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Sandhya Raagam

2026-05-28T03:07:46Z

Bikram Rout: made a article!

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{For multi|the 1966 film|Sandhya Raga|the 1977 film|Sandhyaraag}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sandhya Raagam
| image = Sandhya Raagam.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = [[Balu Mahendra]]
| screenplay = Balu Mahendra
| story = Akila Mahendra
| producer = Balu Mahendra
| starring = {{ubl|[[Archana (actress)|Archana]]|[[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]] |[[Veera Santhanam|Oviyar Santhanam]]}}
| cinematography = Balu Mahendra
| editing = Balu Mahendra
| music = [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
| distributor = [[Doordarshan]]
| released = {{Film date|1989}}
| runtime = 84 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Sandhya Raagam''''' ({{translation|Tune of the Twilight}}) is a 1989 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[drama film]] produced, written and directed by [[Balu Mahendra]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ajith Kumar |first=P.K. |date=27 August 2010 |title=A life in cinema |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/27/stories/2010082750800200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125060038/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/08/27/stories/2010082750800200.htm |archive-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> It stars [[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]] and [[Veera Santhanam|Oviyar Santhanam]] in prominent roles. Shot in black-and-white, the film was photographed and edited by Mahendra himself. At the [[37th National Film Awards]], it won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]] (1990).

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=October 2023}}
Chokkalingam, an octagenarian, leaves his village upon the death of his wife. He migrates to Madras, where his nephew Vasu, a lower-middle-class man lives along with his family. Chokkalingam becomes an additional burden for Vasu, who is not able to meet the demands of his own family.

== Cast ==
* [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Thulasi
* [[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]] as Chokkalingam
* [[Veera Santhanam|Oviyar Santhanam]] as Vasu
* Baby Rajalakshmi as Valli

== Themes ==
The film's central theme revolves around old age.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|p=131}}

== Production ==
The film was made on a shoestring budget. Like his previous films, Mahendra wrote the screenplay, edited and photographed the film apart from handling the direction. Ramasamy was hired as the art director while V. S. Murthy and [[A. S. Laxmi Narayanan]] looked after the audiography.<ref name="iffi">{{Cite web |title=37th National Film Festival |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37nfa.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018073449/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm37NFAAward.aspx?PdfName=37nfa.pdf |archive-date=18 October 2014 |access-date=21 December 2011 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=22}}</ref> The film did not have any songs; [[L. Vaidyanathan]] composed the background score.<ref name="uv">{{Cite magazine |last=S. |first=Balu |date=21 January 1990 |title=அவார்டுக்கு அனுப்பப்பட்ட படங்கள்! |trans-title=Films sent for awards! |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/jan/21-01-1990/p38.jpg |url-status=dead |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |page=40 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220731051029/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1990/jan/21-01-1990/p38.jpg |archive-date=2022-07-31 |access-date=2022-06-16}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Sandhya Raagam'' is yet to have a theatrical release, but was regularly aired on [[Doordarshan]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Prasanna |first=R. S. |date=13 February 2009 |title=The calling cards for box office success |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/feb/13/the-calling-cards-for-box-office-success-25374.html |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155039/http://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2009/feb/13/the-calling-cards-for-box-office-success-25374.html |archive-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said, "Balu Mahendra narrates the plight of his lead character with a tremendously observant eye. The celluloid breathes silence and beauty, and the humour and piquancy of the situations are striking".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=21 September 1990 |title=Sandhya Ragam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19900921&printsec=frontpage |access-date=6 September 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare]] in 1990.<ref name="iffi" /> A year later, it was screened at the [[International Film Festival of India]] along with ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' (1990) as the only two Tamil films as part of Indian Panorama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=14th International Film Festival of India |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm14IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=14IIFA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130012438/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm14IIFAAward.aspx?PdfName=14IIFA.pdf |archive-date=30 January 2013 |access-date=13 July 2014 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2 November 1990 |title=Anjali, Sandhya Raagam selected for Panorama |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19901102&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=27 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In a 2007 interview to ''[[The Hindu]]'', Mahendra said that ''Sandhya Raagam'' and ''[[Veedu]]'' were his two films "with the fewest compromises and mistakes".<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 January 2007 |title=Tamil books reviewed at Landmark |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://hindu.com/2007/01/10/stories/2007011020440200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=21 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070121161207/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/10/stories/2007011020440200.htm |archive-date=21 January 2007}}</ref>

In 2011, Mahendra said that there was no existing negative of the film.<ref>{{Cite news |last=N |first=Venkateswaran |date=14 February 2014 |title=Balu Mahendra, who made his visuals speak, dies at 74 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Balu-Mahendra-who-made-his-visuals-speak-dies-at-74/articleshow/30363139.cms |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302182333/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Balu-Mahendra-who-made-his-visuals-speak-dies-at-74/articleshow/30363139.cms |archive-date=2 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=26 December 2011 |title=The digital picture: from reel to HD |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/the-digital-picture-from-reel-to-hd/article2748344.ece |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140715090421/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/the-digital-picture-from-reel-to-hd/article2748344.ece |archive-date=15 July 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |title=The eye of the serpent: An introduction to Tamil cinema |publisher=Westland |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-83260-74-4 |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |orig-date=1996}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0235742}}

{{Balu Mahendra}}

[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:1989 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1989 drama films]]
[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Best Film on Family Welfare National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films directed by Balu Mahendra]]
[[Category:Films scored by L. Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Ooha (film)

2026-05-08T08:06:01Z

Bikram Rout:

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ooha
| image = Ooha (film).jpeg
| caption = Poster
| starring = [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Ooha]] [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] [[Subhashri]]
| director = Sivala Prabhakar
| writer = Sivala Prabhakar
| producer = Thalluri Veeralakshmi Narayana S. Durga Prasad
| cinematography = Relangi Ravindranath
| editing = Trinath
| music = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| distributor = Iyyapu Kurma Rao
| studio = Sri Sairathna International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1996|1|12|ref1=}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| language = Telugu
| country = India
}}

'''''Ooha''''' is a 1996 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film written by and directed by Sivala Prabhakar. It stars [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Ooha]], [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] and [[Subhashri]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/hero-vikram-birthday-special-156327.html|title=HBD Vikram: Vikram's unique weapon|language=te|work=[[NTV (India)|NTV]]|date=20 April 2022|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=17 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220417022105/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/hero-vikram-birthday-special-156327.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was released on 12 January 1996 and was not successful at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://idreampost.com/news/rare-combination-7658.html|title=అరుదైన కాంబినేషన్ – Nostalgia|trans-title=A rare combination - nostalgia|author=Ravindra Siraj|work=iDreamPost.com|date=10 May 2020|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=21 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721055348/https://idreampost.com/news/rare-combination-7658.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugudesk.net/interesting-story-about-senior-actress-subhashri-movie-career/|title=All the movies starring Subhashri as the heroine flopped at the box office.!!|author=Lavanya Suresh|date=4 November 2021|language=te|work=TeluguDesk|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722042717/https://telugudesk.net/interesting-story-about-senior-actress-subhashri-movie-career/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Bosu's sister is cheated by her college mate Mohan, who dies after handing over her child to Bosu. Therefore, Bosu, along with the child, goes on a search for Mohan to avenge his sister.

Mohan, who has just completed his degree, gets a job in Ooha's father's company. He manages to trap Ooha in love. Her father accepts their marriage and decides to hand over the company to Mohan. However, Mohan is already to married to his cousin Vani after taking a dowry of 1 lakh from his uncle for his higher studies. Vani, who used to stay in her hometown, now returns to the city to live with Mohan. Ooha is unaware that Mohan is already married.

One day, a group of miscreants harasses Vani, but Bosu comes to her rescue. Ooha also joins, and they shame the miscreants in public. Later, Bosu meets Ooha and tells her that he is on a search for a cheat named Mohan, but Ooha does not realize that it is the same Mohan she loves. Meanwhile, Mohan attempts to kill Vani by leaking the house gas but fails.

Ooha invites Vani to her wedding with Mohan. After seeing the photos on the wedding card, Vani is shocked to learn the truth about her husband. Mohan returns home, tells Vani that he intends to move to another city for a job, and asks her to go to her hometown for a month. Vani, who realizes Mohan's ploy, refuses to leave and gets beaten up by him. One day, Bosu is hit by the miscreants in retaliation right in front of Vani's house. Vani treats him and feeds him for the day.

Bosu leaves but sees Mohan in traffic. Bosu runs behind Mohan's car to catch him. Mohan arrives at his home and realizes that Vani is pregnant. Mohan tells her that he intends to marry Ooha and kills Vani in rage as Bosu screams at him from the window. Mohan then hits Bosu and the child with his car in order to kill them, but they manage to survive. Bosu regains his consciousness at night and thinks that the child is dead, thus deciding to kill Mohan himself. However, Mohan's wedding with Ooha takes place as Bosu arrives, so he escapes from there. Mohan then leaves to dump Vani's body to clean up the evidence. At the same time, Bosu manages to meet Ooha and tell her the truth.

During their wedding night, Ooha acts like usual and pranks Mohan that she fed poisoned milk to him. When Mohan hugs her in relief, she stabs him for his sins. Mohan escapes from there and stumbles upon the child, who wakes up and cries. Ooha gets the child to remove her mangala sutra and tells him that their marriage is void as it is removed by his own son. Mohan gains the strength to attack her from behind, but Bosu manages to stab him to death, although he succumbs to his earlier wounds. Ooha walks away with the child.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] as Mohan
* [[Sivaranjani (actress)|Ooha]] as Ooha
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Bosu
* [[Subhashri]] as Vani
* [[Kaikala Satyanarayana]] as Ooha's father
* [[P. L. Narayana]] as Vani's father
* [[M. S. Narayana]]
* [[Ironleg Sastri]]
* Tummalapalli
* Rajasekhar Chowdhary
* D. Subbaraju
* Narayana Master
* Jaggu
* [[Lakshmipathi (actor)|Lakshmipati]]
* Ravindra
* Gadiraju Ramaraju
* Satyavadhamma
* Sunitha Devi
* Krishnapriya
}}

== Production ==
[[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]] and [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] had previously starred together ''[[Aadaalla Majaka]]'', in which Vikram played the protagonist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cw2uUxswWUs&t=3837s|title=Alitho Saradaga {{!}} Sriram (Actor) {{!}} 14th February 2022 {{!}} Full Episode {{!}} ETV Telugu|date=14 February 2022|work=[[ETV Telugu]]|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=22 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220722042849/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cw2uUxswWUs&t=3837s|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in this film Ali was the protagonist and Vikram was the antagonist.<ref name="News18">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Chiyaan Vikram Played Antagonist in This 1996 Film; Comedian Ali Was The Hero |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chiyaan-vikram-played-antagonist-in-this-1996-film-comedian-ali-was-the-hero-4781789.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425220642/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/chiyaan-vikram-played-antagonist-in-this-1996-film-comedian-ali-was-the-hero-4781789.html |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=22 July 2022 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref> The film was in production in mid-1995.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1995/Aug/11-aug-1995.pdf|title=ఊహ చిత్రంలో విక్రమ్, శుభ.|trans-title=Vikram and Subha in ''Ooha''.|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|language=te|page=9|date=11 August 1995|access-date=11 March 2024|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112091935/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1995/Aug/11-aug-1995.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ooha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| label =
| producer = [[J. V. Raghavulu]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The soundtrack album was composed by [[J. V. Raghavulu]], while [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] sang all five songs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ooha(1996)|url=http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=2957|publisher=CineRadham|accessdate=3 December 2014|archive-date=4 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204134323/http://www.cineradham.com/newsongs/song.php?movieid=2957|url-status=live}}</ref>

'''Tracklist'''
{{track listing
| lyrics_credits =
| total_length =

| title1 = Chikkindi Chukkalloni
| length1 =

| title2 =Idi Akaliyugamu
| length2 =

| title3 = Siri Siri Navvula

| title4 = Ooha

| title5 = Vedekke Vennello
}}

== Reception and box office==
C. Narayana Rao of ''[[Zamin Ryot]]'' appreciated the direction and screenplay by Prabhakar. Rao added that Prabhakar brought novelty in his execution in an otherwise routine storyline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1996/Feb/23-feb-1996.pdf|title=ఊహ [Ooha]|author=C. Narayana Rao|work=[[Zamin Ryot]]|date=23 February 1996|page=11|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=18 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118074633/http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1996/Feb/23-feb-1996.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Vikram's performance as a villain was praised.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/ali-vikram-did-you-know-that-chiyan-vikram-played-the-villain-in-the-movie-ali-here-are-the-details-ta-1203574.html|title=Ali - Vikram : ఆలీ సినిమాలో చియాన్ విక్రమ్ విలన్‌గా నటించిన ఈ సినిమా తెలుసా..|language=te|work=[[News18]]|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=16 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216122118/https://telugu.news18.com/news/movies/ali-vikram-did-you-know-that-chiyan-vikram-played-the-villain-in-the-movie-ali-here-are-the-details-ta-1203574.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The film went unnoticed at the box office.<ref name="News18"/> Sivala Prabhakar took a break from direction and only returned in 2010 with ''Srimathi Kalyanam'' starring [[Vadde Naveen]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/director-prabhakar-sivala-re-entry-with-gokulam-lo-govindhudu-kbk-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1921120704012698|title=గోకులంలో గోవిందుడు’ చిత్రంతో విక్రమ్ దర్శకుడు రీ ఎంట్రీ|language=te|work=[[Andhra Jyothy]]|date=7 December 2021|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=8 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608154159/https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/director-prabhakar-sivala-re-entry-with-gokulam-lo-govindhudu-kbk-mrgs-chitrajyothy-1921120704012698|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://greattelangaana.com/prabhakar-shivala-to-direct-gokulamlo-govindudu/|title=ప్రభాకర్ శివాల దర్శకత్వంలో "గోకులంలో గోవిందుడు"|date=7 December 2021|language=te|work=Great Telangana|access-date=22 July 2022|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125171711/https://greattelangaana.com/prabhakar-shivala-to-direct-gokulamlo-govindudu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15018202}}

[[Category:1996 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1996 Indian films]]
[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by J. V. Raghavulu]]
[[Category:1990s romantic thriller films]]

Tina Dabi

2026-05-04T16:01:53Z

Bikram Rout: made basic article basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian civil servant (born 1993)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Tina Dabi
| image =File:Tina Dabi.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Tina Dabi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|11|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], India
| nationality =
| education =
| alma mater = [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]]
| occupation = {{hlist|[[IAS officer]]|[[District magistrate|District Collector]]}}
| years_active = 2016–present
| employer =
| organization = [[Indian Administrative Service]]
| known_for =
| spouse = Athar Aamir Khan (m. 2018; div. 2021) 
Pradeep Gawande (m. 2022)
| awards =
}}
'''Tina Dabi''' (born 9 November 1993) is an Indian civil servant in [[Rajasthan]]. She ranked first in the [[Civil Services Examination]] (CSE) of 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Wayback Machine|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/documents/rlink/2016/may/p201651001.pdf|website=archive.pib.gov.in|access-date=2025-11-27|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20221010124117/https://archive.pib.gov.in/documents/rlink/2016/may/p201651001.pdf|archive-date=2022-10-10}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=UPSC Civil Services Exam 2015 Toppers Marks {{!}} UPSC IAS EXAM PORTAL|url=https://iasexamportal.com/upsc-2015-toppers-marks|website=iasexamportal.com|access-date=2025-11-27}}</ref> She was awarded with the President of India Gold Medal during her training period.<ref>{{Cite web|title=IAS Topper Tina Dabi Shines Again, Wins Gold Medal During 2-Year Training At LBSNAA|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/social-relevance/ias-topper-tina-dabi-shines-again-wins-gold-medal-during-2-year-training-at-lbsnaa-348427.html|website=[[Indiatimes]]|date=2018-06-30|access-date=2025-11-27|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Dabi was born in [[Bhopal]], [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Tina Dabi's Story: From UPSC Rank 1 to National Icon , A Journey of True Grit |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/articles/tina-dabis-story-from-upsc-rank-1-to-national-icon-a-journey-of-true-grit-1800005823-1 |work=Jagranjosh.com |date=28 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagari |first=Akhilesh |date=6 September 2024 |title=IAS Tina Dabi appointed Barmer District Collector, husband posted 150 km away |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-government-ias-officers-transfer-tina-dabi-district-collector-barmer-husband-pradeep-gawande-jalore-2595063-2024-09-06 |access-date=2025-02-09 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=4 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104004916/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/rajasthan-government-ias-officers-transfer-tina-dabi-district-collector-barmer-husband-pradeep-gawande-jalore-2595063-2024-09-06 |url-status=live }}</ref> Her family moved to [[Delhi]] in the year 2005.<ref name="Sharma-2023" /><ref name="Chishti-2016" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-10-06 |title=From becoming 1st Dalit woman to top UPSC to shattering stereotypes, Tina Dabi has carved her own path |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/from-becoming-1st-dalit-woman-to-top-upsc-to-shattering-stereotypes-tina-dabi-has-carved-her-own-path/articleshow/104216746.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-05-31 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> She is the daughter of Himali Kamble and Jaswant Dabi, both from Indian Engineering Services, and also the elder sister of Ria Dabi, IAS.<ref name="Chishti-2016" /> She was educated at the [[Convent of Jesus and Mary]] in Delhi<ref>{{cite news |title=UPSC Topper Tina Dabi's Class 10, 12 marksheet goes viral; she secured highest marks in… |url=https://www.india.com/education/upsc-topper-tina-dabis-class-10-12-marksheet-goes-viral-she-secured-highest-marks-in-7591700/ |work=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref> and then graduated in Political Science from [[Lady Shri Ram College for Women]], [[Delhi]].<ref name="Chishti-2016">{{Cite web |last=Chishti |first=Seema |date=2016-07-01 |title=Between the lines of Tina Dabi's IAS success story: Individual excellence and social change |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/tina-dabi-upsc-topper-upsc-civil-services-examination-2797804/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604213808/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/tina-dabi-upsc-topper-upsc-civil-services-examination-2797804/ |archive-date=4 June 2016 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Career ==
In 2015, at the age of 22, Dabi took the [[Civil Services Examination|Indian civil service exam]] to qualify for an [[Indian Administrative Service]]s job and came in first in the nation, the first woman from the marginalized [[Dalit]] caste to do so.<ref name="Sharma-2023">{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Nootan |date=27 January 2023 |title=Tina Dabi is an IAS celebrity. Jaisalmer media has turned into paparazzi |url=https://theprint.in/feature/tina-dabi-is-an-ias-celebrity-jaisalmer-media-has-turned-into-paparazzi/1336225/ |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[ThePrint]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Naraharisetty-2022">{{Cite web |last=Naraharisetty |first=Rohitha |date=25 April 2022 |title=The Media's Obsession With IAS Officer Tina Dabi's Marriage Is Rooted in Casteism |url=https://www.theswaddle.com/the-medias-obsession-with-ias-officer-tina-dabis-marriage-is-rooted-in-casteism |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=The Swaddle|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/dalit-top-civil-service-tina-dabi-break-the-glass-ceiling-2796854.html | title=With a Dalit yet to make it to the top of civil service, can Tina Dabi break the glass ceiling? | publisher=First Post | date=24 May 2016 | access-date=9 February 2025}}</ref> Her accomplishment drew attention to the details of her personal life and criticism of the [[Reservation in India|reservation system]] for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled castes]].<ref name="Sharma-2023" /><ref name="Naraharisetty-2022" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=16 August 2022 |title=Unprecedented outrage as thousands sign online petition against IAS topper Tina Dabi, days after Jaisalmer Collector separated by husband by 500 kms |url=https://www.jantakareporter.com/entertainment/unprecedented-outrage-as-thousands-sign-online-petition-against-ias-topper-tina-dabi-days-after-jaisalmer-collector-separated-by-husband-by-500-kms/401434/ |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Janta Ka Reporter]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Chouhan-2024">{{Cite web |last=Chouhan |first=Mahipal Singh |date=25 October 2024 |title=IAS Tina Dabi bows her head before BJP leader '5 times in 7 seconds.' Viral video sparks debate |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/ias-tina-dabi-bows-her-head-before-bjp-leader-5-times-in-7-seconds-viral-video-sparks-debate-101729843807414.html |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref>

It also drew attention to [[caste]]ism in India.<ref name="Naraharisetty-2022" /> Rohitha Naraharisetty, writing in ''The Swaddle'', said the "relentless media gaze...from the outset, had little to do with her accomplishments and more to do with astonishment" due to prejudice.<ref name="Naraharisetty-2022" /> Dabi told ''[[The Hindu]]'', "When my results were out, wishes poured in on the first day, but the next day, I started getting messages from the media asking for my caste, because my [[surname]] sounded different”.<ref name="Naraharisetty-2022" />

Her first civil service position was in 2017 as an assistant collector in [[Ajmer]], Rajasthan.<ref name="Sharma-2023" /> In 2020 she was a joint secretary in [[Jaipur]], Rajasthan.<ref name="Sharma-2023" /> In 2023 she was a district collector and magistrate in [[Jaisalmer]], Rajasthan.<ref name="Sharma-2023" /> Since 2024 she is [[District magistrate|district collector]] in [[Barmer district|Barmer]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-06 |title=IAS officer Tina Dabi: A look at her salary and perks as Barmer's new district collector |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/ias-officer-tina-dabi-a-look-at-her-salary-and-perks-as-barmers-new-district-collector-641341.html |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=[[Indiatimes]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005104327/https://www.indiatimes.com/worth/news/ias-officer-tina-dabi-a-look-at-her-salary-and-perks-as-barmers-new-district-collector-641341.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Chouhan-2024" />

In 2025, at the 6th National Water Awards 2025, President of India, Smt. Droupadi Murmu, conferred the first ever Jal Sanchay Jan Bhagidari Award to Barmer district, for their success in rainwater harvesting and community driven participation. This initiative was spearheaded by Tina Dabi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet UPSC 2014 topper Tina Dabi who has won award for water harvesting in Rajasthan's Barmer|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/education/ias-officer-tina-dabi-upsc-cse-journey-jal-sanchay-jan-bhagidari-award-10383512/|website=The Indian Express|date=2025-11-26|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Another BIG win for IAS Tina Dabi as collector gets Rs 2 crore from President for Barmer for her work in...|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-ias-tina-dabi-gets-rs-2-crore-from-president-murmu-as-barmer-collector-achieves-remarkable-success-in-water-conservation-harvesting-catch-the-rain-3189538|website=DNA India|access-date=2025-11-28|language=en|first=Prashant|last=Tamta}}</ref>

==Criticism==
In 2024, a video of Dabi bowing to [[Satish Poonia]] drew attention to the relationship between civil servants and elected officials in India.<ref name="Chouhan-2024" />

In December 2025, a student protest at Multanmal Bhikhchand Chhajed Women's College in Barmer, Rajasthan, over an alleged increase in college fees received media attention after some protesting students referred to the district collector, Tina Dabi, as a “reel star” rather than a “role model”. The remark circulated widely in news reports and on social media, following which two student leaders were briefly [[Detention (confinement)|detained]] by police, prompting further demonstrations outside the police station. The district administration stated that the action was taken to maintain law and order and clarified that no formal charges were filed, while Dabi described the episode as being unnecessarily portrayed as a controversy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dhingra |first=Sanya |date=2025-12-22 |title=Angry protesting students call IAS Tina Dabi 'reel star'. She says 'non-issue created for a viral moment' |url=https://theprint.in/india/angry-protesting-students-call-ias-tina-dabi-reel-star-she-says-non-issue-created-for-a-viral-moment/2810617/ |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref>

During the 2026 Republic Day celebrations, Barmer Collector Tina Dabi faced significant public backlash after a viral video showed her appearing disoriented and unsure of the proper saluting protocol. Critics on social media questioned her professional conduct and state of mind during the official ceremony, citing the incident as a lapse in the decorum expected of a senior IAS officer.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is She Drunk? Netizens React After UPSC Topper And Barmer IAS Officer Appears Unsure About Salute Direction; Watch |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/is-she-drunk-netizens-react-after-upsc-topper-and-barmer-ias-officer-appears-unsure-about-salute-di-7978861.html |website=Oneindia |date=26 January 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Mishra |first=Vinay |title=VIDEO: IAS Tina Dabi Slammed For 'Lousy Salute' During Republic Day 2026 Flag Hoisting |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/video-ias-tina-dabi-slammed-for-lousy-salute-during-republic-day-2026-flag-hoisting |website=The Free Press Journal |date=26 January 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Nautiyal |first=Devyani |title=IAS Officer Tina Dabi Faces Online Backlash Over Brief Salute Slip During Flag Hoisting — WATCH |url=https://news.abplive.com/trending/republic-day-2026-ias-tina-dabi-salute-video-viral-flag-hoisting-1823829 |website=ABP Live |date=26 January 2026 |access-date=7 March 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
In 2018, Dabi married Athar Aamir Khan, who ranked second in CSE 2015.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The [[Hindu Mahasabha]] called it a [[Love jihad conspiracy theory|love jihad]].<ref name="Naraharisetty-2022" /><ref name="India Today-2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-07-03 |title=After IAS Tina Dabi, ex-husband Athar Amir Khan set to marry again |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ias-tina-dabi-ex-husband-athar-amir-khan-set-to-marry-again-1969575-2022-07-02 |access-date=2025-02-07 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en |archive-date=15 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240615084143/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/ias-tina-dabi-ex-husband-athar-amir-khan-set-to-marry-again-1969575-2022-07-02 |url-status=live }}</ref> The couple divorced in 2021.<ref name="Naraharisetty-2022" /><ref name="India Today-2022" /> She married fellow IAS officer Pradeep Gawande in 2022. She gave birth to their son in 2023.<ref name="Sharma-2023" /><ref>{{cite news |title=IAS couple Tina Dabi, Pradeep Gawande blessed with baby boy |work=[[IANS]] English |location=New Delhi |date=16 September 2023 |id={{ProQuest|2865271303}} }}</ref> ''[[ThePrint]]'' referred to her as "the [[Bollywood]] star of bureaucracy" because of the level of media and public interest in her personal life.<ref name="Sharma-2023" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dabi, Tina}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:People from Bhopal]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Lady Shri Ram College alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Alisher, Punjab

2026-04-30T00:42:04Z

Bikram Rout: made bio!

{{short description|Village in Punjab, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=January 2023}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
'''Alisher Village''' is located in [[Pathankot]] tehsil in [[district]] [[Gurdaspur]], in the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. It is 13 km from the district [[headquarters]] in Pathankot.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alisher {{!}} Village {{!}} GeoIQ |url=https://geoiq.io/places/Alisher/Village |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=geoiq.io}}{{dead link|date=January 2023}}</ref> Alisher village is also a [[Gram panchayat]].

Its population is 592 people, of which 332 are males and 620 are females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alisher Village in Gurdaspur, Gurdaspur, Punjab – Info & Details |url=https://villageatlas.com/punjab/gurdaspur/gurdaspur/alisher |access-date=2023-01-28 |website=villageatlas.com |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128105342/https://villageatlas.com/punjab/gurdaspur/gurdaspur/alisher |url-status=dead }}</ref> Its [[Postal Index Number|pin code]] is 143519.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|India}}

[[Category:Villages in Gurdaspur district]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Sukhwinder Singh Sangha

2026-04-24T10:41:53Z

Bikram Rout: made first biography first draft - done

{{Short description|Sikh militant in India (1965–1990)}}
{{notability|1=Biographies|date=September 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sukhwinder Singh Sangha
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1965|02|02}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|11|03|1965|02|02|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Tarn Taran district|Sangha]], [[Punjab, India]]
| death_place = Bhullar, [[Tarn Taran, India|Tarn Taran]], [[Punjab, India]]
| image = Photograph of Sikh militant Sukhwinder Singh Sangha.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| title =
| office1 = 1st Jathedar of [[Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan]] (S)
| predecessor1 = ''None''
| successor1 = Racchpal Singh Chandra
| nickname = Sangha
| allegiance = [[Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan]], Panthic Committee
| service_years = 1982–1990
| rank = {{unbulleted list|[[General]]|[[Jathedar]]}}
| unit =
| laterwork =
| known_for =
| parents =
| alma_mater = [[Sri Guru Arjan Dev College]]
}}
'''Sukhwinder Singh Sangha''' (3 February 1965 - 3 November 1990) was a [[Sikh]] militant ([[kharku]]), the head of a faction of [[Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan]] during the [[insurgency in Punjab, India]].

Sangha was a popular Kharku, known for his help of civilians.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Pettigrew |first=Joyce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerilla Violence |date=1995-04-27 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-85649-355-0 |pages=92 |language=en}}</ref> He was awarded the title of the "20th-century [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]" by [[Damdami Taksal]] and other Sikh organizations ([[jatha]]s).<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |date=13 November 1990 |title=ਸੁਖਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੰਘਾ ਦੇ ਸ਼ਹੀਦੀ ਸਮਾਗਮ ਵਿਖੇ ਐਲਾਨ |trans-title=Announcement in Sukhwinder Singh Sangha’s martyrdom program |work=[[Ajit (newspaper)|Ajit]] (Jalandhar) |pages=7}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sukhwinder Singh Sangha was born on 3 February 1965, to Gulzar Singh and Mahinder Kaur in the village Sangha near [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]. He was the eldest of 5 siblings. Sangha was born in a farming family and became a farmer at a young age.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pettigrew |first=Joyce |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VBuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerilla Violence |date=1995-04-27 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-1-85649-355-0 |pages=59 |language=en}}</ref> Sangha took [[Khalsa|Amrit]] at a young age. Sangha received a [[Bachelor of Fine Arts]] at Sri Guru Arjan Dev College.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=3 November 1990 |title=ਤਰਨ ਤਾਰਨ ਦੇ ਨੇੜੇ ਮੁਕਾਬਲੇ ਵਿਖੇ ਬੀ.ਟੀ.ਐਫ ਚੀਫ ਸਮੇਤ 4 ਖਾੜਕੂ ਹਲਾਕ |trans-title=In an encounter near Tarn Taran 4 Kharkus dead with BTF chief |work=[[Ajit (newspaper)|Ajit]] (Jalandhar) |pages=1, 7}}</ref>

Sangha began listening to [[Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale|Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale's]] speeches and sermons and soon after joined [[Amrik Singh|Amrik Singh's]] [[All India Sikh Students Federation|All India Sikh Student Federation]].<ref name=":1" /> During [[Dharam Yudh Morcha]] Sangha courted arrest in protest. Sangha was kept in Ludhiana prison. He was released, but arrested once more after [[Operation Blue Star]], and released again.<ref name=":2" />

== Early actions ==
Sukhwinder Singh Sangha began his militancy after his second prison release. He took part in multiple militant gatherings and associated himself with Ranjit Singh Rana Thru and did multiple militant activities in the [[Majha]] area.<ref name=":2" /> Thru, Sangha, and a group of around other 15 [[Kharku]]s were involved in the robbing of a [[Home guard|Home Guard]] and Railway Police armory on 16 February 1986. They took 16 [[rifle]]s and 440 [[Cartridge (firearms)|cartridges]] of ammunitions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4StuAAAAMAAJ |title=Terrorism in Punjab: Cause and Cure |date=1987 |publisher=Panchnad Research Institute |pages=126 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVw8AAAAMAAJ |title=IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean |date=1987 |publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses |pages=1509 |language=en}}</ref> Thru, and Sangha were also involved in killings of looters in Majha.<ref name=":3" />

== Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan ==
On 25 August 1987, Rana Thru was killed in a police encounter, leaving Sangha alone.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A5lPAQAAMAAJ |title=Asian Bulletin |date=1987 |publisher=APACL Publications |pages=70 |language=en}}</ref> Sangha soon met [[Gurbachan Singh Manochahal]], the head of [[Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan]]. Sangha joined BTFK and became its [[Lieutenant general|Lieutenant General]]. Sangha led the day-to-day operations of BTFK and led 50-80 Kharkus.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Around this time Sangha made a statement in the press appealing for Kharkus to not be involved in "personal problems", to not harass "innocents", and to use weapons against "tyrants" and not to "cause terrorism". Sangha also appealed for people to see Kharkus as "brothers" and not "terrorists". Sangha also reveled that his father had been murdered and said he did not join the movement to kill "personnel enemies" and said he would not do anything until "evidence has been revealed".<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 1987 |title=ਲੈਫਟੀਨੈਟ ਜਨਰਲ ਸੰਘਾ ਦਾ ਕੌਮ ਨੂੰ ਸੰਦੇਸ਼ |trans-title=Lt. General Sangha’s message to the Sikh community |work=[[Punjabi Tribune]] |pages=8}}</ref>

On 26 January 1988, Sangha claimed responsibility for killing eight [[National Security Guard|Black Cats]]. Sangha alleged in a press note that the eight had sent letters in his name attempting to [[Extortion|extort]] people. Sangha said that they were killed as they went to take 500,000 rupees from a family they had sent extortion letters to.<ref>{{Cite news |title=ਵਾਰਦਾਤਾਂ |work=[[Ajit (newspaper)|Ajit]] |pages=7}}</ref>

On 29 May 1988, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing 4 and injuring 4 on 28 May 1988, in [[Hoshiarpur]] for celebrating [[Operation Black Thunder]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 May 1988 |title=ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਲਈ |trans-title=Responsibility taken |work=[[Ajit (newspaper)|Ajit]]}}</ref> Sangha also claimed responsibility for killing 1 [[Nirankari]] in [[Phagwara]], and claimed responsibility for killing 3 and injuring 2 people in 2 separate incidents for alleged blasphemy and anti-Sikh acts.<ref name="ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਲਈ">{{Cite news |title=ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਲਈ |work=[[Ajit (newspaper)|Ajit]]}}</ref>

On 22 October 1988, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha was surrounded by police in Turr while eating at a home of a pro-Kharku family. The police opened unprovoked fire on Sangha and the residents of the home and Sangha responded killing 3 officers and fleeing with the pro-Kharku family in order to ensure their protection.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 1988 |title=ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀ ਲਈ |work=Ajit |pages=7}}</ref>

Sangha claimed responsibility for killing 2 [[Home Guard (India)|Homeguards]] in Dublia on 20 March 1989. Sangha also claimed responsibility for killing 2 soldiers in Lanbhi Bhai and 1 soldier in Samadhur. Sangha also claimed responsibility for killing police informants in Herna Thava.<ref>World Sikh News 14 April 1989 Page 35 (Punjabi)</ref>

On 8 April 1989, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing 6 police informants of one family in Jaspal. One of the killed had recently been released from Jodhpur Prison after a 5 year sentence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Des Pardes - April 14 1989 |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=10362&page=4&CategoryID=2&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=2 |access-date=2023-10-08 |website=www.panjabdigilib.org}}</ref>

=== Encounter in Mussa ===
On 24 June 1989, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha was involved in a fierce encounter at Mussa near [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]]. The night before a police informant informed [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (Operations) Avtar Singh Chhetra that Sangha was in the village Mussa.<ref name=":5">[https://crpf.gov.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/534062020.pdf CRPF Samachar 1989]</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=WSN |title=S.P. Shot Dead In Tarn Taran |url=https://sikhheritageeducation.com/s-p-shot-dead-in-tarn-taran/ |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Sikh Heritage Education |language=en-US}}</ref> Chettra decided to wait until the morning to surround Mussa believing the Kharkus would manage to slip away in the night.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=25 June 1989 |title=ਭਿੰਡਰਾਂਵਾਲਾ ਟਾਈਗਰਜ਼ ਫੋਰਸ ਦਾ ਜਨਰਲ ਸੁਖਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੰਘਾ ਸਮੇਤ ੫ ਖਾੜਕੂ ਤੇ ਐਸ.ਪੀ. ਹਲਾਕ |trans-title=5 Kharkus killed with BTF General Sukhwinder Singh Sangha and SP |work=[[Ajit (newspaper)|Ajit]] |pages=1, 7}}</ref> Chhetra surrounded Mussa with a combined force of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]], [[Central Reserve Police Force]] and [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] [[Commando]]s. Chhetra led the operation with CRPF head of Punjab Deputy Inspector General [[Sarbdeep Singh Virk]] and Punjab Police head of Tarn Taran district Senior Superintendent of Police Baldev Singh.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /> Sangha was in Mussa along with Racchpal Singh Ghuk, Kulwant Singh Kanta, Balwant Singh Brahpuri, Manjinder Singh, and Kulwant Singh Kakka in a home.<ref name=":6">World Sikh News Page 24 (Punjabi)</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /> According to a later press note from Sangha there were 10,000 security forces<ref name=":7" /> that had surrounded Mussa.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |date=9 July 1989 |title=ਭੀ.ਟੀ.ਐਫ ਦਾ ਜਨਰਲ ਸੁਖਵਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ ਸੰਘਾ ਚੜ੍ਹਦੀ ਕਲਾ ਵਿਚ ਹੈ |trans-title=BTF’s General Sukhwinder Singh Sangha is in Chardikala |work=[[Ajit (newspaper)|Ajit]] |pages=7}}</ref>

Chhetra called for the Kharkus to surrender, but the Kharkus did not surrender. As the CRPF and Police force moved towards the Kharkus, Sangha and the others opened fire.<ref name=":5" /> Sangha and the militants moved to more defensive positions.<ref name=":8" /> After some time of fighting between the Kharkus and Security Forces Sangha and the others once more changed their position and killed Chhetra near his jeep.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-22 |title=Police Commemoration Day: In remembering the slain, stories of loss, bravery — and belonging |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/police-commemoration-day-in-remembering-the-slain-stories-of-loss-bravery-and-belonging-6832333/ |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The encounter continued for 10 hours and ended at 6:30 after DIG Virk and SSP Baldev Singh brought reinforcements.<ref name=":5" /> Initially it was reported by police that Sangha had died in the encounter,<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> but Sangha latter came out and said to the press that he managed to survive the encounter.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" />

Initially when it was reported Sangha was killed Gurdwaras across Punjab held [[Akhand Path]]s for Sangha to be alive. Sangha said in his statement that, "Daas (Slave, a term used in humility) is in [[Chardi kala|Chardi Kala]]." Sangha said he escaped during the encounter.<ref name=":7" />

=== Attack on CRPF ===
On 28 December 1989, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha and fellow Kharkus attacked a CRPF outposts in front of [[Golden Temple|Harimander Sahib]] ([[Golden Temple]]). Sangha and the Kharkus surrounded the outpost and opened fire. In 2 minutes Sangha and the Kharkus had killed all 4 CRPF soldiers present. They took their weapons and equipment. The CRPF had been accused of forcibly searching and harassing Sikhs heading to Harimander Sahib.<ref>World Sikh News Page 1, 3 (Punjabi)</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmar |first=Moonis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kIvaAAAAMAAJ&q=28+December+1989+tarn+taran+crpf |title=Violence and Terrorism in South Asia: Chronology and Profiles, 1971-2004 |date=2005 |publisher=Bureau of Composition, Compilation & Translation, University of Karachi |pages=148 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" />

On 6 February 1990, Sangha set up a checkpoint near Jagatpura (near [[Rupnagar, Punjab|Ropar/Rupnagar]]) and engaged in an encounter with two police officers who arrived at the checkpoint. The police arrived at the checkpoint on motorcycle and opened fire then began to flee. The 2 officers were killed while fleeing. Sangha added in a statement that police officers should abandon their job or risk facing a similar fate.<ref name=":62">{{Cite web |title=Des Pardes Weekly March 9–16 |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=10381&page=4&CategoryID=2&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=2 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=www.panjabdigilib.org |pages=6, 18}}</ref>

=== Separation with Manochahal ===
In February 1990 Sangha left Manochahal's BTFK and formed his own faction with most of the Kharkus previously under his command. Sangha first associated himself with [[Khalistan Commando Force]] of Wasssan Singh Zaffarwal, but later in October 1990 joined the Sohan Sigh Panthic Committee consisting of [[Khalistan Liberation Force]], Khalistan Commando Force (Panjwar), [[Babbar Khalsa|Babbar Khalsa International]], and [[All India Sikh Students Federation|Sikh Student Federation]] (Bittu).<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chima |first=Jugdep S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZKeAQAACAAJ |title=The Sikh Separatist Insurgency in India: Political Leadership and Ethnonationalist Movements |date=2010 |publisher=SAGE India |isbn=978-81-321-1286-0 |pages=190–191 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Cynthia Keppley |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhs4b |title=Fighting for Faith and Nation: Dialogues with Sikh Militants |date=1996 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |isbn=978-0-8122-1592-2 |pages=159|jstor=j.ctt3fhs4b }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Judge |first=Paramjit S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8z5uAAAAMAAJ |title=Religion, Identity, and Nationhood: The Sikh Militant Movement |date=2005 |publisher=Rawat Publications |isbn=978-81-7033-949-6 |pages=205 |language=en}}</ref> To fund his newly created group Sangha mortgaged his land for 60,000 rupees. He is said to have spent the money to buy better equipment and guns for his men.<ref name=":2" />

==== Post separation ====
According to police Sangha was involved in encounter in [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]], Malmohri, and Pandori Gola in this time period. Sangha managed to make it out of all these encounters alive and in Pandori Gola escaped by assistance from his Deputy who threw bombs at the security forces that had surrounded the village.<ref name=":2" />

On 16 February 1990, Sangha's BTFK, KCF, BKI, and SSF collectively claimed responsibility for an explosion in [[Phillaur]] that killed Inspector Harcharan Singh Soori and Assistant Sub-Inspector Ram Moorti on the 11th. The bomb also wounded two Sergeants. The explosion happened in an armoured and guarded police training facility. Soori and Moorti were put in a special armoured room for extra safety, but were killed at 9 pm from an explosion within their room. Both officers had been accused of torturing Sikhs. Inspector Soori had survived a previous assassination attempt in 1988. Both officers were involved in the killing of the Kharku Mathra Singh in 1988.<ref>World Sikh News (Punjabi) 16 February 1990 Page 2, 5</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=WSN |title=2 more senior cops die in blast |url=https://sikhheritageeducation.com/2-more-senior-cops-die-in-blast/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION |language=en-US}}</ref>

On 6 April 1990, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha claimed responsibility for killing five [[Border Security Force|BSF]] soldiers near [[Hoshiarpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Des Pardes Weekly March 31 - April 6 |url=http://www.panjabdigilib.org/webuser/searches/displayPage.jsp?ID=10376&page=7&CategoryID=2&Searched=W3GX&sbtsro=2 |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=www.panjabdigilib.org |page=7}}</ref> On 20 April Sangha claimed responsibility for killing Communist leader Hardev Singh. Hardev had been lured and then kidnapped by Sangha’s men acting as reporters. He was decapitated and his head was hung on a community gate as a warning to communists who opposed the Insurgency. Sangha also issued a warning to those who loot innocents and do extortions.<ref>World Sikh News (Punjabi) 20 April 1990 Page 3</ref> On 27 April Sangha claimed responsibility for the [[Sarpanch]] of [[Bibi Pur]], Ram Lal. Sangha said that he had joined [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] and for that was killed.<ref>World Sikh News (Punjabi) 27 April 1990 Page 4</ref>

On 25 May 1990, Sangha claimed responsibility for killing Communist leader Kartar Chand near Nurpur Thana. Sangha also claimed responsibility for killing a soldier named Bhag Singh in Uaid. Sangha stated Bhag Singh was a rapists and thus killed as punishment.<ref name=":42">World Sikh News (Punjabi) 25 May 1990 Page 3</ref>

On 29 June 1990, Sukhwinder Singh Sangha was involved in a 2 hour encounter in Gill Varech in Amristar district. Sangha survived the encounter injured and killed several officers. An associate of Sangha died in the encounter.<ref>World Sikh News Page 8 29 June 1990</ref>

On 31 August 1990, Sangha claimed responsibility for killing a police constable. He also claimed responsibility for destroying [[Border Security Force|BSF]] jeeps and killing BSF near [[Nakodar]] and for killing a looter.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last= |date=31 August 1990 |title=ਜ਼ਿੰਮੇਵਾਰੀਆਂ ਲਈਆਂ |url=https://sikhheritageeducation.com/year-1990/august-1990/august-31-1990/ |access-date=2023-10-05 |website=SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Death ==
{{cleanup section|reason=[[WP:REFBOMB]]|date=May 2024}}
On 3 November 1990 Sukhwinder Singh Sangha died in a fierce encounter with police.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":11">World Sikh News 9 November Page 1 (Punjabi)</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |date=2012-04-07 |title='Not-so-deserving' beneficiaries |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/not-so-deserving-beneficiaries/story-q0Jaj2ygYqQbTqx9VCaPgP.html |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite news |date=25 November 1990 |title=ਐਸ.ਪੀ. ਦੀ ਜੀਪ ਉਡਾ ਦਿੱਤੀ |trans-title=SP’s jeep is blown up |work=[[Rozana Spokesman]] |pages=1}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N0YnAAAAMAAJ |title=Asian Bulletin |date=1991 |publisher=APACL Publications |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K4FDAAAAYAAJ |title=Data India |date=1990 |publisher=Press Institute of India |pages=526 |language=en}}</ref> Punjab Police, CRPF, and other security forces under the leadership of Superintendent of Police (Operations) Harjit Singh received a tip off from an informant that Sangha was in the village Bhullar. Harjit led a large security force,<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Punjab Police - Martyrs-Gallery |url=https://punjabpolice.org/martyr/index.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=punjabpolice.org}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11" /> according to statement by militants the force numbered 20,000,<ref name=":9" /> and by 4am had completely surrounded Bhullar. Sangha was in the village with Bikramjit Singh Narla, Baljit Singh Khela, Manjit Singh Madho, and Rameshpal Singh Patiala.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2" /> The Kharkus fought the Security Force and the encounter began early in the morning. After continued fire and the Security Force's inability to move forward, Harjit Singh called for [[Bulletproofing|bulletproof]] vehicles and bulletproof tractors to be used. The Kharkus repulsed multiple advances made by the Security Forces. After a 5 hour "fierce" and "deadly" encunter Sangha and his fellow Kharkus were killed.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":15" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13" /><ref name=":12" /> Their bodies were immediately burned by police. At the time Sangha had a 2,200,000 rupee [[Bounty (reward)|reward on his head]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":9" />

=== Aftermath ===
Sangha was succeeded by Racchpal Singh Chandra as head of BTFK. Following Sanogha's death KLF, KCF, BTFK, BKI, and SSF issued a joint statement in praise of Sangha and countered "lies" about Sangha's final encounter. They also issued a warning that within one month Sangha's killer will be killed.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14" /><ref name=":11" /> The Kharkus were supported by [[Shiromani Akali Dal|Akali Dal]] and [[Simranjit Singh Mann]] in the call for a state wide [[bandh]] in Punjab on 5–6 November. In some area the bandh was extended. The bandh was 'successful' with no bank, school, collage, and government building opened during the bandh.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=14 November 1990 |title=ਸੰਘਾ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ਰਧਾਂਜਲੀਆ-ਰੁਕਾਵਟਾਂ ਦੇ ਬੲਵਜੂਦ ਹਜ਼ਾਰਾਂ ਸੰਗਤਾਂ ਪੁਜੀਆਂ |trans-title=Tributes to Sangha-Despite roadblocks thousands arrive |work=[[Punjabi Tribune]] |pages=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Surjeet |first=Harkishan Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Deepening Punjab Crisis, a Democratic Solution |date=1992 |publisher=Patriot Publishers |isbn=978-81-7050-142-8 |pages=364 |language=en}}</ref>

On 12 November [[Akhand Path]]s in memory of Sangha ended and a Shaheedi Samagam (Martyr Gathering) was held for Sangha. Despite roadblocks being set across Punjab thousands of Sikhs arrived. [[Damdami Taksal]], [[Jathedar]]s, Kharkus, [[Sevā|Kar Seva]], Akali Dal and other Sikh groups took part. They awarded Sangha with the title of "20th-century [[Hari Singh Nalwa]]". Nirmal Singh Chohla, a [[Kavishari|Kavishir]], sang a [[Vaar]] in honor of Sangha and later released it as an album.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":14" />

On 24 November KLF, BKI, KCF, BTFK, and SSF killed SP (Operations) Harjit Singh in a remote controlled bomb explosion in revenge for killing Sangha. Harjit died with 3 of his bodyguards, and 3 others were injured. At around 8:45 am as Harjit headed to his office in [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]] with 2 security vehicles. As Harjit’s vehicle arrived to a rural position Kharkus pressed a button and set off a remote controlled bomb placed on the road. In the explosion Harjit's car went 100 meters away from the sight.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":16" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":13" /> The sound of the explosion was heard from 5 kilometers away.<ref name=":12" /> The 3 security men including the driver in the vehicle were also killed. One of his security vehicle's also sustained damage and 3 security personnel in it were injured. Following the killing a curfew was placed on Tarn Taran. Major Singh of KCF was said to be the mastermind of the assassination.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":16">{{Cite web |title=Sikhs kill police superintendent, eight civilians - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/11/24/Sikhs-kill-police-superintendent-eight-civilians/6320659422800/ |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":17">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x6VKAQAAIAAJ |title=Frontline |date=1994 |publisher=S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons |pages=41 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite book |last=Marwah |first=Ved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V4UiAQAAMAAJ |title=Uncivil Wars: Pathology of Terrorism in India |date=1997 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-81-7223-251-1 |pages=400 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wRYtAQAAMAAJ |title=The Indian Factories Journal |date=1997 |publisher=Company Law Institute of India Limited |pages=22–24 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13" />

On 23 August 1991, Sangha’s successor, Racchpal Singh Chandra along with fellow members of the Panthic Committee claimed responsibility for killing one police [[Inspector]] and three [[constable]]s in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The Inspector was said to be involved in Sangha’s killing.<ref>{{Cite web |last=WSN |title=Militant movement spreading |url=https://sikhheritageeducation.com/militant-movement-spreading/ |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=SIKH HERITAGE EDUCATION |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>World Sikh News 23 August 1991 Page 5</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Khalistan movement}}

[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Punjabi Sikhs]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement people]]
[[Category:Insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:People from Tarn Taran Sahib]]
[[Category:Sikh terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in India]]
[[Category:Encounters in India]]

Vijay Pandhare

2026-04-24T10:25:28Z

Bikram Rout: made new page more to come

{{Short description|Former bureaucrat, anti-corruption activist and political leader}}
{{Use British English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
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| occupation = Chief engineer, irrigation department<ref name=MumbaiMirror>{{cite news|last=Naik|first=Yogesh|title=Warrior duo that sunk Ajit Pawar|accessdate=5 October 2012|newspaper=[[Mumbai Mirror]]|date=26 September 2012|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/15/2012092620120926043708220ae34c6f0/Warrior-duo-that-sunk-Ajit-Pawar.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928231852/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/article/15/2012092620120926043708220ae34c6f0/Warrior-duo-that-sunk-Ajit-Pawar.html|archive-date=28 September 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
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'''Vijay Pandhare''' is a former bureaucrat from [[Maharashtra]], India. He was the [[chief engineer]] of the [[Water Resources]] Department and a member of the state-level technical advisory committee.<ref name=DailyBhaskar>{{cite news|title=Maharashtra's irrigation scam: Meet the whistleblower Vijay Pandhare|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-maharashtras-irrigation-scam-meet-the-whistleblower-vijay-pandhare-3842742-NOR.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131230234337/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-MUM-maharashtras-irrigation-scam-meet-the-whistleblower-vijay-pandhare-3842742-NOR.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 December 2013|accessdate=5 October 2012|newspaper=[[Daily Bhaskar]]|date=27 September 2012}}</ref> He is state executive committee member at [[Aam Aadmi Party]] Maharashtra.

==Whistle blowing==
Pandhare is a [[whistleblower]] who wrote to the chief minister of the state of [[Maharashtra]] and its governor alleging irregularities and cost inflation in irrigation projects. The controversy raised by these communications caused the deputy chief minister of the state [[Ajit Pawar]] to resign. In his letters he pointed out that Rs 120 billion<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.downtoearth.org.in/content/reservoir-corruption|title=Reservoir of corruption|work=Down To Earth}}</ref> spent on lift irrigation projects in the state are a total waste as around 99 per cent of the total 227 projects in Maharashtra are not working and 90 per cent never began functioning.

Pandhare, in a letter to other engineers, alleged that corruption can be controlled by curtailing the powers. The irregularities were so serious Pandhare alleged that the government was "...playing with people's lives".<ref name=DNA>{{cite news|last=Iyer|first=Kavitha|title=DNA investigation: Vijay Pandhare letter opens floodgates|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_dna-investigation-vijay-pandhare-letter-opens-floodgates_1747743|accessdate=5 October 2012|newspaper=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=2 October 2012}}</ref>

==Political career==

In December 2013, after his retirement from active service, Pandhare joined the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] (AAP).<ref>{{cite news | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-01/india/44618903_1_vijay-pandhare-irrigation-scam-irrigation-department | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131204142958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-12-01/india/44618903_1_vijay-pandhare-irrigation-scam-irrigation-department | url-status = dead | archive-date = 4 December 2013 | newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | title = Maharashtra irrigation scam whistleblower Vijay Pandhare joins AAP | date = 1 December 2013 }}</ref>

He unsuccessfully fought the [[2014 Lok Sabha elections]] from [[Nashik (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nashik]], losing his deposit. He secured sixth position with 9,672 votes, losing to [[Hemant Godse]], who got 494,735 votes.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eciresults.ap.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS1321.htm?ac=21 | title = Constituency-wise results: Nashik | publisher = Election Commission of India | date = 22 May 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/lok-sabha-elections-2014/news/Election-Results-Bhujbal-beaten-MNS-wiped-out/articleshow/35229033.cms | title = Election Results: Bhujbal beaten, MNS wiped out | newspaper = The Times of India | date = 17 May 2014 }}</ref> Even before the election results were announced, he relocated to [[Buldhana]], and declared that he won't contest elections any more. He claimed that "more than 98% of the people" associated with AAP did it merely for publicity.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/poll-defeats-shock-maharashtra-aap-leaders/articleshow/35355769.cms | title = Poll defeats shock Maharashtra AAP leaders | date = 20 May 2014 | newspaper = Economic Times | author = Krishna Kumar }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Aam Aadmi Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pandhare, Vijay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Engineers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian whistleblowers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mughal Harem

2026-04-20T02:35:52Z

Bikram Rout: put up some pg v1

{{Short description|Women's quarters in the Mughal court}}
[[File:Fatehpur-Fatehpur Sikri India0002.JPG|thumb|Entrance to the [[Jodha Bai Mahal]] in the harem at the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] city of [[Fatehpur Sikri]].]]
{{Slavery}}
The '''Mughal Harem''' was the [[harem]] of [[Mughal emperors]] of the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The term originated with the [[Near East]], meaning a "forbidden place; sacrosanct, sanctum", and etymologically related to the Arabic {{lang|ar|حريم}} ''ḥarīm'', "a sacred inviolable place; female members of the family" and {{lang|ar|حرام}} ''[[haraam|ḥarām]]'', "forbidden; sacred".{{citation needed|date=October 2017}} It has the same meaning as the Turkish word ''[[seraglio]]'' and the Persian word ''[[zenana]]''. It is also similar to the Sanskrit word [[anthapura]], meaning ‘the inner apartment’ of the household. It came to mean the sphere of women in what was usually a [[polygyny|polygynous]] household and their segregated quarters which were forbidden to men.

The Harem, being a forbidden place, was constant topic of speculation and curiosity. It was a vibrant and large physical space where women were arranged in regard to their proximity to the Emperor.

==History==
===The women===
Harem women were composed of consorts (wives and slave concubines), female relatives of the Mughals emperors and slave maids. Most women usually entered the Harem through marriage, birth, appointments or as gifts (slaves).<ref>Karuna Sharma (2009) A Visit to the Mughal Harem: Lives of Royal Women,
South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 32:2, 155-169, DOI: 10.1080/00856400903049457</ref>

The women were governed through strict rules of Purdah, and they could not move out of the harem as they liked, but many women travelled for affairs of pilgrimage to local shrines, hunting and sightseeing with the Emperor. Inside the Harem, they led a materially luxurious and a comfortable life.

The Harem had gardens, fountains and water channels attached to it. There were various departments within the Mughal Harem that fulfilled the basic needs of its residents. The food was provided from the Royal Kitchen known as ''Bawarchikhana'' and the ''Akbar Khanah'' provided drinking water and wine. The ''Ritab Khanah'' was in charge of supplying bread and the ''Maywa Khanah'' provided fruits to the household. Things of personal use such as dresses, jewellery, fancy articles and other household items were provided by the Imperial ''Karkhanah''.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=v2TyjzZhZEC&dq=mughal+harem+rajput&pg=PA15 Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions]</ref>

== Hierarchy ==
[[File:Mughal harem.jpg|thumb|Ladies of the harem with attendants,1700-1710.]]
The harem was not just a place where women lived. Babies were born and children grew up there. Within the precincts of the harem were markets, bazaars, laundries, kitchens, playgrounds, schools and baths.

The harem had a hierarchy, its chief authorities being the wives and female relatives of the emperor and below them were the concubines.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194915/http://newindianexpress.com/education/student/Inside-the-harem-of-the-mughals/2013/11/28/article1915795.ece Inside the Harem of the Mughals]</ref> Mothers, step-mothers, aunts, grandmothers, step-sisters, sisters, daughters and other female relatives lived in the harem. There were also ladies-in-waiting, servants, maids, cooks, women, officials, and guards.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=mughal+harem+rajput&pg=PA15 Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions]</ref>

=== ''Padshah Begum'' ===
{{Main|Padshah Begum}}
The highest position within the harem was that of the [[Padshah Begum]], which, in most cases, was bestowed as a title to the Empress or chief wife, though in some cases it could be an imperial princess or a sister of the emperor. It was considered the most important title in the Mughal Harem. <ref>{{Citation |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |title=Nur Jahan and Religious Policy |date=1993-03-25 |work=Nur Jahan |pages=184–217 |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195074888.003.0009 |access-date=2025-12-19 |publisher=Oxford University PressNew York, NY |doi=10.1093/oso/9780195074888.003.0009 |isbn=978-0-19-507488-8|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Some concubines would make their way to the top and eventually become empresses and possess immense power, like [[Lal Kunwar]], the favorite of Emperor [[Jahandar Shah]] who was bestowed the prestigious title of Imtiaz Mahal (lit. ''Distinguished one of the Palace'')<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mukhia |first=Harbans |date=April 2001 |title=Book Reviews : D.N. Marshall, Mughals in India: A Bibliographical Survey, vol. I—Manu scripts, Supplementary, Part I, New Delhi Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers and Indian Council of Historical Research, 1996, pp. xxiii + 148; and Mansura Haidar, Mukatabat-i-Allami (Insha'i Abul Fazl), Daftar I, New Delhi, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers and Indian Council of Historical Research, 1998, pp. xxii + 130 |url=https://doi.org/10.1177/097194580100400109 |journal=The Medieval History Journal |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=138–141 |doi=10.1177/097194580100400109 |issn=0971-9458|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
[[File:Idealized Portrait of the Mughal Empress Nur Jahan (1577-1645)? LACMA M.81.271.7.jpg|thumb|Empress Nur Jahan, Padshah Begum.]]The empress was second in power to the Queen Mother, and had the ability to issue [[Firman|''farmans'']], (imperial decrees) and ''hukms.'' Empresses could play important roles in the politics of the empire, could influence diplomatic relations, and could oversee and maintain trade with foreign lands.

=== Consorts ===
Emperors and princes could have up to four chief consorts and an unlimited amount of consorts and concubines. These consorts were legal wives married to the emperor through [[Nikaah|''nikaah'']] marriages. Upon their arrival to the harem, all women and girls would be taught the palace etiquette and court manners by experienced governesses and instructors. The chief consorts occupied a position directly under the Empress in the hierarchy.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |title=Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Volume IV: Age of the Great Mughals, 16th-17th Centuries. Part One: Afghans and Mughals in the Struggle |date=2024 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-69680-8 |series=Asian Studies E-Books Online, Collection 2024 |location=Leiden Boston}}</ref>

=== Concubines ===
Under the consorts were the concubines, who could be of an unlimited number. Women entered the harem as concubines through multiple ways, such as being captured as spoils of war, being captured from defeated kingdoms, imperial appointment, and as part of the dowers from political marriages.<ref>Indian Feminism: Class, Gender & Identity in Medieval Ages</ref> After entering the harem, they were given new names that matched their looks or personality.

They lived in shared living quarters in the harem called the Sunday Palace, Tuesday Palace, and Saturday Palace, each palace's name corresponding to which day in the week the Emperor could choose to visit them. Important, favoured concubines were permitted to be the mistresses of their own palaces. A concubine could further her status and gain privileges by bearing the Emperor's children, especially by bearing a prince. The children of concubines could be entrusted to be raised by the higher rank consorts, who had the ability to adopt them as their own.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bano |first=Shadab |date=1999 |title=Marriage and Concubinage in the Mughal Imperial Family |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44144101 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=60 |pages=353–362 |jstor=44144101 |issn=2249-1937}}</ref> Upon the death of the ruling emperor they could choose to retire, thus the numbers were regularly renewed. After the emperors death they were treated with respect and honor conferred upon them as the concubines of the previous emperor.<ref>{{Cite web |title=We now know what went inside the Mughal harems |url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/mughal-royal-harem-voyeurism-erotic-instincts-shah-jahan-14650 |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=www.dailyo.in |language=en}}</ref>

'''The ''Kanchani''''': Within the harem were the accomplished ''kanchani'' or ''kanjari'' who worked as palace dancers and singers and provided entertainment. They were highly skilled in singing, music, and dance, and performed on special occasions such as the birth of a imperial child, the royal weddings, and festivals. The [[Ain-i-Akbari|Ain-e-Akbari]] states that "their extraordinary performances are beyond description" and that "each of them offers a special style of vocal accompaniment." They had the high chance of becoming concubines if they gained enough favor.
[[File:Dancers at the wedding of Dara Shikoh.jpg|thumb|Dancers at the wedding of Prince Dara Shikoh, by court painter ''Bulaqi'', from the ''[[Padshahnama]].'']]

=== Role of the Eunuchs ===
The harem was managed by the legion of eunuchs known as the ''Khwajasara'', who were castrated men recruited to serve the members of the imperial family and the ladies of the harem. They acted as guards, attendants, informants, and were tasked with watching over the women of the harem. Eunuchs were employed in the harem because they couldn't pose a threat to the royal lineage and were thus free of any dynastic ambition. They were the trusted servants and confidantes of their mistresses and served them loyally.

'''''Nazir-e-Mahal:''''' The head eunuch of the harem was called the Nazir-e-Mahal (chief eunuch of the palace) and held considerable power and influence.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=nazir+i+mahal&pg=PA39 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Books |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |language=en}}</ref> The head eunuch was in charge of initiating new entrees to the harem and overseeing both trivial and important affairs within the harem. They were permitted to have their own servants and maids, and had access to material luxuries and wealth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |title=Nur Jahan: empress of Mughal India |date=2023 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-771507-9 |series=Oxford scholarship online |location=New York}}</ref>

''[[Daroga|'''Darogha''']]'': A legion of female superintendents called Darogas (matrons) were assigned to handle the administration of the harem, maintaining order, and ensuring proper palace etiquette. The women who were chosen came from educated and respectable families and were often times appointed by the emperor himself.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |title=Royal Mughal ladies and their contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Pub. House |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Being employed as a daroga in the palace was considered a great honor for the woman and her family.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Kishori Saran |title=The Mughal harem |date=1988 |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=978-81-85179-03-2 |location=New Delhi}}</ref>

For the protection of the ladies of the harem, female warriors called ''[[Urdubegis]]'' were put in charge.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Women in the medieval Islamic world: power, patronage, and piety |date=1999 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-0-312-22451-6 |editor-last=Hambly |editor-first=Gavin |edition=1. paperback |series=The new Middle Ages |location=New York}}</ref>

'''''[[Mahaldar]]''''': The Mahaldars (chief female officer) were selected from among the darogas. They acted as spies, reporting conflicts, intrigue, and any possible scheming within the harem to the Emperor's ears, ensuring that the harem remained peaceful. Because of the Mahaldars provided direct service to the Emperor, they occupied an prestigious position and were highly ranked among the servants.<ref>Misra, Rekha (1967). ''Women in Mughal India''. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 78. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]] 473530.</ref>

== Reform of Akbar ==
[[File:Akbar's Harem Complex 02.jpg|thumb|The Harem complex at Fatehpur Sikri.]]
Akbar's imperial harem was re-organized into a fortress-like institution which is quite in contrast to the image of the reigns of Babur and Humayun. Harbans Mukhia attributed this change to the growing influence of [[Rajput]] cultural ethos on Akbar ever since his marriage in 1562 to [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukhia |first=Harbans |title=The Mughals of India |date=2004 |publisher=Blackwell Pub |isbn=978-0-470-75830-4 |location=Malden, MA |pages=132–133 |oclc=214282198}}</ref> With the construction of [[Fatehpur Sikri]], Emperor [[Akbar]] saw the need to organize the administration of his [[Zenana]]. This portion of the palace was reputably home to about five thousand women.<ref name="Abu 'l-Fazl Allami">{{cite book|last1=Abu 'l-Fazl Allami|last2=Blochman|first2=H|editor1-last=Phillot|editor1-first=Lieut. Colonel D.C.|title=The Ain-i Akbari|date=1977|publisher=Munishram Manoharlal|location=New Delhi|pages=45–47|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ICSaMQAACAAJ}}</ref> While [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]] claims in the [[Akbarnama]] that each woman had her own suite of rooms, it is more likely that only members of the royal family and favorites of the emperor had their own apartments.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Domesticity and Power in the Early Mughal World|last=Lal|first=Ruby|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=0521850223|location=Cambridge|pages=166}}</ref>

The zenana was divided into sections, with (female) ''[[daroghas]]'' tending to the organizational needs of the residents and working to keep the peace. Other administrative positions within the zenana included the tehwildars, or accounts officers responsible for the salaries and financial requests of the zenana inhabitants. The ''[[mahaldar]]'', the female servant of the highest authority, often acted as an intelligence source from the zenana directly to the emperor. The ''anagas'', or royal wet-nurses, were elevated to positions of rank though their purpose was not strictly administrative.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Mughal Harem|last=Lal|first=K.S.|publisher=Aditya Prakashan|year=1988|isbn=8185179034|location=New Delhi|pages=14, 52}}</ref>

== The harem quarters and the inner palace ==

The Zenana was the size of a small city. Within it were the palaces and apartments of the women of the harem, usually allocated to the empress, empress dowager, princesses, or especially favoured concubines.

[[File:Fatehpur-Fatehpur Sikri India0019.JPG|thumb|Mariam-uz-Zamani's [[Jodha Bai Mahal|palace]] in Fatehpur Sikri.]]

Empress [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]] had her own palace in the harem of Fatehpur Sikri called the Raniwas. it was the largest palace in the zenana complex. All the palaces and apartments were heavily guarded by the ''[[Urdubegis]]'', skillful armed female warriors that were assigned to offer protection to the ladies of the harem.<ref>{{Citation |last=Perkiss |first=Abigail |title=Hurricane Sandy on New Jersey's Forgotten Shore: An Origins Story |date=2022-07-15 |work=Hurricane Sandy on New Jersey's Forgotten Shore |pages=91–100 |url=https://doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501709852.005.0002 |access-date=2025-12-20 |publisher=Cornell University Press |doi=10.7591/cornell/9781501709852.005.0002 |isbn=978-1-5017-0985-2|url-access=subscription }}</ref> They were highly proficient in combat, such as lance and archery.
[[File:Jehangir Mahal Agra Fort 1.jpg|thumb|The [[Jahangiri Mahal]].]]
[[File:Anguri-Bagh-1.JPG|thumb|The pleasure garden Anguri Bagh.]]
[[File:Rang Mahal - Red Fort.JPG|thumb|The [[Rang Mahal (Red Fort)|Rang Mahal]], built for the rest and relaxation of the ladies.]]
== Business activity ==
Mughal women had control over the financial resources and were involved in various economic activities. They enjoyed annual incomes and used eunuchs as agents of commerce. Many women also commissioned buildings and gardens. Akbar's favourite wife, [[Mariam-uz-Zamani#As an entrepreneur|Mariam-uz-Zamani]], is the earliest recorded woman of the Mughal empire who engaged in inland and overseas trade.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Soma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=Rahimi+ship&pg=PA238 |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |date=2001 |publisher=Gyan Books |isbn=978-81-212-0760-7 |pages=238 |language=en}}</ref> During the reigns of Akbar and Jahangir, she built the largest ships that carried [[Hajj|pilgrims]] to and from the Islamic holy city [[Mecca]], ran an extensive trade of silk and several spices to international borders, and oversaw the trade with [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf countries]] and nations. In the words of Findly, she had, in the larger arena, helped chart the role of Mughal women in the newly expanding business of foreign trade. Shah Jahan's daughter, [[Jahanara Begum]] contributed to many architectural projects of Shah Jahan's new capital, Shahjahanabad and she as well as her sister, Roshanara enjoyed an annual income often equal to that of high imperial mansabdars.<ref>National Council of Education Research and Training. Themes in Indian History. Publication Division, Secretary.</ref> They also had a strong administrative control over the domestic trade and gained large revenues from various towns. Jahanara received revenues from the port city of [[Surat]], which was a profitable centre of overseas trade. Nur Jahan by system of tolls from internal trade had an income of 230,000 mahmudis. They combined their Economic sense with Political Activities to strengthen the monarchy and the empire.<ref>Karuna Sharma (2009) A Visit to the Mughal Harem: Lives of Royal Women, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 32:2, 155-169, DOI: 10.1080/00856400903049457</ref>

=== Political activity and power ===
Many women of the Mughal Dynasty were ardent participants in political affairs, acting as mediators, peacemakers, and playing important roles in wars of succession. The imperial harem and imperial court had many times intersected in more ways than one. When [[Khusrau Mirza]] was imprisoned by Emperor [[Jahangir]] in 1605, Queen mother [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], [[Salima Sultan Begum]], Jahangir's sisters, and Khusrau's stepmothers and sisters, had secured a pardon for the implicated prince. [[Nur Jahan]] is noted to have faked tears in front of the queen mother in hopes of the possession of Khusrau's charge, whom she considered a powerful contender to the throne, but was unsuccessful.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Findly |first=Ellison Banks |date=1993-03-25 |title=Nur Jahan |url=https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195074888.001.0001 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780195074888.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-507488-8 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Princesses [[Jahanara Begum|Jahanara]] and [[Roshanara Begum|Roshanara]] played an important role in the Mughal War of Succession in 1658 to 1659, choosing to support different princes- Dara Shikoh and Alamgir, as the future emperor.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lal |first=Ruby |title=Domesticity and power in the early Mughal world |date=2005 |publisher=Cambridge university press |isbn=978-0-521-85022-3 |series=Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization |location=Cambridge (GB)}}</ref>

== Humayun Nama ==
The ''[[Humayun Nama]]'' provides an insight into the lives of Mughal women. It was written by [[Gulbadan Begum]], who was Humayun's sister. She describes in great detail the conflicts and tensions in the empire and how women played a mediating role in resolving them.<ref>Gulbadan Begum, Humayun Nama.</ref>
For instance, [[Hamida Banu Begum|Hamida Bano]] and [[Salima Sultan Begum]] brought about peace in the household when Salim revolted against his father in 1601.<ref>SAI Tirmizi, Edicts from the Mughal harem.</ref> She also indicates that women knew about the political changes going on in their world and how they played a role in them. For example, she was approached by the traitor Mirza Kamran to write a letter to his brother asking him to join Kamran's campaign against the emperor.<ref>Gulbadan Begum, Humayun Nama.</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Seraglio]]
* [[Anthapura]]
* [[Zenana]]
* ''[[The Mughal Harem]]'' by [[K. S. Lal]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20131202194915/http://newindianexpress.com/education/student/Inside-the-harem-of-the-mughals/2013/11/28/article1915795.ece Inside the Harem of the Mughals]''
* ''[https://www.amazon.ca/Rajput-Ladies-in-Mughal-Harem/dp/8173413746 Rajput Ladies in Mughal Harem]''
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=v-2TyjzZhZEC&dq=mughal+harem+rajput&pg=PA15 Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions]''
* ''[http://prr.hec.gov.pk/chapters/343s-6.pdf Role of Persian Noblewomen at the Mughal Court]''

{{Mughal Empire}}

[[Category:Mughal Harem| ]]
[[Category:Women's quarters]]
[[Category:Purdah]]
[[Category:Slavery in India]]

Nalanda Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:51:10Z

Bikram Rout: put up new data from scratch

{{short description|Legislative assembly in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nalanda
| type = SLA
| map_image = 176-Nalanda constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shravan Kumar]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons =
| constituency_no = 176
| established = 1977
| electors = 325,999
| abolished = 
}}
'''Nalanda''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It is a part of [[Nalanda Lok Sabha constituency]] along with other assembly constituencies viz. [[Rajgir]], [[Harnaut]], [[Islampur, Nalanda|Islampur]], [[Hilsa]], [[Asthawan]] and [[Bihar Sharif]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
| value1 = 55
| value2 = 15
| value3 = 15
| value4 = 15
| label1 = [[Janata Dal (United)]] 7 times
| label2 = [[Samata Party]] 2 times
| label3 = [[Indian National Congress]] 2 times
| label4 = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]] 2 times
| color1 = {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}
| color2 = {{party color|Samata Party}}
| color3 = {{party color|Indian National Congress}}
| color4 = {{party color|Independent}}
| caption = Most successful parties from [[Nalanda Assembly constituency]]
}}

==Overview==
Nalanda comprises CD Blocks Noorsarai & Ben; Gram Panchayats Nirpur, Bargaon & Surajpur of Silao CD Block; Gram Panchayats Biyavani, Maghrconstituenciesa, Dumrawan, Pachauri, Ranabigha & Meghi Nagwan of Bihar CD Block; Gram Panchayats Barnausa, Meyar, Bhui, Pilkhi, Goraur, Nahub,
Pathraura & Lodipur of Rajgir CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Shyam Sundar Prasad<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3893-bihar-1977/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1977 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Ram Naresh Singh<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3894-bihar-1980/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1980 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Shyam Sunder Singh<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3896-bihar-1985/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1985 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Ram Naresh Singh<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3897-bihar-1990/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1990 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]<ref name=election1995>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3899-bihar-1995/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 1995 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="8" |[[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]<ref name=election2000>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-bihar-2000/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2000 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Feb)]]<ref name=election2005>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3901-bihar-2005/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2005 - Feb and Oct |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005 (Oct)]]<ref name=election2005/>
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]<ref name=election2010/>
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]<ref name=election2015/>
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]<ref name=election2020/>
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]<ref name="Election Commission of India 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Nalanda">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Election Commission of India 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Nalanda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04176.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212172145/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04176.htm |archivedate=12 December 2025 |accessdate=12 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nalanda Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |date=14 November 2025 |title=Nalanda Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/nalanda |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212172141/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/nalanda |archivedate=12 December 2025 |accessdate=12 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalanda<ref name="Election Commission of India 2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Nalanda"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:105432}}
|percentage = 52.77
|change = +13.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = kaushlendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:72424}}
|percentage = 36.25
|change = +26.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Kumari Poonam Sinha
|votes = {{formatnum:5206}}
|percentage = 2.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatheeya Jawan Kisan Party
|candidate = Baijnath Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:3581}}
|percentage = 1.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Priyadarshi Ashok
|votes = {{formatnum:2498}}
|percentage = 1.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4829}}
|percentage = 2.42
|change = +1.64
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:33008}}
|percentage = 16.52
|change = +7.03
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:199789}}
|percentage = 61.29
|change = +6.61
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|votes =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalanda<ref name=election2020>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
|votes = {{formatnum:66066}}
|percentage = 38.97
|change = -5.81
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jantantrik Vikas Party
|candidate = Kaushlendra Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:49989}}
|percentage = 29.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Gunjan Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:17293}}
|percentage = 10.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Ram Keshwar Prasad
|votes = {{formatnum:10951}}
|percentage = 6.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Samta Party
|candidate = Sonu Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:5344}}
|percentage = 3.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kumar Rajesh
|votes = {{formatnum:2506}}
|percentage = 1.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Lok Dal
|candidate = Mani Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2191}}
|percentage = 1.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rahul Raushan
|votes = {{formatnum:1976}}
|percentage = 1.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Maanavvaadi Janta Party
|candidate = Sanyukta Kumari
|votes = {{formatnum:1884}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change = +0.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1316}}
|percentage = 0.78
|change = -3.25
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16077}}
|percentage = 9.49
|change = +7.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169552}}
|percentage = 54.68
|change = -2.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|votes =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nalanda<ref name=election2015>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3904-bihar-2015/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2015 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:72596}}
|percentage = 44.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kaushalendra Kumar
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69600}}
|percentage = 42.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Arunesh Kumar Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:3558}}
|percentage = 2.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1678}}
|percentage = 1.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dilip Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:1583}}
|percentage = 0.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:6531}}
|percentage = 4.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:2996}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:162117}}
|percentage = 57.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 19002
|swing = 10.66
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2010===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2010 Bihar legislative assembly election]]: Nalanda<ref name=election2010>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3903-bihar-2010/ |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2010 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=11 February 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Shrawan Kumar (politician)|Shrawan Kumar]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 61532
|percentage = 49.78
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Arun Kumar
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 37030
|percentage = 30.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|votes =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Nalanda district]]
* [[List of Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Nalanda district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1977]]
[[Category:1977 establishments in Bihar]]

Guntur-I Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:25Z

Bikram Rout: Made first info more to come

{{Short description|Defunct constituency of the Andhra Pradesh legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Guntur-I
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Guntur district|Guntur]]
| constituency_no = 100
| type= SLA
| electors = {{formatnum:}}
| established = 1955
| abolished = 2008
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| reservation = None
| loksabha_cons = [[Guntur Lok Sabha constituency|Guntur]]
}}

'''Guntur-I Assembly constituency''' was a constituency of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]<ref name=delimitation1953>{{cite web |url= https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FzVx8fLfn2ReU7TfrqYobgIm0bOxUVDrJRPT6HvOR4uLMuSypJnZfgK8kgL1oX8HIeWIB%2F6FUmhOZcKtx0cjQ%2FY5eDkEyG6ERWMJYQvUXhU1bDSzp7N9SNxiVElQTv%2FtT9ydvnQSAbMKFJyhNygexDKg%3D%3D |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1953 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date= 7 January 1953 |access-date=19 May 2024}}</ref> until the 2008 delimitation in Guntur district.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly (Guntur{{dash}}Madras State)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| [[Nadimpalli Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao]]
| {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly (Guntur-I)==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| [[Tellakula Jalayya]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Kanaparthi Nagaiah
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| S. Ankamma
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Vijay Ramanujam
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| Lingamsetty Eswararao
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| Umaru Kanu Patanu
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=2 | Mohammad Jani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2|[[S.M. Ziauddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| Shaik Subani
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results (Guntur{{dash}}Madras State) ==
===1952===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1952 Madras State Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur<ref>{{Cite web | title=Madras Election Results | url=https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf/ | access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en | archive-date=27 January 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf/ | url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Nadimpalli Venkata Lakshmi Narasimha Rao]]|party= Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes=14,447|percentage=30.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Yangalasetty Tirupatayya]] |party= Communist Party of India |votes=11,704 |percentage=24.41% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,743 |percentage=5.72% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,949 |percentage=62.46% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,772 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner= Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==Election results (Guntur-I)==
=== 1955 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1955 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4042-andhra-pradesh-1955/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Tellakula Jalayya]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=13,413|percentage=32.60% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Devisetti Venkata Apparao ]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=11,998|percentage=29.16%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,415 |percentage=3.44% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=41,140|percentage=47.09%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,369 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1962===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1962 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4044-andhra-pradesh-1962/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kanaparthi Nagaiah]]|party= Communist Party of India |votes=32,001 |percentage=52.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Amamcherla Seshachalapathi Rao]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=25,044|percentage=40.99%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,957 |percentage=11.39% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=62,569|percentage=74.18%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 84,352 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Communist Party of India ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1967===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1967 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4045-andhra-pradesh-1967/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[S Ankamma]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=18,506 |percentage=38.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K Mallaiahlingam]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=24,885|percentage=43.04%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=8,046 |percentage=13.92% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=60,013|percentage=73.27%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 81,904 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= Communist Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1972===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1972 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4046-andhra-pradesh-1972/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Vijaya Ramanujam]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=19,223 |percentage=39.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[K Mallaiahlingam]]|party=Communist Party of India|votes=14,921|percentage=30.39%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,302 |percentage=8.76% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=49,750|percentage=56.63%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 87,851 |change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress ||loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1978===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1978 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4047-andhra-pradesh-1978/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Eswara Rao Lingamsety]]|party= Indian National Congress (I) |votes=40,901 |percentage=51.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Abdullah Khan Mohammad]]|party=Janata Party|votes=25,341|percentage=31.68%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,560 |percentage=19.45% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=81,168|percentage=72.87%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 111,383 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link|winner= Indian National Congress (I) ||loser= Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1983===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1983 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4048-andhra-pradesh-1983/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Umaru Kanu Patanu]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=62,883 |percentage=67.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Eswara Rao Lingamsetty]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=21,519|percentage=23.17%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=41,364 |percentage=44.53% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=94,574|percentage=69.50%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,081 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress (I) |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1985 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4049-andhra-pradesh-1985/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Jani |party= Indian National Congress |votes=46,196 |percentage=50.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shaik Syed Saheb]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=43,765|percentage=47.69%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2431 |percentage=2.65% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=92,765|percentage=63.47%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 146,152 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress |loser= Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin|title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1989 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4050-andhra-pradesh-1989/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate= Mohammad Jani|party= Indian National Congress |votes=62,388 |percentage=58.32% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shaik Syed Saheb]]|party=Telugu Desam Party|votes=43,177|percentage=40.36%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,211 |percentage=17.96% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=109,158|percentage=64.47%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 169,321|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1994===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1994 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4051-andhra-pradesh-1994/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ziauddin SM]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=53,745 |percentage=47.56% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Jani|party=Indian National Congress|votes=26,795|percentage=23.71%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=26,795 |percentage=23.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=114,499|percentage=62.85%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 182,168 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= Indian National Congress|swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===1999===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 1999 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4052-andhra-pradesh-1999/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Ziauddin SM]]|party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=56,439|percentage=49.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mohammad Jani|party=Indian National Congress|votes=50,342|percentage=44.57%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,097 |percentage=5.40% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=114,784|percentage=57.18%|change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 200,756|change = }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner= Telugu Desam Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

===2004===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Guntur-I<ref>{{Cite web | title= AP 2004 Election Results |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4053-andhra-pradesh-2004/| access-date=30 Nov 2022 | publisher=Election Commission of India | language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Shaik Subani ]]|party= Indian National Congress |votes=70,353|percentage=65.57% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ziauddin SM]] |party= Telugu Desam Party |votes=34,389 |percentage=32.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=35,964 |percentage=33.52% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=107329 |percentage=58.31% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 184,068 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner= Indian National Congress|loser=Telugu Desam Party |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Guntur East Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Coord|16.32|80.41|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]

Deepinder Goyal

2026-04-09T14:14:16Z

Bikram Rout: Made first stub basic info.

{{Short description|Indian businessman and Investor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Deepinder Goyal
| image =
| caption = Deepinder Goyal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1983|01|26}}
| birth_place = [[Muktsar]], [[Punjab]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Entrepreneur|Investor}}
| organization = [[Zomato]] [[Eternal]] LAT Aerospace Temple
| spouse = Grecia Muñoz(2024-present)
| relatives =
}}

'''Deepinder Goyal''' (born 26 January 1983)<ref name="iyer">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-21 |title=Who is Deepinder Goyal? Check Net Worth and Education |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/who-is-deepinder-goyal-1820005805-1 |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian entrepreneur and investor. He is the co-founder of [[Zomato]], [[Eternal Limited|Eternal]], LAT Aerospace and Temple.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jayaraj |first=Prajwal |title=Zomato's Deepinder Goyal Unveils 'Temple' Website — 'New Class Of Human Instruments' |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/technology/zomatos-deepinder-goyal-unveils-temple-website-new-class-of-human-instruments-11301770 |access-date= |website=NDTV Profit}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-22 |title=What next for Deepinder Goyal? A look at his ventures beyond the Eternal universe |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/what-next-for-deepinder-goyal-a-look-at-his-ventures-beyond-the-eternal-universe/articleshow/126975770.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> {{As of|2026|01}}, Goyal is worth $1.6 billion, according to [[Forbes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Swastika Das |date=2026-01-22 |title=Deepinder Goyal resigns as Zomato CEO — Check his net worth, salary, education, family {{!}} Company Business News |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/deepinder-goyal-resigns-as-zomato-ceo-check-his-net-worth-salary-education-family-11769057427363.html |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Personal life and education ==
Goyal was born on January 26, 1983, in [[Sri Muktsar Sahib|Muktsar, Punjab]]. He studied Integrated M.Tech in Mathematics & Computing at [[IIT Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-11-13 |title=Delhi IIT with 39% marks in class 11? Kapil Sharma gets Deepinder Goyal to share his winning mindset |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/delhi-iit-with-39-marks-in-class-11-kapil-sharma-gets-deepinder-goyal-to-share-his-winning-mindset/articleshow/115214935.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>. Goyal was previously married to Kanchan Joshi. He married Grecia Goyal(née Muñoz) in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-22 |title=Zomato co-founder Deepinder Goyal's love life: From meeting his ex-wife Kanchan Joshi in college to finding love again in Grecia Munoz |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/relationships/love-sex/zomato-co-founder-deepinder-goyals-love-life-from-meeting-his-ex-wife-kanchan-joshi-in-college-to-finding-love-again-in-grecia-munoz/articleshow/127140425.cms |access-date=2026-04-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Zomato CEO Deepinder Goyal marries Mexican model-turned entrepreneur Grecia Munoz |url=https://newsarenaindia.com/entertainment/zomato-ceo-deepinder-goyal-marries-mexican-model-turned-entrepreneur-grecia-munoz/6474 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=News Arena India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Zomato CEO Deepinder Goyal Marries Mexican Entrepreneur Grecia Munoz: Report |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/zomato-ceo-deepinder-goyal-marries-mexican-entrepreneur-grecia-munoz-report-5288591 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Goyal started his career at [[Bain & Company|Bain and Company]] in 2005. He quit in 2008 to found Foodiebay.com with Pankaj Chaddah which was a precursor to Zomato and featured digitized menus of restaurants in Delhi NCR. Foodiebay.com rebranded to Zomato in 2010.

By 2017, Zomato was valued at over $1 Billion and in 2021 it became India's first unicorn startup to be listed on the stock exchange.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manish |date=2021-04-28 |title=Indian food delivery startup Zomato files for $1.1 billion IPO |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/27/indian-food-delivery-startup-zomato-files-for-an-ipo/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>

Goyal has also served on the board of directors for companies like [[Unacademy]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=People Matters Pte |date=2021-10-22 |title=Deepinder Goyal joins Unacademy Board of Directors |url=https://www.peoplematters.in/news/business/deepindar-goyal-joins-unacademy-board-of-directors-31371 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=People Matters |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepinder Goyal Joins Unacademy Board of Directors |url=https://www.bwpeople.in/article/deepinder-goyal-joins-unacademy-board-of-directors-409400 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=BW People |language=en}}</ref>. He also joined as a Judge for [[Shark Tank India season 3|Shark Tank India Season 3]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cyril |first=Grace |date=2023-10-10 |title=Shark Tank India Season 3: Judges, registration and all you need to know |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/shark-tank-india-season-3-judges-registration-and-all-you-need-to-know-2446977-2023-10-10 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Goyal stepped down in January 2026 as CEO of [[Zomato]] while remaining on board as Vice President of [[Eternal Limited|Eternal]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zomato founder Goyal steps down; quick commerce arm Blinkit's Dhindsa to take over |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/boards-policy-regulation/eternals-deepinder-goyal-step-down-ceo-2026-01-21/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/deepinder-goyal-appointed-eternals-vice-chairmanalbinder-singh-dhindsa-named-ceo/article70533247.ece |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.thehindu.com|title=Deepinder Goyal appointed Eternal’s vice chairman, Albinder Singh Dhindsa named CEO}}</ref>

Goyal has also founded companies LAT Aerospace<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ritika |date=2025-07-02 |title=Zomato bets big on ‘buses in the sky’, enters aviation with LAT Aerospace - ET Edge Insights |url=https://etedge-insights.com/industry/aviation/zomato-founder-bets-big-on-buses-in-the-sky-enters-aviation-with-lat-aerospace/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> and Temple<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Jagmeet |date=2026-02-27 |title=After Zomato, Deepinder Goyal returns with a $54M brain-monitoring bet |url=https://techcrunch.com/2026/02/27/after-zomato-deepinder-goyal-returns-with-a-54m-brain-monitoring-bet/ |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}</ref>. LAT Aerospace is an aerospace company focused on building STOL aircraft and acquired Sharang Shakti, a Robotics startup in 2026, focused on expanding to defense sector.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-02-24 |title=Deepinder Goyal's LAT Aerospace acquires robotics startup Sharang Shakti |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/startups/deepinder-goyals-lat-aerospace-acquires-robotics-startup-sharang-shakti/articleshow/128743436.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-08 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Temple is a HealthTech startup focused on making wearables.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deepinder Goyal Unveils Temple - A New Brain Blood Flow Monitoring Device |url=https://www.digitalhealthnews.com/deepinder-goyal-unveils-temple-a-new-brain-blood-flow-monitoring-device |access-date=2026-04-08 |website=Digital Health News |language=en}}</ref> Goyal has also invested in companies like Bluestone Jewellery<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-23 |title=Nithin Kamath investing MASSIVE Rs 100 cr in THIS CaratLane rival, Deepinder Goyal funding it, too {{!}} Know what numbers say about this company |url=https://www.etnownews.com/companies/nithin-kamath-investing-massive-rs-100-cr-in-this-caratlane-rival-deepinder-goyal-funding-it-too-know-what-numbers-say-about-this-company-article-103878890 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=ET Now |language=en}}</ref>, Continue Research<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.EconomictimesB2B.com |title=Zomato’s Deepinder Goyal commits $25 mn on longevity startup Continue |url=https://b2b.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/entrepreneur/zomatos-deepinder-goyal-commits-25-mn-on-longevity-startup-continue/124786379 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=EconomictimesB2B.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-21 |title=Deepinder Goyal starts health-focused personal venture ‘Continue’ |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/deepinder-goyal-unveils-health-focused-personal-venture-continue/articleshow/114428479.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-04-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>, Park+<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mundhra |first=Laxitha |date=2022-02-07 |title=Zomato’s Deepinder Goyal Invests In Parking Solutions Startup Park+ |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/zomatos-deepinder-goyal-invests-in-parking-solutions-startup-park/ |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2022-02-07 |title=Zomato’s Deepinder Goyal invests in Park+ |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/zomatos-deepinder-goyal-invests-in-park/article64970907.ece |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref> and Ultrahuman<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-20 |title=Zomato founder invests in Ultrahuman, a healthtech startup that just raised $35 million - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/startup/ultrahuman-heath-tech-startup-series-b-funding-round-zomato-founder-deepinder-goyal-blume-ventures-19323171.htm |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Ultrahuman raises $35 mn to accelerate growth, research in health space |url=https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/ultrahuman-raises-35-mn-to-accelerate-growth-research-in-health-space-124032001030_1.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251209023306/https://www.business-standard.com/companies/news/ultrahuman-raises-35-mn-to-accelerate-growth-research-in-health-space-124032001030_1.html |archive-date=2025-12-09 |access-date=2026-04-09 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US}}</ref>.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian billionaires]]
[[Category:Indian technology company founders|Goyal, Deepinder]]

Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah

2026-04-07T23:00:43Z

Bikram Rout: put up initial stub w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| assembly = Mizoram Legislative
| constituency_AM = [[Lawngtlai East Assembly constituency]]
| term_start = December 2023
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[H. Biakzaua]]
| successor =
| assembly1 =
| constituency_AM1 =
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| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
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| pronunciation =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|11|15|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| party = [[Zoram People's Movement]] (since 2017)
| other_party =
| height = 
| spouse =
| relations =
| children =
| mother =
| father = Rev. C. Vanlawma
| relatives =
| education = MBBS
| alma_mater = [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]]
| occupation =
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| known_for =
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}}

'''Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah''' (born 1981) is an Indian politician in the state of [[Mizoram]]. He is serving as adviser to chief minister on health & family welfare, and agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |title=4 MLAs APPOINTED AS ADVISERS TO CHIEF MINISTER |url=https://dipr.mizoram.gov.in/post/4-mlas-appointed-as-advisers-to-chief-minister |website=dipr.mizoram.gov.in |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref>

== Political career ==
He was elected as a member of the [[Mizoram Legislative Assembly]] from [[Lawngtlai East Assembly constituency|Lawngtlai East]] constituency of [[Jagtial district|Lawngtlai district]]. In the [[2023 Mizoram Legislative Assembly election]]s he defeated sitting MLA [[H. Biakzaua]] by a huge margin of 2,101 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Mizoram Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/mizoram-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/dr-lorrain-lalpekliana-chinzah-16038-4 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=hindi |title=Dr lorrain lalpekliana chinzah mizoram lawngtlai east candidate Profile, Candidates Net Worth, Education News {{!}} ABP न्यूज़ |url=https://www.abplive.com/elections/dr-lorrain-lalpekliana-chinzah-mizoram-lawngtlai-east-candidate-profile.html |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-04 |title=Lawngtlai East assembly election result 2023: ZPM's Dr. Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah replaces MNF's H. Biakzaua by 2101 votes |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lawngtlai-east-assembly-election-result-2023-zpms-dr-lorrain-lalpekliana-chinzah-replaces-mnfs-h-biakzaua-by-2101-votes/articleshow/105728585.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawngtlai East Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: ZPM's Dr. Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah with 10072 defeats MNF's H. Biakzaua |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/lawngtlai-east-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2471398-2023-12-04 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

He contested as a [[Zoram People's Movement]] candidate and won the [[Lawngtlai East Assembly constituency|Lawngtlai East]] seat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lawngtlai East Constituency Election Results 2023: Lawngtlai East Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/mizoram/constituency-show/lawngtlai-east |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-04 |title=Mizoram Assembly Election Result 2023: Full list of winners |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/mizoram-assembly-election-results-2023-full-list-of-constituency-wise-winners-full-lis-of-winners/3327372/ |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> He was an independent member of the Lai Autonomous District Council before he joined [[Zoram People's Movement|ZPM]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-09-16 |title=Politicians explore greener pastures in poll-bound Mizoram |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/politicians-explore-greener-pastures-in-poll-bound-mizoram/articleshow/103708905.cms |access-date=2023-12-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Education ==
Lorrain completed his MBBS from [[Gauhati Medical College and Hospital]] in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Lorrain Lalpekliana Chinzah(Zoram People's Movement):Constituency- LAWNGTLAI EAST (ST)(LAWNGTLAI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Mizoram2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=140 |access-date=2023-12-09 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalpekliana Chinzah, Lorrain}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:People from Lawngtlai district]]
[[Category:Mizoram MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Zoram People's Movement politicians]]

{{Mizoram-politician-stub}}

Ranjan Dutt

2026-04-05T10:53:31Z

Bikram Rout: made post...

{{Short description|Indian air force officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Vice Marshal]]
| name = Ranjan Dutt
| honorific_suffix = [[Vir Chakra|VrC]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Ranjan Dutt.jpg
| caption =
| office = [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Air Command|7th Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Air Command]]
| president = [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]] [[Zakir Husain]]
| prime_minister = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| predecessor = Yeshwant Vinayak Malse
| successor = Hirendra Nath Chatterjee
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|09|30}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2009|08|13|1921|09|30}}
| birth_place = [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British Raj|British India]]
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| alma_mater = [[RAF Cranwell]]
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1940–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947–1968)
| branch = {{air force|British India}} {{air force|India}}
| rank = [[Air Vice Marshal]]
| service_years = 1940–1968
| unit = [[No. 32 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 94 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 4 Squadron IAF]] [[No. 1 Squadron IAF]] [[No. 20 Squadron RAF]] [[No. 10 Squadron IAF]] [[No. 8 Squadron IAF]] [[No. 2 Squadron IAF]]
| commands = [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]] [[Air Force Academy (India)|No.1 Air Force Academy]] [[No. 1 Squadron IAF]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[World War II]]
** [[Burma campaign]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[Vir Chakra]]
| spouse = Ratina Rawlley (first wife) Claude Marie Dutt De Cavey (m.?; died 2010)
| children = Shunith Dutt (son) [[Ayesha Dutt]] (daughter)
| relatives = [[Jackie Shroff]] (son-in-law) [[Zaev R Dutt]] (grandson) [[Trisha Dutt]] (granddaughter) [[Tiger Shroff]] (grandson)
| term_start = 28 October 1966
| term_end = 31 March 1968
| office1 = [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command|5th Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]]
| term_start1 = 23 March 1959
| term_end1 = 12 April 1960
| predecessor1 = [[K. Jaswant-Singh|Kanwar Jaswant Singh]]
| succeeded1 = Surendra Nath Goyal
| president1 = [[Rajendra Prasad]]
| prime_minister1 = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
}}

[[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] '''Ranjan Dutt''', [[Vir Chakra|VrC]] (30 September 1921 or 1922 – 13 August 2009) was a former [[air officer]] of the [[Indian Air Force]]. He last served as the Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]]. Prior to that, he was the [[managing director]] of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]].

In 1940 Dutt was one of the [[24 Indian pilots (1940)|24 Indian pilots seconded to the UK]] for operational training and squadron service. There, he was selected for fighter training and subsequently spent the summer of 1941 protecting convoys through the [[English Channel]] and flying [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricanes]] with [[No. 32 Squadron RAF]] after the [[Battle of Britain]]. He served in North Africa and the Middle-East in the latter part of that year before returning to India to join [[No. 4 Squadron IAF]] at [[Peshawar]], North-West Frontier. There, he flew [[sortie]]s from [[Miranshah]] in the [[Datakhel]] operations. In June 1944 he became one of the first Indian flight instructors at a training unit in [[Risalpur]]. The following year he completed a flight leader course at [[RAF Tangmere]] in the UK, and then joined [[No. 8 Squadron IAF]] in [[Mingaladon Township|Mingaladon]] as a [[flight commander]].

Later, in a senior post at the [[Western Air Command (India)|Operational group]], Dutt led several air missions in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]]. On 26 January 1950 he was awarded the second [[Vir Chakra]].

==Early life and education==
Ranjan Dutt was born on 30 September 1921,<ref name=Times2009>{{cite news |title=Air Vice Marshal Ranjan Dutt: wartime RAF pilot and Indian Air Force chief |url=https://www.thetimes.com/travel/destinations/asia-travel/india/air-vice-marshal-ranjan-dutt-wartime-raf-pilot-and-indian-air-force-chief-s0zgt82wcws |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227103521/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/air-vice-marshal-ranjan-dutt-wartime-raf-pilot-and-indian-air-force-chief-s0zgt82wcws |archive-date=27 December 2022 |language=en|work=[[The Times]]|url-status=live |url-access=subscription}}</ref> or in 1922.<ref name=Nair2009>{{cite web |last=Nair|first=K.S.|title=Air Vice Marshal Ranjan Dutt (1594) |date=19 November 2009 |url=https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/ww2/veterans/ranjan-dutt/ |access-date=28 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229135406/https://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/ww2/veterans/ranjan-dutt/|archive-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>{{efn|He had claimed to be a year older so that he could join up with the 4th Pilot's course in 1940.<ref name=Nair2009/>}} He was educated at [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]], [[Dehradun]], India.<ref name=Times2009/> At the age of 16 he gained his civilian pilot "A" licence after taking private lessons.<ref name=Nair2009/>

==Military career==

===Second World War===
In August 1940, Dutt was selected from the fourth pilot's course at the initial training wing in [[Lahore]] to travel with another [[24 Indian pilots (1940)|23 Indian pilots]] to the UK for operational training and squadron service in preparation to assist in the [[Battle of Britain]].<ref name=Nair2019.2>Nair, K.S. 2019. Chapter 2. 1939-40: War in Europe, pp. 42-70</ref> They became known as the X-squad.<ref name=Goodrum2019>{{Cite book |last=Goodrum |first=Alastair |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncGbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT147 |title=School of Aces: The RAF Training School that Won the Battle of Britain |date=2019 |publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited |isbn=978-1-4456-8618-9 |pages=130–150 |language=en |chapter=6. A foreign field and English sky}}</ref> The youngest of the batch, he later admitted that he submitted an incorrect date of birth in order to qualify for the place.<ref name=Nair2019.2/> The group's activities received widespread media coverage.<ref name=Nair2019.2/> The [[P&O|P&O liner]] SS ''Strathallan'''s passenger list records the group's arrival at Liverpool, England, on 6 October 1940.<ref name=Pass1940>{{cite web |title=UK and Ireland, Incoming Passenger Lists, 1878-1960|date=9 October 1940|url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/27017886:1518?tid=&pid=&queryId=47690121374e8d16f023eb3dad3da733&_phsrc=DAG1&_phstart=successSource|access-date=29 December 2022 |work=1940 Passenger list|via=ancestry.co.uk|url-access=subscription}}</ref> On arrival at London on 8 October, Dutt and his group were welcomed by the Air Minister, [[Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso|Sir Archibald Sinclair]], who handed each a note concluding "we shall be proud to have you fighting by our side".<ref name=Scot1940>{{cite news |title=Air Minister welcomes Indian pilots |work= The Scotsman
|date=9 October 1940|page=2|url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000540/19401009/245/0009|via=British Newspaper Archive|url-access=subscription}}</ref> That day the group were posted to [[RAF Uxbridge]], and subsequently Dutt was sent with most of the others to No. 12 Elementary Flying Training School [[RAF Prestwick|RAF at Prestwick]] to train on [[de Havilland Tiger Moth|Tiger Moth]]s.<ref name=Goodrum2019/> He completed his advanced training at No. 9 Service Flying Training School at [[RAF Hullavington]], Wiltshire, and received his [[Wing (military unit)|wings]] on 16 April 1941.<ref name=Nair2019.2/> Eight of the Indians, including Dutt, were selected for fighter training at No. 56 OTU at [[RAF Sutton Bridge]].<ref name=Goodrum2019/> Subsequently, he spent near four months protecting convoys through the English Channel and flying [[Hawker Hurricane|Hurricanes]] with [[No. 32 Squadron RAF]] after the Battle of Britain.<ref name=Nair2019.2/><ref name=BR.SR>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Vice Marshal Ranjan Dutt 1594|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1594 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=27 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227094034/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1594 |archive-date=27 December 2022 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

After a year in the UK Dutt was posted to [[No. 94 Squadron RAF]], based in Egypt.<ref name=Nair2019.3>Nair, K.S. 2019. Chapter 3. 1941: And then there were three - the raising of No 2 and 3 Squadrons, p. 99</ref><ref name=Mohan2010>{{cite book |last1=Mohan |first1=PVS Jagan |title=The Westland Lysander in Indian Air Force Service |date=2010 |publisher=Jagan Pillarisetti |location=Hydrabad |pages=21–32 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bzOcg-Ke6wC&pg=PA31 |language=en |chapter=No.4 Squadron (Feb 1942-June 1943)}}</ref> Along with [[Mohinder Singh Pujji|Mahinder Singh Pujji]], Mian Mohd Latif and Edwin Nazirullah from his initial group, he served in North Africa and the Middle-East in the latter part of 1941.<ref name=Nair2019.3/> After returning to India he joined [[No. 4 Squadron IAF]] at [[Peshawar]], North-West Frontier.<ref name=Mohan2010/> No. 4 Squadron was officially formed on 1 February 1942 and at first consisted largely of some of that first batch of 24 Indian pilots of 1940; Pujji, Latif, Nazirullah, [[Shivdev Singh]], and Om Prakash Sanghi.<ref name=Mohan2010/> They obtained four [[Westland Lysander]]s from Lahore and completed a move to [[Kohat]] by 23 February 1942.<ref name=Mohan2010/> By March 1942, the squadron had 19 officers and 40 pilots.<ref name=Mohan2010/> In May 1942, Dutt flew several sorties from [[Miranshah]] in the [[Datakhel]] operations; these lasted until mid-August.<ref name=Mohan2010/> At the end of 1942 he was posted as flight officer to [[No. 1 Squadron IAF]], also known as the Tigers, at [[Trichinopoly]].<ref name=BR.SR/>

In June 1944, Dutt became one of the first Indian flight instructors at No. 151 (Fighter) Operational Training Unit RAF, Risalpur.<ref name=Nair2009/><ref name=BR.SR/> He served in the [[Burma campaign]], flying Hurricanes.<ref name=PIB1966/><ref name=Nair2019.6>Nair, K.S. 2019. Chapter 6. 1944: Back to Burma, pp. 213-251</ref> For a short while he was posted to [[No. 20 Squadron RAF]] [[Arakan]] and saw action in the [[Battle of Imphal]].<ref name=Nair2009/> He later joined the newly raised [[No. 10 Squadron IAF]] in 1944 and replaced [[Bob Doe]]'s Canadian [[flight commander]].{{efn|He may have come to the end of his term of duty or been promoted.<ref name=Doe2015/>}}{{clarify|date=September 2023|reason=Canadian pilot? Who?}}.<ref name=Doe2015>{{Cite book |last=Doe |first=Helen |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=amjGCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |title=Fighter Pilot: The Life of Battle of Britain Ace Bob Doe |date=2015|publisher=Amberley Publishing Limited|location=Stroud, Gloucestershire |isbn=978-1-4456-4612-1 |language=en|chapter=8. The battle over the Burmese jungle|page=162}}</ref> Dutt remained there for the squadron's first operational tours.<ref name=Nair2019.6/> In August 1945, after completing a flight leader course at [[RAF Tangmere]] in the UK, Dutt joined [[No. 8 Squadron IAF]] in [[Mingaladon Township|Mingaladon]], as [[flight commander]].<ref name=Nair2019.8.314>Nair, K.S. 2019. Chapter 8. 1945: Return to Rangoon, pp. 314-320</ref><ref name=Nair2020>{{cite web |last1=Nair |first1=K.S. |title=The Real End of World War II and the Indian Servicemen Who Had a Ringside View of It |url=https://thewire.in/history/world-war-2-india-victory-over-japan-day |website=The Wire |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155204/https://thewire.in/history/world-war-2-india-victory-over-japan-day |archive-date=29 December 2022 |date=14 August 2020}}</ref> There, he substituted the [[Vic formation]] with the [[finger-four]] formation.<ref name=Nair2019.8.314/> In March 1946, Dutt was promoted to [[squadron leader]] of [[No. 1 Squadron IAF|No. 1 Squadron RIAF]].<ref name=Times2009/>{{efn|No. 1 Squadron IAF was at first raised in 1933, carried prefix Royal between 1945 and 1950, came under Pakistan at partition (1947), disbanded just short of independence and then recreated by India, being formed by 15 Squadron in 1953.<ref name=Iqbal2022>{{cite book |last1=Iqbal |first1=Aashique Ahmed |title=The Aeroplane and the Making of Modern India |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-286420-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CyGUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT119 |language=en |chapter=2. Ittehad mein shakti (strength in unity): Aviation and the partition of India 1946-1947|pages=119–122}}</ref>}} Towards the beginning of 1947, under Dutt's command, the Tigers converted to the [[Hawker Tempest]].<ref name=Singh2014>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ranbir |title=Marshal Arjan Singh, DFC Life and Times |date=2014 |publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |isbn=978-93-5048-896-6 |pages=56–57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OMXfDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT56 |language=en}}</ref>

<gallery mode="packed">
File:Indian pilots arrival in London, 1940.png|Dutt's group arrive at a London station 8 October 1940
File:Indian pilots (1940).png|At Prestwick, Dutt is second from right in front row holding a map
File:Indian pilots (UK, 1940), tea.png|At Prestwick, Dutt seated first on left
</gallery>

===Post-Independence===
In August 1947, with the [[partition of India]], Dutt moved to India.<ref name=Times2009/> In November, he was appointed Senior Air Staff Officer (SASO) of the [[Western Air Command (India)|No. 1 Operational group]] at [[Palam, Delhi|Palam]]; he led several air missions in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948]],<ref name=PIB1966/> including a strike sortie on Kishanganga Bridge.<ref name=Times2009/> On 1 August 1948, he was promoted to the acting rank of [[Group captain (India)|group captain]] and continued as SASO, No. 1 Operational Group.<ref name=Times2009/>

===Vir Chakra===
On 26 January 1950, with India becoming a republic, the first gallantry awards were announced. Dutt was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]] for gallantry for his role in the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]], with the effective date of award of 2 November 1948.

The citation reads as follows:<ref>{{cite web |title=Gallantry Awards {{!}} Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4392 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230104134159/https://www.gallantryawards.gov.in/awardee/4392 |archive-date=4 January 2023 |access-date=4 January 2023 |website=www.gallantryawards.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|Gazette Notification: 2 Pres 50, 26-1-50
Effective Date of Award: 02 Nov 1948

{{center|'''CITATION''' 
'''GROUP CAPTAIN (NOW AIR VICE MARSHAL) RANJAN DUTT''' 
'''1594 G.D.(P)'''}}
Group Captain (Now Air Vice Marshal) Ranjan Dutt (1594), while serving as S.A.S.O Headquarters No. 1 (Operational) Group, took every opportunity to take part in the Kashmir Operations.

This officer had on three occasions led, with distinction attacks on KISHENGANGA Bridge. The first attack resulted in temporary stoppage of movement of enemy troops and supplies over the bridge. When movement again resumed after the bridge had been repaired, reinforced with heavy protective medium 'Flak' he led another formation for the second time. To facilitate his formation to attack, he went low to straff and silenced the gun positions. In spite of his aircraft being hit by enemy fire, he attacked with precision and knocked out one of the gun positions.

Leading a formation of four aircraft, he again attacked the Kishenganga Bridge, undeterred by the fact that his aircraft had been shot up badly the day before. Although his aircraft was damaged by heavy anti-aircraft fire in this sortie also, he attacked with precision and determination and scored a direct hit on the bridge, causing considerable damage to it. After the mission, by great skill, he brought his badly damaged aircraft back safely to the base. He also carried out highly successful reconnaissance sorties and attacks on Gilgit and Skardu.

For the outstanding services rendered by him during the Kashmir Operations, he has been awarded the Vir Chakra.|sign=|source=}}

===Later career===
On 1 July 1951, Dutt was appointed Commanding Officer of the [[No. 1 (Indian) Service Flying Training School RAF|No. 1 Air Force Academy]] (No. 1 AFA) in Ambala. In September, he led the movement of the Academy to Secunderabad. He graduated in 1952 from [[RAF Staff College, Andover]], with a thesis on "Commonwealth Defence".<ref name=Nair2009/><ref name=PIB1966>{{cite news |title=Press information |url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1966-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENC/PDF/DEF-1966-09-01_075.pdf |access-date=28 December 2022 |work=Government of India |date=1 September 1966 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228163554/https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1966-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENC/PDF/DEF-1966-09-01_075.pdf |archive-date=28 December 2022 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> On 1 April 1953, he was made substantive group captain.<ref name=Times2009/> In 1957, he contributed to the evaluation for the [[Hawker Hunter#Indian Air Force|purchase of Hawker Hunters]] for the IAF.<ref name=Bowman2021>{{cite book |last1=Bowman |first1=Martin W. |title=The Men Who Flew the Hawker Hunter |date=2021 |publisher=Pen and Sword Aviation |location=Yorkshire |isbn=978-1-5267-0572-3 |page=25 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrs1EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |language=en |chapter=1. Hunter hysteria}}</ref> In October 1954, he moved to Air HQ, having been appointed Director, Operations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Service Record for Air Vice Marshal Ranjan Dutt 1594 GD(P) at Bharat Rakshak.com |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1594 |website=Bharat Rakshak |access-date=4 January 2023 |language=en-gb}}</ref>

===Air rank===
After a four-year tenure, on 28 May 1958, Dutt was promoted to the acting rank of [[Air commodore (India)|air commodore]] and appointed Air Officer-in-Charge Policy and Plans at [[Air HQ Communication Squadron, Indian Air Force|Air HQ]]. This was a short tenure; in March next year, he took over as the [[Air officer commanding]] [[Training Command (India)|Training Command]] at Bangalore. In April 1960, the post was upgraded to a [[two-star rank]] and rechristened Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief. Dutt was promoted to the acting rank of [[Air vice marshal (India)|air vice marshal]].

By the end of the year, Dutt was appointed the [[managing director]] of [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]] (HAL). At HAL, he led the procurement of [[HAL HF-24 Marut]]s designed by Kurt Tank, and later [[Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21|MiG-21]]s.<ref name=Times2009/>

After a long six-year stint as the MD of HAL, in October 1966, Dutt was appointed Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief [[Eastern Air Command (India)|Eastern Air Command]] at Shillong. He served as the AOC-in-C for two years. At the completion of tenure in air rank, he retired on 31 May 1968.<ref name=Times2009/>

==Personal life==
Dutt married Ratina Rawlley in the 1950's and had one son, Shunith Dutt. The pair then divorced and Ranjan married Claude Marie De Cavey from Belgium.<ref name=HT2021>{{cite news |title=Did you know Tiger Shroff's handsome looks come from his Gujarati, Turk, Belgian roots? |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/did-you-know-tiger-shroff-s-handsome-looks-come-from-his-gujarati-turk-belgian-roots-101614558613059.html |access-date=1 January 2023 |work=Hindustan Times |date=2 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101195628/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/did-you-know-tiger-shroff-s-handsome-looks-come-from-his-gujarati-turk-belgian-roots-101614558613059.html |archive-date=1 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Their daughter is [[Ayesha Dutt]], who is married to [[Jackie Shroff]], and his grandson is [[Tiger Shroff]].<ref name=HT2021/>

==Awards and decorations==
Dutt had served North Africa and the Middle-East long enough to wear the [[Africa Star]].<ref name=Nair2019.3/> Later, he qualified for the [[Air Crew Europe Star]].<ref name=Nair2019.9.333>Nair, K.S. 2019. Chapter 9. 1945: Post-surrender ops and 1946, p. 333</ref> On 26 January 1950 he was awarded the [[Vir Chakra]].<ref name=PIB1966/><ref name=TDA>{{cite web |title=TDA - The Defence Aspirant Academy |url=https://www.tdaacademy.in/blog/post/eyJpdiI6Ik54R3dzZ2R1RFhZTUgxT3duM2hCd2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW5HbHFTM2drTnBPKy9nR2hlemk4dz09IiwibWFjIjoiNWRmZTg5OWMzZmJhN2JmMDJkYWNiNzUyNzc2ZmEyOGQ3NjQwYjc3MzY4OGY3Y2EyMjcyMzc1M2QzOWNkMTRkOCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |website=www.tdaacademy.in |access-date=29 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229110458/https://www.tdaacademy.in/blog/post/eyJpdiI6Ik54R3dzZ2R1RFhZTUgxT3duM2hCd2c9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoiaW5HbHFTM2drTnBPKy9nR2hlemk4dz09IiwibWFjIjoiNWRmZTg5OWMzZmJhN2JmMDJkYWNiNzUyNzc2ZmEyOGQ3NjQwYjc3MzY4OGY3Y2EyMjcyMzc1M2QzOWNkMTRkOCIsInRhZyI6IiJ9 |archive-date=29 December 2022}}</ref>

==Death==
Dutt died on 13 August 2009 in Chennai. He had returned to India from Europe earlier in the year and was cared for by his son, Shunith Dutt, till his death.<ref name=Times2009/>

==Footnotes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book |last1=Nair |first1=K. S. |title=The Forgotten Few; The Indian Air Force in World War II |date=2019 |publisher=Harper Collins |location=Noida, UP |isbn=978-93-5357-067-5 |pages=42–70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7SufDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Sapru|first=Somnath|author-link=Somnath Sapru|title=Combat Lore: Indian Air Force 1930-1945: Indian Air Force 1930-1945 |date=15 July 2014 |publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd |location=New Delhi|isbn=978-93-85714-34-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEa6DQAAQBAJ|language=en}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|KQx_j5UkyAI|Arrival at London, 8 October 1940}} ([[Pathé News|British Pathé]])
*{{YouTube|QtLwn5sSmsI|Indian Air Force Volunteer Reserve Pilots at RAF Prestwick 1940}} (British Pathé)

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef| before = [[Edwin Nazirullah]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Commanding Officer]] [[No. 1 Squadron IAF]]| years = 1946–1947}}
{{s-aft| after = [[Anand Ramdas Pandit]]}}
{{s-bef| before = [[K. Jaswant-Singh]]}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Training Command]]| years = 1959–1960}}
{{s-aft| after = Surendra Nath Goyal}}
{{s-bef| before = Yeshwant Vinayak Malse}}
{{s-ttl| title = [[Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief Eastern Air Command]]| years = 1966–1968}}
{{s-aft| after = Hirendra Nath Chatterjee}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutt, Ranjan}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:2009 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Indian military aviators]]
[[Category:Indian World War II pilots]]
[[Category:24 Indian pilots]]
[[Category:World War II fighter pilots]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian military personnel]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Vir Chakra]]

Ludwik Sternbach

2026-04-02T20:04:17Z

Bikram Rout: put up new details w/ infobox

'''Ludwik Sternbach''' (12 December 1909 – 25 March 1981) was a lawyer, United Nations officer, and Indologist.

== Early life ==

Sternbach was born in the Polish city of [[Kraków]] to Jewish parents: the lawyer Dr Edward Sternbach and his wife Clara (''née'' Amster).<ref name=":0">K. V. Sarma, '[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41693031 Professor Ludwik Sternbach [1909-1981]]', ''Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute'', 63 (1982), 379-82.</ref>

Sternbach studied Sanskrit in parallel to training as a lawyer. In 1927 he matriculated at the [[Jagiellonian University]] in Kraków, graduating as a ''[[Magister Juris|magister juris]]'' in 1931. He proceeded to take an [[Legum Doctor|LL.D.]] in 1933, and also qualified in commercial law and statistics. From 1936 to 1939 he practiced law as an advocate, and on account of his prodigious linguistic skills was the official court's translator for Spanish, Italian, German, French, and English.<ref name=":0" />

Meanwhile, he studied Sanskrit with Professor [[Helena Willman-Grabowska]] in the Jagiellonian University's seminar for Sanskritology and Indian Philology, beginning in 1928 and graduating with an M.Ph. in Sanskrit and Indology. He also worked as Grabowska's assistant while practicing as a lawyer.<ref name=":0" />

== Second World War ==

The [[Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)|Nazi occupation of Western Poland]] led the Jewish Sternbach to flee to [[Lwow|Lwów]] in the east of the country, where he joined the [[University of Jan Kazimierz]] Oriental Institute as a lecturer in ancient Indian culture, under Professor [[Stefan Stasiak]]. [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact negotiations|The Russian occupation of Eastern Poland]] led to the Soviet authorities cancelling Sternbach's position, and in 1941 he fled, along with his parents and his research notes, travelling through [[Turkey]], [[Pahlavi Iran|Iran]], and [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]], to [[Karachi]] and thence to [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. The Polish embassy there helped Sternbach find work in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]]'s [[Indian Censorship Organisation]], where he worked in a civilian capacity from 1941 to 1945.<ref name=":0" />

While in India, Sternbach came to the notice of Prefessor [[R. N. Dandekar]] and Dr [[K. M. Munshi]], which led to Sternbach receiving the position of honorary professor at the [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]] and a teacher at the [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]] in 1944. He visited and gave academic papers in [[Panjab University|Panjab]], [[Andhra University|Andhra]], [[Annamalai University|Annamalai]], [[University of Mysore|Mysore]] and [[Utkal University|Utkal]], amongst others, and undertook research at the [[University of Kerala|Kerala University]] Research Institute and the Manuscripts Library in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]].<ref name=":0" />

== Post-war career ==

Sternbach left India in 1946. In 1947, he began working for the [[United Nations]], beginning in its Department of Trusteeship and Non-Self-Governing Territories, and retiring from a position as its Deputy Director of Research in 1969. He became Professor of Hindu Law and Indology at the University of Paris (1970–72) and the [[Collège de France]], Paris (1972–76). In 1976, he retired again, but remained active in academia: he was secretary general of the [[International Association of Sanskrit Studies]] and of the [[World Sanskrit Conference]] from their foundation until his death, and a member of the Institute of Indian Civilization of the Collège de France.<ref name=":0" />

Sternbach was the honorand of one ''[[Festschrift]]'' in 1979 (and which contains further biographical information),<ref name=":1">''Ludwik Sternbach abhinandan-grantha = Ludwik Sternbach felicitation volume'', ed. by J. P. Sinha, 2 vols (Lucknow: Akhila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, 1979).</ref> and, following his death, another in 1981.<ref>''Dr. Ludwik Sternbach commemoration volume'', ed. by Stefano Piano (Torino: Edizioni Jollygrafica, [1981]).</ref>

==Works==

A complete list of Sternbach's publications up to that time appears in his 1979 ''Festschrift''.<ref name=":1" /> Sternbach's books include:

* ''Supplement to O. Böhtlingk's Indische Sprüche'' (Wiesbaden: Deutsche Morgenländische Gesellschaft/Kommissionsverlag Franz Steiner, 1965).
* ''A new Cāṇakya-Rāja-Nīti-Śāstra manuscript'' (Bombay: Bhāratiya Vidyā Bhavan, 1958).
* ''The Mānava dharmaśāstra, I-III and the Bhaviṣya Purāṇa'' (Varanasi: All India Kashi Raj Trust, 1974).
* ''The spreading of Cāṇakya's aphorisms over "Greater India"'' (Calcutta: Calcutta Oriental Book Agency, 1969).
* ''Bibliography of Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra'' (Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Institute, 1973).
* ''[Mahā-subhāṣita-saṅgraha] = Mahā-subhāṣita-saṁgraha: being an extensive collection of wise sayings in Sanskrit, critically edited with introduction, English translation, critical notes, etc.'', 3 vols (Hoshiarpur : Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, 1974–77).
* ''A descriptive catalogue of poets quoted in Sanskrit anthologies and inscriptions'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1978–80).
* ''Subhāṣita, gnomic and didactic literature'' (Wiesbaden : O. Harrassowitz, 1974).
* ''Poésie sanskrite dans les anthologies et les inscriptions'' (Paris: Collège de France, Institut de civilisation indienne/Diffusion, E. de Boccard, 1980–1985).
* ''The Kāvya-portions in the Kathā-literature (Pañcatantra, Hitopadeśa, Vikramacarita, Vetālapañcaviṁśatikā, and Sukasaptati); an analysis'' (Delhi: Meharchand Lachhmandas, [1971-1976])
* ''The Hitopadeśa and its sources'' (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1960)
* With Varanasi Kauṭalya, ''A new abridged version of the Bṛhaspati-saṁhitā of the Garuḋa Purāṇa'' (Purāṅ Dept.: All-India Kashiraj Trust, 1966).
* ''Vyāsasubhāṣitasaṅgrahaḥ: Luḍvhik Ṣṭerṇabākh ityetaiḥ anekamātṛkādhāreṇa pāṭhāntarādibhiḥ saṃśodhya idamprathamatayā sampāditaḥ'' (Vārāṇasī: Caukhambā Saṃskṛta Sīrīja Āphisa, 1969)
* ''Canakya's aphorisms in the Hitopadesá (I-IV)'', American Oriental Society. Publications. Offprint series, 28 (New Haven: American Oriental Society, 1956–57).
* ''Gaṇikā-vr̥tta-saṅgrahaḥ, or, Texts on courtezans in classical Sanskrit'' (Hośyārapure: Viśveśvarānandasaṃsthāna-prakāśanamaṇḍalam, [1953])
* ''Indian riddles: a forgotten chapter in the history of Sanskrit literature'' (Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, 1975).
* ''Bibliography on dharma and artha in ancient and mediaeval India'' (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1973).
* With Kauṭalya, ''The subhāsita-samgraha-s as treasuries of Cānakya's sayings'' (Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Institute, 1966).
* ''Cāṇakya-nīti-text-tradition = [Cāṇakya-nīti-śākhā-samprad āyah]'' (Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Vedic Research Institute, 1963-)
* ''Aphorisms and proverbs in the Kathā-sarit-sāgara'' (Lucknow: Akhila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, 1980-).
* With Kauṭalya, ''Cāṇakya-rāja-nīti: maxims on Rāja-nīti / compiled from various collections of maxims attributed to C[sup]-aṇakya'' (Adyar, Madras, India: The Adyar Library and Research Centre, 1963).
* ''The subhāsita-samgraha-s as treasuries of Cānakya's sayings'' (Hoshiarpur: Vishveshvaranand Institute, 1966).
* ''Unknown verses attributed to Kṣemendra'' (Lucknow: Akhila Bharatiya Sanskrit Parishad, 1979).
* ''Traduction et commentaire de l'homélie écrite probablement par Théodore le Syncelle sur le siège de Constantinople en 626 / Ferenc Makk; avec une préface de S. Szádeczky-Kardoss; appendice, Analecta Avarica de L. Sternbach'' (Szeged: JATE, 1975).

==References==

{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sternbach, Ludwik}}
[[Category:Indologists]]
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]

Vaali (poet)

2026-03-27T15:59:41Z

Bikram Rout: small refine structure for consistency further

{{Short description|Indian artist, poet, lyricist, writer, actor (1931–2013)}}
{{about|the poet and lyricist||Vaali (disambiguation)}}
{{use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Vaalee
| honorific_prefix = Padma Shri
| image = Vaali (poet).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = T. S. Rangarajan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1931|10|29}}
| birth_place = [[Thirupparaithurai]], [[Srirangam]], [[Tiruchirapalli district]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2013|07|18|1931|10|29}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu, India
| occupation = {{Hlist | Artist | poet | lyricist | writer | actor}}
| period = 1958–2013
| spouse = {{marriage|Ramani Thilagam|1965|2009|reason=died}}
| children = 1
| parents =
}}

'''Thirupparaithurai Srinivasan Rangarajan''', professionally credited by his pseudonym '''Vaali''' (29{{nbsp}}October 1931{{snd}}18{{nbsp}}July 2013), was an Indian poet who has the record for writing the most songs in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] cinema. He is also recognised for a five-decade-long association in the Tamil film industry and has written more than 15,000 songs.<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite news|author=B. Kolappan |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/lyricist-vaali-passes-away/article4927939.ece |title=Lyricist Vaali leaves a void |work=The Hindu|date=18 July 2013 |access-date=20 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Cinema news {{!}} Tamil Movies {{!}} Cinema seithigal|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/02/05231523/Cinema-History.html|website=Maalaimalar|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref> He acted in a number of films, including ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]'', ''[[Hey Ram]]'', ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]'' and ''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]''. He was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian honour in 2007.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Biography==
Vaali was born in a Tamil [[Iyengar]] [[brahmin]] family<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-18|title=Tamil movie lyricist Vaali dead|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/345563/tamil-movie-lyricist-vaali-dead.html|access-date=2022-01-15|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> as T. S. Rangarajan on 29 October 1931 to Srinivasan Iyengar and Ponnammal Iyengar. His native place is [[Thirupparaithurai]], [[Tiruchirappalli district]]. Growing up, he studied at [[Higher Secondary School for Boys, Srirangam]], Srirangam till he finished his SSLC. He went to [[Madras]] in 1950 seeking an opportunity in the Tamil film industry.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tamil Cinema news {{!}} Tamil Movies {{!}} Cinema seithigal|url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2014/02/06232106/cinema-history.html|website=Maalaimalar|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref> In the 1960s and 1970s, he received patronage from actor [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and became a successful lyricist, in competition with poet [[Kannadasan]], which he had chronicled in his autobiography ''Naanum Indha Nootrandum''. Vaali has also authored other books such as ''Avathara Purushan'', ''Pandavar Bhoomi'', ''Ramanuja Kaviyam'', ''Krishna Vijayam'', ''Thamizh Kadavul'', ''Kalaignar Kaviyam'', ''Krishna Bhakthan'' and ''Vaaliba vaali''. His song "Amma Endru Azhaikatha Uyir Illaiye" is carved in the stone in a temple in [[Trichy]].<ref name="hindu">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/28/stories/2007012804620600.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629033131/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/28/stories/2007012804620600.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 June 2007 | title=Elevan Padma awards announced for Tamil Nadu | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=28 January 2007 | access-date=14 June 2012}}</ref> He wrote songs for [[M. G. Ramachandran]] in 64 films and also for [[Sivaji Ganesan]] in 80 films.{{Citation needed |date=March 2024}} He wrote more than 15000 songs in Tamil films.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Vaali, an Astute Lyricist Who Excelled in Adversity|work=The Wire|first=K.V. |last=Venugopal|url=https://thewire.in/film/vaali-mgr-sivaji-karunanidhi|date=22 July 2017}}</ref>

He died on 18 July 2013 in [[Chennai]], following respiratory illness, at the age of 82.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=19 July 2013 |first=Sruthisagar |last=Yamunan |title=Ode to late lyricist Vaali who transcended generations|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ode-to-late-lyricist-Vaali-who-transcended-generations/2013/07/19/article1690627.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721035637/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Ode-to-late-lyricist-Vaali-who-transcended-generations/2013/07/19/article1690627.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 July 2013|publisher=newindianexpress.com|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

==Awards==
;Civilian honours
* [[Padmashri]] in 2007<ref name="hindu"/>

;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
Vaali is a five-time winner of the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Lyricist]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Anandan|first=Film News|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru (Tamil Film History and Its Achievements)|year=2004|publisher=Sivagami Publications|page=738}}</ref>
* 1970 – ''[[Engal Thangam]]m''
* 1979 – ''[[Ivargal Vidhyasamanavargal]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Varusham Padhinaaru]]'' and ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Dasavathaaram]]''

==Books==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* ''Amma'' – 1976
* ''Avathara Purushan'' – 1995
* ''Naanum Indha Nootrandum''
* ''Pandavar Bhoomi''
* ''Ramanuja Kaviyam''
* ''Krishna Vijayam''
* ''Thamizh Kadavul''
* ''Kalaignar Kaviyam''
* ''Krishna Bhakthan''
* ''Vaaliba vaali''
* ''Poikkal kuthiraikal''
* ''Nija Govintham''
* ''Azagiya Singar''
* ''Pennin Perundhakka Yavula''
* ''Bhagavad Geethai''
* ''Ninaivu Nadakkal''
* ''Enakkul M.G.R. ''
{{div col end}}

==Filmography==

===As lyricist===

====1950s–1970s====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 1959 – ''[[Azhagarmalai Kalvan]]''
* 1961 – ''[[Chandrakanth]]''
* 1961 – ''[[Nallavan Vazhvan]]''
* 1963 – ''[[Edhaiyum Thaangum Idhayam]]''
* 1963 – ''[[Idayathil Nee]]''
* 1963 – ''[[Karpagam]]'' - All songs
* 1964 – ''[[Dheiva Thaai]]''
* 1964 – ''[[Padagotti]]''
* 1964 – ''[[Thaayin Madiyil]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Aasai Mugam]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Anbu Karangal]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Enga Veetu Pillai]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Panchavarna Kili]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Kalangarai Vilakkam]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Panam Padaithavan]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Thazhampoo]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Kaakum karangal]]''
* 1965 – ''[[Vennira Aadai]]''
* 1966 – ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]''
* 1966 – ''[[Chandhrodhayam]]''
* 1966 – ''[[Major Chandrakanth (1966 film)|Major Chandrakanth]]''
* 1966 – ''[[Motor Sundaram Pillai]]''
* 1966 – ''[[Naan Aanaiyittal]]''
* 1966 – ''[[Nadodi]]''
* 1966 – ''[[Petralthan Pillaiya]]''
* 1966 – ''[[Thaali Bhagyam]]''
* 1967 – ''[[Arasa Kattalai]]''
* 1967 – ''[[Athey Kangal (1967 film)|Adhey Kangal]]''
* 1967 – ''[[Aval (1967 film)|Aval]]''
* 1967 – ''[[Iru Malargal]]''
* 1967 – ''[[Kaavalkaaran (1967 film)|Kaavalkaaran]]''
* 1967 – ''[[Pesum Deivam]]''
* 1967 – ''[[Selva Magal]]''
* 1968 – ''[[Ethir Neechal (1968 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''
* 1968 – ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]''
* 1968 – ''[[Kanavan]]''
* 1968 – ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]] ''
* 1968 – ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]''
* 1968 – ''[[Oli Vilakku]]''
* 1968 – ''[[Ragasiya Police 115]]''
* 1968 – ''[[Ther Thiruvizha]]''
* 1968 – ''[[Uyarntha Manithan]]''
* 1968 – ''[[Chakkaram]]''
* 1969 – ''[[Adimaippenn]]''
* 1969 – ''[[Iru Kodugal]]''
* 1969 – ''[[Nam Naadu (1969 film)|Nam Naadu]]''
* 1969 – ''[[Nil Gavani Kadhali]]''
* 1969 – ''[[Subadhinam]]''
* 1970 – ''[[En Annan]]''
* 1970 – ''[[Engal Thangam]]''
* 1970 – ''[[Ethiroli]]''
* 1970 – ''[[Enga Mama]]''
* 1970 – ''[[Maanavan]]''
* 1970 – ''[[Maattukara Velan]]''
* 1970 – ''[[Thalaivan (1970 film)|Thalaivan]]''
* 1970 – ''[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]]''
* 1971 – ''[[Annai Velankanni]]''
* 1971 – ''[[Kumari Kottam]]'' - 1 song
* 1971 – ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]''
* 1971 – ''[[Babu (1971 film)|Babu]]'' - All songs
* 1971 – ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]''
* 1971 – ''[[Rickshawkaran]]''
* 1972 – ''[[Annamitta Kai]]''
* 1972 – ''[[Idhaya Veenai]]''
* 1972 – ''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]''
* 1972 – ''[[Raman Thediya Seethai (1972 film)|Raman Thediya Seethai]]''
* 1972 – ''[[Velli Vizha]]''
* 1973 – ''[[Bharatha Vilas]]''
* 1973 – ''[[Sollathaan Ninaikkiren]]''
* 1973 – ''[[Suryakanthi]]''
* 1973 – ''[[Ulagam Sutrum Valiban]]''
* 1974 – ''[[Dheerga Sumangali]]''
* 1974 – ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]''
* 1974 – ''[[Sirithu Vazha Vendum]]''
* 1974 – ''[[Urimaikural]]''
* 1975 – ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (1975 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]''
* 1975 – ''[[Idhayakkani]]''
* 1975 – ''[[Ninaithadhai Mudippavan]]''
* 1976 – ''[[Bhadrakali (film)|Bhadrakali]]''
* 1976 – ''[[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]''
* 1976 – ''[[Needhikku Thalaivanangu]]''
* 1976 – ''[[Oorukku Uzhaippavan]]''
* 1977 – ''[[Aarupushpangal]]''
* 1977 – ''[[Indru Pol Endrum Vaazhga]]''
* 1977 – ''[[Meenava Nanban]]''
* 1977 – ''[[Navarathinam]]''
* 1978 – ''[[Achani (1978 film)|Achani]]''
* 1978 – ''[[Ilamai Oonjal Aadukirathu]]''
* 1978 – ''[[Justice Gopinath]]''
* 1978 – ''[[Mangudi Minor]]''
* 1978 – ''[[Pilot Premnath]]''
* 1978 – ''[[Sadhurangam (1978 film)|Sadhurangam]]''
* 1978 – ''[[Sigappu Rojakkal]]''
* 1978 – ''[[Vanakkatukuriya Kathaliye]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Anbe Sangeetha]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Annai Oru Alayam]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Dharma Yuddam]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Kadavul Amaitha Medai]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Naan Vazhavaippen]]''
{{div col end}}

====1980s====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 1980 – ''[[Kannil Theriyum Kathaikal]]''
* 1980 – ''[[Natchathiram]]''
* 1980 – ''[[Nizhalgal]]''
* 1980 – ''[[Othaiyadi Pathaiyile]]''
* 1981 – ''[[Aaniver]]''
* 1981 – ''[[Agni Sakshi (1982 film)|Agni Satchi]]''
* 1981 – ''[[Kudumbam Oru Kadambam]]''
* 1981 – ''[[Manal Kayiru]]''
* 1981 – ''[[Mouna Geethangal]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Enkeyo Ketta Kural]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Gopurangal Saivathillai]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Kanne Radha]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Moondru Mugam]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Nenjangal]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Paritchaikku Neramaachu]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Antha Rathirikku Satchi Illai]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Pattanathu Rajakkal]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Ranga (1982 film)|Ranga]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (1982 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Thaai Mookaambikai]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Thanikattu Raja]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Thooral Ninnu Pochu]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Thunai]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Vaa Kanna Vaa]]''
* 1982 – ''[[Vazhvey Maayam]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Adutha Varisu]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Kozhi Koovuthu (1982 film)|Kozhi Koovuthu]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Miruthanga Chakravarthi]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Neethibathi]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Paayum Puli (1983 film)|Paayum Puli]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Sandhippu]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Saranalayam]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Sivappu Sooriyan]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Soorakottai Singakutti]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Sumangali (1983 film)|Sumangali]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Thai Veedu]]'' - 5 songs
* 1983 – ''[[Thanga Magan (1983 film)|Thanga Magan]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Thoongadhey Thambi Thoongadhey]]''
* 1983 – ''[[Vellai Roja]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Anbe Odi Vaa]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Anbulla Rajinikanth]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Dhavani Kanavugal]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Idhu Enga Boomi]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Iru Medhaigal]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Kai Kodukkum Kai]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Kudumbam (1984 film)|Kudumbam]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Kuzhandhai Yesu]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Madras Vathiyar]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Madurai Sooran]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Naalai Unathu Naal]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Nalla Naal]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Nallavanuku Nallavan]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Osai]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Sathiyam Neeye]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Simma Soppanam]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Theerppu En Kaiyil]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Vaidehi Kathirunthal]]''
* 1984 - ''[[Naan Paadum Paadal]]'' - 1 song
* 1984 – ''[[Vamsa Vilakku]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Veettukku Oru Kannagi]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Vellai Pura Ondru]]''
* 1984 – ''[[Vidhi (1984 film)|Vidhi]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Bandham (1985 film)|Bandham]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Deivapiravi (1985 film)|Deivapiravi]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Kanni Rasi]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Kettimelam]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Manakanakku]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Mangamma Sabadham (1985 film)|Mangamma Sabadham]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (1985 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Nalla Thambi]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Needhiyin Nizhal]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Padikkadavan (1985 film)|Padikkadavan]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Padikkadha Pannaiyar]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Raja Rishi]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Udaya Geetham]]''
* 1985 – ''[[Uyarndha Ullam]]''
* 1985 – ''Naam Iruvar''
* 1985 _ ''[[Thanga Mama 3D]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Anandha Kanneer]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Annai En Dheivam]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Dharma Devathai]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Dharma Pathini (1986 film)|Dharmapathini]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Enakku Naaney Needhibathi]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Lakshmi Vandhachu (film)|Lakshmi Vandhachu]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Marumagal (1986 film)|Marumagal]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Mella Thirandhathu Kadhavu]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Mouna Ragam]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Naan Adimai Illai]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Nambinar Keduvadhillai]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Oru Iniya Udhayam]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Saadhanai]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Samsaram Adhu Minsaram]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Uyire Unakkaga]]'' - 2 songs
* 1986 – ''[[Vasantha Raagam]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Viduthalai (1986 film)|Viduthalai]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Maaveeran (1986 film)|Maaveeran]]''
* 1986 – ''[[Thazhuvatha Kaigal]]'' - 4 songs
* 1987 – ''[[Anjadha Singam]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Enga Chinna Rasa]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Kavalan Avan Kovalan]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Kudumbam Oru Koyil]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Mupperum Deviyar]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Oorkavalan]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Paadu Nilave]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Poomazhai Pozhiyudhu]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Sirai Paravai]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Veerapandiyan]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Dharmathin Thalaivan]]''
* 1988 – ''[[En Thamizh En Makkal]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|Guru Sishyan]]'' (1988 film)
* 1988 – ''[[Idhu Namma Aalu (1988 film)|Idhu Namma Aalu]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Kaliyugam (1988 film)|Kaliyugam]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Manamagale Vaa]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Poruthadhu Podhum]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Sahadevan Mahadevan]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Solla Thudikkuthu Manasu]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Thambi Thanga Kambi]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Aararo Aariraro]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Apoorva Sagodharargal (1989 film)|Apoorva Sagodharargal]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Dharmam Vellum]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Ennai Peththa Rasaa]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Ponmana Selvan]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Rajanadai]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Siva (1989 Tamil film)|Siva]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Thangamaana Purushan]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Varusham 16]]''
* 1989 – ''[[Vetri Vizha]]''
{{div col end}}

====1990s====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 1990 - ''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''
* 1990 - ''[[Arangetra Velai]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Ethir Kaatru]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Kizhakku Vasal]]''
* 1990 – ''[[My Dear Marthandan]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Nadigan]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Panakkaran]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Puriyaadha Pudhir]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Puthu Paatu]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Raja Kaiya Vacha]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Sandhana Kaatru]]''
* 1990 - ''[[Jagathalaprathapan (1990 film)|Jagathalaprathapan]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Sirayil Pootha Sinna Malar]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Unnai Solli Kutramillai]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Vaazhkai Chakkaram]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Velai Kidaichuduchu]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Ayul Kaithi]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Bramma]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Chinna Thambi]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Eeramana Rojave]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Gnana Paravai]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Gopura Vasalile]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Guna (film)|Guna]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Idhayam (film)|Idhayam]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Kizhakku Karai]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Maanagara Kaaval]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Nee Pathi Naan Pathi]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Rudhra (film)|Rudhra]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Thaipoosam]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Thalapathi]]''
* 1991 – ''[[Thalattu Ketkuthamma]]''
* 1992 – ''Thilagam''
* 1992 – ''[[Chembaruthi]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Chinna Marumagal]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Deiva Vaakku]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Mannan (film)|Mannan]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Naangal]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Nadodi Pattukkaran]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Oorpanchayathu]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Senthamizh Paattu]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Singaravelan]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Suriyan]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Thevar Magan]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Unna Nenachen Pattu Padichen]]''
* 1992 – ''[[Vanna Vanna Pookkal]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Chinna Jameen]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Chinna Kannamma]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Chinna Mapillai]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Dharmaseelan]]''
* 1993 – ''[[I Love India]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Kalaignan]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Karpagam Vanthachu]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Kathirukka Neramillai]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Maharasan]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Manichitrathazhu]]'' (Malayalam)
* 1993 – ''[[Marupadiyum]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Senthoorapandi]]''
* 1993 - ''[[Gentleman (1993 film)|Gentleman]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Ulle Veliye]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Uzhaippali]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Uzhavan]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Walter Vetrivel]]''
* 1993 – ''[[Yejaman]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Adharmam]]''
* 1994 – ''[[En Aasai Machan]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Indhu]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Kaadhalan]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Kanmani (film)|Kanmani]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Mahanadhi (1994 film)|Mahanadhi]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Mogamul]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Priyanka (1994 film)|Priyanka]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Raasa Magan]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Rasigan]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Seeman (film)|Seeman]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Senthamizh Selvan]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Veetla Visheshanga]]''
* 1994 – ''[[Watchman Vadivel]]''
* 1994 - ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Aanazhagan]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Aasai]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Chinna Vathiyar]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Deva (1995 film)|Deva (film)]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Kattumarakaran]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Kolangal (1995 film)|Kolangal]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Mr. Madras]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Muthu Kaalai]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari (film)|Oru Oorla Oru Rajakumari]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Periya Kudumbam]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Raasaiyya]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Ragasiya Police]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Rajavin Parvaiyile]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Sathi Leelavathi (1995 film)|Sathi Leelavathi]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Thirumoorthy]]''
* 1995 – ''[[Thotta Chinungi]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Coimbatore Mappillai]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Indian (1996 film)|Indian]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Kadhal Desam]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Kalloori Vaasal]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Maanbumigu Maanavan]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Mr. Romeo]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Nethaji]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Poovarasan]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Poove Unakkaga (film)|Poove Unakkaga]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Selva (film)|Selva]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Tata Birla]]''
* 1996 – ''[[Vaanmathi]]''
* 1997 – ''[[Bharathi Kannamma]]''
* 1997 – ''[[Thambi Durai]]''
* 1997 – ''[[Vaimaye Vellum]]''
* 1998 - ''[[Iruvar]]''
* 1998 – ''[[Kadhala Kadhala]]''
* 1998 – ''[[Maru Malarchi|Marumalarchi]]''
* 1998 – ''[[Ninaithen Vandhai]]''
* 1999 – ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]''
* 1999 – ''[[Manam Virumbuthe Unnai]]''
* 1999 – ''[[Mannavaru Chinnavaru]]''
{{div col end}}

====2000s====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 2000 – ''[[Hey Ram]]''
* 2000 – ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]''
* 2000 – ''[[Priyamaanavale]]''
* 2000 – ''[[Simmasanam]]''
* 2000 – ''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Chocolate (2001 film)|Chocolate]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Dheena]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Dhosth (2001 Malayalam film)|Dhosth]]'' (Malayalam)
* 2001 – ''[[Looty]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Minnale]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Narasimma (film)|Narasimma]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Parthale Paravasam]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Baba (2002 film)|Baba]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Bhagavathi (film)|Bhagavathi]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Kadhal Virus]]''
* 2002 - ''[[Aalavandhan]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Punnagai Desam]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]''
* 2003 – ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]''
* 2003 – ''[[Dum (2003 Tamil film)|Dum]]''
* 2003 – ''[[Lesa Lesa]]''
* 2003 – ''[[Pudhiya Geethai]]''
* 2004 – ''[[Kuthu]]''
* 2004 – ''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]''
* 2004 – ''[[Manmadhan (film)|Manmadhan]]''
* 2004 – ''[[New (film)|New]]''
* 2004 - ''[[Swades|Desam]]'' (Tamil Version)
* 2005 – ''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Chandramukhi]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Chidambarathil Oru Appasamy]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Ghajini (2005 film)|Ghajini]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Mannin Maindhan]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Mumbai Xpress (2005 Tamil film)|Mumbai Xpress]]''
* 2005 – ''[[Oru Naal Oru Kanavu]]''
* 2006 – ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (2006 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]''
* 2006 – ''[[Sillunu Oru Kaadhal]]''
* 2006 – ''[[Vallavan]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Aalwar]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Azhagiya Thamizh Magan]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Billa (2007 film)|Billa]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Chennai 600028]]''
* 2007 – ''[[En Uyirinum Melana]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Inimey Nangathan]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Kaalai]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]''
* 2007 – ''[[Unnale Unnale]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Dasavathaaram (film)|Dasavathaaram]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Dhanam (2008 film)|Dhanam]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Final Cut of Director|Bommalattam]]'' (dubbed)
* 2008 – ''[[Jayam Kondaan]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Kuselan]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Sakkarakatti]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Saroja (2008 film)|Saroja]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Silambattam (film)|Silambattam]]''
* 2008 – ''[[Singakutty]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Aadhavan]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Arundhati (2009 film)|Arundhathi]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Jagan Mohini]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Kunguma Poovum Konjum Puravum]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Malai Malai]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Mathiya Chennai]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Naadodigal]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Naan Kadavul]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Panchamirtham (film)|Panchamirtham]]''
* 2009 – ''[[Vaalmiki]]''
{{div col end}}

====2010s====
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 2010 – ''[[Agarathi]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Baana Kaathadi]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Chikku Bukku]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Goa (2010 film)|Goa]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Guru Sishyan (2010 film)|Guru Sishyan]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Kadhalukku Maranamillai]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Leelai]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Maanja Velu]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Nanda Nanditha (2012 film)|Nanda Nanditha]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Pen Singam]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Theeratha Vilayattu Pillai]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Thottuppaar]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Valiban Sutrum Ulagam]]''
* 2010 – ''[[Viruthagiri]]''
====2011s====
* 2011 – ''[[Aadu Puli]]''
* 2011 – ''[[Engeyum Kaadhal]]''
* 2011 – ''[[Kandaen]]''
* 2011 – ''[[Mankatha]]''
* 2011 – ''[[Maveeran]]''
* 2011 – ''[[Osthe]]''
* 2011 – ''Ponnar Shankar''
* 2011 – ''[[Sattapadi Kutram]]''
* 2011 – ''[[Uyarthiru 420]]''
* 2011 – ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]''
====2012s====
* 2012 – ''[[Aadhalal Kadhal Seiveer]]''
* 2012 – ''[[Mirattal]]''
* 2012 – ''[[Podaa Podi]]''
* 2012 – ''[[Thadaiyara Thakka]]''
* 2013 – ''[[Alex Pandian]]''
* 2013 – ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]''
* 2013 – ''[[Kanna Laddu Thinna Aasaiya]]''
* 2013 – ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]''
* 2013 – ''[[Udhayam NH4]]''
* 2013 – ''[[Biriyani (film)|Biriyani]]'' (posthumous)
* 2013 – ''[[Endrendrum Punnagai]]'' (posthumous)
* 2013 – ''[[Maryan (film)|Maryan]]'' (posthumous)
* 2014 – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'' (posthumous)
* 2014 – ''[[Kochadaiyaan]]'' (posthumous)
* 2014 – ''[[Naan Than Bala]]'' posthumous)
* 2014 – ''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]'' (posthumous)
* 2014 – ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (posthumous)
* 2014 – ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]'' (posthumous)
* 2014 – ''[[Thirudan Police]]'' (posthumous)
* 2014 – ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' (posthumous)
{{div col end}}

===As actor===
;Films
* 1983 – ''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]''
* 1988 – ''[[Sathya (1988 film)|Sathya]]''
* 2000 – ''[[Hey Ram]]''
* 2001 – ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''
* 2002 – ''[[Kadhal Virus]]''
;Television
*''Kaialavu Manasu''

===As writer===
* 1974 – ''[[Kaliyuga Kannan]]''
* 1976 - ''[[Oru Kodiyil Iru Malargal]]''
* 1976 - ''[[Adhirshtam Azhaikkirathu]]''
* 1976 - ''[[Muthana Muthallavo]]''
* 1978 - ''[[Chittu Kuruvi]]''
* 1979 – ''[[Kadavul Amaitha Medai]]'' – Screenplay, Dialogues
* 1980 - ''[[Hema Hemeelu|Vaira Kreedam]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/kalki1980-04-06|title=kalki magazine 1980-04-06|date=6 April 1980|access-date=21 April 2023|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>
* 1983 – ''[[Magudi]]''
* 1987 – ''[[Ore Oru Gramathile]]''
* 1988 – ''[[En Thamizh En Makkal]]''
* 1990 – ''[[Pengal Veettin Kangal]]'' (dialogues only)

===Television===
* 1997 ''Kaialavau Manasu''
* 2003 ''Vikaramadhithan''
* 2003 ''Imsai Arasigal''
* 2008 ''Thangamana Purushan''
* 2012 ''[[Amudha Oru Aacharyakuri]]''

==List of songs==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Vaali songs
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Songs
! scope="col" | Composer
|-
| 1958 || ''[[Azhagarmalai Kalvan]]'' || "Nilavum Tharaiyum" || B. Gopalam
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Aayirathil Oruvan (1965 film)|Aayirathil Oruvan]]'' || {{Hlist | "Aadamal" | "Paruvam Enadhu" | "Unnai Naan" | "Yaen Endra"}} || Viswanathan-Ramamoorthy
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Anbe Vaa (1966 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' || all songs || M. S. Viswanathan
|-
| 1968 || ''[[Oli Vilakku]]'' || all songs || M. S. Viswanathan
|-
| 1970 || ''[[En Annan]]'' || "Kannukku Theriyadha" || K. V. Mahadevan
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Ranga (1982 film)|Ranga]]'' || all songs || Shankar-Ganesh
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Poikkal Kudhirai (1983 film)|Poikkal Kudhirai]]'' || all songs || M. S. Viswanathan
|-
| 1985 || ''[[Udaya Geetham]]'' || all songs || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Ore Oru Gramathiley]]'' || all songs || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Sathyaa]]'' || all songs || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Agni Natchathiram]]'' || all songs || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1989 || ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal (film)|Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' || all songs || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Anjali (1990 film)|Anjali]]'' || all songs || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Chatriyan]]'' || all songs || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana]]'' || all songs || Ilayaraja
|-
| 1993 || ''[[Maravan]]'' || all songs || Deva
|-
| 1996 || ''[[Kadhal Desam]]'' || all songs || A.R. Rahman
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]'' || {{Hlist | "Nee Than En" | "Adhisaya Thirumanam" | "moondrezhuthu" | "love check" | "Manmadha maasam"}} || A. R. Rahman
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Mumbai Express]]'' || all songs || Ilayaraja
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'' || "Kai Pesi" || Yuvan Shankar Raja & MSV
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ethir Neechal (2013 film)|Ethir Neechal]]'' || "Ethir Neechal Adi" || Anirudh Ravichandar
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (2014 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]'' || all songs || D. Imman
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'' || "Hey lamba" || Harris Jayaraj
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' || {{Hlist | "Onakkaga Poranthaenae" | "Pesuraen Pesuraen" | "Enakkaaga Poranthaayae"}} || Justin Prabhakaran
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* {{IMDb name|id=1559999|name=Vaali}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vaali}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2013 deaths]]
[[Category:Dravidian movement]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Tamil film poets]]
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu State Film Awards winners]]
[[Category:Tamil poets]]
[[Category:Tamil-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Writers from Tiruchirappalli]]

ISKCON Temple, Bengaluru

2026-03-27T07:28:46Z

Bikram Rout: Creating A Place Needs Work

{{Short description|Radha Krishna Temple in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = ISKCON Temple Bengaluru
| image = ISKCON Banglaore Temple.jpg
| alt = Iskcon temple at night with fireworks
| caption = The temple at night
| map_type = INDIA Bengaluru
| map_caption = Location in Bangalore
| coordinates_footnotes=
| other_names =
| country = India
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bengaluru]]
| location = [[Rajajinagar]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Radha Krishna|Radha Krishnachandra]]
| festivals =[[Janamashtami]], [[Radhashtami]], [[Gaura Purnima]]
| architecture = [[Hindu architecture|Hindu temple architecture]]
| temple_quantity = 3
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed = {{Start date and age|1997}}<ref name="ITBWebInfo">[http://www.iskconbangalore.org/temple-information ISKCON Temple Bangalore website, Temple Information]</ref><ref name="ITBWebHist"/>
| website = {{URL|www.iskconbangalore.org/}}
}}
'''ISKCON Temple Bengaluru''' is one of the largest Krishna-Hindu temples in the world. It is situated in [[Bengaluru]] in the [[India]]n state of [[Karnataka]]. The temple is dedicated to Hindu deities [[Radha Krishna]] and propagates monotheism as mentioned in ''Chandogya Upanishad''.<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|year=2007|title=International Society for Krishna Consciousness Revival Movement (IRM)|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|publisher=Facts On File|location=New York|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|series=Encyclopedia of World Religions. [[J. Gordon Melton]], Series Editor|page=200|isbn=978-0-8160-5458-9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|archive-date=20 October 2022|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|last1=Jones|first1=Constance A.|access-date=3 January 2022|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>

==History==
In May 1997, Bangalore ISKCON Temple was inaugurated by the ninth [[president of India]], [[Shankar Dayal Sharma]].<ref name="Encyclopedia" /><ref name="ITBWebHist">[https://www.iskconbangalore.org/History ISKCON Temple Bangalore website, Temple History]</ref>

==Founder==
[[Srila Prabhupada]] founded International Society for Krishna Consciousness ([[ISKCON]]). In 1966, he established ISKCON in New York City, dedicating his life to promoting the teachings of the Bhagavad Gita and the practice of [[bhakti yoga]]. His efforts established temples, ashrams, and communities worldwide, making Vedic wisdom accessible to a global audience.

During the Maha Kumbh Mela, one of the largest spiritual gatherings in the world, Srila Prabhupada was posthumously honoured with the title of "Vishwa Guru" by the [[Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad]]. This recognition celebrated his monumental contributions to spirituality, his role in reviving ancient Vedic traditions, and his impact as a global spiritual ambassador.<ref>{{cite web |title=ISKCON Founder Srila Prabhupada Conferred With 'Vishwa Guru' Title During Maha Kumbh |url=https://www.news18.com/india/iskcon-founder-srila-prabhupada-conferred-with-vishwa-guru-title-during-maha-kumbh-9227233.html |website=www.news18.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ABAP honours Swami Prabhupada with 'Vishwa Guru' title at Maha Kumbh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/allahabad/abap-honours-swami-prabhupada-with-vishwa-guru-title-at-maha-kumbh/articleshow/118185299.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vishwa Guru title for Srila Prabhupada|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/360-degree/vishwa-guru-title-for-srila-prabhupada-1860668 |website=deccanchronicle.com}}</ref>

==About Temple==
===Features of the temple===
There is a gold-plated dhwaja-[[stambha]] (flag post) 17 m (56 ft) high and a gold plated kalash [[shikhara]] 8.5 m (28 ft) high. There is free distribution of Sri Krishna prasadam to all visitors during the darshana hours.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.iskconbangalore.org/daily-worship-schedule/ | title=Temple Schedule | publisher=ISKCON Bangalore | access-date=September 9, 2018}}</ref>

===Shrines (altars)===
ISKCON Bangalore has six shrines:

# Main deities is of [[Radha]]-[[Krishna]]
# Krishna [[Balrama]]
# Nitai Gauranga ([[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and [[Nityananda]])
# Srinivasa Govinda (also known as [[Venkateswara]])
# [[Prahlada]] [[Narasimha]]
# [[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada|Srila Prabhupada]]<ref>[https://utsav.gov.in/view-darshan/iskcon-live-darshan-of-sevas-and-temple Iskcon Live Darshan of Sevas and Temple utsav.gov.in].</ref>

==Social services==
[[File:Khichdi Prasadam in Donna (Iskcon Bangalore).jpg|thumb|220px| ''[[Khichdi]]'' [[prasāda]] in ecofriendly [[Areca]]-leaf traditional Indian [[Bowl|Droṇa]] at ISKCON Temple Bangalore.]]

ISKCON Bangalore provides free food to those in need. The [[Akshaya Patra Foundation]] is one initiative started by members of the temple, which has received praise from United States' former President [[Barack Obama]] for feeding and educating children across India.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/obama-lauds-akshay-patra/articleshow/3847914.cms Obama Lauds Akshaya Patra from Times of India, 17-12-2008].</ref>

== Cultural and educational programs for children ==

ISKCON Bangalore organized a children's competition during the [[Krishna Janmashtami]] festival. One of the highlights is a Krishna costume contest, where young participants dress as Lord Krishna and Radha.<ref>{{Cite news |title=बच्चों में कृष्ण बनने की होड़ |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/multimedia/2013/08/130828_facebook_krishna_pic_gall_sk |work=BBC Hindi |date=28 August 2013 |access-date=2025-08-25}}</ref>
The temple also hosts other youth-focused events such as drawing, storytelling, and devotional music competitions as part of its festival outreach.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sri Krishna Janmashtami Celebrations |url=https://www.iskconbangalore.org/sri-krishna-janmashtami-2025-at-iskcon-bangalore-temples/
|website=ISKCON Bangalore |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Krishna Costume Contest |url=https://www.iskconbangalore.org/krishna-costumecontest/
|website=ISKCON Bangalore |access-date=27 November 2025}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Commons category|ISKCON Temple, Bangalore}}
<gallery>
File:Iskon temple.JPG|ISKCON Bangalore Temple at night
File:Entrance of Iskcon temple.jpg|Entrance of ISKCON temple at night
File:ISKCON Temple pond, Bangalore (2012).jpg|Pond near the Temple campus
File:ISKCON-KrishnaLilaPark.jpg|ISKCON Vaikunta Hill, Kanakpura Road
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|ISKCON Temple, Bangalore}}

{{Bangalore topics}}
{{Hindu temples in Bangalore}}

{{coord|13.00981|77.55109|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iskcon Temple Bangalore}}
[[Category:Hindu temples in Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Radha Krishna temples]]
[[Category:International Society for Krishna Consciousness temples]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bengaluru]]

R. D. Banerji

2026-03-16T14:48:33Z

Bikram Rout: enhanced page after review and updated info

{{Short description|Indian archaeologist (1885–1930)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = R. D. Banerji
| image = Rakhaldas_Benerjee.jpg
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| workplaces = [[Archeological Survey of India]] [[Banaras Hindu University]]
| caption = Banerji, c. 1925
| birth_date = {{birth date|1885|04|12|df=yes}}<ref name=e/><ref name=g/>
| birth_place = [[Berhampore]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now in [[West Bengal]], [[India]])<ref name=e/><ref name=f/>
| death_date = {{death date and age|1930|05|23|1885|01|12|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Kalighat]], [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]] (now [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| occupation = [[Archaeology|Archaeologist]], [[History|historian]], [[Linguistics|linguist]],
| known_for = Proposing the antiquity of [[Mohenjo-daro]]
}}

'''Rakhal Das Banerji''', also '''Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay''' (12 April 1885 – 23 May 1930), was an Indian archaeologist and an officer of the [[Archeological Survey of India]] (ASI). In 1919, he became the second ASI officer deputed to survey the site of [[Mohenjo-daro]] and returned there in the 1922-23 season. He was the first person to propose the remote antiquity of the site—which he did in a letter to Marshall in 1923—and in effect of the [[Harappan culture]]. After leaving the ASI, he held the [[Manindra Chandra Nandy]] professorship of Ancient Indian History and Culture at the [[Banaras Hindu University]] from 1928 until his premature death in 1930.

In 1931, in the introduction of ''Mohenjo-daro and the Indus Civilization'', London: Arthur Probsthain, 1931, [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|Sir John Marshall]] wrote, "Three other scholars whose names I cannot pass over in silence, are the late Mr. R. D. Banerji, to whom belongs the credit of having discovered, if not Mohenjo-daro itself, at any rate its high antiquity, and his immediate successors in the task of excavation, Messrs. [[Madho Sarup Vats|M.S. Vats]] and [[Kashinath Narayan Dikshit|K.N. Dikshit]]. ... no one probably except myself can fully appreciate the difficulties and hardships which they had to face in the three first seasons at Mohenjo-daro."

==Early life==
Banerji was born on 12 April 1885<ref name=e/><ref name=g>{{cite web|url=https://www.lindahall.org/r-d-banerji/|title=Scientist of the Day - R. D. Banerji|date=12 April 2017|access-date=20 Oct 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020133957/https://www.lindahall.org/r-d-banerji/|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Baharampur|Berhampore]] of [[Murshidabad District]], in present-day [[Indian States|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]], to Matilal and Kalimati.<ref name=e>{{cite news|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/rakhaldas-created-history-by-his-own-1.1091882|title=রাখালদাস নিজেই গড়ে ফেললেন ইতিহাস|language=Bengali|publisher=Anandabazar Patrika|date=7 Jan 2020|access-date=20 Oct 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020155104/https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/rakhaldas-created-history-by-his-own-1.1091882|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=f>{{cite book|last1=Sengupta|first1=Subodhchandra|last2=Bose|first2=Anjali|title=Samsad Bangali Charitabhidhan(Biographical dictionary)|language=Bengali|publisher=Sahitya Samsad|year=1976|place=Calcutta|page=455}}</ref> He passed his entrance examination from the [[Krishnath College School]] in Berhampore in 1900. He lived in [[Bangaon]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Five New Heritage Buildings for West Bengal|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/70419/west-bengal-to-enlist-five-heritage-precincts|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/|date=24 July 2020 |language=en|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726081248/https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/travelnews/story/70419/west-bengal-to-enlist-five-heritage-precincts|url-status=live}}</ref>

Soon, he married Kanchanmala (1891–1930), the daughter of Narendranath Mukhopadhyay. He passed his F.A. examination in 1903 and graduated from the [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]] with Honours in history in 1907. He obtained his M.A. in history from [[University of Calcutta|Calcutta University]] in 1911.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/about/Teacher.html |title=Distinguished-Teachers |website=www.caluniv.ac.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924132706/http://www.caluniv.ac.in/about/Teacher.html |archive-date=2014-09-24}}</ref>

==Career==
Banerji joined the [[Indian Museum]] in [[Calcutta]] as an Assistant to the Archaeological Section in 1910. He joined the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] as Assistant Superintendent in 1911 and was promoted to the rank of Superintending Archaeologist of the Western Circle in 1917. In 1924, he was transferred to the Eastern Circle and took part in the excavations at [[Somapura Mahavihara|Paharpur]]. He took voluntary retirement in 1926. After teaching at the [[University of Calcutta]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Some of our Distinguished Teachers: Rakhaldas Banerji|url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/About%20the%20university/Distinguished%20Teacher.htm|publisher=University of Calcutta|accessdate=29 July 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121002802/http://caluniv.ac.in/About%20the%20university/Distinguished%20Teacher.htm|archivedate=21 November 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref> he later joined the [[Banaras Hindu University]] in 1928 and held this post till his premature death on 23 May 1930.<ref>Sengupta, Subodh Chandra (ed.) (1988) ''Sansad Bangali Charitabhidhan'' (in Bengali), Kolkata: Sahitya Sansad, p.465</ref>

Banerji's first major independent professional work was in the fields of palaeography and epigraphy. He won the Jubilee Research Prize of the Calcutta University for ''[[s:The Origin of the Bengali Script|The Origin of the Bengali Script]]'' published in 1919.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

He was the first to study the [[Bengali language|proto-Bangla script]], the original form of Bangla script. He wrote the classic historical works on medieval [[Indian coinage|Indian coins]], and the standard works on the [[iconography]] of Indian art, in particular [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] sculpture and architecture. His best known work was ''Eastern Indian Medieval School of Sculpture,'' published posthumously in 1933.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

== Discovery of Mohenjo-Daro ==
Banerji is known for unearthing pre-Buddhist artifacts at the ruins at [[Mohenjo-Daro]] and for noting similarities between the site at Mohenjo-Daro and Harrappa. Those discoveries led to excavations at the two sites that established the existence of the then-unknown [[Bronze Age]] [[Indus Valley Civilisation]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Humes|first=Cynthia Ann|title=Hindutva, Mythistory; Pseudoarchaeology|journal=Numen: International Review for the History of Religions|volume=59|year=2012|issue=2–3|jstor= 23244958|pages=178–201|doi=10.1163/156852712x630770}}</ref>

His interpretations of this civilisation were published in a number of articles and books: "An Indian City Five Thousand Years Ago"; "Mohenjo-Daro" (in Bangla, Basumati, 1331 BS); ''Prehistoric, Ancient and Hindu India'' (posthumously published, 1934) and ''Mahenjo-Daro – A Forgotten Report''.{{citation needed|date=August 2022}}

==Works==
{{More citations needed|section|date=August 2022}}
Banerji wrote two textbooks for Calcutta University, namely, ''History of India'' (1924) and ''A Junior History of India'' (1928). His ''The Age of the Imperial Guptas'' (1933) is a collection of lectures delivered by him in 1924. His standard two-volume ''Bangalar Itihas'' (''History of Bengal''), in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] (1914 and 1917), was one of the first attempts at writing a scientific history of Bengal. He also wrote two volumes on the history of Orissa, titled ''History of Orissa from the Earliest Times to the British Period'' (1930 and 1931).

His other significant non-fiction works include, ''Prachin Mudra'' (1915), ''[[s:The Pālas of Bengal|The Palas of Bengal]]'' (1915), ''The Temple of Siva at Bhumara'' (1924), ''The Paleography of Hati Gumpha and Nanaghat Inscriptions'' (1924), ''Bas Reliefs of Badami'' (1928) and ''The Haihayas of Tripuri and their Monuments'' (1931).

Having published three novels, ''Pakshantar'' (1924), ''Byatikram'' (1924) and ''Anukram'' (1931), his other literary works in [[Bengali language]] were historical fictions. The setting of his ''Pashaner Katha'' (1914) is [[Kushana]] period. His three other novels, namely, ''Dhruba'', ''Karuna'' (1917) and ''Shashanka'' (1914) are set in the different phases of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period. ''Dharmapala'' (1915) narrates the story of the [[Pala Empire|Pala emperor]] [[Dharmapala]]. ''Mayukh'' (1916) describes the Portuguese atrocities in Bengal during the reign of [[Shahjahan]]. ''Asim'' (1924) narrates the condition of Bengal during the reign of [[Farrukhsiyar]].

His last novel, ''Lutf-Ulla'', is set in Delhi at the time of the invasion by [[Nadir Shah]]. Another work, ''Hemkana'' (uncompleted), was published in ''[[Prabasi]]'' (magazine) from 1911 to 1912.<ref>Sen, Sukumar (1999). ''Bangala Sahityer Itihas'', vol V, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers; {{ISBN|81-7215-950-1}}, pp. 210–11</ref> A number of his novels were translated into other Indian languages.

==Non-fiction books==
*''The origin of the Bengali Script''
*''Baanglaar Itihaash'' (''The History of Bengal'') (1914 and 1917) - 2 volumes
*''Prachin Mudra'' (1915)
*''[[s:The Pālas of Bengal|The Palas of Bengal]]'' (1915)
*''The Temple of Shiva at Bhumara'' (1924)
*''The Paleography of Hati Gumpha and Nanaghat Inscriptions'' (1924)
*''The History of India'' (1924)
*''A Junior History of India'' (1928)
*''Bas Reliefs of Badami'' (1928)

===Posthumous===
*''History of Orissa from the Earliest Times to the British Period'' (1930 and 1931) - 2 volumes
*''The Haihayas of Tripuri and their Monuments'' (1931)
*''The Age of the Imperial Guptas'' (1933)

==Novels==
*''Dhrubo''
*''Hemkana'' (uncompleted) - published in ''[[Prabasi]]'' magazine (1911–12)
*''Pashaner Katha'' (1914)
*''Shashanka'' (1914)
*''Dharmapala'' (1915)
*''Mayukh'' (1916)
*''Karuna'' (1917)
*''Pakshantar'' (1924)
*''Byatikram'' (1924)
*''Asim'' (1924)

===Posthumous===
*''Anukram'' (1931)
*''Luttfullaah''

==Legacy==
In 2022, in commemoration of the 137th anniversary of Banerji’s birth, and to celebrate the centenary year of the discovery of Harappan Civilization, the Indian Museum in Kolkata exhibited artifacts from its collection to provide a glimpse of Harappan civilization to visitors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/museum-to-display-5000-yr-old-harappan-artefacts-on-rakhaldass-birth-anniversary/articleshow/90694802.cms|title=Museum to display 5,000-yr-old Harappan artefacts on Rakhaldas's birth anniversary|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=6 August 2022|archive-date=6 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806103416/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/museum-to-display-5000-yr-old-harappan-artefacts-on-rakhaldass-birth-anniversary/articleshow/90694802.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* Bhattacharya, Asok K. (1999). ''Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay'', Delhi: Sahitya Akademi, {{ISBN|81-260-0848-2}}
* Dasgupta, Kalyankumar (ed.) (1990). ''Shatabarsher Aloy Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay'' (in Bengali), Kolkata: Sharat Samiti.
* Bandyopadhyay, Umesh, Abhishapta Rakhaldas, Kansai Shilai (Bengali Journal), April–September issue 2005, Calcutta.
*Pal, Rajat, ''Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay: Ek bismrito adhyay, Patralekha,( 2021)''
*{{citation
|author=Amitabha Bhattacharyya
|chapter=Bandyopadhyay, Rakhaldas
|chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bandyopadhyay,_Rakhaldas
|title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam |editor2=Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q7286651|mw=no|species=no|voy=no|n=no|m=no|wikt=no|s=Author:Rakhaldas_Bandyopadhyay|b=no}}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=r+d+banerji Works by R. D. Banerji on Archive.org]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banerji, R. D.}}
[[Category:1885 births]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian archaeologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Bengali-language writers]]
[[Category:Historians of India]]
[[Category:Indian epigraphers]]
[[Category:Indian historical novelists]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:Palaeographers]]
[[Category:Archaeologists of the Indus Valley civilisation]]
[[Category:People from Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:Scientists from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian textbook writers]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Mohenjo-daro]]

Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu

2026-03-11T22:23:21Z

Bikram Rout: updated details based on references additionally as per guidelines

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox military person
| name = Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu
| rank = Amara Nayaka {{sfn|Wagoner|1993|p=121}}
| allegiance = [[Vijayanagara Empire]]
| birth_place = [[Gandikota]]{{citation needed|date=June 2019}}
| battles = *Battle with the Turks (1509–10)
*[[Battle of Raichur]]
*Battle of Krishna River
*Capture of [[Pangal]]
*Capture of Ganpura
*Siege of [[Gulbarga]]
*Battle of Juturu
*Battle of Bedkalluu
*Battle of Betamcherla
*Battle of [[Adoni]]

| relations = [[Pemmasani Nayaks]]
}}

'''Pemmasani Ramalinga Nayudu''' was a vassal and military commander in the service of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]. An inscription dated to 1544 CE, discovered in [[Tallaproddatur]], indicates that Ramalinga Nayudu held the ''nayankara'' (feudal jurisdiction) over that village.{{sfn|Sriramamurty|1964|p=93}}

Historical sources suggest that Ramalinga Nayudu belonged to the prominent [[Pemmasani Nayaks|Pemmasani]] family, which played a significant role in governing the region of [[Gandikota]] during the 16th century. The 17th-century Telugu text ''Rayavachakamu'', analyzed by historian Phillip B. Wagoner, references Ramalinga Nayudu but does not clarify whether he served under [[Krishnadevaraya]] or a subsequent ruler from the [[Aravidu dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Wagoner|1993|p=240}}</ref>

Ramalinga was named as a commander and 'chief general' of the Vijayanagara emperor [[Krishnadevaraya]] ({{reign|1509|1529}}) in ''Rayavachakamu'',{{sfn|Wagoner|1993|p=138}} and a later poetic rendition ''Krishnarajavijayam''.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ramayya Pantulu |first=J. |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 2 |date=1926 |pages=216 |chapter=Krishna Raya |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.501963/page/n257 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |via=archive.org}}</ref> According to ''Rayavachakamu'', he was an army commander of a [[Vijayanagara military]] unit comprising nearly 80,000 soldiers.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hayavadana Rao |first=Conjeeveram |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.31737 |title=Mysore Gazetteer: pts. 1-2 Historical (2 v.), pt. 3. Mediaeval. pt. 4. Modern |publisher=Government Press |year=1930 |pages=1803 |quote=sent for one of his generals Pemmasāni Rāmalinga, who presented himself before the king, and engaged to lead the forlorn hope. With 80,000 men (so says the Rāyavāchakamu), he “marched to the battle as to a marriage.”}}</ref> He was mentioned as a commander for the Vijayanagara king [[Krishnadevaraya]] at a certain 'Battle with the Turks'.<ref>
{{citation |last=Aiyangar |first=Sakkottai Krishnaswami |title=Sources of Vijayanagar History |publisher=University of Madras |year=1919 |url=https://archive.org/details/sourcesofvijayan00krisrich/page/240 |pages=241}}</ref> Historian Venkataramanayya identified the battle as the one fought at Devni or Dewani (unidentified) in 1509–1510, within a year of Krishnadevaraya's accession. But some elements of the narrative are also reminiscent of the [[Battle of Raichur]] in 1520.{{sfn|Wagoner|1993|loc=pp. 210–211, note 2}}<ref name="Britannica">{{cite book |title=The History of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hdmcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |year=2010 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |isbn=978-1-61530-201-7 |pages=143–}}</ref> Ramalinga is said to have played a crucial role in winning the battle against combined armies of [[Adil Shahi dynasty|Kalburgie]], [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Golconda]] and [[Ahmadnagar Sultanate|Ahmednagar]] for [[Krishnadevaraya]].<ref>{{citation |last=Rao |first=M. Rama |title=Krishnadeva Raya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XaE5AQAAIAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=National Book Trust |page=17}}</ref> Krishnadevaraya honoured him with gold threaded clothes and jewels following this victory.<ref>{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1964|p=92}: "Krishnaraya presented Ramalinganayudu with gold threaded clothes and jewels and honoured him greatly for contributing to the victory."}}</ref>

He was the son of [[Pemmasani Timmanayudu II]] and Machamma.{{sfn|Sriramamurty|1964|pages=90-92}} The [[Pemmasani Nayaks]] were a martial clan. During the [[Aravidu dynasty|Aravidu Dynasty]] of the Vijayanagara Empire, the Pemmasanis were in prominence as the chieftains of [[Gandikota]] ''sima'' and ministers at the Vijayanagara court.<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|1989|p=88}}: "The Pemmasani family of Gandikota and Nandyala chiefs were part of the widely ramified coalition of Aliya Rama Raja and contributed to the latter's overwhelming power in the middle of the sixteenth century; they continued long after Rama Raja's time to hold great power in the erstwhile eastern heartland of the Vijayanagara kingdom."</ref>{{sfn|Wagoner|1993|p=240}} [[Burton Stein]] relays that the Pemmasanis controlled numerous small villages and many large towns and had large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]] in the sixteenth century.<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|1989|p=88}}: "Controlling numerous villages and many large towns, these powerful chiefs commanded large mercenary armies that were the vanguard of Vijayanagara forces during the sixteenth century."</ref>

Ramalinga and his brother, [[Pemmasani Erra Timmanayudu|Erra Timmanayudu]], fought and won various battles for [[Rama Raya (statesman)|Rama Raya]], including the Battle of Juturu, Battle of [[Bethamcherla|Betamcherla]], Battle of Bedakallu, and Battle of [[Adoni]].<ref>{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1964|p=92}}: "The Pemmasani brothers fought on behalf of Rāmarāya and obtained victories at Jūtūru, Betamcherla, Bedakallu, and Ādōni."</ref> It was mainly with their cooperation that Rama Raya won the succession conflict following the death of [[Achyuta Deva Raya|Achyuta Devaraya]] against Salakaraju Tirumala.<ref>{{harvnb|Sriramamurty|1964|p=92}}: "It was mainly with their cooperation and support [Pemmasani Brothers] that Rama Raya succeeded in destroying Salakaraju."</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Pemmasani Nayaks]]
*[[Pemmasani Timma Nayaka]]
*[[Battle of Raichur]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{citation |first=Burton |last=Stein |title=The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC&pg=PA1 |year=1989 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26693-2}}
* {{Citation |last=Sriramamurty |first=Y. |chapter=History of the Pemmasani Family |title=Journal of the Andhra Historical Society, Volume 30, Parts 1-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgDjAAAAMAAJ |date=1964 |publisher=Andhra Historical Research Society |pages=89–104}}
** {{citation |chapter=The Pemmasani Family |title=Studies in the History of the Telugu country during the Vijayanagara period 1336 to 1650 A D |last=Sriramamurty |first=Y. |publisher=Karnatak University/Shodhganga |date=1973 |hdl=10603/107988 |chapter-url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/107988/10/10_chapter%206.pdf }}
* {{citation |last=Wagoner |first=Phillip B. |title=Tidings of the king: a translation and ethnohistorical analysis of the Rāyavācakamu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_A1uAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1495-3}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayaka, Pemmasani Ramalinga}}
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Nayaks of the Vijayanagara Empire]]
[[Category:Vijayanagara generals]]

Priyan Sain

2026-03-08T23:10:01Z

Bikram Rout: made new pg

{{Short description|Indian beauty pageant titleholder}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox pageant titleholder
| image =
| caption =
| name = Priyan Sain
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Sikar]], Rajasthan, India
| height =
| occupation =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| title = [[Miss Earth India]] 2023
| competitions = {{ubl|[[Miss Rajasthan]] 2022 |(1st Runner-up)|[[Miss Divine Beauty]] 2023 |(Winner – Miss Earth India 2023)|[[Miss Earth 2023]] |(Top 20)}}
| hair_color =
| eye_color =
}}

'''Priyan Sain''' is an Indian beauty pageant titleholder who won [[Miss Earth India]] 2023. She represented India at [[Miss Earth 2023]] and reached the top 20, breaking India's 12 year run of unplaced contestants.

== Early life and education ==
Priyan Sain is a resident of Sikar, Rajasthan<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=सीकर की बेटी ने जीता मिस अर्थ इंडिया 2023 का ताज, कोटा मेडिकल कॉलेज की है छात्रा {{!}} Sikar's daughter won the crown of Miss Earth India 2023 |url=https://www.patrika.com/kota-news/sikar-s-daughter-won-the-crown-of-miss-earth-india-2023-8457514/ |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Patrika News |language=hi-IN}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Saini |first=Vishwanath |date=August 30, 2023 |title=Priyan Sain Interview: सीकर की प्रियन सेन ने जीता Miss Earth India 2023 का खिताब, यूट्यूब से की तैयारी |url=https://hindi.oneindia.com/news/rajasthan/priyan-sain-won-miss-earth-india-2023-title-exclusive-interview-of-sikar-daughter-811631.html |work=One India}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=|first= |date=2023-08-28 |title=सीकर की प्रियन सेन ने भारत का नाम किया रोशन, जीता मिस अर्थ इंडिया 2023 का खिताब |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/priyan-sain-miss-earth-india-2023-who-is-priyan-sen-represent-india-in-vietnam-2483065 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> and is studying medical science.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":4" /> Priyan's mother is a teacher in a government school in Rajasthan and a [[Single parent|single mother]].<ref name=":6" /> Also she is an avid taekwondo player and dancer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=shweta |date=2023-08-31 |title=राजस्थान के प्रियन सैन ने जीता मिस अर्थ इंडिया 2023 का ताज |url=https://hindicurrentaffairs.adda247.com/rajasthans-priyan-sain-crowned-miss-earth-india-2023/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=adda247 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Pageantry ==
Sain was first runner-up at [[Miss Rajasthan]] 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan's Priyan Sain Crowned Miss Earth India 2023 {{!}} DD News |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/entertainment/rajasthans-priyan-sain-crowned-miss-earth-india-2023 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=ddnews.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=प्रियन सेन के नाम हुआ Miss Earth India 2023 का खिताब, वियतनाम में भारत को करेंगी रिप्रेजेंट – Priyan Sen named Miss Earth India 2023, will represent India in Vietnam |url=https://www.jagran.com/rajasthan/jaipur-priyan-sen-from-rajasthan-got-title-of-miss-earth-india2023-23515033.html |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022 |title=हाई हील में चलना नहीं आता था, वजन भी ज्यादा:MBBS की स्टूडेंट बनी मिस राजस्थान की फर्स्ट रनरअप |work=Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/sikar/news/medical-student-became-the-first-runner-up-of-miss-rajasthan-130174825.html}}</ref>

Sain represented India at [[Miss Earth 2023]] in Vietnam in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-28 |title=राजस्थान की प्रियन सेन बनीं मिस अर्थ इंडिया, अब वियतनाम में भारत को करेंगी रिप्रेजेंट |url=https://www.aajtak.in/visualstories/news/rajasthan-mbbs-student-priyan-sen-became-miss-earth-india-will-now-represent-india-in-vietnam-lclt-58827-28-08-2023 |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.aajtak.in |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> She reached the top 20, breaking India's 12 year run of unplaced contestants.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=|first=|date=2023-08-28 |title=Priyan Sain Makes History by Winning Miss Earth India 2023 Crown |url=https://www.sangritoday.com/priyan-sain-makes-history-by-winning-miss-earth-india-2023-crown |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=Sangri Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-08-28 |title=Rajasthan's Priyan Sain Crowned Miss Earth India 2023 |url=https://news.abplive.com/lifestyle/priyan-sen-miss-earth-india-2023-who-is-priyan-sen-represent-india-in-vietnam-1625948 |access-date=2023-08-30 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Other work ==
Sain appeared in the Bhojpuri-Awadhi song titled ''Saiyan Mile Larkaiya''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-07-03 |title=Singapore NRI Shailendra Dwivedi and Priya Mallick's 'Saiyan Mile Larkaiya' teaser is out! |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/music/singapore-nri-shailendra-dwivedi-and-priya-mallicks-saiyan-mile-larkaiya-teaser-is-out/articleshow/101464955.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-09-08 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Miss Earth 2023 delegates}}

{{Authority control}}
{{S-start}}
{{S-ach}}
{{S-bef|before=Vanshika Parmar}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Miss Earth India]]
|years = [[Miss Divine Beauty|2023]]}}
{{S-aft|after=[[Gauri Gothankar]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sain, Priyan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian beauty pageant winners]]
[[Category:People from Sikar district]]
[[Category:Miss Earth 2023 contestants]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-pageant-bio-stub}}

Kumbasaram

2026-03-03T20:38:59Z

Bikram Rout: expanded information for accuracy

{{Short description|2015 film directed by Aneesh Anwar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kumbasaram
| image = Kumbasaram (2015) - Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Aneesh Anwar]]
| producer = Niyas Ismail
| writer = Aneesh Anwar
| screenplay=
| starring = [[Jayasurya]] [[Honey Rose]] [[Vineeth]] [[Priyanka Nair]]
| cinematography = Alby
| editing = Renjith Touchriver
| music = Vishnu Mohan Sithara

| studio = Frames Inevitable
| distributor = Frames Inevitable
| released = {{Film date|2015|05|22|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Kumbasaram: The Confession''''' is a [[List of Malayalam films of 2015|2015]] Indian [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Aneesh Anwar]], starring [[Jayasurya]], [[Honey Rose]], [[Vineeth]] and Priyanka. The film features music composed by Vishnu Mohan Sithara. The music label was [[Muzik247]]. The film deals with the unexpected tragedies that befall the family of an autorickshaw driver. The movie is an unofficial remake of Serbian film [[Klopka]] with few little changes.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/the-confession-review-noholds-barred-thriller/article7230913.ece| title = Confessions of a common man - The Hindu| website = [[The Hindu]]| date = 21 May 2015| last1 = Anand| first1 = Shilpa Nair}}</ref> It released on 22 May 2015.

==Plot==
The movie begins with the confessions of Alby, an autorickshaw driver. He was leading a happy life with his wife Meera and their only son Jerry. Alby and Meera are extremely attached with Jerry and dream about his great future. But despite the expectations, Jerry falls critically ill; thus turning Alby and Meera's life upside down.

==Cast==
*[[Jayasurya]] as Alby
*[[Honey Rose]] as Meera
*Aakash Santhosh as Jerry
*[[Vineeth]] as Rafi
*[[Shanavas]] as Paul Varghese/Abdulla
*[[Priyanka Nair]] as Ayisha
*[[Tini Tom]] as Producer Pattabhiraman
*[[Gourav Menon]] as Rasool
* [[Asha Aravind]] as School Teacher
* [[Lishoy]] as Doctor Prabhakaran
* [[Jayakrishnan]] as Meera's brother
*[https://m3db.com/gawrie-sankarie Gawrie Sankarie] as Malu, Jerry's friend

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kumbasaram
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Vishnu Mohan Sithara
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| label =
| producer = Vishnu Mohan Sithara
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Composer Mohan Sithara's son and young music director Vishnu Mohan Sithara scored the music for the film. Vishnu, had debuted into music by singing in Aneesh's previous film Zachariyayude Garbhinikal.<ref>{{Cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/music/Vishnu-Mohan-Sithara-composes-for-Kumbasaram/articleshow/46484817.cms | title=Vishnu Mohan Sithara composes for Kumbasaram - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Soman | first1=Deepa }}</ref>

==Reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave a positive review, stating "Jayasurya and Honey Rose succeed in taking the viewers through their emotional upheaval and child actors do not disappoint. The film connects the missing dots at key points to keep them engaged. Though it unfolds at its own pace and tests the viewers' patience at times, Kumbasaram does have its moments."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Kumbasaram/movie-review/47404391.cms |title=Kumbasaram Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709171041/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/Kumbasaram/movie-review/47404391.cms |archive-date=2015-07-09}}</ref>

''Filmibeat.com'' also gave a positive review with a rating of 3/5, stating the films as "A perfect emotional thriller which impresses with a brilliant story, narrative and amazing performances by the actors."<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/reviews/2015/kumbasaram-movie-review-184164.html | title=Kumbasaram Movie Review: A Perfect Emotional Thriller, Watch It for Jayasurya | date=22 May 2015 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4698000}}

[[Category:2015 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of foreign films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Unofficial film adaptations]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Shot-for-shot remakes]]

Guhila

2026-02-22T04:55:12Z

Bikram Rout: Made a details and citations.

{{Short description|Rawal of Mewar from 566 to 586}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| title = Rawal
| succession = [[Kingdom of Mewar|Rawal of Mewar]]
| reign = 566–586
| predecessor = ''Position established''
| successor = Rawal Bhoja<ref>Atpur inscription VS 1034</ref>
| dynasty = [[Guhila dynasty]]
}}

'''Guhila''', also called '''Guhil''', was the Rajput ruler of [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]] and [[Kingdom of Mewar|Mewar]] from 566 to 586.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5E9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Saga: The Sisodias' Role in Indian History |date=1976 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-0416-1 |pages=IX |language=en |quote=Established as far back as AD 566 by Guhil, the Mewar dynasty claims to be oldest in the world}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Meininger |first=Irmgard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NrJuAAAAMAAJ |title=Chittor |date=2000 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0150-1 |pages=65 |language=en |quote=Guhil(Guhdatt) 566-586 AD}}</ref> He is known as the founder of the [[Guhila dynasty]], the first ruling dynasty of the [[Kingdom of Mewar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhatnagar |first=Nidhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W_XqAAAAMAAJ |title=Changing Phases of Mewar Painting |date=2000 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7056-211-5 |pages=3 |language=en |quote=Ruling dynasty of mewar founded by Guhil in 566 AD and accordingly the ruling class was called ' Guhil vanshi '}}</ref>

==Sources==
Earliest reference to Guhila is found on a silver coin near Agra that mentions ''Sri Guhila'' on it.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajasthan (India) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0cHDtwAn2YC |title=Rajasthan District Gazetteers |date=1962 |publisher=Printed at Government Central Press |pages=163 |language=en |quote=The earliest coin that are attributed to a Mewar ruler by name are those said to have been struck by Rawal Guhila, the founder of Guhila family. These small silver coins bore, in an ancient western form of Sanskrit Character, the inscription "''Sri Guhila''".}}</ref>

According to the [[Atpur]] inscription dating [[Vikram Samvat|VS]] 1034, and Chittor inscription from VS 1331, Guhila is said to have migrated from Anandpur (identified as [[Vadnagar]]) to [[Mewar]] region.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Miśra |first=Ratanalāla |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i1dmAAAAMAAJ |title=The Mewar Inscriptions |date=2000 |publisher=Mahamaya Prakashan |pages=3 |language=sa |quote=Guhils, the descendants of Guhil, who was the founder of the Guhilot clan. The Atpur inscription mentions Guhadutta as coming from Anandpur which is, now identified with Vadnagar in the Baroda State .}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Monarchs of Mewar]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

2024 Dima Hasao Autonomous Council election

2026-02-15T06:27:59Z

Bikram Rout:

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 2024 Dima Hasao Autonomous Council election
| country = India
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = Yes
| previous_election = 2019 Dima Hasao Autonomous Council election
| previous_year = 2019
| next_election = 2029 Dima Hasao Autonomous Council election
| next_year = ''2029''
| election_date = 8 January 2024
| majority_seats = 15
| seats_for_election = 28 out of 30 seats in the [[Dima Hasao Autonomous Council]]
| turnout = 85.78%<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/others/assam-bjp-sweeps-nc-hills-autonomous-council-election-101705128608652.html|title=Assam: BJP sweeps NC Hills Autonomous Council election|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=13 January 2024}}</ref>
| image_size =


| image1 = Lotus flower symbol.svg
| party1 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance
| seats1 = '''25'''<ref name="NCHAC election results 2024">{{cite web|url=https://sec.assam.gov.in/results/nchac-result-2023-24|title=2024 Dima Hasao Autonomous Council election results|work=State Election Commission Assam|accessdate=12 January 2024}}</ref>
| last_election1 =
| seat_change1 = {{increase}}6
| popular_vote1 = '''54,483'''
| seats_before1 = 19
| swing1 =
| percentage1 =

| image4 =
| party4 = Independents
| alliance4 =
| seats4 = 3<ref name="NCHAC election results 2024"/>
| last_election4 =
| seat_change4 = {{decrease}}3
| popular_vote4 =
| seats_before4 = 6
| swing4 =
| percentage4 =
| map_image = File:Assam Dima Hasao Autonomous Council 2024.svg
| map_size = 300px
| map_caption = Structure of the [[Dima Hasao Autonomous Council]] after the election
| title = Chief Executive Member
| posttitle = Chief Executive Member after the election
| before_election = Debolal Gorlosa
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = Debolal Gorlosa
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

The Dima Hasao Autonomous Council election was held on 8 January 2024.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-12-12 |title=Assam's North Cachar Hills Autonomous Council elections to be held on January 8 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/assams-north-cachar-hills-autonomous-council-elections-january-8-9065490/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> The [[Dima Hasao Autonomous Council]], earlier called North Cachar Hills District Council is an [[Autonomous administrative divisions of India|autonomous district]] in the Indian state of Assam.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-10 |title=Tribes in Assam hill district seek separate autonomous council |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/tribes-in-assam-hill-district-seek-separate-autonomous-council/article66360275.ece |access-date=2023-12-31 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Background ==
A total of 1,41,124{{Clarify|reason=Clarify number|date=May 2025}} voters, including 70,485 men and 70,639 women will be exercising their franchise in over 280 polling stations in the autonomous region. About 100 of these poling stations is marked as sensitive and 27 of them as very sensitive.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Assam BJP Congress publish candidate lists for North Cachar Hills council election - The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2023/12/19/cal15-as-poll-nc-hills.html |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref> Six candidates of the BJP have won uncontested.<ref name=":0" /> The day of polling i.e. 8 January was declared as a public holiday for Dima Hasao Council.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Sentinel Digital |date=2024-01-05 |title=Assam: Holiday for North Cachar Hill Autonomous Council Poll on January 8 - Sentinelassam |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-holiday-for-north-cachar-hill-autonomous-council-poll-on-january-8-684842 |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=www.sentinelassam.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Schedule==
Assam State Election Commission has announced the election schedule for Dima Hasao Autonomous Council:<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Poll event
! Date
|-
| Last date for making nominations
| 21 December 2023
|-
| Date on which poll shall, if necessary, be held
| '''8 January 2024'''
|-
| Date on which repolling shall, if necessary, be held
| '''10 January 2024'''
|-
| Timing of Poll
| 8.00 AM to 4.00 PM
|-
| Date of counting of votes
| '''12 January 2024'''
|-
|}

== Result ==
===Results by party===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Colspan=2|Party
! Contested
! Won
! +/-
!% of votes
|-
| bgcolor=#FF9933|
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|28
|25<ref>{{cite web|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/around-ne/assam/dima-hasao-gears-up-for-13th-nchac-polls-tomorrow/|title=Dima Hasao gears up for NCHAC polls tomorrow|work=Northeast Live|date=7 January 2024 |accessdate=7 January 2024}}</ref><ref name="NCHAC election results 2024"/>
|{{increase}}6
|
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|22
|0
|{{decrease}}2
|
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Trinamool Congress}}"|
|[[Trinamool Congress]]
|11
|0
|{{no change}}
|
|-
|style="background-color:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}}"|
|[[Aam Aadmi Party]]
|5
|0
|{{no change}}
|
|-
|bgcolor=#B2B2B2|
|[[Independent politician|Independents]]
|27
|3
|{{decrease}}3
|
|-
| colspan=3 |'''Total'''
|28
|
|
|}

*[[Asom Gana Parishad]], which had one seat before, did not field any candidate.

=== Results by constituency ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Results<ref name="NCHAC election results 2024"/>
|-
! colspan=2|Constituency
! colspan=4|Winner
! colspan=4|Runner up
! rowspan=2|Margin
|-
! No
! Name
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
! Name
! colspan=2|Party
! Votes
|-
| 1
| Haflong
| Donpainon Thaosen
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 7,536
| Aching Zeme
| bgcolor={{party color|Trinamool Congress}} |
| [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| 4,325
| 3,211
|-
| 2
| Jatinga
| Fleming Rupshi Shylla
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1,929
| Lalremthiem Tuolor
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 1,897
| 32
|-
| 3
| Borail
| Ngulminlal Lienthang
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 2,074
| Tonggoulen Singson
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 1,153
| 921
|-
| 4
| Mahur
| Probita Jahari
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 3,344
| Rahul Naiding
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 1,788
| 1,556
|-
| 5
| Jinam
| Zosumthang Hmar
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 3,581
| Vanlalengpui Hmar
| bgcolor={{party color|Trinamool Congress}} |
| [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| 199
| 3,382
|-
| 6
| Hangrum
| Noah Diame
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1,135
| Paunamsaulakbe Newme
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 970
| 165
|-
| 7
| Laisong
| Paudamming Nriame
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 2,242
| Pauramduing Jeme
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 1,534
| 708
|-
| 8
| Dautohaja
| Pronath Rajiyung
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1,919
| Samarjit Haflongbar
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 672
| 1,247
|-
| 9
| Maibang East
| Monjoy Langthasa
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="6" bgcolor=#FED8B1|Elected Unopposed<ref name="BJP 6 Uncontested Seats">{{cite web|url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/assam/assam-bjp-wins-6-seats-uncontested-in-dima-hasao-nchac-election.html|title=Assam: BJP wins 6 seats uncontested in Dima Hasao NCHAC election|work=NorthEast Now|date=23 December 2023 |accessdate=12 January 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 10
| Maibang West
| Mohet Hojai
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="6" bgcolor=#FED8B1|Elected Unopposed<ref name="BJP 6 Uncontested Seats"/>
|-
| 11
| Kalachand
| Ratan Jarambusa
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 2,087
| Pronen Haflongbar
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 2,086
| 1
|-
| 12
| Wajao
| Biswajit Daulagupu
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 2,038
| Punush Nunisa
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 1,870
| 168
|-
| 13
| Hajadisa
| Projith Hojai
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="6" bgcolor=#FED8B1|Elected Unopposed<ref name="BJP 6 Uncontested Seats"/>
|-
| 14
| Langting
| Dhriti Thaosen
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 4,105
| Rajmohon Ardao
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 1,328
| 2,777
|-
| 15
| Hatikhali
| Niranjan Hojai
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1,722
| Hemanto Kemprai
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 1,167
| 555
|-
| 16
| Diyungbra
| Rupali Langthasa
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 4,474
| Joykanta Kemprai
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 1,751
| 2,723
|-
| 17
| Garampani
| Samsing Engti
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 4,503
| Dormen Enghi
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 3,646
| 857
|-
| 18
| Kharthong
| Lalremsiama Darnei
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1,705
| Laljoshua Biate
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 894
| 811
|-
| 19
| Dehangi
| Debolal Gorlosa
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 3,847
| Kome Kemprai
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 33
| 3,814
|-
| 20
| Gunjung
| Nojit Kemprai
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="6" bgcolor=#FED8B1|Elected Unopposed<ref name="BJP 6 Uncontested Seats"/>
|-
| 21
| Hadingma
| Devojit Bathari
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 2,055
| Dipali Hapila Naiding
| bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Congress}} |
| [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 222
| 1,833
|-
| 22
| Dihamlao
| Ramgalungbe Jeme
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 1,616
| Namrang Zeme
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1,147
| 469
|-
| 23
| Harangajao
| Amendu Hojai
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="6" bgcolor=#FED8B1|Elected Unopposed<ref name="BJP 6 Uncontested Seats"/>
|-
|-
| 24
| Hamri
| Monjit Naiding
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
!colspan="6" bgcolor=#FED8B1|Elected Unopposed<ref name="BJP 6 Uncontested Seats"/>
|-
| 25
| Lower Kharthong
| Ngamrothang Hmar
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 1,146
| Lalropui Hmar
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 1,051
| 95
|-
| 26
| Dolong
| John Phoithong
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 672
| Suanthangjem Hrangkhol
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 609
| 63
|-
| 27
| Diger
| Hen Samuel Changsan
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 695
| Satminthang Khongsai
| bgcolor={{party color|Trinamool Congress}} |
| [[Trinamool Congress|AITC]]
| 520
| 175
|-
| 28
| Semkhor
| Herojit Jidung
| bgcolor={{party color|Independent politician}} |
| [[Independent politician|IND]]
| 684
| Ranu Langthasa
| bgcolor={{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} |
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 590
| 94
|}

==See also==
*[[Dima Hasao district]]
*[[2020 Bodoland Territorial Council election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assam elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dima Hasao Autonomous Council election, 2024}}
[[Category:2024 elections in India]]
[[Category:2020s in Assam]]
[[Category:January 2024 in India]]
[[Category:Local elections in Assam]]
[[Category:Autonomous district council elections in India]]
[[Category:Dima Hasao district|2024 election]]

M. Andi Ambalam

2026-02-11T20:15:44Z

Bikram Rout: fixed information for consistency and added references

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Primary sources|date=June 2025}}

{{use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
'''M. Andi Ambalam''' (1931, [[Sighetu Marmației]] - March 28, 1999, [[Mumbai]], [[India]]) was an Indian politician and [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]].

== Personal life ==
He married twice and had seven children.{{cn|date=June 2025}} He was from [[Valaiyar alias Mutharaiyar|Valaiyar Ambalakarar alias Mutharaiyar]] community.

Ambalam died on 28 March 1999.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (Eleventh Assembly): Review 1996-2001 |url=https://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/archive/11th_1996/Review-1996.pdf |accessdate=2017-05-07 |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |page=20}}</ref>

== Career ==
He was elected to the [[Tamil Nadu legislative assembly]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from [[Natham (State Assembly Constituency)|Natham constituency]] in [[1977 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1977]], [[1984 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1984]], [[1989 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1989]] and [[1991 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1991 elections]] and as an [[Indian National Congress (Indira)]] candidate in [[1980 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1980 election]] and as a [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] candidate in [[1996 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1996 election]].<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf 1977 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf 1980 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf 1984 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf 1989 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf 1991 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India]</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Election Commission of India |page=8 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 |accessdate=2017-05-06}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andi Ambalam, M.}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1999 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil Maanila Congress politicians]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1996–2001]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:1931 births]]

{{TamilNadu-INC-politician-stub}}

Ranganathan Shashidhar

2026-02-10T02:55:42Z

Bikram Rout: made article...

{{Short description|Indian physicist (born 1946)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Ranganathan Shashidhar
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1946|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Karnataka]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Condensed matter physics]] }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of Mysore]] | [[Raman Research Institute]] | [[Ruhr University Bochum]] | [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] | [[Georgetown University]] | [[AT&T Labs]] | Geo Centers | [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]] | [[Science Applications International Corporation]] | Polestar Technologies }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[University of Mysore]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Studies on [[Liquid crystals]]
| awards = {{ublist| 1984 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 1999 [[Federal Laboratory Consortium]] Award | [[United States Naval Research Laboratory|NRL]] Alan Berman Publication Award | [[United States Naval Research Laboratory|NRL]] Edison Patent Award }}
}}
'''Ranganathan Shashidhar''' (born 1 January 1946) is a US-based Indian condensed matter physicist and a former head of the ''Laboratory for Molecularly Engineered Materials and Surface'' of the Center for Biomolecular Science & Engineering, a division of the [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]].
Known for his research on [[liquid crystals]], Shashidhar is an elected fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] and the senior vice president of Polestar Technologies, a US-based company involved in the development of sensing technologies. The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, for his contributions to Physical Sciences in 1984.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | accessdate=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link – please select award year to see details}}

== Biography ==
[[File:Crawford Hall, University of Mysore.jpg|thumb|left|235px|University of Mysore]]
Born on 1 January 1946, Shashidhar did his college education at the [[University of Mysore]] from where he obtained bachelor's and master's degrees before securing a PhD from the same institution.<ref name="Ranganathan “Shash” Shashidhar, PhD, Senior Vice President of Research and Technology">{{Cite web |url=http://www.polestartech.com/ranganathanshashidhar/ |title=Ranganathan "Shash" Shashidhar, PhD, Senior Vice President of Research and Technology |date=2017 |publisher=Polestar Technologies}}</ref> Subsequently, he took up the position of a faculty member at his alma mater in 1971 and later, moved to [[Raman Research Institute]] as a scientist and professor.<ref name="Federal Laboratory Consortium Recognizes Dr. Shashidhar for Advances in Liquid Crystal Technology">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/1999/federal-laboratory-consortium-recognizes-dr-shashidhar-for-advances-in-liquid-crystal-technology |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129233345/http://www.nrl.navy.mil/media/news-releases/1999/federal-laboratory-consortium-recognizes-dr-shashidhar-for-advances-in-liquid-crystal-technology |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 January 2013 |title=Federal Laboratory Consortium Recognizes Dr. Shashidhar for Advances in Liquid Crystal Technology |date=2017 |publisher=U.S. Naval Research Laboratory}}</ref> Before joining [[United States Naval Research Laboratory]] in 1993, he held various positions such as that of a visiting professor at [[Ruhr University Bochum]] (1983–87), [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (1988–93) and [[Georgetown University]], of a visiting scientist at [[AT&T Labs]] and of a senior scientist at Geo Centers Inc. He headed the ''Laboratory for Molecularly Engineered Materials and Surfaces'' at NRL. He has also been associated with [[Science Applications International Corporation]] (SAIC) and is a senior vice president of Polestar Technologies, leading their research and technology division.<ref name="Senior Vice President-Research & Technology">{{Cite web |url=https://relationshipscience.com/ranganathan-shashidhar-p5247136 |title=Senior Vice President-Research & Technology |date=2017 |publisher=Relationship Science}}</ref>

Shashidhar studies modern condensed matter physics including reentrant [[Polymorphism (materials science)|polymorphism]] and [[multicritical point]]s<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=337 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize |access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref> His studies in condensed matter physics include the subfield of [[liquid crystals]] and he has contributed to widening the understanding of their behavior at high temperatures,<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999}}</ref> He led a team of scientists who developed a family of electroclinic liquid crystals with 256 [[greyscale]]s and a fast enough response time, less than 100 microseconds, that allows their use in high resolution hand-held devices.<ref name="Federal Laboratory Consortium Recognizes Dr. Shashidhar for Advances in Liquid Crystal Technology" /> He is also credited with the demonstration of the first ''fully [[multiplexed display|multiplexed plastic display]]'' with 25,000 addressable pixels.<ref name="Federal Laboratory Consortium Recognizes Dr. Shashidhar for Advances in Liquid Crystal Technology" /> His studies have been documented by way of a book, ''Liquid Crystal Materials Devices and Applications''<ref name="Liquid Crystal Materials Devices and Applications">{{Cite book |title=Liquid Crystal Materials Devices and Applications |last=R. Shashidhar |publisher=Photo Optical Society |year=1994 |isbn=978-9990069310 |page=503}}</ref> and a number of articles<ref name="On ResearchGate">{{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ranganathan_Shashidhar/publications |title=On ResearchGate |date=2017 }}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and the article repository of Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 40 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Shashidhar=3ARanganathan=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> He holds patents for many processes<ref name="Patents by Inventor Ranganathan Shashidhar">{{Cite web |url=http://patents.justia.com/inventor/ranganathan-shashidhar |title=Patents by Inventor Ranganathan Shashidhar |date=2017 |publisher=Justia Patents}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|For details, please see ''Patents'' section}} and his work has drawn citations from other scientists.<ref name="RasingMusevic2013">{{cite book|author1=Theo Rasing|author2=Igor Musevic|title=Surfaces and Interfaces of Liquid Crystals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R-3nCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|date=9 March 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-662-10157-5|pages=172–}}</ref><ref name="ChesterMartellucci2013">{{cite book|author1=Arthur N. Chester|author2=S. Martellucci|title=Phase Transitions in Liquid Crystals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5arhBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|date=29 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4684-9151-7|pages=258–}}</ref><ref name="GrayVill2009">{{cite book|author1=George W. Gray|author2=Volkmar Vill|author3=Hans W. Spiess, Dietrich Demus, John W. Goodby|title=Physical Properties of Liquid Crystals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJqMPLKTpBgC&pg=PA274|date=14 August 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-3-527-61395-3|pages=274–}}</ref><ref name="Chandrasekhar1992">{{cite book|author=Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar|title=Liquid Crystals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYDxM1fPArMC&pg=PA441|date=26 November 1992|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-41747-1|pages=441–}}</ref> He is a former member of the board of directors of [[International Liquid Crystal Society]], executive committee of International High Pressure Association and the editorial board of ''Liquid Crystals'' journal of [[Taylor & Francis]].<ref name="Federal Laboratory Consortium Recognizes Dr. Shashidhar for Advances in Liquid Crystal Technology" />

== Awards and honors ==
The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 1984.<ref name="CSIR list of Awardees">{{Cite web |url=http://www.csir.res.in/careeraward/prize-winner-indexdiscipline-wise |title=CSIR list of Awardees |date=2017 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research}}</ref> He was elected by the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]] as their fellow in 1988.<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Shashidhar,_Prof._Ranganathan |title=Fellow profile |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> In 1999, the team led by him received the Federal Laboratory Consortium Award for excellence in technology transfer.<ref name="Excellence in Technology Transfer 1999">{{Cite web |url=https://www.federallabs.org/index.php?tray=award_detail&cid=FLCawrd628&tid=1FLtop207 |title=Excellence in Technology Transfer 1999 |date=2017 |publisher=Federal Labs}}</ref> He is also a recipient of Alan Berman Publication Awards thrice and Edison Patent Award once, both awards given by the US Naval Research Laboratory.<ref name="Federal Laboratory Consortium Recognizes Dr. Shashidhar for Advances in Liquid Crystal Technology" />

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |title=Liquid Crystal Materials Devices and Applications |last=R. Shashidhar |publisher=Photo Optical Society |year=1994 |isbn=978-9990069310 |page=503}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Long, D. P. |author2=Lazorcik, J. L. |author3=Shashidhar, R. |title=Magnetically directed self-assembly of carbon nanotube devices |journal=Advanced Materials |publication-date=2004 |volume=16 |issue=9–10 |pages=814–819 |doi=10.1002/adma.200306388 |year=2004|bibcode=2004AdM....16..814L |s2cid=135699476 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Blum, Amy Szuchmacher |author2=Kushmerick, James G. |author3=Long, David P. |author4=Patterson, Charles H. |author5=Yang, John C. |author6=Henderson, Jay C. |author7=Yao, Yuxing |author8=Tour, James M. |author9=Shashidhar, Ranganathan |author10=Ratna, Banahalli R. |title=Molecularly inherent voltage-controlled conductance switching |journal=Nature Materials |publication-date=2005 |volume=4 |pages=167–172 |doi=10.1038/nmat1309 |year=2005|issue=2 |pmid=15654344 |bibcode=2005NatMa...4..167B |s2cid=10595987 }}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Blum, Amy Szuchmacher |author2=Soto, Carissa M. |author3=Wilson, Charmaine D. |author4=Brower, Tina L. |author5=Pollack, Steven K. |author6=Schull, Terence L. |author7=Chatterji, Anju |author8=Lin, Tianwei |author9=Johnson, John E. |author10=Amsinck, Christian |author11=Franzon, Paul |author12=Shashidhar, Ranganathan |author13=Ratna, Banahalli R. |title=An engineered virus as a scaffold for three-dimensional self-assembly on the nanoscale |journal=Small |publication-date=2005 |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=702–706 |doi=10.1002/smll.200500021 |pmid=17193509 |date=July 2005}}
* {{Cite journal |author1=Stapleton, Joshua J. |author2=Daniel, Thomas A. |author3=Uppili, Sundarajan |author4=Cabarcos, Orlando M. |author5=Naciri, Jawad |author6=Shashidhar, Ranganathan |author7=Allara, David L. |title=Self-assembly, characterization, and chemical stability of isocyanide-bound molecular wire monolayers on gold and palladium surfaces |journal=Langmuir |publication-date=2005 |volume=21 |issue=24 |pages=11061–11070 |doi=10.1021/la051094z |year=2005|pmid=16285772 }}

{{portal|India|Physics}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book|title=Liquid Crystal Materials, Devices, and Applications|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CD5RAAAAMAAJ|year=1999|publisher=SPIE|isbn = 9780819431066}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Physical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shashidhar, Ranganathan}}
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Scientists from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian condensed matter physicists]]
[[Category:University of Mysore alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mysore]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Ruhr University Bochum]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Institute of Technology faculty]]
[[Category:Georgetown University faculty]]
[[Category:AT&T people]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Physical Science]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Ramnagar, Udhampur

2026-02-09T20:15:48Z

Bikram Rout: made a stub

{{Short description|Town in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Ramnagar
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Naggar
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Municipality Town
| image_skyline = Ramnagar_old_palace.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Icon of Ramnagar (Ram Singh Palace)
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32.82|N|75.32|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udhampur district|Udhampur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 1200
| founder = King Ram Singh
| named_for = King Ram Singh
| government_type = Indian gov
| governing_body = Jammu And Kashmir Government
| leader_title = MLA
| leader_name = Sunil Bhardwaj
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 601
| population_total = 6776
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 =Language
| demographics1_title1 =Local
| demographics1_info1 = [[Dogri language|Dogri]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 182119-24
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 01990
| registration_plate = JK 14
| website = udhampur.nic.in
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ramnagar''' is a town and notified area committee in [[Udhampur District]] in the [[India]]n [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://keylr.com/sheesh-mahal-palace-ramnagar/ |title=Sheesh Mahal Ramnagar -Popular Palace of J & K |access-date=1 December 2015 |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208044029/http://keylr.com/sheesh-mahal-palace-ramnagar/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Renowned Personalities==

[[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]][[Padma Shri]] Romalo Ram

Padma Shri Prof Vishwamurti Shastri

==Ramnagar Town ==
Ramanagar is a historical small town situated in Udhampur District of Jammu and Kashmir. Ramnagar is named after its last ruler, King Ram Singh of Ramanagar. The King' Palace is also in the town. It has been taken over by [[Archaeological Survey of India|Archeological Survey of India]] for maintenance and preservation.
Inside the palace there is one sheesh mahal or a kind of hall where we can still see the painting of different types some are of the queens.
Ramnagar is mostly a hilly area. Seoz glaciers, Samna Banj hill and gandh top are some of the very high altitude areas.
Main attractions of Ramnagar are:
* Pingla Mata Shrine
* Ramnagar Palace
* Ramnagar fort
* Chountra mata Shrine
* Devi bani Manawal
* Narsingh mandir Ramnagar
* Seoz glaciers and adjacent glaciers
* Dudu Basantgarh (hill station)
* Raja Ram Singh Glass Palace ( Sheesh Mehal )
* Akshardham Cave

Ramnagar sits on the Mansa Devi Nallah, a tributary of the [[Tawi River]] that flows through [[Jammu]]. It is 27 km off the Udampur-Dhar-Pathankot road. The 19th-century palace, Rani's Samadhi (mausoleum) and the impressive fortress are all under the care of the ASI.<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India">{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_jk_ramnagarpalace.asp|title=Ticketed Monument - Jammu and Kashmir: Ram Nagar Palace, Udhampur |publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|work=asi.nic.in}}</ref> It is also the place with highest rainfall in Jammu and Kashmir

==History==
[[File:Detail of the main, continuous tract of territory of Bandralta from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852.jpg|thumb|Detail of the territory of Bandralta from a map of the various Hill States of the Punjab Hills region, copied in 1852.]]
Ramnagar town was once the capital of the Bandralta State whose last king, Bhupendra Dev of [[Bandral Rajput]] Dynasty, was ousted in 1821 by [[Sikh]] forces and retired into obscurity near [[Ambala]] in today's [[Haryana]] state. Ramnagar's 19th-century palace complex consisting of three sections was built by [[Rajput]] [[Raja]] Suchet Singh (ruled 1822 to 1844), brother of [[Jammu]] Raja [[Gulab Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Gulab Singh]] - a prominent [[Dogras|Dogra]] warrior in the campaign to oust Bhupendra Dev,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hif.co.in/ANCIENT_PALACE_OF_RAMNAGAR_&_PAINTINGS.htm|title=Review of Ramnagar's History and Heritage}}</ref> and by Ram Singh, son of Raja [[Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Ranbir Singh]].<ref name="Archaeological Survey of India"/>

[[File:Ramnagar fort and mausoleum.JPG|thumb|240px|left|Ramnagar Fort behind the small mausoleum that commemorates the spot on which Raja Suchet Singh's widow performed [[Sati (practice)|sati]]]]

==Geography of Ramnagar Tehsil==
Ramnagar is located at {{Coord|32.82|N|75.32|E|}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/12/Ramnagar.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ramnagar, India|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref> It has an average elevation of 828 metres (2716 feet). Ramnagar is hilly and roughly 90% forested aleit with scrubby, secondary growth in many parts. Local attractions include the pilgrimage sites of Chountra Mata<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wikimapia.org/9092448/CHOUNTRA-MATA-MANDIR|title=CHOUNTRA MATA MANDIR|work=wikimapia.org}}</ref> to each of which a ''Akhand Jyoti'' is carried on the eve of ''Navratra'' (which is scheduled twice a year). This yatra (pilgrimage) is carried with great fervour and dedication towards [[Durga|Maa Durga]] and [[Kali|Maa Kali]]. These pilgrimages are traditionally performed on foot though a motorable road is now under construction to Chontra Mata.

Other points of interest include Marhada Mata, Gurlang, Seoz Glaciers, the Samna Manj range, and the Shri Narsing Ji Maharaj temple in central Ramnagar.

==Demographics==
Ramnagar is a Municipal Committee city in district of Udhampur, Jammu and Kashmir. The Ramnagar city is divided into 13 wards for which elections are held every five years. The Ramnagar Municipal Committee has population of 6,292 of which 3,237 are males while 3,055 are females as per report released by [[2011 Census of India|Census of India 2011]].

The population of children aged 0-6 is 748 which is 11.89% of total population of Ram Nagar (MC). In Ram Nagar Municipal Committee, the female sex ratio is 944 against state average of 889. Moreover, the child sex ratio in Ram Nagar is around 894 compared to Jammu and Kashmir state average of 862. The literacy rate of Ram Nagar city is 81.64% higher than the state average of 67.16%. In Ram Nagar, male literacy is around 87.33% while the female literacy rate is 75.65%.

Ramnagar Municipal Committee has total administration over 1,330 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Municipal Committee limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.

==Religion==
[[Hindu]] 96.27%, [[Islam|Muslim]] 3.31%, [[Sikh]] 0.03%,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/|title=Census 2011 India|website=www.census2011.co.in|accessdate=7 January 2024}}</ref>

==Ramnagar Specialities==
[[File:Famous Kalaadi of Ramnagar.jpg|thumb|Famous Kalaadi of Ramnagar]]
Ramnagar is known for its ''Golgappas'' ([[Paani Puri|Pani Puri]]), Chocolate (''Barfi''), ''Sund'' (''panjeeri''), ''Patisa'' and its exotic local food – Rajma-rice (served with [[chutney]] made from dried seeds of pomegranate) is one of the cuisines of Ramanagar. Another speciality of Ramnagar is ''Kalaadi Kulcha'' It is a type a cheese usually consumed with bread and tea and [[Kalari cheese]], which is a variety of processed cheese. ''Kalaadi'', specially made in the Ramnagar district of Jammu province is considered to be the best in quality all over the state.

Dogra cuisines include ''Ambal'' (sweet-salty vegetable made of [[pumpkin]]), ''Khatta Maas'', ''Kulthein di Dal'' (a Dogra [[Pulse (legume)]]), ''Dal Patt'', ''Maa da Madra'', [[Rajma]], ''Auriya'' and ''Kalari'' (authentic [[Dogras|Dogra]] cheese). Pickles typical of Jammu are made of Kasrod, Girgle, Mango with Saunf, Zimikand, Tyaoo, Seyoo, and Potatoes. ''Auriya'' is a dish made with Potatoes. During weddings, it is typical to make ''Kayoor'' (another cuisine served with sweet curd), ''Sund'' (sweet dish made of dry-fruits) and ''Sewian'' (''buur'').

==Schools and Institutions==
Bhartiya Vidya Niketan Kirmoo, Rising Pillars Public High School, Bhartiya Vidya Mandhir High School, Keshav Vidya Kendar High School, Emmanuel Mission High School, National Public High School, Government Higher Secondary School, Government Girls High School and Government Middle School are some famous Schools Of Ramnagar.

'''<big>Government Degree College, Ramnagar</big>''' 
The college is located at the Thaplal village at a distance of about 41 km from Udhampur. The college was established in the year 2005, having area of about 300 kanals, providing a quiet and serene view and ideal for study and contemplation. The institution is affiliated to University of Jammu and recognized by UGC under section 2(f) & 12(b) of UGC Act 1956.

Narsing Dev Institute of Nursing & Paramedical Sciences Ramnagar is the first Paramedical Institute in the Town and is registered under the Paramedical Council of Jammu and Kashmir.

Another Paramedical college in Ramnagar is '''Ramnagar College for Nursing And Medical Education.'''

==Notable personalities==

* [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|x15px|Padma Shri riband]] [[Padma Shri]] Romalo Ram
*Padma Shri Professor Dr. [[Vishwamurti Shastri]]
*Sahitya Akademi Awardee Sh. Om Sharma Jandriari<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jandriari |first=Om Sharma |date=December 18, 2019 |title=Sahitya Akademi Award 2019 - Bandralta Darpan, Dogri |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=195962}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jandriari |first=Om Sharma |date=January 12, 2020 |title=The Shahitya Academy Award winner |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/the-sahitya-akademi-award-winner/}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Battle of Ramnagar]]
* [[Gandh Top]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dudubasantgarh.nic.in/ The Official Website of Dudu, Basantgarh &Ramnagar region, India]

{{Municipalities of Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Udhampur district]]
[[Category:Tehsils of Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]]

Anjali Mukhi

2026-02-06T05:37:43Z

Bikram Rout: made a bio!

{{short description|Indian television actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjali
| image =
| caption =
| occupation = [[Actress]]
| known for =''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]''
| years_active = 1998–present
}}

'''Anjali Mukhi''' is an Indian television actress who is known for her roles of Sudha Lalit Kumar Sharma in ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' and Sulochana Balraj Khurana in ''[[Yeh Hai Chahatein]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-01 |title=Anjali Mukhi replaces Eva Grover in Tashan-e-Ishq |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/anjali-mukhi-replaces-eva-grover-in-tashan-e-ishq-315891-2016-04-01 |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-17 |title=टीवी एक्ट्रेस अंजली मुखी ने शो 'इश्बाज' के लिए मुंडवाया सिर, इंस्टाग्राम पर अपलोड की तस्वीर |url=https://www.jansatta.com/entertainment/television/tv-actress-anjali-mukhi-became-bald-for-show-ishqbaaz/325435/lite/ |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref>

==Career==
Anjali Mukhi made her television debut with ''[[Khwaish]]'' on [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]].
She was last seen in ''[[I Luv My India]]'' as Simran on [[Life OK]], as Sudha Lalit Sharma in ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' on Sony TV and as Maithali in ''[[Chhanchhan]]''<ref name=CC/> on Sony TV. She played the role of Saroj Singh, Urmi's mother, in ''[[Doli Armaano Ki]]'' on [[Zee TV]]. She also played the role of Mrs Kamini Malhotra, Pushkar's mother, in [[Sony TV]]'s [[Ek Duje Ke Vaaste]].
Later, she played the role of Nayantara in the StarPlus show [[Ishqbaaz]].
Between 2009 and 2010, she played the role of Leela Arvind Thakkar in the second season of the serial ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' replacing [[Lubna Salim]], but the show soon went off air. She played in [[Naati Pinky Ki Lambi Love Story]] as Mrs.Vankatraman. Currently, she is seen in [[Yeh Hai Chahatein]] as Sulochana Khurana, the main protagonist's mother-in-law.

== Filmography ==
=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Serial
! Role
! Ref.
|-
| 2002 || ''Cactus Flower'' || Mansi||
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Meher (TV series)|Meher]]'' || Meher's sister-in-law||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kasamh Se]]'' || Mrs. Chopra||
|-
| 2007–2008 || ''[[Khwaish]]'' || Naila Hussain ||
|-
| 2009–2010 || ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby]]'' || Leela Thakkar ||
|-
| 2010–2012 || ''[[Saas Bina Sasural]]'' || Sudha Sharma || <ref name="SBS">{{cite news|url=http://www.setindia.com/show_details.php?sid=57|title=Saas Bina Sasurala >> Official Website|publisher=setindia.com|year=2010}}</ref>
|-
| 2012 || ''[[I Luv My India]]'' || Simran ||
|-
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|-
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|-
| 2014–2015 || ''[[Ek Rishta Aisa Bhi]]'' || Mrs. Roy ||
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==References==
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Paramara dynasty

2026-02-03T17:22:41Z

Bikram Rout: general improved formatting to improve readability and cleaned formatting for consistency

{{Short description|Indian dynasty (948–1305)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Paramars of Malwa
| common_name = Paramara
| era = [[Middle kingdoms of India|Classical India]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| title_leader = [[Maharajadhiraj]]
| leader1 = [[Siyaka]] (first)
| year_leader1 = 948–972
| leader3 = [[Mahalakadeva]] (last)
| year_leader3 = 1301–1305
| title_deputy = [[Pradhan]]
| deputy1 = Vishnu (first)
| year_deputy1 = 948–?
| deputy2 = Goga Deva (last)
| year_deputy2 = 1275–1305
| year_start = 948
| year_end = 1305
| date_end = 24 November
| p1 = Rashtrakuta dynasty
| s1 = Ghurid dynasty
| p2 = Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty
| p3 = Kalachuris of Tripuri
| s2 = Delhi Sultanate
| image_map = Map of the Paramaras.png
| image_map_caption = Greatest extent of Paramaras under Emperor [[Bhoja]] {{circa|1055}} CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=147, map XIV.3 (a)|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/reference/schwartzberg/query.py?object=185&display_type=image_display#gsc.tab=0}}</ref>
| capital = {{ubl|[[Dhara (city)|Dhar]]
|[[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]}}
| common_languages = [[Sanskrit]]
| religion = [[Shaivism]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages, Studies in Indian history |first1=S.R. Bakshi |last1=R.K. Gupta |publisher=Swarup & Sons|year=2008|quote="Parmara rulers were devout shaivas." |location=Rajasthan |pages=43|volume=1|isbn=9788176258418}}</ref> 
 [[Digambara|Jainism]]
| today = [[India]]
}}
The '''Paramara dynasty''' ([[IAST]]: Paramāra) was an Indian dynasty that ruled [[Malwa]] and surrounding areas in west-central India between 948 and 1305. They belonged to the [[Parmar (clan)|Paramara]] clan of the [[Rajputs]].<ref>{{Cite book|author=Brajadulal Chattopadhyaya
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=21SgAAAAMAAJ|title=Studying Early India: Archaeology, Texts and Historical Issues|date=2006|publisher=Anthem|isbn=978-1-84331-132-4|language=en|page=116|quote=The period between the seventh and the twelfth century witnessed gradual rise of a number of new royal-lineages in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh, which came to constitute a social-political category known as 'Rajput'. Some of the major lineages were the Pratiharas of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and adjacent areas, the Guhilas and Chahamanas of Rajasthan, the Caulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Rajasthan and the Paramaras of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan.}}</ref>

The dynasty was established in either the 9th or 10th century, and its early rulers most probably ruled as vassals of the [[Rashtrakutas of Manyakheta]]. The earliest extant Paramara inscriptions, issued by the 10th-century ruler [[Siyaka]], have been found in [[Gujarat]]. Around 972, Siyaka sacked the Rashtrakuta capital [[Manyakheta]], and established the Paramaras as a sovereign power. By the time of his successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]], the Malwa region in present-day [[Madhya Pradesh]] had become the core Paramara territory, with [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] (now Dhar) as their capital. At its zenith under [[Bhoja]], it ruled over an empire which extended from [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor]] in the north to [[Konkan]] in the south, and from the [[Sabarmati River]] in the west to [[Vidisha]] in the east.

The Paramara power rose and declined several times as a result of their struggles with the [[Chaulukya]]s of Gujarat, the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] and other neighbouring kingdoms. The later Paramara rulers moved their capital to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandapa-Durga]] (now Mandu) after Dhara was sacked multiple times by their enemies. [[Mahalakadeva]], the last known Paramara king, was [[Alauddin Khalji's conquest of Malwa|defeated and killed]] by the forces of [[Alauddin Khalji]] of [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi]] in 1305, although epigraphic evidence suggests that the Paramara rule continued for a few years after his death.

Malwa enjoyed a great level of political and cultural prestige under the Paramaras. The Paramaras were well known for their patronage to [[Sanskrit]] poets and scholars, and Bhoja was himself a renowned scholar. Most of the Paramara kings were [[Shaivite]]s and commissioned several Shiva temples, although they also patronized [[Jainism|Jain]] scholars.

== Origin ==

=== Ancestry ===

[[File:Siyak harsola1005ga.jpg|thumb|right|[[Harsola copper plates]]]]
The [[Harsola copper plates]] issued by the Paramara king [[Siyaka II]] in 949 mentions a king called Akalavarsha, followed by the expression ''tasmin kule'' ("in that family"), and then followed by the name "Vappairaja" (identified with the Paramara king Vakpati I).{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}} Based on the identification of "Akalavarsha" (which was a [[Rashtrakuta]] title) with the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]], historian as D.C. Ganguly theorized that the Paramaras were descended from the [[Rashtrakuta Empire|Rashtrakutas]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages, Studies in Indian history |first1=S.R. Bakshi |last1=R.K. Gupta |publisher=Swarup & Sons|year=2008 |location=Rajasthan |pages=24|volume=|isbn=9788176258418}}</ref> Ganguly tried to find support for his theory in ''[[Ain-i-Akbari]]'', whose variation of the Agnikula myth (see below) states that a predecessor of the Paramaras came to Malwa from [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}} According to ''Ain-i-Akbari'', Dhanji - a man born from a fire sacrifice - came from Deccan to establish a kingdom in Malwa; when his descendant Putraj died heirless, the nobles established Aditya Ponwar - the ancestor of the Paramaras - as the new king.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=4}} Ganguly also noted Siyaka's successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] (Vakpati II) assumed titles such as [[Amoghavarsha]], Sri-vallabha and [[Prithvi-vallabha (title)|Prithvi-vallabha]]: these are distinctively Rashtrakuta titles.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=36}}

However, there is a gap before the words ''tasmin kule'' ("in that family") in the Harsola inscription, and therefore, Ganguly's suggestion is a pure guess in absence of any concrete evidence.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi (Introduction)|1991|p=4}} Moreover, even if the ''Ain-i-Akbari'' legend is historically accurate, Aditya Ponwar was not a descendant of Dhanji: he was most probably a local magnate rather than a native of Deccan.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=18}}{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1975|p=225}} Critics of Ganguly's theory also argue that the Rashtrakuta titles in these inscriptions refer to Paramara rulers, who had assumed these titles to portray themselves as the legitimate successors of the Rashtrakutas in the Malwa region.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} The Rashtrakutas had similarly adopted the titles such as ''Prithvi-vallabha'', which had been used by the preceding [[Chalukyas of Vatapi|Chalukya]] rulers.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} Historian [[Dasharatha Sharma]] points out that the Paramaras claimed the mythical [[Agnivansh|Agnikula]] origin by the 10th century; if they had truly been descendants of the Rashtrakutas, they would not have forgotten their prestigious royal origin within a generation.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=36}}

[[File:Stone sculpt NMND -23.JPG|thumb|left|[[Chamunda]], Paramaras, 12th century, [[Madhya Pradesh]].]]
The later Paramara kings claimed to be members of the [[Agnikula]] or Agnivansha ("fire clan"). The Agnikula myth of origin, which appears in several of their inscriptions and literary works, goes like this: The sage [[Vishvamitra]] forcibly took a [[Kamadhenu|wish-granting cow]] from another sage [[Vashistha]] on the Arbuda mountain ([[Mount Abu]]). Vashistha then conjured a hero from a sacrificial fire pit (''agni-kunda''), who defeated
Vishvamitra's enemies and brought back the cow. Vashistha then gave the hero the title Paramara ("enemy killer").{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=32}} The earliest known source to mention this story is the ''[[Nava-sahasanka-charita]]'' of Padmagupta Parimala, who was a court-poet of the Paramara king [[Sindhuraja]] ({{Circa|997}}–1010).{{sfn|Alf Hiltebeitel|2009|p=444}} The legend is not mentioned in earlier Paramara-era inscriptions or literary works. By this time, all the neighbouring dynasties claimed divine or heroic origin, which might have motivated the Paramaras to invent a legend of their own.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=10-13}}{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}}

A legend mentioned in a recension of ''[[Prithviraj Raso]]'' extended their Agnikula legend to describe other dynasties as fire-born Rajputs. The earliest extant copies of ''Prithviraj Raso'' do not contain this legend; this version might have been invented by the 16th-century poets who wanted to foster Rajput unity against the [[Mughal Emperor|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]].{{sfn|R. B. Singh|1964|pp=17-18}} Some [[British India|colonial-era]] historians interpreted this mythical account to suggest a foreign origin for the Paramaras. According to this theory, the ancestors of the Paramaras and other Agnivanshi Rajputs came to India after the decline of the [[Gupta Empire]] around the 5th century CE. They were admitted in the [[Hindu caste system]] after performing a fire ritual.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=35}} However, this theory is weakened by the fact that the legend is not mentioned in the earliest of the Paramara records, and even the earliest Paramara-era account does not mention the other dynasties as Agnivanshi.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=16}}

Some historians, such as Dasharatha Sharma and [[Pratipal Bhatia]], have argued that the Paramaras were originally [[Brahmin]]s from the Vashistha [[gotra]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}} This theory is based on the fact that [[Halayudha]], who was patronized by Munja, describes the king as "Brahma-Kshtra" in ''Pingala-Sutra-Vritti''. According to Bhatia this expression means that Munja came from a family of [[Brahmin]]s who became [[Kshatriya]]s.{{sfn|Ganga Prasad Yadava|1982|p=37}} In addition, the Patanarayana temple inscription states that the Paramaras were of Vashistha [[gotra]], which is a gotra among Brahmins claiming descent from the sage Vashistha.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=29}} However, historian Arvind K. Singh points out that several other sources point to a [[Kshatriya]] ancestry of the dynasty. For example, the 1211 Piplianagar inscription states that the ancestors of the Paramaras were "crest-jewel of the Kshatriyas", and the ''Prabha-vakara-charita'' mentions that Vakpati was born in the dynasty of a Kshatriya. According to Singh, the expression "Brahma-Kshatriya" refers to a learned Kshatriya.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}}

[[D. C. Sircar]] theorized that the dynasty descended from the [[Malavas]]. However, there is no evidence of the early Paramara rulers being called Malava; the Paramaras began to be called Malavas only after they began ruling the Malwa region.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=327}}

<gallery mode="packed">
Chaulukya-Paramara coin circa AD 950-1050.jpg | A [[Chaulukya]]-Paramara coin, {{Circa|950}}-1050 CE. Stylized rendition of [[Chavda dynasty]] coins: [[Indo-Sassanian]] style bust right; pellets and ornaments around / Stylised fire altar; pellets around.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 | title=CNG: EAuction 329. INDIA, Post-Gupta (Chaulukya-Paramara). Circa AD 950-1050. AR Drachm (16mm, 4.41 g, 6h) | access-date=15 July 2017 | archive-date=4 September 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904104559/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=261205 | url-status=live }}</ref>

Paramaras of Malwa King Naravarman Circa 1094-1133.jpg | Coin of the Paramara king [[Naravarman]], {{Circa|1094}}–1133. Goddess [[Lakshmi]] seated facing / Devanagari legend.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523 |title=CNG Coins |access-date=15 July 2017 |archive-date=27 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090215/https://www.cngcoins.com/Coin.aspx?CoinID=88523 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Paramaras of Vidarbha King Jagaddeva 12th-13th centuries.jpg | Coin of the Paramara prince [[Jagadeva]], 12th-13th centuries CE.
</gallery>

=== Original homeland ===

{{Location map+
|India Gujarat
|float = right
|relief = yes
|width = 300
|caption = Places in [[Gujarat]] where the earliest Paramara inscriptions (of [[Siyaka II]]) have been discovered
|nodiv = 1
|mini = 1
|places =
{{location map~ |India Gujarat |lat=23.36|N |long=73.02|E |label=[[Harsol]] |position=right}}
{{location map~ |India Gujarat |lat=22.75|N |long=72.68|E |label=[[Kheda]] |position=left}}
}}

Based on the Agnikula legend, some scholars such as [[C. V. Vaidya]] and [[Vincent Arthur Smith|V. A. Smith]] speculated that Mount Abu was the original home of the Paramaras. Based on the Harsola copper plates and ''Ain-i-Akbari'', D. C. Ganguly believed they came from the Deccan region.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=30}}

The earliest of the Paramara inscriptions (that of Siyaka II) have all been discovered in Gujarat, and concern land grants in that region. Based on this, D. B. Diskalkar and H. V. Trivedi theorized that the Paramaras were associated with Gujarat during their early days.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=9}} Another possibility is that the early Paramara rulers temporarily left their capital city of Dhara in Malwa for Gujarat because of a Gurjara-Pratihara invasion. This theory is based on the combined analysis of two sources: the ''Nava-sahasanka-charita'', which states that the Paramara king Vairisimha cleared the Dhara city in Malwa of enemies; and the 945-946 CE Pratapgah inscription of the Gurjara-Prathiara king Mahendrapala, which states that he recaptured Malwa.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=16}}

== Early rulers ==

Whether or not the Paramaras were descended from the Rashtrakutas, they were most probably subordinates of the Rashtrakutas in the 9th century.{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} Historical evidence suggests that between 808 and 812 CE, the Rashtrakutas expelled the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]]s from the [[Malwa]] region. The Rashtrakuta king [[Govinda III]] placed Malwa under the protection of Karka-raja, the Rashtrakuta chief of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (a region bordering Malwa, in present-day Gujarat).{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=44-47}} The 871 Sanjan copper-plate inscription of Govinda's son [[Amoghavarsha I]] states that Govinda had appointed a vassal as the governor of Malwa. Since the Paramaras became the rulers of the Malwa region around this time, epigraphist H. V. Trivedi theorizes that this vassal was the Paramara king Upendra,{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=14}} although there is no definitive proof of this. The start of the Paramara rule in Malwa cannot be dated with certainty, but they certainly did not rule the Malwa before the 9th century CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=44-47}}

[[Siyaka]] is the earliest known Paramara king attested by his own inscriptions. His [[Harsola copper plates|Harsola copper plate inscription]] (949 CE) is the earliest available Paramara inscription: it suggests that he was a vassal of the Rashtrakutas.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}} The list of his predecessors varies between accounts:{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=3-4}}{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of early Paramara rulers according to different sources
! Harsola copper plates (949 CE) !! ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charita'' (early 11th century) !! ''Udaipur Prashasti'' inscription (11th century) !! ''Nagpur Prashasti'' inscription (1104 CE) !! Other land grants
|-
| || Paramara || Paramara || Paramara || Paramara
|-
| || Upendra || Upendra || || rowspan="4" | Krishna
|-
| ||rowspan="2" | "Other kings" || Vairisimha (I) ||
|-
| || Siyaka (I) ||
|-
| Vappairaja || Vakpati (I) || Vakpati (I) ||
|-
| Vairisimha || Vairisimha || Vairisimha (II) || Vairisimha || Vairisimha
|-
| [[Siyaka]] || Siyaka alias Harsha || Harsha || Siyaka || Siyaka
|}

Paramara is the dynasty's mythical progenitor, according to the [[Agnikula]] legend. Whether the other early kings mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are historical or fictional is a topic of debate among historians.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-49}}

According to [[C. V. Vaidya]] and [[K. A. Nilakantha Sastri]], the Paramara dynasty was founded only in the 10th century CE. Vaidya believes that the kings such as Vairisimha I and Siyaka I are imaginary, duplicated from the names of later historical kings in order to push back the dynasty's age.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-49}} The 1274 CE Mandhata copper-plate inscription of [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] similarly names eight successors of Paramara as Kamandaludhara, Dhumraja, Devasimhapala, Kanakasimha, Shriharsha, [[Jagadeva|Jagaddeva]], Sthirakaya and Voshari: these do not appear to be historical figures.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=212}} HV Trivedi states that there is a possibility that Vairisimha I and Siyaka I of the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are same as Vairisimha II and Siyaka II; the names might have been repeated by mistake. Alternatively, he theorizes that these names have been omitted in other inscriptions because these rulers were not independent sovereigns.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=4}}

Several other historians believe that the early Paramara rulers mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti'' are not fictional, and the Paramaras started ruling Malwa in the 9th century (as Rashtrakuta vassals). K. N. Seth argues that even some of the later Paramara inscriptions mention only 3-4 predecessors of the king who issued the inscription. Therefore, the absence of certain names from the genealogy provided in the early inscriptions does not mean that these were imaginary rulers. According to him, the mention of Upendra in ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charitra'' (composed by the court poet of the later king Sindhuraja) proves that Upendra is not a fictional king.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-51}} Historians such as [[Georg Bühler]] and [[James Burgess (archaeologist)|James Burgess]] identify Upendra and Krishnaraja as one person, because these are synonyms (Upendra being another [[List of titles and names of Krishna|name of Krishna]]). However, an inscription of Siyaka's successor [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] names the preceding kings as Krishnaraja, Vairisimha, and Siyaka. Based on this, Seth however identifies Krishnaraja with Vappairaja or Vakpati I mentioned in the Harsola plates (Vappairaja appears to be the Prakrit form of Vakpati-raja). In his support, Seth points out that Vairisimha has been called ''Krishna-padanudhyata'' in the inscription of Munja i.e. Vakpati II. He theorizes that Vakpati II used the name "Krishnaraja" instead of Vakpati I to identify his ancestor, in order to avoid confusion with his own name.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=48-51}}

== Imperial Paramars ==

[[File:Temple of Bhojpur.jpg|thumb|The [[Bhojeshwar Temple]], Paramara dynasty, [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]]]]
[[File:Dam PP.JPG|thumb|Detail of the masonry of the northern dam at Bhojpur]]
The first independent sovereign of the Paramara dynasty was [[Siyaka]] (sometimes called Siyaka II to distinguish him from the earlier Siyaka mentioned in the ''Udaipur Prashasti''). The Harsola copper plates (949 CE) suggest that Siyaka was a feudatory of the Rashtrakuta ruler [[Krishna III]] in his early days. However, the same inscription also mentions the high-sounding ''[[Maharajadhiraj]]apati'' as one of Siyaka's titles. Based on this, K. N. Seth believes that Siyaka's acceptance of the Rashtrakuta lordship was nominal.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=76-77}}

As a Rashtrakuta feudatory, Siyaka participated in their campaigns against the [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratiharas]]. He also defeated some [[Huna people|Huna]] chiefs ruling to the north of Malwa.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=79}} He might have suffered setbacks against the [[Chandela]] king [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=334}} After the death of [[Krishna III]], Siyaka defeated his successor [[Khottiga Amoghavarsha|Khottiga]] in a battle fought on the banks of the [[Narmada River]]. He then pursued Khottiga's retreating army to the Rashtrakuta capital [[Manyakheta]], and sacked that city in 972 CE. His victory ultimately led to the decline of the Rashtrakutas, and the establishment of the Paramaras as an independent sovereign power in Malwa.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=81–84}}

Siyaka's successor Munja achieved military successes against the [[Chahamanas of Shakambari]], the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]], the [[Guhilas of Mewar]], the [[Huna people|Hunas]], the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]], and the ruler of [[Gurjaradesa|Gurjara region]] (possibly a [[Chaulukya dynasty|Gujarat Chaulukya]] or [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty|Pratihara]] ruler).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=336-338}} He also achieved some early successes against the [[Western Chalukya]] king [[Tailapa II]], but was ultimately defeated and killed by Tailapa some time between 994 CE and 998 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=102–104}}{{sfn|M. Srinivasachariar|1974|p=502}}

As a result of this defeat, the Paramaras lost their southern territories (possibly the ones beyond the [[Narmada River]]) to the Chalukyas.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=339-340}} Munja was reputed as a patron of scholars, and his rule attracted scholars from different parts of India to Malwa.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=340–341}} He was also a poet himself, although only a few stanzas composed by him now survive.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=105}}

Munja's brother [[Sindhuraja]] (ruled c. 990s CE) defeated the Western Chalukya king [[Satyashraya]], and recovered the territories lost to Tailapa II.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} He also achieved military successes against a [[Huna people|Huna]] chief, the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavanshi]] of [[Dakshina Kosala|south Kosala]], the [[Shilahara]]s of [[Konkana]], and the ruler of [[Lata (region)|Lata]] (southern Gujarat).{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} His court poet Padmagupta wrote his biography ''Nava-Sahasanka-Charita'', which credits him with several other victories, although these appear to be poetic exaggerations.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=341}}

Sindhuraja's son [[Bhoja]] is the most celebrated ruler of the Paramara dynasty. He made several attempts to expand the Paramara kingdom varying results. Around 1018 CE, he defeated the [[Chalukyas of Lata]] in present-day Gujarat.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=137}} Between 1018 CE and 1020 CE, he gained control of the northern [[Konkan]], whose Shilahara rulers probably served as his feudatories for a brief period.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=140–141}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=46}} Bhoja also formed an alliance against the [[Chalukyas of Kalyani|Kalyani Chalukya]] king [[Jayasimha II (Western Chalukya dynasty)|Jayasimha II]], with [[Rajendra Chola]] and [[Gangeyadeva|Gangeya-deva]] [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]. The extent of Bhoja's success in this campaign is not certain, as both Chalukya and Paramara [[panegyric]]s claimed victory.{{sfn|Saikat K. Bose|2015|p=27}} During the last years of Bhoja's reign, sometime after 1042 CE, Jayasimha's son and successor [[Someshvara I]] invaded Malwa, and sacked his capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]].{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} Bhoja re-established his control over Malwa soon after the departure of the Chalukya army, but the defeat pushed back the southern boundary of his kingdom from [[Godavari River|Godavari]] to [[Narmada River|Narmada]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=154}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=56}}

[[File:Statues At Bhojpur Temple (1).jpg|thumb|left|Statues at [[Bhojeshwar Temple]], Paramara dynasty, [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]].]]
Bhoja's attempt to expand his kingdom eastwards was foiled by the [[Chandela]] king [[Vidyadhara (Chandela ruler)|Vidyadhara]].{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|p=69}} However, Bhoja was able to extend his influence among the Chandela feudatories, the [[Kachchhapaghata dynasty|Kachchhapaghatas]] of Dubkund.{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=172–173}} Bhoja also launched a campaign against the Kachchhapaghatas of [[Gwalior]], possibly with the ultimate goal of capturing [[Kannauj]], but his attacks were repulsed by their ruler Kirtiraja.{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=173}} Bhoja also defeated the [[Chahamanas of Shakambhari]], killing their ruler [[Viryarama]]. However, he was forced to retreat by the [[Chahamanas of Naddula]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=177}} According to medieval Muslim historians, after sacking [[Somnath Temple|Somnath]], [[Mahmud of Ghazni]] changed his route to avoid confrontation with a Hindu king named Param Dev. Modern historians identify Param Dev as Bhoja: the name may be a corruption of Paramara-Deva or of Bhoja's title ''Parameshvara-Paramabhattaraka''.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=163–165}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=61–62}} Bhoja may have also contributed troops to support the [[Hindu Shahi|Kabul Shahi]] ruler [[Anandapala]]'s fight against the [[Ghaznavids]].{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=158}} He may have also been a part of the Hindu alliance that expelled Mahmud's governors from [[Hansi]], [[Thanesar]] and other areas around 1043 CE.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=166}}{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=320}} During the last year of Bhoja's reign, or shortly after his death, the Chaulukya king [[Bhima I]] and the Kalachuri king [[Lakshmikarna|Karna]] attacked his kingdom. According to the 14th-century author Merutunga, Bhoja died of a disease at the same time the allied army attacked his kingdom.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|p=182}}{{sfn|Mahesh Singh|1984|pp=66-67}}

At its zenith, Bhoja's empire extended from [[Chittorgarh Fort|Chittor]] in the north to upper [[Konkan]] in the south, and from the [[Sabarmati River]] in the west to [[Vidisha]] in the east.{{sfn|Kirit Mankodi|1987|p=62}} He was recognized as a capable military leader, but his territorial conquests were short-lived. His major claim to fame was his reputation as a scholar-king, who patronized arts, literature and sciences. Noted poets and writers of his time sought his sponsorship.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|p=179}} Bhoja was himself a polymath, whose writings cover a wide variety of topics include grammar, poetry, architecture, yoga, and chemistry. Bhoja established the [[Bhoj Shala]] which was a centre for [[Sanskrit]] studies and a temple of [[Sarasvati]] in present-day [[Dhar]]. He is said to have founded the city of [[Bhojpur, Madhya Pradesh|Bhojpur]], a belief supported by historical evidence. Besides the [[Bhojeshwar Temple]] there, the construction of three now-breached dams in that area is attributed to him.{{sfn|Kirit Mankodi|1987|p=71}} Because of his patronage to literary figures, several legends written after his death featured him as a righteous scholar-king.{{sfn|Sheldon Pollock|2003|pp=179–180}} In terms of the number of legends centered around him, Bhoja is comparable to the fabled [[Vikramaditya]].{{sfn|Anthony Kennedy Warder|1992|pp=176}}

== Decline ==
[[File:Naravarman PP.jpg|thumb|Pillar in the Bijamaṇḍal, [[Vidisha]], with an inscription of King [[Naravarman]] (ruled c. 1094 – c. 1130 CE).]]
Bhoja's successor [[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]], who was probably his son,{{sfn|Anthony Kennedy Warder|1992|pp=177}} faced the joint [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]]-[[Chaulukya]] invasion immediately after Bhoja's death.{{sfn|Krishna Narain Seth|1978|pp=182-184}} [[Bilhana]]'s writings suggest that he sought help from the Chalukyas of Kalyani.{{sfn|Prabhakar Narayan Kawthekar|1995|p=72}} Jayasimha's successor and Bhoja's brother [[Udayaditya]] was defeated by Chamundaraja, his vassal at [[Vagada]]. He repulsed an invasion by the [[Chaulukya]] ruler [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], with help from his allies. Udayaditya's eldest son [[Lakshmadeva]] has been credited with extensive military conquests in the ''[[Nagpur]] Prashasti'' inscription of 1104-05 CE. However, these appear to be poetic exaggerations. At best, he might have defeated the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]].{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=110}} Udayaditya's younger son [[Naravarman]] faced several defeats, losing to the [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] and the Chaulukya king [[Jayasimha Siddharaja]]. By the end of his reign, one Vijayapala had carved out an independent kingdom to the north-east of Ujjain.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=115-122}}

[[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] lost control of the Paramara capital [[Dhara (city)|Dhara]] to Jayasimha Siddharaja. His successor [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]] regained control of Dhara, but soon lost it to an usurper named Ballala.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=362-363}} The Chaulukya king [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]] defeated Ballala around 1150 CE, supported by his feudatories the [[Chahamanas of Naddula|Naddula Chahamana]] ruler [[Alhanadeva|Alhana]] and the [[Mount Abu|Abu]] Paramara chief Yashodhavala. Malwa then became a province of the Chaulukyas. A minor branch of the Paramaras, who styled themselves as ''Mahakumara''s, ruled the area around [[Bhopal]] during this time.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|pp=363-364}} Nearly two decades later, Jayavarman's son [[Vindhyavarman]] defeated the Chaulukya king Mularaja II, and re-established the Paramara sovereignty in Malwa.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1977|p=328}} During his reign, Malwa faced repeated invasions from the [[Hoysala]]s and the [[Yadavas of Devagiri]].{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=162}} He was also defeated by the Chaulukya general Kumara.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=137}} Despite these setbacks, he was able to restore the Paramara power in Malwa before his death.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=322}}

Vindhyavarman's son [[Subhatavarman]] invaded Gujarat, and plundered the Chaulukya territories. But he was ultimately forced to retreat by the Chaulukya feudatory Lavana-Prasada.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=370}} His son [[Arjunavarman I]] also invaded Gujarat, and defeated Jayanta-simha (or Jaya-simha), who had usurped the Chaulukya throne for a brief period.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1956|p=148}} He was defeated by [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Yadava]] general Kholeshvara in [[Lata (region)|Lata]].{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=371}}

{{South Asia in 1250|right|The Paramaras and neighbouring South Asian polities circa 1250 CE.<ref name="JES">{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |pages=21, 147 |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=048 |archive-date=12 January 2024 |access-date=5 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240112095242/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=048 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|{{Annotation|85|116|[[File:Long Fine Rectangle (plain).png|45px]]}}}}
Arjunavarman was succeeded by [[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]], who was the son of Harishchandra, a ''Mahakumara'' (chief of a Paramara branch).{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=371}} He continued to face struggles against the Chaulukyas and the Yadavas. The [[Sultanate of Delhi|Sultan of Delhi]] [[Iltutmish]] captured [[Bhilsa]] during 1233-34 CE, but Devapala defeated the Sultanate's governor and regained control of Bhilsa.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|pp=188}}{{sfn|D. C. Sircar|1966|pp=187-188}} According to the ''[[Hammira Mahakavya]]'', he was killed by Vagabhata of [[Chahamanas of Ranastambhapura|Ranthambhor]], who suspected him of plotting his murder in connivance with the Delhi Sultan.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=372}}

During the reign of Devapala's son [[Jaitugideva]], the power of the Paramaras greatly declined because of invasions from the Yadava king Krishna, the Delhi Sultan [[Ghiyas ud din Balban|Balban]], and the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghela]] prince Visala-deva.{{sfn|Kailash Chand Jain|1972|p=373}} Devapala's younger son [[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]] also faced attacks from these three powers. Either Jaitugi or Jayavarman II moved the Paramara capital from Dhara to the hilly Mandapa-Durga (present-day [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]]), which offered a better defensive position.{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=203}}

[[Arjunavarman II]], the successor of Jayavarman II, proved to be a weak ruler. He faced rebellion from his minister.{{sfn|Asoke Kumar Majumdar|1977|p=445}} In the 1270s, the Yadava ruler [[Ramachandra of Devagiri|Ramachandra]] invaded Malwa,{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=158}} and in the 1280s, the [[Chauhans of Ranthambore|Ranthambhor Chahamana]] ruler [[Hammiradeva|Hammira]] also raided Malwa.{{sfn|Dasharatha Sharma|1975|p=124}} Arjuna's successor [[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]] also faced an invasion from Hammira. Bhoja II was either a titular ruler controlled by his minister, or his minister had usurped a part of the Paramara kingdom.{{sfn|Pratipal Bhatia|1970|p=160}}

[[Mahalakadeva]], the last known Paramara king, was defeated and killed by the army of [[Ayn al-Mulk Multani]], a general of [[Alauddin Khalji]] of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], in 1305 CE.{{sfn|Sailendra Nath Sen|1999|p=25}}{{sfn|Banarsi Prasad Saksena|1992|p=395}}

== List of rulers ==
According to historical 'Kailash Chand Jain', "Knowledge of the early Paramara rulers from Upendra to Vairisimha is scanty; there are no records, and they are known only from later sources."<ref>{{cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |year=1972 |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA329 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |pages=329 |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9}}</ref>
The Paramara rulers mentioned in the various inscriptions and literary sources include:

{| class="wikitable"
|+List of Paramara dynasty rulers
! Serial No.
! Ruler
! Reign (CE)
|-
|1
|[[#Origin|Paramara]]
|mythical
|-
|2
|[[#Early rulers|Upendra Krishnraja]]
|early 9th century
|-
|3
|[[#Origin|Vairisimha (I)]]
|early 9th century
|-
|4
|[[#Origin|Siyaka (I)]]
|mid of 9th century
|-
|5
|[[#Origin|Vakpatiraj (I)]]
|late 9th to early 10th century
|-
|6
|[[#Origin|Vairisimha (II)]]
|mid of 10th century
|-
|7
|[[Siyaka|Siyaka (II)]]
|940–972
|-
|8
|[[Vakpati Munja|Vakpatiraj (II)]] alias ''Munja''
|972–990
|-
|9
|[[Sindhuraja]]
|990–1010
|-
|10
|[[Bhoja]]
|1010–1055
|-
|11
|[[Jayasimha I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayasimha I]]
|1055–1070
|-
|12
|[[Udayaditya]]
|1070–1086
|-
|13
|[[Lakshmadeva]]
|1086–1094
|-
|14
|[[Naravarman]]
|1094–1133
|-
|15
|[[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]]
|1133–1142
|-
|16
|[[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman I]]
|1142–1143
|-
|17
|''[[Interregnum]] from (1143 to 1175 CE)'' under an usurper named 'Ballala' and later the [[Solanki dynasty|Solanki king]] [[Kumarapala (Chaulukya dynasty)|Kumarapala]]
|1143–1175
|-
|18
|[[Vindhyavarman]]
|1175–1194
|-
|19
|[[Subhatavarman]]
|1194–1209
|-
|20
|[[Arjunavarman I]]
|1210–1215
|-
|21
|[[Devapala (Paramara dynasty)|Devapala]]
|1215/1218–1239
|-
|22
|[[Jaitugideva]]
|1239–1255
|-
|23
|[[Jayavarman II (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman II]]
|1255–1274
|-
|24
|[[Arjunavarman II]]
|1274–1285
|-
|25
|[[Bhoja II (Paramara dynasty)|Bhoja II]]
|1285–1301
|-
|26
|[[Mahalakadeva]]
|1301–1305
|-
|}

An inscription from [[Udaipur (Madhya Pradesh)|Udaipur]] indicates that the Paramara dynasty survived until 1310, at least in the north-eastern part of Malwa. A later inscription shows that the area had been captured by the [[Delhi Sultanate]] by 1338.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}

== Branches and claimed descendants ==

Besides the Paramara sovereigns of Malwa, several branches of the dynasty ruled at various places. These include:

* [[Paramaras of Chandravati]]
** Ruled the Arbuda-mandala ([[Mount Abu]] area){{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
** Became feudatories of the [[Chaulukya]]s of Gujarat by the 12th century{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=244}}
* Paramaras of [[Bhinmal]]-[[Kiradu]]
** Branched off from the Paramaras of Chandravati{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=321}}
** Like the Paramaras of Chandravati, they were connected to the Chaulukyas, and were subdued by the Chahamanas in the 12th century{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
* Paramaras of [[Jalor]]
** Another branch of the Paramaras of Chandravati{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
** Supplanted by the [[Chahamanas of Jalor]]{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=333}}
* Paramaras of [[Vagada]]
** Ruled at [[Arthuna]] as feudatories of the Paramaras of Malwa{{sfn|H. V. Trivedi|1991|p=280}}{{sfn|Arvind K. Singh|2012|p=13}}
* Ujjainiyas of [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur]]
** The Rajas of Bhojpur belonged to the [[Ujjainiya]] branch of the Paramaras. Following the fall of the Kingdom of Bhojpur, several cadet families of this branch established many principalities in the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur region]]. One of the most notable principality was [[Dumraon Raj|Dumraon]].<ref>{{cite journal | title=Tradition and Genealogy of the Ujjainiyas in Bihar | author=Brahmadeva Prasad Ambashthya | journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume = 24| year=1961 | pages= 351–352|jstor = 44140725}}</ref>
* [[Sodhas of Amarkot]]
** The Amarkot Kingdom ruled by Sodha Rajputs was annexed by Jodhpur State in the 18th century, which caused the decay of power as the Sodha rulers became vassals.<ref name=g>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |pages=202 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ&q=suratgarh+sodha |access-date=30 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gandhavariya]] of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]
** They claimed to be descendants of King Vikramaditya of Malwa and Paramara dynasty. They ruled various principalities in the Mithila region.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ&q=tirhut+rajput|title=The Journal of the Bihar Purāvid Parishad|publisher=Bihar Puravid Parishad|year=1983|access-date=28 April 2017|archive-date=19 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131152/https://books.google.com/books?id=iFduAAAAMAAJ&q=tirhut+rajput|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Ahmad">{{cite book |title=Popular Literature And Pre-Modern Societies In South Asia |editor1-first=Surinder |editor1-last=Singh |editor2-first=I. D. |editor2-last=Gaur |pages=76–77 |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2008 |isbn=978-81-317-1358-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |chapter=State Formation and Consolidation under the Ujjainiya Rajputs in Medieval Bihar: Testimony of Oral Traditions as Recorded in the ''Tawarikh-i-Ujjainiya'' |first=Imtiaz |last=Ahmad |access-date=2 January 2012 |archive-date=25 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225135554/https://books.google.com/books?id=QVA0JAzQJkYC |url-status=live}}</ref>
*Nimbalkars of [[Phaltan State|Phaltan]]
** Ruled at [[Phaltan]] as feudatories of Delhi Sultanate, Deccani Sultanate, Maratha Empire<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shrivastavya |first=Vidayanand Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Vg9AAAAMAAJ |title=Elements Amongst the Marathas |date=1952 |publisher=D.K. Shrivastavya for Aitihasik gaurava grantha mala |pages=84–86 |language=en}}</ref>
The rulers of several [[princely state]]s claimed connection with the Paramaras. Some of them are given below:
* [[Garhwal Kingdom|Tehri Garhwal State]]: The Kingdom of Garhwal is said to have been founded by Kanakpal, a prince of Malwa. It was an independent Kingdom until 1804. However, Gorkhas invaded the Kingdom in 1804 and its ruler was forced to become a [[princely state]] in 1816 under British protection. They only received less than half of the territory from the British after this alliance.<ref>{{cite web
| title = Kingdom that Mughals could never win
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/kingdom-that-mughals-could-never-win/199323.html
| date = 22 February 2016 | access-date = 29 January 2018
| work = The Tribune
| archive-date = 30 January 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180130091453/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/uttarakhand/community/kingdom-that-mughals-could-never-win/199323.html
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
* [[Baghal State]]: It is said to have been founded by Ajab Dev Parmar, who came to present-day [[Himachal Pradesh]] from [[Ujjain]] in the 14th century.{{sfn|Poonam Minhas|1998|p=49}}
* [[Danta State]]: Its rulers claimed membership of the Parmar clan and descent from the legendary king [[Vikramaditya]] of Ujjain{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=115}}
* [[Muli State]]: Its rulers claimed Paramara descent, and are said to have started out as feudatories of the [[Vaghela dynasty|Vaghelas]].{{sfn|Virbhadra Singhji|1994|p=44}}
* [[Rajgarh State]]: The rulers of Rajgarh belonged to the Umath branch of the Paramaras.<ref name="IG">{{Cite web|url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V08_131.gif|title = Imperial Gazetteer2 of India, Volume 8, page 125 -- Imperial Gazetteer of India -- Digital South Asia Library}}</ref><ref name="EB1911">{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=India|volume=14|pages=375–421}}</ref><ref name="NS">{{cite book |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V18_389.gif |title=Narsinghgarh State |publisher=Imperial Gazetteer of India |volume=18 |page=383 |year=1911}}</ref>
* [[Narsinghgarh State]]: The rulers of Narsinghgarh belonged to the cadet branch of [[Rajgarh State]].<ref name="IG" /><ref name=EB1911/><ref name="NS" />
* [[Chhatarpur State]]: The rulers of Chhatarpur belonged to the older branch of Paramara dynasty. They initially were vassals to Bundela Kings.<ref name="Rathore">{{Cite web |last=Rathore |first=Abhinay |title=Chhatarpur (Princely State) |url=https://www.indianrajputs.com/view/chhatarpur |access-date=2022-08-16 |website=Rajput Provinces of India |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Dewas State]] (Senior and Junior): The [[Maratha]] Puar rulers of these states claimed descent from the Paramara dynasty.{{sfn|John Middleton|2015|p=236}}
* [[Dhar State]]: Its founder Anand Rao Puar, who claimed Paramara descent, received a fief from [[Peshwa]] [[Baji Rao I]] in the 18th century.{{sfn|Tony McClenaghan|1996|p=122}}

== See also ==
* [[Bhojshala]]
* [[Panwar Dynasty]]
* [[Bhojeshwar Temple]]
* [[Military career of Bhoja]]
* [[Harsola copper plates]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |author=Alf Hiltebeitel |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |title=Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA444 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |isbn=9780226340555 |access-date=17 May 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323152137/https://books.google.com/books?id=MMFdosx0PokC&pg=PA444 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=K. C. Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Arvind K. Singh |title=Interpreting the History of the Paramāras |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=22 |issue=1 |year=2012 |pages=13–28 |jstor=41490371 }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Chaulukyas of Gujarat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan |year=1956 |oclc=4413150 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201055911/https://books.google.com/books?id=ffAdAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Asoke Kumar Majumdar |title=Concise History of Ancient India: Political history |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |oclc=5311157 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323144457/https://books.google.com/books?id=F3VDAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Anthony Kennedy Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=Indian Kāvya Literature: The art of storytelling |chapter=XLVI: The Vikramaditya Legend |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl0l5ZTkNxIC&pg=PA176 |year=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0615-3 }}
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* {{cite book |author=Georg Bühler |chapter=The Udepur Prasasti of the Kings of Malva |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EpigraphiaIndicaVol1/Epigraphia%20Indica_vol%201#page/n255/mode/2up |title=Epigraphia Indica |publisher=Archaeological Survey of India |volume=1 |year=1892 }}
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* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.1451755 |ref={{harvid|H. V. Trivedi|1991}} |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=5 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805231604/https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=John Middleton |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&pg=PA236 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45158-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Kailash Chand Jain |title=Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |year=1972 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0824-9 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=16 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216181925/https://books.google.com/books?id=_3O7q7cU7k0C&pg=PA158 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal |author=Kirit Mankodi |url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=140#page/2 |title=Scholar-Emperor and a Funerary Temple: Eleventh Century Bhojpur |journal=[[Marg (magazine)|Marg]] |volume=39 |issue=2 |publisher=[[National Centre for the Performing Arts (India)|National Centre for the Performing Arts]] |year=1987 |pages=61–72 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=11 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511034707/http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=140#page/2 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Krishna Narain Seth |title=The Growth of the Paramara Power in Malwa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Progress |year=1978 |oclc=8931757 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324052331/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Q4dAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=M. Srinivasachariar |title=History of Classical Sanskrit Literature |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1974 |isbn=9788120802841 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA502 |access-date=16 September 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131158/https://books.google.com/books?id=4dVRvVyHaiQC&pg=PA502 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Mahesh Singh |title=Bhoja Paramāra and His Times |publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |year=1984 |oclc=11786897 |access-date=6 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324053617/https://books.google.com/books?id=uPsgAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Poonam Minhas |title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&pg=PA49 |year=1998 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-080-4 }}
* {{cite book |author=Prabhakar Narayan Kawthekar |title=Bilhana |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |year=1995 |isbn=9788172017798 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq5rT0yXGC0C&pg=PA72 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324053226/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bq5rT0yXGC0C&pg=PA72 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA198 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 |access-date=5 October 2016 |archive-date=24 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324034306/https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA198 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Pratipal Bhatia |title=The Paramāras, c. 800-1305 A.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |year=1970 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |isbn=978-81-215-0410-2 |oclc=199886 |access-date=13 February 2016 |archive-date=19 August 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819211758/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5gcAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=History of the Chāhamānas |publisher=N. Kishore |year=1964 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |oclc=11038728 |access-date=20 July 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323170959/https://books.google.com/books?id=TKs9AAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=R. C. Majumdar |title=Ancient India |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120804364 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 |access-date=30 October 2016 |archive-date=26 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226004834/https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA327 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Saikat K. Bose |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT281 |title=Boot, Hooves and Wheels: And the Social Dynamics behind South Asian Warfare |publisher=Vij |year=2015 |isbn=978-9-38446-454-7 }}
* {{cite book |author=Sailendra Nath Sen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172 |title=Ancient Indian History and Civilization |publisher=New Age International |year=1999 |isbn=9788122411980 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065903/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wk4_ICH_g1EC&pg=PA172%20 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Sheldon Pollock |author-link=Sheldon Pollock |title=The Language of the Gods in the World of Men: Sanskrit, Culture, and Power in Premodern India |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 |year=2003 |isbn=0-5202-4500-8 |access-date=24 June 2016 |archive-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323210857/https://books.google.com/books?id=0UCh7r2TjQIC&pg=PA179 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author=Tony McClenaghan |title=Indian Princely Medals |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdZlHJ2WTAC&pg=PA115 |year=1996 |publisher=Lancer |isbn=978-1-897829-19-6 }}
* {{cite book |author=Virbhadra Singhji |title=The Rajputs of Saurashtra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYK7ZSpPzkUC&pg=PA44 |year=1994 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-546-9 }}
* {{cite book |author=R. B. Singh |title=Origin of Rajputs |publisher=Sahitya Sansar Prakashan |year=1975 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AQAAIAAJ&q=magnate+ |access-date=15 December 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119131203/https://books.google.com/books?id=IcM5AQAAIAAJ&q=magnate+ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |author= Virendra N. Mishra |title=Rajasthan: Prehistoric and Early Historic Foundations |publisher=Aryan books International |year=2007 |isbn=9788173053214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jDRuAAAAMAAJ&q=parmars }}
* {{cite book |author=Benjamin Walker |title=Hindu World vol.2 |url=https://archive.org/details/hindu-world-vol.-2-an-encyclopedic-survey-of-wisdom-benjamin-walker/page/n7/mode/2up?q=PA186 |year=1995 |publisher=Indus |isbn=81-7223-179-2 }}
{{refend}}

{{Paramara dynasty}}

[[Category:Paramara dynasty| ]]
[[Category:9th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:History of Malwa]]
[[Category:History of Ujjain]]

Indian Contract Act, 1872

2026-02-02T10:58:53Z

Bikram Rout: update intro after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Contract Act}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Indian Contract Act, 1872
| imagesize = 150
| image = Star of the Order of the Star of India (gold).svg
| long_title = To define and amend certain parts of the law relating to contracts.
| citation = [http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/indiancontractact/s1.html Act No. 9 of 1872]
| enacted_by = [[Imperial Legislative Council (India)|Imperial Legislative Council]]
| date_enacted = 25 April 1872
| date_commenced = 1 September 1872
| status = in force
}}
{{Contract law}}
The '''Indian Contract Act, 1872'''<ref>{{cite web |title=The Indian Contract Act, 1872 |url=https://www.dezshira.com/library/legal/contract-act-india.html |website=Asiapedia |publisher=Dezan Shira and Associates}}</ref> governs the [[Contract|law of contracts]] in [[India]] and is the principal [[legislation]] regulating contract law in the country. It is applicable to all states of India. It outlines the circumstances under which promises made by the parties to a contract become [[Legal liability|legally binding]]. Section 2(h) of the Act defines a contract as an agreement that is enforceable by law.

== Development and Structure ==

The Act was enacted on 25 April 1872 and came into force on 1 September 1872. The Act, as enacted originally, had 266 Sections, divided into 11 chapters.
* General Principles of Law of Contract – Sections 01 to 75 (Chapter 1 to 6)
* Contract relating to Sale of goods - Sections 76 to 123 (Chapter 8 to 10)
* Contracts relating to Partnership – Sections 239 to 266 (Chapter 11)
Later, the sections of Chapter 7 and 11 were repealed, as they were incorporated into separate legislations namely, Sale of Goods Act, 1930 and the [[The Indian Partnership Act, 1932|Indian Partnership Act, 1932]].

At present, the Indian Contract Act can be divided into two parts:

* Part 1: General Principles of Law of Contract – Sections 1 to 75 (Chapter 1 to 6)

* Part 2: Deals with Special kinds of Contracts such as
**Contract of Indemnity and Guarantee (Chapter 8)
**Contract of Bailment and Pledge (Chapter 9)
**Contract of Agency. (Chapter 10)

== Important Definitions (Section 2) ==
'''1.''' '''Offer 2(a)''': An offer refers to a promise that is dependent on a certain act, promise, or forbearance given in exchange for the initial promise.

'''2.''' ''' Acceptance 2(b)''': When the person to whom the proposal is made, signifies his assent there to, the proposal is said to be accepted.

'''3.''' '''Promise 2(b)''': A proposal when accepted becomes a promise. In simple words, when an offer is accepted it becomes promise.

'''4.''' '''Promisor and Promisee 2(c)''': When the proposal is accepted, the person making the proposal is called as promisor and the person accepting the proposal is called as promisee.

'''5.''' '''Consideration 2(d)''': When at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing or does or abstains from doing or promises to do or to abstain from doing something such act or abstinence or promise is called a consideration for the promise. Price paid by one party for the promise of the other technical word meaning [[Quid pro quo]] which means something in return.

'''6.''' '''Agreement 2(e)''': Every promise and every set of promises forming the consideration for each other.

'''7.''' '''Reciprocal Promises 2(f)''': Promises which form the consideration and part of the consideration for each other are called 'reciprocal promises'.

'''8.''' '''Void agreement 2(g)''': An agreement not enforceable by law is void.

'''9.''' '''Contract 2(h)''': An agreement enforceable by law is a contract. Therefore, there must be an agreement and it should be enforceable by law.

'''10.''' '''Voidable contract 2(i)''': An agreement is a voidable contract if it is enforceable by law at the option of one or more of the parties there to (i.e. the aggrieved party), and it is not enforceable by law at the option of the other or others.

'''11.''' '''Void contract 2(j)''': A contract becomes void when it ceases to be enforceable by law.

== Offer ==
According to Section 2(a), an offer refers to a promise that is dependent on a certain act, promise, or forbearance given in exchange for the initial promise.

=== Types of Offer ===
* '''Express offer:''' offer made by using words spoken or written is known as an express offer. (Section 9)
* '''Implied offer:''' The offer which could be understood by a conduct of parties or circumstances of case.
* '''General offer:''' It is an offer made to public at large with or without any time limit.
* '''Specific offer:''' It is a type of offer, where an offer is made to a particular and specified person, it is a specific offer.
* '''Continuous offer:''' An offer which is made to the public at large and if it is kept open for public acceptance for a certain period of time.
* '''Cross offer:''' When a person to whom proposal (offer) is made signifies his assent, the proposal is said to be accepted.
* '''Counteroffer:''' Upon receipt of an offer from an offeror, if the offeree instead of accepting it straightway, imposes conditions which have the effect of modifying or varying the offer.

== Acceptance in contract==

# It should be '''absolute and unqualified'''.. If the parties are not concurred on all matters concerning the offer and acceptance, there is no valid contract. For example, "A" says to "B" "I offer to sell my car for Rs. 50,000/-. "B" replies "I will purchase it for Rs. 45,000/-". This is not acceptance and hence it amounts to a counter offer.
# It should be '''communicated to the offeror'''. To conclude a contract between parties, the acceptance must be communicated in some prescribed form. A mere mental determination on the part of offeree to accept an offer does not amount to valid acceptance.
# Acceptance must be in the '''mode prescribed'''. If the acceptance is not according to the mode prescribed or some usual and reasonable mode (where no mode is prescribed) the offeror may intimate to the offeree within a reasonable time that acceptance is not according to the mode prescribed and may insist that the offer be accepted in the prescribed mode only. If he does not inform the offeree, he is deemed to have accepted the offer. For example, "A" makes an offer to "B" says to "B" that "if you accept the offer, reply by voice. "B" sends reply by post. It will be a valid acceptance, unless "A" informs "B" that the acceptance is not according to the prescribed mode.
# Acceptance must be given within a '''reasonable time before the offer lapses'''. If any time limit is specified, the acceptance must be given within the time, if no time limit is specified it must be given within a reasonable time.
# It '''cannot precede an offer'''. If the acceptance precedes an offer it is not a valid acceptance and does not result in contract. For example, in a company shares were allotted to a person who had not applied for them. Subsequently, when he applied for shares, he was un aware of the previous allotment . The allotment of share previous to the application is not valid.
# Acceptance by the way of conduct.
# Mere silence is no acceptance.

=== Silence as Acceptance ===
Silence does not per-se amounts to communication- Bank of India Ltd. Vs. Rustom Cowasjee- AIR 1955 Bom. 419 at P. 430; 57 Bom. L.R. 850- Mere silence cannot amount to any assent. It does not even amount to any representation on which any plea of estoppel may be found, unless there is a duty to make some statement or to do some act free and offeror must be consent.
# Acceptance must be unambiguous and definite.
# Acceptance cannot be given before communication of an offer.

== Lawful consideration ==

According to Section 2(d), consideration is defined as: "When at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or abstain from doing something, such act or abstinence or promise is called consideration for the promise". Consideration means 'something in return'.

=== Essentials of Valid Consideration ===
An agreement must be supported by a lawful consideration on both sides. Essentials of valid consideration must include:-

*It must '''move at the desire of the promisor'''. An act constituting consideration must have been done at the desire or request of the promisor. If it is done at the instance of a third party or without the desire of the promisor, it will not be good consideration. For example, "A" saves "B"'s goods from fire without being ask him to do so. "A" cannot demand payment for his service.
*Consideration '''may move from the promisee or any other person'''. Under Indian law, consideration may be from the promisee of any other person i.e., even a stranger. This means that as long as there is consideration for the promisee, it is immaterial who has furnished it.
*Consideration must be '''an act, abstinence or forbearance or a returned promise'''.
*Consideration may be '''past, present or future'''. Past consideration is not consideration according to English law. However it is a consideration as per Indian law. Example of past consideration is, "A" renders some service to "B" at latter's desire. After a month "B" promises to compensate "A" for service rendered to him earlier. When consideration is given simultaneously with promise, it is said to be present consideration .. For example, "A" receives Rs. 50/- in return for which he promises to deliver certain goods to "B". The money "A" receives is the '''present consideration.''' When consideration to one party to other is to pass subsequently to the maker of the contract, is said to be future consideration. For example. "A" promises to deliver certain goods to "B" after a week. "B" promises to pay the price after a fortnight, such consideration is future.
*Consideration must be '''real'''. Consideration must be real, competent and having some value in the eyes of law. For example, "A" promises to put life to "B"'s dead wife, if "B" pay him Rs. 1000/-. "A"'s promise is physically impossible of performance hence there is no real consideration.
*Consideration must be '''something which the promisor is not already bound to do'''. A promise to do something what one is already bound to do, either by law, is not a good consideration., since it adds nothing to the previous existing legal consideration.
*Consideration '''need not be adequate'''. Consideration need not be necessarily be equal to value to something given. So long as consideration exists, the courts are not concerned as to adequacy, provided it is for some value.

=== Unlawful Consideration ===
The consideration or object of an agreement is lawful, unless and until it is:
#'''Forbidden by law:''' If the object or the consideration of an agreement is for doing an act forbidden by law, such agreement are void. for example, "A" promises "B" to obtain an employment in public service and "B" promises to pay Rs one lakh to "A". The agreement is void as the procuring government job through unlawful means is prohibited.
#If it '''involves injury to a person or property of another''': For example, "A" borrowed rs.100/- from "B" and executed a bond to work for "B" without pay for a period of 2 years. In case of default, "A" owes to pay the principal sum at once and huge amount of interest. This contract was held void as it involved injury to the person.
#If courts regards it as '''immoral''': An agreement in which consideration or object of which is immoral is void. For example, An agreement between husband and wife for future separation is void.
#Is of such nature that, if permitted, it would '''defeat the provisions of any law''':
#Is '''fraudulent''', or
#Is '''opposed to public policy'''. An agreement which tends to be injurious to the public or against the public good is void. For example, agreements of trading with foreign enemy, agreement to commit crime, agreements which interfere with the administration of justice, agreements which interfere with the course of justice, stifling prosecution, maintenance and champerty.
#Agreements in '''restrained of legal proceedings''': This deals with two category. One is, agreements restraining enforcement of rights and the other deals with agreements curtailing period of limitation.
#'''Trafficking in public offices and titles''': agreements for sale or transfer of public offices and title or for procurement of a public recognition like [[Padma Vibhushan]] or [[Padma Shri]] etc. for monetary consideration is unlawful, being opposed to public policy.
#Agreements '''restricting personal liberty''': agreements which unduly restricts the personal liberty of parties to it are void as being opposed by public policy.
#'''Marriage brokerage agreements''': Agreements to procure marriages for rewards are void under the ground that marriage ought to proceed with free and voluntary decisions of parties.
#'''Agreements interfering marital duties''': Any agreement which interfere with performance of marital duty is void being opposed to public policy. An agreement between husband and wife that the wife will never leave her parental house.
#Consideration may take in any form-money, goods, services, a promise to marry, a promise to forbear etc.

Contract opposed to public policy can be repudiated by the Court of law even if that contract is beneficial for all of the parties to the contract- What considerations and objects are lawful and what not- Newar Marble Industries Pvt. Ltd. Vs. Rajasthan State Electricity Board, Jaipur, 1993 Cr. L.J. 1191 at 1197, 1198 [Raj.]- Agreement of which object or consideration was opposed to public policy, unlawful and void – What better and what more can be an admission of the fact that the consideration or object of the compounding agreement was abstention by the board from criminally prosecuting the petitioner-company from offense under Section 39 of the act and that the Board has converted the crime into a source of profit or benefit to itself. This consideration or object is clearly opposed to public policy and hence the compounding agreement is unlawful and void under Section 23 of the Act. It is unenforceable as against the Petitioner-Company.

== Competent to contract ==
===Section 11 of The Indian Contract Act ===
Section 11 of The Indian Contract Act specifies that every person is competent to contract provided that:

# He is not a minor i.e. an individual who has not attained the age of majority i.e. 18 years in normal case and 21 years if guardian is appointed by the Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telecomtariff.in/2021/09/no-sim-card-number-to-minors-says-dot.html|title=The Indian Contract Act of 1872, No SIM card to Minors|website=telecomtariff.in}}</ref>
# He is of sound mind while making a contract. A person cannot who is usually of unsound mind, but occasionally of sound mind, can make a contract when he is of sound mind. Similarly if a person is usually of sound mind, but occasionally of unsound mind, may not make a valid contract when he is of unsound mind..
# He is not disqualified from contracting by any other law to which he is subject

There are other laws of the land that disqualify certain persons from contracting. They are:-

* Alien enemy
* Foreign sovereigns, diplomatic staff etc.
* Artificial persons i.e. corporation, companies etc.
* [[Insolvency|Insolvents]]
* Convicts
* [[Purdah|Pardanashi Women]]

== Free consents ==

According to Section 13, "Two or more persons are said to be in consent when they agree upon the same thing in the same sense (consensus-ad-idem)".

According to Section 14, "Consent is said to be free when it is not caused by coercion or undue influence or fraud or misrepresentation or mistake".

'''Elements vitiating free Consent:'''

1. '''Coercion''' (Section 15): "Coercion" is the committing, or threatening to commit, any act forbidden by the Indian Penal Code under (45,1860), or the unlawful detaining, or threatening to detain, any property, to the prejudice of any person whatever, with the intention of causing any person to enter into an agreement. For example, "A" threatens to shoot "B" if he doesn't release him from a debt which he owes to "B". "B" releases "A" under threat. Since the release has been brought about by coercion, such release is not valid.

2. '''Undue influence''' (Section 16): "Where a person who is in a position to dominate the will of another enters into a contract with him and the transaction appears on the face of it, or on the evidence, to be unconscionable, the burden of proving that such contract was not induced by undue influence shall lie upon the person in the position to dominate the will of the other".
:(Section 16(2)) States that "A person is deemed to be in a position to dominate the will of another;
::*Where he holds a real or apparent authority over the other. For example, an employer may be deemed to be having authority over his employee. an income tax authority over to the assessee.
::*Where he stands in a fiduciary relationship to other, For example, the relationship of Solicitor with his client, spiritual advisor and devotee.
::*Where he makes a contract with a person whose mental capacity is temporarily or permanently affected by the reason of age, illness or mental or bodily distress"

3. '''Fraud''' (Section 17): "Fraud" means and includes any act or concealment of material fact or misrepresentation made knowingly by a party to a contract, or with his connivance, or by his agent, with intent to deceive another party thereto of his agent, or to induce him to enter into the contract. Mere silence is not fraud. a contracting party is not obliged to disclose each and everything to the other party. There are two exceptions where even mere silence may be fraud, one is where there is a duty to speak, then keeping silence is fraud. or when silence is in itself equivalent to speech, such silence is fraud.

4. '''Misrepresentation''' (Section 18): "Causing, however innocently, a party to an agreement to make a mistake as to the substance of the thing which is the subject of the agreement".

5. '''Mistake of fact''' (Section 20): "Where both the parties to an agreement are under a mistake as to a matter of fact essential to the agreement, the agreement is void". A party cannot be allowed to get any relief on the ground that he had done some particular act in ignorance of law. Mistake may be bilateral mistake where both parties to an agreement are under mistake as to the matter of fact. The mistake must relate to a matter of fact essential to the agreement.

== Agency ==

In law, the relationship that exists when one person or party (the principal) engages another (the agent) to act on their behalf, such as performing work, selling goods, or managing business affairs. The law of agency thus governs the legal relationship in which the agent deals with a third party on behalf of the principal. The competent agent is legally capable of acting for this principal vis-à-vis the third party. Hence, the process of concluding a contract through an agent involves a twofold relationship. On the one hand, the law of agency is concerned with the external business relations of an economic unit and with the powers of the various representatives to affect the legal position of the principal. On the other hand, it rules the internal relationship between principal and agent as well, thereby imposing certain duties on the representative (diligence, accounting, good faith, etc.).

Under section 201 to 210 an agency may come to an end in a variety of ways:

: (i) By the principal revoking the agency – However, principal cannot revoke an agency coupled with interest to the prejudice of such interest. Such Agency is coupled with interest. An agency is coupled with interest when the agent himself has an interest in the subject-matter of the agency, e.g., where the goods are consigned by an upcountry constituent to a commission agent for sale, with poor to recoup himself from the sale proceeds, the advances made by him to the principal against the security of the goods; in such a case, the principal cannot revoke the agent's authority till the goods are actually sold, nor is the agency terminated by death or insanity. (Illustrations to section 201)
: (ii) By the agent renouncing the business of agency;
: (iii) By the business of agency being completed;
: (iv) By the principal being adjudicated insolvent (Section 201 of The Indian Contract Act. 1872)

The principal also cannot revoke the agent's authority after it has been partly exercised, so as to bind the principal (Section 204), though he can always do so, before such authority has been so exercised (Section 203).

Further, as per section 205, if the agency is for a fixed period, the principal cannot terminate the agency before the time expired, except for sufficient cause. If he does, he is liable to compensate the agent for the loss caused to him thereby. The same rules apply where the agent, renounces an agency for a fixed period. Notice in this connection that want of skill continuous disobedience of lawful orders, and rude or insulting behavior has been held to be sufficient cause for dismissal of an agent. Further, reasonable notice has to be given by one party to the other; otherwise, damage resulting from want of such notice, will have to be paid (Section 206). As per section 207, the revocation or renunciation of an agency may be made expressly or impliedly by conduct. The termination does not take effect as regards the agent, until it becomes known to him and as regards third party, until the termination is known to them (Section 208). Sub-agent who is appointed by an agent for participate on behalf of his work.

When an agent's authority is terminated, it operates as a termination of sub-agent also (Section 210).<ref>Pandia – Principles of Mercantile Law, 8th edition, by Ramkrishna R.Vyas.</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Avtar|title=Textbook on Law of Contract and Specific Relief|publisher=Eastern Book Company|isbn=9789351453482|page=488|edition=2016|url=http://www.ebcwebstore.com/product_info.php?products_id=890}}</ref>

== Enforcement of contracts==
Enforcement of contracts is a significant challenge in India, as the legal system can be slow and litigious. India is ranked 163rd out of 191 countries surveyed by the world bank in terms of the ease of enforcing a contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/india/|title=Explore Economies}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Australian contract law]]
*[[English contract law]]
*[[German contract law]]
*[[United States contract law]]
*[[South African contract law]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* Pollock & Mulla, The Indian Contract & Specific Relief Acts, LexisNexis
* {{cite book|title=Law of Contract|first=Avtar|last=Singh|year= 2013 |edition=11th|publisher=Eastern Book Company|place=Lucknow|isbn=978-93-5028-735-4}}

== External links ==
* [http://comtax.up.nic.in/Miscellaneous%20Act/the-indian-contract-act-1872.pdf PDF file of the Act]

[[Category:Contract law]]
[[Category:1872 in British law]]
[[Category:Acts of the Imperial Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Indian business law]]
[[Category:1872 in law]]
[[Category:1872 in India]]
[[Category:1872 in British India]]

La Trobe University

2026-01-19T14:06:13Z

Bikram Rout: adjust section

{{Short description|Public university in Melbourne, Australia}}
{{Use Australian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox university
| name = La Trobe University
| image_name = LTU Armorial CMYK small.PNG
| image_upright = .7
| caption = [[Coat of arms]]<ref name="History" />
| latin_name =
| motto = {{langx|fr|Qui cherche trouve}}<ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=Our history |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/at-a-glance/history |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092733/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/at-a-glance/history |archive-date=18 April 2018 |access-date=18 April 2018 |website=La Trobe University |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>
| motto_lang = fra
| mottoeng = ''Whoever seeks shall find''
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1964|12|09}}<ref name="University Act 2009">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2018 |title=La Trobe University Act 2009 |url=https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/dafd9736-1885-31d6-b953-f112e0debaca_09-75aa011%20authorised.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710140031/https://content.legislation.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/dafd9736-1885-31d6-b953-f112e0debaca_09-75aa011%20authorised.pdf |archive-date=10 July 2024 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=17 December 2023 |website=Victorian Legislation |publisher=[[Victorian State Government|State Government of Victoria]] |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[research university]]
| visitor = [[Governor of Victoria]]<ref name="University Act 2009" />
| chancellor = [[John Brumby]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Membership |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/council/membership |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502143538/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/council/membership |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=La Trobe University |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>
| vice_chancellor = Theo Farrell<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/vice-chancellor |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007174729/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/vice-chancellor |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=La Trobe University |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>
| total_staff = 3,662 (2023)<ref name="Annual Report 2023" />
| students = 36,128 (2023)<ref name="Annual Report 2023" />
| undergrad = {{circa}} 19,170{{br}}({{abbr|EFTSL|Equivalent full-time student load}}, 2023)<ref name="Annual Report 2023" />
| postgrad = {{circa}} 5,367 coursework{{br}}({{abbr|EFTSL|Equivalent full-time student load}}, 2023){{br}}{{circa}} 883 research{{br}}({{abbr|EFTSL|Equivalent full-time student load}}, 2023)<ref name="Annual Report 2023" />
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = Plenty Road
| administrative_staff = 1,647 ([[Full-time equivalent|FTE]], 2023)<ref name="Annual Report 2023" />
| faculty = 1,244 ([[Full-time equivalent|FTE]], 2023)<ref name="Annual Report 2023">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2024 |title=Annual Report 2023 |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1548778/LTU-Annual-Report-2023.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518193812/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1548778/LTU-Annual-Report-2023.pdf |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=4 November 2024 |website=La Trobe University |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>
| city = [[Melbourne]]
| state = [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]
| postalcode = 3086
| country = [[Australia]]
| location =
| campus = [[Suburb|Surburban]], [[Verdant universities|parkland]] and [[Rural area|regional]] with multiple sites
| campus_size = {{convert|235|ha|km²|1}} (Melbourne campus)<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=About the Melbourne Campus |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/melbourne/about |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502143108/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/melbourne/about |archive-date=2 May 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=La Trobe University |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>
| free_label = Named after
| free = [[Charles La Trobe]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellinghaus |first=Katherine |last2=Roch |first2=Gerald |date=October 2024 |title=Who was Charles La Trobe? |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1621528/Charles-La-Trobe.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107102331/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1621528/Charles-La-Trobe.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2024 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=La Trobe University |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>
| colours = Red, white and black<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Visual Identity Guidelines: Version 2.0 |url=https://agents.latrobe.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-VI-La-Trobe-Brand-Guidelines-FA.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107140503/https://agents.latrobe.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/2023-VI-La-Trobe-Brand-Guidelines-FA.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=La Trobe University |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>{{Br}}{{scarf|{{cell2|#E2231B}}{{cell2|#FFFFFF}}{{cell2|#000000}}}}
| sporting_affiliations = {{hlist |[[UniSport]] |[[Australian Institute of Sport#Elite Athlete Education Network|EAEN]] |[[University Basketball League Australia|UBL]] }}
| nickname = La Trobians and Old [[Charles La Trobe|Charlie]]{{#tag:ref|The nickname ''La Trobian'' (variants include ''La Trober'', and to a lesser extent ''Trobian'') refers to the individuals who are a part of the university, while ''Old Charlie'' refers to the institution as a whole. For example: The opposition took on La Trobe University this week in Melbourne. It was a hard fought match against ''Old Charlie'', with the teams separated by a goal at half time. However, the ''La Trobians'' eventually gained the lead in the latter stages of the match{{nbsp}}...{{Citation needed|reason=Unreferenced nickname and explanation.|date=November 2024}}|group=Note}}
| mascot = [[Wedge-tailed eagle]]<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=The evolution of our brandmark |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/at-a-glance/history/logo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240728145733/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/at-a-glance/history/logo |archive-date=28 July 2024 |access-date=18 April 2018 |website=La Trobe University |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>
| logo_size = 225px
| website = {{URL|https://www.latrobe.edu.au|latrobe.edu.au}}
| logo = File:La Trobe University logo.svg
| footnotes =
| coor = {{coord|-37.72179|145.047909|type:edu_region:AU|display=title}}
| accreditation = [[Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency|TEQSA]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Trobe University |url=https://www.teqsa.gov.au/provider/university-new-england |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410180500/https://www.teqsa.gov.au/provider/la-trobe-university |archive-date=10 April 2024 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=[[Tertiary Education Quality and Standards Agency]] |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]]}}</ref>
| affiliation =
| academic_affiliation = [[Innovative Research Universities]] (IRU)
| endowment =
| budget = {{AUD}}863.7 [[1,000,000|million]] (2023)<ref name="Annual Report 2023" />
}}
[[File:La Trobe University Bundoora Campus aerial panorama, facing south towards the city skyline. September 2023.jpg|thumb|La Trobe University Bundoora Campus aerial panorama, facing south towards the city skyline. September 2023.]]

'''La Trobe University''' is a [[public university|public]] [[research university]] based in [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]], [[Australia]]. Its main campus is located in the suburb of [[Bundoora, Victoria|Bundoora]]. The university was established in 1964, becoming the third university in the state of Victoria and the twelfth university in Australia. La Trobe is one of the Australian [[verdant universities]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=La Trobe University |url=http://digitalhealth.org.au/cm-business/la-trobe-university/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=AIDH |language=en-AU |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122175739/http://digitalhealth.org.au/cm-business/la-trobe-university/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and also part of the [[Innovative Research Universities]] group.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Universities |url=https://iru.edu.au/our-universities/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |website=Innovative Research Universities |language=en |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122175737/https://iru.edu.au/our-universities/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

La Trobe's original and principal campus is located in the Melbourne metropolitan area, within the northern Melbourne suburb of Bundoora. It is the largest metropolitan campus in the country, occupying over {{convert|267|ha|acre}}.<ref>La Trobe University, [https://www.latrobe.edu.au/handbook/2014/required/about-latrobe/the-university.htm "University Handbook 2014"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120084546/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/handbook/2014/required/about-latrobe/the-university.htm |date=20 January 2015 }}, La Trobe University website, Accessed 20 January 2015.</ref> It has two other major campuses located in the regional Victorian city of [[Bendigo]] and the twin border cities of [[Albury-Wodonga]]. There are two smaller regional campuses in [[Mildura]] and [[Shepparton]] and a city campus in Melbourne's [[Central business district|CBD]] on [[Collins Street, Melbourne|Collins Street]] and in Sydney on [[Elizabeth Street, Sydney|Elizabeth Street]].

La Trobe offers [[undergraduate]] and [[postgraduate]] courses across its ten schools.

==History==

The university was established in 1964 following the assent of the ''La Trobe University Act'' by Victorian Parliament on 9 December 1964. The passing of the Act of [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian Parliament]] to establish La Trobe University followed earlier University Acts to establish the [[University of Melbourne]] (1853) and [[Monash University]] (1958).<ref name="Gregory">{{cite book |author=John S. Gregory |year=1989 |chapter=Qui cherche, trouve: an overview of the first twenty-five years |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=3–18 |hdl=1959.9/201707}}</ref>{{Rp|3}} The Minister of Education at the time and the appointed planning council were "unanimous in their enthusiasm that the new institution should be innovative in its approach",<ref name="Marshall">Marshall, A.S.(1979), 'La Trobe University: The Vision and the Reality', Centre for Comparative and International Education: School of Education: La Trobe University. La Trobe University Library, Bundoora (Victoria), p.1.</ref> and the university adopted an academic structure based on schools of studies (rather than on faculties) and a collegiate format, where a large number of students lived on campus. At this time, [[Flinders University]] and [[Macquarie University]] were also establishing a schools-based system.{{Citation needed|date=May 2023}}

Many prominent Victorians were involved in La Trobe's establishment process, and there was a strong belief that it was important to increase research and learning in Victoria. One of the major individuals involved was [[Davis McCaughey]], who later became [[Governor of Victoria]]. The university was named after [[Charles Joseph La Trobe]], the first Governor of Victoria, and the university motto, 'whoever seeks shall find', is adapted from Charles La Trobe's family motto.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|3}} The La Trobe University [[Coat of Arms]] incorporates the scallop shells from the La Trobe family bearings, the Australian wedge-tailed eagle to represent Australia, and sprigs of heath to represent Victoria.<ref>[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/history "Our History, La Trobe University"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140720235445/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/history |date=20 July 2014 }}. La Trobe University. Retrieved 17 June 2009.</ref>

=== Origins ===

The origins of La Trobe can be traced back to the post-World War II era when÷ there emerged a global recognition of the need to increase facilities for higher education.{{#tag:ref|'In Britain, the [[Robbins Committee]] reported in 1963 on the need for the expansion of tertiary education in that country. During the 1950s in the United States, President [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] moved with great speed in establishing a grand plan to vastly expand facilities for higher education including many new universities.'<ref name="Glenn">{{cite book |author=J. R. Archibald Glenn |year=1989 |chapter=The Planning Phase |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=21–29}}</ref>{{rp|21}}|group=Note}} In 1957 the prime minister, Sir [[Robert Menzies]], established a special committee to report on the future of [[Australian universities]], inviting Sir [[Keith Murray, Baron Murray of Newhaven|Keith Murray]], chairman of the University Grants Committee of Great Britain, to chair it. The Murray Committee, in a far-reaching report submitted in September 1957, recommend a major expansion of university facilities in Australia and changes in administration and financing.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21}}

As a direct consequence of the key recommendations of the Murray report, the [[Australian Federal Government|federal government]] established the Australian Universities Commission (AUC) in 1959, appointing Sir [[Leslie H. Martin|Leslie Martin]] as its chair.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21}} Menzies appointed Martin to chair a special committee in 1961 to report to the AUC on the rapidly increasing demands for higher education in Australia.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21}} In August 1963 it released its second report, which recognised the urgency of Victoria's situation, stating that "the resources of Melbourne and Monash Universities are not likely to meet the long-term demands for university education beyond 1966. The Commission therefore is willing to support in the 1964–1966 triennium the extension of university facilities in the Melbourne metropolitan area."<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21–22}} Following the recommendations the federal government passed the Universities Assistance Bill in October 1963, providing a grant for a "third" university for recurrent expenditure in 1965 of $106,000 and $210,000 in 1966. The first capital grant was for 1966 and amounted to $1,000,000. These grants were to be matched by equivalent state grants.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|21–22}}

===Establishment===

==== Third University Committee ====

In April 1964, Sir [[Archibald Glenn]] was invited by the Victorian premier, Sir [[Henry Bolte]], to chair a "Third University Committee".<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|23}} In addition to Glenn, 13 other members were announced on 21 May 1964. The committee, therefore, consisted of:<ref name="autogenerated189">{{cite book |year=1989 |chapter=Appendix A |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=189–190 |hdl=1959.9/201803}}</ref>
* Sir Archibald Glenn, chairman and managing director, [[Orica#History|ICI Australia Ltd]], ''Chairman''
* F. H. Brookes, assistant director of education in Victoria
* Sir John Buchan, architect and chairman of Buchan, Laird & Buchan
* Sir Michael Chamberlin, deputy chancellor of [[Monash University]]
* Sir [[Thomas MacFarland Cherry|Thomas Cherry]], president of the [[Australian Academy of Science]] 1961-65
* [[Kathleen Fitzpatrick (Australian academic)|Kathleen Fitzpatrick]], formerly associate professor of history at [[University of Melbourne]]
* J. A. Hepburn, chief planner at the [[Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works]]
* Ethleen King, president of the Free Kindergarten Union and former president of the [[National Council of Women of Australia|National Council of Women]]
* [[Phillip Law]], director of the Antarctic Division, [[Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)|Department of External Affairs]]
* C. E. Newman, solicitor, Numurkah, Victoria
* J. D. Norgard, general manager (operations), [[BHP]]
* W. C. Radford, director of the [[Australian Council for Educational Research]]
* R. Selby Smith, professor of education at Monash University and principal of [[Scotch College, Melbourne]], 1953–64
* Russel G. French, secretary of the committee

The terms of reference of the committee were to advise the government on all matters concerning the establishment of a third Victorian university. This consisted of "the selection of the site, the preparation of a detailed development program, planning and calling tenders for buildings, the formulating of an administrative structure, the appointment of an Academic Planning Board and the recruitment of key staff." It was planned that La Trobe would enrol students, if possible, in March 1967.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|23}}

==== Selecting the site ====

The first meeting of the committee occurred on 2 June 1964 in the rooms of the [[Royal Historical Society of Victoria|Historical Society of Victoria]] on [[Victoria Street, Melbourne|Victoria Street]]. From there, they acted promptly in seeking out a suitable metropolitan location, inspecting 27 sites from a list of 57 possibilities.{{#tag:ref|"A number of these prospects were the result of submissions by local councils and other interested groups"<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|23}}|group=Note}}

The main constraints facing all options were area – "adequate for a full and balanced university"; cost – preferably [[Crown land|Crown owned land]], as private land would require large compensation payments; and locality – somewhere reasonably close to the demographic centre of Melbourne (calculated to be in the [[Camberwell, Victoria|Camberwell]] area) and to public transport.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|5}}

A subcommittee, headed by [[Phillip Law]], quickly recognised that "somewhere on the eastern side of Melbourne stands out as the right location", however, [[Monash University|Monash]] was already growing in the southeastern suburbs so an alternative area was sought.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|5}} An early list of possibilities read:

''Outer'' – [[Bundoora]], [[Lilydale, Victoria|Lilydale]].
''Inner'' – [[Burnley College (Australia)|Burnley Horticultural College]], [[Wattle Park, Melbourne|Wattle Park]], [[Caulfield Racecourse]], [[Kew Asylum|Kew Mental Asylum]]<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|6}}

Selection of an inner site was unlikely, as they were mostly "either inadequate or unattainable, especially the racecourse", however, the Kew site was a real possibility.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|6}}

The "ultimate choice" was unanimously agreed upon by the end of July, resulting in the farm attached to the [[Mont Park Asylum]]. Cunningham Dax, head of the Mental Health Authority, was "most co-operative", although he raised concerns that the loss of the farm would be serious for the hospital. An alternative site for the farm was procured a little further out on Plenty Road, resolving the issue.<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|23}}

==== Naming the university ====

While it was an interesting interpretation of a "local name", La Trobe, proposed by [[Kathleen Fitzpatrick (Australian academic)|Fitzpatrick]],<ref>Davies, Susan (1995). "Kathleen Fitzpatrick: Sculptor with Words". In Macintyre, Stuart; Thomas, Julian. The Discovery of Australian History: 1890–1939. Carlton South: Melbourne University Press. pp. 158–173. {{ISBN|0-522-84699-8}}.</ref> was agreed unanimously upon by the planning committee after some alternatives, such as [[Alfred Deakin|Deakin]], were "thoughtfully put aside".{{#tag:ref|"[P]robably the most distinguished name among Victorians born in Victoria".<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|6}}|group=Note}} [[Parliament of Victoria|Victorian State Parliamentarians]], however, were far from unanimous when they came to debate the La Trobe University Bill.{{#tag:ref|"'redolent of the [[Folies Bergère]] and prurient Parisian life' complained one who, perhaps more seriously, proposed '[[Winston Churchill|Churchill]]' as an alternative."<ref name="Gregory"/>|group=Note}}

Sir [[Archibald Glenn]], chairman of the committee, provided a concise summary as to why La Trobe was chosen:

"Lieutenant-Governor [[Charles La Trobe|Charles Joseph La Trobe]] has great historic significance for [[Victoria, Australia|Victoria]] and his name is recognised internationally. La Trobe was not a university man{{nbsp}}...{{#tag:ref|'La Trobe enrolled at [[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College at Cambridge]] but it is doubtful whether he ever attended a lecture'.<ref>C J La Trobe Society, '[http://www.latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobe2.html Early Life] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107131709/http://www.latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobe2.html |date=7 January 2015 }}', The C J La Trobe Society [website], accessed 7 January 2015.</ref>|group=Note}} but he appears to have had almost every quality, one would desire in one. He had a lively interest in every aspect of life of the community, the will to work for the good of other men, and a sense of responsibility towards prosperity."<ref name="Glenn"/>{{rp|24}}

The Victorian Minister for Education, Sir John Bloomfield, upon presenting the enabling bill to the [[Victorian parliament]], reflected on the influence of Charles La Trobe in the foundation of the [[University of Melbourne]] over 100 years before, concluding "my most satisfying reflection at this moment is that my father's father sought for gold in our hills, and he knew this city in the days of the man whom, at the behest of others, I am now trying to acknowledge. If Providence and this Parliament will it, my son's son may be taught in his aura and tradition."<ref name="Simpson">{{cite book |author=Roy Simpson |year=1989 |chapter=The Master Plan |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=39–49 |hdl=1959.9/201726}}</ref>{{rp|39–40}}

Although La Trobe, like his [[Christian Ignatius Latrobe|father]], used "La Trobe" and "Latrobe" interchangeably,<ref name="Reilly_Armstrong">See Reilly, Diane and Armstrong, Helen, '[http://www.latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobeana/LaTrobeanaV12n3.pdf#Page=16 The Latrobe/La Trobe Family Name] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121154106/http://www.latrobesociety.org.au/LaTrobeana/LaTrobeanaV12n3.pdf#Page=16 |date=21 January 2015 }}', La Trobeana, 12/3 (2013), 31-32, accessed 15 January 2015.</ref> the committee selected the spelling that was predominantly used by his side of the family.<ref name="Reilly_Armstrong"/>

==== Interim council ====

Following the passing of the ''La Trobe University Act'', the interim council was established in December 1964. Aside from Sir Michael Chamberlin and Kathleen Fitzpatrick, who indicated they were unavailable, all members of the Third University Committee were appointed to the interim council, with Sir Archibald Glenn remaining as chairman.<ref name="autogenerated189"/> Additional members of the interim council were:

* [[Keith Aickin]], barrister
* [[Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], Nobel Prize for Medicine 1960, Professor of Experimental Medicine and Director of the [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute]], president of the [[Australian Academy of Science]] 1965-69
* J. Andrews, Professor of Geography, [[University of Melbourne]],{{#tag:ref|Appointed to Interim Council in May 1965<ref name="autogenerated189"/>|group=Note}}
* [[Bernard Callinan]], consulting engineer and commissioner of the [[State Electricity Commission of Victoria|SEC]].
* [[Michael Clarke (Australian politician)|Michael Clarke]], representing [[Northern Province (Victoria)|Northern Province]], [[Victorian Legislative Council]]
* [[John Galbally]], barrister, representing [[Melbourne North Province|Melbourne North]] and Opposition Leader, Victorian Legislative Council
* [[Davis McCaughey]], Master of [[Ormond College]], [[University of Melbourne]]
* [[Joe Rafferty (politician)|Joe Rafferty]], representing [[Electoral district of Ormond|Ormond]], [[Victorian Legislative Assembly]]
* Peter Thwaites, principal of [[Geelong College]]
* David Myers, vice-chancellor (''ex officio''). {{#tag:ref|Became a member on taking up appointment of 1 September 1965.<ref name="autogenerated189"/>|group=Note}}

Sir Thomas Cherry died late in 1966, prior to the final meeting of the interim council.<ref name="autogenerated189"/> All other members automatically became members of council upon its establishment with the first meeting held on 19 December 1966. It was this meeting that Sir Archibald was elected as chancellor of the university.<ref name="autogenerated189"/>

=== La Trobe eras ===

The concept of the "La Trobe eras" was first coined by William Breen and John Salmond in the university's 25th anniversary history, ''Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989''. It is used to refer to La Trobe in periods of 25 years, following the year of establishment in 1964 rather than the year of opening in 1967.{{#tag:ref|"This year (1989) will mark not just the first quarter century but the end of the first era of La Trobe's history. It is likely that the second era will witness the emergence of a very different institution, much larger, much more diverse in its offerings, and catering to a broader range of student needs than in the past."<ref>{{cite book |year=1989 |chapter=Introduction |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=xi–xii |hdl=1959.9/201803}}</ref>|group=Note}} As of 2015, La Trobe is currently in its third era.

=== First era: 1964–1989 ===

[[File:Martin building, autumn 2.jpg|thumb|right|Martin Building in autumn]]
La Trobe University was officially opened by the Victorian premier, Sir [[Henry Bolte]], on 8 March 1967 at a ceremony that was attended by a number of dignitaries including former [[Prime Minister of Australia]], [[Robert Menzies]].<ref name="Myers">{{cite book |author=David M. Myers |year=1989 |chapter=The First Decade |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |pages=31–38 |hdl=1959.9/201719}}</ref>{{rp|31}} Teaching commenced at the Bundoora campus in the first semester of that year, with some 500 students.<ref name="Gregory"/>{{rp|3}} La Trobe was seen to be unique amongst Australian universities due to its school-based and collegiate structure. At the time, "this novel approach became commonly known in the university as 'The La Trobe Concept'".<ref>Henry, M. (1971) "La Trobe: a study of the idea of a university". Sociology Department: School of Social Sciences: La Trobe University. La Trobe University Library, Bundoora (Victoria).</ref> Within four years, however, this format had all but broken down, with the collegiate ideal reduced to halls of residence and the schools becoming departmentalised.<ref name="Marshall"/>

Up until the late 1980s, La Trobe focused almost exclusively on the [[liberal arts]] and the sciences.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Lincoln School of Health Sciences |date=2022-06-14 |title=Lincoln Institute Handbooks (1972 - 1989) |url=https://opal.latrobe.edu.au/collections/La_Trobe_University_Handbooks_1967-2009/5430822 |language=en |doi=10.26181/c.5430822.v2 |access-date=22 January 2023 |archive-date=22 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122181950/https://opal.latrobe.edu.au/collections/La_Trobe_University_Handbooks_1967-2009/5430822 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1987 the '''Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences''' merged with the university.<ref name=":4" /> The Lincoln Institute had begun as Lincoln House, after the building was bought by the government in 1966, with its formal constitution being established in December 1972.<ref>{{Cite book |title=La Trobe University Amendment Act 1987 (Vic) |publisher=[[Legislative Assembly of Victoria]] |year=1987 |language=En}}</ref> Lincoln House comprised professional training schools for [[occupational therapy]], [[physiotherapy]] and [[speech therapy]], all of which were affiliated with the Victoria Institute of Colleges.<ref name=li>{{cite web | title=Lincoln Institute of Health Sciences | website=Research Data Australia | url=https://researchdata.edu.au/lincoln-institute-health-sciences/492421 | access-date=8 October 2020 | archive-date=8 October 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201008045006/https://researchdata.edu.au/lincoln-institute-health-sciences/492421 | url-status=live }}</ref> Lincoln Institute thus became the university's Faculty of Health Sciences, offering several professional health science programs.

=== Second era: 1990–2014 ===

The university established other professional schools, including its law school in 1992, which was previously a legal studies department established in 1972. In 2008, Victoria's second dentistry school was established at La Trobe. However, despite being a leading Australian university in professional health and biomedical sciences, La Trobe does not have a medical school. When planned and developed in the 1960s, there was strong expectation that La Trobe would eventually establish a medical school and a teaching hospital.<ref>{{cite book|title=La Trobe University Handbooks|year=1967–1970|publisher=Jonker Printing Pty Ltd|location=Bundoora, Victoria}}</ref>

The Bendigo campus of La Trobe dates back to 1873: the Bendigo College of Advanced Education amalgamated with La Trobe University in 1991, completing a process that began in the late 1980s as part of the [[Dawkins reforms]] to higher education. During the merger process, a controversial issue erupted when the university's head office in Bundoora raised concerns about the academic standards at Bendigo CAE. This led to a public outcry in which Bendigo CAE students threatened the ''Bendigo Advertiser'' over publishing the matter in its newspapers. Several newspapers were burned in the protest.

The inclusion of the Wodonga Institute of Tertiary Education took place in the same year. The university continued to expand, with the opening of campuses in Shepperton (1994), Mildura (1996), the Research and Development Park at Bundoora and sites in the Melbourne CBD.

====Funding and cutbacks====
Higher education reforms by the [[John Howard|Howard government]] allowed Australian universities to increase fees and take in a greater number of full-fee paying students. Despite a large student backlash, La Trobe took advantage of the reforms, increasing fees by 25% in 2005.<ref>[http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/01/1078117370918.html La Trobe latest to lift HECS fees] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104014854/http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/03/01/1078117370918.html |date=4 November 2012 }} ''The Age''. Retrieved 03/08/2009.</ref> Around the same time, the university suffered cutbacks in government funding,<ref name="funding1">[http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/la-trobe-cutbacks-alarm-staff/2008/05/20/1211182801432.html La Trobe cutbacks alarm staff] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104014921/http://www.theage.com.au/news/national/la-trobe-cutbacks-alarm-staff/2008/05/20/1211182801432.html |date=4 November 2012 }} ''The Age''. Retrieved 3 August 2009.</ref> a problem experienced across most of the Australian higher education sector.

La Trobe lost funding disproportionately across its departments. For instance, the History Department at the university was once by far the largest of any institution in Australia; however, funding restrictions led to a significant reduction in its size. Similarly, in 1999, the Music Department was closed due to funding cuts; in 2004 the Geology Department was excised even though it had the highest graduate satisfaction rating in the country. The university's African Research Institute, the only major African studies centre in Australasia, was closed at the end of 2006.<ref>[http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-africa&month=0703&week=e&msg=ZJcW%2b048Gpfl7eJS68DFfw&user=&pw= Message posted by Peter Limb on 30 March 2007 to H-Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521051828/http://h-net.msu.edu/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-africa&month=0703&week=e&msg=ZJcW+048Gpfl7eJS68DFfw&user=&pw= |date=21 May 2011 }} ([[H-Net]] list on African studies)</ref> In 2008, the university cut the Philosophy and Religious Studies Program at the Bendigo campus, the change resulted in the stream only being taught as a minor.

In 2008, La Trobe was operating with a $1.46 million surplus but highlighted that by 2010 it would "review, and where appropriate, restructure all academic, administrative and committee structures"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/downloads/Strategic-Plan-July09.pdf |title=La Trobe University Strategic Plan 2008–2012 |publisher=La Trobe University |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411212938/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/about/downloads/Strategic-Plan-July09.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> to deal with diminished student intakes, falling entrance marks, below-par scores on student satisfaction surveys and a decreasing proportion of national research funding.<ref name="funding1" /><ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,23742583-12332,00.html |work=The Australian |first=Andrew |last=Trounson |title=La Trobe University to cut spending and freeze staff positions |date=22 May 2008 |access-date=17 June 2008 |archive-date=26 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080526090456/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,24897,23742583-12332,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In an attempt to address these issues, the university made cut backs and restructured several courses under the direction of the Vice-Chancellor, John Dewar.<ref name="funding1" /><ref name="autogenerated2" /> As of 2013, the university was operating on a 28 million dollar surplus.<ref name="2010ar">{{cite web | title=La Trobe University Annual Report 2010: Statements and financials | website=La Trobe University| date=2022-07-18 | url=http://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/132331/annual-report-2010.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250531024421/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0013/132331/annual-report-2010.pdf | archive-date=31 May 2025 | access-date=2025-06-11}}</ref>

=== Third era: 2015–present ===

In 2015, La Trobe University committed to fully divest from fossil fuels, after a campaign by students and faculty.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Young |first1=Suzanne |title=La Trobe University's fossil fuel divestment: a small, but significant step |url=https://theconversation.com/la-trobe-universitys-fossil-fuel-divestment-a-small-but-significant-step-60042 |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=The Conversation |date=27 May 2016 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108135144/http://theconversation.com/la-trobe-universitys-fossil-fuel-divestment-a-small-but-significant-step-60042 |url-status=live }}</ref> The university later committed in 2019 to become fully carbon neutral in its own operations by 2029.<ref>{{cite news |last1=D'Agostino |first1=Emma |title=La Trobe University to become carbon neutral by 2029 |url=https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6339126/carbon-neutral-in-10-years-la-trobe-sets-ambitious-goal/ |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=Bendigo Advertiser |date=20 August 2019 |archive-date=31 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331120138/https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6339126/carbon-neutral-in-10-years-la-trobe-sets-ambitious-goal/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====COVID-19 pandemic====

In 2020, La Trobe University had its operations substantially impacted by the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. In March, part of the Bundoora campus had to be closed for a deep clean after a student tested positive for the disease.<ref>[https://www.3aw.com.au/la-trobe-university-student-tests-positive-for-coronavirus/ La Trobe University student tests positive for coronavirus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706170318/https://www.3aw.com.au/la-trobe-university-student-tests-positive-for-coronavirus/ |date=6 July 2020 }} ''3AW Radio''. Retrieved 6/07/2020.</ref> The university remained open for a time, until the health advice from the Department of Health and Human Services indicated the university should close - although a limited number of courses eventually continued in a face-to-face teaching mode. Classes not run face-to-face were continued online.<ref>[https://www.sheppnews.com.au/news/2020/03/17/1086058/la-trobe-university-to-shift-classes-online-due-to-coronavirus La Trobe University to shift classes online due to coronavirus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707105730/https://www.sheppnews.com.au/news/2020/03/17/1086058/la-trobe-university-to-shift-classes-online-due-to-coronavirus |date=7 July 2020 }} ''Shepparton News''. Retrieved 6/07/2020.</ref>

This, combined with a reduction in international student enrolments, purportedly weakened the university's financial position<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/03/la-trobe-university-seeks-lifeline-from-banks-as-seven-found-to-be-at-high-financial-risk|title=La Trobe University seeks lifeline from banks as seven institutions found to be at 'high financial risk'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706165814/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jun/03/la-trobe-university-seeks-lifeline-from-banks-as-seven-found-to-be-at-high-financial-risk|date=3 June 2020|archive-date=6 July 2020|author-first1=Anne|author-last1=Davies|website=The Guardian|access-date=6 July 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> - although the extent to which this occurred is debated. Reports circulated that La Trobe University risked exhausting its cash reserves unless a deal was with reached with financial institutions or the federal government<ref>[https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/race-to-shore-up-la-trobe-university-as-cash-crisis-bites-20200602-p54yun.html Race to shore up La Trobe University as cash crisis bites] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706094612/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/race-to-shore-up-la-trobe-university-as-cash-crisis-bites-20200602-p54yun.html |date=6 July 2020 }} ''The Age''. Retrieved 6/07/2020.</ref> but the university has stated that it was not at risk of insolvency.<ref name="bendigoadvertiser.com.au">[https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6780051/la-trobe-rejects-reports-its-going-broke-because-of-covid-19/ "La Trobe University rejects media reports it's going broke because of COVID-19 pandemic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706170404/https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6780051/la-trobe-rejects-reports-its-going-broke-because-of-covid-19/ |date=6 July 2020 }}, ''The Bendigo Advertiser''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> A range of measures were proposed or taken to improve the university's finances including voluntary redundancies,<ref name="bendigoadvertiser.com.au"/> and staff pay cuts.<ref>[https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/race-to-shore-up-la-trobe-university-as-cash-crisis-bites-20200602-p54yun.html "Race to shore up La Trobe University as cash crisis bites"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706094612/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/race-to-shore-up-la-trobe-university-as-cash-crisis-bites-20200602-p54yun.html |date=6 July 2020 }}, ''The Age''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> La Trobe had applied for access to the Australian government wage subsidy program, JobKeeper, but it was deemed ineligible.<ref>[https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6736845/la-trobe-universitys-jobkeeper-application-rejected/ "La Trobe University's JobKeeper application rejected"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706094612/https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6736845/la-trobe-universitys-jobkeeper-application-rejected/ |date=6 July 2020 }}, ''Bendigo Advertiser''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref>

Other steps taken by the university in response to the pandemic include: opening up new pathways for student enrolment that did not require an [[Australian Tertiary Admission Rank|ATAR]],<ref>[https://www.miragenews.com/new-pathways-for-enrolling-at-la-trobe/ "New pathways for enrolling at La Trobe"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821063957/https://www.miragenews.com/new-pathways-for-enrolling-at-la-trobe/ |date=21 August 2022 }}, ''Mirage News''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref> removing failing grades from student transcripts<ref>{{cite web|author-first1=Natassia|author-last1=Chrysanthos|url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-universities-start-wiping-fail-grades-as-students-plea-for-amnesty-20200331-p54fmf.html|url-status=live|title=Australian universities start wiping fail grades as students plea for amnesty|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709050424/https://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-universities-start-wiping-fail-grades-as-students-plea-for-amnesty-20200331-p54fmf.html|date=1 April 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|website=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=6 July 2020}}</ref> and offering new short courses.<ref>[https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6721267/la-trobe-offers-short-courses-to-help-people-upskill-during-covid-19/ "La Trobe University offers online courses to help people upskill amid coronavirus pandemic"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200706105248/https://www.bendigoadvertiser.com.au/story/6721267/la-trobe-offers-short-courses-to-help-people-upskill-during-covid-19/ |date=6 July 2020 }}, ''Bendigo Advertiser''. Retrieved 6 July 2020.</ref>

==Campuses and buildings==

===Melbourne (Bundoora)===
[[File:La Trobe University.jpg|thumb|Moat and George Singer Building, La Trobe University Bundoora Campus]]
[[File:Health Sciences Building and Charles La Trobe Statue at La Trobe University.jpg|thumb|Health Sciences Building]]
[[File:La Trobe University - student hub.jpg|thumb|Student hub]]
The Melbourne campus at Bundoora is the foundation campus of La Trobe and was officially opened in 1967 when La Trobe began operations. The campus is the main base of all La Trobe's main courses except education, pharmacy, and dentistry, all of which are based at Bendigo. Bundoora is the largest university campus in the Southern Hemisphere, encompassing {{convert|235|hectare|acre}}, including the adjacent Nangak Tamboree Wildlife Sanctuary.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/wildlife/|title=La Trobe Wildlife Sanctuary|author=La Trobe University|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=28 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728152103/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/wildlife|url-status=live}}</ref>

Bundoora has around 22,000 students on campus and therefore has many facilities such as restaurants, bars, shops, banks and an art gallery. The main library on the campus, the Borchardt, has well over one million volumes.

The original main campus buildings were designed by Melbourne architecture firm, [[Yuncken Freeman]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3506434|title=Digital Collections - Pictures - Sievers, Wolfgang, 1913–2007. La Trobe University [architectural] model, Victoria, architect: Yuncken Freeman, 1965 [3] [picture]|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=5 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605112039/http://nla.gov.au/nla.pic-vn3506434|url-status=live}}</ref> in a utilitarian, Post-War International style. These buildings are connected by a series of raised walkways. La Trobe University has three on-campus residential colleges: [[Menzies College, La Trobe|Menzies]], [[Glenn College, La Trobe University|Glenn]] and Chisholm. These are complemented by the newer North and South Apartments, the self-contained Barnes Way and Waterdale Apartments and the University Lodge, which primarily serves postgraduate students.

Prior to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], La Trobe University had developed plans to transform the Bundoora campus into a 'City of the Future', closely co-locating commercial, cultural and research facilities onto the site.<ref>{{cite news |title=La Trobe University plans major overhaul of its Bundoora campus |url=https://architectureau.com/articles/la-trobe-university-plans-5-billion-overhaul-of-its-bundoora-campus/ |access-date=1 March 2021 |publisher=ArchitectureAU |date=24 October 2018 |archive-date=9 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109024604/https://architectureau.com/articles/la-trobe-university-plans-5-billion-overhaul-of-its-bundoora-campus/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====On-campus facilities====
The Bundoora campus is home to the La Trobe University Medical Centre and La Trobe Private Hospital.

Bundoora also has sporting and recreation facilities such as an indoor pool, gyms, playing fields (including the '''Tony Sheehan Oval'''), and indoor stadiums. [[A-League]] franchise [[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]] have constructed a $15 million training facility on the campus grounds.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/feb/27/a-league-melbourne-city-training-base|title=A-League: Melbourne City unveil new $15m training base|agency=Australian Associated Press|date=2015-02-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-03-28|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328201152/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/feb/27/a-league-melbourne-city-training-base|url-status=live}}</ref> Prior to the construction of its new training facilities, the [[Essendon Football Club]] had trained at La Trobe University during the summer.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/2010-05-05/facility|title=Tough decisions needed on new training facility - essendonfc.com.au|work=essendonfc.com.au|access-date=2017-03-28|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328200841/http://www.essendonfc.com.au/news/2010-05-05/facility|url-status=live}}</ref> Additionally the Sport Program exists to assist student athletes.

The university is also home to the [[Centre for Dialogue]], an interdisciplinary research institution which delves into certain intercultural and inter-religious conflicts, both in the domestic setting and in [[international relations]]. In March 2009, the centre attracted controversy in hosting a lecture given by former Iranian President [[Mohammad Khatami]] (1997–2005).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/dialogue/events/khatami-2009.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318000608/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/dialogue/events/khatami-2009.html |archive-date=18 March 2009 |date=20 February 2009 |title=Former Iranian President, Khatami, to visit La Trobe |publisher=La Trobe University}}</ref> Khatami emphasised the importance of dialogue between civilizations, especially in relation to quelling misunderstandings between the Islamic world and the West.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/khatami-israeli-nukes-the-problem-20090325-9aj0.html | location=Melbourne | work=The Age | title=Khatami: Israeli nukes the problem | first=Daniel | last=Flitton | date=26 March 2009 | access-date=3 May 2009 | archive-date=3 November 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103060555/http://www.theage.com.au/national/khatami-israeli-nukes-the-problem-20090325-9aj0.html | url-status=live }}</ref>
The Centre for Dialogue has also received attention for its leadership programme for young Muslims, implemented predominantly in Melbourne's northern suburbs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/dialogue/assets/downloads/muslim-leadership-program-article.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=18 April 2018 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316001314/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/dialogue/assets/downloads/muslim-leadership-program-article.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>

====Research and Development Park====
The R&D Park opened in 1993, adjacent to the Melbourne (Bundoora) campus. Tenants include a branch of the [[Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research]], the [[Victorian State Forensic Centre]], a [[Rio Tinto (corporation)|Rio Tinto]] research centre, Victorian [[Environment Protection Authority (Victoria)|Environment Protection Authority]] (EPA), the Co-operative Research Centre for Vaccine Technology, CAVAL, AgriBio and the Technical Enterprise Centre (a [[business incubator]] for new ventures in information technology, biotechnology and the life sciences).

===Melbourne (CBD)===

La Trobe has a city campus in the [[Melbourne central business district]], on [[Collins Street, Melbourne|Collins Street]]. The campus delivers postgraduate courses for both domestic and international students.

====Bouverie Centre====
The Bouverie Centre (first known as the Collins Street Clinic) was established as a clinical mental health service for children and adolescents. In 1956, the centre was renamed the Bouverie Clinic following its relocation from Collins Street, in the CBD of Melbourne to Bouverie Street, Carlton. The Bouverie Centre made the transition from a child psychiatric clinic to the first family therapy centre in Australia in the mid-1970s. In 2007 the Bouverie Centre moved into a $5 million, state government-funded, purpose-built building at 8 Gardiner Street, [[Brunswick, Victoria|Brunswick]].

La Trobe University took over the management of the Bouverie Centre from the Mental Health Branch of the Victorian Department of Human Services, and added to Bouverie's name the subtitle Victoria's Family Institute. In the decades that followed, the range of clinical academic courses offered by Bouverie expanded and to date, the Centre delivers a number of Graduate Certificate programs, including the Graduate Certificate in Narrative Therapy; a program specifically tailored for professionals working with people impacted by Acquired Brain Injury seeking to enhance their skill and confidence in working with families, and the nationally recognised Graduate Certificate in Family Therapy for [[Indiginous Australians|Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander]] Workers. The centre's Master's level program and higher degree research program are a regular feature on the academic calendar.

The Bouverie Centre has over 40 staff, with clinical staff typically working across a number of different service areas.<ref>Bouverie Centre, '[http://www.bouverie.org.au/about-us/our-history Our History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412035218/http://www.bouverie.org.au/about-us/our-history/ |date=12 April 2015 }}', ''Bouverie Centre'' [website], (2015), accessed 14 April 2015.</ref>

===Regional and interstate campuses===

[[File:Bendigo Visual Arts Building Entrance.jpg|thumb|right|The Visual Arts Building at the Bendigo Campus]]

====Bendigo====
La Trobe Bendigo succeeded 118 years of tertiary education in the regional centre, which began with the [[Bendigo School of Mines]] in 1873.{{citation needed|date=September 2022}}

La Trobe Bendigo was established in 1991, initially as the La Trobe University College of Northern Victoria (1991–1994).<ref>[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2013/release/bendigo-community-to-celebrate-milestone 'Bendigo community to celebrate milestone'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418092854/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2013/release/bendigo-community-to-celebrate-milestone |date=18 April 2018 }}, La Trobe University [website], (2013), accessed 27 January 2015</ref> Between 1994 and 2005, La Trobe Bendigo's curriculum was operated by a multidisciplinary Faculty of Regional Development and was separate from that of Melbourne. Campuses could choose to offer individual courses from both Bundoora and Bendigo. This situation ceased in 2005 after the Bendigo campus was more tightly integrated into the Melbourne campus structure.<ref name="auto1" />

{{as of|2018}} the Bendigo campus is situated on {{cvt|33|ha}} of land, consisting of four sites—Edwards Road, Osbourne Street, the art centre and the La Trobe Rural Health School.<ref>'[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/io/documents/maps/bendigo/Bendigo-Locality-Map.pdf Locality Map, Bendigo Campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093026/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/io/documents/maps/bendigo/Bendigo-Locality-Map.pdf |date=18 April 2018 }}', La Trobe University [website], accessed 27 January 2015.</ref>

The main site of the Bendigo campus, near Edwards Road, was established in 1967 under the Bendigo Institute of Technology (1967–1976).<ref name="auto1">'[http://www.bendigoweekly.com.au/news/touched-by-the-school-of-mines Touched by the School of Mines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402155245/http://www.bendigoweekly.com.au/news/touched-by-the-school-of-mines |date=2 April 2015 }}', ''Bendigo Weekly'', 19 Apr. 2013, accessed 27 January 2015.</ref>

The Osbourne Street site was established in 1959 under the Bendigo Teacher's College (1926–73). It is now{{when|date=September 2022}} predominantly used for examination facilities and is home to the La Trobe University Bendigo Athletics Track. Some of the facilities used in the 2004 [[Commonwealth Youth Games]] were located at La Trobe University Bendigo. There is also the associated Central Victorian Innovation Park, located on university land, which opened in December 2003.

Together these two sites near Edwards Road and Osbourne Street form the Flora Hill campus precinct.<ref>'[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/io/vision/bendigo-campus Bendigo Campus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912040813/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/io/vision/bendigo-campus |date=12 September 2015 }}', La Trobe University [website], (2013), accessed 27 January 2015.</ref> They were acquired by La Trobe University in 1991 after an amalgamation with the Bendigo College of Advanced Education (1976–1991).

There are two schools and an art centre in Bendigo:<ref name="University 2022">{{cite web | last=University | first=La Trobe | title=Bendigo Campus | website=La Trobe University, Melbourne Victoria Australia | date=9 August 2022 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/bendigo | access-date=8 September 2022 | archive-date=8 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908085314/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/bendigo | url-status=live }}</ref>
*La Trobe Rural Health School
*La Trobe Tech School
*The La Trobe Art Institute is a contemporary art centre comprising galleries, a studio for [[artist in residence|residencies]], and venues for hire to the public. The Institute is responsible for the university's seven art collections across all of the Victorian campuses.<ref>{{cite web | title=About La Trobe Art Institute | website=La Trobe University | date=14 April 2022 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/art-institute/about | access-date=8 September 2022 | archive-date=8 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220908084131/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/art-institute/about | url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Albury–Wodonga ====

La Trobe University's Albury–Wodonga Campus is located three kilometres from the centre of [[Wodonga]] on a {{convert|26|hectare|acre|adj=on}} site. South of the [[Murray River]], the campus is located in Victoria, but within 10 kilometres of the NSW town of [[Albury]] and within 20 kilometres of [[Charles Sturt University]]'s NSW-based Albury–Wodonga campus.

La Trobe University's presence in Albury–Wodonga began in 1991, within the facilities of the Wodonga Institute of TAFE. The Albury-Wodonga campus continues to share various resources with Wodonga TAFE, including the David Mann Library. This campus houses the faculties of education, health sciences, biology, business as well as the John Richards Centre for Rural Ageing Research and the Centre for Freshwater Ecosystems.

In 2020, the university announced plans to shift almost half of the courses offered at the campus online, while guaranteeing the campus would remain open.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Boyd |first1=Sophie |title=La Trobe University unveils aims for finances and Albury-Wodonga campus |url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7013417/job-and-course-cuts-unavoidable-as-la-trobe-looks-at-smaller-future/?cs=14264 |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=Canberra Times |date=16 November 2020 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415133433/https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7013417/job-and-course-cuts-unavoidable-as-la-trobe-looks-at-smaller-future/?cs=14264 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Mildura====
[[File:MilduraLaTrobeUniversity.JPG|thumb|Mildura offices]]
The Mildura Campus was established in 1996, co-located with the main campus of the [[Sunraysia Institute of TAFE]]. These institutions and other tertiary education and research institutions on the site share various resources. A second Mildura City campus opened in 2006 in the old Mildura Cultivator offices, next to "Gallery 25", an art gallery which La Trobe became involved with a few years earlier.

====Shepparton====
The Shepparton campus was established in 1994. A new two-storey campus building at 210 Fryers Street, opposite the [[Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE]] was opened in late 2010.{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}} Originally the revamped campus building was meant to open in early 2008, but funding delays pushed the project back.<ref>{{cite news |title=Date pushed back for Shepparton uni campus |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-08-28/date-pushed-back-for-shepparton-uni-campus/652854 |access-date=28 February 2021 |publisher=ABC News |date=28 August 2007 |archive-date=29 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029025012/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-08-28/date-pushed-back-for-shepparton-uni-campus/652854 |url-status=live }}</ref>

====Sydney====

Located at 255 Elizabeth Street, near Hyde Park, the Sydney campus is centrally located and offers courses in business, accounting and informational technologies, as well as some bridging and enabling courses.

====Partnerships and the e-campus====

In 2007, the university announced plans to open "learning nodes" co-located with the Wangaratta and Seymour campuses of Goulburn Ovens Institute of TAFE,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/2007/mediarelease_2007-58.php |date=27 September 2007 |title=New La Trobe Shepparton Campus gets the green light |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012203014/http://latrobe.edu.au/news/2007/mediarelease_2007-58.php |archive-date=12 October 2007 }}</ref> and at the Swan Hill campus of [[Sunraysia Institute of TAFE]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22482528-12332,00.html | work=The Australian | first1=Milanda | last1=Rout | first2=Catherine | last2=Armitage | title=Howard backs links to TAFE | date=26 September 2007 | access-date=2 October 2007 | archive-date=9 October 2007 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009111938/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22482528-12332,00.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>

La Trobe University also offers an "online" campus, where students can access and participate in classes online through the university's [[learning management system]].

===Former campuses===

The Mount Buller campus of the University, which opened in 1997, closed at the end of 2006 due to low student numbers.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theage.com.au/national/la-trobe-closes-buller-campus-20060823-ge2zb2.html | work=The Age| first1=David | last1=Rood | first2=Adam | last2=Morton | title=La Trobe closes Buller campus | date=23 August 2006 | access-date=6 October 2025 }}</ref>

The Hotel and Conference Centre at Beechworth closed on 23 May 2011. This decision followed stakeholder consultation and feedback about the proposed closure from local businesses and the community. The Beechworth site was once home to the [[Beechworth Asylum|Beechworth Lunatic Asylum]], founded in 1867 and later renamed "Mayday Hills Hospital". The hospital ceased operation in 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tasa.org.au/conference/2004/healthday.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050615140938/http://www.tasa.org.au/conference/2004/healthday.php |archive-date=15 June 2005 |title=Health Day: Wednesday 8 |work=TASA 2004 Conference La Trobe University, Beechworth Campus, December 8–11 |publisher=TASA: The Australian Sociological Association}}</ref>

==Governance and structure==

===University council===
{{see also|List of La Trobe University people#Administration{{!}}La Trobe University administrative people}}
The principal governing body of the university is the university council. The council is composed of the chancellor, the vice-chancellor, the chair of the academic board, three persons elected by and from the staff of the university, two persons elected by and from the enrolled students of the university, six persons appointed by the governor in council, one person appointed by the minister administering the act and six other persons appointed by the council.

==== Chancellor and vice-chancellor ====
The current chancellor and chair of the university council is [[John Brumby]], since 29 March 2019.

The vice-chancellor is the chief executive officer of the university (Section 26 of the act) and is responsible to the council for the discharge of his or her powers, functions and duties. Theo Farrell was appointed to a 12-year term as vice-chancellor in February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=University |first=La Trobe |title=Professor Theo Farrell appointed Vice-Chancellor |url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2023/release/professor-theo-farrell-appointed-vice-chancellor |access-date=2025-01-12 |website=www.latrobe.edu.au |language=en-AU}}</ref> Farrell is a leading scholar of the Afghan and previously acted as strategic advisor to the UK government, the US-led command in Kabul and participated in track II peace talks with the Taliban. [[John Dewar (academic)|John Dewar]], former provost of the University of Melbourne, was vice-chancellor of La Trobe University from January 2012 to January 2024. Dewar is an internationally known family law specialist and researcher.

===Constituent schools===
The university is made up of 10 schools, offering courses at all levels:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/faculties|title=Colleges|author=La Trobe University|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=31 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231065115/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/faculties|url-status=live}}</ref>

* School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment
* School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport
* School of Business
* School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences
* School of Education
* School of Humanities and Social Sciences
* School of Law
* School of Nursing and Midwifery
* School of Psychology and Public Health
* La Trobe Rural Health School

==Academic profile==
La Trobe University is a member of the [[Innovative Research Universities]], an Australian group that collectively receives over $340 million in research grants.

La Trobe University has been confirmed as one of Australia's leading research universities, climbing to third in Victoria, based on the Excellence in Research Australia (ERA) 2012 report.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url = http://archive.arc.gov.au/archive_files/ERA/2012/National%20Report/ERA-2012-National-Report_Accessible-pdf_ISBNupdateJan13.pdf|title = Excellence in Research for Australia National Report|access-date = 7 October 2015|date = 2012|website = archive.arc.gov.au|publisher = Australian Research Council|archive-date = 8 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151008170407/http://archive.arc.gov.au/archive_files/ERA/2012/National%20Report/ERA-2012-National-Report_Accessible-pdf_ISBNupdateJan13.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> La Trobe is the top ranked institution in the nation for research in microbiology and equal top with just one other university in biochemistry and cell biology and in veterinary sciences. Historical studies and archaeology were also both assessed at the top ranking.<ref name="autogenerated3"/>

The ERA 2012 report shows La Trobe University has made very significant improvements over the past two years, with the number of fields of research in specific disciplines rated at world standard or above (ERA 3 – 5) rising by 31 per cent, from 29 to 38 in 2012. The increase in the publications rated at 'well above' world standard has increased from about 400 to about 1800, which is more than 300%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/australias-universities/university-profiles/La-Trobe-University#.Wbfcl5_RaHs|title=La Trobe University|website=www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au|language=en|access-date=2017-09-12|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192729/https://www.universitiesaustralia.edu.au/australias-universities/university-profiles/La-Trobe-University#.Wbfcl5_RaHs|url-status=live}}</ref>

The results are in line with the research investment strategy in research physical infrastructure such as the LIMS and AgriBio projects, and will inform further development of research concentration. This will be important to ensure further improvement in research quality and output in the university in line with the strategic plan.<ref name="La Trobe Research">See La Trobe University, '[https://www.latrobe.edu.au/research Research] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409035646/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/research |date=9 April 2018 }}', ''La Trobe University'' [website], accessed 2 February 2015.</ref>

In August 2019, the university announced the "[[Shah Rukh Khan]] La Trobe University PhD Scholarship," which would provide an opportunity for a female researcher from India to contribute to her field via a four-year PhD degree in one of the following fields: health, sport, information technology, cyber security or engineering.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/shah-rukh-khan-scholarship-at-la-trobe|title=Shah Rukh Khan Scholarship at La Trobe|website=www.latrobe.edu.au|language=en|access-date=2019-08-24|archive-date=10 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810204032/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/shah-rukh-khan-scholarship-at-la-trobe|url-status=live}}</ref> Khan's Meer Foundation, which supports and empowers Women, is in recognition of the scholarship, which will provide an estimated $200,000 (AUD) worth of support to the student for a four-year research stay at La Trobe's Melbourne campus.<ref name=":0" />

=== Research and publications ===
The 2018 [[Excellence in Research for Australia]] (ERA) report found that La Trobe's research was rated 'At world standard', 'Above world standard' or 'Well above world standard' across all broad and detailed disciplinary areas.<ref>[https://www.arc.gov.au/excellence-research-australia#!/page/0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808120307/https://www.arc.gov.au/excellence-research-australia#!/page/0|date=8 August 2019}} "Australian Research Council, Excellence in Research for Australia" [website], accessed 13 Sept. 2019.</ref>

=== Research divisions ===

==== La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science ====
[[File:LIMS building 3.jpg|thumb|Molecular inspired windows at LIMS]]
The [[La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science]] (LIMS) is an interdisciplinary research institute based at the university. It contains research groups in life sciences (biochemistry and [[genetics]]), physical sciences (chemistry and physics), and applied sciences (pharmacy) and teaches undergraduate and graduate courses in these areas through the School of Molecular Sciences.<ref name=":3">{{cite web|title = LIMS study|url = https://www.latrobe.edu.au/lims/study|website = www.latrobe.edu.au|access-date = 7 October 2015|archive-date = 6 October 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151006042715/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/lims/study|url-status = live}}</ref> It also contains two [[Biotech|biotech companies]]: Hexima<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url = http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.business.vic.gov.au/ContentPages/126282911.pdf|title = Melbourne Australia: life sciences capital of the Asia-Pacific|access-date = 7 October 2015|website = www.business.vic.gov.au|publisher = Life Science CLUSTERS Magazine|archive-date = 1 January 2013|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130101010101/http://s3.amazonaws.com/zanran_storage/www.business.vic.gov.au/ContentPages/126282911.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> and AdAlta.<ref>{{Cite report|url = https://www.latrobe.edu.au/lims/lims-documents/LIMS-2011-Research-Report.pdf|title = LIMS 2011 Research Report|access-date = 7 October 2015|website = www.latrobe.edu.au|date = |archive-date = 7 March 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160307145627/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/lims/lims-documents/LIMS-2011-Research-Report.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref> The institute is housed in three buildings: LIMS1 and LIMS2 in the centre of the university's main campus in Bundoora and the applied science building at the Bendigo campus.

==== Centre for Research on Language Diversity ====
The Centre for Research on Language Diversity is a research institute founded in 1998 by [[R. M. W. Dixon]] at the [[Australian National University]] under the name ''Research Centre for Linguistic Typology''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Centre for Research on Language Diversity|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/crld|publisher=La Trobe University|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122171621/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/crld|url-status=live}}</ref> It moved to La Trobe University in 2000.<ref>{{cite web|type=Report|author=Research Center for Linguistic Typology|title=Newsletter — February 2000|url=https://espaces.edu.au/tla/precursor-of-the-language-and-culture-research-centre/annual-newsletters-of-the-research-centre-for-linguistic-typology-1996-2008/newsletter-research-centre-for-linguistic-typology-2000/view|agency=Research Centre for Linguistic Typology|format=MS Word file|publisher=La Trobe University|date=February 2000|access-date=12 January 2021|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925194430/https://espaces.edu.au/tla/precursor-of-the-language-and-culture-research-centre/annual-newsletters-of-the-research-centre-for-linguistic-typology-1996-2008/newsletter-research-centre-for-linguistic-typology-2000/view|url-status=dead|quote=We've moved! After spending its first three years in the Faculty of Arts at the ANU, on 1st January the Research Centre for Linguistic Typology relocated to La Trobe University in Melbourne where it has been accorded ideal working conditions in terms of facilities, support, accommodation, and a vibrant intellectual atmosphere. We are a foundation unit in La Trobe's newly established Institute for Advanced Study.}}</ref>

=== Research facilities ===

==== AgriBio ====
[[File:LTU Agribio front.jpg|thumb|Agribio building]]
[[File:LTU Agribio atrium 01.jpg|thumb|upright|Agribio Atrium]]
In 2004 the Victorian Government identified a need to collocate its primary industries department's plant and animal science research capabilities with other research entities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agribio.com.au/about-the-jv/background|title=Background|website=www.agribio.com.au|language=en-AU|access-date=2017-03-28|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195451/http://www.agribio.com.au/about-the-jv/background|url-status=live}}</ref> It committed funds for this purpose in 2005 and committed to a joint venture with La Trobe University to construct a bioscience research centre at its Bundoora campus. A key objective of AgriBio is to facilitate science collaboration between the university and the [[Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning]] (previously [[Department of Environment and Primary Industries (Victoria)|DEPI]]).<ref name="La Trobe Research" />

The La Trobe AgriBio building, on the south eastern side of the university, has grown into a structure of around 31,000 square metres and over three levels with a number of external buildings under construction such as a large glasshouse and poly-house complex. Construction commenced in May 2009 and was completed in August 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.agribio.com.au/construction|title=Construction|website=AgriBio|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=28 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328195944/http://www.agribio.com.au/construction|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory ====
In 2011 the university, in conjunction with the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences built the Australian Archaeomagnetism Laboratory (TAAL),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/|title=The Australian Archaeomag Lab (TAAL)|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703222548/http://www.archaeomagnetism.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> based within the Department of Archaeology, Environment and Community Planning. The main aim and focus of research in the laboratory is promoting the use of magnetic methods of analysis ([[palaeomagnetism]], [[rock magnetism]], [[archaeomagnetic dating]] and [[magnetostratigraphy]]) for understanding the age, palaeoenvironmental/climate context and site formation history of archaeological and fossil sites. The laboratory also undertakes other research with the Department of Physics, including comparative work at the [[Australian Synchrotron]].

In 2011 the laboratory was involved in dating the age of the new South African hominin species ''[[Australopithecus sediba]]'', which was published in the journal "Science".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://latrobeuniversitybulletin.com/2011/12/06/dating-our-earliest-ancestors/|title=Out of Africa: dating our earliest ancestors|work=La Trobe University Bulletin|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703182806/http://latrobeuniversitybulletin.com/2011/12/06/dating-our-earliest-ancestors/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Galleries and collections ===
[[File:David Myers Building Panorama La Trobe University Bundoora VIC 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.4|David Myers Building]]
La Trobe began collecting artworks in the early 1960s before beginning construction on the main campus at Bundoora.<ref name="The art of the matter"/> Master architect of La Trobe Roy Simpson initiated the commissioning of paintings to establish the art collection, and large sculptures were included in the original design.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}} The collection was established at the Melbourne (Bundoora) campus in 1967, and from the late 1970s, various exhibition spaces came and went.<ref name=artinsthist>{{cite web | title=Our history | website=La Trobe University | date=24 April 2017 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/art-institute/about/history | access-date=29 September 2021 | archive-date=29 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929094529/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/art-institute/about/history | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010 the Melbourne collection consisted of more than 3000 post-war contemporary Australian artworks valued at $17 million; the second largest university art collection in Victoria in terms of collection value.<ref name="The art of the matter">{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/national/education/the-art-of-the-matter-20101123-184mf.html |location=Melbourne |work=The Age |title=The art of the matter |date=23 November 2010 |access-date=24 July 2011 |archive-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107015117/http://www.theage.com.au/national/education/the-art-of-the-matter-20101123-184mf.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The La Trobe University Museum of Art (LUMA), which was located at Glenn College, Melbourne campus, from 1990 to 2016, managed the University Art Collection. It hosted exhibitions, managed the sculpture park (which includes a controversial upside-down statue of Governor La Trobe by sculptor [[Charles Robb]]<ref name="latrobe3">{{cite web | title=Arts and Culture, La Trobe University | website=La Trobe University | url=http://www.latrobe.edu.au:80/life/arts | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110808074505/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/life/arts | archive-date=8 August 2011 | url-status=dead | access-date=29 September 2021 }}</ref>) was managed by LUMA.,<ref name=artinsthist/> and collaborated with significant state, national and international projects.<ref name=artinsthist/>

The Visual Arts Centre (VAC) opened in 2005 at 121 View Street, Bendigo. It held public lectures, hosted [[artist residencies]] and exhibited cutting-edge work in the [[visual arts]].<ref name=artinsthist/> The Phyllis Palmer Gallery was also situated at Bendigo.<ref name="latrobe3"/>

==== La Trobe Institute ====
{{as of|2021}}, the university's collection is managed by the '''La Trobe Institute''' (LAI), which was established in 2013 to build upon and rationalise the existing university framework of art collections and activities. In 2016 LAI assumed responsibility for LUMA and VAC, which were fully integrated into the LAI structure in 2017. It is based at the old VAC location, but is also active on all of the university campuses, participating in various collaborative projects<ref name=artinsthist/>

The LAI acquires the winning work in the [[Australian Muslim Artists Art Prize]] each year,<ref name=lt2021winner>{{cite web | title=Fatima Killeen announced as recipient of Australian Muslim Artists Art Prize 2021 | website=La Trobe University | date=19 August 2021 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2021/release/fatima-killeen-announced-as-recipient-of-australian-muslim-artists-art-prize-2023 | access-date=29 September 2021 | archive-date=29 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929085930/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2021/release/fatima-killeen-announced-as-recipient-of-australian-muslim-artists-art-prize-2023 | url-status=live }}</ref> since the university entered into an educational partnership with the [[Islamic Museum of Australia]], which included sponsoring the prize as well as the possibility of providing training in Islamic cultures for teachers, adding a new component to journalism courses and "work-integrated learning opportunities".<ref>{{cite web | title=Islamic Museum partnership strengthened | website=La Trobe University | date=19 June 2019 | url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/islamic-museum-partnership-strengthened | access-date=29 September 2021 | archive-date=29 September 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929082931/https://www.latrobe.edu.au/news/articles/2019/release/islamic-museum-partnership-strengthened | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Academic reputation ===
{{Infobox Australian university ranking|QS_W==233|USNWR_W==278|ARWU_W=301–400|type=University|ARWU_W_year=2025|CWTS_W=458{{efn|name=a}}|CWTS_W_year=2024|QS_W_year=2026|QS_W_Employability=301–500|QS_W_Employability_year=2022|THE_W=251–300|THE_W_year=2026|USNWR_W_year=25/26|ARWU_N=14–20|ARWU_N_year=2025|CWTS_N=19{{efn|name=a}}|CWTS_N_year=2024|ERA_N=17|ERA_N_year=2018|QS_N=17|QS_N_year=2026|THE_N=14–20|THE_N_year=2026|USNWR_N==19|USNWR_N_year=25/26|AFR_N==22|AFR_N_year=2025}}
In the 2024 ''Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities'', which measures aggregate performance across the QS, THE and ARWU rankings, the university attained a position of #235 (16th nationally).<ref>{{Cite web |title=University Results |url=https://research.unsw.edu.au/artu/artu-results |website=Aggregate Ranking of Top Universities |publisher=[[University of New South Wales]] |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]]}}</ref>
; National publications
In the [[Australian Financial Review|''Australian Financial Review'' Best Universities Ranking]] 2025, the university was tied #22 amongst Australian universities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Universities Ranking |url=https://www.afr.com/lists-and-awards/best-universities-ranking |website=[[Australian Financial Review]] |publisher=[[Nine Entertainment]] |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]]}}</ref>

; Global publications

In the 2026 [[QS World University Rankings|''Quacquarelli Symonds'' World University Rankings]] (published 2025), the university attained a tied position of #233 (17th nationally).<ref>{{cite web |title=QS World University Rankings: Top Global Universities |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/world-university-rankings |website=[[QS World University Rankings]] |publisher=[[Quacquarelli Symonds]] |language=en-GB |publication-place=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]}}</ref>

In the [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings|''Times Higher Education'' World University Rankings]] 2026 (published 2025), the university attained a position of #251–300 (tied 14–20th nationally).<ref>{{cite web |title=World University Rankings |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings |work=[[Times Higher Education]] |publisher=Inflexion |language=en-GB |publication-place=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]}}</ref>

In the 2025 ''[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]'', the university attained a position of #301–400 (tied 14–20th nationally).<ref name="ARWU Rankings">{{cite web |title=ShanghaiRanking's Academic Ranking of World Universities |url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings |website=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] |publisher=Shanghai Ranking Consultancy |language=en |publication-place=[[Shanghai]], [[China]]}}</ref>

In the 2025–2026 [[U.S. News & World Report Best Global Universities Ranking|''U.S. News & World Report'' Best Global Universities]], the university attained a tied position of #278 (tied 19th nationally).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Global Universities Rankings |url=https://www.usnews.com/education/best-global-universities/rankings |website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |language=en-US |publication-place=[[Washington, D.C.]], [[United States]]}}</ref>

In the ''[[CWTS Leiden Ranking]]'' 2024,{{efn|The [[CWTS Leiden Ranking]] is based on P (top 10%).|name=a}} the university attained a position of #458 (19th nationally).<ref>{{Cite web |title=CWTS Leiden Ranking |url=https://www.leidenranking.com/ranking/2024/list |website=[[CWTS Leiden Ranking]] (Centre for Science and Technology Studies) |publisher=[[Leiden University]] |language=en |publication-place=[[Leiden]], [[Netherlands]]}}</ref>

=== Student outcomes ===
The Australian Government's QILT{{Efn|Abbreviation for Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching.<ref name="About QILT" />}} conducts national surveys documenting the student life cycle from enrolment through to employment.<ref name="About QILT" /> These surveys place more emphasis on criteria such as student experience, graduate outcomes and employer satisfaction<ref name="About QILT">{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.qilt.edu.au/About |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102224528/https://www.qilt.edu.au/About |archive-date=2 January 2025 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching |publisher=[[Australian Government]] |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory]]}}</ref> than perceived reputation, research output and citation counts.<ref name="Bridgestock 2024">{{Cite web |last=Bridgestock |first=Laura |date=19 April 2021 |title=World University Ranking Methodologies Compared |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/world-university-rankings/world-university-ranking-methodologies-compared |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102224525/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings-articles/world-university-rankings/world-university-ranking-methodologies-compared |archive-date=2 January 2025 |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=[[Quacquarelli Symonds]] |language=en-GB |publication-place=[[London]], [[United Kingdom]]}}</ref>

In the 2023 Employer Satisfaction Survey, graduates of the university had an overall employer satisfaction rate of 85.9%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2024 |title=2023 Employer Satisfaction Survey |url=https://www.qilt.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2023-ess-national-report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102224527/https://www.qilt.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2023-ess-national-report.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2025 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching |publisher=[[Australian Government]] |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory]]}}</ref>

In the 2023 Graduate Outcomes Survey, graduates of the university had a full-time employment rate of 78.5% for undergraduates and 89.2% for postgraduates.<ref name="GOS Survey 2023">{{Cite web |date=May 2024 |title=2023 Graduate Outcomes Survey: National Report |url=https://www.qilt.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2023-gos-national-report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241220062418/https://www.qilt.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/2023-gos-national-report.pdf |archive-date=20 December 2024 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching |publisher=[[Australian Government]] |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory]]}}</ref> The initial full-time salary was {{AUD|69,400}} for undergraduates and {{AUD|90000}} for postgraduates.<ref name="GOS Survey 2023" />

In the 2023 Student Experience Survey, undergraduates at the university rated the quality of their entire educational experience at 73.8% meanwhile postgraduates rated their overall education experience at 78.2%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2024 |title=2023 Student Experience Survey |url=https://www.qilt.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/ses-national-report.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102224530/https://www.qilt.edu.au/docs/default-source/default-document-library/ses-national-report.pdf |archive-date=2 January 2025 |archive-format=PDF |access-date=14 January 2025 |website=Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching |publisher=[[Australian Government]] |language=en-AU |publication-place=[[Canberra]], [[Australian Capital Territory]]}}</ref>

==Student life==

===Student union===
{{Unreferenced section|date=August 2025}}
The former La Trobe University Students' Union was responsible for the Eagle Bar (previously just Uni Bar), Contact Student Services but its role has been considerably diminished as a consequence of [[Voluntary Student Unionism]]. Uni Bar was the first licensed bar on an Australian university.{{citation needed|date=August 2025}} Thursday 'bar nights' were well attended by residential college students. By 1990 it opened every day at 1pm with regular musical acts throughout academic months and even an annual "Battle of the Bands" competition.<ref>1990 “Rabelais”, Vol 12, Iss 5, p.8</ref>

There used to be three main student representative bodies on campus known as the La Trobe University Student Guild, the Student's Representative Council and the La Trobe Postgraduate Student's Association. The [[La Trobe University Student Representative Council]], became the principal representative body on campus and a student advocacy group as well as student representatives for welfare, disability, women, queer, indigenous, environment, education and welfare and the Guild managed student services. In 2011 however, the Student's Representative Council, the La Trobe Postgraduate Students Association, the Students Guild and the university merged the three separate organisations into one body: the La Trobe Student Union.

The largest faculty-based student representative organisation on campus is the Law Students Association (LSA). Postgraduate students are represented in the new union. The students at the Bendigo campus are represented by the Bendigo Student Association (BSA), a much less activist and political organisation than the student union. The BSA publishes the ''3rd Degree'' magazine.

=== Student newspaper ===
''Rabelais Student Media'' was a student newspaper at La Trobe University, named after French Renaissance writer [[François Rabelais]]. ''Rabelais'' was founded in 1967 and originally run as a department of the La Trobe University Student Representative Council (subsequently by the former La Trobe Student Union). The paper was funded by a combination of advertising revenue and a student levy. Editors were elected annually and serve for a single year. In 2021, ''Rabelais'' discontinued publishing physical magazine copies due to funding cuts to the La Trobe Student Union.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LTSU – La Trobe Student Union 2021 |url=https://latrobesu.org.au/News/LTSU-2021#:~:text=La+Trobe+University+have+gutted,and+the+staff+operating+them. |website=latrobesu.org.au}}</ref>

Notably, ''Rabelais'' was the subject of a [[Federal Court of Australia|Federal Court]] case after the Office of Film and Literature Classification ruled in 1995 that it "promotes, incites and instructs in matters of crime" because of an article on shoplifting (reprinted from elsewhere). This decision was later reviewed by the High Court of Australia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Huntley|first=Rebecca|title=Rabelais Goes To Canberra|url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CLCCommsUpd/1998/127.pdf|journal=CLC Communications Update|volume=127|pages=20–21|via=Database|access-date=30 May 2019|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211224130/http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/CLCCommsUpd/1998/127.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Sports and athletics===
La Trobe University is one of 36 universities across Australia that is part of the Elite Athlete Friendly University Network. The network was established by the Australian Sports Commission in 2004 to identify, promote and support the specific needs of university students who participate in sport at an elite level. As a result, an Elite Athlete Friendly University (EAFU) program was developed and formulated.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/sara/elite-athletes/index.htm|title=Sport, La Trobe University|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=6 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106061546/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/sara/elite-athletes/index.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2011 La Trobe University was the reigning champion at the Southern University Games, having won the competition in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/sara/unigames.htm|title=Sport, La Trobe University|access-date=18 April 2018|archive-date=3 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903233044/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/sara/unigames.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Sports Centre at the Melbourne campus has a fully equipped gym, squash/racquetball and tennis courts, volleyball, badminton, indoor soccer, netball and basketball courts, a 25-metre pool with a deep water pit, and dance and yoga studios. The centre also offers group exercise classes, dance classes, pilates and yoga. Tuition in most sports can be arranged and courts can be hired to students at discounted rates. The centre also offers deep tissue and trigger point sports massage. La Trobe University participates in the annual [[Australian University Games]]<ref>https://www.latrobe.edu.au/life/sport. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419031624/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/life/sport |date=19 April 2012 }}</ref> [[A-League]] association football (soccer) club [[Melbourne City FC|Melbourne City]] have their training and administrative facilities based at La Trobe University.<ref>{{cite web|title=Melbourne City FC Re-Commence Training|url=http://www.melbournecityfc.com.au/article/news-melbourne-city-fc-re-commence-training/uhezs3kpfgu310t71bi1f1x0g|publisher=melbournecityfc.com.au|access-date=31 July 2014|archive-date=10 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810180833/http://www.melbournecityfc.com.au/article/news-melbourne-city-fc-re-commence-training/uhezs3kpfgu310t71bi1f1x0g|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Fight song ====
The university song is the tune of [[Marche Henri IV]]. The melody is originally from Cassandre by [[Thoinot Arbeau]]. There are many university chants that are sung at matches which vary between the sports clubs. The most common chant that is used by La Trobe teams is "LT Who? LTU!".

Other student-run activities include the [[La Trobe International Relations Associations]].<ref>LIRA, "constitution", 02-02-2010, "[http://www.lira.org.au/?page_id=60 Source 1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605174107/http://www.lira.org.au/?page_id=60 |date=2011-06-05 }}", 16-04-2010</ref>

===Residential colleges===
The following colleges and halls are based at the Melbourne (Bundoora) campus:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/accommodation/bundoora/.|title=Accommodation locations|author=La Trobe University|access-date=17 July 2015|archive-date=11 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711201459/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/accommodation/bundoora/|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Chisholm College (undergraduate)
*[[Glenn College, La Trobe University|Glenn College]] (undergraduate)
*[[Menzies College, La Trobe|Menzies College]] (undergraduate)
*University Lodge (postgraduate and mature-age)
*Graduate House (graduate and mature-age)

==Notable people==
{{main|List of La Trobe University people}}

==Controversies==
[[Roz Ward]], an academic at the university's Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS), co-founded a [[Safe Schools Coalition Australia|Safe Schools program]] for Victoria.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latrobe.edu.au/she/staff/profile?uname=rward|title=La Trobe University, Staff profile: Roz Ward|work=La Trobe University|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505165942/http://www.latrobe.edu.au/she/staff/profile?uname=rward|url-status=live}}</ref> The program aims to reduce [[homophobic]] and [[transphobic]] bullying and discrimination in schools. Research work undertaken by ARCSHS into [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex]] attracted and [[gender]] diverse youth has helped underpin the program.<ref name="wti2010">{{Cite book| isbn = 978-1-921377-92-1| last1 = Hillier| first1 = Lynne| last2 = Jones| first2 = Tiffany| last3 = Monagle| first3 = Marisa| last4 = Overton| first4 = Naomi| last5 = Gahan| first5 = Luke| last6 = Blackman| first6 = Jennifer| last7 = Mitchell| first7 = Anne| title = Writing themselves in three: The 3rd national study on the sexual health and wellbeing of same sex attracted and gender questioning young people| location = Melbourne| date = 2010| publisher = Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University| url = http://glhv.org.au/files/wti3_web_sml.pdf| access-date = 25 April 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160405064153/http://glhv.org.au/files/wti3_web_sml.pdf| archive-date = 5 April 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref> This program has created controversy. At a national symposium, Ward said, "When people do complain then school leadership can very calmly and graciously say, 'You know what? We're doing it anyway, tough luck'! . . .'(It's) not about celebrating diversity; not about stopping bullying, (It's) about [[gender and sexual diversity]]".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/safe-schools-activist-roz-ward-raises-red-flag/news-story/42208731b0e4705aa0d2e6aaa8584e3e|title=Safe Schools activist Roz Ward raises 'red flag'|author=Urban, Rebecca|date=1 March 2016|work=The Australian|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=25 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201125013435/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/safe-schools-activist-roz-ward-raises-red-flag/news-story/42208731b0e4705aa0d2e6aaa8584e3e|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/education/safe-schools-tell-concerned-parents-tough-luck/news-story/cc2e9d420e9cddf5ddf1d94849d0d9f4 |title=Safe Schools: tell concerned parents 'tough luck!' |author=Urban, Rebecca|date=22 March 2016|work=The Australian|access-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> The [[Australian Christian Lobby]] (ACL) and others have criticised the program<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org.au/ |title=Safe Schools Coalition |work=Safe Schools Coalition Australia |access-date=25 April 2016 |archive-date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031213206/http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org.au/ |url-status=live }}</ref> as "radical sexual experimentation"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/christian-lobby-groups-claim-radical-sexual-experimentation-is-being-promoted-in-schools/story-fngqim8m-1227456527511|title=Christian lobby groups claim 'radical sexual experimentation' is being promoted in schools|date=25 July 2015|work=News Ltd|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151022105755/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/parenting/christian-lobby-groups-claim-radical-sexual-experimentation-is-being-promoted-in-schools/story-fngqim8m-1227456527511|url-status=live}}</ref> which "exposed students to extreme material"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/safe-schools-program-ordered-to-stay-silent-on-gay-marriage-20150728-gimdrr.html|title=Safe Schools program ordered to stay silent on gay marriage|author=Cook Herietta|date=28 July 2015|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505045717/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/safe-schools-program-ordered-to-stay-silent-on-gay-marriage-20150728-gimdrr.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and asked for the withdrawal of $8 million allocated to the Australia-wide program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/acl-says-school-antibullying-program-encouraging-cross-dressing-20150728-gimhz4.html|title=ACL says school anti-bullying program 'encouraging cross dressing'|work=Brisbane Times|date=28 July 2015 |access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=29 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132301/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/queensland/acl-says-school-antibullying-program-encouraging-cross-dressing-20150728-gimhz4.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/christian-lobby-boycotts-gay-student-program-20141218-12a0xf.html|title=Christian lobby boycotts gay student program|work=The Age|date=19 December 2014 |access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117000007/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/christian-lobby-boycotts-gay-student-program-20141218-12a0xf.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ACL says the program instructs students how to use facilities that match gender identities, how to have anal sex<ref>{{cite news|url=http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/national/australian-christian-lobby-renews-attacks-on-safe-schools-coalition-19465.html|title=Safe schools program under renewed attack by Australian Christian Lobby|author=Hughes, Ron|date=4 November 2015|work=Gay News Network|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529132302/http://gaynewsnetwork.com.au/news/national/australian-christian-lobby-renews-attacks-on-safe-schools-coalition-19465.html|archive-date=29 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and how girls can bind their chests to change gender.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/this-is-why-the-australian-christian-lobby-is-talking-about|title=A Christian group is up in arms about chest binding and here's why|author=Sainty, Lan|date=13 October 2015|work=[[BuzzFeed]]|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=19 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019192040/http://www.buzzfeed.com/lanesainty/this-is-why-the-australian-christian-lobby-is-talking-about|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 16 March 2016, ABC news reported that a Liberal Nationals MP, George Christensen, had used parliamentary privilege to accuse the Safe Schools program of being linked to a "[[Paedophilia|paedophilia advocate]]", referring to a professor, Gary Dowsett, and a report he published in 1982. A spokesman for La Trobe University stated: "We are appalled that a respected academic has been attacked using parliamentary privilege. This is a blatant attempt to distract attention from the independent endorsement of the highly effective Safe Schools program. We stand by the important work of Professor Dowsett and his team."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-16/george-christensen-links-safe-schools-program-to-paedophilia/7252476|title=George Christensen links Safe Schools to 'paedophilia advocate'|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=16 March 2016|access-date=6 July 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701193501/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-03-16/george-christensen-links-safe-schools-program-to-paedophilia/7252476|url-status=live}}</ref>

In May 2016, the Victorian Government reignited its feud with Canberra over the controversial Safe Schools program, announcing it will publicly provide material about sexual diversity that had been deleted from the federal government's website, and an additional $300,000 a year to deliver the program in full.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-15/safe-schools-victoria-reignites-feud-with-canberra-over-program/7415452|title=Victoria defies Federal Government over Safe Schools program|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=15 May 2016|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=21 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160721190110/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-05-15/safe-schools-victoria-reignites-feud-with-canberra-over-program/7415452|url-status=live}}</ref>

A children's story book, promoted by the Safe Schools Coalition, released in January 2016 and titled ''The Gender Fairy'',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org.au/is-the-gender-fairy-in-your-school-library-5|title=The Gender Fairy|author=Hirst, Jo|date=27 January 2016|work=Safe Schools Coalition|access-date=25 April 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329114810/http://www.safeschoolscoalition.org.au/is-the-gender-fairy-in-your-school-library-5|archive-date=29 March 2016}}</ref> explains [[transgender]] issues for children as young as four. Ward compiled the accompanying notes for teachers and parents.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/the-gender-fairy-a-new-chapter-in-transgender-education-for-kids-20151130-glbst8.html|title='The Gender Fairy': a new chapter in transgender education for kids|author=Perkins, Miki|date=2 December 2015|work=[[The Age]]|access-date=25 April 2016|archive-date=6 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506115049/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/the-gender-fairy-a-new-chapter-in-transgender-education-for-kids-20151130-glbst8.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Ward was suspended in June 2016 over comments she made about the Australian flag in a Facebook post, amid concerns her comments had the potential to inflame opinion about the Safe Schools program. The suspension was soon lifted, along with a statement: "La Trobe said it was not in the university's best interest to pursue the matter, but that it followed the proper procedures to suspend Ms Ward."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-04/safe-schools-roz-ward-reinstated-after-university-suspends-her/7477320|title=Safe Schools co-founder Roz Ward reinstated after Facebook controversy|website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=4 June 2016|access-date=26 July 2016|archive-date=7 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807103818/http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-04/safe-schools-roz-ward-reinstated-after-university-suspends-her/7477320|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Sexual assault and abuse ===
In 2017 La Trobe was reported as the worst university in Victoria for sexual harassment according to the [[Australian Human Rights Commission]]'s national survey on campus abuse. Of the 947 La Trobe students surveyed, 30% stated they had been sexually harassed at university.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/worst-victorian-university-for-sexual-harassment-revealed-20170801-gxn2dx.html|title=Worst Victorian university for sexual harassment revealed|last1=Jacks|first1=Timna|date=2017-08-02|work=The Age|access-date=2017-08-01|last2=Cook|first2=Henrietta|language=en-US|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802081250/http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/worst-victorian-university-for-sexual-harassment-revealed-20170801-gxn2dx.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Under a previous 2016 FOI request, the university had stated there were only 7 officially reported cases of sexual assault, harassment or misconduct on campus, resulting in no expulsions and no suspensions over the previous five years.<ref name="foi_sexual_assault">{{cite news|url=http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/true-stories/full-list-of-universities-exposed-by-sexual-assault-investigation/news-story/f7c39dcacce8a9c839bc8b881172173b|title=Full list of universities exposed by sexual assault investigation|last=Funnell|first=Nina|date=10 October 2016|work=News Limited|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802075917/http://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/real-life/true-stories/full-list-of-universities-exposed-by-sexual-assault-investigation/news-story/f7c39dcacce8a9c839bc8b881172173b|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Bendigo Writers Festival ===
La Trobe University is a major sponsor of the annual Bendigo Writers Festival, and attracted controversy in 2025 after a consortium of Jewish academics wrote to the university with concerns over an event on that year's festival program. This event featured a panel with Palestinian Australian writer [[Randa Abdel-Fattah]], and the university allegedly pressured the festival organiser, the [[City of Greater Bendigo]] Council, to insist it impose a code of conduct, including a contested Universities Australia definition of antisemitism, on festival participants. Amid widespread criticism and concerns over freedom of speech, the resulting [[Bendigo Writers Festival boycott]] saw more than 50 writers and hosts withdrawing from the festival, and its opening night gala and closing ceremony were cancelled.<ref>Pavlich, Emile; Nabi, Zain; and Parker, Fiona (5 November 2025).[https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-11-05/latrobe-bendigo-writers-festival-boycott-council-threat/105964398 FOI documents reveal lead-up to failed Bendigo Writers Festival] ''ABC News''. Retrieved 5 November 2025</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Australia}}}}
*[[List of universities in Australia]]
*[[Centre for Dialogue]]

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=Note|32em}}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{cite book |year=1989 |editor=William J. Breen |title=Building La Trobe University: Reflections on the first 25 years 1964–1989 |isbn=1-86324-003-9 |location=Melbourne |publisher=La Trobe University Press |hdl=1959.9/201688}}

==External links==
{{wikiversity|La Trobe University}}
{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{official website|https://www.latrobe.edu.au/ }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070208223206/http://www.srclatrobe.org.au/ La Trobe Students' Representative Council]

{{ La Trobe University|state=expanded}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Australian Higher Education Articles
|titlestyle =
|state =autocollapse
|list =
{{Australian universities}}
{{Open Universities Australia}}
{{Australian university groups}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:La Trobe University| ]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1964]]
[[Category:Universities in Melbourne]]
[[Category:Universities in Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Australia]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in the City of Darebin]]

Uttam Barik

2026-01-16T14:01:31Z

Bikram Rout: made new details first draft

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Uttam Barik''' (born 1975)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Uttam Barik(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- PATASHPUR(PURBO MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=130 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Patashpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Purba Medinipur district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Patashpur, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/patashpur-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797292-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-03 |title=West Bengal Election Results 2021: Here's full list of winners - CNBC TV18 |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/west-bengal-election-results-2021-heres-full-list-of-winners-9169581.htm |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Barik is from [[Patashpur]], Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Birendra Barik. He studied Class 12 at Contai [[P. K. College|PK College]] and passed the examinations conducted by [[West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education]] in 1993. He runs his own business.<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Barik won from Patashpur Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 105,299 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Ambujaksha Mahanti of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 9,994 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Patashpur Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing, Winners West bengal Patashpur Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-patashpur-constituency-212.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patashpur Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/patashpur-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Patashpur Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/patashpur-election-result-2021-live-updates-patashpur-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3697064.html |access-date=2025-03-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barik, Uttam}}
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Purba Medinipur district]]

Vaddera

2026-01-15T14:15:55Z

Bikram Rout: Updated entries and formatting

{{Short description|Kshatriya Caste found in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
'''Vaddera''' (alternatively Vadde, Waddera, Vadar) is a [[Caste system in India|caste]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Maharashtra]] and some other states{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} in India.

The Vaddera have been kings until 15th century later some of them been seen as stone cutters, but many have had to change to agriculturing. The effects of mechanisation, usually financed and run by higher caste groups, has caused this change and government recognition of the issues has led to them being designated as an [[Other Backward Class]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Modern Anthropology of India: Ethnography, Themes and Theory |editor1-first=Peter |editor1-last=Berger |editor2-first=Frank |editor2-last=Heidemann |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9781134061112 |page=19 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sBgLb8XIGR8C&pg=PA19}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Social groups of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Other Backward Classes]]
[[Category:Indian castes by profession]]
{{India-ethno-stub}}

Dilip Kumar Salvadi

2026-01-12T02:23:17Z

Bikram Rout: Made new bio v1.

{{Short description|Indian actor and director, born 1985}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dilip Kumar Salvadi
| image = Dilip 2023.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| other_names = Dileep Kumar<ref name="S"/>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|director|editor}}
| years_active = 1994-2006 2012-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Dilip Kumar Salvadi''' (born 30 April 1985) is an Indian actor, director, and editor who works predominantly in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] and [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] films.

== Career ==
He started his career as a child artist between the early 1990s and 2000s starting with ''[[Number One (1994 film)|Number One]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/diksoochi-movie-audio-in-markets/articleshow/67791021.cms|title=Diksoochi movie audio in markets|date=1 February 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> As a child artist, he has performed in more than 20 films, and is most noted for playing the younger version of [[Gopichand (actor)|Gopichand]] in ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' (2002) and its [[Jayam (2003 film)|Tamil remake]].<ref name="S">{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/audio-seenucoanu.html|title=Audio Function - Seenu c/o Anu|work=[[Idlebrain.com]]|date=18 March 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/title-change-for-a-reason/articleshow/19864477.cms|title=Title change for a reason|author=V. Lakshmi|date=4 May 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref> He began his career as a lead protagonist in the movie ''Seenu c/o Anu'' (2005).<ref name="S"/> He continued for a decade for several films in Telugu, Malayalam and Tamil. He collaborated with director Arjunaraja for three films: ''Maiyam Konden'', ''Kovalanin Kadhali'' and ''Thiru-pugaz''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilonline.com/thendral/article.aspx?aid=8296|title=கோவலனின் காதலி|last=Arvind|date=December 2012|work=Thendral|lang=ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-thiru-pugazh-soothing-strains/article4705906.ece|title=Audio Beat: Thiru Pugazh - Soothing strains|date=11 May 2013|url-access=subscription|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302061512/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/audio-beat-thiru-pugazh-soothing-strains/article4705906.ece|archive-date=2 March 2024}}</ref> He starred in [[Sasi Shanker]]'s ''[[Pagadai Pagadai]]'' (2014) in dual roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2014 |title=Perazhagan director's next film titled Pagadai Pagadai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/perazhagan-directors-next-film-titled-pagadai-pagadai/articleshow/34978069.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/12/06141130/Pagadai-Pagadai.vpf|title=Pagadai Pagadai|date=6 December 2014|work=[[Dina Thanthi|iFlicks]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612174907/http://www.iflicks.in/Review/2014/12/06141130/Pagadai-Pagadai.vpf|archive-date=12 June 2020}}</ref>

In 2019, he worked as a director for the period film ''[[Diksoochi]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/120319/from-being-a-child-artiste-to-a-director.html|title=From being a child artiste to a director|date=11 March 2019|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/diksoochi-trailer-dilip-kumar-salvadis-film-looks-like-a-promising-devotional-mystery-thriller/articleshow/68353844.cms|title='Diksoochi' Trailer: Dilip Kumar Salvadi's film looks like a promising devotional mystery thriller|date=11 March 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/dilip-kumar-salvadis-diksoochi-to-release-on-april-26/articleshow/69026978.cms|title=Dilip Kumar Salvadi's Diksoochi to release on April 26|date=24 April 2019|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Regarding his performance in the film, a critic wrote that "Dileep Kumar played multiple roles for the film, as an actor, as a director, and as an editor. He played his part very well in the movie. As a story-teller, he is brilliant and at the same time, as an actor, he is good. He scored good marks in the debut".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/movie-reviews/diksoochi-movie-review-rating-524621|title=Diksoochi Movie Review & Rating {2.75}|last=Vyas|date=27 April 2019|work=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
;Child Artist
*''Note: all films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Filmography
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" |1994 || ''[[Number One (1994 film)|Number One]]'' || Young Vijay's brother
|
|-
| ''Thodi Kodallu'' || Boy at funeral ||
|-
| ''Bhale Mammayya'' || Chinni ||
|-
|''[[Punya Bhoomi Naa Desam]]''
|Young Bangaraiah's son
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|1995 || ''[[Pokiri Raja]]'' || CM's son ||
|-
|''[[Mounam]]''
|Kiran's son
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1996 || ''[[Dharma Chakram]]'' || Newspaper boy ||
|-
|''College Student''
|Hero's Neighbour
|
|-
|rowspan="2"|1998
| ''[[Bavagaru Bagunnara]]''
| Boy in celebration
| Uncredited role
|-
|''[[Manasichi Choodu (film)|Manasichi Choodu]]''
|Boy on cycle
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1999
| ''[[Sneham Kosam]]''
| Young Simhadri
|
|-
|''Manikyam''
|Meenakshi's brother
|
|-
|''[[Anaganaga Oka Ammai]]''
|Tea shop boy
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|2000 || ''[[Annayya (2000 film)|Annayya]]'' || Young Rajaram ||
|-
|''[[Manasichanu]]''
|Heroine's friend
|
|-
| ''[[Maa Annayya]]'' || Young Madhu ||
|-
|2001
|''[[Daddy (2001 film)|Daddy]]''
|Car accident boy
|
|-
| 2002 || ''[[Jayam (2002 film)|Jayam]]'' || Young Raghu ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Jayam (2003 film)|Jayam]]'' || Young Raghu || [[Tamil language|Tamil]] film
|-
| 2005 || ''[[Bhagmati (2005 film)|Bhagmati]]'' || Youngster|| [[Hindi]] film
|}

;Lead Actor
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Filmography
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role!! Language
!Notes
|-
| 2005 || ''Seenu c/o Anu'' || Seenu || rowspan="2" | Telugu
|
|-
| 2006 || ''Venkat Tho Alivelu''|| Venkat
|
|-
| 2012 || ''Steps'' || || [[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| rowspan="4"|2013 || ''Maiyam Konden'' || || Tamil
|
|-
| ''Oke Oka Chance''|| || Telugu
|
|-
| ''Thiru-pugaz''|| Pugal || Tamil
|
|-
| ''Na Sami Ranga'' || Seenu || Telugu
|
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''Kovalanin Kadhali'' || Pandian || rowspan="2" | Tamil
|
|-
| ''[[Pagadai Pagadai]]'' || Saravanan, Karthik Kameshwaran
|dual roles
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Diksoochi]]''|| Dileep
| rowspan="2" | Telugu
|Also director, writer and editor
|-
| 2026 || ''Shambhala'' || {{TBA}}
|Also director and writer
|-
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of television roles
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role!! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1994 || ''Vandemataram'' || || rowspan="7" | Telugu || rowspan="7" |Child artist
|-
| 1996-97 || ''Punarapi Jananam'' ||
|-
| 1996-97 || ''Drusthi'' ||
|-
| 1996-97 || ''Dongala Bandi'' ||
|-
| 1996-97 || ''Srimath Virat Potuluri Veerabrahmendra Swami Charitha'' || Veera Brahma Swami
|-
| 1997{{endash}}2001 || ''[[Ruthuragalu]]'' || Vardhan
|-
| ||''Malle Pandhiri''||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[She (TV series)|She]]''|| Chinnanna || Hindi || [[Netflix]] series; season 2 episode "The Test"
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|10711926}}

[[Category:Actors in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Telugu film directors]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Amarasimha

2025-12-30T03:19:27Z

Bikram Rout: refined references further based on references

{{Short description|Indian poet}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2017}}
[[File:A Sanskrit manuscript of the Amarakosha along with a Newar-language commentary.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century Amarakosha manuscript with [[Newar language]] commentary from [[Nepal]].]]
'''Amarasimha''' ([[IAST]]: '''{{IAST|Amara-siṃha}}''', {{Circa|CE 375}}) was a [[Sanskrit]] [[grammar]]ian and poet from [[ancient India]], of whose personal history hardly anything is known. He is said to have been "one of the nine gems that adorned the throne of [[Vikramaditya]]," and according to the evidence of [[Xuanzang]], this is the [[Chandragupta Vikramaditya]] (Chandragupta II) who flourished about CE 375.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}<ref name=Rice1970>''Amarakosha'' compiled by [[Benjamin L. Rice|B. L. Rice]], edited by N. Balasubramanya, 1970, page X</ref> Other sources describe him as belonging to the period of Vikramaditya of 7th century.<ref name=Rice1970/><ref name=Chambers>"Amara-Simha" in ''[[Chambers's Encyclopædia]]''. London: [[George Newnes Ltd|George Newnes]], 1961, Vol. 1, p. 311.</ref> Most of Amarasiṃha's works were lost, with the exception of the celebrated ''[[Amara-Kosha]]'' (IAST: ''{{IAST|Amarakośa}}'') (''Treasury of Amara''). The first reliable mention of the ''Amarakosha'' is in the Amoghavritti of Shakatayana composed during the reign of [[Amoghavarsha]] (814-867 CE)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mirashi |first1=Vasudev Vishnu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X0JUwf2BXVAC&pg=PA50 |title=Literary and Historical Studies in Indology |date=1975 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |isbn=9788120804173 |pages=50–51 |language=en |authorlink1=Vasudev Vishnu Mirashi}}</ref>

The ''Amarakosha'' is a lexicon of Sanskrit words in three books, and hence is sometimes called the ''Trikāṇḍī'' or the "Tripartite".{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} It is also known as "Namalinganushasana".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Sujit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&pg=PA15 |title=A Dictionary of Indian Literature: Beginnings-1850 |date=1998 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=9788125014539 |page=15 |language=en |accessdate=6 July 2017}}</ref> The ''Amarakosha'' contains 10,000 words, and is arranged, like other works of its class, in metre, to aid the memory.

The first chapter of the ''Kosha'' was printed at [[Rome]] in Tamil character in 1798. An edition of the entire work, with English notes and an index by [[Henry Thomas Colebrooke]] appeared at [[Serampore]] in 1808. The Sanskrit text was printed at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] in 1831. A French translation by [[Auguste-Louis-Armand Loiseleur-Deslongchamps|ALA Loiseleur-Deslongchamps]] was published at Paris in 1839.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} [[B. L. Rice]] compiled the text in [[Kannada script]] with meanings in English and Kannada in 1927.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Rice|first1=Benjamin Lewis|authorlink1=Benjamin Lewis Rice|title=Amarakōśa vemba nāmaliṅgānuśāsanavu, Iṅglish Kannaḍa artha mattu padagaḷa paṭṭi sahita|date=1927|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=9788120602601|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BuujuWMmv0wC}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
'''Attribution:'''
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Amara Sinha|volume=1|page=781}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040513012824/http://sanskrit.gde.to/doc_z_misc_amarakosha.html Amarakosha Sanskrit text]

{{Buddhism topics}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amarasimha}}
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:4th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]

Robert Holland (colonial administrator)

2025-12-29T03:19:57Z

Bikram Rout: made post

{{Short description|British colonial official (1873–1965)}}
'''Sir Robert Erskine Holland''', [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]], [[Companion of the Order of the Star of India|CSI]], [[Commander of the Royal Victorian Order|CVO]], [[Volunteer Officers' Decoration|VD]] (29 June 1873 – 30 September 1965) was an administrator in British India. A member of the [[Indian Civil Service]] and of the [[Indian Political Service]], he was [[Rajputana Agency|Agent to the Governor-General in Rajputana]] and [[Chief Commissioner of Ajmer-Merwara]] from 1919 to 1925.

The son of Sir [[Thomas Erskine Holland]], Robert Holland was educated at [[Winchester College]] and [[Oriel College, Oxford]].<ref>{{Who's Who|id=50984|title=Holland, Sir Robert (Erskine)}}</ref> He entered the Indian Civil Service in 1895.

In retirement, he was a member of the [[Council of India]] from 1925 to 1931, when he resigned at the beginning of his second five-year term. Having been called to the English bar by Lincoln's Inn in 1930, he was appointed Judicial Adviser to the Siamese Government, which carried membership of the [[Supreme Court of Thailand|Supreme Court of Siam]]. His term was not renewed in 1936, and received the [[Order of the Crown of Siam]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reekie |first=Surutchada |title=Thai Legal History: From Traditional to Modern Law |last2=Reekie |first2=Adam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2021 |isbn=9781108914369 |editor-last=Harding |editor-first=Andrew |chapter=British Judges in the Supreme Court of Siam |editor-last2=Pongsapan |editor-first2=Munin}}</ref> He then settled in [[British Columbia]], [[Canada]].

== References ==
<references />

==Sources==
* "Sir Robert Holland", ''The Times'', 9 October 1965, p. 12
* "Sir Robert Holland", ''Western Daily Press'', 22 April 1930, p. 7

== External links ==
* {{NPG name|103298|Sir Robert Erskine Holland}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Holland, Robert Erskine}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1965 deaths]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Commanders of the Royal Victorian Order]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:Indian Political Service officers]]
[[Category:Members of the Council of India]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Canada]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Oriel College, Oxford]]
[[Category:English barristers]]
[[Category:Members of Lincoln's Inn]]
[[Category:British expatriate judges]]
[[Category:British expatriates in Thailand]]

Dheere Dheere Se (TV series)

2025-12-20T20:03:18Z

Bikram Rout: Made initial entry v1.

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Dheere Dheere Se.jpeg
| caption =
| alt_name = Aashao Ka Savera… Dheere Dheere Se
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator = Siddharth Kumar Tewary
| developer =
| based_on =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Reena Kapoor]]|[[Rahil Azam]]|Dhruti Mangeshkar}}
| open_theme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_episodes = 164
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]]
| runtime = 20-24 minutes
| company = [[Swastik Productions]]
| network = {{Plainlist|
* [[Star Bharat]]
* [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2022|12|12|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|07|07|df=yes}}
}}
'''''Dheere Dheere Se''''' ({{Translation|Slowly, Slowly}}) also known as '''''Aashao Ka Savera...Dheere Dheere Se''''' is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series produced by [[Siddharth Kumar Tewary]] under their banner [[Swastik Productions]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/siddharth-tewary-talks-about-his-experience-working-with-reena-kapoor-and-rahil-azam-on-the-sets/videoshow/96201484.cms | title=Siddharth Tewary talks about his experience working with Reena Kapoor and Rahil Azam on the sets | TV - Times of India Videos | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> It aired from 12 December 2022 to 7 July 2023 on [[Star Bharat]]. The series starred [[Reena Kapoor]] and [[Rahil Azam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-cast-of-the-upcoming-show-aashao-ka-saveradheere-dheere-se-visits-ujjain-city-for-their-shoot/articleshow/95889755.cms|title=The cast of the upcoming show 'Aashao Ka Savera…Dheere Dheere Se' visits Ujjain city for their shoot - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=30 November 2022 }}</ref>

The story revolves around a widow's compromises after her husband's death, and the second chance she gets at love.

==Premise==
Bhawna who recently lost her husband and faces difficulty to sustain her day-to-day life after her husband’s death since she was so dependent on him for her everyday necessities, but her life takes a turn when Raghav enters her life giving her hope for being independent and financially literate which helps her overcome the obstacles of her life. The show is a mirror to society which shows how a woman, especially a widow is treated in society after she loses her husband and what difficulties she goes through which are not often talked about.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Reena Kapoor]] as Bhavana Srivastav (formerly Shastri) : Aanchal's mother, Deepak's widow, Raghav's wife (2022-2023)
* [[Rahil Azam]] as Raghav Srivastav: Brijmohan and Savita's son; Gaurav and Dimple's brother and Swati's brother-in law, Bhavana's husband; Aanchal’s step-father. (2022-2023)
* Dhruti Mangeshkar as Aanchal "Bulbul" Shastri Srivastav: Deepak and Bhavana's daughter, Raghav's step-daughter (2022-2023)

===Recurring===
* Vijay Badlani as Deepak Shastri: Jagjeevan's son; Bhanu and Amit's younger brother; Bhavana's husband; Aanchal's father. (2022-2023) (Dead)
* Raja Kapse as Jagjeevan Shastri: Bhanu, Amit and Deepak's father; Malini, Vidya and Bhavana's father-in-law. (2022-2023)
* [[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] as Bhanu Shastri: Jagjeevan's elder son; Amit and Deepak's elder brother; Abhishek's father; Dimple's father-in-law (2022-2023)
* Emir Shah as Abhishek Shastri: Bhanu and Malini's son; Aarushi and Aanchal's cousin; Meera's ex-fiancé; Dimple's love-interest turned husband. (2022-2023)
* [[Raju Kher]] as Brijmohan Srivastav: Savita's husband; Raghav, Gaurav and Dimple's father; Bhavana, Swati and Abhishek's father-in law; Aarav's grandfather. (2022-2023)
* [[Shama Deshpande]] as Savita Brijmohan Srivastav: Brijmohan's wife; Raghav, Gaurav and Dimple's mother; Bhavana, Swati and Abhishek's mother-in-law; Aarav's grandmother. (2022-2023)
* Diksha Tiwari as Dimple Shastri (née Srivastav): Raghav and Gaurav's younger sister; Savita and Brijmohan's younger daughter; Swati's sister-in law; Abhishek's love-interest turned wife; Bhanu and Malini's daughter-in-law. (2022-2023)
* Tisha Kapoor as Meera Mishra: Nirmala and Manohar's daughter; Abhishek's ex–fiancée. (2023)
* Jiya Solanki as Aarushi "Chulbul" Amit Shastri: Amit and Vidya's Daughter; Abhishek and Aanchal's cousin. (2022-2023)
* Shilpa Kataria Singh as Nirmala Manohar Mishra: Meera's mother. (2023)
* Yogesh Mahajan as Manohar Mishra: Meera's father. (2023)
* Munendra Singh Kushwah as Inspector Rajesh Kaushik: Raghav's Friend. (2022-2023)
* Bhavana Aneja as Vidya Amit Shastri: Amit's wife; Jagjeevan's middle daughter-in-law; Aarushi's mother. (2022-2023)
* [[Praneet Bhatt]] as Amit Shastri : Jagjeevan's son; Bhanu and Deepak's brother; Vidya's husband; Aarushi's father. (2022-2023)
* Malini Sengupta as Malini Bhanu Shastri: Bhanu's wife; Jagjeevan's eldest daughter-in-law; Abhishek's mother; Dimple's mother-in-law. (2022-2023)
* Nidhi Tiwari as Poonam Vikas Sharma: Vikas' wife; Shastri family's neighbour. (2022-2023)
* Mani Rai as Vikas Sharma: A tenant; Poonam's husband. (2022-2023)
* Amit Sinha as Mr. Verma: Staff of Brijmohan Srivastav at BSA Office. (2022)
* Shyam Lal Navait as Devraj: Raghav's helper. (2022-2023)
* Suman Gupta as Swati Gaurav Srivastav: Gaurav's wife; Brijmohan and Savita's daughter-in law; Aarav's mother. (2022-2023)
* Vikrant Kaul as Gaurav Srivastav: Brijmohan and Savita's son; Raghav's younger and Dimple's elder brother; Swati's husband; Aarav's father. (2022-2023)
* Brijesh Maurya as Raghav's office peon. (2022)
* Ahmad Harhash as Pulkit Shashtri: Staff Of Brijmohan Srivastav at BSA Officer. (2022-2023)

==Production==
===Casting===
Reena Kapoor as Bhawana, and Rahil Azam as Raghav were signed as the lead.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/woh-rehne-waali-mehlon-ki-fame-reena-kapoor-bags-a-new-show-aashao-ka-saveradheere-dheere-se/articleshow/95401537.cms|title=Woh Rehne Waali Mehlon Ki fame Reena Kapoor bags a new show Aashao Ka savera…Dheere Dheere se? - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=9 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/theres-no-shame-in-men-watching-daily-soaps-says-aashao-ka-savera-dheere-dheere-ses-rahil-azam/articleshow/95716428.cms|title='There's no shame in men watching daily soaps,' says Aashao Ka Savera Dheere Dheere Se's Rahil Azam - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 November 2022 }}</ref>

[[Aman Verma (actor)|Aman Verma]] and [[Ruhi Chaturvedi]] was cast to portray the negative lead.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-aman-verma-bags-a-new-tv-show-aashao-ka-saveradheere-dheere-se/articleshow/95512350.cms|title=Exclusive - Aman Verma bags a new TV show Aashao Ka Savera…Dheere Dheere se - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=14 November 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-kundali-bhagyas-ruhi-chaturvedi-to-play-an-antagonist-in-the-upcoming-show-aashao-ka-saveradheere-dheere-se/articleshow/95576689.cms|title=Exclusive - Kundali Bhagya's Ruhi Chaturvedi to play an antagonist in the upcoming show 'Aashao Ka Savera…Dheere Dheere Se' - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=17 November 2022 }}</ref>

===Development===
The series marks comeback for Aman Verma into fiction after five years.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/aman-verma-returns-to-tv-after-five-years-with-aashao-ka-savera-23255705|title=Aman Verma returns to TV after five years with 'Aashao Ka Savera'|date=15 November 2022|website=Mid-day}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/aman-verma-returns-to-tv-after-five-years-with-aashao-ka-savera--news-237614|title=Aman Verma Returns To TV After Five Years With 'Aashao Ka Savera'|date=15 November 2022|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref>

===Filming===
The shooting of the series began in November 2022, mainly shot at the [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/indore/madhya-pradesh-reena-kapoor-recalls-shooting-in-ujjain-for-aashao-ka-savera|title=Madhya Pradesh: Reena Kapoor recalls shooting in Ujjain for 'Aashao Ka Savera...'|website=Free Press Journal}}</ref> Some initial sequences were also shot at [[Ujjain]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/reena-kapoor-recalls-shooting-in-ujjain-for-aashao-ka-savera--news-241613|title=Reena Kapoor Recalls Shooting In Ujjain For 'Aashao Ka Savera...'|date=1 December 2022|website=www.outlookindia.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/aashao-ka-savera-dheere-dheere-ses-reena-kapoor-seeks-blessings-for-the-entire-team-at-ujjains-mahakal-temple/articleshow/95939941.cms|title=Aashao Ka Savera Dheere Dheere Se's Reena Kapoor seeks blessings for the entire team at Ujjain's Mahakal temple - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 December 2022 }}</ref>

===Release===
The first promo arrived in November 2022 featuring Reena Kapoor as Bhawana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/rahil-azam-and-reena-kapoor-to-play-lead-in-aashao-ka-savera-450492|title=Rahil Azam and Reena Kapoor to play lead in 'Aashao Ka Savera'|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/playing-the-patriarch-452144|title=Raju Kher roped in for the show Aaashao Ka Savera... Dheere Dheere Se|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>
It replaced ''[[Bohot Pyaar Karte Hai]]'' from 12 December 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/exclusive-bohot-pyaar-karte-hai-to-go-off-air-the-show-wraps-up-in-4-months/articleshow/95456125.cms|title=Exclusive! Bohot Pyaar Karte Hai to go off-air; the show wraps up in 4 months - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=11 November 2022 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of programs broadcast by Star Bharat]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/dheere-dheere-se/1260125771 ''Dheere Dheere Se''] on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]

{{Star Bharat Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]

Usha Chinoy

2025-12-17T17:17:54Z

Bikram Rout: made some stub first draft - done

{{Short description|Indian educationist and musician}}
{{Cleanup bare URLs|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
[[File:UshaChinoy.jpg|thumb|right|400x200px|alt=Usha Chinoy.|Usha Chinoy performing in 1969.]]
'''Usha Chinoy''' (1929–2004) was an Indian educationist and musician<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/cSj9XHumWKM Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20151217082855/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSj9XHumWKM Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSj9XHumWKM| title = "Nahin Ye Fikr Koi Rahbar-e-Kaamil Nahin Milta": Usha Chinoy | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> from [[Rajkot]], Gujarat.

== Early life and education ==
Usha Chinoy (née Joshi) was born in the former princely state of [[Jamnagar district|Jamnagar]] (Nawanagar) in the Kathiawar peninsula (Saurashtra) of Gujarat to Trambaklal Manishankar Joshi and Yashomati Joshi. She completed her BA (Hons.) at the Dharmendrasinhji College in Rajkot. She later also obtained a diploma in music through the [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya|Sangeet Visharad]] and Hindustani Vineet degrees. In the city of Jamnagar, she was the first elected female member of the municipal corporation and also Principal of the Sajuba Girls High School from the late 1940s till the early 1950s. Her grandfather, poet and author<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com.mx/search?tbo=p&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22Ma%E1%B9%87ica%E1%B9%85kar+K%C5%8Dvintaji%22&gws_rd=ssl|title=inauthor:"Maṇicaṅkar Kōvintaji" - Google Search|website=www.google.com.mx}}</ref> Vaidya Shastri Manishankar Govindji, founded the famous Atank Nigrah pharmacy,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19260324-1.2.30.4.aspx|title = Page 7 Advertisements Column 4}}</ref> an Ayurvedic firm of great repute, in Jamnagar in 1881.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Philosophical Review Vol 1 |url=http://www.motherandsriaurobindo.org/Content.aspx?ContentURL=_staticcontent/sriaurobindoashram/-09%20e-library/-01%20works%20of%20sri%20aurobindo/-01%20english/-02_other%20editions/Arya/A%20Philosophical%20Review%20VOL-1/-14_15th%20July%201915.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083344/http://www.motherandsriaurobindo.org/Content.aspx?ContentURL=_staticcontent/sriaurobindoashram/-09%20e-library/-01%20works%20of%20sri%20aurobindo/-01%20english/-02_other%20editions/Arya/A%20Philosophical%20Review%20VOL-1/-14_15th%20July%201915.htm |archive-date=2014-08-19}}</ref> The firm had branches in Bombay (Mumbai), Calcutta (Kolkata),<ref>http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/13923/6/Chapter6_397-476p.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025}}</ref> Madras (Chennai), Poona (Pune), Karachi, Colombo, Rangoon (Yangon), Penang <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/malayansatpost19260116-1.2.38.aspx|title = Atank Nigrah Pills}}</ref> and Singapore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19140421-1.2.2.3.aspx|title = Page 1 Advertisements Column 3}}</ref>

== Career ==
Usha commenced her singing career in the 1940s with songs recorded for Young India. Her repertoire on All India Radio and later on the TV channel Doordarshan during the 1960s and 1980s included Gujarati and Urdu ghazals, bhajans, thumris, Gujarati folk songs and light music.<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211208/Sn4D5pjYgyM Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20151217084621/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sn4D5pjYgyM Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite AV media| url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sn4D5pjYgyM| title = Shakeel Badayuni "Zindagani Khud Hareef-e-Zindagani Ho Gayi":Usha Chinoy | website=[[YouTube]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> She was also a playback singer for Gujarati films. From 1964 to 1974, she was the founding head of the Department of Arts, Crafts and Music and teacher at the [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot]]. In 1967 she went to the United States as part of the [[Experiment in International Living]] program.

== Personal life ==
Usha was married to senior Indian Police Service officer Romeshchandra Chinoy (1925–1991). Her elder sibling, Suresh T. Joshi, was the principal of the Gujarat Ayurveda College in Jamnagar in the 1960s and 1970s. Usha was the daughter-in-law of barrister C. N. Chinoy,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&frbg=&scp.scps=scope%3A%28BL%29&tab=local&dstmp=1393785589862&srt=rank&ct=search&mode=Basic&dum=true&indx=1&vl%28freeText0%29=Mr.Chinoy+Rajkot+state&fn=search&vid=IAMS_VU2|title=Login|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227094627/https://searcharchives.bl.uk/primo_library/libweb/action/search.do?dscnt=0&frbg=&scp.scps=scope:(BL)&tab=local&dstmp=1393785589862&srt=rank&ct=search&mode=Basic&dum=true&indx=1&vl(freeText0)=Mr.Chinoy+Rajkot+state&fn=search&vid=IAMS_VU2|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dewan of the former princely state of Rajkot. She died in 2004 in Shanghai, China, and was survived by her three children, one of whom, [[Sujan R. Chinoy]], was appointed Indian Ambassador to Mexico, and by five grandchildren.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinoy, Usha}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:Singers from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Indian music educators]]
[[Category:People from Jamnagar]]
[[Category:All India Radio people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]
[[Category:All India Radio women]]
[[Category:Educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women educators from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian women music educators]]
[[Category:People from Rajkot]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]

Subhash Bhamre

2025-12-08T05:39:03Z

Bikram Rout:

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = Marathi and local languages
| office = Vice President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party, Maharashtra]]
| term_start = 18 August 2019
| term_end =
| office1 = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Minister of State for Defence]]
| minister1 = [[Nirmala Sitharaman]]
| primeminister1 = [[Narendra Modi]]
| image = The foundation stone for the construction of DRDO established IIT Bombay & IIT Madras bi-nodal ‘Centre of Propulsion Technology’ (CoPT) was laid at IIT Bombay premises by Minister of State for Defence, Dr. Subhash Bhamre.jpg
| term_start1 = 5 July 2016
| term_end1 = 30 May 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Rao Inderjit Singh]]
| successor1 = [[Shripad Yesso Naik]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|09|11|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Sakri]], [[Bombay State]], [[India]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office2 = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| constituency2 = [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]]
| parliament2 = Indian
| term_start2 = 16 May 2014
| term_end2 = 4 June 2024
| predecessor2 = [[Pratap Narayanrao Sonawane]]
| successor2 = [[Bachhav Shobha Dinesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = Smt. Bina Bhamre
| children = 2
| profession = Politician, Medical Practitioner(Cancer Specialist)
| alma_mater = [[Grant Medical College]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| date = 28 February
| year = 2015
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4678?from=members
}}
'''Subhash Ramrao Bhamre''' (born 11 September 1953) is an Indian politician wo represented the [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]] constituency of [[Maharashtra]] from 2014 to 2024. He is a member [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) political party.

An oncologist by profession, Bhamre did his medical studies in Mumbai at Grant Medical College, JJ Hospital and Tata Cancer Hospital, and wrote a research paper on [[breast cancer]] for the International Cancer Conference in Hungary.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://mod.gov.in/dr-subhash-ramrao-bhamre |title=Dr. Subhash Ramrao Bhamre {{!}} Ministry of Defence |website=mod.gov.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908013947/http://mod.gov.in/dr-subhash-ramrao-bhamre |archive-date=2017-09-08}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/subhash-bhamre-a-cancer-surgeon-avid-social-worker-now-minister-1428166 | title=Subhash Bhamre - A Cancer Surgeon, Avid Social Worker, Now Minister}}</ref>

Bhamre, and Minister of State [[Bhagwat Karad]], provided emergency medical aid to a passenger while flying onboard [[Air India]] Flight 443 from Delhi to Aurangabad on 17 June 2022.<ref name = "moneycontrol">{{cite web |title=Union minister, BJP MP, both surgeons, help sick passenger on Air India flight |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/union-minister-bk-karad-bjp-mp-subhash-bhamre-both-surgeons-help-passenger-who-fell-ill-on-air-india-plane-8706731.html |website=Moneycontrol |access-date=4 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mukhopadhyay |first1=Sounak |title=Air India: Passenger falls ill; Union Minister, BJP MP onboard come to rescue |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/air-india-passenger-falls-ill-union-minister-bjp-mp-onboard-come-to-rescue-11655599860715.html |website=mint |access-date=4 December 2022 |language=en |date=19 June 2022}}</ref>

==Political career and background==
* 18 August 2019: Vice president Maharashtra BJP.
* 16 May 2014: Elected to 16th Lok Sabha
* 1 Sep 2014 onwards: Member, Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare
* 5 July 2016: Minister of State for Defence
* His mother was the first female MLA of Sakri Vidhan Sabha Constituency.
** 1972: Gojarbai Ramrao Bhamre, [[Indian National Congress]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Subhash Bhamre}}

{{16th LS members from Maharashtra}}
{{17th LS members from Maharashtra}}

{{Cabinet of Narendra Modi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhamre, Subhash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Dhule district]]
[[Category:People from Dhule]]
[[Category:People from Jalgaon]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Narendra Modi ministry]]

{{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}

Anindya Sinha

2025-11-11T09:27:07Z

Bikram Rout: adjust content also and corrected details

{{Short description|Indian scientist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]]
| image = Pratibha Devisingh Patil presented the Dada Saheb Falke Award for the year 2006 to Shri Tapan Sinha. Photo shows Shri Anindya Sinha So Shri Tapan Sinha, receiving the award on behalf of his father on the occasion.jpg
| other_names = Rana
| known_for = [[Primatology]], [[Behavioral ecology]] and others<ref name=NIAS />
| education = {{ubl
| [[Presidency College, Kolkata]]
| [[Master of Science|M.S.]] [[Botany]], [[University of Calcutta]]
| [[PhD]] [[Molecular Biology]], [[Tata Institute of Fundamental Research]]
}}
| alma_mater =
| employer = [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]]
| occupation = [[Professor]]
| years_active = 1996–present<ref name=NIAS>{{cite web|title=Anindya Sinha - Faculty at NIAS |url=http://www.nias.res.in/aboutnias-people-faculty-anindyasinha.php |accessdate=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507141940/http://www.nias.res.in/aboutnias-people-faculty-anindyasinha.php |archivedate=7 May 2012 }}</ref>
| notable_works = Discovery of [[Arunachal macaque]]
| spouse = Kakoli Mukhopadhyay<ref name=dh>{{cite news|last=Mukherjee|first=Treena|title=An obsession with owls|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/261026/an-obsession-owls.html|accessdate=3 July 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald|date=2 July 2012}}</ref>
| awards = [[TED Fellows|TED Fellow]]<ref name=TED>{{cite web|title=TED Community, Main profile | url = https://www.ted.com/profiles/299172 | publisher = TED | access-date = 3 July 2012}}</ref>
| father = [[Tapan Sinha]]
| mother = [[Arundhati Devi]]<ref name=hst>{{cite web|last=Bhattacharya|first=Papiya|title=The mind of a monkey|url=http://hstnetwork.org/index.php?option=com_content&id=40%3Athe-mind-of-a-monkey&Itemid=6Sc|work=Science in society|publisher=HST Network|accessdate=3 July 2012}}{{Dead link|date=September 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| website = {{URL|http://nias.res.in/professor/anindya-sinha}}
}}
'''Anindya (Rana) Sinha''' is an Indian primatologist.<ref>[http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/idp/wdp/entry/64 Entry in International Directory of Primatology People]</ref> He is a [[professor]] at the [[National Institute of Advanced Studies]] (NIAS), [[India]].

==Early life==
After obtaining an undergraduate degree in botany from the [[University of Calcutta]] in 1983, he went on to earn a postgraduate degree in the same university in 1985, specializing in cytogenetics.<ref>[http://www.ncf-india.org/people.php?name=Anindya+Sinha website]</ref>

==Career==
He is on the executive board of [[Nature Conservation Foundation]], [[India]].<ref name=ncf>[http://www.ncf-india.org/people.php?name=Anindya+Sinha Profile on the Nature Conservation Foundation website]</ref> His research is mostly centered on the field of [[cognition]] and [[consciousness]] of [[bonnet macaque]] (''Macaca radiata'')<ref>Sinha, A. 2005 Not in their genes: Phenotypic flexibility, behavioural traditions and cultural evolution in wild bonnet macaques 30:1 pp. 51–64</ref> but he also has been involved in many genetics projects on Indian primates. He is also involved with [[Biology Olympiad]] as the leader of the Indian team.

He is the son of the Indian director and film-maker, [[Tapan Sinha]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Master filmmaker Tapan Sinha dead|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/master-filmmaker-tapan-sinha-dead/411264/|newspaper=The Indian Express|location=Kolkata|date=January 2009|accessdate=2009-07-19}}</ref> and filmmaker / actress / singer [[Arundhati Devi]]. In 2009, he was chosen as a [[TED (conference)|TED Fellow]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://nias.res.in/professor/anindya-sinha Profile on the National Institute of Advanced Studies website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sinha, Anindya}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian botanists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:People from New Alipore]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{india-scientist-stub}}
{{zoologist-stub}}

Jabbar Patel

2025-10-29T07:10:14Z

Bikram Rout:

{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}
{{Short description|Indian film director & former paediatrician (born 1942)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Dr. Jabbar Patel
| native_name =
| image = Jabbar Patel.jpg
| caption = Patel in December 2010
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|6|23}}
| birth_place = [[Pandharpur]], [[Bombay state]], [[British India]] (Present day [[Maharashtra]], India)
| occupation = {{hlist|Theatre|film director}}
| years_active = 1973–present
| spouse =
| honours = * [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Padma Shri]] (1982)
* [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
* [[V. Shantaram Lifetime Achievement Award|V. Shantaram Award]]
}}

'''Dr.''' '''Jabbar Patel''' (born 23 June 1942) is a former paediatrician and a [[Marathi-language]] theatre and film director of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-02-07 |title='An artist is a spokesperson of present': Jabbar Patel |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/an-artist-is-a-spokesperson-of-present-jabbar-patel/article8203637.ece/ |access-date= |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> His production of [[Vijay Tendulkar]]'s play [[Ghashiram Kotwal]], in 1973 is considered a classic in Modern Indian Theatre.<ref>[http://www.4to40.com/art/print.asp?id=54 Performance Tradition and Modern Theatre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211192140/http://www.4to40.com/art/print.asp?id=54 |date=11 December 2007 }}</ref> He has received several accolades, including seven [[National Film Awards]], eight [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]], seven [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]]. Patel received [[Filmfare Marathi Lifetime Achievement Award]] at [[7th Filmfare Awards Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmfare Awards Marathi 2022: Prasad Oak, Sayali Sanjeev Bag Top Honours, Godavari Named Best Film. Full Winners List |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/celebrity/filmfare-awards-marathi-2022-prasad-oak-sayali-sanjeev-bag-top-honours-godavari-named-best-film-full-winners-list-article-99131271 |access-date=2023-08-24 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref> He was awarded [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1978. In 2005, he was honoured with the [[V. Shantaram Special Contribution Award|V. Shantaram Award]], Maharashtra's highest award in the field of cinema.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-28 |title=Maharashtra confers Raj Kapoor awards on Nihalani, Shabana and Jabbar |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/maharashtra-confers-raj-kapoor-awards-on-nihalani-shabana/articleshow/7590154.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In 1982, he was honoured by the [[Government of India]] with the [[Padma Shri]], the [[Indian honours system|fourth-highest civilian honour]] of the country.<ref name="award80-89">{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2014)|url=https://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|date=21 May 2014|access-date=23 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180209002842/http://mha.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/Year_Wise_main_25042017.pdf|archive-date=9 February 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

He is the maker of classics films in [[Marathi cinema]], like, [[Samna (film)|''Samna'']], ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'' ([[Mohan Agashe]], [[Smita Patil]]), ''[[Umbartha]]'' ([[Smita Patil]], [[Girish Karnad]]), ''[[Sinhasan]]'' ([[Nana Patekar]], [[Shriram Lagoo]], [[Reema Lagoo]]) Some of his other films are, ''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]'', ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]'', and ''[[Musafir (1986 film)|Musafir]]'' (Hindi). His most acclaimed film is [[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar'']] released in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/cover/b-r-ambedkar-resurgence-of-an-icon/article8447300.ece|title=Resurgence of an icon Babasaheb Ambedkar|date=8 April 2016 }}</ref> He won the 1995 [[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]] for his Marathi film, ''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kulkarni |first=Damini |date=2018-01-07 |title=Classics revisited: Jabbar Patel's Ambedkar biopic is a portrait of both the man and the legend |url=https://scroll.in/article/864097/classics-revisited-jabbar-patels-ambedkar-biopic-is-a-portrait-of-both-the-man-and-the-legend |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Patel was born in 1942 in [[Pandharpur]] in present day Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. While growing up, his family was the only [[Islam in India|Muslim]] family in a [[Hindus|Hindu]]-[[Brahmin]] neighbourhood of [[Solapur]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2003 |title=Luminaries slam communal mindsets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/luminaries-slam-communal-mindsets/articleshow/60615.cms |website=[[Times of India]] |quote=Sharing anecdotes from his childhood, he described how his family was the only Muslim family in a Hindu brahmin neighbourhood in Solapur and yet, it was his courtyard that was used for Ganesh festival celebrations.}}</ref> His father was employed in [[Indian Railways]]. He obtained his early school education in Haribhai Deokaran High school [[Solapur]]. He qualified as a doctor, specialising in [[paediatric]] medicine from [[B. J. Medical College]] in Pune. He and his wife, a gynecologist ran a clinic in [[Daund]] near Pune. The couple have two daughters.<ref>{{Cite web |title=पटेल, जब्बार रझाक |url=https://www.maharashtranayak.in/pataela-jababaara-rajhaaka |access-date=2024-12-25 |website=महाराष्ट्र नायक |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Patel started acting while in elementary school. In Solapur, he lived with Shriram Pujari, who was an influential personality in that city. Staying at his home, Jabbar Patel was able to take a closer look at the people from Marathi theatre world who used to stay at the Pujari residence. The roles he played in his high school play [[Chapekar brothers|Chaphekar]], in the silent drama, ''Hadacha Zunzar Aahes Tu'', as well of Shyam in ''Tujha Aahe Tujpashi'' while in college were appreciated.

Patel started his career with the Marathi experimental theatre group, Progressive Dramatic association (PDA) founded by [[Bhalba Kelkar]]. In PDA produced plays, he acted as well as directed. He directed Vijay tendulkar's ''Ashi Pakhare Yeti'' for PDA which was a great commercial success. In 1972, Patel and colleagues such as [[Mohan Agashe]], and [[Satish Alekar]] broke away from PDA over differences on staging their new production, [[Ghashiram Kotwal]] written by [[Vijay Tendulkar]].<ref name="Maheshwari2018">{{cite book|author=Malvika Maheshwari|title=Art Attacks: Violence and Offence-Taking in India|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=euF1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT8|date=16 October 2018|publisher=OUP India|isbn=978-0-19-909378-6|chapter=Post Script:The Dissent to Violence}}</ref> They formed a new group called Theatre Academy. After [[Ghashiram Kotwal]], the group produced ''Teen Paishacha Tamasha'', an adaptation of Brecht's Threepenny Opera in 1974.<ref>{{cite web|title=chaos- magazine|url=http://www.chaosmag.in/jabbar.html|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

He wrote the lyrics of the song "Raya Asa Zombu Naka Angala" from the film ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]''. He has worked on the film based on the life and work of Santoor maestro Pandit Shivkumar Sharma.<ref>{{cite web|title=Article from|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/jabbar-patel|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708202013/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/jabbar-patel|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 July 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=16 October 2011}}</ref>

For Jabbar Patel, tackling a political subject is not something new. Whether it was ''[[Umbartha]]'', ''[[Jait Re Jait]]'', or ''[[Sinhasan]]'' for the silver screen, or ''[[Ghashiram Kotwal]]'' for the stage, he has handled political subjects. His recent film is also political based "''[[Yashwantrao Chavan: Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi]]''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-10 |title=Yashwantrao Chavan: Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi releasing on 14th March |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/yashwantrao-chavan-bakhar-eka-vadlachi-releasing-on-14-march-397824/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>

''[[Jait Re Jait]]'' (1977) is a musical milestone in the history of Indian cinema, and expresses the stories of a forgotten tribe through dance and a total of 19 songs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-10-07 |title=Dread of 'Jait Re Jait' is really the reality {{!}} 'जैत रे जैत' चे भयाण वास्तव {{!}} Lokmat.com |url=https://www.lokmat.com/navi-mumbai/dread-jait-re-jait-really-reality/ |access-date= |website=LOKMAT |language=mr}}</ref> Next came ''[[Sinhasan]]'' (1981) made in a montage style with 35 characters, both won the [[National Film Awards|National Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=2017-09-26 |title=Classics revisited: 'Sinhasan' is Marathi cinema's own game of thrones |url=https://scroll.in/reel/851918/classics-revisited-sinhasan-is-marathi-cinemas-own-game-of-thrones |access-date= |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> One of Patel’s most acclaimed works is ''[[Umbartha]]'' (1981), a film featuring [[Smita Patil]] as the superintendent of a woman’s reform home.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Not Only Bollywood|last=Goenka|first=Tula|publisher=Om Books International, 2014|year=2014|isbn=9789381607176}}</ref>

==Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Producer
!Notes
|-
|1974
|''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|Debut film
|-
|1977
|''[[Jait Re Jait]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film]]
|-
|1979
|''[[Sinhasan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|[[Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Film]]
|-
|1982
|''[[Umbartha]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|[[National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Marathi]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986
|''[[Musafir (1986 film)|Musafir]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|-
|''Maharashtra''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
| rowspan="7" |[[Documentary film]]
|-
|1987
|''Mi SM''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|1988
|''Pathik''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|1989
|''Laxman Joshi''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |1990
|''Forts of Maharashtra''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|''Indian Theatre''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|1991
|''Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|-
|1992
|''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film]]
|-
|1994
|''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|-
|2000
|''[[Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar (film)|Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2006
|''Hans Akela - Kumar Gandharva''
|{{Yes}}
|
|[[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film]]
|-
|2006
|''[[Teesri Azadi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2007
|''Antardhwani: Pandit Shiv Kumar Sharma''
|{{Yes}}
|
|
|-
|2014
|''[[Yashwantrao Chavan: Bakhar Eka Vaadalaachi]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|
|}
==Awards==
===[[National Film Awards]]===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th National Film Awards |url=https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/92_25thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=27 December 2024 |archive-date=23 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823133828/https://dff.gov.in/images/Documents/92_25thNfacatalogue.pdf }}</ref>
* ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]''
* ''[[Jait Re Jait]]''
* ''[[Sinhasan]]''
* ''[[Umbartha]]''
* ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''
* ''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]''
* ''Hans Akela - Kumar Gandharva''

=== [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] ===

* ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]''
* ''[[Jait Re Jait]]''
* ''[[Sinhasan]]''
* ''[[Umbartha]]''
* ''[[Ek Hota Vidushak]]''
* ''[[Mukta (film)|Mukta]]''

=== [[Filmfare Awards Marathi]] ===

* ''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]''
* ''[[Jait Re Jait]]''
* ''[[Sinhasan]]''
* ''[[Umbartha]]''

==Festival circuit==
Jabbar Patel is the chairman of the Pune Film Foundation, and the festival director of the [[Pune International Film Festival]]. First Edition of PIFF was started in year 2002 and has been running annually.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|0665374}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Jabbar}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Marathi film directors]]
[[Category:People from Solapur district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on National Integration National Film Award]]

Raj Shukla

2025-10-24T14:58:00Z

Bikram Rout: small fix

{{short description|Lieutenant General in the Indian Army}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| name = Raj Shukla
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishist Seva Medal|PVSM]],[[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = IMG-20200503-WA0035.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt =
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| nickname =
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| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{army|India}}
| serviceyears = December 1982 – 31 March 2022
| rank = [[File:Lieutenant General of the Indian Army.svg|20px]] [[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]]
| servicenumber = IC-40685A<ref name="commission"/>
| unit = [[Regiment of Artillery]]
| commands = [[File:IA_Training_Command.jpg|20px]] [[Army Training Command (India)|Army Training Command]] [[X Corps (India)|X Corps]]
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Param_Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] [[File:Yudh_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Yudh Seva Medal]] [[File:Sena_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Sena Medal]]
| spouse =
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}}

[[Lieutenant General (India)|Lieutenant General]] '''Raj Shukla''', [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]],[[Yudh Seva Medal|YSM]], [[Sena Medal|SM]], [[Aide-de-camp|ADC]] is a retired [[General Officer]] of the [[Indian Army]] who served as the [[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] of the [[Army Training Command]] (GOC-in-C ARTRAC). He assumed office on 1 May 2020, succeeding Lt Gen [[Pattacheruvanda C. Thimayya|P C Thimayya]]. He superannuated on 31 March 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/army-sees-several-changes-in-the-top-brass/article65281825.ece|title=New leaders take command as Army sees series of changes|website=[[The Hindu]] |date=2022-04-01|access-date=2022-04-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lt Gen SS Mahal assumes charge of Army Training Command, Shimla |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/lt-gen-ss-mahal-assumes-charge-of-army-training-command-shimla20220402090106/ |access-date=2022-04-02 |website=ANI News |language=en}}</ref> He is currently, a member of the [[Union Public Service Commission]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=UPSC |url=https://www.upsc.gov.in/about-us/commission- |access-date=26 May 2023 |website=Union Public Service Commission}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Shukla is an alumnus of Uttar Pradesh [[Sainik School]] Lucknow , [[National_Defence_Academy_(India)|National Defence Academy Khadakwasla Pune]] and [[Indian Military Academy]].
Shukla was commissioned into the [[Regiment of Artillery]] in December 1982.<ref name="Tribune">{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Lt Gen Shukla assumes charge of ARTRAC |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/himachal/lt-gen-shukla-assumes-charge-of-artrac-79121 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref> He has also attended the [[Defence Services Staff College]], the Higher Defence Management Course at the [[College of Defence Management]] and the [[National Defence College (India)|National Defence College]].<ref name="Greater Jammu">{{cite web |last1=Jammu |first1=Greater |title=Lt Gen Raj Shukla, assumes command of the ARTRAC - Greater Jammu {{!}}{{!}} The Daily News Paper |url=http://greaterjammu.com/lt-gen-raj-shukla-assumes-command-of-the-artrac/ |website=Greater Jammu {{!}}{{!}} The Daily News Paper |date=1 May 2020}}</ref>

== Career ==
Shukla has commanded a Medium Regiment in the Eastern theatre as part of a Mountain Division. He later took the regiment to the Desert as part of a Strike Corps.<ref name="IDSA" /> He has also commanded an Infantry brigade in [[Counter-insurgency]] operations and an infantry division in the [[Kashmir Valley]], along the [[Line of Control]].<ref name="PIB" /> He is a qualified aviator and has flown along the borders in [[Sikkim]] and in the [[Northeast India|North–East]].<ref name="IDSA" />

In his staff appointments, Shukla has served as the General Staff Officer, Grade I (GSO-I) of an infantry division as well as two tenures in the Military Operations directorate at Army Headquarters.<ref name="PIB">{{cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=202799 |website=pibarchive.nic.in}}</ref> He has also served in instructional appointments in the School of Artillery and the [[Indian Military Training Team]] in [[Bhutan]].<ref name="IDSA">{{cite web |title=Background |url=https://idsa.in/profile/rshukla |website=idsa.in}}</ref>

On 5 July 2018, Shukla took command of the [[X Corps (India)|X Corps]] at Bhatinda from Lt Gen P C Thimayya.<ref name="Tribune 2017">{{cite web |title=Lt General PC Thimmaya moves to Mhow war college |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/bathinda/lt-general-pc-thimmaya-moves-to-mhow-war-college-623815 |website=tribuneindia.com}}</ref> After an year's stint at the helm of X Corps, he relinquished command on 30 July 2019, handing over to [[Ajai Singh (lieutenant general)|Lt Gen Ajai Singh]]. He subsequently took over as the Director General Perspective Planning (DGPP) at Integrated Headquarters of the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]].<ref name="Tribune 2019">{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Lt Gen Ajai Singh takes charge of Chetak Corps |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/bathinda/lt-gen-ajai-singh-takes-charge-of-chetak-corps-810661 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref>

On 1 May 2020, Shukla took over as the General Officer Commanding-in Chief Army Training Command from Lt Gen P C Thimayya.<ref name="PIB" />

Shukla has been a Research Fellow at the [[Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses]] and a visiting fellow at the [[Centre for Land Warfare Studies]].<ref name="JLF">{{cite web |title=Raj Shukla - ZEE Jaipur Literature Festival |url=https://jaipurliteraturefestival.org/archive/2019/speaker/raj-shukla |website=jaipurliteraturefestival.org/ |language=en |date=17 September 2013}}</ref>

==Military awards and decorations==
He is a recipient of the [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]], [[Yudh Seva Medal]] and the [[Sena Medal]].<ref name="JLF" />

{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|colspan="4" align="centre"|[[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File:Yudh Seva Medal ribbon.svg|105px]] [[File: Sena Medal ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Samanya Seva medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Special Service Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay star.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Operation Vijay medal.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND Operation Parakram medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Sainya Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND High Altitude Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND Videsh Seva Medal Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|[[File:IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 30 Years Long Service Ribbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|[[File:IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|105px]]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Param Vishist Seva Medal]]
|[[Yudh Seva Medal]]
|[[Sena Medal]]
|-

|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|Special Service Medal]]
|[[Operation Vijay Star]]
|[[Operation Vijay Medal]]
|-
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|High Altitude Service Medal]]
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|50th Anniversary of Independence Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Service and campaign medals|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

== Dates of rank ==
{|class="wikitable" style="background:white"
! Insignia !! Rank !! Component !! Date of rank
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Second Lieutenant of the Indian Army.svg|35px]] || [[Second Lieutenant]] || [[Indian Army]] || 24 December 1982<ref name="commission">{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1810 |date=3 November 1984 |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant]] || Indian Army || 24 December 1984
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Captain_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] || Indian Army || 24 December 1987<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1723 |date=26 November 1988|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1988/O-0635-1988-0048-28050.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major (rank)|Major]] || Indian Army || 24 December 1993<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=939 |date=14 May 1994|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/1994/O-0362-1994-0020-14323.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || Indian Army || 16 December 2004<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1895 |date=15 October 2005|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2005/W_42_2012_119.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Colonel_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] || Indian Army || 1 March 2006<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=635 |date=21 April 2007|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2007/W_16_2011_060.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Brigadier_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] || Indian Army || 7 May 2010 (substantive, seniority from 22 January 2009)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=274 |date=16 February 2013|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2013/W_7_2013_196.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Major_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Major general (India)|Major General]] || Indian Army || 1 June 2015 (substantive, seniority from 10 June 2012)<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=1310 |date=21 May 2016|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/169742.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|align="center" |[[File:Lieutenant_General_of_the_Indian_Army.svg|35px]] || [[Lieutenant general (India)|Lieutenant-General]] || Indian Army || 1 September 2017<ref>{{cite news |title=Part I-Section 4: Ministry of Defence (Army Branch) |page=393 |date=9 February 2019|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/197165.pdf |publisher=The Gazette of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef|rows=2|before=[[Pattacheruvanda C. Thimayya|P C Thimayya]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[General officer commanding#Usage in the Indian Army|General Officer Commanding-in-Chief]] [[Army Training Command]]|years = 1 May 2020 – 31 March 2022}}
{{s-aft|after = [[Surinder Singh Mahal]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = [[General Officer Commanding]] [[X Corps (India)|X Corps]]|years = June 2018 - July 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ajai Singh (general, CINCAN)|Ajai Singh]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Raj}}
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sena Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Yudh Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:College of Defence Management alumni]]

2018 South Asian U20 Athletics Championships

2025-10-19T09:15:40Z

Bikram Rout: made stub

{{Short description|Athletics competition in Colombo, Sri Lanka}}
{{one source|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox sport event
|event = 3rd South Asian U20 Athletics Championships
|governing_body =
|year = 2018
|type = [[Athletics]]
|venue = [[Sugathadasa Stadium]]
|location = {{flag icon|LKA}} [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
|start_date = {{Start date|2018|05|05|df=yes}}
|end_date = {{End date|2018|05|06|df=yes}}
|competitors = (not specified)
|nations = 7
|previous = [[2013 South Asian U20 Athletics Championships|Ranchi 2013]]
|next=[[2024 South Asian U20 Athletics Championships|Chennai 2024]]}}

The '''2018 [[South Asian U20 Athletics Championships]]''' were held on 5–6 May 2018 at the [[Sugathadasa Stadium]] in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]].

India topped the medal table with 20 gold, 22 silver, and 8 bronze medals, while Sri Lanka followed with 12 gold, 10 silver, and 19 bronze. Pakistan claimed one silver and one bronze, and Bangladesh secured two bronze medals.

A total of 20 meet records were set.<ref>{{Cite web |title=South Asian Junior Athletics Championship 2018 |url=http://www.ceylonathletics.com/events/sajac2018/ |access-date=2025-06-13 |website=Sri Lanka Athletics News & information Portal {{!}} Fixtures {{!}} Results |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Medal table ==
{{Medals table
| caption = Final medal standings
| host = SRI
| gold_IND = 20 | silver_IND = 22 | bronze_IND = 8
| gold_SRI = 12 | silver_SRI = 10 | bronze_SRI = 19| host_SRI = yes
| gold_PAK = 0 | silver_PAK = 1 | bronze_PAK = 1
| gold_BAN = 0 | silver_BAN = 0 | bronze_BAN = 2
| gold_NEP = 0 | silver_NEP = 0 | bronze_NEP = 0
| gold_MDV = 0 | silver_MDV = 0 | bronze_MDV = 1
| gold_BHU = 0 | silver_BHU = 0 | bronze_BHU = 0
}}

== Results ==
There were two days of competition.

Key: † = Meet record
=== Men ===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2}}
|-valign="top"
| [[100 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Prajwal Mandanna Kakera Ravi|IND}} || 10.81
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|B.D. Chanuka Sandeepa|SRI}} || 10.88
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Akash Kumar|IND}} || 10.89
|-valign="top"
|| [[200 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Aruna Darshana|SRI}} || 21.50
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Nithin S. Balakumar|IND}} || 21.63
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Akash Kumar|IND}} || 21.86
|-valign="top"
|| [[400 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Aruna Darshana|SRI}} || 46.55 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|P.M.P.L. Kodikara|SRI}} || 46.99
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|G.D.K.K. Pabasara Niku|SRI}} || 47.43
|-valign="top"
|| [[800 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|D.M.H.S. Karunarathna|SRI}} || 1:53.35
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|R.P. Isuru Lakshan|SRI}} || 1:53.95
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Abhinanth Sunderesan|IND}} || 1:53.97
|-valign="top"
|| [[1500 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Ankit|IND}} || 3:51.52 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Ajit Kumar|IND}} || 3:53.45
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|K.A.K. Madushanka|SRI}} || 4:02.46
|-valign="top"
|| [[5000 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Ajay Kumar Bind|IND}} || 15:08.40
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Gurpreet|IND}} || 15:32.53
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|S. Kinthusan|SRI}} || 16:18.43
|-valign="top"
|| [[110 m hurdles]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Kunal Choudhary|IND}} || 14.50
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Mohammed Fias C|IND}} || 14.55
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sheshan Dilusha Kariyawasam|SRI}} || 14.60
|-valign="top"
|| [[400 m hurdles]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|P.M.P.L. Kodikara|SRI}} || 52.56 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Aman|IND}} || 52.56 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Dhval Mahesh Utekar|IND}} || 53.35
|-valign="top"
|| [[High Jump]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Tharindu Dasun|SRI}} || 2.04
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Gurjeet Singh|IND}} || 2.00
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|S.T. Amarasinghe|SRI}} || 2.00
|-valign="top"
|| [[Long Jump]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Lokesh Sathyanathan|IND}} || 7.74 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Rishabh Rishishwar|IND}} || 7.43
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|K.T. Pramod Madubasha|SRI}} || 7.02
|-valign="top"
|| [[Triple Jump]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Kamalraj Kanagaraj|IND}} || 16.05 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Ashutosh Chouhan|IND}} || 15.37
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Jeramy Stanislaus|SRI}} || 14.79
|-valign="top"
|| [[Shot Put]] (6 kg)
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Ashish Bhalothia|IND}} || 18.53 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sahib Singh|IND}} || 17.75
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|W.M.A. Manesh Malintha|SRI}} || 14.97
|-valign="top"
|| [[Discus Throw]] (1.75 kg)
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Ajay|IND}} || 50.11
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|N.P. Lahiru Keshan Pathirana|SRI}} || 47.37
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Ashish Bhalothia|IND}} || 46.52
|-valign="top"
|| [[Javelin Throw]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Arshdeep Singh|IND}} || 71.47 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|R.D. Pragathi Prasanna Ranawaka|SRI}} || 61.71
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|W.S. Anjana Fonseka|SRI}} || 60.47
|-valign="top"
|| [[4×100 m relay]]
| {{IND}} || 42.85
| {{PAK}} || 43.03
| {{MDV}} || 44.68
|-valign="top"
|| [[4×400 m relay]]
| {{SRI}} || 3:08.21 †
| {{IND}} || 3:09.33
| {{PAK}} || 3:22.98
|}

=== Women ===
{| {{MedalistTable|type=Event|columns=2}}
|-valign="top"
| [[100 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Shelinda Jansen|SRI}} || 12.30
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|TMMP Weerasooriya|SRI}} || 12.43
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sadeepa Henderson|SRI}} || 12.43
|-valign="top"
|| [[200 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|TMMP Weerasooriya|SRI}} || 25.04
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Shelinda Jansen|SRI}} || 25.07
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sadeepa Henderson|SRI}} || 25.53
|-valign="top"
|| [[400 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Shayamali Kumarasinghe|SRI}} || 54.47 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|[[Subha Venkatesan]]|IND}} || 55.18
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Rachna Gujar|IND}} || 55.70
|-valign="top"
|| [[800 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|B.M.N.D. Pabasani|SRI}} || 2:14.15
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Laxmipriya Kisan|IND}} || 2:14.85
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Mahima Devi|IND}} || 2:15.30
|-valign="top"
|| [[1500 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|AMGDDF Amalie Perera|SRI}} || 4:50.01
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Vinita Gurjar|IND}} || 4:53.63
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|T.G.H. Dulanjana Pradeepani|SRI}} || 4:59.39
|-valign="top"
|| [[3000 m]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Prachi Ankush|IND}} || 9:57.26
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Shilpa Dihora|IND}} || 10:04.23
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|T.G.H. Dulanjana Pradeepani|SRI}} || 10:39.39
|-valign="top"
|| [[100 m hurdles]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sapna Kumari|IND}} || 14.19 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Pragyan Prasant Sahu|IND}} || 14.98
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|N.G.P.R. Gunathilaka|SRI}} || 15.25
|-valign="top"
|| [[400 m hurdles]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|B.M.N.D. Pabasani|SRI}} || 1:05.12
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|T.G.H. Dulanjana Pradeepani|SRI}} || 1:06.50
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Keerthika Vel|IND}} || 1:06.89
|-valign="top"
|| [[High Jump]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Amasha De Silva|SRI}} || 1.75 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|TMMP Weerasooriya|SRI}} || 1.65
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Chaitrali Gujar|IND}} || 1.60
|-valign="top"
|| [[Long Jump]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Prathiksha Yamuna|IND}} || 5.79
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|N. Lakshanya|IND}} || 5.75
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|H.R. Dhananjana Sithmini|SRI}} || 5.73
|-valign="top"
|| [[Triple Jump]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Rishika Awasthi|IND}} || 12.76
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|M. Dilki Nehara|SRI}} || 12.32
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Anisha Tharu|NEP}} || NM
|-valign="top"
|| [[Shot Put]] (4 kg)
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Kiran Baliyan|IND}} || 14.77 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Anamika Das|IND}} || 14.54
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sarisha Gunasekera|SRI}} || 11.51
|-valign="top"
|| [[Discus Throw]] (1 kg)
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Arpandeep Kaur Bajwa|IND}} || 48.60 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Amanat Kamboj|IND}} || 48.38
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|J.H. Gauranganie Savindhaya|IND}} || 37.95
|-valign="top"
|| [[Javelin Throw]]
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Sanjana Choudhary|IND}} || 48.08 †
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|Deepika|IND}} || 46.27
| {{FlagIOC2medalist|W.G. Nisansala Madubash|SRI}} || 35.02
|-valign="top"
|| [[4×100 m relay]]
| {{IND}} || 45.08
| {{SRI}} || 46.48
| {{MDV}} || 48.04
|-valign="top"
|| [[4×400 m relay]]
| {{IND}} || 3:44.35
| {{SRI}} || 3:49.99
| {{BAN}} || 3:57.37
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:2018 in the sport of athletics]]
[[Category:May 2018 sports events in Asia]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:South Asian U20 Athletics Championships]]
[[Category:International athletics competitions hosted by Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Under-20 sport of athletics competitions]]

Kopali

2025-07-23T15:46:47Z

Bikram Rout: Creating The Bio From Scratch

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kopali
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Kapali
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Census Town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22|50|15|N|86|11|27|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Seraikela Kharsawan district|Seraikela Kharsawan]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.74
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 43256
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 832110
| area_code_type = Telephone/ [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD code]]
| area_code = 06597
| registration_plate = JH 22
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 72.40%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ranchi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranchi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Ichagarh (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ichagarh]]
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kopali''' (also spelled as Kapali) is a [[census town]] in the [[Chandil block|Chandil]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Chandil subdivision]] of the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map

| width=400| height=350| zoom=11

| coord={{coord|22|49|30|N|86|13|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration''' M: municipality, OG: outgrowth, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly For Seraikela Kharsawan district location map see [[Saraikela#Geography|Saraikela]] page

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|45|35|N|86|11|43|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Bagbera | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bagbera Colony]] (CT) ||label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|36|N|86|15|13|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Chhota Gobindpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Chhota Gobindpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|44|30|N|86|14|37|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Gadhra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Gadhra]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|46|44|N|86|16|43|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Ghorabandha| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Ghorabandha]] (CT) |shape-color4= #A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|45|10|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Haludbani| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Haludbani]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|46|N|86|11|34|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Purihasa| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Purihasa]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|0|N|86|13|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Sarjamda| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Sarjamda]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chota Gamahria | numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor8= #A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Kopali | numbered9=CT| mark-title9=Kopali (CT) |shape-color9=black| label-size9=13|label-color9=black 
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|46|9|N|86|11|43|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Tata Nagar Railway Colony| numbered10=OG| mark-title10=[[Tata Nagar Railway Colony]] (OG) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|46|10|N|86|10|49|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Jugsalai| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jugsalai]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|49|39|N|86|12|59|E}} | label-pos12= top|label12=Mango| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Mango (Jamshedpur)]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Adityapur| numbered13=M| mark-title13= [[Adityapur]] (M) |label-color13=#800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Jamshedpur| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|15|N|86|16|0|E}} |label15= Subarnarekha |labela15= River |label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15= 15| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|45|5|N|86|6|0|E}} |label16= Kharkhai |labela16= River |label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16= -15| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17= Dalma |labela17= Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary | numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color17= #74C365
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|15|0|E}}| label18= Dimna Lake | label-color18 = #77A1CB | label-angle18= 15| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|15|0|E}}| label19= Dalma Hills | label-color19 = #C42222 | label-angle19= 0| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none}}

===Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration===
With its recognition as an industrial town as early as the 1911 census, Jamshedpur was set on the road of steady population growth, as large number of emigrants flocked in for work opportunities. While in the earlier decades the central nucleus grew, in the later decades towns around Jamshedpur grew rapidly. In 2011, Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration included 13 urban centres, with a total population of 1.3 million people. However, in more recent years, Jamshedpur UA "has lacked the growth and development observed around other similar industrial towns in western and southern India."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ahgis/files/3m/5-3.pdf |title = Growth of Industrial Cities in India: A Case Study of Jamshedpur | work= Amaresh Dubey|publisher= The Third Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives, 5 June 2015 | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref>

Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration includes: [[Jamshedpur]] (Industrial Town), [[Jamshedpur]] (NAC), [[Tata Nagar Railway Colony]] (OG), [[Mango (Jamshedpur)|Mango]] (NAC), [[Jugsalai]] (M), [[Bagbera Colony|Bagbera]] (CT), [[Chhota Gobindpur]] (CT), [[Haludbani]] (CT), [[Sarjamda]] (CT), [[Gadhra]] (CT), [[Ghorabandha]] (CT), [[Purihasa]] (CT), [[Adityapur]] (M Corp.), Chota Gamahria (CT) and Kapali (CT).<ref>{{cite web |title=Constituents of Urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf |access-date=15 December 2021 |work=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police outpost at Kapali.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 28 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Demographics==

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Kopali (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Jharkhand|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11377/download/14490/DDW20C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|88.07}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|11.26}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.67}}
}}

According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kopali had a total population of 43,256, of which 22,337 (52%) were males and 20,919 (48%) were females. Population in the age range 0-6 years was 7,603. The total number of literate persons in Kopali was 21,815 (72.40% of the population over 6 years). Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 0.69% and 2.83% of the population respectively.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location Code: 378,867, Pages 98-99: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 28 November 2021}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|thumb = left
|caption = Languages spoken in Kopali (2011)<ref name="language"/>
|label1 = [[Urdu]] |value1 = 52.55 |color1 = green
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 23.52 |color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value3 = 22.42 |color3 = orchid
|label4 = [[Santali language|Santali]] |value4 = 0.92 |color4 = darkturquoise
|label5 = Others |value5 = 0.59 |color5 = grey
}}

Kapali is a Muslim-majority suburb of Jamshedpur. Kopali is a multilingual city, with [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] spoken by large populations.<ref name="language">{{cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10246/download/13358/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX|title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Jharkhand|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
According to the ''District Census Handbook 2011, Seraikela Kharsawan'', Kopali covered an area of {{cvt|6.74|km2}}. It has an annual rainfall of {{cvt|1,086.1 |mm}}. Among the civic amenities, it had {{cvt|15|km|spell=in}} of roads with both closed and open drains, the protected water supply involved hand pump, tube well/ borewell, overhead tank. It had 6,351 domestic electric connections, 15 road lighting points. Among the medical facilities, it had 2 hospitals, 4 dispensaries, 4 health centres, 10 family welfare centres, 4 maternity and child welfare centres, 10 maternity homes, 2 nursing homes, 2 charitable hospital/ nursing homes, 10 veterinary hospitals, 5 medicine shops. Among the educational facilities it had 8 primary schools, 7 middle schools, 2 secondary schools, 1 senior secondary school, the nearest general degree college at [[Jamshedpur]], {{cvt|10|km|spell=in}} away. It had 9 non-formal education centres (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan). Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had 1 orphanage home, 2 auditorium/ community halls. Two important commodities it produced were ready-made clothes, furniture. It had the branch offices of 1 nationalised bank, 4 non-agricultural credit societies.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 632-637 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 27 November 2021}}</ref>

==Education==
Merry English School at Kapali is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2001. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII.
<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200315701/merry-english-school.html | title = Merry English School| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]

G. Sankara Pillai

2025-07-03T00:04:38Z

Bikram Rout: corrected section based on references and updated info for accuracy

{{short description|Indian playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = G. Sankara Pillai
| image = Shankarapillai.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = G Sankara Pillai
| pseudonym =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1930|6|22}}
| birth_place = [[Chirayinkeezhu, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala]], India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1989|1|1|1930|6|22}}
| death_place = Kerala
| occupation = [[Playwright]], literary critic
| nationality = Indian
| period =
| genre = Theatre, literary criticism
| subject =
| parents =
| movement =
| notableworks = {{ubl|''Rail Palangal''|''Mrugathrushna''|''Snehadoothan''|''Malayala Nataka Sahithya Charitram''}}
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards = {{ubl|1964 [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]|1964 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]]|1967 Sahitya Pravartaka Sahakarana Sanghom Award|All India Critics Award|Nandikar National Award| Nehru Fellow (1985–1987)| Bombay Keraleeya Samaj Award| Sahithya Parishat Award| All India Radio Best Play Wright Award}}
| signature =
| website =
}}
'''Gopala Pillai Sankara Pillai''' (22 June 1930 – 1 January 1989), better known as '''G. Sankara Pillai''', was an Indian playwright, literary critic, and director, known to be one of the pioneers of modern Malayalam theatre. A proponent of [[Physical theatre#Modern physical theatre|total theater]], he was the founder of ''Nataka Kalari'' movement in Kerala and the chairman of the [[Kerala Sangeeta Nataka Akademi]]. He was a recipient of a number of awards including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama]] in 1964 for the work ''Rail Palangal'' (Railway track) and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for the best playwright in 1979.

==Biography==
[[File:Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam Entrance.JPG|thumb|Mahatma Gandhi University - Entrance]]
Pillai was born on 22 June 1930, at Naluthattuvila in [[Chirayinkeezhu|Chirayinkeezhu taluk]] in [[Thiruvananthapuram district]] of the south Indian state of [[Kerala]] to Ottaveettil V. Gopala Pillai and Muttaykkal Kamalakshi Amma.<ref name="G. Sankara Pillai - Veethi profile">{{Cite web |url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/g._sankara_pillai-profile-4635-42.htm |title=G. Sankara Pillai - Veethi profile |date=2019-04-25 |website=veethi.com |access-date=2018-11-30}}</ref> After completing his schooling from [[Kollam]], [[Chirayinkeezhu]], [[Attingal]] and [[Thiruvananthapuram]], He passed post-graduation from the Travencore university (Present day kerala university) in [[Malayalam literature]] with [[Honours degree|honours]] in 1952, securing the first rank. From 1953 to 1960 he worked in various colleges including Gandhigram rural institute in Madurai as a lecturer.

After working in the lexicon office of the Kerala University from 1961 to 1964. He was appointed as a professor in devaswam board college (Shasthamcotta) in 1967. Where he continued until 1977.

He joined the [[University of Kerala]] for research on the folk music tradition of Kerala in 1954.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/GSANKARAPILLAI/Html/GSPillaigraphy.htm |title=Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |date=2019-04-25 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal |access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> In 1957, he moved to [[Madurai]] to take up the position as a teacher at the [[Gandhigram Rural Institute]] and stayed there until his move to the Lexicon Office in 1961.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Three years later, Pillai returned to academics when [[Dewaswom Board College]], [[Sasthamcotta]] was established in 1964 by joining the institution as a faculty.

He was a member of board of studies and fine arts faculty in Kerala university, Calicut university, Gandhigram and Tanjaore university. Was also a member of the curriculum development committee constituted by UGC for fine arts.

Later, he became the founder director of the [[School of Drama and Fine Arts]] of the [[University of Calicut]] when the school was established in 1977.<ref name="A warm welcome to Department of Drama and Fine Arts">{{Cite web |url=https://drama.uoc.ac.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30&Itemid=191 |title=A warm welcome to Department of Drama and Fine Arts |date=2019-04-26 |website=University of Calicut |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> The [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] established the [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala#Schools and Departments|School of Letters]], an interdisciplinary centre of literary studies and research, in 1988 and [[U. R. Ananthamurthy]], noted [[Kannada literature|Kannada]] writer and the then vice chancellor of the university invited Pillai to head the institution.<ref name="MGU School of Letters">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mgu.ac.in/academics/schools/school-of-letters/ |title=MGU School of Letters |date=2019-04-26 |website=MG University |language=en |access-date=2019-04-26 |archive-date=26 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190426090328/https://www.mgu.ac.in/academics/schools/school-of-letters/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was holding the position while he died in harness on the [[New Year's Day]] of 1989, at the age of 58.<ref name="G. Sankara Pillai - Veethi profile" /> He remained a bachelor throughout his life.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" />

Sankarapillai showcased his acting prowess in Adoor Gopalakrishnan's much-acclaimed movie 'Swayamvaram' (One's Own Choice)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pillai |first=G. Sankara |title=Selected Essays of G. Sankara Pillai |date=1997 |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Swayamvaram (1972 film) |date=2024-12-27 |work=Bharatpedia |url=https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Swayamvaram_(1972_film) |access-date=2025-01-03 |language=en}}</ref> and in another movie produced by Madhu, 'Sathi', which was loosely based on Shankarapillai's drama called 'Poojaamuri' (Prayer Room).

== Legacy ==
Pillai was one of pioneers of modern Malayalam theatre and an advocate of [[Physical theatre#Modern physical theatre|total theater]],<ref name="Pillai G., Shankara (1930—1989)">{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100327361 |title=Pillai G., Shankara (1930—1989) |date=2019-04-25 |website=The Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance |access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> he helped introduce a system and academic discipline to it.<ref name="The man who gave academic discipline for theatre">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/The-man-who-gave-academic-discipline-for-theatre/article13975854.ece |title=The man who gave academic discipline for theatre |date=2016-01-02 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-12-01 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="G. Sankara Pillai's role in giving academic status to theatre hailed">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/G.-Sankara-Pillais-role-in-giving-academic-status-to-theatre-hailed/article14698474.ece |title=G. Sankara Pillai's role in giving academic status to theatre hailed |date=2011-04-27 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-12-01 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Modernist Malayalam Theatre - Drama Literature">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralaculture.org/modern-drama-theatre/281 |title=Modernist Malayalam Theatre - Drama Literature |date=2019-04-25 |website=www.keralaculture.org |language=en |access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref> One of his main contributions was in the initiation of the ''Nataka Kalari Movement'' in Kerala in 1967, along with [[C. N. Sreekantan Nair]], [[M. Govindan]], [[M. V. Devan]], K. S. Narayana Pillai and [[K. Ayyappa Paniker]],<ref name="Bitten by the theatre bug">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/bitten-by-the-theatre-bug/article21884624.ece |title=Bitten by the theatre bug |date=2017-12-19 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> which nurtured several theatre practitioners such as [[Vayala Vasudevan Pillai]]<ref name="The Hindu : Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram / Personality : Theatre, his forte">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/04/08/stories/2005040801870200.htm |website=[[The Hindu]] |title=Entertainment Thiruvananthapuram / Personality : Theatre, his forte |date=2005-04-08 |access-date=2019-04-26}}{{dead link|date=April 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and helped revive a number of earlier dramas such as ''Avan Veendum Varunnu'' of [[C. J. Thomas]] in a new form.<ref name="Renowned Nataka Kalari celebrates golden jubilee">{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/141217/renowned-nataka-kalari-celebrates-golden-jubilee.html |title=Renowned Nataka Kalari celebrates golden jubilee |last=N |first=Smitha |date=2017-12-14 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> The movement staged weekly plays in [[Kochi]] and introduced courses n theatre which was later taken up by a [[Playhouse Theatre|playhouse]] movement, ''Vaikkom Thirunal Natakavedi'', based in [[Vaikkom]].<ref name="Celebrating 50 years of amateur theatre movement">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2017/dec/17/celebrating-50-years-of-amateur-theatre-movement-1729905.html |title=Celebrating 50 years of amateur theatre movement |website=The New Indian Express |date=18 December 2017 |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> It was this movement which influenced the establishment of the [[School of Drama and Fine Arts]] of the [[University of Calicut]] in 1977{{citation needed|date=July 2021}} where he served as the founder director.<ref name="A warm welcome to Department of Drama and Fine Arts" /> He was also the founder director of the School of Letters of [[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala|Mahatma Gandhi University]] and he chaired the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]],<ref name="Vatsyayan1991">{{cite book|author=Kapila Vatsyayan|title=Concepts of Space, Ancient and Modern|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1a7XZdH1V0C&pg=PA645|year=1991|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-252-9|pages=645–}}</ref> served as a member of the executive council of the [[National School of Drama]] and sat in the advisory board of the [[University Grants Commission of India]].<ref name="G. Shankara Pillai - SNA profile">{{Cite web |url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/citation_popup.php?id=1077&at=2 |title=G. Shankara Pillai - SNA profile |date=2019-04-26 |website=sangeetnatak.gov.in |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>

Pillai visited Russia in 1977 as part of a cultural delegation send by government of India. Again visited Tashkent as part of Indian Sangeetha Nataka academy contingent as part of the festival of India. Visited United Kingdom in 1986-87 as part of on a British council invitation and in 1987–88, in connection with a joint play production project and co-directed a play in London named ‘The exile in the forest’.

Pillai's first work was a one-act play titled ''Snehadoothan'' (Messenger of Love), published in 1956.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> This was followed by 43 plays and 11 books of essay compilations.<ref name="Books of G Sankara Pillai">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/GSANKARAPILLAI/Html/GSPillaiBooks.htm |title=Books of G Sankara Pillai |date=December 1, 2018 |website=keralasahityaakademi.org}}</ref> ''Vivaham Swargathil Nadakkunnu'' (1958) (Marriages happen in heaven), ''Bharatha Vakyam'',<ref name="Bharatha Vkyam">{{Cite book |title=Bharatha Vkyam |last=G |first=Sankara Pillai |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |year=1981 |location=Trichur}}</ref>'' Kiratham, Thirumbi Vandan Thambi'' (The brother who returned), ''Raksha Purushan'' (The rescuer), ''Bandi'' (The hostage), ''Sharashayanam'' (Bed of arrows), ''Poymukhangal'' (Masked faces), ''Kauzhukanmar'' (The eagles), ''Vilangum Veenayum'', ''Peipidicha lokam'' (The world gone mad), ''Dharmakshetre Kurukshetre, Olapambu'' (Fake Snake), ''Pushpakireedam'' (Floral Crown), ''Nizhal'' (The Shadow), ''Gurudakshina'' (Offering to the Master), ''Nidhiyum Neethiyum'' (Treasure and Justice), ''Maddalangal'' (Drums), ''Rail Palangal'' (Rail Tracks), ''Ponnumkudam'' (Golden Pot), ''Chithra Salabhangal'' (Butterflies), ''Thamara'' (Lotus) and ''Orukoottam Urumbukal'' (A Group of Ants) are some of his major plays<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /><ref name="Encyclopaedia of indian literature.">{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of indian literature. |last1=A |first1=Datta |last2=M Lal |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |year=1987 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> while ''The Theater of the Earth is Never Dead'',<ref name="The theater of the earth is never dead">{{Cite book |title=The theater of the earth is never dead |last=Pillai |first=G Sankara |publisher=School of drama |year=1986 |location=Trichur}}</ref> ''Selected essays of G. Sankara Pillai'',<ref name="Selected essays of G. Sankara Pillai">{{Cite book |title=Selected essays of G. Sankara Pillai |last1=N |first1=Radhakrishnan |last2=Sankarapilla |publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts |year=1997 |location=New Delhi}}</ref> ''Ibsante Nataka Sankalpam'', ''Njan Kanda Delhi'' (The Delhi I saw), ''Bertolt Brecht'', ''Nataka Paramparyangal'' (Drama and heritage), ''Samvidhayaka Sankalpam'' (The concept of a director), ''C. V. yude Hasya Sankalpam'' (C. V.’s Concept of Humour), ''Malayala Nataka Sahithya Charitram'' (The history of Malayalam Drama) and ''G. Sankara Pillayude Lekhanangal'' (Collection of articles by G. Sankara Pillai) are some of his works of prose,<ref name="Books of G Sankara Pillai" /> of which ''Malayala Nataka Sahithya Charitram'' is considered as an authentic work on the history of Malayalam theatre.<ref name="Biography on Kerala Sahitya Akademi portal" /> "Sankara Pillai's efforts rendered the stage and theatre actors a dignity that was lacking until then", said [[Sajitha Madathil]], on the occasion of the 25th death anniversary of Sankara Pillai.[[File:Gsankara.jpg|thumb|Pillai at the first theatre workshop for children at Rangaprabhath in 1980. Dr N Radhakrishnan of Gandhi Smrithi Darshan Samithi also can be seen.]]

== Awards and honours ==
Sakara Pillai received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] in 1964 for play-writing;<ref name="Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards)">{{Cite web |url=http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331060603/http://sangeetnatak.gov.in/sna/awardeeslist.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2016-03-31 |title=Sangeet Natak Akademi Puraskar (Akademi Awards) |date=2016-03-31 |access-date=2019-04-25}}</ref><ref name="Fellows and Award-winners of Sangeet Natak Akademi 1952-2010">{{cite book|title=Fellows and Award-winners of Sangeet Natak Akademi 1952-2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLnDrXscte4C|year=2011|publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi}}</ref> the same year as the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] honoured him with their [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama|annual award for drama]] for his work, ''Rail Palangal''.<ref name="Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama">{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Play.htm |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Drama |date=2019-04-26 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516212809/http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/ksa/Awards/Play.htm |archive-date=16 May 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Three years later, he was selected for the 1967 Sahitya Pravartaka Sahakarana Sanghom Award.<ref name="G. Shankara Pillai - SNA profile" /> In 1986, he received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-ksna/457|title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship: Drama|publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=25 February 2023}}</ref> He was also a recipient of the All India Critics Award and the Nandikar National Award.<ref name="Vatsyayan1991" /> His biography has been included in two [[Oxford University Press]] publications, ''The Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance''<ref name="Pillai G., Shankara in Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199574193.001.0001/acref-9780199574193-e-3085 |title=Pillai G., Shankara in Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance |chapter=Pillai G., Shankara |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199574193.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-957419-3 |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref> and ''The Oxford Encyclopedia of Theatre and Performance''.<ref name="Pillai G., Shankara in Oxford Encyclopedia">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198601746.001.0001/acref-9780198601746-e-3085 |title=Pillai G., Shankara in Oxford Encyclopedia |last=George |first=Jose |chapter=Pillai G., Shankara |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780198601746.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-860174-6 |access-date=2019-04-26}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
=== Plays ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |title=Plavilathoppikal |last=G. Sankara Pillai |publisher=KSICL |year=2008 |isbn=978-8184940152}}
* {{Cite book |title=Orma Kondu Thurakkavunna Vathil |last=G. Sankara Pillai |publisher=Penguin India |year=2008 |isbn=978-0143063841}}
* {{Cite book |title=Sainikante Premalekhanam |last=G. Sankara Pillai |publisher=DC Books |year=2008 |isbn=978-8126443109}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=304923&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252CG.%2522 |title=Asthanaviddikal |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G. |publisher=Poorna |location=Calicut}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=220279&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252CG.%2522 |title=Sapthami |last=Sankarapillai |first=G. |date=1978 |publisher=S.P.C.S |location=Kottayam }}{{Dead link|date=December 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=3946&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520g%2520sankara%2520pillai |title=Bharatha Vakyam |last1=Sankara Pillai |first1=G. |last2=Tharakan |first2=K. M; Tr |date=1981 |location=Trichur, Kerala Sahitya Akademi}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21396&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Sarvvam saha: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1985}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21395&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Raappakshikal athavaa Bhagavathipuram theevandi stationil enthu sambhavichu: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1984 |location=Kottayam, D C Books}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21394&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Moodhevi theyyam: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1986 |location=Kottayam, Sahitya Pravarthaka Co-operative Society Ltd}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21392&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Krishnapaksham: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1989}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21391&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Kaserakali: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1990}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21390&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Idaan maranna izha: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1980}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21389&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=G Sankara Pillayude ekaankangal |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1989}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21388&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Ekaaki |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1989}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21387&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Dharmakshethre kurukshethre |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1968}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21381&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Anchu ekaankangal |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1986}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21401&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Thaavalam: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1981}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21400&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Snehadoothan: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1990 |location=Kottayam, National Book Stall}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21399&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Sarasayanam: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1963}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21398&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Sabarmathi dooreyaanu: Malayala naatakam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1990}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=144987&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Moodhevitheyyam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G. |date=1986 |location=Kottayam, N B S |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=144400&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Thirumpivanthaan thampi |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G. |date=1975 |location=Kottayam, N B S |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=144337&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Andanum atakotanum |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G. |date=1985 |location=KOttayam, D C Books |language=Malayalam}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=144327&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Karutha daivathe thedi |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G. |date=1980 |location=Kottayam, D C Books |language=Malayalam}}
{{div col end}}

=== Essays ===
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=305819&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252CG.%2522 |title=G.Sankarapillayute Lekhanangal |last1=Sankara Pillai |first1=G. |last2=Rajakrishnan |first2=V. |date=1993 |publisher=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |location=Thrissur}}
* {{cite book|author=N. Radhakrishnan|title=Selected essays of G. Sankara Pillai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SvVkAAAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts|isbn=978-81-224-1081-5}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=286742&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520g%2520sankara%2520pillai |title=Nataka darsanam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G. |date=1990 |publisher=D. C. Books |location=Kottayam}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://catalog.uoc.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=229958&query_desc=kw%252Cwrdl%253A%2520g%2520sankara%2520pillai |title=Malayala nadaka sahithya charithram |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G. |date=1980 |publisher=Kerala Sahithya Academy |location=Thrissur }}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=24322&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Ibsente naataka sankalpam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1990 |edition= 2nd}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=23554&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=C V yude haasyasankalpam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1987}}
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=21586&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Samvidhaayaka sankalpam |last=Sankara Pillai |first=G; Author |date=1991}}
{{div col end}}

=== Translation ===
* {{Cite book |url=http://mgucat.mgu.ac.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=24337&query_desc=au%253A%2522Sankara%2520Pillai%252C%2520G%2522 |title=Aaru kathaapaathrangal naatakakrthine thedi: Italian naatakam |last1=Piranthalo |first1=Luigi; Author |last2=Sankara Pillai |first2=G; Translator |date=1989}}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors by category]]
* [[List of Malayalam-language authors]]
{{div col end}}
{{Portal|India|Literature}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |url=http://opentextkerala.blogspot.com/2015/05/a-brief-overview-of-history-of-theatre.html |title=A Brief Overview of the History of Theatre in Kerala from 1967 |date=2019-04-26 |website=opentextkerala.blogspot.com |language=en-GB |access-date=2019-04-26}}
* [[iarchive:dli.ministry.22496|"IN SEARCH OF A NEW THEATER" An Interview with G. Sankara Pillai"]]. archieve.org. Retrieved 11 Jan 2025.
* [https://www.critical-stages.org/27/stages-of-resistance-and-re-connections-unfolding-story-of-a-third-world-theatre-festival/ "Stages of Resistance and Re-connections: Unfolding Story of a Third World Theatre Festival"], critical-stages.org .Retrieved 11 Jan 2025.
* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24159077 "The Malayalam Scene: Scarcity amidst Plenty"], jstor.org.Retrieved 11 Jan 2025.
* "The Theatre of the Earth is Never Dead", Trad. Arts Project, School of Drama, University of Calicut, 1986

== External links==
* {{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6YOKA22et8 |title=Smrithi Promo - G. Sankara Pillai |last=Safari |website=[[YouTube]] |date=2018-01-12 |access-date=2019-04-26}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100521065955/http://www.dbcsasthamcotta.edu.in/ Nataka kalari]
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/GSANKARAPILLAI/Html/GSankaraPillai.htm |title=Portrait commissioned by Kerala Sahitya Akademi |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.keralasahityaakademi.org/sp/Writers/Profiles/GSANKARAPILLAI/Html/GSPillaiScript.htm |title=Handwriting |date=2019-04-23 |website=Kerala Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-04-23}}

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pillai, G. Sankara}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calicut]]
[[Category:University of Kerala alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Kerala]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]

M. Kantharaj Urs Road

2025-06-26T14:39:07Z

Bikram Rout: put up some article w/ infobox

{{Short description|Road in Mysore city}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

'''M. Kantharaj Urs Road''' is a road in [[Mysore city|Mysore]], [[Karnataka]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Landmarks for Dewans and their services forgotten |url=https://starofmysore.com/landmarks-for-dewans-and-their-services-forgotten/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-16 |title=Illustrations from the Kitchen |url=https://starofmysore.com/illustrations-from-the-kitchen/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Location ==
The road starts at [[Nanju Malige|K. G. Koppal]] and terminates near [[Kukkarahalli Lake]] [[Tank Bund Road]] over [[M. B. Padma Circle]] covering the localities of [[K. G. Koppal]] and [[Saraswathipuram]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-03 |title=Writer Dr. D.S. Jayappa Gowda’s felicitation volume released |url=https://starofmysore.com/writer-dr-d-s-jayappa-gowdas-felicitation-volume-released/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Indresh |first=Coovercolly |date=2021-09-15 |title=MCC plans to build cycle lanes in Mysuru |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/karnataka/mcc-plans-to-build-cycle-lanes-in-mysuru-706595 |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Enroute this hosts the [[National Cadet Corps (India)|NCC Mysore headquarters]], and the house of Dr. [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], who resided while working as a [[Professor]] in [[University of Mysore]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 5, 2022 |title=Public transport on smart track |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/public-transport-on-smart-track/articleshow/90003136.cms |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-01 |title=City Top Cop issues vehicle parking guidelines on New Kantharaj Urs Road |url=https://starofmysore.com/city-top-cop-issues-vehicle-parking-guidelines-on-new-kantharaj-urs-road/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title=New vehicle parking and no-parking zones |url=https://starofmysore.com/new-vehicle-parking-and-no-parking-zones/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=Teachers' Day Today: Dr. S. Radhakrishnan came to Mysuru 100 years ago |url=https://starofmysore.com/teachers-day-today-dr-s-radhakrishnan-came-to-mysuru-100-years-ago/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref> TTL College, Muslim Hostel complex, Fire Brigade, Govt Text Book Press, [[University of Mysore|University Engineering Division]] can be located en route.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-30 |title=Hanuma Jayanthotsava celebrations tomorrow |url=https://starofmysore.com/hanuma-jayanthotsava-celebrations-tomorrow/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[New Kantharaj Urs Road]]
* [[Devaraj Urs Road, Mysore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|12.299833723587092|76.6348880750656|display=title}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]
[[Category:Roads in Mysore]]
[[Category:Mysore South]]

Civic Chandran

2025-05-27T00:54:20Z

Bikram Rout: Made new data from scratch

{{Short description|Indian playwright}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Civic Chandran
| image = Civic_Chandran_(Malayalam_Writer).jpg
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_name = C. V. Kuttan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1951|04|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = Murikungal, [[Trichur district]], [[Travancore-Cochin]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation = Teacher, writer, editor, activist
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject = 
| movement =
| notable_works =
| spouse = P. Sridevi
| partner = 
| children = 2
| relatives =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| years_active =
| module =
| website = 
| portaldisp = 
}}
'''Civic Chandran''' (born 5 April 1951) is an Indian playwright, poet, editor, former [[Naxalite]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Chronicling a revolution |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/review-of-naxal-dinangal-keralathile-naxalitemaoist-prasthanathinte-samagra-charithram/article7765418.ece |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=15 October 2015}}</ref> social activist and political commentator from [[Kerala]]. He is the editor of ''Patabhedam'' magazine. He was instrumental in popularising [[street theatre]] in Kerala and is a strong critic of Kerala's mainstream left.

==Life==
He was born on 5 April 1951 in Murikungal village near [[Kodakara]] in [[Trichur district]]. He was the eldest of four children born to Velappan and Lakshmi. His birth name was C. V. Kuttan.<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |title=സിവിക്‌ ചന്ദ്രൻ |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=698 |website=Puzha.com |access-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804023749/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=698 |archive-date=2020-08-04 |language=ml}}</ref> From 1968 to 1981, he worked as a teacher in [[Wayanad]] and [[Eranad]]. In 1981, he was suspended from the job on charges of [[Naxalite]] links. Following the acquittal by the High Court, he returned to teaching in 1991.<ref name="Bio"/> Now retired, he lives in West Hill, [[Calicut]]. He was married to P. Sridevi, who died some years before. There were two daughters from the marriage.<ref name="Bio"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Anna Bijoy |title=For the love of transcreation |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jun/11/for-the-love-of-transcreation-1988584.html |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=11 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612131552/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2019/jun/11/for-the-love-of-transcreation-1988584.html |archive-date=12 June 2019}}</ref>

In July 2022, a complaint was lodged against Civic Chandran for sexually assaulting a woman activist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Writer Civic Chandran booked on charge of sexual assault |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/writer-civic-chandran-booked-on-charge-of-sexual-assault/article65651443.ece |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717160439/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/writer-civic-chandran-booked-on-charge-of-sexual-assault/article65651443.ece |archive-date=17 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Feminist movement in State split over Civic Chandran case' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/feminist-movement-in-state-split-over-civic-chandran-case/article65845650.ece |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903165316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/feminist-movement-in-state-split-over-civic-chandran-case/article65845650.ece |archive-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Civic was a member of the editorial board of ''Yanan'' magazine. This magazine was later confiscated by the government. He was imprisoned during [[The Emergency (India)|the Emergency]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=P. Venugopal |title=Remembering Rajan, the Innocent Victim of Brutal Emergency Excesses |url=https://thewire.in/politics/remembering-rajan-the-innocent-victim-of-brutal-emergency-excesses |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=27 June 2015}}</ref> He edited an anthology of poems titled ''Thadavara Kavithakal'' (Poems from Prison). He notes that political prisoners like him started to write poems in prison as part of survival and resistance.<ref>Mini Chandran (2017). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wxtBDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22civic+chandran%22&pg=PT155 The Writer, the Reader and the State: Literary Censorship in India]''. India: SAGE Publications.</ref>

Civic was the secretary of ''Janakiya Samskarika Vedi'' and editor of its mouthpiece ''Prerana''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=K. Sreejith |title=Naxalite Movement and Cultural Resistance: Experience of Janakiya Samskarika Vedi in Kerala (1980-82) |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]] |date=2005 |volume=40 |issue=50 |pages=5333–5337 |jstor=4417526 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4417526.pdf |access-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> Civic was instrumental in popularising [[street theatre]] in Kerala.<ref name="Bio"/> The magazines ''Vakku'' and ''Patabhedam'' were published under his leadership.<ref name="Bio"/> In 1995, he staged the play ''Ningal Aare Communist Akki'' (Who did you make a communist), a counter drama based on [[Thoppil Bhasi]]'s ''[[Ningalenne Communistakki|Ningal Enne Communist Akki]]'' (You made me a communist).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shaju Philip |title=Civic Chandran: Radical Left thinker and CPM critic, now at centre of sexual assault row |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/civic-chandran-sexual-assault-case-bail-cpm-8098403/ |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818170929/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/civic-chandran-sexual-assault-case-bail-cpm-8098403/ |archive-date=18 August 2022}}</ref> The play sparked off a storm by taking an unsparing look at mainstream communism, calling it anti-Dalit and patriarchal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=M. G. Radhakrishnan |title=Plans to stage controversial play, Ningal Are Communistakki?, rouse Kerala communists' ire |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19950831-plans-to-stage-controversial-play-ningal-are-communistakki-rouse-kerala-communists-ire-807665-1995-08-30 |access-date=13 February 2023 |work=[[India Today]] |date=31 August 1995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213163924/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19950831-plans-to-stage-controversial-play-ningal-are-communistakki-rouse-kerala-communists-ire-807665-1995-08-30 |archive-date=13 February 2023}}</ref> The play also led to the ''[[Civic Chandran v. Ammini Amma]]'' case, a landmark case in Indian copyright law.

Civic is a regular columnist in magazines and newspapers and writes about cultural issues. Civic is a distinct voice in Kerala's cultural arena, often clashing with and opposing the traditional left. He handled columns in ''[[Madhyamam]]'' and ''[[India Today]]''. He is now the editor of ''Pathabhedam'' magazine.<ref name="Bio"/>

==Works==
; Poetry
* ''Thadavara Kavithakal'' (ed.)
* ''Velichathekurichoru Gitam''
* ''Griha Pravesam''
* ''Valathuvasam Chernnu Nadakkuka'' (2017)<ref>{{cite news |author1= |date=4 December 2017 |title=സിവിക്കിന്റെ ചോദ്യങ്ങള്‍ സമൂഹത്തെ തട്ടിക്കുടയുന്നു- സാറാ ജോസഫ് |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/civic-chandran-sarah-joseph-mathrubhumi-book-fair-1.2433751 |newspaper=[[Mathrubhumi]] |access-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230213155447/https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/books/news/civic-chandran-sarah-joseph-mathrubhumi-book-fair-1.2433751 |archive-date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

; Plays
* ''Kurisu Yuddham Thudangunnavar''
* ''Thamrapathrangal'' (''Akshouhini'')
* ''Ningal Aare Communist Akki''
* ''Ezhupathukalil Sambhavichath''
* ''Agnaye Idam Na Mama''
* ''Ningal Enthinanu Ente Kuttiye Perumazhayathu Nirthiyirikunath'' (2012)<ref>{{cite web |author1=[[M. Thomas Mathew]] |title=മൗനത്തിന്റെ മുഴക്കങ്ങൾ |url=http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/1680 |website=[[Madhyamam Weekly]] |access-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220090014/http://www.madhyamam.com/weekly/1680 |archive-date=20 December 2012}}</ref>

; Essays
* ''Antennayil Kattu Pidikkumpol''
* ''Karinkanna Nokkanda'' (2001)<ref>{{cite web |title=കരിങ്കണ്ണാ നോക്കണ്ടാ |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=1202 |website=Puzha.com |access-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404055224/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/book-detail.cgi?code=1202 |archive-date=2016-04-04 |language=ml}}</ref>
* ''Gamayude Paitrukam''

; Memoirs
* ''Ezhupathukal Vilichappol'' (2009)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://rcw-asia.com/browsearchives/archives/interview-with-civic-chandran "Interview With Civic Chandran"] at RCW Asia
; Articles
* Civic Chandran (14 May 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170516005751/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/in-the-wake-of-the-spring-thunder-naxalbari-maoists-communism-4654673/ "In the wake of the Spring Thunder"]. ''[[The Indian Express]]''
* Civic Chandran (5 March 2018). [https://countercurrents.org/2018/03/give-land-life-self-rule-adivasis-another-madhu-lynched/ "Give Land, Life and Self-Rule For Adivasis Before Another Madhu is Lynched"]. Countercurrents.org
* Civic Chandran (13 November 2020). [https://truecopythink.media/civic-chandran-about-sheena-jose "അങ്ങനെയാണ് ആക്ടിവിസത്തിലേക്ക് പൊട്ടിച്ചിരി കടന്നുവന്നത്..."]. Truecopythink.media (in Malayalam)

[[Category:Malayalam-language dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Malayalam poets]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language journalists]]
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian columnists]]
[[Category:Indian magazine editors]]
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:Writers from Thrissur district]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian human rights activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Kerala]]

Gokulnagar, Bankura

2025-04-29T12:59:45Z

Bikram Rout: Made first info initial version.

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gokulnagar
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.0412|N|87.4617|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bankura district|Bankura]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 650
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 722122
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| area_code = 03244
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Bishnupur, Bankura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bishnupur]]
| website = {{URL|bankura.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gokulnagar''' is a village in the [[Joypur, Bankura (community development block)|Joypur]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Bishnupur subdivision]] of the [[Bankura district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=360| height=370| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|7|30|N|87|30|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places in Bishnupur subdivision in Bankura district''' M: Municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, T: ancient/ temple centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|10|25|N|87|23|15|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Bhara| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Bhara]] (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle| shape-color1=#C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|1|12|N|87|30|55|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Chatra| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Chatra, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|9|0|N|87|37|55|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3=Indas| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Indas]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|26|48|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4=Joypur| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Joypur, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|55|22|N|87|36|36|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5=Jayrambati| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Jayrambati]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|12|16|N|87|31|50|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6=Patrasayer| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Patrasayer]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|10|10|N|87|19|25|E}} | label-pos7=top|label7=Radhanagar| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Radhanagar, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|9|15|N|87|16|45|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8=Ajodhya| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Ajodhya, Bankura]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|0|15|N|87|40|21|E}} | label-pos9=bottom|label9=Laugram| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Laugram]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|6|40|N|87|18|51|E}} | label-pos10=bottom|label10=Joykrishnapur| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Joykrishnapur]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|3|50|N|87|19|12|E}}| label-pos11=right |label11=Bishnupur| numbered11=M| mark-title11 =[[Bishnupur, Bankura]] (M)| shape-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|17|30|N|87|25|12|E}}| label-pos12=left |label12=Sonamukhi| numbered12=M| mark-title12 =[[Sonamukhi]] (M)| shape-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|1|10|N|87|35|37|E}}| label-pos13=right |label13=Kotulpur| numbered13=CT| mark-title13 =[[Kotulpur]] (CT)| shape-color13=#A40000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|8|14|N|87|17|57|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Dharapat| numbered14=T| mark-title14= [[Dharapat]] (T) |shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|7|25|N|87|21|18|E}} | label-pos15=bottom|label15=Dihar| numbered15=T| mark-title15= [[Dihar]] (T) |shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|6|14|N|87|43|20|E}} | label-pos16=left|label16=Akui| numbered16=T| mark-title16= [[Akui]] (T) |shape-color16=#AA6666
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|57|48|N|87|29|51|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17=Baital| numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Baital, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color17=#AA6666
|mark-coord18={{coord|23|9|50|N|87|33|6|E}} | label-pos18=left|label18=Balsi|labela18= Purbapara| numbered18=T| mark-title18= [[Balsi Purbapara]] (T) |shape-color18=#AA6666
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|3|10|N|87|16|20|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19=Dwadashbari| numbered19=T| mark-title19= [[Dwadashbari]] (T) |shape-color19=#AA6666
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|2|15|N|87|27|42|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20=Gokulnagar| numbered20=T| mark-title20= [[Gokulchand Temple]] (T) ||shape-color20=black| label-size20=13|label-color20=black 
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|7|36|N|87|23|0|E}} | label-pos21=right|label21=Gumut| numbered21=T| mark-title21= [[Gumut, Bankura]] (T) |shape-color21=#AA6666
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|16|28|N|87|31|26|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22=Hadal Narayanpur| numbered22=T| mark-title22= [[Hadal Narayanpur]] (T) |shape-color22=#AA6666
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|0|41|N|87|29|30|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23=Maynapur| numbered23=T| mark-title23= [[Maynapur]] (T) |shape-color23=#AA6666
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|10|36|N|87|34|18|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24=Patit Dommahal| numbered24=T| mark-title24= [[Patit Dommahal]] (T) |shape-color24=#AA6666
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|19|29|N|87|24|58|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25=Madanmohanpur| numbered25=T| mark-title25= [[Madanmohanpur]] (T) |shape-color25=#AA6666
|mark-coord26={{coord|23.2888|87.5548}}| label26=Damodar River| label-color26 = #77A1CB| label-angle26=50| label-pos26=top| label-size26=10| mark-size26=0| mark-title26 =none
|mark-coord27={{coord|23.0968|87.4558}}| label27=Dwarakeswar| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=-10| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27 =none
|mark-coord28={{coord|23.0982|87.5086}}| label28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=25| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none}}

===Location===
Gokulnagar is located at {{coord|23.0412|N|87.4617|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
The map alongside shows the Bishnupur subdivision of Bankura district. Physiographically, this area has fertile low lying [[Alluvium|alluvial]] plains.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1913_PART_A_DCHB_BANKURA.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Bankura |work = pages 13-17 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2020}}</ref> It is a predominantly rural area with 90.06% of the population living in rural areas and only 8.94% living in the urban areas.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Hanbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bankura |work = Table 2.4b |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 23 April 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was part of the core area of [[Mallabhum]].<ref>O'Malley, L.S.S., ICS, ''Bankura'', ''Bengal District Gazetteers'', pp. 21–46, 1995 reprint, first published 1908, Government of West Bengal</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Gokulnagar had a total population of 650, of which 346 (53%) were males and 304 (47%) were females. There were 64 persons in the age range of 0–6 years. The total number of literate persons in Gokulnagar was 370 (63.14% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = CD block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 17 April 2020}}</ref>

==Transport==
There is a station at Gokulnagar on the [[Sheoraphuli-Bishnupur branch line]] (partially under construction).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamatas-gift-to-bengal/484939/ | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130122163536/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamatas-gift-to-bengal/484939/ | url-status = dead | archive-date = 2013-01-22 | title = Mamata’s Gift to Bengal | publisher = Express News Service, 4 July 2009 | access-date = 18 Apr 2020 }}</ref>

==Education==
Gokulnagar R.B. Primary School was established in 1961 and Gokulnagar S. Primary School was established in 1980.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130803603/gokulnagar-r-b-p-s.html|title = Gokulnagar RB PS |publisher= Schools.org.in | access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130803604/gokulnagar-s-p-s.html |title = Gokulnagar S PS |publisher= Schools.org | access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

Salda Junior High School was established in 2010. It has facilities for teaching from class V to class VIII.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://schools.org.in/bankura/19130803002/salda-jr-high-school.html|title = Salda Jr High School |publisher= Schools.org.in| access-date = 4 May 2020}}</ref>

==Culture==
The [[Gokulchand Temple]] is one of the earliest ''pancharatna'' temples of the [[History of Bankura district|Malla kings]], built of laterite in 1639.<ref>McCutchion, David J., ''Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal'', first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pages 10, 11, 44, 45. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, {{ISBN| 978-93-81574-65-2}}</ref> Gokulchand Temple is included in the [[List of Monuments of National Importance in West Bengal]] by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (serial no. N-WB-22).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140627005558/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist.asp | url-status = dead | archive-date = 27 June 2014 |title = List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of National Importance| work= West Bengal|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India | access-date = 17 April 2020}}</ref> Gandheswar Shiva Temple is a more recent addition.

<gallery>
File:Gokul Chand Temple2.jpg|Gokulchand Temple
File:Gandeshar temple of Gokulnagar in Bankura district 09.jpg|Gandeshwar Shiva Temple
</gallery>

==Healthcare==
Joypur Block Primary Health Centre, with 15 beds at [[Joypur, Bankura|Joypur]], is the major government medical facility in the Joypur CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | title =Health & Family Welfare Department | work =Health Statistics – Rural Hospitals | publisher =Government of West Bengal | access-date =10 April 2020 | archive-date =8 October 2022 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20221008143352/https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/other_files/RH.pdf | url-status =dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bankura District}}
{{Temple towns in West Bengal}}

[[Category:Villages in Bankura district]]

National Highway 165 (India)

2025-03-14T20:09:30Z

Bikram Rout: added section as per guidelines as per guidelines

{{Short description|National highway in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|image=
|type=NH
|route= 165
| map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3
|title=National Highway 165|zoom=8|text= Map of National Highway '''165''' in red}}
| map_custom = yes
|length_km = 107.40
|direction=
|direction_a=
|terminus_a= [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]]
|destinations=[[Mandavalli]] – [[Pallevada]] – [[Palakollu|Digamarru (Palakollu)]]
|direction_b=
|terminus_b= [[Palakollu]]
|junction=
|states=
|previous_type=NH
|previous_route=164
|next_route =166
|next_type=NH
}}

'''National Highway 165''' ('''NH 165'''), PP Road is a [[National Highway (India)|National Highway]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It starts at [[Pamarru, Krishna district|Pamarru]] and terminates at [[Palakollu|Digamarru (Palakollu)]] road. It has a total length of {{Convert|107.40|km|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ap">{{cite web|title=List of National Highways passing through A.P. State|url=http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|website=Roads and Buildings Department|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=11 February 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328053359/http://aproads.cgg.gov.in/getInfo.do?dt=1&oId=33|archive-date=28 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of national highways in India by state#Andhra Pradesh|List of national highways in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Highways in India}}
{{IND NH65 sr}}

{{Commons category|NH 165 (India)}}
[[Category:National highways of India]]
[[Category:National highways in Andhra Pradesh]]

Town area committee

2025-02-27T00:31:34Z

Bikram Rout: made first location basic info - done

{{No sources|date=May 2024}}

A '''town area committee''' is a semi-municipal authority constituted for the administration of small towns in [[India]]. They are assigned a limited number of civic functions like street lighting, drainage, roads, conservancy, etc. Town area committees were established by an act passed by the [[State governments of India|state legislature]]. The act mentions the composition, functions, and other matters related to the town area committee. The members may be partly elected and partly nominated by the state government, or wholly nominated, or wholly elected. In some states, [[District magistrate|District Collectors]] are given powers of surveillance and control over the Town area committees.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Indian legislation]]
[[Category:Government in Asia]]
[[Category:Public administration]]
{{India-gov-stub}}

Kondha

2025-02-10T01:26:35Z

Bikram Rout: Made redirect

#REDIRECT [[Khond people]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from merge}}
}}

S. K. Shankar

2024-09-18T02:08:22Z

Bikram Rout: made info...

{{Short description|Indian neuropathologist (1947–2022)}}
{{Cleanup|reason=more sources required|date=January 2024}}

'''Susarla Krishna Shankar''' (27 January 1947 – 5 September 2022) was a [[neuropathology|neuropathologist]] and [[neuroscientist]] who served as a Director of [[National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences]] (NIMHANS), [[Bengaluru]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. S. K. Shankar (NIMHANS) |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/dr-s-k-shankar-nimhans/articleshow/49129703.cms |access-date=2015-07-28 |website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Karnataka: Former Nimhans director Prof Shankar no more|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/karnataka-former-nimhans-director-prof-shankar-no-more-1143177.html |access-date=2022-07-08 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title= A tribute to the legend in neuropathology: Professor S. K. Shankar|journal=Indian Journal of Pathology & Microbiology|date=2022 |pmid=36308227 |last1=Mahadevan |first1=A. |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=970–973 |doi=10.4103/0377-4929.359368 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title= Varanasi: Last rites of Prof SK Shankar performed in Kashi|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/last-rites-of-prof-sk-shankar-performed-in-kashi/articleshow/94087780.cms |access-date=2022-09-09 |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 September 2022 }}</ref> He also served as a Professor and Head of the Department of Neuropathology of [[NIMHANS]] from 1998 to 2012. He served in [[NIMHANS]] for more than three decades. He founded the first and only Brain Bank in India at [[NIMHANS]] to encourage neuroscience research in the nation. He, a former Research Associate in the [[AIIMS, New Delhi]], was regarded as a pioneer in the field of biobanking. He was honored with the Pioneer in Biobanking Award by the ''Biobank of India Federation'' and is regarded as the 'Father of brain banking in India'. He also served as the President of the ''Neuropathology Society of India''. He founded the ''Neuropathology Brain Museum'', which is first of its kind in [[India]], housed in [[NIMHANS]]. In addition, he was a consultant for the ''Bioinformatics and Proteomics Laboratory'' of the [[Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore|Institute of Bioinformatics]] (IOB) housed in [[NIMHANS]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= NIMHANS-IOB LABORATORY|url=https://www.ibioinformatics.org/NIMHANS_IOB_people.php |access-date=2014-05-29 |website=[[Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= Bioinformatics Laboratory(Officer In Charge: Dr Keshav Prasad, Dr SK Shankar)|url=https://nimhans.ac.in/bioinformatics-laboratoryofficer-in-charge-dr-keshav-prasad-dr-sk-shankar/ |access-date=2014-05-29 |website=[[NIMHANS]]}}</ref> He was involved in the collaborative project of 'Human Proteome Map' of [[Institute of Bioinformatics, Bangalore|Institute of Bioinformatics]] (IOB), [[NIMHANS]] and [[Johns Hopkins University]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Kim MS et al., 2014|title=A draft map of the human proteome|journal=Nature |date=28 May 2014|volume=509 |issue=7502 |pages=575–581 |publisher=[[Nature Portfolio]]|doi=10.1038/nature13302 |pmid=24870542 |pmc=4403737 |bibcode=2014Natur.509..575K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title= 200 New Proteins Found to be Aiding Body Functions|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/May/29/200-new-proteins-found-to-be-aiding-body-functions-618584.html |access-date=2014-05-29 |website=[[The Indian Express]]|date=29 May 2014 }}</ref> He had been an elected fellow of various prestigious academic bodies like the College of Pathologists, the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences]] and the [[National Academy of Sciences, India|National Academy of Sciences]].

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankar, SK}}
[[Category:Indian neuroscientists]]
[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]

MTV Roadies season 9

2024-09-08T19:45:13Z

Bikram Rout: Created redirect page

#REDIRECT [[MTV Roadies#Season 9]]