddy in Sunil's dream sequence. The last track is the instrumental "Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat (Theme)" featuring vocals from Shaan and Sadhana Sargam.Love on a Real Train by Tamperine Dreams was lifted and reworked by Viju Shah as part of the background score throughout the movie.The Sunil Shetty specific background score has been lifted from Dreams in Bloom:The Letter by Symphonex Orchestra.The Bagpiper music to welcome Kirti Reddy in Scotland is copied from Celtic Dance-The Landlord's Walk Blair Douglas.Viju has lifted considerably for the background music in this movie like in his previous movies like Tridev, Vishwatma, Mohra, Gupt: The Hidden Truth during his association with Rajiv Rai.

===Reviews===
The album received mainly positive reviews. Narbir Gosal from ''Planet Bollywood'' wrote: "Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat is one of the more versatile album of the year. Carrying melodious, but very modernized songs, this album leaves everyone pleased. Viju Shah scores with each and every song except for ''Dono Taraf'' and the ''title theme'' track. This is his most experimental album and although he has used his synthesizer to the hilt (that is one aspect he really needs to change about his music), Viju has tried hard to incorporate some natural instruments (his favourite, the flute, being one of them) into his songs."<ref>{{cite web|title=Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat|url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/Music/PyaarIshqAurMohabbat/|publisher=Planet-Bollywood|access-date=18 August 2013|author=Narbir Gosal}}</ref> ''SmasHits'' staff wrote "Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat' is the album of the year so far. The Rai-Shah-Bakshi trio has scored again."<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Review of Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat|url=http://ww.smashits.com/music-review-of-pyar-ishq-aur-mohabbat/music-review-1172.html|publisher=SmasHits|access-date=18 August 2013|author=Suhel Johar|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130910210220/http://ww.smashits.com/music-review-of-pyar-ishq-aur-mohabbat/music-review-1172.html|archive-date=10 September 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sukanya Verma of [[Rediff.com]] also gave favourable reviews.

{{tracklist
|headline=Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|total_length=
| title1 = Apni Yaadon Ko
| lyrics1 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| music1 = [[Viju Shah]]
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shantanu Mukherjee]]
| length1 = 4:40
| title2 = Chand Ho
| lyrics2 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| music2 = [[Viju Shah]]
| extra2 = [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Sonu Nigam]]
| length2 = 5:14
| title3 = Dono Taraf
| lyrics3 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| music3 = [[Viju Shah]]
| extra3 = [[Kumar Sanu]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
| length3 = 6:12
| title4 = Jab Tujhe Maine
| lyrics4 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| music4 = [[Viju Shah]]
| extra4 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length4 = 5:45
| title5 = Main Bewafa
| lyrics5 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| music5 = [[Viju Shah]]
| extra5 = [[Kumar Sanu]]
| length5 = 4:35
| title6 = Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat
| lyrics6 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| music6 = [[Viju Shah]]
| extra6 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Alka Yagnik]]
| length6 = 5:32
| title7 = Tum Lakh Chupe Ho
| lyrics7 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| music7 = [[Viju Shah]]
| extra7 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], Janki Iyer
| length7 = 6:08
| title8 = Pyaar Ishq Aur Mohabbat (Theme)
| lyrics8 = [[Anand Bakshi]]
| music8 = [[Viju Shah]]
| extra8 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shantanu Mukherjee]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
| length8 = 5:04
}}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;" 
|+ Awards and nominations
|-
! width="25%" scope="col" | Distributor
! width="25%" scope="col" | Category
! width="25%" scope="col" | Recipient
! width="8%" scope="col" | Result
|-
|-
| {{center|[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|2nd IIFA Awards]]}}
| {{center|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Male|Star Debut of the Year – Male]]}}
| rowspan="3" | {{center|[[Arjun Rampal]]}}
| rowspan="2" {{won}}
|-
| {{center|[[Screen Awards|8th Star Screen Awards]]}}
| {{center|[[Screen Award for Most Promising Newcomer – Male|Most Promising Newcomer – Male]]}}
|-
| {{center|[[47th Filmfare Awards]]}}
| {{center|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]}}
| {{nom}}
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt0285958}}

{{Rajiv Rai}}

[[Category:Trimurti Films films]]
[[Category:2001 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2001 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Viju Shah]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rajiv Rai]]

Shri Hanuman Chalisa

2026-03-02T09:26:20Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding A Biography

{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shri Hanuman Chalisa
| image = Shri Hanuman Chalisa Poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Charuvi Agrawal]]
| producer = Charuvi Design Labs Pvt. Ltd.
| writer =
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
*[[Sonu Nigam]]
*[[Aadesh Shrivastava]]
*[[Kumar Sanu]]
*[[Udit Narayan]]
}}
| music = Veecon Music & Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| cinematography =
| studio = Charuvi Design Labs
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|06||Palm Springs|ref1=<ref name=coachella>{{cite web|url=https://thecoachellavalleyartscene.com/2013/06/19/amazing-animation-s-shortfest-pick/|title=Amazing Animation, a ShortFest pick!|date=20 June 2013|publisher=|accessdate=17 May 2020}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 12 minutes 20 seconds
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Shri Hanuman Chalisa''''' is a 2013 Indian computer-animated short film rendition of [[Hanuman Chalisa]] produced by [[Charuvi Design Labs (CDL)|Charuvi Design Labs]] and directed by [[Charuvi Agrawal]]. It is based on the poem ''[[Hanuman Chalisa]]'' attributed to [[Tulsidas]]. It won the Best Animation Film award the Jaipur Film Fest.

The film is a visual depiction of the lyrics of ''Hanuman Chalisa'', a devotional Hindu song which praises the [[Altruism|selflessness]], strength and devotion of the [[Hindu]] god [[Hanuman]] as depicted in the epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' in which he was instrumental in freeing [[Sita]] from the clutches of the demon king [[Ravana]].

The film premiered at the 2013 [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]] under the title ''Forty Hymns of Faith''.

==Plot==

The 12-minute short film ''Shri Hanuman Chalisa'' illustrates the 40 verses of the hymn. It contains narration and stylised images in [[3D film|3D]] digital format, interpreting the Chalisa in a new medium while retaining the original story.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://animation-boss.com/hanuman_310113.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903054042/http://www.animation-boss.com/hanuman_310113.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=3 September 2013|title=CDL released The first official trailer for 'Shri Hanuman Chalisa'|last=Boss|first=Animation|publisher=animation-boss.com|access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref>{{better source|date=October 2023}} The film includes a musical soundtrack.

==Screenings==
''Shri Hanuman Chalisa'' was screened at various festivals around the world, including the [[SIGGRAPH]] Computer Animation Festival in 2011. and the [[Palm Springs International Festival of Short Films|Palm Springs International ShortFest]], the [[Edinburgh International Film Festival]], the [[Anima Mundi (event)|Anima Mundi]], the Toronto Animation Arts Festival International, the Dimension-3 Film Festival, and the [[Rhode Island International Film Festival]] in 2013. It was also show at the [[Jaipur International Film Festival]] in 2014.<ref name=mb>[http://www.mb.com.ph/sandy-talag-is-jaipur-film-fest-best-actress/ "Sandy Talag is Jaipur Film Fest Best Actress"]. ''Manila Bulletin''. by Jecelyn V. Macahindog 19 February 2014</ref>

==Awards==

*ANIMA+ AWARD 2015, Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://file.org.br/file_sp_2015/file-sao-paulo-2015-program/|title=FILE SAO PAULO 2015 – PROGRAM {{!}} FILE|publisher=file.org.br|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>
*[[Jaipur International Film Festival]], 2014 – Best Animation award
*[[FICCI]] BAF, 2014<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationxpress.com/index.php/animation/winners-of-ficci-baf-2014-awards-announced-chhota-bheem-bags-best-character-of-the-year-award|title=Winners of FICCI BAF 2014 Awards Announced: Chhota Bheem Bags Character of the Year Award|website=AnimationXpress|access-date=4 April 2016}}</ref>


== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt2661798|Shri Hanuman Chalisa}}
*[https://www.hanumangi.com/shri-hanuman-chalisa-lyrics-hindi/ Hanuman Chalisa]

[[Category:2013 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2013 Indian films]]
[[Category:2013 animated short films]]

Do Dooni Chaar

2026-03-02T09:15:56Z

Birjesh Kumar: minor edit

{{short description|2010 film by Habib Faisal}}
{{about|the 2010 film|the 1968 film|Do Dooni Chaar (1968 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Do Dooni Chaar
| image = Dodoonichaar.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Habib Faisal]]
| producer = [[Arindam Chaudhuri]]
| story = Habib Faisal
| screenplay = Habib Faisal Rahil Qazi
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Neetu Singh]]
| music = [[Meet Bros Anjjan]] [[Ankit Tiwari]]
| cinematography = Anshuman Mahaley
| editing = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
*[[Walt Disney Pictures]]
*Planman Motion Pictures
*[[The Walt Disney Company India|Walt Disney Pictures India]]
}}
| distributor = [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|10|8}}
| runtime = 108 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Do Dooni Chaar''''' ({{Translation|Two twos are four}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[family drama|family]] [[comedy-drama]] film produced by [[Arindam Chaudhuri]] (Planman Motion Pictures), written and directed by debutant director [[Habib Faisal]], starring [[Rishi Kapoor]], [[Neetu Singh]], [[Aditi Vasudev]] and Archit Krishna in lead roles. The film is about a middle-class school teacher who tries to keep his wife and children happy in inflationary times and dreams of buying a car.<ref name="Beyond India">{{cite news |title=Disney India to Release "Do Doonie Char" Oct 8 |url=http://www.beyondindia.com.au/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=443&cntnt01returnid=15 |access-date=12 July 2011 |newspaper=Beyond India |date=10 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429050746/http://www.beyondindia.com.au/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=443&cntnt01returnid=15 |archive-date=29 April 2014}}</ref> The movie also marks the return of the Kapoor pair as a lead couple on the silver screen. Although the duo had not acted in a film in over 30 years, they had previously acted in numerous hits during the 1970s. The directorial debut film was also the first live-action Hindi film to be distributed by [[Walt Disney Pictures]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/new-york-indian-film-festival-166252 |title=New York Indian Film Festival to Open with Walt Disney India's First Live-Action Hindi Film |publisher=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=4 April 2011 |first=Nyay |last=Bhushan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodtrade.com/film-festivals-and-markets/how-small-films-made-it-big/index.htm |title=How small films made it big? – Film Festivals & Markets |publisher=BollywoodTrade.com |date=26 March 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pravasiherald.com/index.php/pravasih/comments/do_dooni_char_to_open_new_york_indian_film_festival/ |title=New York Indian Film Festival to Open with Walt Disney's Film |publisher=Pravasi Herald |date=9 March 2011 |access-date=4 April 2011 |archive-date=12 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110312144605/http://www.pravasiherald.com/index.php/pravasih/comments/do_dooni_char_to_open_new_york_indian_film_festival/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=ya>{{cite news |title=Disney India to release "Do Dooni Char" Oct 8 |date=19 August 2010 |url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/97782/Disney-India-release-Do-Dooni-Char-Oct-8.html |publisher=Yahoo! Movies |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100823152102/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/news-detail/97782/Disney-India-release-Do-Dooni-Char-Oct-8.html |archive-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> It went on to win the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] at the [[58th National Film Awards]].

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=June 2024}}
The Duggals are a [[Middle class|middle-class]] [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] family living in a one-bedroom [[apartment]] in [[Lajpat Nagar]], [[Delhi]]. The middle-aged patriarch, Santosh Duggal ([[Rishi Kapoor]]), is a modest [[high-school]] [[Mathematics education|mathematics teacher]]; his wife Kusum ([[Neetu Singh]]) is a stay-at-home [[housewife]] who quit her job at Santosh's insistence. They have two teenage children: a [[tomboy]]ish college-going daughter, Payal ([[Aditi Vasudev]]), who narrates the film, and a high-schooler son, Sandeep ([[Archit Krishna]]), who is also known as Deepu or Sandy. They lead a hand-to-mouth existence, penny-pinching at every opportunity. Santosh commutes using a dilapidated old [[Scooter (motorcycle)|scooter]], nicknamed "Duggal Express", from his home to the school and to a [[coaching]] centre, where he gains a supplementary [[income]]. Despite his best efforts to give his children a quality education, he always falls short of their expectations, who wish for a comfortable life despite their situation.

One evening, Santosh receives a [[Telephone call|phone call]] from his sister Urmi, who informs him that her youngest ''nanad'' (sister-in-law) is getting married at their home in [[Meerut]] that weekend. This throws the children's plans of buying [[gadget]]s out the window, as their meagre [[budget]] is now further strained with the burden of travelling to Meerut and buying gifts for the groom's family. The following night, Urmi turns up at the Duggals', and entreats the family to arrive at the marriage by [[car]] at any cost; if they show up on the scooter, she will have to face taunts from her family. Santosh immediately says that this is impossible, since he does not have the finances to borrow a car, let alone to buy one. However, Kusum promises a distraught Urmi that they will go to the marriage in a car, no matter what the [[expense]].

After a fellow teacher at school proposes renting a car to Meerut, but at too high a price, Santosh turns to his jovial neighbour Farooqui, who offers the Duggals his old [[Suzuki Cultus#Maruti Esteem|Maruti Esteem]]. Payal drives the family to Meerut without incident. The marriage is a success, and Urmi's family is pleased to see the Duggals. However, upon returning home, Payal reverses the car into a wall, damaging its rear [[Bumper (car)|bumper]] and [[Automotive lighting|tail-light]]. Farooqui is unperturbed by the damage expenses, but his wife Salma loses her temper and challenges the Duggals to buy a car. Despite himself, Santosh takes up the challenge, and vows to buy a new car within fifteen days.

Farooqui sympathises with Santosh and advises him to buy only a new car and not a [[Used car|secondhand car]]. Santosh visits a car dealership and is offered a [[Suzuki Alto#Maruti Alto (first generation, 1999–2014)|Maruti Alto]] with an attractive offer, but he has to buy the car within five days to avail of the offer. Payal is displeased with the choice of car, as she wanted something more modern like her boyfriend's [[Hyundai i10]]. She refuses to accompany her family for the Alto's [[test drive]], and eventually applies for a job at a [[call centre]]. Meanwhile, Deepu, who had been [[Gambling|betting]] money on [[cricket]] matches, is shell-shocked when the betting ring is exposed and arrested; he destroys his [[mobile phone]], to his girlfriend's consternation. That night, an exuberant Payal tells Santosh about her new job's offer letter, but he is unhappy with his daughter sacrificing her education for some extra money. In a fit of rage, Payal tears up her offer letter, but then the family learns of the betting ring through a [[TV]] [[News media|news report]]. Payal and Kusum are enraged, but Santosh is calm. He takes Deepu to distribute the betting money among street children.

Having been refused a [[loan]] by both a [[schoolteacher]] and the coaching centre's owner, Santosh is at his wits' end to pay the car's down payment. In desperation, he buys a thousand packets of 555 Brand [[detergent]], in the hope that he gets to win a car through a lucky [[coupon]] found in one of the [[Packet (container)|packets]]. The family spends considerable time ripping open [[carton]]s, cutting through packets and fishing out coupons, but the grand prize eludes them. Santosh then chances upon an answer paper of one of his students', wherein the student requests him to award him at least passing marks; in return, for each mark awarded, Santosh will receive one thousand [[Indian rupee|rupees]]. Santosh and Kusum had seen the paper earlier but had brushed it aside; now Kusum wonders whether they are doing the right thing, but Santosh reassures her that, in a fast-paced, burgeoning Delhi where his students get high-starting salaries, an aging teacher deserves at least a matchbox-sized car. Santosh and Payal proceed to a [[McDonald's]] [[restaurant]], where the student's father has arranged to meet them along with him, his grandfather and his uncle. Meanwhile, Deepu is convinced, through another [[sting operation]] report on TV, that his father has fallen for a scam, and sets out alone for the restaurant.

The men sit across Santosh and Payal. The grandfather asks Santosh to show how many marks were awarded. Santosh is astounded to discover that the boy is his student Aryan. Just as Santosh is about to show the answer-sheet, Zafar Iqbal, an ex-student of his, arrives on the scene with his wife and small daughter, and thanks him for making him a successful person in life and a principled "good boy". Zafar tells Santosh that he and several other ex-students live in [[New York City|New York]] and recount memories of him. After he leaves, Santosh, clearly moved, refuses to take the money, telling Aryan that they will both have failed if he were to undeservedly pass him: Aryan for thinking that money can buy anything, and Santosh for being remembered for dishonesty. He is about to leave, when a furious Payal, on learning that Aryan had [[Spray painting|spray-painted]] lewd messages on Santosh's scooter, starts an uproarious fight between the Duggals (including Deepu, who has joined the scene) and Aryan's relatives. Both parties, splattered with [[sauce]], flee the restaurant, with Aryan's [[SUV]] in hot pursuit of the "Duggal Express" as the latter speeds through the roads of Delhi.

The Duggals have only just reached home when their pursuers arrive at their street, asking for their address and creating a ruckus. Farooqui informs a nervous Santosh about their presence. The Duggals come down and start apologising to them; Deepu had even been convinced that they were running a sting operation. However, their fears are unfounded: the grandfather introduces himself as Popley, the [[proprietor]] of Popley Sweets, and offers the Duggals twelve months' advance [[Tuition payments|tuition fees]] to supplement their glaringly inadequate teaching income, which they reluctantly accept. He requests Santosh to teach Aryan to be a morally good boy, unlike his two wastrel sons. Payal and Deepu are now more proud than ever that their father is a teacher. The film ends with the Duggals enjoying their new Maruti Alto; as Payal teaches Santosh to drive it, they lament that they are now stuck in [[traffic jam]]s, whereas they would have simply squeezed through them with their scooter; of course, it is a small price for them to pay.

==Cast==

*[[Rishi Kapoor]] as Santosh Duggal
*[[Neetu Singh]] as Kusum Duggal
*[[Aditi Vasudev]] as Payal Duggal, also the narrator of the film
*Archit Krishna as Sandeep Duggal (a.k.a. Deepu / Sandy)
*[[Rajesh Vivek]] as Anchor
*[[Akhilendra Mishra]] as Farooqui
*[[Supriya Shukla]] as Urmi (Fuppu)
*[[Natasha Rastogi]] as Salma Farooqui
*[[Mohit Chadda]] as Rahul<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/mohit-chadha-the-main-hero-is-the-plane-i-am-the-second-lead/20210401.htm|title='The main hero is the plane, I am the second lead'|last=N.|first=Patcy|work=Rediff|date=1 April 2021}}</ref>
*Viccky Baidyanath as Policeman
*Manju Bahuguna as Teacher at school

==Production==

===Development===
Even at the script development stage, Rishi Kapoor had been in the mind of the makers, for the female lead opposite Rishi Kapoor, initially [[Juhi Chawla]] was approached, she, however, refused the role.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Script-is-vital-says-Do-Dooni-Chaar-producer/articleshow/6699459.cms |title=Script is vital says "Do Dooni Chaar" producer – |date=6 October 2010 |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123164402/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Script-is-vital-says-Do-Dooni-Chaar-producer/articleshow/6699459.cms |archive-date=23 November 2010}}</ref> Although Neetu-Rishi pair had made a brief appearance in the Saif Ali Khan and Deepika Padukone starrer 2009 film ''[[Love Aaj Kal (2009 film)|Love Aaj Kal]]'', ''Do Dooni Chaar'' was their first film as a lead pair, after a gap of 30 years as Neetu Singh had retired from film after her marriage to Rishi Kapoor in 1980.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://calcuttatube.com/bollywood-stars-of-2010-ratings-and-ranking-of-hindi-film-stars/135918/ |title=Bollywood Stars of 2010: Ratings and Ranking of Hindi Film stars |publisher=Calcutta Tube |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231065333/http://calcuttatube.com/bollywood-stars-of-2010-ratings-and-ranking-of-hindi-film-stars/135918/ |archive-date=31 December 2010}}</ref> Later in an interview Neetu, revealed she had no intentions of signing on the film and agreed to listen to the script at the insistence of her husband, who has already been signed on. Upon hearing the script from the director Habib, she started imaging herself as "Kusum Duggal" and immediately agreed to the part.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/features/do-dooni-chaar-script-brought-me-back-to-films-neetu-singh_493514.html |title=Do Dooni Chaar script brought me back to films: Neetu Singh |date=23 October 2010 |publisher=Money Control}}</ref>

===Theme===
The film deals with the issue of underpaid teachers, and their issue with their self-worth in the face of growing inflation and demands of their family. The middle-class school teacher who works overtime to support his income and to send his children to good schools ends up in a moral dilemma when it comes to fulfilling the needs of his ever unsatisfied teenage children. As per producer, Arindam Chaudhuri, "The common question the teacher asks when he looks at his student, who is just 25 and owns a car, is why at 55 he is still riding a scooter?"<ref name="toi"/> In the end, it is not just the teacher who redeems himself by not succumbing to taking bribes, but also his children who begin to see him in the true light and importance of being a teacher and an honest citizen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/do-dooni-chaar/696645/0 |title=Do Dooni Chaar |date=15 October 2010 |work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=hi/>

===Filming===
Film was shot on locations across Delhi,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14320/index.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825152147/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/cast/14320/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 August 2010 |title=Do Dooni Chaar |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> in places like [[Kirori Mal College]], Vinobapuri, [[Shalimar Bagh (Delhi)]], [[Khan Market]], [[Chittaranjan Park]], [[Mayur Vihar Phase - 3]] and [[Noida]]. The wedding sequence in the film set in Meerut, was shot in a Chhattarpur farmhouse and later in Nizamuddin area, in early 2009. Coaching class shot in '''DICT Institute''', Mayur vihar phase 3.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Jea-Band-in-Do-Dooni-Chaar-too/articleshow/5588521.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104101335/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-19/news-interviews/28138524_1_love-aaj-kal-premiere-jea-band-chattarpur |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Jea Band in Do Dooni Chaar too |date=19 February 2010 }}</ref>

==Release==
[[File:Rishi Kapoor.jpg|thumb|140px|Lead actor [[Rishi Kapoor]] at the premiere of the film, in Mumbai]]
In August 2010, the film became the first live action Hindi feature film to be produced by [[Disney India]] and distributed by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures]].<ref name="ya"/> The movie premiered at a suburban theatre in Mumbai on 6 October, attended by the cast and Bollywood stars, followed by a nationwide release on 8 October 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/oct/071010-do-dooni-chaar-premiere.htm |title=Do Dooni Char premieres |date=7 October 2010 |work=MiD DAY}}</ref> The film had its North American premiere as the opening night film of the 2011 New York Indian Film Festival on 4 May 2011.<ref name="Bolly Spice">{{cite news |title=NYIFF Opening Night Premiere |url=http://bollyspice.com/22330/nyiff-opening-night-premiere |access-date=13 July 2011 |newspaper=Bolly Spice |date=5 May 2011}}</ref>

===Home media===
The film will be released on [[Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment|Disney DVD]], Movie Download, and On Demand on 26 July 2011.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite news |title=Walt Disney Unveils Three Indian Movies in North America |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-30/news/29721705_1_movies-indian-film-festival-walt-disney |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727114333/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-06-30/news/29721705_1_movies-indian-film-festival-walt-disney |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 July 2011 |access-date=6 July 2011 |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=30 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="Desi Hits">{{cite news |last=Ramrakhani |first=Naina |title=Disney Sets Up a New Home in India |url=http://www.desihits.com/news/view/disney-sets-up-a-new-home-in-india-20110701 |access-date=6 July 2011 |newspaper=Desi Hits |date=1 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706161550/http://www.desihits.com/news/view/disney-sets-up-a-new-home-in-india-20110701|archive-date=6 July 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Business of Cinema">{{cite news |title=Disney to Launch 3 Hindi Films in North America Across Platforms |url=http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=18613 |access-date=6 July 2011 |newspaper=Business of Cinema |date=30 June 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324233233/http://www.businessofcinema.com/news.php?newsid=18613 |archive-date=24 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="Deccan Herlad">{{cite news |title=Disney Releasing 3 Indian Films in North America |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/172630/disney-releasing-3-indian-films.html |access-date=6 July 2011 |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=30 June 2011}}</ref> The release will be produced in DVD widescreen and include a [[Hindi]] language track plus English subtitles.

==Reception==

===Critical reception===
[[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[NDTV]]'' called it, "a film with grace" and commended the film for its "inherent niceness and decency".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/special/review-do-dooni-chaar-is-a-film-with-grace-178/168182 |title=Review: Do Dooni Chaar is a film with grace |date=8 October 2010 |publisher=NDTV}}</ref> Pratim D. Gupta of ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' gave two thumbs up to the film calling it "an irresistible trip to the movies" that "makes you feel good about yourself".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101009/jsp/entertainment/story_13035248.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025215421/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1101009/jsp/entertainment/story_13035248.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 October 2012 |title=Heart-warming |author=Pratim D. Gupta |date=9 October 2010 |access-date=19 September 2009 |publisher=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]] |location=Calcutta, India}}</ref> Mayank Shekhar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' giving 4/5 stars said, "Full on paisa vasool! Dig into the Duggals"<ref>{{cite news |title=Great Indian Middle Class Entertainer' Oct 9 |date=9 October 2010 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Do-Dooni-Char/Article1-610320.aspx |publisher=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104081423/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mayank-Shekhar-s-Review-Do-Dooni-Char/Article1-610320.aspx |archive-date=4 November 2010}}</ref> while Sudhish Kamath of ''[[The Hindu]]'' called it "One of the most important films of our times. A celebration of the great Indian middle class. A landmark in indian film making!"<ref name=hi>{{cite news |title=Fantastic four – Do Dooni Chaar' Oct 9 |date=9 October 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article821904.ece |work=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |first=Sudhish |last=Kamath |access-date=31 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101012230536/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article821904.ece |archive-date=12 October 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[CNN-IBN]]'' also liked the movie saying "Do Dooni... is simple but lovable."<ref>{{cite news |title='Do Dooni... is simple but lovable' Oct 9 |date=8 October 2010 |publisher=CNN-IBN |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-do-dooni-is-simplebutlovable-film/132689-47-84.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013115549/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-do-dooni-is-simplebutlovable-film/132689-47-84.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2010}}</ref> Similarly veteran critic [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' called it a "A little gem that should not be missed!"<ref>{{cite news |title='A little gem that should not be missed!' |date=8 October 2010 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/14320/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Vinayak Chakravorty of Mail Today gave it three stars, writing: "Debutant Habib Faisal's direction works for the way he underplays routine ironies of life." [[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] also praised the film, saying, "Though the film carries underlying messages of honesty and respect for the noble profession of teaching, it does not sound preachy or demand sympathy for the protagonist family."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-rishi-neetu-revive-the-magic-in-do-dooni-chaar-1449241 |title=Review: Rishi, Neetu revive the magic in "Do Dooni Chaar" |date=8 October 2010 |work=Daily News and Analysis}}</ref> [[Times Of India]] rated it 3 out of 5 and claimed it Sweet, simplistic and sensitive.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/do-dooni-chaar/movie-review/6706384.cms |title=Do Dooni Chaar Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of do Dooni Chaar by Times of India |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 February 2022 |archive-date=19 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219102459/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/do-dooni-chaar/movie-review/6706384.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Box office===
The film collected {{INRConvert|45|m}} in its theatrical run.<ref name="boxoffice">{{cite web |title=All India 2010 (Figures in INR Crore) |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA== |publisher=Boxofficeindia.com |access-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110121000249/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=366&catName=MjAxMA== |archive-date=21 January 2011}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
# "Do Dooni Chaar" – [[Shankar Mahadevan]], [[Vishal Dadlani]]
# "Baaja Bajya" – [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Meet Bros Anjan Ankit
# "Ek Haath De" – Meet Bros Anjan Ankit
# "Maange Ki Ghodi" – Rakesh Pandit, Krishna
# "Do Dooni Chaar" Jam – Shankar Mahadevan, Vishal Dadlani
# "Do Dooni Chaar" Club Mix – Shankar Mahadevan, Vishal Dadlani, [[Meet Bros Anjjan]], Ankit

==Awards==

;[[58th National Film Awards]]
*[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Hindi Feature film]] – ''Do Dooni Chaar''<ref>{{cite news |title=58th National Film Awards: Rishi Kapoor, Arbaaz Khan on cloud nine after bagging national award |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-05-20/news/29564807_1_national-award-special-jury-award-male-playback-singer |publisher=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=8 July 2011 |date=20 May 2011}}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

;[[Star Screen Awards|2011 Star Screen Awards]]
* Best Art Direction – Mukund Gupta<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 17th Annual Star Screen Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/06/6996/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=7 January 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110109144628/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/06/6996/index.html |archive-date=9 January 2011}}</ref>

;[[56th Filmfare Awards|2011 Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Winners of 56th Filmfare Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/29/7048/index.html |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 March 2011|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305150721/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2011/01/29/7048/index.html |archive-date=5 March 2011}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actor|Best Actor (Critics)]] – [[Rishi Kapoor]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]] – Habib Faisal
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] – Varsha and Shilpa
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Art Direction|Best Production Design]] – Mukund Gupta

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
http://www.vicckybaidyanath.info/about/ [Do Duni Char]

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://movies.disney.com/do-dooni-chaar}}
*{{IMDb title|1714832}}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}

[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films set in Delhi]]
[[Category:2010s road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian road comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Films about educators]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Disney India films]]
[[Category:2010 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2010 comedy-drama films]]

I'tisam-ud-Din

2026-02-27T18:03:27Z

Birjesh Kumar: made first info initial version

{{Short description|Bengali diplomat and traveller (1730–1800)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific-prefix =
| name = I'tisam-ud-Din
| image = I'tisam-ud-Din.png
| caption = A portrait of the Mirza smoking [[hukka]]
| location =
| father =
| spouse =
| children =
| relatives =
| birth_name = Syed Muhammad I'tisam al-Din
| birth_date = 1730
| birth_place = [[Kalyani subdivision|Panchnur]], [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[Bengal Subah]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1800|1730}}
| death_place =
| resting_place =
}}
'''Shaikh Mīrzā Muḥammad Iʿtiṣām ad-Dīn Panchnūrī''' (or '''Itesham Uddin''' and '''Syed Muhammad I'tisam al-Din'''; 1730–1800) was a Bengali diplomat for the [[Mughal Empire]]. He became the first South Asian to travel to Europe in the [[early modern period]], in 1765.<ref name="ananda">{{Cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1110822/22south-letter.html|title=পর্যটন-পরিকল্পনা কোথায়?|language=bn|last=Sarkar|first=Bipulranjan|date=22 August 2011|website=Anandabazar Patrika|access-date=14 February 2017|archive-date=15 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215031134/http://archives.anandabazar.com/archive/1110822/22south-letter.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bpedia" /> He was also a [[munshi]] serving the [[Nawabs of Bengal]] as well as the [[British East India Company]].<ref name=storey>C. A. Storey, Persian Literature: A Bio-Bibliographical Survey, Volume 1, Part 2, Psychology Press, 2002, p.1142</ref> He had also written the text of the 1765 [[Treaty of Allahabad]].<ref name=christian>{{cite book|title=Christian-Muslim Relations. A Bibliographical History. Volume 12 Asia, Africa and the Americas (1700-1800)|year=2018|pages=544–548}}</ref>

==Early life and ancestry==
[[File:Chakdah_mosque.jpg|thumb|left|The ancient Kazipara mosque in I'tisam-ud-Din's birthplace at Chakdah]]
Syed Muhammad I'tisam-ud-Din was born in 1730, to Sheikh Syed Taj-ud-Din, at the local Kazipara Masjid near his village. He belonged to a [[Bengali Muslim]] family of [[Sayyid|Syeds]] from the village of Panchnur, they had been a respected family who had been [[Sheikh]]s, near the town of [[Chakdaha]] within [[Nadia district]] in the Mughal Empire's [[Bengal Subah]]<ref name=buckland>C.E. Buckland, Dictionary of Indian Biography, Haskell House Publishers Ltd, 1968, p.217</ref> The contemporary Bengali historian Shabnam Begum equates her grandfather, Sheikh Syed Shahab-ud-Din, to [[Shihabuddin Talish]], author of the ''[[Fathiya-i 'Ibriya]]'', an account of [[Mir Jumla's invasion of Assam]].<ref name=begum>{{cite thesis|title=Bengal's contribution to Islamic studies during the 18th century|publisher=[[Aligarh Muslim University]]|year=1994|chapter=Arabic and Persian literature in Bengal during eighteenth century: Shaykh Itisamuddin|pages=103–107|first=Shabnam|last=Begum}}</ref>

His birthplace, Kazipara Masjid, still stands today and his forefathers moved to Panchnur following the Battle of Pandua in [[Pandua, Hooghly|Pandua]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Nadia-kahini|last=Mallik|first=Kumud Nath|year=1910}}</ref> His ancestors settled in [[Bengal]] after fleeing the [[Mongol invasion of the Khwarazmian Empire|Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia]].<ref name=bpedia>{{cite Banglapedia|author=[[Kaiser Haq]]|article=I'tesamuddin, Mirza Sheikh}}</ref>

==Education==
I'tisam-ud-Din came from a privileged background, in which he was well educated and fluent in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Persian language]]s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stepping on to different shores|last=Hossain|first=Ghazi Shahadat|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=6 Oct 2012}}</ref> His elder brother was a ''[[mufti]]'' and adviser to the [[Nawab of Bengal]], [[Alivardi Khan]]. Munshi Salimullah and Mirza Muhammad Qasim, who worked under [[Mir Jafar]], trained I'tisam to also become a [[munshi]] and taught him Persian.<ref name=bpedia/>

==Career==
He began his career as a munshi to Mir Jafar in [[Murshidabad]].<ref name=storey/> On the accession of [[Mir Qasim]] (r. 1760–1763), he entered the service of the [[British East India Company]]'s Major Martin Yorke and Major Mark and took part in a campaign against Raja Asad uz-Zaman Khan of [[Birbhum]].<ref name=buckland/> After the battle, Emperor [[Shah Alam II]] recognised his efforts during a visit to [[Azimabad]].

Later, I'tisam served under Captain Mackinon as paymaster for an orphanage. He fought alongside Mackinon and the Company against [[Mir Qasim]] in 1763 during the [[Battle of Giria]] and the [[Udhwa#Battle of Udhwa nala|Battle of Udhwa Nala]]. Bardette also made I'tisam the [[Tehsildar]] of Kutubpur.<ref name=bpedia/>

===Travel to Europe===
In 1765, he entered the service of [[John Carnac]] and had another audience with the Emperor Shah Alam at Jahazgarh. He assisted Colonel Carnac in a battle from [[Faizabad]] to Shora-Shapur. Following the battle, Shah Alam II offered I'tisam the title of [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]] if he was willing to work under him as a Munshi as well as the opportunity to travel to Europe. In [[Murshidabad]], he set off with Captain Archibald Swinton on a diplomatic mission to the court of King [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]] to send a letter from Shah Alam II and one [[lakh]] [[taka (currency)|taka]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The journals of Archibald Swinton|author=Evan Cotton|author-link=Evan Cotton|year=1926}}</ref> I'tisam was also accompanied by his servant, Muhammad Muqim.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fisher|first=Michael|title=Counterflows to Colonialism: Indian Travellers and Settlers in Britain, 1600–1857|year=2004}}</ref> After three weeks at sea, Swinton revealed to I'tisam that neither the letter from Shah Alam nor his tribute of a lakh of takas was on board as it had been seized by [[Robert Clive]].<ref name=franklin>Michael J. Franklin, 'Orientalist Jones': Sir William Jones, Poet, Lawyer, and Linguist, 1746-1794, OUP Oxford, 22 Sep 2011, p.63</ref> I'tisam taught Swinton the Arabic tales of [[Kalīla wa-Dimna|Kalila and Demna]]. Clive later on sent the money to the English king, on his own behalf to suppress contact between England and the Mughals. As such I'tisam never ended up meeting George III and instead accompanied Swinton to [[Nantes]] in [[France]] via the southern coast of Africa.<ref>{{cite book|author=Ghulam Murshid|author-link=Ghulam Murshid|title=Kalapanir Hatchhani: Bilete Bangalir Itihas}}</ref> He also visited [[Mauritius]], [[Madagascar]], the [[Cape of Good Hope]] and [[Ascension Island]].<ref name=bpedia/> In Nantes, Swinton left for England while I'tisam remained in France for a month travelling to [[Calais]] as well.

From Calais, I'tisam took a ship to [[Dover]], reaching [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Britain]] in 1766. He remained in [[London]] for three months before reuniting with Swinton in [[Oxford]], where they assisted [[Sir William Jones]] with South Asian manuscripts, the translation of the Persian book ''[[Farhang-i-Jahangiri]]'' into English and Jones' book, ''A grammar of the Persian language''.<ref name=christian/> During his time, he also taught [[Farsi|Persian]] to those who intended to work with in the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Bengalis in London's East End|url=https://www.swadhinata.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Bengalis-in-Londons-East-End-Book.pdf|author=Ansar Ahmed Ullah|date=2010|page=11}}</ref>

===Return to Asia===
He returned to Bengal after a three-year absence due to food problems. He was later employed by the [[British East India Company]] in negotiations with the [[Maratha Empire]]. He travelled with [[Sir John Hamilton, 1st Baronet, of Woodbrook|John Hamilton]] to [[Pune]] and drew up treaties and settled peace.<ref name=buckland/> Locals gave I'tisam-ud-Din the nickname of ''Bilayet Munshi'' due to him being the first to travel to what was known as the Vilayet.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.peepaltreepress.com/authors/mirza-itesamuddin|title=Mirza I'tesamuddin|website=Peepal Tree Press}}</ref>

In 1785, he published the ''Shigurf-nama-i-Wilayat'' (or 'Wonder Book of England'), in the Persian language, detailing his travels.<ref name=buckland/> He was the first South Asian to visit [[England]] and describe the journey.<ref name=buckland/><ref name="bpedia" /> The work has been translated into [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English and [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]].<ref>{{cite news|title=For casual reader and connoisseur alike|last=Alam|first=Shahid|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|date=12 May 2012|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-233759}}</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=May 2021|sure=y|reason=This source states [[Ram Mohan Roy]] is "generally thought to be the first Indian to visit Britain and write about it", which would be impossible if I'tisam-ud-Din visited in 1765 and Ram Mohan Roy was born in 1772.}}

==Written works==
*[[Treaty of Allahabad]]
*Shigurf Namah i Vilayat (Excellent intelligence concerning Europe)
**"The wonders of Vilayet : being the memoir, originally in Persian, of a visit to France and Britain by Mirza Sheikh Iʼtesamuddin, an eighteenth century Indian gentleman"
**"Shigurf namah i velaët, or, Excellent intelligence concerning Europe : being the travels of Mirza Itesa Modeen, in Great Britain and France"
*Nasab Namah (Family tree of Itisam Uddin)

==Death==
It is estimated that he died in 1800.<ref name="alo">{{cite news|url=http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/77170|title=মির্জা শেখ ইতেশামুদ্দীন: লন্ডনে বাদশার বাঙালি দূত|language=bn|editor=Mahbub Alam|date=9 July 2010|access-date=17 July 2019|archive-date=17 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717185726/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/77170|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Itisam-ud-Din}}
[[Category:18th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:1730 births]]
[[Category:1800 deaths]]
[[Category:18th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:British Indian history]]
[[Category:Indian travel writers]]
[[Category:People from Nadia district]]
[[Category:Diplomats]]

Paaru (Kannada TV series)

2026-02-26T19:38:47Z

Birjesh Kumar: started first data first draft - done

{{Short description|Kannada language drama TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Paaru.jpg
| image_size =
| company =
| last_aired = {{End date|2024|3|16|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|12|3|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Kannada]]
| num_episodes = 1393
| language = Kannada
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer =
| country = India
| director =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Drama]]
| caption =
| location = [[Bengaluru]], [[Karnataka]], India
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| related = ''[[Muddha Mandaram]]''
}}

'''''Paaru''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language drama series airing on [[Zee Kannada]] from 3 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Daily soap 'Paaru' to air an action-packed episode - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-paaru-to-air-an-action-packed-episode/articleshow/89718616.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 February 2022 }}</ref> The show is an official remake of [[Zee Telugu]]'s TV series ''[[Muddha Mandaram]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Watch new serial Paaru from Monday - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/watch-new-serial-paaru-from-monday/articleshow/66821894.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 November 2018 }}</ref> It stars Sharath Padmanabhan, Vinaya Prasad and Mokshitha Pai in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Daily soap 'Paaru' completes 1000 episodes; here's what the lead actors Mokshitha Pai and Sharath Padmanabhan have to say - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/daily-soap-paaru-completes-1000-episodes-heres-what-the-lead-actors-mokshitha-pai-and-sharath-padmanabhan-have-to-say/articleshow/94644261.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 October 2022 }}</ref>

== Summary ==
The story revolves around Akhilandeshwari, an arrogant and rich woman. Things change when Paaru, a poor village girl, comes to live at her house.

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Mokshitha Pai as Paaru
* Sharath Padmanabh as Adithya
* [[Vinaya Prasad]] as Akhilandeshwari<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vinaya Prasad returns to the small screen - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/vinaya-prasad-returns-to-the-small-screen/articleshow/66785841.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=25 November 2018 }}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[S. Narayan]] as Ranagallu Veerayya Deva<ref>{{Cite news |title=S Narayan returns to daily soap Paaru as Veerayya Deva - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/s-narayan-returns-to-daily-soap-paaru-as-veerayya-deva/articleshow/89618217.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 February 2022 }}</ref>
* [[Mansi Joshi (actress)|Mansi Joshi]] as Anushka<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mansi Joshi returns to Paaru as Anushka after a long gap; details inside - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/mansi-joshi-returns-to-paaru-as-anushka-after-a-long-gap-details-inside/articleshow/97722066.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=8 February 2023 }}</ref>
* [[Siddu Moolimani]] as Preetham<ref>{{Cite news |title=Paaru Mahasanchike to be aired this week - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/paaru-mahasanchike-to-be-aired-this-week/articleshow/74057914.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 February 2020 }}</ref>
* Pavitra Naik as Janani
* Sitara as Damini
* Nagendra Shah as Hanumanthu
* Kushi Shivu as Ananya
* Sushmita as Yamini
* Suma Shastri as Savitramma
* Sneha Eswar as Arundathi<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sneha Eshwar is back to daily soap 'Paaru' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/sneha-eshwar-is-back-to-daily-soap-paaru/articleshow/91942474.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=June 2022 }}</ref>

=== Cameo Appearances ===
* [[Rakshith Gowda]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=Raksh features in Paaru serial - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/raksh-features-in-paaru-serial/articleshow/68200647.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=28 February 2019 }}</ref>
* Ananya Kasarvalli<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ananya Kasaravalli to play a cameo in 'Paaru'; details inside - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/ananya-kasaravalli-to-play-a-cameo-in-paaru-details-inside/articleshow/89743538.cms |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=22 February 2022 }}</ref>

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Language
! Title
! Original release
! Network(s)
! Last aired
! Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''[[Muddha Mandaram]]'' ముద్ద మందిరం
| 17 November 2014
| [[Zee Telugu]]
| 27 December 2019
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Sembaruthi]]'' செம்பருத்தி
| 16 October 2017
| [[Zee Tamil]]
| 31 July 2022
| rowspan="5" | Remake
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Chembarathi (TV series)|Chembarathi]]'' ചെമ്പരത്തി
| 26 November 2018
| [[Zee Keralam]]
| 25 March 2022
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''Paaru'' ಪಾರು
| 3 December 2018
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| 16 March 2024
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Paaru (Marathi TV series)|Paaru]]'' पारू
| 12 February 2024
| [[Zee Marathi]]
| 6 February 2026
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Vasudha (2024 TV series)|Vasudha]]'' वसुधा
| 16 September 2024
| [[Zee TV]]
| Ongoing
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt10295494}}
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/paaru/0-6-1179 ''Paaru''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

Shah Mohamad Umair

2026-02-17T19:47:31Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding A Entry

{{Short description|Indian politician (1903 - 1978)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian politician
| party = [[File:Hand INC.svg|25px]][[Indian National Congress]]
| parents = Shah Ashfaq Hussain (father)
| spouse = Bibi Masooda
| birth_date = {{birth year|1903}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1978|02|20|1903}}
}}

'''Shah Mohamad Umair''' (1903 - 20 February 1978) was an Indian politician and leader of [[Indian National Congress]]. He served as a member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]] from 1939 to 1951 and a member of [[Rajya Sabha]] (the Upper house of the Parliament of India) from 1956 to 1962.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npkaAQAAIAAJ&dq=SHAH+MOHAMAD+UMAIR+rajya+sabha&pg=PP16 |title=Parliamentary Debates: Official Report |date=1960 |publisher=Council of States Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JjwEAAAAMAAJ&q=SHAH+MOHAMAD+UMAIR+rajya+sabha |title=Who's who |date=1961 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabha |first=India Parliament Rajya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtpFJucR0foC&q=SHAH+MOHAMAD+UMAIR+rajya+sabha |title=Rajya Sabha Members: Biographical Sketches, 1952-2003 |date=2003 |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bna2AAAAIAAJ&q=SHAH+MOHAMAD+UMAIR+rajya+sabha |title=The Journal of Parliamentary Information |date=1978 |publisher=Lok Sabha Secretariat |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |url=https://cms.rajyasabha.nic.in/UploadedFiles/ElectronicPublications/Member_Biographical_Book.pdf |journal=}}</ref>

His nephew Shah Mushtaque was Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sikandra, Bihar Assembly constituency|Sikandra Assembly constituency]] in [[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]] and [[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Md Umar |date=2021-01-31 |title=जब गुरूदक्षिणा के रूप में शाह मुश्ताक़ को श्रीबाबू ने बनाया विधायक |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/shah-mushtaq-mla/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116175514/https://www.heritagetimes.in/shah-mushtaq-mla/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

His grandson, [[Tariq Anwar (politician)|Shah Tariq Anwar]], son of Shah Mushtaque is also a politician and founder of [[Nationalist Congress Party]]. He was also Member of the Lok Sabha from [[Katihar Lok Sabha constituency]].{{fact|date=August 2024}}

== Position held ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!From
!To
!Position
|-
|1
|1939
|1951
|Member of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
* Parliamentary Secretary & Floor Leader (1946 to 1951)
|-
|2
|1956
|1962
|[[Member of parliament]] - [[Rajya Sabha]]
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Umair, Shah Mohamad}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:1978 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Members of the Bihar Legislative Council]]
[[Category:India MPs 1952–1957]]
[[Category:India MPs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Daskroi taluka

2026-02-14T22:31:14Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding New Entry

{{Short description|Town and taluka of Ahmedabad District, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Daskroi
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[List of talukas of Gujarat|Taluka]] of [[Gujarat]]
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Daskroi]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.93|72.67|display=title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ahmedabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 515
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 55
| population_total = 3,50000(2011)
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 382001to xxx
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = +91-079
| registration_plate = GJ 1,27,38
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kheda]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation]]
| website = {{URL|gujaratindia.com}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Daskroi''' is a town and [[taluka]] of [[Ahmedabad District]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Taluka|url=http://ahmedabaddp.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad/english/my-village.htm|publisher=[[Government of Gujarat]]|accessdate=3 May 2012|archive-date=1 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401122956/http://ahmedabaddp.gujarat.gov.in/ahmedabad/english/My-village.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>It is part of the [[Kheda Lok Sabha constituency]].
==Populated places==
The table lists the towns and villages of the Daskroi Taluka according to the 2011 census.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of all towns and Villages in Daskroi Taluka|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/3782-daskroi-ahmadabad-gujarat.html|publisher=[[2011 Census of India|census2011]]|accessdate=9 October 2015}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"
! align="center" valign="bottom" |S.No.
! align="center" valign="bottom" |Villages
! align="center" valign="bottom" |Population
|-valign="top"
| align="center"|1 || align="center"|Aslali || align="center" |8,214
|-valign="top"
| align="center"|2 || align="center"|[[Bareja (village)|Bareja]]|| align="center" |20000
|-valign="top"
| align="center"|3 || align="center"|Badodara || align="center" | 3,176
|-valign="top"
| align="center"|4 || align="center"|Bakrol Bujrang
| align="center" |3,538
|-valign="top"
| align="center"|5 || align="center"|Barejadi || align="center" |1,602
|-valign="top"
| align="center"|6 || align="center"|Bharkunda || align="center" |1,160
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |7 || align="center" |[[Bhat, Daskroi|Bhat]] || align="center" |5,858
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |8 || align="center" |Bhavda || align="center" |2,904
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |8 || align="center" |Bhuval || align="center" |3,094
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |9 || align="center" |Bhuvaldi || align="center" |7,279
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |10 || align="center" |Bibipur || align="center" |1,160
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |11 || align="center" |Chandial || align="center" |2,838
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |12 || align="center" |Chavlaj || align="center" |3,390
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |13 || align="center" |Chosar || align="center" |2,328
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |14 || align="center" |Devdi || align="center" |2,830
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |15 || align="center" |Dhamatvan || align="center" |5,782
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |16 || align="center" |[[Gamdi, Ahmedabad district|Gamdi]]|| align="center" |1,533
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |17 || align="center" |Gatrad || align="center" |5,560
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |18 || align="center" |Geratnagar || align="center" |867
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |19 || align="center" |Geratpur || align="center" |2,021
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |20 || align="center" |Giramtha || align="center" |4,151
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |21 || align="center" |Govindada || align="center" |642
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |22 || align="center" |Harniyav || align="center" |5,088
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |23 || align="center" |Hirapur || align="center" |4,559
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |24 || align="center" |Huka || align="center" |1,444
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |25 || align="center" |Istolabad || align="center" |1,237
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |26 || align="center" |Jetalpur || align="center" |6,516
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |27 || align="center" |Kaniyel || align="center" |3,134
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |28 || align="center" |Kasindra || align="center" |8,003
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |29 || align="center" |Khodiyar || align="center" |3,327
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |30 || align="center" |Kubadthal || align="center" |3,691
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |31 || align="center" |Kuha || align="center" |10,102
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |32 || align="center" |Lalpur || align="center" |558
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |33 || align="center" |Lapkaman || align="center" |2,194
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |34 || align="center" |Lilapur || align="center" |1,567
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |35 || align="center" |Mahijda || align="center" |2,748
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |36 || align="center" |Memadpur || align="center" |1,520
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |37 || align="center" |Miroli || align="center" |3,257
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |38 || align="center" |Navapura || align="center" |2,475
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |39 || align="center" |Navarangpura || align="center" |770
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |40 || align="center" |Naz || align="center" |2,387
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |41 || align="center" |Ode || align="center" |2,197
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |42 || align="center" |Paldi Kankaj || align="center" |4,751
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |43 || align="center" |Pardhol || align="center" |3,946
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |44 || align="center" |Pasunj || align="center" |5,145
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |45 || align="center" |Ranodara || align="center" |4,131
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |46 || align="center" |Ropda || align="center" |1,228
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |47 || align="center" |Timba || align="center" |1,502
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |48 || align="center" |Undrel || align="center" |4,361
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |49 || align="center" |Vadod || align="center" |4,374
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |50 || align="center" |Vahelal || align="center" |3,074
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |51 || align="center" |Vanch || align="center" |6,674
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |52 || align="center" |Vasai || align="center" |2,119
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |53 || align="center" |Visalpur || align="center" |4,508
|- valign="top"
| align="center" |54 || align="center" |Zanu || align="center" |4,268
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Ahmedabad district}}

[[Category:Talukas of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Ahmedabad district]]

{{Ahmedabad-geo-stub}}

Durgai Amman Temple, Patteeswaram

2026-02-11T13:49:15Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding New Location

{{short description|Amman temple in Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Durgai Amman Temple, Patteeswaram
| image = Patteeswaram Durgai Temple Gopuram.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Durgai Amman Temple, Patteeswaram, Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu
| map_type = Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Durgai Amman Temple, [[Patteeswaram]], [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.9250|N|79.3454|E|display=inline,title}}
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| location = [[Patteeswaram]]
| elevation_m = 54.02
| deity = [[Durga]]
| festivals = Muthupandhal
| architecture = [[Dravidian architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

[[File:Pattisvaram durgaiamman entrance.jpg|thumb|North [[Gopura]]m, entrance to Durgai Amman Temple]]

[[File:Pattisvaram denuprisvara and durga gopura.jpg|thumb|Durgai Amman Temple (left) in Thenupuriswarar Temple]]

'''Durgai Amman Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to the goddess [[Durga]] located in [[Thenupuriswarar Temple, Patteeswaram]] near [[Kumbakonam]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].

==Location==
Daughter of [[Kamadhenu]], Patti worshipped the Lord [[Shiva]] (Eeswaran) here, so this place got that name Patteeswaram. Though the main god is Siva this temple is known as Durgai Amman Temple.<ref name=temptn>[http://templesoftamilnadu.co.in/patteeswaram-durga-temple/ Patteeswaram Durga Temple]</ref> This temple is located at [[Thenupuriswarar Temple]], as a separate shrine. By passing through the [[Gopura]]m of the north entrance of Thenupurisvara Temple, Durgai Amman Temple could be reached.

==History==
[[Meenakshi]] was the [[Iṣṭa-devatā (Hinduism)|Ista devata]] to [[Pandyas|Pandya dynasty]] while Durga to [[Cholas|Chola dynasty]]. [[Mangayarkkarasiyar]] and [[Kundavai|Kundavai Pirāttiyār]] was very fond of her and worshipped her.<ref name="vrg"/> Goddess Durga was the family deity of [[Raja Raja Chola|Rajaraja I]] and other Chola kings and they used to worship her and pray fervently to her before fighting a war. She was kept north of Patteeswaram during the Chola reign and was their 'Kaaval Deivam', the protecting deities. The kings used to go by her divine decree regarding battle and other state affairs, and respected her arul vaakku, blessings. After the fall of the Cholas, she was consecrated in Thenupurisvara Temple in Patteeswaram.<ref name=pondy>[http://www.puducherrylivenews.com/Aadi%20Special/Aadi%20Special/20125629065630/Patteeswaram-Durga.aspx Patteeswaram Durga, Aadi Special]</ref>

==Speciality==
Durga is considered to be the combined force of all Gods to destroy the evil forces. She is considered as Shanta Swarupi (calm or peaceful countenance). She has eight hands on which she is holding conch, discus, bow, arrow, sword, shield, and a parrot. She is in tribanga posture.<ref name=temptn/><ref name="vrg">வி.ஆர்.கோபாலன், பட்டீஸ்வரம் ஸ்ரீதுர்க்காம்பிகை, பட்டீஸ்வரம் ஸ்ரீஞானாம்பிகை சமேத ஸ்ரீதேனுபுரீஸ்வரசுவாமி மற்றும் ஸ்ரீதுர்க்காம்பிகை திருக்கோயில் கும்பாபிஷேக மலர், 1999</ref> The poses of her eight hands express the following.<ref name="vrg"/>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Sl No !! Posture !! Meaning
|-
| 1 || [[abaya|Abhayamudra]] ||Assuring safety to devotee
|-
| 2 || [[Conch|Shankha]] || Show the way
|-
| 3 || [[Sudarshana Chakra]] (discus) || Destroy the enemy
|-
| 4 || [[Arrow]] || Goal the right direction
|-
| 5 || [[Shield]] || The shield will protect
|-
| 6 || [[Parrot]] || The hand holding parrot will tell what would happen
|}

==Posture==
She is in standing posture. She is found draped in traditional [[Madisar]] saree, with [[lemon]] and [[Nerium|arali]] garland.<ref name=pondy/> She is of six feet height. The standing lion is facing right. She is found with smiling face, as if welcoming the devotees.<ref>[http://tamil.thehindu.com/society/spirituality/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88/article6421508.ece துன்பம் நீக்குவாள் துர்க்கை, தி இந்து, 18.9.2014]</ref>

==Festivals==
The temple is full to overcrowding during Rahukalam on Tuesdays, Fridays and Sundays, especially on Aadi [[Ashadha]] month. Muthupandhal is the biggest festival of this temple.

==Golden chariot==
Arrangements are made for making golden chariot in this temple at a cost of 2.00 crores.<ref>[https://www.dinamalar.com/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-thanjavur/news/81845 பட்டீஸ்வரம் துர்க்கையம்மன் கோவிலுக்கு ரூ.2 கோடியில் தங்கரதம் பணி தீவிரம், தினமலர், 9.10.2010]</ref>

==Kumbhabhishekham==
The [[Kumbhabhishekham]] of this temple and Thenupuriswarar Temple was held on 29 January 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dinakaran.com/District_Detail.asp?Nid=529355&cat=504 |title=பட்டீஸ்வரம் தேனுபுரீஸ்வரர் கோயில் கும்பாபிேஷகம் 29ம் தேதி நடக்கிறது, தினகரன், 20.1.2016 |access-date=21 May 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127210546/https://www.dinakaran.com/District_Detail.asp?Nid=529355&cat=504 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.dinamani.com/edition_trichy/tanjore/2016/01/30/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-10-%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D-%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95/article3251900.ece குடந்தையில் 10 கோயில்களில் மகா கும்பாபிஷேகம், திரளான மக்கள் பங்கேற்பு, தினமணி, 30 ஜனவரி 2016]</ref>

==Temple on Kumbhabhishekham day==
<gallery>
File: Durga01.jpg|
File: Durga03.jpg|
File: Durga4.jpg|
File: Durga5.jpg|
File: Durga6.jpg|
File: Durga7.jpg|
File: Durga02.jpg|
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://temple.dinamalar.com/new.php?id=663 அருள்மிகு தேனுபுரீஸ்வரர் திருக்கோயில் - தினமலர் கோயில்கள்] In this temple, Durga shrine is found.
* [https://temple.dinamalar.com/Slogandetails.php?id=2108 தினமலர் கோயில்கள், அம்மன் பாடல்கள், துர்க்கை துதி]
* [http://m.dinakaran.com/adetail.asp?Nid=5440 கோயில்களில் இன்று ஆடி முதல் வெள்ளி சிறப்பு வழிபாடு, தினகரன், 18.7.2014]
* [https://www.hindudevotionalblog.com/2016/03/patteeswaram-durga-temple-timings.html Patteeswaram Durga Temple Timings]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGIzbIHtozs Arulmigu Patteeswaram Durga Temple]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Shakti temples]]

Sarbjit Bahga

2026-02-11T07:11:14Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding A Stub

{{Short description|Indian architect}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox architect
|name = Sarbjit Bahga
| image = File:Sarbjit Bahga - A self portrait.jpg|thumb|Sarbjit Bahga - A self portrait
| image_size = 200px
|birth_date={{Birth date and age |1957|5|27|df=y}}
|significant_buildings= Vidya Sagar Institute of Mental Health, Amritsar
|alma_mater=[[Chandigarh College of Architecture]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.sarbjit.bahga.in}}
}}

'''Sarbjit Singh Bahga''' is an Indian architect, author and photo-artist. He is known for designing Vidya Sagar Institute of Mental Health, [[Amritsar]], India which was featured in the [[Guinness World Records]] for ''Longest covered concrete corridor''.<ref>{{cite news|title=BUILDING-IN-THE-GARDEN: A Unique Campus Designed by Sarbjit Bahga Enters into Guinness World Records|url=http://www.chandigarhherald.in/story/17061/buildinginthegarden-a-unique-campus-designed-by-sarbjit-bahga-enters-into-guinness-world-records.html|accessdate=18 November 2017|publisher=Chandigarh Herald}}</ref>
[[File:Modern Regionalism - The Architecture of Sarbjit Bahga.jpg|thumb|Modern Regionalism - The Architecture of Sarbjit Bahga.]]

==Career==
Sarbjit Bahga obtained [[Bachelor of Architecture]] from [[Chandigarh College of Architecture]] in 1979. From 1980 to 2016, Bahga worked in the Department of Architecture, Punjab; Punjab Health Systems Corporation; and Punjab State Marketing Board on various positions. In 2016 he founded Bahga Design Studio LLP.
During his career spanning more than three-and-a-half decades he has designed many architectural projects which include administrative, recreational, educational, medical, residential, commercial, and agricultural buildings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarbjit Bahga on Architizer|url=https://architizer.com/users/sarbjit-bahga/|work=Architizer|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sarbjit Bahga|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/profiles/hhmmf/sarbjitbahga-profile-page.html|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
His selected works are published in the book titled ''Modern Regionalism: The Architecture of Sarbjit Bahga''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bahga|first1=Supreet Singh|title=Modern Regionalism: The Architecture of Sarbjit Bahga|date=2016|publisher=White Falcon Publishing Solutions|isbn=9780996025539|edition=1|language=English}}</ref>

==Selected works==
* Punjab Mandi Board Head Office, Mohali <ref>{{cite web|title=Punjab Mandi Board Head Office, Mohali, Punjab|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/mffm/punjab_mandi_board_head_office_mohali_punjab-project-pages.html3|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Agriculture Bhawan, Mohali <ref>{{cite web|title=Agri Bhawan, Mohali |url=https://architizer.com/projects/agri-bhawan-mohali/ |publisher=Architizer|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Market Committee Office, Lehragaga <ref>{{cite web|title=Market Committee Office, Lehragaga, Punjab|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/gcgh/market-committee-office-lehragaga-punjab-project-pages.html|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Sports Stadium, Badal <ref>{{cite web|title=Sports Stadium, Badal, Punjab|url=https://architizer.com/projects/sports-stadium-badal-punjab-2/ |publisher=Architizer|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Sports Stadium, Bathinda <ref>{{cite web|title=Multipurpose Sports Stadium, Bathinda, Punjab|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/mfgp/multi_purpose_sports_stadium_bathinda_punjab-project-pages.html|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Hockey Stadium, Bathinda <ref>{{cite web|title=Hockey Stadium, Bathinda, Punjab|url=https://architizer.com/projects/hockey-stadium-bathinda-punjab/ |publisher=Architizer|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Guru Gobind Singh Stadium]], Jalandhar
* State Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences, Badal <ref>{{cite web|title=State Institute of Nursing and Paramedical Sciences, Badal, Punjab|url=https://architizer.com/projects/state-institute-of-nursing-paramedical-sciences-badal-punjab/ |publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dr. Vidyasagar Institute of Mental Health]], Amritsar <ref>{{cite web|title=Institute of Mental Health, Amritsar|work=Institute of Mental Health|language=en}}</ref>
* Civil Hospital, Samana <ref>{{cite web|title=Civil Hospital, Samana, Punjab|url=https://architizer.com/projects/civil-hospital-samana-punjab/|publisher=Architizer|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Yatri Niwas, Talwandi Sabo <ref>{{cite web|title=Yatri Niwas, Talwandi Sabo, Punjab|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/gfme/yatri_niwas_talwandi_sabo_punjab-project-pages.html|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Fish market, Ludhiana <ref>{{cite web|title=Fish market, Ludhiana, Punjab|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/ncgn/fish_market_ludhiana_punjab-project-pages.html|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Centre of Excellence for Fruits, Hoshiarpur <ref>{{cite web|title=Centre of Excellence for Fruits, Hoshiarpur, Punjab|url= https://architizer.com/projects/centre-of-excellence-for-fruits-hoshiarpur-punjab/|publisher=architizer|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Modern Cattle Sheds, Punjab <ref>{{cite web|title=Modern Cattle Sheds, Punjab|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/gcnh/modern_cattle_sheds_punjab-project-pages.html |publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>

==Notable publications==
* Modern Architecture in India: Post-Independence Perspective, Galgotia Publishing Company, 1993 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Bahga|first1=Sarbjit|last2=Bahga|first2=Surinder|last3=Bahga|first3=Yashinder|title=Modern Regionalism: The Architecture of Sarbjit Bahga|date=1993|publisher=Galgotia Publishing Company|isbn=9788185989006|edition=1|language=English}}</ref>
* New Indian Homes: An Architectural Renaissance, Galgotia Publishing Company, 1996 <ref>{{cite book|last=Bahga|first=Sarbjit|title=New Indian Homes: An Architectural Renaissance|date=1996|publisher=Galgotia Publishing Company|isbn=9788185989051|edition=1|language=English}}</ref>
* [[Le Corbusier]] & Pierre Jeanneret: Footprints on the Sands of Indian Architecture, Galgotia Publishing Company, 2000 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Bahga|first1=Sarbjit|last2=Bahga|first2=Surinder|title=Le Corbusier & Pierre Jeanneret: Footprints on the Sands of Indian Architecture|date=2000|publisher=Galgotia Publishing Company|isbn=9788185989051|edition=1|language=English}}</ref>
* Trees in Urban Habitat, White Falcon Publishing Solutions, 2014 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Johl|first1=Hardial Singh|last2=Bahga|first2=Sarbjit|title=Trees in Urban Habitat|date=2014|publisher=White Falcon Publishing Solutions|isbn=9781500661281|edition=1|language=English}}</ref>
* Contemporary Indian Houses, White Falcon Publishing Solutions, 2014 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Bahga|first1=Sarbjit|last2=Bahga|first2=Surinder|title=Contemporary Indian Houses|date=2014|publisher=White Falcon Publishing Solutions|isbn=9781634154628|edition=1|language=English}}</ref>
* Landscaping Human Habitat, White Falcon Publishing Solutions, 2015 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Johl|first1=Hardial Singh|last2=Bahga|first2=Sarbjit|title=Landscaping Human Habitat |date=2015|publisher=White Falcon Publishing Solutions|isbn=9788193078099|edition=1|language=English}}</ref>
* Architectural Rendering: Hand-Drawn Perspectives and Sketches, White Falcon Publishing Solutions, 2021 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Bahga|first1=Sarbjit|title=Architectural Rendering: Hand-Drawn Perspectives and Sketches|date=2021|publisher=White Falcon Publishing Solutions|isbn=9781636402123|edition=1|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Hand-drawn-perspectives-and-sketches-architectural-rendering|url=https://www.archdaily.com/962931/hand-drawn-perspectives-and-sketches-architectural-rendering|publisher=ArchDaily|accessdate=19 January 2022|language=en}}</ref>
* New Indian Architecture: 1947-2020, White Falcon Publishing Solutions, 2022 <ref>{{cite book|last1=Bahga|first1=Sarbjit|title=New Indian Architecture: 1947-2020, White Falcon Publishing Solutions|date=2022|publisher=White Falcon Publishing Solutions|isbn=978-1636405636|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NEW INDIAN ARCHITECTURE: 1947-2020 | url=https://www.archdaily.com/982792/new-indian-architecture-1947-2020|publisher=ArchDaily|accessdate=10 November 2022|language=en}}</ref>

==Awards and recognition==
* Featured in the [[Guinness World Records]] for designing ''Longest covered concrete corridor'' (1018.89m) in Vidya Sagar Institute of Mental Health, Amritsar in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Longest Concrete Covered Corridor In Amritsar Leads To Guinness World Records|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-news/cvecp/_longest_concrete_covered_corridor_in_amritsar_leads_to_guinness_world_records.html|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* World Architecture Community Award in the 13th Cycle, for the design of Market Committee Office, Lehragaga, Punjab in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Architecture Award Winners, 13th Cycle|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/awards-winners/?winarchive=13th%20Cycle&cyc=13|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* World Architecture Community Award in the 16th Cycle, for the design of CLTA Cafeteria, Chandigarh in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Architecture Award Winners, 16th Cycle|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/awards-winners/?winarchive=16th%20Cycle&cyc=16|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* World Architecture Community Award in the 17th Cycle, for the design of Nocturnal House, Chhatbir Zoo, Punjab in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Architecture Award Winners, 17th Cycle|url=http://worldarchitecture.org/architecture-projects/awards-winners/?winarchive=17th%20Cycle&cyc=17|publisher=World Architecture Community|accessdate=24 November 2017|language=en}}</ref>
* Celebration of Architecture Award for the designs of Multipurpose Sports Stadiums in Punjab by the [[Business India]] Exhibitions and Inside Outside Magazine in 2012.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sarbjit Singh Bahga, Bags National Award|url=http://www.theindiapost.com/nation/chandigarh/sarbjit-singh-bahga-bags-national-award/|accessdate=24 November 2017|publisher=The India Post}}</ref>
* First Friday Forum Award For Creative Excellence in 2017.<ref>{{cite news|title=Professionals honoured|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/professionals-honoured/488998.html|accessdate=18 November 2017|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.sarbjit.bahga.in}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bahga, Sarbjit}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian architects]]
[[Category:1957 births]]

Currency Building

2026-02-09T02:39:38Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding A Post

{{short description|19th-century building in Kolkata, India}}
{{good article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{use Indian English|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Currency Building
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Currency Building - Dalhousie Square - Kolkata 2012-09-22 0289.JPG
| image_size = 250px
| image_upright =
| alt = Three-story building, viewed from the street with trees in the foreground
| caption = Currency Building, viewed from [[B. B. D. Bagh]] (formerly the 'Dalhousie Square')
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_dot_label =
| coordinates = {{coord|22|34|14|N|88|21|01|E|display=inline,title}}
| former_name = [[Agra Bank]] [[Agra Bank#Agra and Masterman's Bank|Agra and Masterman's Bank]] Currency Office [[Reserve Bank of India]] Old Currency Building<ref name="Hindustan Times 1">{{cite news | last = Madhukalya | first = Amrita | title = PM Modi to begin two-day visit to Kolkata, inaugurate 4 revamped buildings | newspaper = [[Hindustan Times]] | location = New Delhi | date = 11 January 2020 | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-4-buildings-in-kolkata/story-UpCnifwiC4BuuLt0G4awsO.html | access-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-date = 16 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200116153350/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-4-buildings-in-kolkata/story-UpCnifwiC4BuuLt0G4awsO.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
| established = 1833 (built) 1868 (Currency Office conversion) 2020 (post-renovation dedication)
| dissolved =
| location = [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Old Court House Road]] and Surendra Mohan Ghosh Sarani, Lal Dighi, [[B. B. D. Bagh]] (Dalhousie Square), [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| type = Museum
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| visitors =
| founder =
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| leader =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator = DAG Museums [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] (NGMA)
| architect =
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| owner =
| employees =
| publictransit = {{rint|kolkata|ewm}} [[Mahakaran metro station|Mahakaran]] {{rint|kolkata|tram}} B. B. D. Bagh
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}}

The '''Currency Building''' is an early 19th-century building in the [[B. B. D. Bagh]] (Dalhousie Square) [[central business district]] of [[Kolkata]] in [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The building was originally built in 1833 to house the Calcutta branch of the [[Agra Bank]]. In 1868, it was converted for use by the Office of the Issue and Exchange of Government Currency, an office of the Controller of the Currency under the [[British Raj]]. From 1935 until 1937, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) used the building as its first central office. The building remained in use, and was used at one time by the [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD) as a storehouse. Authorities decided to demolish it in 1994.

From 1996 to 1998, the CPWD undertook demolition; but the building was saved from being completely demolished by the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH) and the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]. In 2003, custodianship passed to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), which renovated the building from 2005 to 2019. On 11 January 2020, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] formally dedicated and reopened it as a museum.

The Currency Building is a three-story [[Italianate architecture|Italianate]] structure, consisting of floors covered by [[marble]] and [[Chunar stone|Chunar sandstone]]. Its main entrance features a three-part gate made of [[wrought iron]] and [[Venetian window]]s. The building's central hall, now an open-air courtyard, was formerly topped by three large domes with skylights. During its use as a currency office, the central hall contained the exchange counters for banknotes, gold, silver, and small change. During the building's renovation, the central hall was reorganized into a space for open-air programmes.

== Geography and setting ==
[[File:Vehicles in front of the Old Currency Building at the B. B. D. Bag, in Kolkata.jpg|thumb|Vehicles in front of the Currency Building main entrance at B. B. D. Bag, June 2022.]]
The Currency Building is located at 11B on [[B. B. D. Bagh]] (which is Kolkata's central business district, formerly known as Dalhousie Square), at the intersection of [[Esplanade, Kolkata|Old Court House Road]] and Surendra Mohan Ghosh Sarani.<ref name = "Google 1">{{cite web | url = https://www.google.com/maps/place/Currency+Building/@22.5704176,88.3500358,19z/ | title = Map centered on the Currency Building | publisher = [[Google Maps]] | access-date = 19 December 2020 | year = 2020 | archive-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201219192623/https://www.google.com/maps/place/Currency+Building/@22.5704176,88.3500358,19z/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name = "DAG 1">{{cite web | url = https://dagworld.com/exhibitions/ghare-bhare/ | title = Ghare Baire | work = DAG website | publisher = DAG | access-date = 19 December 2020 | year = 2020 | archive-date = 27 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201027213916/https://dagworld.com/exhibitions/ghare-bhare/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name = "Lonely Planet 2019 01">{{Harvnb|Lonely Planet|2019|p=BBD Bagh section.}}</ref> The building's main façade faces west toward B. B. D. Bagh.<ref name = "Google 1"/><ref name="The Telegraph 1">{{cite news | last = Roy | first = Subhajoy | title = Currency Building, a Calcutta heritage, turns into an exhibition hub | newspaper = [[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] | location = Kolkata | date = 5 January 2019 | url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/currency-building-a-calcutta-heritage-turns-into-an-exhibition-hub/cid/1680939 | access-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201219192632/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/currency-building-a-calcutta-heritage-turns-into-an-exhibition-hub/cid/1680939 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Lal Dighi water tank is located approximately {{convert|100|m}} northwest of the building, the [[Mahakaran metro station]] on [[Green Line (Kolkata Metro)|Green Line]] and the B. B. D. Bagh Tram Station are immediately west,<ref name = "Google 1"/><ref name="The Times of India 3">{{cite news | last = Chakraborty | first = Ajanta | title = Kolkata: After work for 29 months, station structure ready at Mahakaran | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | location = Mumbai | date = 24 February 2020 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-after-work-for-29-months-station-structure-ready-at-mahakaran/articleshow/74275233.cms | access-date = 2 April 2021 | archive-date = 27 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200227162509/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-after-work-for-29-months-station-structure-ready-at-mahakaran/articleshow/74275233.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> and the [[Hooghly River]] is approximately {{convert|660|m}} west.<ref name = "Google 1"/>

== History ==

=== Bank headquarters and currency office ===
Calcutta served as the capital of the [[British Raj]] from the 18th century until 1911, when [[New Delhi]] became the capital.<ref name = "WMF 1">{{cite web | url = https://www.wmf.org/project/dalhousie-square | title = Dalhousie Square | work = World Monuments Fund website | publisher = [[World Monuments Fund]] | access-date = 3 April 2021 | year = 2021 | archive-date = 24 November 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201124031319/https://www.wmf.org/project/dalhousie-square | url-status = live }}</ref> During Calcutta's tenure as capital, Dalhousie Square was the city’s financial, social, and political center.<ref name = "WMF 1"/> The plot in Dalhousie Square, on which the Currency Building now stands, was originally the site of the Calcutta Auction Company's office building.<ref name="Deccan Chronicle 1">{{cite news | last = Chaudhuri | first = Drimi | title = Restoring glory of Currency Building | newspaper = [[Deccan Chronicle]] | location = Hyderabad | date = 31 May 2015 | url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/480674/restoring-glory-currency-building.html | access-date = 22 December 2020 | archive-date = 31 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201231211852/https://www.deccanherald.com/content/480674/restoring-glory-currency-building.html | url-status = live }}</ref> In 1825, the Agra Bank{{efn|name=fn1|The Agra Bank was established in 1833.<ref name = "RBI 2">{{cite web | url = https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx | title = Museum: The Advent of Modern Banking in India, 1720 to 1850s | work = Reserve Bank of India website | publisher = [[Reserve Bank of India]] | access-date = 22 December 2020 | year = 2020 | archive-date = 31 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201231211852/https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/ms_banks.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref> The Agra Bank became the Agra and United Service Bank, Limited, in 1862, and it subsequently merged with Masterman, Peters, Mildred, Birkbeck and Company, in 1864, and became the Agra and Masterman's Bank, Limited.<ref name = "Mäkitie 2016 36">{{Harvnb|Mäkitie|2016|p=36.}}</ref><ref name = "Jones 1995 403">{{Harvnb|Jones|1995|p=403.}}</ref> Agra and Masterman's Bank ceased operation in June 1866,<ref name = "Jones 1995 403"/><ref name = "Hemming 1870 730">{{Harvnb|Hemming|1870|p=730.}}</ref> and in December 1866, all "property and effects" of the bank were transferred to Agra Bank, Limited,<ref name = "Hemming 1870 730"/><ref name = "London Gazette 23192">{{London Gazette|issue=23192|date=30 November 1866|page=6695}}</ref> which was reincorporated in 1867.<ref name = "Jones 1995 403"/> Agra Bank, Limited, continued operation until its liquidation in 1900.<ref name = "Jones 1995 403"/>}} acquired the plot,<ref name="Deccan Chronicle 1"/> constructing, in 1833, during [[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]]'s tenure as [[Governor-General of India|governor general]], the present-day building to house its Calcutta branch.<ref name = "ASI 1">{{cite web | url = https://www.asikolkata.in/kolkata.aspx | title = Monuments | work = Archaeological Survey of India, Kolkata Circle website | publisher = [[Archaeological Survey of India]], Kolkata Circle | access-date = 19 December 2020 | year = 2020 | archive-date = 18 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918230607/http://asikolkata.in/kolkata.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="The Hindu 1">{{cite news | last = Ghosh | first = Bishwanath | title = 1833 building that escaped demolition is now a goldmine of art | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | location = Chennai | date = 14 December 2020 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/1833-building-that-escaped-demolition-is-now-a-goldmine-of-art/article33329891.ece | access-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201219073852/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/1833-building-that-escaped-demolition-is-now-a-goldmine-of-art/article33329891.ece | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times 1">{{cite news | title = ASI steps to restore 200-year-old Currency building in Dalhousie | newspaper = [[The Economic Times]] | location = Mumbai | date = 20 February 2015 | url = https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/asi-steps-to-restore-200-year-old-currency-building-in-dalhousie/articleshow/46308607.cms | access-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-date = 9 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210409230751/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/asi-steps-to-restore-200-year-old-currency-building-in-dalhousie/articleshow/46308607.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> The Agra Bank ceased operation in 1866.<ref name = "Hemming 1870 730"/>{{efn|name=fn2|While sources differ on the year of the Agra Bank's failure (1866 or 1886) and on the year of the Currency Department's acquisition of the Currency Building (1868, 1886, or 1888), the Reserve Bank of India, the [[Court of Chancery]], and [[statistician]] [[John Biddulph Martin]] state that the Agra Bank failed in 1866.<ref name = "RBI 2"/><ref name = "Hemming 1870 730"/><ref name = "Martin 1879 678">{{Harvnb|Martin|1879|p=678.}}</ref>}}
[[File:Currency Department, Calcutta by Francis Frith.jpg|thumb|right|Currency Building, while occupied by the Currency Department]]
In 1868, the imperial Controller of the Currency converted a large portion of the Currency Building for use by the Office of the Issue and Exchange of Government Currency, after which it became known as the Currency Building.<ref name = "ASI 1"/><ref name = "The Hindu 1"/><ref name="The Economic Times 1"/> The [[India Government Mint, Kolkata|Calcutta Mint]] sent silver coins to the currency office, to maintain a working reserve of currency, while the bulk of India's silver was held in [[Fort William, India|Fort William]].<ref name = "Suhrawardy 1936 74"/><ref name = "Cotton 1980 744">{{Harvnb|Cotton|1980|p=744.}}</ref> In addition to issuing and storing coinage, the Indian government also utilized the building for the issue of paper currency.<ref name="The Hindu 2">{{cite news | last = Singh | first = Shiv Sahay | title = Restoring value to the Currency Building | newspaper = [[The Hindu]] | location = Chennai | date = 11 February 2015 | url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/restoring-value-to-the-currency-building/article6880033.ece | access-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-date = 7 May 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200507002345/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/restoring-value-to-the-currency-building/article6880033.ece | url-status = live }}</ref> Between 1889 and 1890, the Bengal government improved the building's drainage, as part of its maintenance of Calcutta's civil buildings.<ref name = "Administration of Bengal 1890 207–208">{{Harvnb|Administration of Bengal|1890|pp=207–208.}}</ref>

Following the establishment of the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) on 1 April 1935,<ref name= "The Economic Journal 1">{{cite journal|last=Kisch | first = Cecil |title=Review 'The Monetary Policy of Reserve Bank of India' by Rohit |journal=[[The Economic Journal]] | location = Oxford |volume= 59|issue=235 |year=1949|pages=436–438|doi=10.2307/2226888|jstor=2226888}}</ref> the Currency Building served as RBI's first central office from 1935 to 1937.<ref name="The Economic Times 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 2"/><ref name = "RBI 1">{{cite web | url = https://m.rbi.org.in/regionalbranch/kolkata/Profile.aspx | title = Kolkata Regional Office of the Reserve Bank of India Profile | work = Reserve Bank of India website | publisher = [[Reserve Bank of India]] | access-date = 19 December 2020 | year = 2020 | archive-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201219210448/https://m.rbi.org.in/regionalbranch/kolkata/Profile.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref> The RBI was established to regulate the issuance of banknotes, maintain reserves to secure monetary stability, and operate India's currency and credit systems.<ref name = "RBI 3">{{cite web | url = https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/briefhistory.aspx | title = Milestones | work = Reserve Bank of India website | publisher = [[Reserve Bank of India]] | access-date = 28 March 2021 | year = 2021 | archive-date = 8 March 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210308012150/https://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/briefhistory.aspx | url-status = live }}</ref> In 1937, the RBI relocated its central office from the Currency Building to [[Mumbai|Bombay]].<ref name="The Economic Times 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 2"/><ref name = "RBI 1"/> From 1937 to 1994, the building remained in use, but it suffered neglect. At one point it was used by the CPWD as a storehouse.<ref name="The Telegraph 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 2"/>

=== Renovation ===
In 1994, authorities decided to raze the Currency Building due to structural deterioration;<ref name="The Hindu 1"/> and custodianship passed to the CPWD, which planned to build a high-rise building in its place.<ref name="The Telegraph 1"/><ref name="The Economic Times 1"/><ref name="The Times of India 1">{{cite news | author =  | title = 3 colonial structures restored in Kolkata; PM to do the re-dedication | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | location = Mumbai | date = 11 February 2015 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/3-colonial-structures-restored-in-kolkata-pm-to-do-the-re-dedication/as73183564.cms | access-date = 19 December 2020 | archive-date = 18 September 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200918113720/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/3-colonial-structures-restored-in-kolkata-pm-to-do-the-re-dedication/as73183564.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> In 1996, the CPWD commenced the building's demolition.<ref name="The Hindu 1"/> The department had demolished the building's three large domes over the central hall before the [[Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage]] (INTACH) and the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] intervened and halted demolition in 1998.<ref name="The Telegraph 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 1"/><ref name="The Economic Times 1"/> Custodianship passed to the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) in 2003 and they took possession of the building in 2005.<ref name="The Telegraph 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 1"/><ref name="The Economic Times 1"/>

In 2004 and 2006, the [[World Monuments Fund]] included the historic buildings of Dalhousie Square on its [[World Monuments Fund#World Monuments Watch|World Monuments Watch]] to garner funding and support for local conservationists to preserve the square's buildings.<ref name = "WMF 1"/><ref name="Deccan Herald 1">{{cite news | title = A tale of two cities | newspaper = [[Deccan Herald]] | location = Bengaluru | date = 2 July 2011 | url = https://www.deccanherald.com/content/173194/a-tale-two-cities.html | access-date = 3 April 2021 | archive-date = 15 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170315055815/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/173194/a-tale-two-cities.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Propelled by this watch-listing, the [[Government of West Bengal]] promised to preserve the district's buildings.<ref name = "WMF 1"/><ref name="Deccan Herald 1"/> In 2009, the Kolkata Municipal Corporation approved a graded list of historic landmarks, which listed the Currency Building as a Grade I heritage building.<ref name = "KMC 2009 4 & 46">{{Harvnb|Kolkata Municipal Corporation|2009|pp=4 & 46.}}</ref>

ASI was entrusted with the Currency Building's conservation and restoration, which was led by a technical team of engineers and archaeologists.<ref name="The Telegraph 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 1"/><ref name="The Economic Times 1"/> It took two years to remove demolition debris and then commence the building's restoration by repairing and reconstructing the demolished portions around the building's central hall.<ref name="The Economic Times 1"/> The project was delayed due to a shortage of workers skilled in [[lime plaster]]ing.<ref name="The Economic Times 1"/> By 2019, ASI had an exhibition space and bookshop in the Currency Building.<ref name = "Lonely Planet 2019 01"/>

=== Museum and event space ===
[[File:Ghare Baire Gallery 3.jpg|thumb|Photographs of [[Satyajit Ray]] by [[Nemai Ghosh (photographer)|Nemai Ghosh]]]]
[[File:Ghare Baire Gallery 6.jpg|thumb|right|Interior exhibition space]]
Following the building's restoration, the Currency Building hosted a [[jute]] and silk exhibition organized by India's National Jute Board in 2019.<ref name="The Telegraph 1"/> On 11 January 2020, [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] formally dedicated the Currency Building as a public museum to the nation at its reopening ceremony.<ref name="The Hindu 1"/> It was one of four restored colonial buildings in Kolkata to be dedicated by Modi, along with [[Metcalfe Hall]], [[Belvedere Estate|Belvedere House]], and the [[Victoria Memorial, Kolkata|Victoria Memorial]].<ref name="Hindustan Times 1"/><ref name="The Times of India 1"/><ref name="Ministry of Culture 1">{{cite press release |author=[[Press Information Bureau]] |date=11 January 2020 |title=Prime Minister Dedicates Four Refurbished Heritage Buildings in Kolkata to the Nation |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1599173 |location=Delhi |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |agency=[[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]] |access-date=19 December 2020 |archive-date=19 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219204848/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1599173 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The building's reopening marked the start of its inaugural art exhibition, ''Ghare Baire | The World, The Home and Beyond: 18th-20th Century Art in Bengal'', which opened on 12 January 2020.<ref name = "DAG 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 1"/> The exhibition was commissioned by India's [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], and was organised and curated by DAG Museums—a private art curation and education organisation—in collaboration with the [[National Gallery of Modern Art]] (NGMA).<ref name = "DAG 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 1"/> According to DAG, the exhibition was "the first comprehensive showcasing of the art and artists of [[Bengal]]".<ref name = "DAG 1"/> Entry to the exhibition is free.<ref name="The Hindu 1"/> The museum and exhibition were briefly closed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal|Coronavirus Disease 2019]] (COVID-19) pandemic.<ref name="The Hindu 1"/> In February 2021, two works of [[Abdur Rahman Chughtai]], considered Pakistan's national artist, were displayed for the first time at the Currency Building as part of the ''Ghare Baire'' exhibit.<ref name="The Times of India 2">{{cite news | last = Dasgupta | first = Priyanka | title = Pak artist's paintings on display at Kolkata expo | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | location = Mumbai | date = 13 February 2021 | url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/pak-artists-paintings-on-display-at-city-expo/articleshow/80887123.cms | access-date = 28 March 2021 | archive-date = 14 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210214024339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/pak-artists-paintings-on-display-at-city-expo/articleshow/80887123.cms | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="Britannica 1">{{cite web|title=Abdur Rahman Chughtai, Pakistani artist|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdur-Rahman-Chughtai|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=28 March 2021|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917172127/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Abdur-Rahman-Chughtai|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2021, the Currency Building also served as an event space for talks given as part of the Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival 2021.<ref name="Outlook 1">{{cite news | title = While some of the talks will be held at the newly renovated Heritage Currency Building under strict COVID-19 safety protocols, others will be conducted in a live streaming format | newspaper = [[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] | location = New Delhi | date = 22 January 2021 | url = https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71095/apeejay-kolkata-literary-festival-2021 | access-date = 28 March 2021 | archive-date = 23 February 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210223115718/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/71095/apeejay-kolkata-literary-festival-2021 | url-status = live }}</ref>

== Architecture ==
[[File:Ghare Baire Gallery 2.jpg|thumb|right|Open-air central hall]]
[[File:Currency Building Central Hall.jpg|thumb|Mural in the Central Hall ]]
The Currency Building is a three-story brick structure, built in the [[Italianate architecture|Italianate style of architecture]].<ref name = "ASI 1"/><ref name = "Cotton 1980 744"/> The building's arched roof is supported by iron [[joist]]s.<ref name = "ASI 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 2"/> Its floors are covered by [[marble]] and [[Chunar stone|Chunar sandstone]].<ref name = "ASI 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 2"/> The main entrance, in the west-façade, features a three-part gate made of [[wrought iron]],<ref name = "ASI 1"/> and [[Venetian window]]s.<ref name="Hindustan Times 1"/><ref name="The Hindu 2"/><ref name="The Times of India 1"/> The building's central hall, now an open-air courtyard, was formerly topped by three large domes with skylights.<ref name = "ASI 1"/><ref name = "Suhrawardy 1936 74">{{Harvnb|Suhrawardy|1936|p=74}}</ref> During the building's use as a currency office, the central hall contained the exchange counters for banknotes, gold, silver, and small change.<ref name = "Suhrawardy 1936 74"/><ref name = "Cotton 1980 744"/> The second floor contained large, elaborately finished rooms with [[List of types of marble#Italy|Italian marble]] floors.<ref name = "Cotton 1980 744"/> The third floor also featured Italian marble floors, and housed the residence of the assistant commissioner in charge of the currency office.<ref name = "ASI 1"/><ref name = "Cotton 1980 744"/>

The initial plan during renovation was to construct a glass roof over the central hall where the three domes were formerly located; however, ASI cancelled this plan and reorganized the central hall into a space for open-air programmes.<ref name="The Telegraph 1"/> ASI installed motion-sensor-equipped glass doors to provide access between the central hall and adjacent interior corridors;<ref name="Hindustan Times 1"/><ref name="The Telegraph 1"/> polished the windows and doors in the western wing; repainted the exterior façade white;<ref name="The Telegraph 1"/> plastered the interior walls; repaired floors; restored decaying wooden staircases;<ref name="Hindustan Times 1"/><ref name="The Economic Times 1"/> and overhauled the drainage system to mitigate seepage from the drainage lines of adjacent buildings.<ref name="Hindustan Times 1"/><ref name="The Economic Times 1"/> During this project, ASI archaeologists uncovered evidence of an underground canal from the nearby Hooghly River, the water from which was used to cool newly minted coins.<ref name="The Hindu 2"/>

== References ==

=== Explanatory notes ===
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book | author = Administration of Bengal | year = 1890 | title = Report of the Administration of Bengal, 1889–90 | publisher = The Bengal Secretariat Press | location = Calcutta | url = https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.109930/ | via = [[Internet Archive]] }}
* {{cite book | last = Cotton | first = H. E. A. | author-link = Evan Cotton | editor-last = Ray | editor-first = N. A. | year = 1980 | title = Calcutta Old and New: A Historical and Descriptive Handbook to the City | publisher = B. Sinha | location = Calcutta | url = https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.505628/ | via = [[Internet Archive]] }}
* {{cite book | editor-last = Hemming | editor-first = G. W. | year = 1870 | title = The Law Reports: Equity Cases, Including Bankruptcy Cases, Before The Master of the Rolls, the Vice-Chancellors, and the Chief Judge in Bankruptcy | publisher = William Clowes and Sons, Printed for the Council of Law Reporting | location = London | volume = IX | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Ewo8AQAAMAAJ | via = [[Google Books]] | access-date = 31 December 2020 | archive-date = 31 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201231211936/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Law_Reports/Ewo8AQAAMAAJ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | last = Jones | first = Geoffrey | author-link = Geoffrey Jones (academic) | year = 1995 | title = British Multinational Banking, 1830–1990 | publisher = [[Clarendon Press]] | location = Oxford | isbn = 9780198206026 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FgRfIO46TtYC | via = [[Google Books]] | access-date = 31 December 2020 | archive-date = 31 December 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201231211930/https://books.google.com/books?id=FgRfIO46TtYC | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | author = [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] | date = 2009 | title = Capacity Building Programme: Graded List of Heritage Buildings | volume = XI | publisher = Kolkata Municipal Corporation | location = Kolkata | url = https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/Graded_List_of_Heritage_Buildings_Grade_I_IIA_IIB.pdf | access-date = 3 April 2021 | archive-date = 22 December 2015 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222153859/https://www.kmcgov.in/KMCPortal/downloads/Graded_List_of_Heritage_Buildings_Grade_I_IIA_IIB.pdf | url-status = live }}
* {{cite book | author = Lonely Planet | year = 2019 | title = Lonely Planet India | publisher = Lonely Planet | location = [[Franklin, Tennessee]] | isbn = 9781788686822 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tmuyDwAAQBAJ | via = [[Google Books]] | access-date = 2 April 2021 | archive-date = 3 April 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210403001634/https://books.google.com/books?id=tmuyDwAAQBAJ | url-status = live }}
* {{cite journal |last=Mäkitie |first=Ilkka |date=July 2016 |title=British Circular Notes – a listing with illustrations |url=https://archive.org/details/IBNSJournal2016vol55no3/ |journal=International Bank Note Society Journal |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=30–38 |access-date=24 December 2020 |via=[[Internet Archive]] }}
* {{cite journal |last=Martin |first=John Biddulph |author-link=John Biddulph Martin |date=September 1879 |title=On Some Effects of a Crisis on the Banking Interest |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1647148 |journal=[[Journal of the Statistical Society of London]] |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=663–708 |doi=10.2307/2339053 |jstor=2339053 |access-date=24 December 2020 |archive-date= |archive-url= |url-status= |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book | last = Suhrawardy | first = Hassan | author-link = Hassan Suhrawardy | year = 1936 | title = Calcutta and Environs | location = Calcutta | url = https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.124213/ | via = [[Internet Archive]] }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Currency Building, Kolkata}}
*[http://verdensteatret.com/currency The Currency Building] at verdensteatret

{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Tourist attractions in Kolkata}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Currency Building}}
[[Category:1833 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in Kolkata]]
[[Category:British colonial architecture in India]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1833]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Government buildings in West Bengal]]
[[Category:19th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Italianate architecture in India]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Office buildings completed in 2020]]
[[Category:Reserve Bank of India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kolkata]]

Dewan Singh Bhakuni

2026-02-07T18:41:58Z

Birjesh Kumar: add section per sources and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Indian chemist (1930–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Dewan Singh Bhakuni
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1930|12|30}}
| birth_place = [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2021|04|22|1930|12|30}}
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Natural product chemistry]] | [[Bioorganic chemistry]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Central Drug Research Institute]] | [[National Botanical Research Institute]] | [[University of Concepción]] }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Allahabad University]] | [[Imperial College London]] | [[University of London]] }}
| doctoral_advisor = {{ublist | [[Sir Derek Barton]] }}
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[biogenesis]] of [[alkaloids]]
| awards = {{ublist | 1975 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1988 Ranbaxy Research Award | 1989 Sir C. V. Raman Award | 2000 Acharya P. C. Ray Memorial Award }}
}}

'''Dewan Singh Bhakuni''' (30 December 1930 – 22 April 2021) was an Indian [[natural product chemistry|natural product chemist]], [[Stereochemistry|stereochemist]] who was a director general-grade scientist of the [[Central Drug Research Institute]].<ref name="Popular Science Lecture on Drug Discovery">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasi.nic.in/Lucknow%20Chapter.htm |title=Popular Science Lecture on "Drug Discovery" |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India}}</ref> He is known for his researches on the [[biogenesis]] of [[alkaloids]]<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=398 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2016 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Bhakuni,_Dr_Dewan_Singh |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name="NASI Fellows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B |title=NASI Fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717005033/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=B |archive-date=17 July 2015 }}</ref> and the [[Indian National Science Academy]].<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N79-0071 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=12 October 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1975, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
[[File:Chattar Manzil 2005.jpg|thumb|235px|Central Drug Research Institute]]
D. S. Bhakuni, born on 30 December 1930 in the Indian state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], graduated in chemistry from [[Allahabad University]] and completed his master's degree at the same institution.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He started his career in 1958 as a teaching faculty but a year later, joined [[Central Drug Research Institute]] (CDRI), Lucknow and worked there for three years. His next move was to [[National Botanical Research Institute]] in 1962 but later went to the UK to pursue his doctoral studies. He secured a Phd in 1965 from the [[University of London]] under the guidance of [[Sir Derek Barton]] of [[Imperial College London]], a renowned organic chemist and 1969 [[Nobel Prize for Chemistry|Nobel laureate]]; his thesis being ''Studies in alkaloid biosynthesis''.<ref name="Studies in alkaloid biosynthesis">{{Cite web |url=https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/handle/10044/1/7139/browse?type=author&order=ASC&rpp=20&value=Bhakuni%2C+Dewan+Singh |title=Studies in alkaloid biosynthesis |date=2016 |publisher=University of London|hdl=10044/1/7139 }}</ref> He would also receive the degree of Doctor of Science from London University in 1978. Returning to India, he joined CDRI in 1965 where he spent the rest of his official career till his superannuation in 1990 as a director general-grade scientist. In between, he had a stint at [[University of Concepción]], Chile as a visiting professor. Post-retirement, he was selected as an emeritus scientist by the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Bhakuni died on 22 April 2021, at the age of 90.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dr DS Bhakuni (Dr Dewan Singh Bhakuni) |url=http://insajournal.in/intranetinsa/deceased_detail.php?id=N79-0071 |website=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=25 December 2023}}</ref>

== Legacy ==
Bhakuni, during the course of his active researches, studied the structure and stereochemistry of several indigenous plants and synthesized them for finding out the biologically active compounds; his work on the biogenesis of alkaloids was based on these examinations.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | page=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> These studies are known to be pioneering studies on alkaloid biosynthesis and he developed a new methodology for determining the absolute configuration of alkaloids.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Thus, he was able to identify the anti-cancer, anti-leishmanial, anti-viral and anti-allergic properties of a number of plants through mass spectrometric and [[Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy]] techniques.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

Bhakuni documented his researches in a book, ''Bioactive Marine Natural Products''<ref name="Bioactive Marine Natural Products">{{Cite book |title=Bioactive Marine Natural Products |last=Dewan S. Bhakuni, D.S. Rawat |publisher=Springer |year=2005 |isbn=978-1-4020-3472-5 |page=382}}</ref> and over 300 articles published in peer-reviewed journals.{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} His writings have been cited by several authors{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Citations'' section}} and he has mentored 40 doctoral scholars in their studies. A multidisciplinary program, under the title, ''Bioactive Substances from Indian Ocean'' was initiated by him during his days at the Central Drug Research Institute which is still active. He is a former president of the [[Indian Chemical Society]] (1996–97) and the Sectional Committee of [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (1994) and sat in the council of the Indian National Sciences Academy from 1982 to 1984.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Bhakuni the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1975.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 }}</ref> A [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] National Lecturer (1982), he received the Ranbaxy Research Award in 1988 and Sir C. V. Raman Award in 1989.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He is also a recipient of Acharya P. C. Ray Memorial Award which he received in 2000. He has delivered a number of award orations; Platinum Jubilee Lecture of [[Indian Science Congress Association]] (1993) and Dr R. C. Shah Memorial Lecture of [[Bombay University]] (1993) are some of the notable ones among them.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies, [[Indian National Science Academy]], Indian Academy of Sciences<ref name="Indian fellow" /> and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]].<ref name="NASI Fellows" />

== Citations ==
* {{cite book|author=M. F. Grundon|title=The Alkaloids|date=January 1983|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85186-367-2|pages=40–}}
* {{cite book|author=R. B. Herbert|title=Biosynthesis|date=31 March 1989|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|isbn=978-0-85186-553-9|pages=220–}}
* {{cite book|title=Chemistry and Pharmacology|date=26 July 1996|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-086572-0|pages=334–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Dewan S. Bhakuni|author2=D.S. Rawat|title=Bioactive Marine Natural Products|date=30 June 2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-3484-8|pages=101–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Dewan S. Bhakuni|author2=D.S. Rawat|title=Bioactive Marine Natural Products|date=30 June 2006|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-4020-3484-8|pages=234–}}
* {{cite book|author=Guenter Grethe|title=The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Isoquinolines|date=15 September 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-18862-0|pages=379–}}
* {{cite book|author1=Heiz Ellenberg|author2=Karl Esser|author3=Klaus Kubitzki, Eberhard Schnepf, Hubert Ziegler|title=Progress in Botany/Fortschritte der Botanik: Morphology · Physiology · Genetics Taxonomy · Geobotany / Morphologie · Physiologie · Genetik Systematik · Geobotanik|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-68297-1|pages=98–}}
* {{cite book|author=John Glasby|title=Encyclopedia of the Alkaloids|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4615-9322-5|pages=101–}}
* {{cite book|author=S.W. Pelletier|title=Alkaloids: Chemical and Biological Perspectives|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-8784-3|pages=150–}}

== Selected bibliography ==

=== Books ===
* {{Cite book |title=Bioactive Marine Natural Products |last1=Bhakuni |first1=Dewan S. |last2=Rawat |first2=D. S. |publisher=Springer Netherlands |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-4020-3472-5}}

=== Articles ===
* {{Cite journal |author1=Dewan S. Bhakuni |author2=Awadhesh N. Singh |author3=Sudha Jain |title=Biosynthesis of isotetrandrine |journal=Tetrahedron |date=1980 |volume=36 |issue=14 |pages=2149–2151 |doi=10.1016/0040-4020(80)80107-4}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=PP Gupta |author2=RC Srimal |author3=K Avasthi |author4=N Garg |author5=T Chandra |author6=DS Bhakuni |title=Antiallergic activity of alkyl substituted pyrazolo [3, 4-d] pyrimidine (compound 88-765). |journal=Indian Journal of Experimental Biology |date=1995 |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=38–40 |pmid=9135673}}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Biswas S, Sharma S, Saroha A, Bhakuni DS, Malhotra R, Zahur M, Oellerich M, Das HR, Asif AR |title=Identification of novel autoantigen in the synovial fluid of rheumatoid arthritis patients using an immunoproteomics approach |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013 |volume=8 |issue=2 |article-number=e56246 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0056246|pmid=23418544 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...856246B|pmc=3572018|doi-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma S, Ghosh S, Singh LK, Sarkar A, Malhotra R, Garg OP, Singh Y, Sharma RS, Bhakuni DS, Das TK, Biswas S |title=Identification of autoantibodies against transthyretin for the screening and diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2014 |volume=9 |issue=4 |article-number=e93905 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0093905|pmid=24714506 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...993905S |pmc=3979706 |doi-access=free }}
*{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kumar P, Bhakuni DS, Rastogi S |title=Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis in patients with reactive arthritis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy |journal= The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries|date=2014 |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=648–654 |doi=10.3855/jidc.3644|pmid=24820470 |doi-access=free }}

== See also ==
* [[Sir Derek Barton]]
{{Portal|India|Chemistry}}

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite book |url=http://rushim.ru/books/biochemie/bioactive-marine-natural-products.pdf |title=Bioactive Marine Natural Products |last=D.S. Bhakuni, D.S. Rawat |publisher=Springer }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.cdriindia.org/Awards.htm |title=Awards and Honors |date=2016 |publisher=Central Drug Research Institute |access-date=15 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121174253/http://cdriindia.org/Awards.htm |archive-date=21 November 2016 }}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhakuni, Dewan Singh}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:Scientists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian organic chemists]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of London]]
[[Category:Academics of Imperial College London]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Concepción]]
[[Category:Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]
[[Category:University of Allahabad alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]

Book of Rachel

2026-01-31T11:10:00Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding Entry

{{Short description|Book by Esther David}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Book of Rachel
| image = File:Book of Rachel.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Esther David]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language = English
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre = [[fiction]]
| set_in =
| publisher = [[Penguin India]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date =
| english_pub_date =
| published = 2007
| media_type = Hardcover
| pages = 280
| awards =
| isbn = 978-0143444534
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by = 
| followed_by = 
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}

'''''Book of Rachel''''' is a novel by the Indian-Jewish author [[Esther David]]. The book won India's [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in the year 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alaka |first=Sahani |date=2019-01-13 |title=It's a balancing act to retain the Jewish ethos in a multicultural country like India: Esther David |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/its-a-balancing-act-to-retain-the-jewish-ethos-in-a-multicultural-country-like-india-esther-david-5533592/ |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The main protagonist of the novel is an old Jewish widow named Rachel from [[Bene Israel]] community who tries to preserve Jewish culinary art<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kashi |first=Anita Rao |title=The surprising landscape of Indian Jewish food |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20220424-the-surprising-landscape-of-indian-jewish-food |access-date=2022-05-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en}}</ref> and simultaneously tries to protect a local synagogue from local land mafia.

== Reception ==
In her review, Geeta Doctor wrote for ''[[India Today]]'' "To most people it would consist one portion of [[R. K. Narayan]] [and] a dash of sentimentality from [[Tagore]]'s [[Kabuliwala (short story)|Kabuliwallah]]."<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 20, 2006 |first=Geeta |last=Doctor |title=Book review of Esther David's 'The Book of Rachel' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/20060320-book-review-of-the-book-of-rachel-by-esther-david-785711-2006-03-20 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Deeptha Achar, Professor at the Department of English, Faculty of Arts, [[Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda]] wrote "...the book is more ambitious. It not only portrays the community [Bene Israel] from within but also examines the pushes and pulls, economic, cultural, which impinge upon it."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portraying A Vanishing Community |url=https://www.thebookreviewindia.org/portraying-a-vanishing-community/ |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=The Book Review, Monthly Review of Important Books |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] 2010<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/akademi%20samman_suchi.jsp |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Jews live a very secretive life: Esther David on writing a book on Indian Jews' recipes 'Bene Appetit' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/interviews/indian-jews-live-a-very-secretive-life-esther-david-on-writing-a-book-on-indian-jews-recipes-bene-appetit/articleshow/87711543.cms |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References. ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2007 novels]]
[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Award–winning works]]
[[Category:Penguin Books India books]]
[[Category:Jewish novels]]

{{India-lit-stub}}

Srinivas Kumar Sinha

2025-12-25T19:21:44Z

Birjesh Kumar: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Indian military officer (1926–2016)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General]]
| name = S K Sinha
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]
| image = Former Governor S. K. Sinha (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 180
| width =
| office3 = [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)]]
| term_start3 = 1 January 1983
| term_end3 = 1 June 1983
| predecessor3 = [[Adi M. Sethna|A M Sethna]]
| successor3 = G S Rawat
| office2 = 19th [[Governor of Assam]]
| 1blankname2 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata2 = [[Prafulla Kumar Mahanta]] [[Tarun Gogoi]]
| term_start2 = 1 September 1997
| term_end2 = 21 April 2003
| president2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Lokanath Misra]]
| successor2 = [[Arvind Dave]]
| office1 = 8th [[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
| term_start1 = 4 June 2003
| term_end1 = 25 June 2008
| president1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Girish Chandra Saxena]]
| successor1 = [[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|1|07}}
| birth_place = [[Patna]], Bihar
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|11|17|1926|1|07}}
| allegiance = {{flagu|British India}} {{flagu|India}}
| branch = {{army|British India}} {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = 1944 – 1983
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = IC-1536<ref name="The Gazette of India">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=178 |date=11 March 1967 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
| unit = [[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]] [[6/9 Jat Regiment]]
| commands = [[File:IA_Western_Command.svg|20px]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Army]] [[II Corps (India)|I Corps]] [[10th Indian Infantry Division|10 Infantry Division]] 23 Mountain Division 71 Mountain Brigade [[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|3/5 Gorkha Rifles]]
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]
| military_blank2 = Awards
| military_data2 = [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|25px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| spouse =
| children = Meenakshi Sinha [[Mrinalini Sinha]] [[Manisha Sinha]] [[Yashvardhan Kumar Sinha]]
}}

[[Lieutenant General]] '''Srinivas Kumar Sinha''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] (7 January 1926 – 17 November 2016) was an [[Indian Army]] General who served as the [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]]. After his retirement, he served as [[Governors of states of India|Governor]] of the states of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], and [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Former J&K; Governor Lt Gen Srinivas Kumar Sinha Passes Away |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/17/former-jandk-governor-lt-gen-srinivas-kumar-sinha-passes-away/ |date=17 Nov 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118140142/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2016/11/17/former-jandk-governor-lt-gen-srinivas-kumar-sinha-passes-away/ |archive-date=18 Nov 2016}}</ref>

==Early life==

Srinivas Kumar Sinha was born on 7 January 1926 in Patna, [[Bihar]] in a [[Chitraguptavanshi Kayastha|Kayastha]] family. He was the son of Mithilesh Kumar Sinha, [[Indian Imperial Police|IP]], [[Inspector-general of police]] of the state of [[Bihar]] and the grandson of the first Indian Inspector General of India in the [[British Raj]], Alakh Kumar Sinha.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aryasamaj.org/newsite/node/1497M |title=Archived copy |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-date=30 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230014207/http://www.aryasamaj.org/newsite/node/1497M |url-status=dead }}</ref> He graduated with Honours from [[Patna University]] in 1943 at the age of 17 and joined the [[Indian Army]] soon thereafter. He was recognised as the Best Cadet of the Officers' Training School, Belgium, the war-time equivalent of the Sword of Honour. He was commissioned into [[Jat Regiment]] and after India gained independence, moved to the [[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lt Gen SK Sinha – Brown Pundits|url=https://www.brownpundits.com/2016/12/01/lt-gen-sk-sinha/|access-date=2021-02-10|website=www.brownpundits.com}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Roychowdhury|first=Shankar|author-link=General Shankar Roychowdhury|date=2016-11-19|title=Tribute: The 'thinking man's soldier'|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/opinion/op-ed/191116/tribute-the-thinking-mans-soldier.html|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> He was involved in combat during the Second World War in Burma and Indonesia and, after India became independent, in [[Kashmir]]. He served two tenures in [[Nagaland]] and [[Manipur]], where he participated in counter-insurgency operations.

His son [[Yashvardhan Kumar Sinha]], a former diplomat, is serving as present Chief Information Commissioner.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Roy|first=Amit|date=2 December 2018|title=Slice of Patna in Sinha saga|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/slice-of-patna-in-sinha-saga/cid/1677327|access-date=2022-01-03|website=Telegraph India}}</ref>

== Military career ==

Gen Sinha was promoted to Captain soon after the World War II ended and served in the Military Operations Directorate in Delhi as GSO(3) in 1946-47, with the then Lt.Col. SHFJ Manekshaw as GSO(1) and the then Maj Yahya Khan as GSO(2) in the same Directorate in GHQ .<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sinha |first=Lt Gen S K |title=A Soldier Recalls |publisher=Lancer International |year=1992 |isbn=81-7062-161-5 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi |publication-date=1992}}</ref> In 1953, Sinha secured the top position at the [[Defence Services Staff College]] in India and in 1962 again, at the [[Joint Services Staff College (UK)|Joint Services Staff College]] in the United Kingdom. He held all levels of active command in the Army from a platoon to a field army. He was promoted lieutenant-colonel on 9 June 1965.<ref name="The Gazette of India"/> He commanded a [[battalion]] in [[Ladakh]], a brigade in [[Manipur]], a mountain division in [[Assam]], an infantry division in [[Jammu]], a corps in [[Punjab]], and the [[Western Command (India)|Western Army]]. He served as [[Directorate of Military Intelligence (India)|Director, Military Intelligence]], [[Adjutant-General (India)|Adjutant General]], and [[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]] at Army Headquarters. He also served as an instructor at [[Mhow]] and [[Staff College, Wellington]]. During his army career, he was associated with Jammu and Kashmir from 27 October 1947. He was involved as a junior staff officer in organizing the massive airlift from Delhi to [[Srinagar]] in October 1947. In 1949, he was appointed Secretary of the Indian delegation on the delineation of the Cease Fire Line in Kashmir at a meeting convened by the United Nations. He led the Indian delegation to Italy in 1972 for a conference on the application of human rights to warfare. He was awarded the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] in 1973 and was promoted to major-general on 28 December.<ref name="maj_gen">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=528 |date=4 May 1974 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref> He was made Honorary [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] to the [[President of India]]. He also served as the President of the [[Brigade of Gurkhas|Gorkha Brigade]].

On 1 August 1978, Sinha was promoted to lieutenant-general and appointed Adjutant General at Army HQs. He will always be remembered in the annals of the Indian Army for the projects and reforms instituted during his tenure as AG. He later commanded the Kharga Corps, the strike corps of the Indian Army, from 1980 to 1981. He was promoted as the Western Army Commander in June 1981, before being brought to Delhi in December 1982 as Vice Chief of Army Staff, to basically understudy the Chief. He was expected to succeed Gen Krishna Rao. In July 1983, [[Eastern Command (India)|Eastern Army Commander]] [[Arun Shridhar Vaidya|A S Vaidya]] was appointed the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army Staff]], despite Sinha's seniority. Following this, Sinha sought premature retirement from the Army in 1983.<ref name="lt_gen">{{cite news |date=2 June 1979 |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=501 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7AhAQAAIAAJ |title = The Indian Army: Its Contribution to the Development of a Nation|isbn = 9780195653168|last1 = Cohen|first1 = Stephen P.|year = 2001| publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref>

Vaidya was in charge when [[Operation Blue Star]] (the June 1984 storming of the Golden Temple) took place. Sinha, who was fondly referred to as one of the best Chiefs the Indian Army never had, remained in national focus after quitting the Army through his lectures on academic subjects in universities and articles in national newspapers.<ref name="Rao">{{cite news |title=Where did General S.K. Sinha go wrong? |author=I. Ramamohan Rao |url=http://newsagency.thecheers.org/South-Asia/news_29364_Where-did-General-SK-Sinha-go-wrongArticle.html |newspaper=Cheers Magazine |date=27 June 2008 |access-date=9 July 2011}}</ref>

== Later career ==

=== Ambassador to Nepal ===

In 1990, Sinha was appointed India's ambassador to Nepal when autocratic rule prevailed in that country and bilateral relations with India had hit their lowest in the wake of the trade and transit impasse of 1989. During his tenure in Nepal, India-Nepal relations improved. The Prime Minister of India stated that Sinha had played a major role in this development. The Prime Minister of Nepal wrote, "General Sinha was as much India's Ambassador to Nepal as Nepal's Ambassador to India".<ref name="Rao"/>

=== Governor of Assam ===
In 1997, Gen. Sinha was appointed [[Governor of Assam]] at a time insurgency was at its peak. He crafted a three-prong strategy of unified command, economic development, and psychological initiatives. Heavy attrition was inflicted on the militants through coordinated and intensified military operations. He was invested in installing 100,000 shallow [[tube well]]s in [[Brahmaputra Valley]] turning Assam from a rice deficit state to a rice surplus state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Business News: 'SKY' is not the limit for Assam's strife-hit economy|url=https://m.rediff.com/money/2000/may/12assam.htm|access-date=2021-02-10|website=m.rediff.com}}</ref> His psychological initiatives had a large emotional impact.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sinha adopts Punjab model |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020902/asp/northeast/story_1159288.asp |date=September 2, 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150531185208/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1020902/asp/northeast/story_1159288.asp |archive-date=31 May 2015|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

===Governor of Jammu and Kashmir===
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2021}}
On 4 June 2003, General Sinha became the Governor of Jammu and Kashmir. In 2003, when he took over as Governor of Jammu and Kashmir, on average, ten people were killed every day and the annual arrival of tourists was a mere 28,000. Improved security brought down the daily rate of killing from ten to one. With an improved security situation, tourist arrivals increased from 28,000 a year to 600,000 by 2008, when he relinquished the appointment of Governor. The state also started installing 1000 [[micro hydro]] projects on the mountains.

He encouraged civic action with efforts to revive Kashmir's liberal Islamic traditions. He inaugurated seminars and conferences on Kashmiriyat at Srinagar, with scholars from Pakistan and several Central Asian states.

His term as governor to Kashmir ended on 25 June 2008.

==Books==
Sinha has written for national newspapers, and is the author of nine books including one on the Jammu and Kashmir Operation of 1947–48 (''Operation Rescue'')<ref name=":0"/> and his autobiography, ''A Soldier Recalls''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chibber|first=M. L.|author-link=Manohar Lal Chibber|date=30 November 1992|title=Book review: A Soldier Recalls by Lt-Gen S.K. Sinha|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/books/story/19921130-book-review-a-soldier-recalls-by-lt-gen-s.k.-sinha-767185-2012-12-21|access-date=2022-01-03|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> His other books are of Matters Military, Pataliputra, Veer Kuer Singh, A Governor's Musings, Reminiscences and Reflections and Changing India, Guarding India's Integrity: A Pro-Active Governor Speaks. His last book ''Raj to Swaraj'' was finished just a few days before his death.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=2016-11-18|title=Lt Gen S K Sinha (1926-2016): The Lieutenant General who could not be Army chief|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/lieutenant-general-s-k-sinha-dead-governor-jk-assam-army-chief-indira-gandhi-4381197/|access-date=2022-01-03|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
[[File:The Chief of Army Staff, General Dalbir Singh paying homage on the mortal remains of Lt. Gen. S.K. Sinha (Retired), in New Delhi on November 18, 2016.jpg|thumb|COAS General Dalbir Singh paying homage]]
He died on 17 November 2016 at the age of 90 years. He was survived by his wife Premini Sinha, his son [[Yashvardhan Kumar Sinha]] (former diplomat and presently [[Chief Information Commissioner of India|CIC of India]]) and three daughters, Meenakshi, [[Mrinalini Sinha|Mrinalini]], and [[Manisha Sinha|Manisha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-24 |title=No, Kanye, That's Not How It Happened |url=https://today.uconn.edu/2019/01/no-kanye-thats-not-happened/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017075849/https://today.uconn.edu/2019/01/no-kanye-thats-not-happened/ |archive-date=17 October 2020 |access-date=2020-12-03 |website=UConn Today |quote=Sinha's father, Lt.-Gen. Srinivas Kumar Sinha of the Indian Army}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-11-18 |title=President of India condoles the passing away of Lt. Gen. S.K. Sinha |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/president-of-india-condoles-the-passing-away-of-lt-gen-s-116111800315_1.html |access-date=2022-01-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=17 November 2016|title=J&K ex-Guv Lt Gen Sinha passes away|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/jk-ex-guv-lt-gen-sinha-passes-away-324425|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Tribune India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-17|agency=PTI|title=PM condoles death of former J&K Governor Lt Gen SK Sinha|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/pm-condoles-death-of-former-jk-governor-lt-gen-sk-sinha-4380616/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2016-11-17|title=SK Sinha passes away|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/sk-sinha-passes-away/|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Daily Excelsior}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{S-mil}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Adi M. Sethna|A M Sethna]]
| title=[[Vice Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Vice Chief of Army Staff]]
| years= January 1983 – June 1983
| after= G S Rawat
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]
| title= [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Western Command (India)|Western Command]]
| years= June 1981 - December 1982
| after= [[Krishnaswamy Sundarji]]
}}
{{S-gov}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Lokanath Misra]]
| title=[[Governor of Assam]] | years=1997–2003
| after=[[Arvind Dave]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before= [[Mata Prasad]]
| title = [[List of Governors of Arunachal Pradesh|Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| years = 17 MAY 1999 – 1 AUG 1999
| after = [[Arvind Dave]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before=[[Girish Chandra Saxena]]
| title=[[Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] | years=2003–2008
| after=[[Narinder Nath Vohra]]
}}
{{end}}

== External links==
{{Wikiquote}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Srinivas Kumar}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Governors of Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Governors of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Governors of Assam]]
[[Category:People from Gaya, India]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of India to Nepal]]
[[Category:People from Patna]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Vice chiefs of Army Staff (India)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Defence Services Staff College alumni]]
[[Category:Graduates of Joint Services Command and Staff College]]

Fasana-e-Azad

2025-12-13T23:58:37Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding New Page

{{short description|Urdu novel in four parts by Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar}}
{{good article}}
{{use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Fasana-e-Azad
| image = Fasana e Azad.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Title page of ''Fasana-e-Azad'' Vol. 3, 4th ed. (1899), published by Nawal Kishore Press
| author = [[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]]
| title_orig = فسانۂ آزاد
| orig_lang_code = ur
| translator =
| country = [[British Raj|British India]]
| language = [[Urdu]]
| genre = [[Picaresque novel]]
| set_in = [[Lucknow]] and an imaginary [[Middle East]] during the late 19th century
| publisher = [[Nawal Kishore Press]]
| pub_date = {{Plainlist|
* '''Volume 1''': 1881
* '''Volume 2''': 1882
* '''Volume 3''': 1883
* '''Volume 4''': 1883
}}
| pages =
| oclc =
| dewey = 891.4393
| congress =
| native_wikisource =
}}
'''''Fasana-e-Azad''''' ({{langx|ur|فسانۂ آزاد}}; {{Translation|''The Adventures of Azad''}}, also [[romanization of Urdu|romanized]] as ''Fasana-i-Azad'') is an [[Urdu]] novel by [[Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar]]. It was serialized in ''[[Avadh Akhbar]]'' between 1878 and 1883 before it was published in four large volumes by the [[Nawal Kishore Press]]. The story follows a wandering character named Azad and his companion, Khoji, from the streets of late-nineteenth-century [[Lucknow]] to the battlefields of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)|Russo-Turkish War]] (1877–1878) in [[Constantinople]] and Russia. The work's status as a [[novel]] has been debated, but it is thought by most scholars to be one of the first novels (or a proto-novel) in Urdu.

Sarshar conceived of writing ''Fasana-e-Azad'' after the success of the articles he contributed to ''Avadh Akhbar'' under the title ''"Zarafat"'' ("Wit and Humour"). Perennially popular, ''Fasana-e-Azad'' has been a subject of study by literary critics as the first Urdu novel and for its influence on the literary form's later development. It is noted for its colourful descriptions of Lucknow, its people, and its culture.

==Background==
[[File:Ratannath Sarshar.jpg|thumb|alt=A mustachioed Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar, wearing a fez| Ratan Nath Dhar Sarshar (1846 or 1847{{snd}}1903)]]
Sarshar, a teacher in [[Kheri District]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]], joined the [[Nawal Kishore Press]] (founded by [[Munshi Nawal Kishore]]) in Lucknow as an editor of ''[[Avadh Akhbar]]''. He wrote a column for the magazine about Lucknow's [[Feudalism|feudal]] culture, which inspired him to write ''Fasana-e-Azad''.{{sfn|Jain|1988|pp=1264–1265}}

On 8 August 1878, Sarshar was appointed editor of ''Avadh Akhbar''.{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|pp=58–59}} His first entry in a series called ''"Zarafat"'' was published in the 13 August 1878 issue, and the column appeared regularly thereafter.{{sfn|Husain|1964|p=114}} These columns, which eventually made up the first 500 pages of the book, satirize urban life, usually centering on a wandering figure such as Azad or a minor character.{{sfn|Dubrow|2018|pp=35–36}} This was in keeping with the influence of [[Charles Dickens]]'s ''[[The Pickwick Papers]]'' and [[Miguel de Cervantes]]' ''[[Don Quixote]]'' on Sarshar.{{sfn|Asaduddin|2001|p=84}} The popularity of ''Zarafat'' led Sarsharr to continue the stories and develop the entries into a narrative called ''Fasana-e-Azad''.{{sfn|Husain|1964|p=114}}

In one piece, published on 23 September, Sarshar explained his reasons for writing the series.{{sfn|Husain|1964|p=115}} He said that his intention was to use humour to allow ''Avadh Akhbar''{{'s}} readers to familiarize themselves with a social culture, characterized by proper conversational style and idiomatic fluency suited to a variety of social occasions, which could be used in a variety of social gatherings. Sarshar believed that such an education would improve the country and its people; pleasure in reading humorous articles would encourage refinement and higher thought.{{sfn|Husain|1964|p=115}}{{efn|This is an English paraphrase of the original statement in [[Urdu]]: {{lang|ur
| اس سے اصلی مقصد ہمارا یہ ہے ناظرین اودھ اخبار بہ پیرایۂ ظرافت تعلیم مذاق و بول چال اور موقع مناسب کے محاورات اور ہر قسم کی صحبتوں کی کیفیت و طرز معاشرت کلیہ واقفیت تامہ حاصل کریں ..... کہ مجامع انسان کی جو حالتیں ہیں اور جس قدر اثر صحبت زمانہ کا ہے اس سے ہمارے ملک کو فائدہ عظیم پہنچے تاکہ نیک خیالات اخلاق حسنہ سے لوگوں کے دل منور اور خیالات فاسدہ اور خصائل رزیلہ کی تاریکی سے پاک ہوں اور ٰٰکامل فیض ایک معقول تربیت سے راستی پسند طبیعیتوں کو ہو۔ ان کو پڑھ کر بلحاظ زباندانی اور بخیال عمدہ مقاصد لطف و مذاق زندہ دلی حاصل کریں۔}}}}

==Characters==
''Fasana-e-Azad''{{'s}} main characters are:{{sfn|George|1997|pp=1518–1520}}
* Azad{{snd}}the protagonist. He wanders around Lucknow, meets people from all classes with a variety of ideas, and attends the festivals of [[Eid al-Fitr|Eid]], [[Mid-Sha'ban|Shab Barart]], and [[Basant (festival)|Basant]] and the mourning rituals of [[Mourning of Muharram|Maharram]].
* Husn Ara{{snd}}a beautiful girl, from an [[Aristocracy (class)|aristocratic]] family, whom Azad loves
* Sihpahr Ara{{snd}}Husn Ara's younger sister
* Khoji{{snd}}a dwarf who is Azad's companion

==Plot==
The novel is set in Lucknow and an imaginary [[Middle East]] during the late 19th century.{{sfn|George|1997|pp=1518–1520}} Its theme follows the pattern of [[Miguel de Cervantes]]' ''[[Don Quixote]]'', with Azad modeled on [[Alonso Quijano|Don Quixote]]. Azad's faithful friend, Khoji, echoes [[Sancho Panza]].{{sfn|Sud|1977|p=124}}

Azad, with no family history, wanders around the city; he encounters all kinds of people and observes Lucknow's changing urban milieu. He has a keen eye for female beauty. Azad meets two sisters and falls in love with Husna Ara, the older sister. Although she loves him too, she sets a condition for their marriage: Azad must go to Turkey and fight with the Turks in their war with the Russians. Azad leaves for Turkey with Khoji, his sidekick, a dwarf with a fondness for [[opium]] and delusions about his handsomeness and martial prowess. They have a number of adventures in Turkey and Russia; several noblewomen fall in love with Azad, who remains more-or-less true to Husn Ara.{{sfn|George|1997|pp=1518–1520}}

Azad, Khoji, and two female European admirers return to India in triumph. Azad marries Husna Ara, and the two European women become [[social work]]ers.{{sfn|George|1997|pp=1518–1520}} He becomes the father of twins and is well-known and respected, devoting a great deal of time to the propagation of new ideas, education, commerce and industry. When [[Second Anglo-Afghan War|war breaks out against Afghanistan]], Azad is asked by the government to aid the war effort. He goes to war, again proving himself a valiant soldier. Azad then returns home and lives a happy, useful life devoted to the advancement of his country.{{sfn|Husain|1964|p=125}} ''Fasana-e-Azad'' has a number of sub-plots, including the story of Husna Ara's sister, Sipahr Ara; her lover, prince Humayun Far; and the Shahsawar, his mysterious rival.{{sfn|George|1997|pp=1518–1520}}

==Publication history==
''Fasana-e-Azad'' consists of four volumes, with a total of about 3,000 pages (roughly 2.25 million words).{{sfn|Husain|1964|p=114}} The novel has been published in a number of formats.{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|p=45}} Volume One was serialized in ''Avadh Akhbar'' from August 1878 to 5 January 1880 under the title, ''"Zarafat"''. It was published in book form in January 1881 by the Nawal Kishore Press, which also published the remaining three volumes. The first instalment of Volume Two appeared in the magazine on 1 July 1880, when the title ''Fasana-e-Azad'' was first used. Further instalments, sold by subscription and separately priced, were published after 30 July as monthly supplements to ''Avadh Akhbar''. It was published in book form in July 1882. The third volume was serialized monthly from February 1882 to January 1883 and was published in book form, with an initial print run of 200 copies and a cost of three rupees, in June 1883. Although it is unknown if the final volume was serialized, it was published in book form in 1883.{{sfn|Husain|1964|p=117}}{{sfn|Dubrow|2017|p=408}}

==={{anchor|Further edition}}Later editions===
A chapter of ''Fasana-e-Azad'', over 15 pages long, was published by Nawal Kishore Press in 1906 as "Range Siyar". A new edition of the novel was published in 1934.{{sfn|Jain|1988|pp=1264–1265}} Saraswati Press of [[Banaras]] published an abridged 550-page [[Hindi]] edition in 1947. The character of Khoji became so popular that Muhammad Ahsan Farooqi collected excerpts about Khoji from the novel and compiled them into a book entitled ''Khoji'', which was published in 1952 by Raja Ram Kumar Press (a successor of Nawal Kishore Press). The [[New Delhi]]-based [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Book Department]] published an abridged edition, ''Fasana-e-Azad (Talkhis)'', in 1970.{{sfn|Jain|1988|pp=1264–1265}}

==Reception==
''Fasana-e-Azad'' was the first [[Serial (literature)|serialized]] [[Urdu]] fiction published in an Urdu newspaper. A landmark of modern Urdu fiction, it sparked unprecedented public interest{{sfn|Stark|2007|p=364}} and helped ''Avadh Akhbar'' solidify its reputation as one of South Asia's first commercially viable Urdu dailies.{{sfn|Dubrow|2018|pp=35–36}} During and after publication of the novel, Sarshar became one of the Urdu community's most popular figures.{{sfn|Mohammed|1995|p=418}}

The novel is regarded as one of the first modern Urdu novels,{{sfn|Oldenburg|Sharar|Llewellyn-Jones|2001|p=201}} or an immediate precursor to the novel form.{{sfn|Dubrow|2016|p=296}} According to Firoz Hissain, ''Fasana-e-Azad''{{'s}} success was unprecedented in the history of [[Urdu literature]]; it was read and enjoyed by every segment of society.{{sfn|Husain|1964|p=14}} The novel has been described as an encyclopedia of contemporary Lucknow culture.{{sfn|Jain|1988|pp=1264–1265}}

Reviewers praised ''Fasana-e-Azad'' for its portrayals of Lucknow's marketplaces, fairs and diverse social classes, presented with a liveliness and accuracy considered unprecedented in Urdu literature.{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|p=34}} Historian Ram Babu Saksena cites the novel's realistic depiction of Lucknow's life, the "faithful and vivid portrayal of life and manners of Lucknow society" and Sarshar's "brilliants humour" as outstanding features of ''Fasana-e-Azad''.{{sfn|Saksena|1990|p=329}} Saksena calls Sarshar's humour "full-blooded, healthy and unrestrained", and none of his contemporaries approach his "fund of humour".{{sfn|Saksena|1990|p=330}}

[[Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah]] calls Khoji Sarshar's greatest achievement and an immortal character in Urdu fiction.{{sfn|Ikramullah|1945|p=37}} Saksena describes Khoji as a "unique character in the whole range of Urdu literature" and as "the most original and wonderful creation of humorous art".{{sfn|Saksena|1990|p=331}}

[[Rauf Parekh]] included it among the "10 best urdu novels", praising the novel's depiction of Lucknow culture and its use of chaste Urdu.{{sfn|Dawn|2014}}

== Adaptation ==
''[[Wah Janaab]]'', a television series based on ''Fasana-e-Azad'', aired on [[DD National]] in 1984.{{sfn|MOIAB Annual Report|1985}}

==Status as a novel==
Study of ''Fasana-e-Azad'' began after Sarshar's death with the publication of articles by [[Brij Narayan Chakbast]] and [[Bishan Narayan Dar]], two of his contemporaries.{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|p=26}} Much scholarship has focused on its relationship to the history of the novel. Asaduddin describes the general consensus that "Critics and writers call ''Fasana-e Azad'' a novel but with some reservations."{{sfn|Asaduddin|2001|p=86}}

Sarshar himself was the first to call ''Fasana-e-Azad'' a novel, in 1879. [[Ralph Russell]] calls it "a work which brought permanently into Urdu literature some of the major elements of the modern novel."{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|pp=27–28}} Vaqār ʿAz̤īm's textbook on Urdu prose describes it as important in the history of the novel, saying it has had "a profound impact on our novels' development, for which all future novelists owe Sarshar a debt of gratitude."{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|p=27}} Dubrow argues that inconsistencies the work's plot and characterization are actually common features of serialized works, which Sarshar intentionally improved to be more novelistic when he revised his columns for book publication.{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|p=33}} Mohammad Asaduddin highlights the way that Sarshar depicts ordinary life with unembellished language as an important novelistic trait.{{sfn|Asaduddin|2001|p=84}} He also highlights the lack of supernatural elements which would have aligned ''Fasana-e-Azad'' more strongly with the genre of ''dāstān'' or romance.{{sfn|Asaduddin|2001|p=85}}

Ultimately, however, Asaduddin concludes that ''Fasana-e-Azad'' is not a "novel proper" because its plot is too unfocused and its characters too unrealistic.{{sfn|Asaduddin|2001|p=86}} Plot and characters, and especially their failure to conform to Victorian standards of [[literary realism]], are common grounds for the assessment that ''Fasana-e-Azad'' is not quite a novel.{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|p=29}} Muhammad Ahsan Farooqi attributed the many uncohesive subplots to Sarshar's "carelessness": "Sarshar had no plan and stuffed in any story wherever he wanted and ended it whenever the mood struck."{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|pp=29–30}} According to Farooqi, the love between Azad and Husn Ara is the only thread running through the work from beginning to end.{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|p=30}} Bishan Narayan Dar wrote, "''Fasana-e-Azad'' is not a proper novel, since its plot was not conceived according to any plan. It has neither beginning, nor middle, nor end; rather, it is a collection of unconnected snapshots of the society and culture in which Sarshar lived."{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|p=31}} Chakbast questioned how Azad's character (which he described as a "uncontrollable, carefree, itinerant, and sometimes even sinful man") could abruptly become "so chaste and refined," finding the character's development "against the law of nature."{{sfn|Dubrow|2011|pp=96–97}} Author [[Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah]] also called the characters' development inconsistent.{{sfn|Ikramullah|1945|p=32}}

== See also ==
* ''[[Hamzanama]]'', Indian folktale, considered an influence on the novel

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}
* {{cite journal | title = First Urdu Novel: Contesting Claims and Disclaimers
| last = Asaduddin | first = Mohammad
| journal = The Annual of Urdu Studies
| year = 2001
| hdl = 1793/18219
}}
* {{cite thesis| type = PhD thesis| title = From newspaper sketch to "novel": The writing and reception of "Fasana-e Azad" in North India, 1878–1880
| last = Dubrow | first = Jennifer | year = 2011
| publisher = Departments of South Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Chicago
| url = https://www.proquest.com/openview/8a00b19503d55244286469b43c98f453 | via = [[ProQuest]]
| url-access = subscription
}}
* {{cite journal | title = A Space for Debate: Fashioning the Urdu Novel in Colonial India
| last = Dubrow | first = Jennifer
| journal = Comparative Literature Studies
| via = [[Project MUSE]]
| year = 2016 | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | page = 296
| doi = 10.5325/complitstudies.53.2.0289 | url = https://muse.jhu.edu/article/628647 | url-access = subscription
}}
* {{cite journal | title = Serial fictions: Urdu print culture and the novel in colonial South Asia
| last = Dubrow | first = Jennifer
| journal = The Indian Economic & Social History Review
| via = [[SAGE Publishing]]
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* {{cite book| chapter = The Novel in Installments: Fasana-e Azad and Literary Modernity
| last = Dubrow | first = Jennifer
| title = Cosmopolitan Dreams: The Making of Modern Urdu Literary Culture in Colonial South Asia
| publisher = University of Hawaii Press
| chapter-url-access = subscription
| chapter-url = https://www.degruyter.com/view/books/9780824876692/9780824876692-006/9780824876692-006.xml
| url = https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/523583 | url-access = subscription | via = [[De Gruyter]]
| date = October 2018 | pages = 35–36
| doi = 10.1515/9780824876692 | isbn = 978-0-8248-7270-0
| s2cid = 239947236 }}
* {{cite book| title = Masterpieces of Indian literature
| editor-last = George | editor-first = K. M.
| year = 1997
| publisher = [[National Book Trust]] | location = New Delhi
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| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=dXFOAAAAYAAJ
| isbn = 978-81-237-1978-8
}}
* {{cite thesis| type = PhD thesis| title = Life and works of Ratan Nath Sarshar
| last = Husain | first = Firoz | year = 1964
| publisher = SOAS University of London
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}}
* {{cite book| chapter = Chapter IV: Pandit Ratan Nath Sarshār: Fasāna e Azād
| last = Ikramullah | first = Shaista Suhrawardy | year = 1945
| author-link = Shaista Suhrawardy Ikramullah
| title = A Critical Survey of the Development of the Urdu Novel and Short Story
| publisher = Longmans, Green and Co | location = London
| chapter-url = http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/suhrawardy/04chapter.pdf
| url = http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/suhrawardy/suhrawardy.html
| pages = 31–40
| oclc = 3920236
}}
* {{cite encyclopedia| title = Fasana-e-Azad
| last = Jain | first = Gyan Chand | year = 1988
| author-link = Gyan Chand Jain
| encyclopedia = Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti
| editor-last = Datta | editor-first = Amaresh
| publisher = Sahitya Akademi | location = New Delhi
| pages = 1264–1265
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1264
| isbn = 978-81-260-1194-0
}}
* {{Cite report| title = Ministry of Information and Broadcasting Annual Report 1985–86
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}}
* {{cite book| title = A History of Urdu Literature
| last = Mohammed | first = Sadiq | year = 1995
| publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Delhi
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| page = 417
| isbn = 978-0-19-563145-6
}}
* {{cite book| title = The Lucknow Omnibus
| last1 = Oldenburg | first1 = Veena Talwar
| last2 = Sharar | first2 = Abdul Halim
| last3 = Llewellyn-Jones | first3 = Rosie
| year = 2001
| publisher = Oxford University Press
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| page = 201
| isbn = 978-0-19-565329-8
}}
* {{cite book| title = A History of Urdu Literature
| last = Saksena | first = Ram Babu | year = 1990
| publisher = Asian Educational Services | location = New Delhi
| isbn = 9788120606166 | url = https://archive.org/details/historyofurdulit0000saks/page/324/mode/2up
| oclc = 312754167
}}
* {{cite book| chapter = Chapter 6: Avadh Akhbar: Politics, Public Opinion, and the Promotion of Urdu Literature
| last = Stark | first = Ulrike | year = 2007
| title = An Empire of Books: The Naval Kishore Press and the Diffusion of the Printed Word in Colonial India
| publisher = Permanent Black | location = Ranikhet
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=itjgAAAAMAAJ
| page = 364
| isbn = 978-81-7824-196-8
}}
* {{cite journal | title = Urdu Fiction and Krishan Chandar
| last = Sud | first = K. N.
| journal = [[Indian Literature (journal)|Indian Literature]]
| location = New Delhi | publisher = Sahitya Akademi
| date = July–August 1977 | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | page = 124
| jstor = 24158701
}}
* {{cite web | title = The 10 best Urdu novels...and a runner-up | last = Parekh | first = Rauf | url = https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=11_02_2014_119_007 | date = 11 February 2012 | work = Dawn (newspaper) | ref = {{Sfnref|Dawn|2014}}}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
'''Excerpts from ''Fasana-e-Azad:'''''
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urduhindilinks/workshop2008/Saf_Shikan_Episode-Dubrow.pdf Saf Shikan episode] (tr. Jennifer Dubrow)
* [http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00fwp/published/txt_sarshar.html Azad Goes to a Railway Restaurant] (tr. Frances W. Pritchett)

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Ahmad Khan Bangash

2025-11-24T20:57:55Z

Birjesh Kumar: started new page

{{Short description|Nawab of Farrukhabad from 1750 to 1771}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox royalty
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| name = Ahmad Khān Bangash
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| birth_name = Ahmad Khan
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| death_date = 12 July 1771
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*Mahmud Khan Bangash
*[[Diler Himmat Khan]]
*Dil Daler Khan Bangash
*Sitara Begum}}
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| house = [[Bangash#Bangash state of Farrukhabad|Bangash]]
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'''Muhammad Ahmad Khan Bahadur Ghalib Jang''' ({{langx|fa|احمد خان بنغاخ}}) or {{nowrap|'''Ahmad Khan Bangash'''}} ({{langx|fa|احمد خان بنگش}}) was a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nobleman and [[Nawab]] of [[Farrukhabad]] from the [[Rohilla|Rohilla Afghan]] [[Bangash]] dynasty.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YiYxDwAAQBAJ&dq=ahmad+khan+bangash+language&pg=PT205 |title= Shahnama:The Visual Language of the Persian Book of Kings |date=2017 |isbn= 9781351548915 |last1= Hillenbrand |first1= Robert }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ&dq=farrukhabad+indian+pathan&pg=PA118 |title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars:North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770-1870 |author= C. A. Bayly |date= 1988 |page=119 |isbn=9780521310543 }}</ref> He was the second son of [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]], a powerful [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nobleman. He took part in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]] in 1761 against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] led by [[Sadashivrao Bhau]].<ref name="panipat">{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Suresh K. |title=Haryana: Past and Present |date=1 February 2006 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-046-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6n7vV0eiS3YC&q=khan+and+panipat+%281761%29&pg=PA191 |language=en}}</ref>

He was a close friend of [[Imad-ul-Mulk]], the infamous [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] [[Vizier|wazir]].<ref name="jstor">{{cite journal |last1=Askari |first1=Syed Hasan |title=Some Unpublished Letters of Raja Ramnarain Relating to Shah Alam's Invasions of Bihar |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |date=1939 |volume=3 |pages=979–1001 |jstor=44252447 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44252447}}</ref>
[[File:Probably Ahmad Khan Bangash.jpg|thumb|a [[Painting]] of Ahmad Khan Bangash at the [[Third Battle of Panipat]]]]

==Early life==
Ahmad Khan Bangash was the second son of [[Muhammad Khan Bangash|Ghazanfar Jang]] and the younger brother of Qaim Khan Bangash. His father [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]] was a powerful [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nobleman who ruled a large domain in what is now [[Uttar Pradesh]], with his capital at [[Farrukhabad]].<ref name="awadh">{{cite book |last1=Bhasin |first1=Rakesh |title=Dastan-e-Awadh: A Momentous Journey from Faizabad to Lucknow |date=21 May 2018 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-64249-882-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lhbDwAAQBAJ&dq=Ahmad+khan+bangash&pg=PT53 |language=en}}</ref> Although his father Muhammad Khan, being a mere mercenary who was noted for his lack of Adab,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkpnDwAAQBAJ&dq=ahmad+khan+bangash+indo+persian&pg=PT186 |title= The Indian Frontier Horse and Warband in the Making of Empires |publisher=Taylor & Francis|author=Jos Gommans|author-link=Jos Gommans |date=2017 |isbn= 9781351363563 }}</ref> was so illiterate that he did not understand a single word of either [[Persian language|Persian]] or [[Pashto]], Ahmad Khan was more accustomed to the Nawabi and Indo-Persian lifestyle of Delhi. He accompanied his father when it was required for him to translate from Persian.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC&dq=ahmad+khan+bangash+indo+persian&pg=PA132 |title= The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, C.1710-1780 |author=Jos J. L. Gommans |date=1995 |page=132 |isbn= 9004101098 }}</ref><ref name= "indo-afghan"/><ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RBtCAQAAMAAJ&dq=could+not+understand+a+single+word+of+Persian,+due+to+which+he+had+to+be+accompanied+by+one+of+his+sons&pg=PA332|title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal:Volume 47|year=1878 |quote=Muhammad Khan, being a mere soldier, did not understand a single word of Persian, Turki or Pushtu |page=331 |publisher=Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India), Asiatic Society of Bengal }}</ref>

After [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]]'s death, his eldest son Kaim Khan Bangash inherited his domains. During the reign of his elder brother, [[Nawab]] Kaim Khan, he lived at the imperial [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] capital of [[Delhi]] for some time. He returned to [[Farrukhabad]] and took a farming lease of five [[parganas]], Sakrawah (a village) among others, from his brother Kaim Khan.<ref name="bangash"/>

However, instead of paying the revenue from his lands he spent it on a silver [[howdah]], a privilege which only Nawab Kaim Khan owned. Mahmud Khan Bakhshi, a courtier at [[Farrukhabad]] instigated Kaim Khan against his brother Ahmad Khan, a thousand cavalry were despatched to Sakrawah with orders to kill Ahmad Khan. Ahmad Khan escaped to Delhi, where he placed himself under the protection of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nobleman [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Ghazi ud-Din Feroze Jung]].<ref name="bangash">{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1832 |publisher=Calcutta |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiat4811879asia/page/58/mode/2up?q=bangash&view=theater |page= 49-165 |chapter=The Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad: 1713-1857}}</ref>

==Accession==
Nawab Kaim Khan despised [[Safdar Jang]], the ruler of [[Awadh]] because of the [[Nawab of Awadh|Awadh nawabs]]' troubled relations with his father [[Muhammad Khan Bangash]]. Due to the scheming of [[Safdar Jang]], Kaim Khan, was killed in a battle at [[Badaun]] in 1749 against Dundi Khan of the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=evFFAQAAIAAJ&q=qaim+khan+rohilla+killed |quote=but the attempt ended in disaster as Qutb - ud - din was killed by the Rohillas ( under Dunde Khan a Rohilla chief |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |title=Uttar Pradesh District Gazetteers: Moradabad |year=1968 |page=49 }}</ref> Farrukhabad was formally annexed to [[Oudh State|Awadh]] and plundered.<ref name="ahmad">{{cite web |title=Nawab Ahmad Khan Bangash {{!}} The Indian Portrait |url=http://www.theindianportrait.com/artwork/nawab-ahmad-khan-bangash/ |website=The Indian Portrait |language=en}}</ref><ref name="awadh"/><ref name="bangash"/>

Ahmad Khan thus escaped from [[Delhi]] at midnight with the help of [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung II|Feroze Jang]], without receiving the Emperor's permission. He lived in poverty for some time at [[Farrukhabad]], until Rustam Khan Afridi among other [[Pathan]] chiefs, tired of [[Oudh State|Awadh]]'s tyranny, requested Ahmad Khan to reconquer the [[Bangash]] lands and become [[Nawab]].<ref name="first">{{cite book |last1=Srivastava |first1=Ashirbadi Lal |title=The First Two Nawabs of Oudh: A Critical Study Based on Original Sources |date=1933 |publisher=Upper India Publishing House |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h9pBAAAAIAAJ&q=ahmad+khan+bangash |language=en}}</ref><ref name="awadh"/><ref name="bangash"/> Ahmad Khan gathered an army of 10,000 and declared himself [[Nawab]] after re-capturing [[Farrukhabad]].<ref name="bangash"/>

==Reign==
Nawal Rai, the Hindu deputy of [[Safdar Jang]] personally marched to [[Farrukhabad]] to suppress the rebels. The Utara, the act of dismounting and fighting on foot to the death, was a peculiarity of Indian Muslims horsemen of which they were very proud, which William Irvine says specially affected Indians such as the [[Sadaat-e-Bara|Barha Sayyids]].<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gRsoAAAAYAAJ&dq=dismount+utara&pg=PA237 |title= The Army of the Indian Moghuls: Its Organization and Administration |author=William Irvine |date=1903 }}</ref> When Ahmad Khan Bangash met the army of Naval Rai, he was faced by the Rai's contingent of Barha Sayyids who had made Ahmad Khan's troops to flee from the battlefield. Disdaining to leave the place alive, Ahmad Khan practised the act of Utara or dismounting and had his soldiers tie their skirts of their heavy plaited coats (Jamaah) to fight to the death, cursing his men: "Have you brought me here only to see you run away".<ref name="JASBp63"/> At the Battle of Khudaganj on the night of 12 August 1750, Ahmad Khan's troops surprised Nawal Rai, the deputy of [[Safdar Jang]] and gained victory.<ref name="awadh"/><ref name="first"/><ref name="dictionary"/> [[Safdar Jang]] was furious at the [[Bangash]] rebellion and marched from [[Delhi]] to Marhara. On 13 September 1750, Ahmad Khan defeated [[Safdar Jang]] in a pitched battle at Ram Chatauni.<ref name="bangash"/> In 1750, a powerful coalition was against [[Safdar Jang]] at the Mughal court, which included Ahmad Khan Bangash, [[Nasir Jung]], [[Intizam-ud-Daulah]], [[Javed Khan Nawab Bahadur|Javed Khan]] and the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand]]. However, the alliance fell apart after the death of [[Javed Khan Nawab Bahadur|Javed Khan]].<ref name="modern">{{cite book |editor1-last=Markovits |editor1-first=Claude |title=A History of Modern India, 1480-1950 |date=2002 |publisher=Anthem |isbn=9781843310044 |page=193,207 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uzOmy2y0Zh4C&dq=Ahmad+Khan+Bangash&pg=PA193 |language=en}}</ref>

Ahmad Khan then laid siege to [[Allahabad]], which he was about to capture when [[Safdar Jang]] called in the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] under [[Malhar Rao Holkar]] and [[Jayappaji Rao Scindia]], the [[Bharatpur State|Jats]] under [[Suraj Mal]] and the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohillas]] under [[Saadullah Khan of Rohilkhand|Nawab Saadullah Khan]] for help.<ref name="bangash"/><ref name="dictionary"/> After a string of defeats, Ahmad Khan fled to the north and was only able to return after promising half of his lands to the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in 1752.<ref name="ahmad"/>

After his return to [[Farrukhabad]], Ahmad Khan soon became prosperous again and a school of painting developed under him.<ref name="painting">{{cite book |last1=Losty |first1=J.P. |title=Indian court painting |publisher=Forgelynch |url=https://www.forgelynch.com/_files/ugd/78856d_7ec73a1da7e24d3f86a8c4ab7a017661.pdf}}</ref> He began spending most of his time at the imperial court in [[Delhi]]. According to J.L. Gommans, he lived a luxurious life there and "started to pilfer precious books and paintings from the imperial stores".<ref name="indo-afghan">{{cite book |last1=Gommans |first1=Jos J. L. |title=The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire: C. 1710-1780 |date=1995 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-10109-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-2TH8UYeAaoC&q=Nawab+of+Farrukhabad |language=en}}</ref>
In 1756, Ahmad Khan cultivated a close friendship with the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] nobleman [[Imad-ul-Mulk]], who appointed Ahmad Khan as [[Amir-ul-Umara]] and [[Mir Bakhshi]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] on the dismissal of [[Najib-ud-Daula]].<ref name="jstor"/><ref>{{cite book |title=Tarikh e Aal e Muzaffar (Farsi) |url=https://archive.org/details/TarikhEAalEMuzaffarFarsi/page/n71/mode/2up?q=+%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86+%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B4}}</ref><ref name="biography"/> Ahmad Khan became a leading figure in court owing to [[Imad-ul-Mulk]] and became the leader of the Indo-Afghan nobility.<ref name="indo-afghan"/>

In 1757, Ahmad Khan Bangash readily contributed valuable troops to the attack of [[Oudh State|Awadh]] under [[Nawab]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] by [[Imad-ul-Mulk]].<ref name="awadh"/>

In 1761, he supported the [[Durrani Empire|Durrani]] king [[Ahmad Shah Abdali]] against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] in the [[Third Battle of Panipat]].<ref name="panipat"/> As a result, he received extensive territories in the Mian doab (in [[Uttar Pradesh]]) along with the [[Kingdom of Rohilkhand|Rohilla nawab]].<ref name="indo-afghan"/> Thus, Ahmad Khan recovered his territories lost to the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]].<ref name="ahmad"/>

Taking advantage of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] threat to his power, [[Nawab]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]], the ruler of [[Oudh State|Awadh]], attacked [[Farrukhabad]] in 1762.<ref name="raj">{{cite book |last1=Garg |first1=Sanjay |title=The Raj and the Rajas: Money and Coinage in Colonial India |date=22 December 2022 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-82889-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0MudEAAAQBAJ&dq=Nawab+Ahmad+Khan+Bangash+of+Farrukhabad&pg=PT277 |language=en}}</ref>
In 1764, [[Nawab]] [[Shuja-ud-Daula]] requested the help of Ahmad Khan Bangash, [[Hafiz Rahmat Khan]] and other Indo-Afghan chiefs against the [[Company Rule in India|British East India Company]], who had been rapidly advancing on [[Oudh State|Awadh]] after their victory at the [[Battle of Buxar]]. Ahmad Khan and the other chiefs all declined to help due to fear of the [[Company Rule in India|British]].<ref name="elliot">{{cite book |last1=Elliot |first1=Henry Miers |editor1-last=Dowson |editor1-first=John |title=The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians: The Muhammadan Period |date=21 March 2013 |isbn=9781108055901 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7q0z7BdvyQC&dq=Nawab+Ahmad+Khan+Bangash+of+Farrukhabad&pg=PA221 |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] invaded Ahmad Khan's domains once again in 1769, and he defended his kingdom with great difficulty.<ref name="raj"/> On 12 July 1771, Ahmad Khan Bangash passed away and was succeeded by his younger son [[Diler Himmat Khan]] as Nawab of [[Farrukhabad]].<ref name="ahmad"/><ref name="dictionary">{{cite book |last1=Buckland |first1=Charles Edward |title=Dictionary of Indian Biography |date=1906 |publisher=S. Sonnenschein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvMRAAAAYAAJ&dq=Nawab+Ahmad+Khan+Bangash+of+Farrukhabad&pg=PA143 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="biography">{{cite book |last1=Beale |first1=Thomas William |title=An Oriental Biographical Dictionary |date=1894 |publisher=W.H. Allen |isbn=978-1-4047-0648-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zaoYAAAAIAAJ&dq=muhammad+khan+bangash&pg=PA268 |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Nawab Ahmad Khan Bangash seated with a woman on a terrace at night (6124539933).jpg|thumb|Nawab Ahmad Khan Bangash seated with a woman on a terrace at night]]
Ahmad Khan's first wife was Dulhin Begum, through whom he had his sons Mahmud Khan and Rustan Khan. Mahmud Khan greatly assisted his father in the re-conquest of [[Farrukhabad]] from [[Oudh State|Awadh]].

When one of Naval Rai's escorts tried to curse the men of Ahmad Khan in Pashto, they had heard his speech but did not understand its words, and required a translator to understand him.<ref name="JASBp63">{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiat4811879asia/page/62/mode/2up?q=dismount |title= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date= 1832 |page=63 }}</ref>

Ahmad Khan married his fourth wife Khair-un-nissa around 1756. Khair-un-nissa was the adopted daughter of Yakut Khan, one of Ahmad Khan's salves and reportedly a descendant of [[Khan Jahan Lodi|Khan Jahan Khan Lodi]], the principal [[Afghans|Afghan]] noble during the reign of [[Mughal emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]].<ref name="house">{{cite book |last1=Gommans |first1=Jos |title=The Indian Frontier: Horse and Warband in the Making of Empires |date=22 December 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-36356-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HkpnDwAAQBAJ&dq=Nawab+Ahmad+Khan+Bangash+of+Farrukhabad&pg=PT171 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Abid - The Decapitation of Khan Jahan Lodi (3 February 1631) |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/1005025-q/the-decapitation-of-khan-jahan-lodi-3-february-1631 |website=www.rct.uk |language=en}}</ref> Khair-un-nissa was sixteen when he married her; they had a son around 1757-1758, who was named Diler Himmat Khan. Later, [[Diler Himmat Khan]] succeeded him as Nawab of [[Farrukhabad]].<ref name="bangash"/>

The celebrated [[Urdu]] poets, Mirza Sauda and Mir Soz were in the employ of Ahmad Khan Bangash.<ref>{{cite book |url= https://archive.org/details/journalofasiat4811879asia/page/162/mode/2up?q=mahratta |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |page=162 }}</ref>

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |title=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |date=1832 |publisher=Calcutta |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/journalofasiat4811879asia/page/58/mode/2up?q=bangash&view=theater |pages= 49–165 |chapter=The Bangash Nawabs of Farrukhabad: 1713–1857}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category: People from Farrukhabad]]
[[Category: Nawabs of India]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category: 1771 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian people of Pashtun descent]]

Sundar Popo

2025-11-11T09:53:09Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding A Data

{{Short description|Trinidadian and Tobagonian musician (1943–2000)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{sources|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Ustad]]
| name = Sundar Popo
| honorific_suffix = [[Hummingbird Medal|HBM]]
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Sundarlal Popo Bahora
| alias = ''King of Chutney'', ''Father of Chutney'', ''[[Don (honorific)|Don]] of Chutney'', ''The Champ''
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1943|11|04}}
| birth_place = [[Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago|Barrackpore]], Trinidad and Tobago, British Windward Islands
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2000|05|02|1943|11|04}}
| death_place = Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago
| occupation = Singer, musician
| module = {{Infobox musical artist |embed=yes
| genre = [[Chutney music|Chutney]], [[Indian folk music]], [[bhajan]]
| instrument = Vocals, [[Pump organ|harmonium]], [[dholak]], [[tabla]], [[dhantal]], [[manjira]], [[khartal]]
| years_active = 1969–2000
| label = Windsor Records / JMC Records
| associated_acts = [[Drupatee Ramgoonai]], [[Terry Gajraj]], [[Rikki Jai]], [[Babla and Kanchan]], [[Anup Jalota]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
}}
}}

'''Sundar Popo''' [[Hummingbird Medal|HBM]], born '''Sundarlal Popo Bahora''' ({{IPA|hi|suⁿd̪ərəlɑːlə poːpoː bəɦoːrɑː|pron}}; 4 November 1943 – 2 May 2000), was a [[Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Trinidadian and Tobagonian]] musician. He is credited as being the father of [[chutney music]], beginning with his 1969 hit ''Nana and Nani''.

== Early life ==
Popo was born on 4 November 1943 in Monkey Town, [[Barrackpore, Trinidad and Tobago|Barrackpore]], Trinidad and Tobago. His family were [[Hindu]] [[Indo–Trinidadians and Tobagonians|Indo-Trinidadians]]. Both his parents were musicians; his mother was a singer and his father was an accomplished [[tassa]] drummer.<ref name="Thompson">Thompson, Dave (2002), ''Reggae & Caribbean Music'', Backbeat Books, {{ISBN|0-87930-655-6}}, pp. 218–219.</ref> At the age of 15, he began singing ''[[bhajans]]'' at [[Hindu temples|mandirs]] and weddings in his hometown for 15 to 30 cents a show. Popo worked as a watchman at a Barrackpore factory, and trained in music under the [[Indian classical music|Indian classical]] singer Ustad James Ramsawak.<ref name="Thompson" />

== Career ==
In 1969, he met Moean Mohammed, a radio host and promoter. After listening to ''Nani and Nana'', a song with lyrics in both [[Caribbean Hindustani#Trinidadian Hindustani|Trinidadian Hindustani]] and [[Trinidadian English]], describing the daily lives of an Indian maternal grandmother (Nani) and maternal grandfather (Nana), Mohammed got maestro Harry Mahabir to record the song at Television House, accompanied by the British West Indies Airways (BWIA) National Indian Orchestra. The song revolutionized [[Indo-Caribbean music]] in Trinidad and Tobago. After the success of ''Nani and Nana'', Popo devoted more of his time to his singing career. He followed ''Nani and Nana'' with an album combining local Trinidadian music with traditional [[Indian folk music]]. In total, he recorded more than 15 albums. He is best known for his song ''Scorpion Gyul''. [[Babla & Kanchan]] had success with their version of his "Pholourie Bina Chutney".<ref name="Thompson" />

After the release of ''Nani and Nana'', he followed up shortly in the mid 1970s with a string of popular singles and appearances on Mastana Bahar and the Indian Cultural Pageants. His singles were then released on his first LP, ''Come Dance With The Champ'' (1979). Through Moean Mohammed's Windsor Records, his singles and early 1980s LPs were distributed throughout the Caribbean, South America, North America and Europe with assistance from Rohit Jagessar and various other producers and record store owners. By the late 1980s, he started making frequent appearances outside of the Caribbean to perform. He appeared as a headliner in New York. He performed with international Indian stars Babla & Kanchan, [[Anup Jalota]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], and [[Kishore Kumar]]. Popo also performed with numerous Chutney artists and other Trinidadian and Caribbean artists.

Popo won many awards during his career, and in 1995 [[Black Stalin]] won the Trinidad and Tobago [[Calypso Monarch]] title with his ''Tribute to Sundar Popo''. There are also other tributes to Popo done by Devannand Gatto, [[Terry Gajraj]], [[Rikki Jai]], [[Ravi Bissambhar]], Brian Mohan, Anthony Batson, [[Superblue]], Dave Lall, [[Drupatee Ramgoonai]], and Chris Garcia.<ref name="Thompson" /> In addition to his solo albums, Popo has also released collaborations with Babla & Kanchan, and JMC Triveni.

== Death and legacy ==
[[File:Sundarpopo.jpg|thumb|Statue of Sundar Popo in Debe]]
While Popo had recorded and performed prolifically since the late 1960s, failing health and eyesight forced him to slow down. At the 2000 Chutney Monarch competition, his performance had to be cut short after one song, and he played his final concert on 1 April 2000, in [[Connecticut]].<ref name="Thompson" /> On 2 May 2000, he died at the home he had built on Lal Beharry Trace in Monkey Town from heart and kidney ailments relating to [[diabetes]].<ref name="Thompson" /> His funeral was attended by Trinidad and Tobago Prime Minister, [[Basdeo Panday]]. He is survived by his three sons Hemant, Harripersad, and Jaiknath Sundar, and his daughter Sundari. Popo's granddaughters, Chandra and Natasha Sundar, are now following in their grandfather's footsteps in singing. An auditorium called Sundarlal Popo Bahora Auditorium is named after him at the Southern Academy for the Performing Arts (SAPA) in [[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]]. At that same auditorium, a play called "Sundar" is about Popo's life, produced by Iere Theatre Productions Ltd. Popo's song "Chadar Bichawo Balma" was a song that Amitabh Bachchan incorporated into his medleys on his live stage performances in 1982/83. [[Sonu Nigam]] has also done a rendition on Popo's songs. [[Kalpana Patowary]] has also resung some of Popo's songs. Popo's song "Pholourie Bina Chutney" was resung and put into the popular [[Bollywood]] movie ''[[Dabangg 2]]''. There are negotiations going on to rename Monkey Town, the small village Popo was from, to Sundar Popo Village and to rename the street he lived on, Lal Beharry Trace to Sundar Popo Road. There is a statue of Sundar Popo in [[Debe]].

== Awards ==

* Four-time winner of the Indian Cultural Pageant<ref name="Thompson" />
* National Award for Excellence
* Local Song category Indian Cultural Pageant (1976)
* Top Indian vocalist (1988)
* Sunshine Award for first place in Indian Soca (1993)<ref name="Thompson" />
* King of Chutney in [[South Florida]], United States (1993)
* The National [[Hummingbird Medal]] of Trinidad and Tobago (silver) (1993)<ref name="Thompson" />
* Caribbean Music Award (1994)<ref name="Thompson" />
* "Caribbean Bachanal" trophy (1996)

== Discography ==

=== Albums ===
* ''Come Dance with the Champ'' – 1979
* ''Hot & Spicy'' (with [[Anup Jalota]]) – 1980
* ''Hot & Sweet'' – 1981
* ''The Nana and Nani Man Sings Again'' – 1982
* ''Sundar Fever'' – 1985
* ''The Latest, The Greatest'' – 1986
* ''Sundar Soca'' – 1986
* ''Indian Soca'' – 1987
* ''Screwdriver'' – 1988
* ''Oh My Lover'' – 1989
* ''Nana & Nani Don't Cry'' – 1989
* ''Sundar Popo's Heartbreak'' – 1990
* ''Who We Go Bring Back Again?'' – 1991
* ''Is The Spaner She Want'' – 1992
* ''Sweet Sweet Guyana'' (with Anand Yankaran)- 1993
* ''Children Children Respect Your Mother & Father'' – 1993
* ''Dance Party King'' – 1994
* ''Classic'' – 1994
* ''Cool Yuhself With Cold Water'' – 1995
* ''Musical Voyage: East Meets West'' – 1998
* ''Unity'' – 1998
* ''Friends'' – 2000

=== 7" and 12" ===
*''Nana & Nani bw Indian Moments of Treasure'' – 1969
*''Play You Mas'' – 1971
*''Scorpion Gyul bw Phuluwrie Bina Chatnee'' – 1976
*''Caroni Gyul bw Ab Na Jaibay'' – 1978
*''Come My Darling bw Sabhagie'' – 1975
*''Hum Najaiba bw Tears in My Eyes'' – 1978
*''Maa Ka Mohabat bw Don't Fall in Love'' – 1977
*''Naina Bandh/Chal Ka Chal'' – 1986
*''Samdhin Tere/Tere Liye'' – 1986

== References ==
{{portal|Trinidad and Tobago}}
{{reflist}}

*{{cite news | title = SUNDAR POPO – PIONEER IN ETHNIC CROSSOVER MUSIC | newspaper = Trinidad Guardian | date =1 January 2000 | url = http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Biography/bio_SundarPopo2.htm | accessdate =23 March 2006}}
*{{cite news | last= Bowman | first= Wayne |title = SUNDAR POPO | newspaper = Trinidad Guardian | date = 4 May 2000 | url = http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Biography/bio_SundarPopo_latesinger.htm | accessdate =23 March 2006}}
*{{cite web | last = Sookram | first = Caldeo | title = Sundar Popo | url = http://www.pantrinbago.com/Sundarpopo.html | accessdate =23 March 2006}}
*{{cite news |title = SUNDAR POPO 1943–2000 | url = http://www.nalis.gov.tt/Biography/bioSundarPopo_Legacy.htm| accessdate =23 March 2006}}
*{{cite news|title = Drupatie Pays Tribute to Sundar Popo | url=http://www.newsday.co.tt/news/print,0,49240.html
}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Popo, Sundar}}

[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:2000 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Trinidad and Tobago male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Trinidad and Tobago singers]]
[[Category:Chutney musicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Hummingbird Medal]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago Hindus]]
[[Category:Trinidad and Tobago people of Indian descent]]

Kotak Mutual Fund

2025-10-21T14:17:54Z

Birjesh Kumar: new redirect

#REDIRECT [[Kotak Mahindra Bank]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R from subtopic}}
}}

Indira Gandhi University

2025-08-17T14:39:10Z

Birjesh Kumar:

'''Indira Gandhi University''' may refer to one of several universities in India named after former prime minister [[Indira Gandhi]]:
* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]], public open university in New Delhi
* [[Indira Gandhi National Tribal University]], central university in Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh
* [[Indira Gandhi University, Rewari]], state university in Rewari, Haryana
* [[Indira Gandhi Agricultural University]] (also called Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya), in [[Raipur]], Chhattisgarh

{{School disambiguation}}

Smritivan Earthquake Memorial and Museum

2025-07-26T19:02:36Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Smritivan Earthquake Memorial and Museum
| logo =
| logo_upright =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{Coord|display=title, inline}}
| former_name =
| established = {{Start date and age|2022|08|28|df=y}}
| dissolved = 
| location = [[Bhuj]], [[Kutch district]], [[Gujarat]], India
| type = [[Local museum]] and memorial park
| accreditation =
| key_holdings =
| collections =
| collection_size =
| visitors =
| founder =
| executive_director =
| leader_type =
| leader =
| director =
| president =
| ceo =
| chairperson =
| curator = Design Factory India<ref>{{Cite web | title=:: Design Factory India :: | url=http://designfactoryindia.org/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=designfactoryindia.org}}</ref>
| historian =
| owner =
| publictransit =
| car_park =
| parking =
| network =
| website = 
| embedded =
| architect = Vastu-Shilpa Consultants
}}
'''Smritivan Earthquake Memorial and Museum''' is a memorial park dedicated to the victims of [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] and museum on [[Bhujia Hill|Bhujiyo Hill]] in [[Bhuj]], [[Kutch district]] (Kachchh), [[Gujarat]], India. The project is developed by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA) and managed by KPMG Advisory Services Pvt Ltd.

==History==
The memorial park dedicated to the victims of [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]] and celebrating resilience of people of Kutch along with a museum was proposed in 2004 by Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Ray">{{cite news |last=Ray |first=Joydeep |date=16 April 2004 |title=Gujarat to set up quake memorial in Bhuj |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/gujarat-to-set-up-quake-memorial-in-bhuj-104041601028_1.html}}</ref> The architect for the memorial and museum was Vastu-Shilpa Consultants while museum exhibition design and curation were done by Design Factory India.<ref>{{Cite web | title=:: Design Factory India :: | url=http://designfactoryindia.org/ | access-date=2025-07-26 | website=designfactoryindia.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sangath - Vāstu Shilpā Consultants |url=https://www.sangath.org/projects/smriti-van-memorial-and-museum-bhuj/ |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=www.sangath.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Smritivan Earthquake Museum |url=http://designfactoryindia.org/smritivan.html |access-date=2022-12-30 |website=Design Factory India}}</ref> It was inaugurated on 28 August 2022 by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=PM Modi Inaugurates ‘Smriti Van’ Earthquake Memorial in Kutch, Gujarat |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-smriti-van-earthquake-memorial-in-kutch-gujarat-11661671489805.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

[[File: Smritivan 2001 Gujarat earthquake memorial garden in Bhuj, Gujarat, India.jpg|thumb|Smritivan under construction in 2016|right]]

==Features==
The memorial park is spread over an area of {{convert|470|acre|ha}}.<ref name=":0" /> There are more than 5,00,000 trees, dedicated to Earthquake victims, planted in the park.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=Modi to inaugurate first phase of 'Smriti Van' Kutch earthquake memorial in Jan 2019 |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/modi-to-inaugurate-first-phase-of-smriti-van-kutch-earthquake-memorial-in-jan-2019/articlecontent-pf34359-2810583.html}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=PM Modi inaugurates Smriti Van Memorial in Kutch - See pics of museum |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/pm-modi-inaugurates-smriti-van-memorial-in-kutch-see-stunning-pics-of-museum-2502639.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> There are 50 check dams, a sunset point, 8 km-long pathways, 1.2 km-long internal roads, 1 MW solar power plant and parking space for 3,000 people.<ref name=":0" />

The museum has seven blocks spread over an area of {{convert|11500|sqm|sqft}}.<ref name=":0" /> These blocks features seven themes: Rebirth, Rediscover, Restore, Rebuild, Rethink, Relive and Renew.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2022-08-28 |title=PM Modi to inaugurate Smriti Van: Know about Bhuj memorial based on seven themes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-inaugurate-smriti-van-know-about-bhuj-memorial-based-on-seven-themes-101661652782653.html |access-date=2022-08-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Block theme<ref name=":2" />
!Displays<ref name=":2" />
|-
|Rebirth
|[[Geological history of Earth|Evolution of Earth]]
|-
|Rediscover
|Topography and natural disaster risk of Gujarat
|-
|Restore
|Aftermath of the 2001 earthquake with galleries depicting relief work
|-
|Rebuild
|Rebuilding efforts following the 2001 earthquake
|-
|Rethink
|Types and preparedness for various disasters
|-
|Relive
|5D earthquake simulator
|-
|Renew
|Memorial space for the victims of the 2001 earthquake
|}

== See also ==

* [[Veer Balak Smarak]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{commons category}}

[[Category:Museums in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Local museums in India]]
[[Category:Museums established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kutch district]]
[[Category:Bhuj]]
[[Category:Memorial parks]]

Vadham

2025-07-18T15:32:55Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding A Info

{{short description|2021 Indian web series by Rajapandi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2021|02|12}}
| network = [[MX Player]]
| company =
| runtime =
| camera = Rakesh Sridhar Colin Titus
| editor = J. V. Manikanda Balaji
| location =
| producer =
| num_episodes =
| image = Vadham.jpg
| num_seasons = 1
| language = Tamil
| country = India
| opentheme =
| theme_music_composer = Prithwick
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Sruthi Hariharan]]
* Ashwathy Warrier
* [[Semmalar Annam]]
* Preethisha Premkumaran
}}
| creative_director =
| director = Venkatesh Babu
| writer =
| based_on =
| genre = [[Crime fiction|Crime]]
| native_name =
| alt_name =
| caption = Release poster
| screenplay =
}}

'''''Vadham''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Crime fiction|crime]] web series produced for [[MX Player]], written and directed by Venkatesh Babu. It stars [[Sruthi Hariharan]] in the lead role with Ashwathy Warrier, [[Semmalar Annam]] and Preethisha Premkumaran in supporting roles. The series revolves around an IPS office, who sets out to solve the murder of an influential businessman with an all-women task force. The series was released in Tamil on 12 February 2021, alongside dubbed Telugu and Hindi versions.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/02/10221954/1275482/Sruthi-Hariharan-on-her-action-cop-avatar-in-Tamil-.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613060807/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/02/10221954/1275482/Sruthi-Hariharan-on-her-action-cop-avatar-in-Tamil-.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2021|title=Sruthi Hariharan on her action cop avatar in Tamil web series 'Vadham'|date=10 February 2021|website=dtNext.in}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vadham-mxplayer-tamil-series-led-by-sruthi-hariharan-overplays-its-masculine-female-cop-9341021.html|title=Vadham, MXPlayer Tamil series led by Sruthi Hariharan, overplays its 'masculine' female cop|date=24 February 2021|website=Firstpost}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Sruthi Hariharan]] as Sakthi Pandiyan
* Ashwathy Warrier as Ramani Chandran
* [[Semmalar Annam]] as Mercy
* Preethisha Premkumaran as Maya
* [[Vivek Rajgopal]] as Divakar
* [[M. J. Shriram]] as Anandhan
* Pasanga Sivakumar as Sakthi's father

==Production==
The series was primarily shot in 2018, and had a delayed release in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/feb/23/i-am-now-older-and-wisersruthi-hariharan-2267483.html|title=I am now older and wiser: Sruthi Hariharan|website=The New Indian Express|date=23 February 2021|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304125721/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2021/feb/23/i-am-now-older-and-wisersruthi-hariharan-2267483.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/i-enjoyed-the-anonymity-but-will-return-to-acting-soon-786340.html|title=I enjoyed the anonymity but will return to acting soon|date=17 December 2019|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620214431/https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-lifestyle/i-enjoyed-the-anonymity-but-will-return-to-acting-soon-786340.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Release ==
The web series was released on 12 February 2021 on [[MX Player]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.letsott.com/vadham|title=Vadham MX Player Series|website=Vadham MX Player Series}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.binged.com/news/vadham-on-mx-player-a-fierce-cops-battle-against-all-odds/|title=Vadham on MX Player: A Fierce Cop's Battle Against All Odds|date=10 February 2021|website=Binged|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618215341/https://www.binged.com/news/vadham-on-mx-player-a-fierce-cops-battle-against-all-odds/|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Times of India]]'' noted "while the show’s screenplay lacks the punch of an action thriller at places, it is backed by a solid performance by its stellar lead women — Sruthi Hariharan, Ashwathy Warrier, Semmalar Annam and Preetheesha Premkumaran".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/vadham/season-1/seasonreview/80892731.cms|title=Vadham Season 1 Review: Sruthi Hariharan shines in this vigilante cop drama|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=26 May 2021|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526231025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/tamil/vadham/season-1/seasonreview/80892731.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A review from entertainment portal ''FilmCompanion'' noted "released with minimal fanfare, ''Vadham'' is built on noble intentions. Venkatesh Babu, the director, goes on to prove that vision matters the most."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/tamil-review/vadham-web-series-review-mx-player-is-grandly-surprising-sruthi-hariharan-semmalar-annam/|title=Vadham On MX Player, With Sruthi Hariharan, Is Grandly Surprising|first=Karthik|last=Keramalu|date=15 February 2021}}</ref> Another reviewer from IWM Buzz noted "as far as aspirational law-enforcement dramas go, ''Vadham'' takes the cake …and the kick."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/editorial-digital/review-mx-players-vadham-new-series-salutes-girl-power/2021/02/18|title=Review Of MX Player's Vadham: New Series Salutes Girl Power|date=18 February 2021|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=18 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218082222/https://www.iwmbuzz.com/digital/editorial-digital/review-mx-players-vadham-new-series-salutes-girl-power/2021/02/18|url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' also gave the series a positive review, adding "the biggest plus of the series is its portrayal of the police as being as human as anyone else. The writing, though, needed to be tighter."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/sruthi-shines-in-action-thriller-955847.html|title=Sruthi shines in action thriller|date=27 February 2021|website=Deccan Herald|access-date=15 June 2021|archive-date=16 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516060952/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dh-talkies/sruthi-shines-in-action-thriller-955847.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In contrast, a reviewer from ''FirstPost'' noted "''Vadham'' lacks assurance to try anything new, resting on the tried-and-tested formulae, even going so far to endorse custodial deaths."<ref name="auto"/>

Sruthi Hariharan announced that a second season of ''Vadham'' was being planned during an interview in March 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/i-will-direct-a-film-before-i-turn-45-sruthi-hariharan/articleshow/81722925.cms|title=I will direct a film before I turn 45: Sruthi Hariharan - Times of India ►|website=The Times of India|date=28 March 2021 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=13959748}}

[[Category:Tamil-language web series]]
[[Category:MX Player original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime television series]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language television series endings]]

Sulochana Katkar

2025-04-30T17:04:53Z

Birjesh Kumar: Adding A Post

{{Short description|Indian politician (1929–2012)}}
{{Distinguish|Sulochana Latkar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sulochana Katkar
| image = 
| caption = Sulochana Katkar
| office = Nominated [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = January 1985<ref name="archive.org2">{{cite web|url=http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/8485/8485-41-SII-EOG-5.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524062817/http://goaprintingpress.gov.in/downloads/8485/8485-41-SII-EOG-5.pdf |archivedate=2018-05-24 |title=Official Gazette |date=24 May 2018}}</ref>
| term_end = November 1989<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=24 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025200950/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20Goa%201989.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth year|1929}}
| birth_place = [[Bandora, Goa|Bandora]], [[Ponda taluka]], [[Portuguese Goa]]
| occupation = Politician
| awards =
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|09|22|1929|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Margao]], Goa
}}

'''Sulochana Ramakant Katkar''' (1929–2012) was an Indian politician and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] in [[Goa]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fernandes |first=Aureliano |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHpuAAAAMAAJ&q=Sulochana+Katkar |title=Cabinet Government in Goa, 1961-1993: A Chronicled Analysis of 30 Years of Government and Politics in Goa |date=1997 |publisher=Maureen & Camvet Publishers |pages=107 |language=en}}</ref> She served as a nominated member of the [[Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly]] from 1984 to 1989 and was the longest-serving president of the [[Goa Pradesh Congress Committee]] (GPCC).<ref name="TOIObit">{{Cite news |date=2012-09-23 |title=Ex-Congress chief Sulochana Ramakant Katkar passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ex-congress-chief-sulochana-ramakant-katkar-passes-away/articleshow/16510281.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Loomba |first1=Ania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wOr5rxXE5UcC&dq=Sulochana+Katkar&pg=PA262 |title=South Asian Feminisms |last2=Lukose |first2=Ritty A. |date=2012-03-05 |publisher=Duke University Press |isbn=978-0-8223-5179-5 |pages=262 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Martins |first=Jośe Francisco |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hmRuAAAAMAAJ&q=Sulochana+Katkar |title=In Search of Self-fulfilment |date=1997 |publisher=Rajhauns Vitaran |isbn=978-81-85854-79-3 |pages=259 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and political career ==
Katkar was born in [[Bandora, Goa|Bandora]] in [[Ponda taluka]], Goa. She joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in the late 1970s and worked alongside [[Purushottam Kakodkar]], R. Deshprabhu, and Praful Priolkar. She was associated with then-Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] during the formation of the government in 1980.<ref name="TOIObit" />

== Legislative tenure ==
In the 1980 and 1984 elections, the Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly did not have any elected female members. To address this, Chief Minister [[Pratapsingh Rane]] nominated Katkar, along with [[Phyllis Faria]] and [[Sangeeta Parab]], to the assembly for the term 1984–1989. This nomination was intended to ensure representation for women and other underrepresented groups.<ref name="TOIObit" />

== GPCC presidency ==
Katkar served as the president of the Goa Pradesh Congress Committee for an extended period. During her tenure, she contributed to the party's activities and organizational work in Goa. She was known for her firm approach in maintaining party discipline and policies.<ref name="TOIObit" />

== Death and legacy ==
Sulochana Katkar died on 22 September 2012 at the age of 83, in a private hospital in [[Margao]], Goa, after a brief illness.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-09-22 |title=Sulochana Ramakant Katkar, the former member of Goa, Daman and Diu legislative assembly and ex- president of Goa Pradesh Congress committee (GPCC) passed away Saturday evening. Katkar, 83, breathed her last at a private hospital in Margao after a brief illness. She was a nominated MLA for the term 1984 -89 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sulochana-ramakant-katkar-the-former-member-of-goa-daman-and-diu-legislative-assembly-andex-president-of-goa-pradesh-congress-committee-gpcc-passed-away-saturday-evening-katkar-83-breathed-her-last-at-a-private-hospital-in-margao-after-a-brief-illness-she-was-a-nominated-mla-for-the-term1984-89/articleshow/16508627.cms |access-date=2025-02-26 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> She had undergone backbone surgery before she died.<ref name="TOIObit" /> The GPCC honored her contributions during the 30th anniversary of Goa's statehood in 2016.<ref name="GoanHonour">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-01 |title=Cong party honours Eduardo, Katkar |url=https://www.thegoan.net//cong-party-honours-eduardo-katkar/18117.html |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=The Goan}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Katkar, Sulochana}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Goa Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Goa MLAs 1984–1989]]