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Himangshu Shekhar Baishya

2026-05-07T21:10:17Z

Bihar Region: Added A Info V1

{{Short description|Indian politician in Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Assam Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[ Palasbari Assembly constituency| Palasbari]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Hemanga Thakuria]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}

'''Himangshu Shekhar Baishya''' is a politician from Assam. He is a member of [[Assam Legislative Assembly]], from [[Palasbari Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-04 |title=Dhupguri Election Result 2026 LIVE Updates: West Bengal (Dhupguri) Assembly Election Results 2026 Winner, Vote Counting, Runner-up |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/dhupguri-election-result-live-updates-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-winner-10670089/ |access-date=2026-05-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of [[Bharatiya Janata Party – West Bengal|Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=":TOI">{{cite web |title=Poll Results |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S0329.htm# |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=4 May 2026 |date=4 May 2026|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Assam MLAs 2026–2031]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Assam]]

1.[https://guwahatitimes.com/himangshu-shekhar-baishya-from-student-leader-to-mla-of-palasbari/ Himangshu Shekhar Baishya: From Student Leader to MLA of Palasbari] Guwahati Times. 8 May 2026.

2. [https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/other/palasbari-election-results-2026-himangshu-shekhar-baishya-wins-for-bjp-registers-43953-vote-lead/ar-AA22p6Z0 Palasbari election results 2026: Himangshu Shekhar Baishya wins for BJP, registers 43,953-vote lead] MSN. 5 May 2026.

3.

Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā

2026-04-29T19:18:30Z

Bihar Region: New!

{{AI-generated|date=April 2026}}
{{Short description|17th-century manuscript of the Eighty-Four Vaishnavas}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā
| title_orig = चौरासीवैष्णवनकी वार्ता
| orig_lang_code = HI
| title_working = Chronicles of the Eighty-Four Vaishnavas
| image = Varta of Damodardas Harsani.jpg
| caption = Illustrated manuscript of the Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā
| author = [[Gokulanatha|Gokulanātha]]; Edited and Compiled by [[Harirāy]]
| language = [[Braj Bhasha]]
| series = Vārtā literature
| subject = Sacred Biography, [[Hinduism]], [[Pushtimarg]]
| genre = Sacred Biographical prose
| pub_date = Late 17th century (final form)
}}
The '''''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā''''' (Hindi: चौरासीवैष्णवनकी वार्ता; ''Chronicles of the Eighty-Four Vaishnavas''), sometimes abbreviated as the '''''84VV''''', is a sacred biographical text written in [[Braj Bhasha]] prose, and composed within the [[Pushtimarga Sampradaya|Pushtimarga]] tradition that sits within the [[Vaishnavism]] tradition of the [[Hindu denominations|Hindu religion]]. The book presents narratives of eighty-four devotees of the Hindu philosopher [[Vallabha]] across a range of geographical and social backgrounds, emphasizing that unwavering devotion to [[Krishna]] and the guru transcends distinctions of the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and of [[Women in India|gender]] in the religion.

The narratives are attributed to [[Gokulanatha|Gokulanātha]] (1551–1640) and [[Harirāy]] (1590–1716) is recognized as the compiler and commentator who brought the collection to its final written form by the end of the 17th century. Harirāy's commentary interprets each devotee's worldly biography as connected to their eternal identity in Krishna's [[Lila (Hinduism)|divine play]]. The ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' is structured as a series of episodes built around direct speech between devotees, the guru Vallabhācārya, and the deity Krishna. It promotes householder service (''[[Grihastha|gṛhastha sevā]]'') over [[asceticism]] as the ideal devotional life. The book remains central to the Pushtimarga Sampradaya, and is actively read and discussed in contemporary community gatherings.

== Manuscript history ==
The collection of oral narratives comprising the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' are traditionally ascribed to Gokulanātha (1551–1640), the fourth son of [[Vitthalanatha|Viṭṭhalanātha]], leader of the Pushtimarg tradition.<ref name="Bachrach2022">Bachrach, Emilia. (2022). ''Religious Reading and Everyday Lives in Devotional Hinduism''. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref>{{rp|36}}<ref name="Saha2007">Saha, Shandip (2007). "The movement of bhakti along a north-west axis: tracing the history of the Puṣṭimārg between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries". ''International Journal of Hindu Studies'', 11(3), 299-318.</ref>{{rp|314}} Harirāy (1590–1716), Vallabhācārya's great-grandson, brought the collection to its final written form through editing and compilation toward the end of the 17th century while residing in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|36}}<ref name="Saha2006">Saha, Shandip (2006). "A community of grace: The social and theological world of the Puṣṭi Mārga Vārtā literature". ''Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies'', 69(2), 225-242.</ref>{{rp|230}}

=== Oral tradition and transcription ===
The ''vārtās'' emerged as spoken accounts integrated into Gokulanātha's sermons as illustrative teachings. Devotees, such as Krishna Bhatt and Govardhandas, committed these narratives to writing as they listened.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|90}}<ref name="Barz1994">Barz, Richard (1994). "The Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā and Hagiography of the Puṣṭimārg". In Rupert Snell and Winand M. Callewaert (eds.), ''According to Tradition: Hagiographical Writing in India''. Germany: Harrassowitz.</ref>{{rp|46}}<ref name="Barz2007">Barz, Richard (2007). "Kumbhandas: The devotee as salt of the earth". In Edwin F. Bryant (ed.), ''Krishna: A Sourcebook''. Oxford University Press.</ref>{{rp|482–483}}

=== Harirāy's editorial work ===
Beyond compiling the oral narratives, [[Harirāy]] authored the ''[[Harirāy#The Bhāvprakāś commentaries|Bhāvprakāś]]'' ("Illumination of the Inner Meaning"), an extensive commentary on the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'', considered indispensable for correct interpretation by the Pushtimarg community.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|58–59}}<ref name="Rousseva2020">Rousseva-Sokolova, Galina (2020). "Voices from the past. Rearranging values in times of crisis: The example of North Indian Vaishnava hagiographies". ''Journal of Human Values'', 26(1), 64-74.</ref>{{rp|65}} The commentary employs the doctrine termed "Recollection of the Three Lives" (''[[Harirāy#The Three Lives doctrine|Tīn Janma kī Bhāvnā]]''), which interprets each devotee's story across three linked existences: 1)their current worldly life that includes occupation, birthplace and caste, 2)their perfected role in Krishna's eternal divine ''līlā'', and 3)their life as Vaishnavas after getting initiation from Vallabhācārya or his successors. The core text of the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' is more focused on the protagonist's life post-Vaishnava initiation, while the commentary provides further details about the worldly life and the divine life in Krishna's realm.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|59}} This framework allows the commentary to present seemingly ordinary biographical episodes as manifestations of a pre-existing divine identity that is gradually remembered and realized over these three lives.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|59–61}} The ultimate goal of the commentary is to help the Vaishnav devotee realize that their consciousness of the worldly body as their self is false ego, and they are truly a transcendent, divine being in eternal play with Krishna.<ref name="Barz1994" />{{rp|59–62}}

=== Recensions and dating ===
Within the Pushtimarg tradition, the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' circulates in two primary recensions.

*'''Recension A''' preserves the narrative without commentarial additions and represents the earlier textual form.<ref name="Barz1994" />{{rp|48}} The oldest surviving manuscript of this version is from 1601 CE.<ref name="Saha2006" />{{rp|230}} It was printed in 1883 in Mathura under the title ''Caurāsi Bārttā'', and it is the source of later editions and translations into Gujarati, including the popular 1971 Gujarati edition with explanatory notes by Lallubhai Chhaganlal Desai.<ref name="Barz1994" />{{rp|48}}

*'''Recension B''' incorporates Harirāy's ''Bhāvprakāś'' commentary, with the earliest extant manuscript dating to 1695 CE.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|34}}<ref name="Rousseva2020" />{{rp|65}} The printed version of this recension is available as ''Caurāsi vaisnavan ki vārtā (Tin jnama ki lilā bhāvnā vāli)''.<ref name="Barz1994" />{{rp|48}}

== Literary structure ==
The ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' is composed in Braj Bhasha prose, a vernacular dialect of [[Western Hindi]] that dominated North Indian devotional literature between the 15th and 17th centuries, rather than the Sanskrit verse typically reserved for hagiographical or theological works in the early modern period.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|35}}<ref name="McGregor2020">McGregor, Ronald Stuart (2020). ''Hindi Literature from the Beginnings to the Nineteenth Century''. New Delhi: Manohar.</ref>{{rp|209}} The text employs a colloquial prose style designed to mirror everyday speech patterns of the Braj region. The collection is structured as a series of independent ''prasaṅgs'' (episodes) linked by a shared theological grammar that includes a dialogical narrative method known as ''vacanāmṛt''.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|39–48}}

=== The ''vacanāmṛt'' method ===
The narrative architecture of the text is dialogical, organized around records of direct speech known as ''vacanāmṛt'' (nectarous speech).<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|21}} These passages present themselves as conversations between the devotee, the guru Vallabhācārya, and the deity Krishna in the form of [[Shrinathji]], treated not as literary devices but as speech acts that demonstrate intimate communication with the Divine.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|33, 40}}

The direct speech also authenticates the text as a recording of the actual words of Vallabhācārya that capture the essence of his Sanskrit teachings such as the ''Subodhinī'' in a vernacular form accessible to lay devotees.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|38}} The text adopts the style of oral storytelling, as indicated by the phrase "''Caurāsī vaiṣṇavan kī vārtā karat''" (discussing the chronicles of the 84 Vaishnavas).<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|37}} The ''vacanāmṛt'' method in the text is believed to have been shaped by an earlier collection of Gokulanātha's, the ''Śrī Gokulnāth ke Caubīs Vacanāmṛt'' ("Twenty-Four Nectarean Utterances of Gokulanātha"), which provided the initial theological framework amplified by the sacred biographies in the "''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā''.<ref name="Saha2006" />{{rp|230}}

=== Numerological significance ===
The restriction of the collection to exactly eighty-four narratives is structurally and theologically significant. In Indian cosmology, the number 84 corresponds to the belief that there are 84 ''lakh'' (8.4 million) species of living beings through which the soul migrates before achieving human birth.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|35}} The structural implication is that the eighty-four Vaishnavas selected for the text represent at least one exemplary devotee responsible for the liberation of deserving souls in each ''lakh'' (100,0000) of these categories of existence, demonstrating the universal applicability of the Pushtimarg path.<ref name="Barz1994" />{{rp|45}}

== Narratives and themes==
The eighty-four Vaishnavas featured in the text represent a wide spectrum of socioeconomic, religious, and cultural backgrounds, hailing from geographical regions ranging from [[Kabul]] in the north to [[Tamil Nadu]] in the south, [[Bengal]] in the east, and [[Gujarat]] in the west. The text includes characters from diverse social groups, including Brahmins, [[Kshatriya]]s, [[Shudra]]s, women, Muslims, Jains, tribals, prostitutes, kings, farmers, thieves, widows, orphans, beggars, and yogis.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|51}}<ref name="Rousseva2020" />{{rp|65–66}} While caste identity is explicitly stated at the beginning of every ''vārtā'', the narratives emphasize that sincere devotion to Krishna and the guru is the highest virtue, surpassing distinctions of caste and gender.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|51}}
[[File:Varta of Damodardas Harsani painting (closeup).jpg|thumb|Vallabhācārya (left) offering Kr̥ṣṇa (center) a flower garland after having received the Brahmasambandha mantra. Vallabhācārya's first disciple Damodardas Harsani is on the right.]]

=== Damodardas Harsani ===
The collection begins with a detailed account of the life of Damodardas Harsani, who was Vallabhācārya's initial initiate. His sacred biography serves as the theological groundwork for the ''brahmasambandha'' initiation, a rite that remains a cornerstone of Pushtimarg practice.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|49–50}} The narrative recounts a nocturnal vision in which Krishna appeared to Vallabhācārya to deliver the initiation mantra directly. Although Damodardas Harsani was present during this manifestation, the text notes that he could not grasp its spiritual significance until he was himself formally initiated with the mantra by Vallabhācārya.<ref name="Saha2006" />{{rp|233}}

Furthermore, the text includes a significant dialogue between Damodardas and Vallabhācārya's son, Viṭṭhalanātha, regarding the hierarchy of spiritual authority. When questioned on the relative importance of Krishna and Vallabhācārya, Damodardas identifies Vallabhācārya as superior on the grounds that it is the guru who facilitates the soul's access to the deity. This exchange underscores a theological framework where the guru's role is uniquely elevated within the Pushtimarg devotional system, since the devotee's contact with the divine is realized only through the proper channel of Vallabhācārya or his familial lineage through Viṭṭhalanātha.<ref name="Saha2006" />{{rp|233–234}}

=== Damodardas Sambhalware ===
The third sacred biography in the collection focuses on Damodardas Sambhalware, serving as a cautionary account regarding the spiritual consequences of skepticism within the devotional community. The narrative centers on a conflict of faith: after Vallabhācārya promised the couple a son, Damodardas's wife sought further confirmation from an astrologer. Within the text, this reliance on external divination is characterized as a fundamental lack of trust in the guru's word that results in her ostracization.<ref name="Saha2006" />{{rp|237}}

Following the death of Damodardas, his repentant widow attempted to gift all the family's wealth and property to Vallabhācārya. However, Vallabhācārya refused the offering, asserting that her initial doubt had spiritually tainted both the family's assets and their child. Consequently, the entirety of the estate, including a maidservant who had entered the household as part of the wife's dowry, was directed by Vallabhācārya to be disposed of into the [[Yamuna]] River. This story is used to highlight the Pustimarg emphasis on the absolute authority of the guru and the belief that devotional integrity is a prerequisite for ritual purity and community inclusion.<ref name="Saha2006" />{{rp|237–238}}

=== Kumbhandas ===
Kumbhandas Gorva (1468–1582) was a farmer-poet highlighted for his unpretentious, rural sensibilities, making him a model for practitioners who found more idealized holiness inaccessible.<ref name="Barz2007" />{{rp|483–484}} Following his ''brahmasambandha'' initiation by Vallabhācārya, Kumbhandas dedicated himself to the ''darshan'' of [[Shrinathji]] and the composition of ''kirtan'' verses to be performed before the deity.<ref name="Barz2007" />{{rp|483, 485}} His ''vārtā'' emphasizes the rejection of worldly status in favor of devotional proximity. The text records his rejection of royal patronage from Emperor [[Akbar]] at [[Fatehpur Sikri]], where he reportedly asserted that the grass of [[Braj]] was spiritually superior to imperial wealth, and refused land revenue rights from Raja [[Man Singh I]].<ref name="Barz2007" />{{rp|488–489, 492}}

A defining episode concerns the death of his son, Krishnadas, who was killed by a tiger while guarding temple cattle.<ref name="Barz2007" />{{rp|497}} Kumbhandas's collapse upon hearing the news was misinterpreted as conventional parental grief, whereas Viṭṭhalanātha identified his distress as caused by the ritual impurity (''sutaka'') that would traditionally bar him from ''darshan'' of the sacred image of Krishna.<ref name="Barz2007" />{{rp|497–498}} Upon receiving a promise that he could view the deity the following morning despite the pollution, Kumbhandas joyfully arose. This narrative is understood to illustrate the principle that the pain of separation (''viraha'') from the divine takes precedence over familial loss, demonstrating a hierarchy of devotional priorities over worldly bonds.<ref name="Barz2007" />{{rp|496–499}}

Finally, the text describes Kumbhandas categorizing his seven sons based on their commitment to ''sevā''. He excluded five sons who performed no service from his spiritual lineage and termed Krishnadas "half a son" for performing labor without the internal spirit of ''viraha''. Only his son Chaturbhujdas, who expressed deep distress when separated from Shrinathji, was regarded as his full spiritual heir.<ref name="Barz2007" />{{rp|496–497}}

=== Krishnadas Adhikari ===
Krishnadas Adhikari was a Shudra devotee who served as the chief administrator (''adhikari'') of the Shrinathji temple at [[Govardhan]] during the leadership of Vallabhācārya and Viṭṭhalanātha.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|61–62}}<ref name="Saha2007" />{{rp|306}} He is characterized as having a temperamental and confrontational personality that led to internal conflicts, such as an incident where he barred Vallabhācārya's successor, Viṭṭhalanātha, from the Shrinathji temple for six months. By documenting such accounts, the narrative suggests that the path of [[Pushtimarg]] is accessible to all individuals regardless of their natural disposition, and that divine grace is not contingent upon conventional decorum but on the sovereign choice of the deity.<ref name="Barz2007" />{{rp|482}}

His biography illustrates a sectarian principle that service to the religious community takes precedence over conventional social morality.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|73–74}} A notable narrative involves his wife, who secured provisions to feed a group of visiting Vaishnavas by promising a sexual liaison with a local shopkeeper. Upon learning of the incident, Krishnadas insisted she fulfill her promise, carrying his wife to the merchant's house on his own shoulders so that she would not muddy her feet.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|73}} Moved by the couple's sincerity, the shopkeeper fell at their feet and became a devotee, demonstrating how such acts can lead to redemptive transformation.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|73, 92}}

Harirāy's ''Bhāvprakāś'' commentary reframes seemingly immoral behaviors as the divine play of Krishna due to the "otherworldly" (alaukik) identity of the protagonists. For example, Krishnadas's enchantment with a prostitute in Agra is not seen as a moral failing, but as otherworldly interactions between divine beings or companions (''sakhīs'') in Krishna's eternal play.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|63}}

== Doctrinal emphasis ==
=== Householder service over ascetic lifestyle ===
A core theme in the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' is the rejection of ascetic withdrawal from society (''sannyasa'') in favor of the householder lifestyle (''gṛhastha'') dedicated to ''sevā'' (loving service).<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|52}}<ref name="Rousseva2020" />{{rp|64}} The text illustrates this in the story of Narhar Sannyasi, who attempted extreme austerities until Vallabhācārya convinced him that in the [[Kali Yuga]], such austerities led to pride rather than devotion. Thus, Vallabhācārya instructed him to dedicate all actions to Krishna rather than living aloof from the social world.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|51}}

===Parental affection (''Vātsalya Bhāva'')===
The ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' emphasizes ''vātsalya bhāva'', the sentiment of parental love, as a central pillar of Pushtimarg devotion.<ref name="Pasche2022">Pasche Guignard, Florence (2022). "« Elle lui parlait comme s’il était un enfant ». La voie de la dévotion maternelle dans les récits des vies de saints vishnouïtes." ''Studies in Religion / Sciences Religieuses'', 51(1), 24–45.</ref>{{rp|26}} While other approaches to the Divine include sentiments of servanthood (''dāsya'') or romantic longing (''mādhurya''), the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' highlights narratives where the devotee cares for Krishna as a dependent child.<ref name="Pasche2022" />{{rp|26, 36–37}} This emphasis is attributed to Vallabhācārya, who favored this parental bond, in contrast to the more erotic devotional moods later preferred by his son, Viṭṭhalanātha.<ref name="Barz2007" />{{rp|481–482}}

Many narratives depicted Krishna as a vulnerable infant whose well-being depends on the devotee's attention.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|21}} The account of a widowed Kshatriya woman serves as a primary example. In her narrative, the deity is shown as an infant who vocalizes physical needs like hunger, thereby prompting the woman to provide maternal care.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|21, 39}}

This emphasis on parental care provides the rationale for the practical ritual of ''sevā'' (devotional service). Practitioners are encouraged to view the physical image (''svarūp'') as a living person who must be bathed, clothed, and fed according to the needs of a child.<ref name="Pasche2022" />{{rp|29}} The text suggests that by cultivating this sentiment, a devotee develops an intuitive sense of the deity's comfort, such as knowing when the child feels cold or hungry without being told.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|27, 39}}

=== Importance of the guru ===
The ''vārtās'' play a crucial role in legitimizing the authority of the Vallabha Kul (the lineage of Vallabhācārya). The narratives depict Vallabhācārya not just as a teacher but as a divine intermediary to Krishna essential for attaining grace. The commentary often identifies Vallabhācārya as the mouth-avatar (''mukhavatār'') of Krishna, reinforcing his divine status.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|48–49}}<ref name="Saha2006" />{{rp|232–235}}

== Reception history and modern usage ==
=== The Maharaja Libel Case (1862) ===
In 1862, the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' became a focal point of the [[Maharaj Libel Case|Maharaja Libel Case]] in the Bombay Supreme Court, in which the social reformer [[Karsandas Mulji]] accused the sampradāya's leadership of immorality. The trial is analyzed by scholars as a demonstration of colonial religious bigotry. British judges, notably Sir [[Matthew Richard Sausse|Matthew Sausse]] and Sir [[Joseph Arnould]], assumed the authority to define "authentic" Hinduism by privileging ancient Sanskrit texts—the [[Vedas]] and [[Dharmashastra|Shastras]]—as the sole legitimate sources of the religion.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|69–75}}

Under this [[Orientalism|Orientalist]] framework, the court dismissed the living, vernacular traditions codified in the ''vārtās'' as "heterodox" corruptions or deviations from original principles.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|71–72}} The judges scrutinized the narratives through the lens of [[Victorian morality]], specifically targeting the narrative of Krishnadas Adhikari. An episode where he encouraged his wife to fulfill her promise to have a sexual liaison with a shopkeeper was divested of its theological context and cited by the court as proof that the sect encouraged "adulterine love."<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|73}} Justice Arnould notably rejected sectarian attempts to explain the narratives through an "otherworldly" (''alaukik'') framework, stating: "I don't think it is worth following it up. It is a story without a moral after all!"<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|73}} By refusing to engage with the text's internal logic or indigenous hermeneutics, the colonial state pathologized the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' as evidence of social depravity rather than recognizing it as valid scripture.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|73–75}}

=== Standardization in print ===
In response to the colonial critique that the ''vārtās'' were historically unreliable or immoral, the Pushtimarg community utilized emerging print culture to "reauthorize" their literature.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|68–70}} The [[Nawal Kishore Press|Naval Kishore Press]] began mass production of the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' in the 1880s, transitioning it from restricted manuscript circulation to the public sphere.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|78}}

In the early 20th century, editors such as Lallubhai Chaganlal Desai published editions featuring "factual footnotes" (''hakikat fūṭnot''). These annotations provided empirical geographical and historical data to assert the objective accuracy of the narratives against colonial skepticism.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|88}} This process culminated in the 1948 critical edition by Dwarkadas Parikh, who integrated the ''Bhāvprakāś'' commentary. Parikh argued for the historical reliability of the text by demonstrating that the theological content of the ''vacanāmṛt'' (divine words) aligned with Vallabhācārya's formal Sanskrit treatises.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|89–91}}

=== Contemporary practice ===
In the 21st century, the ''Caurāsī Vaiṣṇavan kī Vārtā'' is treated as a "performative canon," actively read and discussed in community gatherings known as ''satsaṅgs''.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|6, 8}} Devotees use the text to navigate modern challenges, such as balancing family obligations with ritual duties.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|13}} Modern devotees employ the text as a hermeneutical tool to solve contemporary ethical problems, such as determining appropriate food offerings for the deity.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|3}} Prominent hereditary leaders like [[Shyam Manohar Goswami]] use public lectures to analyze the narratives, and the tradition has expanded into digital spaces by conveying the narratives as cartoons on YouTube.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|102,112}}<ref name="Pasche2022" />{{rp|44}} The text is also used in correspondence courses, such as the ''Puṣṭimārgīy Patrācār'' ("Pushtimargi Correspondence"), to educate the diaspora and younger generations of Pushtimarg devotees.<ref name="Bachrach2022" />{{rp|94–96}}

==See also==
*[[Braj literature]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Caurasi Vaisnavan ki Varta}}
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Vaishnava texts]]
[[Category:Hindi-language books]]

Sangagiri

2026-04-29T17:15:32Z

Bihar Region: New

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2017}}
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| name = Sangagiri
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = Tamil
| other_name = Sankagiri, Sankari
| nickname = '''Transport city'''
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = View_of_Sangagiri_from_the_hill_fort.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View from Sangagiri Hill
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Sangagiri, Tamil Nadu
| coordinates = {{coord|11.474500|N|77.869100|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Region]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mazhanadu]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Salem district|Salem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date = 20 March 1945
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = First grade municipality
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 330
| population_total = 29467
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank = 4
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = Sangagirian
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 637301,637302,637303
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 91-04283
| registration_plate = TN 52
| website = {{URL|www.sankagiri.com}}
| footnotes =
| official_name = Sangagiri
}}
'''Sangagiri''' is a [[municipality]] in [[Salem district]] in the Indian [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is situated on the [[National Highway 544 (India)|National Highway 544]], on the [[Coimbatore]] - [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]] section.

Sangagiri is known for [[Sangagiri Fort|Sangagiri fort]], lorries and lorry building industries. It is the headquarters of Sangagiri revenue district comprising [[Edappadi]]. It is also the headquarters of Sangagiri educational district.


== Etymology ==
Sangagiri is pronounced as San-ga-giri in [[Tamil language|Tamil]]. Sangu means conch and Giri means hill.

== History ==
[[File:Sangagiri hill 3.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Entrance of Sangagiri Fort]]

In sangam age, Sangagiri was comes under [[Mazhanadu]]. It was also called Kundrathur. [[Sangagiri Fort]] was built in the 15th century by the [[Vijayanagar empire]]. It was later under the control of [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] and [[Tippu Sultan]] before the British annexed it to their territory. [[Dheeran Chinnamalai]] was hanged by the British at [[Sangagiri Fort]] on 31 July 1805. The fort later served as a British tax storage facility for [[Kongu Nadu]] and the town developed around it.

== Geography==

== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
According to the [[2011 Indian census|2011 census]], Sangagiri had a population of 29,467.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cities and Towns |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/india-tamilnadu.php |website=citypopulation.de (compiled from Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner) |access-date=30 April 2020}}</ref> Male constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Sangagiri has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: Male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 60%. In Sangagiri, 10% of the population is under 6 years of age. 40% of the percent are engaged in agriculture, many of the remaining are involved in the lorry transport industry.

=== Religion ===
[[Kongu Vellalar]] Gounder, [[Vanniar]] and [[Vettuva gounder]] castes are the majority population in Sangagiri. The town also has a diverse religious population, including Hindus, Muslims, and Christians.


== Government and politics ==
[[Sangagiri Assembly constituency]] is the [[Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu|state assembly]] constituency in [[Salem district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It comprises [[Sangagiri taluk]] and a portion of [[Omalur taluk]]. It is a part of the wider [[Namakkal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Namakkal constituency]] for national elections to the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Tamilnadu/Final%20Notification%20&%20Order%20.pdf |title= Tamil Nadu - Final Notification & Order |website= Delimitation Commission of India |publisher= National Informatics Centre |access-date= 27 January 2017}}</ref>


== Economy ==
The economy of the town was predominantly dependent on agriculture. Over the past decade,{{when|date=December 2025}} logistics and related services, cement, steel, spinning mills and body building industries have developed around the town contributing to the economy.

Sangagiri is well known for its truck logistics industry and SLOA (Sangagiri Lorry Owners Association), one of the biggest in India. Some long existent truck fleet operators from Sangagiri are SREE ROAD LINES (SRL), Sri Jayamurugan Transports, AST, SSPT, MM Roadways, KRN, Murugan, SPP, Triveni, SKP, SNR, Sankari Roadways, SPN, Simon, Sri Vari, AM TRANSPORT and MST. SLOA also runs the fuel station with No.1 sales in India for eight consecutive years located on Salem main road, Sangagiri. Many private bus companies like SPBT and Shanmugam bus service operate out of Sangagiri.

There is a cement plant of the India Cements Limited which has a production capacity of 2,000 tonnes/day and of late lorry industry in Sangagiri is fast picking up with [[Tiruchengode]] and [[Namakkal]], places renowned for truck industry in the country. Industries in Sangagiri are dominated by [[Kongu Vellalar]], [[Vanniar]] and [[Chettiar]] castes.
[[File:Orukkamalai.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Orukkamalai Hill]]

== Culture ==

=== Tourist attractions ===
*[[Sangagiri Fort]] [[File:Sangagiri Hill Fort wall.jpg|thumb|Sangagiri Fort wall]]


== Transport ==
=== By road ===
Sangagiri is well connected by road, and regular bus facilities are available from Sangagiri to nearby towns and major cities in Tamil Nadu. Government and private buses operate frequent services to Erode, Salem, Bhavani, Coimbatore, the Nilgiris region, Tiruchengode, Namakkal, Karur, Tiruchirappalli, Edappadi, Mettur, Omalur, Kallakurichi, Villupuram, Chennai, and Madurai. In addition to long-distance routes, local town bus services connect surrounding areas, including routes such as S2 (Sangagiri–Bhavani) and S1 (Erode–Sangagiri), providing daily commuter connectivity.

=== By air ===
The nearest international airport to this town is [[Coimbatore International Airport]], which is 117 km away. Alternately, one can reach through [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]], from a distance of 142 km. Another domestic airport available [[Salem Airport (India)]], which is 40 km.

=== By rail ===
Sangagiri railway station is also called as [[Sankari Durg railway station]] (SGE), which is a B grade station in Salem division. It has train services to/from major cities nearby.

The nearest railway junctions are [[Erode]] and [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]]. It is not so crowded because it is located away from the town, meanwhile people around Sangagiri requested southern railways through Salem division for more trains to halt here. There are 14 trains halt here daily. Of these, six are express trains. They are:

* [[Yercaud Express|Erode - Chennai Yercaud express]]
* [[West Coast Express (India)|Mangalore - Chennai West Coast Express]]
* [[KSR Bengaluru|Ernakulam - KSR Bengaluru Intercity Express]]
* Erode - Jolarpettai Express
* Coimbatore - Salem Memu Express
* Erode - Mettur Dam Express


==Notable people==
* [[P. V. Nandhidhaa]], Indian chess player, India's 17th [[Woman Grandmaster]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2017/08/01015652/1040337/TN-Chief-Minister-honours-Chess-champion-Nandhidhaa.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128232743/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2017/08/01015652/1040337/TN-Chief-Minister-honours-Chess-champion-Nandhidhaa.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 November 2020|title= TN Chief Minister honours Chess champion Nandhidhaa|date=2017-08-01| website=www.dtnext.in |access-date=2020-11-20}}</ref>
* [[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]], 7th chief minister of Tamil Nadu

==See also==
*[[Vaikuntham]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Sangagiri}}
* [http://www.isvarmurti.com/2010/06/18/sankagiri-fort-and-town/ Sankagiri-fort and town]

{{Salem District}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Salem district]]

2006 Ahmedabad railway station bombing

2026-04-28T17:55:46Z

Bihar Region: created new entry...

{{Short description|Bombing in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox civilian attack
| title = 2006 [[Ahmedabad railway station]] bombing
| location = [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India
| date = 19 February 2006
| image =
| caption =
| coordinates =
| time = 01:43<ref name=":0" />
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| type = [[Bombing|Bomb blasts]]
| weapons =
| fatalities = 0<ref name=":4" />-1<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-01 |title=ATS arrests 2006 Kalupur blast accused from Kashmir |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ats-arrests-2006-kalupur-blast-accused-from-kashmir-7544919/ |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=bomb blast ... in which one was killed and several injured}}</ref>
| injuries = 10<ref name=":1" />-25<ref name=":2" />
| perps =
| perp = [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]<ref name=":1" />
| accused = Ahmed Bilal, Mahmad Aamir Shakeel Ahmed Shaikh, Mahmad Iliyas Abdul Memon, Saiyyed Aaqib, Mahmad Aslam Kashmiri, Abu Jundal
| susperps =
| susperp =
}}
{{Terrorist attacks in India (since 2001)}}
The '''2006 Ahmedabad railway station bombing''' was a blast at platform number 2/3 of [[Ahmedabad Junction railway station|Kalupur railway station]] [[Ahmedabad]], [[India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=19 February 2006|title=25 injured in blast at Ahmedabad station|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/25-injured-in-blast-at-ahmedabad-station/articleshow/1420327.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218051551/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/25-injured-in-blast-at-ahmedabad-station/articleshow/1420327.cms|archive-date=2022-02-18|access-date=2022-02-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat ATS arrests man in connection with 2006 Ahmedabad blast case|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/gujarat-ats-arrests-man-in-connection-with-2006-ahmedabad-blast-case20200821003653/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> 10-25 people sustained minor injuries.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2010-03-18|title=Ahmedabad railway station blast accused chargesheeted|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/ahmedabad-railway-station-blast-accused-chargesheeted/story-41qyIBQ1rUNlO8886cWdOM.html|access-date=2022-02-18|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=21 February 2006|title='Explosive used in railway station blast may be RDX'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explosive-used-in-railway-station-blast-may-be-rdx/articleshow/1422400.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218052120/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/explosive-used-in-railway-station-blast-may-be-rdx/articleshow/1422400.cms|archive-date=2022-02-18|access-date=2022-02-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> At the time of blast no train was present at the platform, two trains had passed before explosion and the [[Kutch Express|Kutch express]] was about to arrive at the platform, the casualties and severity of the explosion may increased if any train was present at the platform.{{fact|date=February 2023}}

The blasts had occurred at the [[public call office]] booths installed at the railway station platforms at around 1:43 am.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=2006 Kalupur Railway Station blast case: ATS arrests Bengal man who 'helped' accused flee to Pak|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2006-kalupur-railway-station-blast-case-ats-arrests-bengal-man-who-helped-accused-flee-to-pak-6563536/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Gujarat police presumed that due to the faulty timer device the severity of the explosion decreased.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=13 July 2006|title=Was Ahmedabad railway station blast a trial run|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/was-ahmedabad-railway-station-blast-a-trial-run/articleshow/1742877.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218070650/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/was-ahmedabad-railway-station-blast-a-trial-run/articleshow/1742877.cms|archive-date=2022-02-18|access-date=2022-02-18|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

== Investigations ==
1.5 kg of [[RDX]] explosives was planted in a suitcase. The explosives had arrived at Ahmedabad railway station from [[Mumbai]] in the chair-car compartment of Mumbai-Ahmedabad [[Karnavati Express]].<ref name=":3" /> The bomb had been originally placed in the Karnavati Express. Kamlesh Bhagora, a constable of Government Railway Police had asked a [[Porter (railroad)|porter]] to attend an unclaimed suitcase kept in the AC compartment of the train, the porter placed that suitcase near the tea stall at platform number 2/3, the bomb exploded shortly after that.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2013-12-12|title=Ahmedabad court acquits two in 2006 Kalupur bomb blast case|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ahmedabad-court-acquits-two-in-2006-kalupur-bomb-blast-case-113121201136_1.html|access-date=2022-02-18}}</ref>

Gujarat [[Anti-Terrorism Squad|Anti-Terrorist Squad]] (ATS) arrested Mahmad Aamir Shakeel Ahmed Shaikh, Mahmad Iliyas Abdul Memon, Saiyyed Aaqib, Mahmad Aslam Kashmiri, and Abu Jundal.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-21|title=2006 Kalupur Railway Station blast case: ATS arrests Bengal man who 'helped' accused flee to Pak|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/2006-kalupur-railway-station-blast-case-ats-arrests-bengal-man-who-helped-accused-flee-to-pak-6563536/|access-date=2022-02-18|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

In September 2021 Gujarat ATS arrested Ahmed Bilal, an accused terrorist wanted in blast case from [[Baramulla district]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. According to Gujarat ATS, Bilal bombed a train and detonated [[Improvised explosive device|IED]]. He was a student in [[Madrasa]] at [[Bharuch]] back in 2006. where he got involved with the banned [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist organization]], [[Lashkar-e-Taiba]]. He had allegedly convinced other students to take revenge for the [[Godhra train burning|Godhra]]-inspired [[2002 Gujarat riots|riots of 2002]] and facilitated their training at Azad Kashmir and Pakistan with the help of [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI) to train them in shooting and bomb-making.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=1 October 2021 |title=2006 blast accused held from Kashmir: Gujarat ATS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/2006-blast-accused-held-from-kashmir/articleshow/86663019.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002015225/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/2006-blast-accused-held-from-kashmir/articleshow/86663019.cms |archive-date=2021-10-02 |access-date=2022-02-19 |website=The Times of India |language=en |quote=The blast had left 10 persons injured. No one was killed.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Gujarat ATS arrests accused terrorist wanted in 2006 Ahmedabad Kalupur blast case|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/gujarat-ats-arrests-accused-terrorist-wanted-in-2006-ahmedabad-kalupur-blast-case20210930213609/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-01|title=ATS arrests 2006 Kalupur blast accused from Kashmir|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ats-arrests-2006-kalupur-blast-accused-from-kashmir-7544919/|access-date=2022-02-19|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[2006 Mumbai train bombings]]
* [[2008 Ahmedabad bombings]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ahmedabad topics}}

{{coord missing|Gujarat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmedabad railway station bombing, 2006}}
[[Category:Terrorist incidents in India in 2006]]
[[Category:Railway accidents in 2006]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Islamic terrorist incidents in 2006]]
[[Category:Crime in Gujarat]]
[[Category:2000s in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Building bombings in India]]
[[Category:2006 building bombings]]
[[Category:Lashkar-e-Taiba attacks]]
[[Category:Terrorist incidents on railway systems in India]]
[[Category:Attacks on railway stations in Asia]]
[[Category:February 2006 in India]]
[[Category:February 2006 crimes in Asia]]

Naga Students' Federation

2026-04-27T14:29:52Z

Bihar Region: added new data

{{Short description|Student organisation}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Naga Students' Federation
| bgcolor = 
| fgcolor = 
| image = Logo of the Naga Students' Federation.png
| image_border =
| image_size = 150px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| map = 
| map_size = 
| map_alt = 
| map_caption = 
| abbreviation = NSF
| goal =
| formation = {{Start date and age|1947|10|29|df=yes}}
| type = [[Student organisation|Student Organization]]
| status =
| purpose =
| headquarters = Naga Club Building, [[Kohima]], [[Nagaland]], India
| location =
| coordinates = 
| region_served = [[Northeast India]]
* [[Nagaland]]
* [[Manipur]]
* [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
* [[Assam]]
 
[[Myanmar|Northwest Burma]]
* [[Naga Self-Administered Zone]] of [[Sagaing Region]]
| num_members =
| language = [[English language|English]]
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Mteisuding Heraang
| parent_organization = 
| affiliations = 
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| budget =
| website = {{URL|nagastudentsfederation.org}}
| remarks =
| footnotes = '''Motto:''' ''For Unified Lim and Glory of Nagas''
}}

The '''Naga Students' Federation''' ('''NSF'''; {{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɛ|n|.|ɛ|s|'|ɛ|f}}) is the largest representative body for students of the [[Naga people]].<ref>Narain Karna, Mahendra.: [https://books.google.com/books?id=-3FJEfU3swcC&q=naga+students%27+federation ''Social Movements in North-East India''], 1998. Indus Publishing. New Delhi.</ref> It was established on 29 October 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/naga-students-federation-observes-its-70th-foundation-day-4912652/|title=Naga Students' Federation observes its 70th Foundation Day|date=29 October 2017|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

==History==
On 7 May 1947, student leaders from [[Angami Naga|Angami]], [[Ao Naga|Ao]], [[Lotha Naga|Lotha]], [[Sümi Naga|Sümi]] gathered at [[Kohima]] and decided to have the inaugural session of the Naga Students' Federation on 17 May 1947. However, the proposed meeting could only be held from 29 to 30 October 1947 whereby NSF came into being under the Chairmanship of Z. Ahu.

The second session of the Naga Students' Federation was held in [[Mokokchung]] from 13 to 15 October 1948. However, after the second session the NSF went defunct for 17 years due to the rising [[Ethnic conflict in Nagaland|Naga political crisis]] and the imposition of [[Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act|Army Rule]] in the Naga Hills.

The NSF became fully functional only in 1971.

On 20 March 1986, two students [[1986 Killings of Kekuojalie Sachü and Vikhozo Yhoshü|Kekuojalie Sachü and Vikhozo Yhoshü]] were killed in indiscriminate firing by [[Nagaland Police]] when they participated in a peaceful protest called by the NSF to rally against the state government's decision on the introduction of [[Indian Police Service]] (IPS) cadres and the extension of the Disturbed Area Belt from 5 to 20 km along the Indo-Myanmar (Indo-[[Burma]]) border. The event was so tumultuous that it led three Cabinet ministers and five state ministers of Nagaland to resign.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/politics-and-policy/article7766055.ece|title=A goal for peace|date=15 October 2015|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>
In commemoration of the incident, the NSF Martyrs' Memorial Trophy is held annually.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.easternmirrornagaland.com/nsf-remembers-slain-members-on-martyrs-day/|title=NSF remembers slain members on Martyrs Day|date=21 March 2018|newspaper=Eastern Mirror|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

== Constituent units ==
The Naga Students' Federation is composed of various tribe-based and regional student organizations, commonly referred to as its constituent units. These units represent different Naga ethnic groups and form the core membership of the federation. They are:
* Anal Lenruwl Tangpi
* Angami Students' Union
* Ao Kaketshir Telongjem
* Chakhesang Students' Union
* Lotha Students' Union
* Tangkhul Katamnao Saklong
* Lamkang Naga Students' Union
* Lotha Students' Union
* Mao Students' Union
* Maram Students' Union
* Maring Students' Union
* Monsang Naga Students' Union
* All Moyon Naga Students' Union
* Pochury Students' Union
* Poumai Naga Tsiidoumai Me
* Rengma Students' Union
* Sümi Kiphimi Küqhakulu
* All Zeliangrong Students' Union

== Executive members ==
The Naga Students' Federation executive members for the 2025–27 tenure are:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nagalandtribune.in/mteisuding-heraang-elected-as-new-nsf-president/|title=Mteisuding Heraang elected as new NSF president|date=29 August 2025|newspaper=Nagaland Tribune|access-date=16 March 2026}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Executive Council (2025–2027)
! Position !! Name
|-
| President || Mteisuiding Heraang
|-
| Vice President || Vimeyiekho Vitso
|-
| Secretary - General || Kenilo Kent
|-
| Secretary - Assistant General || Veze Tünyi
|-
| Secretary - Education || Ajo Tsela
|-
| Secretary - Finance || Katho P. Awomi
|-
| Secretary - Social & Cultural || Thejalhoukho Thomas Khawakhrie
|-
| Secretary - Publicity & Information || Temjentoshi
|-
| Assembly Speaker|| Marikho O. Lerüna
|}

== Presidents ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
|-
!style="background-color:crimson" | '''President'''
!style="background-color:#DAA520" | '''Start'''
!style="background-color:#DAA520" | '''End'''
!style="background-color:#32127A" | '''Representing from'''
|-
| Z. Ahu Zinyü
| 1947
| 1947
| Angami Students' Union
|-
| Sashi Aier
| 1948
| 1948
| Ao Kaketshir Mungdang
|-
| Temjen Chuba
| 1956
| 1957
| Ao Kaketshir Mungdang
|-
| [[Vamuzo Phesao]]
| October 1965
| October 1966
| Chakhesang Students' Union
|-
| K. Luithui
| 1967
| 1967
| Tangkhul Katamnao Saklong
|-
| Vebaizotuo
| October 1971
| October 1972
| Angami Students' Union
|-
| Shikiho Kits
| October 1972
| October 1973
| Sümi Students' Union
|-
| [[Zaku Zachariah Tsükrü]]
| October 1973
| October 1974
| Angami Students' Union
|-
| Tavetzo Tetseo
| October 1974
| October 1975
| Chakhesang Students' Union
|-
| Nrio Mürry
| October 1975
| October 1976
| Lotha Students' Union
|-
| N. T. Nakhro
| January 1976
| September 1976
| Angami Students' Union
|-
| T. Khonwang Konyak
| September 1976
| November 1976
| Konyak Students' Union
|-
| Veyieta Chiero
| November 1976
| November 1976
| Chakhesang Students' Union
|-
| Yesonu Veyie
| November 1976
| January 1978
| Chakhesang Students' Union
|-
| Tongpang Kumba
| January 1978
| January 1979
| Ao Kaketshir Mungdang
|-
| N. Ntsemo Ngullie
| January 1979
| January 1980
| Lotha Students' Union
|-
| Hokheto Sema
| January 1980
| January 1981
| Sümi Students' Union
|-
| Zhovehu Lohe
| January 1981
| January 1982
| Chakhesang Students' Union
|-
| Tongwang Konyak
| August 1982
| January 1983
| Konyak Students' Union
|-
| Vizolie Sorhie
| January 1983
| February 1985
| Angami Students' Union
|-
| P. Ayangba Aonok
| February 1985
| February 1987
| Ao Kaketshir Mungdang
|-
| Chokhriveyi Venyo
| February 1987
| January 1989
| Chakhesang Students' Union
|-
| Rüguozelie Paphino
| January 1989
| April 1991
| Angami Students' Union
|-
| K. Temjen Jamir
| April 1991
| February 1993
| Ao Kaketshir Mungdang
|-
| Y. Vikheho Swu
| February 1993
| February 1995
| Sümi Students' Union
|-
| [[Neiba Kronu]]
| February 1995
| June 1997
| Chakhesang Students' Union
|-
| P. Chuba Ozüküm
| June 1997
| May 1999
| Ao Kaketshir Mungdang
|-
| N. S. N. Lotha
| May 1999
| April 2001
| Lotha Students' Union
|-
| Vipopal Kintso
| April 2001
| May 2003
| Angami Students' Union
|-
| [[Achumbemo Kikon]]
| May 2003
| May 2005
| Lotha Students' Union
|-
| V. Phushika Awomi
| May 2005
| May 2007
| Sümi Students' Union
|-
| Imchatoba Imchen
| May 2007
| May 2009
| Ao Kaketshir Mungdang
|-
| Mütsikhoyo Yhobu
| May 2009
| May 2011
| Chakhesang Students' Union
|-
| Kelhouneizo Yhome
| May 2011
| May 2013
| Angami Students' Union
|-
| [[Tongpang Ozüküm]]
| May 2013
| June 2015
| Ao Kaketshir Mungdang
|-
| Subenthung Kithan
| June 2015
| June 2017
| Lotha Students' Union
|-
| Kesosül Christopher Ltu
| June 2017
| May 2019
| Angami Students' Union
|-
| Ninoto Awomi
| May 2019
| April 2021
| Sümi Students' Union
|-
| Kegwayhun Tep
| April 2021
| August 2023
| Rengma Students' Union
|-
| Medovi Rhi
| August 2023
| August 2025
| Chakhesang Students' Union
|-
| Mteisuding Heraang
| August 2025
| ''Incumbent''
| All Zeliangrong Students' Union
|}

== See also ==
* [[Naga Students' Union, Delhi]]
* [[Northeast Students' Organization]]
* [[All Assam Students' Union]]
* [[Student activism]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |b=no |q=no |v=no}}

=== Official sites ===
* [http://www.nagastudentsfederation.org Naga Students' Federation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926014319/http://www.nagastudentsfederation.org/ |date=2013-09-26 }} Official Website

[[Category:Organisations based in Kohima]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Nagaland]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Manipur]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Assam]]
[[Category:Student organizations established in 1947]]
[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Student organisations in Myanmar]]
[[Category:Political organizations established in 1947]]

Basant Balaji

2026-04-24T19:57:18Z

Bihar Region: created details...

{{Short description|Indian judge}}
{{Indian patronymic|Basant|Balaji}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Basant Balaji
| honorific_prefix = [[Justice (title)|Justice]]
| image =
| caption =
| office = [[Kerala High Court|Judge of the High Court of Kerala]]
| term_start = {{Start date|2021|10|08|df=yes}}
| term_end =
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| predecessor =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| office3 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| office5 =
| term_start5 =
| term_end5 =
| office6 =
| term_start6 =
| term_end6 =
| office7 =
| term_start7 =
| term_end7 =
| office8 =
| term_start8 =
| term_end8 =
| education =
| alma_mater = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram]]|[[Kerala Law Academy|Kerala Law Academy Law College, Thiruvananthapuram]]|[[University of Kerala]]}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1972|05|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| father =
| parents = {{Unbulleted_list|Adv. U. Balaji|[[D. Sreedevi]]}}
| spouse =
| children =
| website = {{URL|https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|High Court of Kerala}}
| signature =
}}
'''Basant Balaji''' (born 28 May 1972) is an Indian judge presently serving on the [[Kerala High Court]], the highest court in the [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]] and in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref name="HC">{{cite web|url=https://hckerala.gov.in/judges.php|title=Official|via=Official website High Court of Kerala|access-date=21 May 2023}}</ref><ref name="Hindu1">{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/basant-balaji-appointed-as-additional-judge-of-kerala-high-court/article36863136.ece|title=Basant Balaji appointed as additional judge of Kerala high Court|newspaper=The Hindu |date=6 October 2021 |via=thehindu.com|access-date=11 Jun 2023}}</ref><ref name="TOI1">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/advocate-basant-balaji-appointed-judge-of-kerala-high-court/articleshow/86813965.cms|title=Advocate Basant Balaji appointed judge of Kerala high court|newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 October 2021 |access-date=11 Jun 2023}}</ref>

==Education and career==
Balaji completed his schooling from [[Loyola School, Thiruvananthapuram]], pre-degree from [[Mar Ivanios College|Mar Ivanios College, Thiruvananthapuram]], graduated in law from [[Kerala Law Academy]] and obtained post graduation in business law from the [[University of Kerala]].

Admitted to Bar in 1995 and started practicing in subordinate courts of [[Thiruvananthapuram]] and shifted his practice to the [[Kerala High Court|High Court of Kerala]] in 1998. He was appointed as Additional Judge of the High Court of Kerala on 8 October 2021.<ref name="HC"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Judges of the Kerala High Court]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Prakash Kaur (social worker)

2026-04-19T16:28:31Z

Bihar Region: stub

{{Short description|India social worker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Prakash Kaur
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = Social Worker
| yearsactive =
| known for =
| spouse =
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Bibi Prakash Kaur''' is a social worker from Jalandhar, India. She received the [[Padma Shri]] for her social service towards abandoned female children in [[Punjab]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Agnihotri Chaba |first=Anju |date=2021-01-26 |title=Mother to 80 abandoned girls, Punjab social worker is awarded Padma Shri |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chandigarh/mother-to-80-abandoned-girls-punjab-social-worker-is-awarded-padma-shri-7161657/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=}}</ref>

She was an abandoned girl herself, left as a baby on the streets, and was raised at Nari Niketan. She left Nari Niketan in 1993 to start her own home to provide shelter for the abandoned girls. She started with eight girls but gradually the number of abandoned girls increased.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prakash Kaur: A mother to 100 abandoned girls feted with Padma Shri |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/a-mother-to-100-abandoned-girls-336141 |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Icon Detailed Description |url=https://www.drishtiias.com/inspirational-icons/prakash-kaur#:~:text=Prakash%20Kaur%20was%20nominated%20for,Niketan%20in%20Jalandhar%20city,%20Punjab. |access-date=2024-12-01 |website=Drishti IAS |language=en}}</ref> She encourages parents not to abandon their children on the street, but to bring them to her instead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2021 |title=ਬੀਬੀ ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਕੌਰ ਪਦਮਸ਼੍ਰੀ ਨਾਲ ਸਨਮਾਨਿਤ, ‘ਸੁਪਨਾ ਬਸ ਇਕ ਸੜਕਾਂ ਕੰਢੇ ਨਾ ਰੁਲੇ ਕੋਈ ਧੀ’ |url=https://dailypost.in/latest-punjabi-news/bibi-parkash-kaur-honored/ |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=[[Daily Post India]] |language=pa}}</ref>

The Unique Home, her shelter for abandoned children, is equipped with a [[baby hatch]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rai |first=Priyanka |date=24 January 2011 |title=Mother Hope: Prakash Kaur and her Unique Home for Girls |url=https://thebetterindia.com/2350/mother-hope-prakash-kaur-and-her-unique-home-for-girls/ |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=[[The Better India]]}}</ref>

She was also given the [[Real Heroes Award]] from [[Reliance Industries]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Vinay |date=9 November 2021 |title=बच्चियों का जीवन रोशन करने वाली बीबी प्रकाश कौर को पद्मश्री, राष्ट्रपति रामनाथ कोविंद ने किया अलंकृत |url=https://www.jagran.com/punjab/jalandhar-city-bibi-prakash-kaur-will-get-padma-shri-today-jalandhar-news-22190417.html |access-date=28 January 2025 |website=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== Awards ==

* [[Padma Shri]]
* International Women's Day Award (awarded by [[Raghav Chadha|Raghav Chadda]], member of Rajya Sabha)

==References==
<references />

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaur, Prakash}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:People from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in social work]]

{{India-bio-stub}}

APSRTC Central Bus Station, Tirupati

2026-04-15T06:29:19Z

Bihar Region:

{{Short description|Bus station in Tirupati, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = APSRTC Central Bus Station
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| type = Passenger Transportation
| style =
| image =
| image_caption =
| bus_stands =
| code = TPT
| owned = [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]]
| operator =
| address = Tatanagar, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh 517501
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.6298|79.4263|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platforms = 64
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = Yes
| opened =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services =
| map_type = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh##Location in India
| map_dot_label =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=180|zoom=13|type=point|marker=bus|text=Srihari bus station (formerly central bus station)}}
}}

'''APSRTC Central Bus Station''' '''(CBS)''' is a bus station located in [[Tirupati]] in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is owned by [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (APSRTC)]]. It operates buses to all parts of the State and to nearby cities in [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Karnataka]], [[Telangana]]. This Bus station is spread over an area of 13.22 acres of land and it is the third largest Bus station in Andhra Pradesh after [[Pandit Nehru Bus Station]] (28 acres), [[NTR bus station|NTR Bus Station]] (20.32 acres).

==Structure==

There are three mini bus stations in the Tirupati Central bus station complex with a total of 64 platforms in 13.22 acres.<ref name=bus1>{{cite news|title=Tirupati bus station gets new name|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/tirupati-bus-station-gets-new-name/article3067373.ece|accessdate=16 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=29 October 2006|location=Tirupati}}</ref><ref name=bus2>{{cite news|title=New bus station likely to come up on outskirts of Tirupati|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/new-bus-station-likely-to-come-up-on-outskirts-to-ease-traffic-in-tirupati/article22278476.ece|accessdate=19 September 2018|work=The Hindu|date=26 December 2017|location=Tirupati}}</ref> The ''Srihari bus station'', formerly known as Central bus station, is utilized for eastern services. The Srinivasa bus station is for west-bound destinations. The ''Saptagiri link bus station'', renamed ''Yedukondala bus station'', is utilized for services to [[Tirumala]].<ref name=bus1 />

Tirupati bus stand had a fleet of 1500 buses with nearly 3900 daily trips.<ref name=bus2 /> It carries on an average of 1.3 lakh passengers per day during normal days which makes it one of the busiest bus-stands.<ref name=bus2 />

== Platforms ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Platforms
! Buses
|-
| 1, 2
| [[Chennai]]
|-
| 3, 4
| [[Chennai]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Chengalpattu]]
|-
| 5
| [[Kanchipuram]], [[Thiruttani]], [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]
|-
| 6
| [[Puttur, Andhra Pradesh|Puttur]], [[Nagari, Andhra Pradesh|Nagari]]
|-
| 7
| [[Satyavedu]]
|-
| 8
| [[Srikalahasti]] (Express Buses)
|-
| 9
| [[Srikalahasti]] (Non-Stop Buses)
|-
| 10
| [[Srikalahasti]] (Pallevelugu)
|-
| 11
| [[Narasaraopet]], [[Macherla]], [[Sattenapalle]]
|-
| 12
| [[Machilipatnam]], [[Vinukonda]], [[Nuzvid]]
|-
| 13
| [[Vijayawada]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Visakhapatnam]]
|-
| 14
| [[Eluru]], [[Tanuku]], [[Kakinada]]
|-
| 15
| [[Srisailam]], [[Markapur]]
|-
| 16
| [[Nellore]] (Non-Stop Buses)
|-
| 17
| [[Bhadrachalam]], [[Nalgonda]], [[Miryalguda]], [[Sattenapalle]], [[Macherla]]
|-
| 18
| [[Nellore]], [[Gudur]], [[Kavali]], [[Vakadu]]
|-
| 19
| [[Sullurupeta]], [[Sriharikota]]
|-
| 20
| [[Venkatagiri]], [[Rapur]]
|-
| 21, 22
| [[Bengaluru]]
|-
| 23, 24
| [[Bengaluru]], [[Mysuru]]
|-
| 25, 26
| [[Salem, Tamil Nadu|Salem]], [[Coimbatore]], [[Madurai]], [[Tiruchirapalli]], [[Thanjavur]]
|-
| 27
| [[Vellore]], [[Tiruvannamalai]]
|-
| 28
| [[Chittoor]]
|-
| 29
| [[Kuppam]], [[Palamaner]], [[Krishnagiri]], [[Hosur]]
|-
| 30
| [[Kurnool]], [[Hyderabad]]
|-
| 31
| [[Allagadda]], [[Nandyal]]
|-
| 32
| [[Proddatur]], [[Jammalamadugu]], [[Banaganapalle]]
|-
| 33
| [[Kadapa]] (Non-Stop Buses)
|-
| 34
| [[Rajampet]], [[Badvel]], [[Srisailam]], [[Pulivendula]], [[Tadipatri]]
|-
| 35
| Koduru, [[Rajampet]], [[Penagalur]], Konduru
|-
| 36
| [[Anantapur]], [[Bellary]], [[Hospet]]
|-
| 37, 38
| [[Madanapalle]] (Express and Non-Stop Buses)
|-
| 39, 40
| [[Pileru]]
|-
| 41
| [[Rayachoti]]
|-
| 42
| [[Punganur]]
|-
| 43
| Anupalli
|-
| 44
| [[Kanipakam]]
|-
| 45 to 56
| [[Tirumala]]
|-
| 58, 59
| Gudimallam, Musilipedu, Saraswathi Kandriga, Chellur, Chittoor (via Devalampeta)
|-
| 61
| [[Pachikapallam]], [[Pallipattu]], [[Karvetinagar]], [[Penumuru]]
|-
| 63
| Ramapuram, Kammapalli, Paidipalle
|-
| 64
| Appalayagunta, Thandlam, Boyalagadda, Tirupati Collector Office
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Tirupati}}
{{Tirupati topics}}
{{Bus stations in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:Bus stations in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Transport in Tirupati]]

Vidit Gujrathi

2026-04-14T18:18:44Z

Bihar Region: New

{{Short description|Indian chess grandmaster (born 1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox chess biography
| name = Vidit Gujrathi
| image = ViditGujrathi23a.jpg
| caption = Vidit in 2023

| birth_name = Vidit Santosh Gujrathi
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1994|10|24}}<ref name="About me">{{cite web | url=http://www.viditgujrathi.com/aboutme.html | title=About me section on his website | access-date=24 November 2013 | archive-date=9 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131209022929/http://viditgujrathi.com/aboutme.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Nashik]], Maharashtra, India
| spouse = {{marriage|Nidhi Kataria|2 April 2025}}

| country = India
| title = [[Grandmaster (chess)|Grandmaster]] (2013)
| peakrating = 2747 (February 2024)
| peakranking = No. 14 (January 2024)
| FideID = 5029465
}}

'''Vidit Santosh Gujrathi''' (born 24 October 1994) is an Indian [[Grandmaster (chess)|chess grandmaster]]. Gujrathi attained the title of grandmaster in January 2013, becoming the 30th player from India to do so. He is the fourth Indian player to have crossed the [[Elo rating system#FIDE ratings|Elo rating]] of 2700. He is a double gold medalist at the [[Chess Olympiad]]. He is also a silver medalist at the [[Asian Games]]. Gujrathi won the [[FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2023|Grand Swiss 2023]] and became the third Indian to qualify for the [[FIDE Candidates Tournament|Candidates tournament]].

== Early life ==
Vidit Gujrathi was born in [[Nashik]] to Santosh Gujrathi, an [[Ayurveda]] practitioner, and Nikita Gujrathi, a [[cosmetologist]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/vidit-santosh-gujrathi/articleshow/62569825.cms | title=Santosh Gujrathi Vidit | date=19 January 2018 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Accidental chess player Vidit Gujrathi says the sport worked out well for him |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/vidit-gujrathi-indian-grandmaster-global-chess-league-mumba-masters-fide-interviews-news/article68604328.ece |access-date=2 April 2025 |work=Sportstar |date=4 September 2024 |language=en}}</ref> He did his early schooling at Fravashi Academy and was coached in chess from an early age.

==Career==
===2006–2017===
In 2006, Gujrathi finished 2nd in the Asian Youth Championships in the U12 category, thus receiving the title of [[FIDE Master]].<ref name="Asian Youth championship 2006 U12">{{cite web | url=http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=34329 | title=Asian Youth championship 2006 U12 | publisher=FIDE | access-date=15 December 2013 | archive-date=3 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103231901/http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=34329 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 2008, he won the [[World Youth Chess Championship]] in the Open U14 section, the first Indian to do so.<ref name="Hindu WYCC">{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/31/stories/2008103162871900.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227202607/http://www.hindu.com/2008/10/31/stories/2008103162871900.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=27 December 2008 | title=India dominates World Youth championships | date=31 October 2013 | access-date=2 December 2013 | work=[[The Hindu]] | author=Manuel Aaron}}</ref> He scored 9 points out of a possible 11, clinching his final norm to become an [[International Master]].

He finished 2nd in the U16 category of the [[World Youth Chess Championship]] in 2009, tying with the eventual winner [[S. P. Sethuraman]] at 9 points.<ref name="WYCC 2009">{{cite web | url=http://wycc2009.tsf.org.tr/component/option,com_turnuva/task,show/dosya,103/Itemid,103/lang,turkish/ | title=World Youth Chess Championships 2009 Final Standings | publisher=Organiser | access-date=2 December 2013}}</ref> He made the first step towards becoming a grandmaster in January 2010 by reaching a 2500 rating.

In the [[World Junior Chess Championship]] in [[Chennai]] in 2011, held for U20 players, Gujrathi finished with 8 points out of 11, thus gaining his first GM norm.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=57004 | title=World Junior Chess Championship 2011 | access-date=16 December 2013 | archive-date=13 December 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213131318/http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=57004 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the [[Nagpur]] International Open in 2011, Gujrathi finished with 8/11 points, one point behind the eventual winner [[Ziaur Rahman (chess player)|Ziaur Rahman]]. He gained his second GM norm in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=70960 | title=Nagpur International Open 2012 | access-date=16 December 2013 | archive-date=3 January 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103232219/http://ratings.fide.com/tournament_report.phtml?event16=70960 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Gujrathi achieved his final GM norm at the age of 18 in the eighth round of the Rose Valley [[Kolkata]] Open Grandmasters' chess tournament in 2012, where he finished third.<ref name="Hindu gm norm">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-sports/four-indians-in-sevenway-lead-gujrathi-is-gm/article4190042.ece | title=Four Indians in seven-way lead; Gujrathi is GM | work=Hindu | date=12 December 2013 | access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, Gujrathi won a bronze medal in the [[World Junior Chess Championship]] in Turkey in the Junior (U20) category.<ref name="TOI U20">{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/chess/Historic-World-Junior-Chess-bronze-for-Vidit-Gujrathi/articleshow/23117557.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930213139/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-09-27/chess/42458709_1_world-junior-chess-vidit-gujrathi-cori-jorge | url-status=live | archive-date=30 September 2013 | title=Historic World Junior Chess bronze for Santosh Vidit | date=27 September 2013 | work=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="First Post U20">{{cite news | url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/indias-vidit-gujarathi-wins-bronze-in-world-junior-chess-1136901.html | title=India's Santosh Vidit wins bronze at World Junior Chess | work=First Post | date=27 September 2013 | access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> Gujrathi finished third in the [[Hyderabad]] International Grandmasters chess tournament in 2013, winning Rs 150,000.<ref name="Hindu Hyd chess tournament">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sethuraman-and-varun-take-titles/article5418829.ece | title=Sethuraman and Varun take titles | work=Hindu | date=4 December 2013 | access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> He passed the 2600-rating threshold on the January 2014 rating list.

Gujrathi's equal third at the 2015 [[Asian Chess Championship]] qualified him to the [[Chess World Cup 2015]], where he was eliminated in the first round. In 2017, he tied for the best score of 7/9 at the [[Dubai Open Chess Tournament|Dubai Open]].

=== 2018–present ===
Gujrathi won the Challenger event of the 2018 [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament]] by a full point, going undefeated with a score of 9/13. He qualified for the Masters event of the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2019|2019 tournament]], where he had a respectable 7/13 showing, including a win over former world champion [[Vladimir Kramnik]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidit Gujrathi {{!}} Top Chess Players |url=https://www.chess.com/players/vidit-santosh-gujrathi |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

From 22{{En dash}}26 November 2019, he competed in the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament|Tata Steel]] Rapid and Blitz as a [[Wild card (sports)|wildcard]] competitor. He finished in a tie for eighth with fellow wildcard [[Pentala Harikrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://grandchesstour.org/2019-grand-chess-tour/2019-tata-steel-chess-india-rapid-blitz|title=2019 Tata Steel Chess India Rapid & Blitz | Grand Chess Tour|access-date=29 November 2019|archive-date=30 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030045834/https://grandchesstour.org/2019-grand-chess-tour/2019-tata-steel-chess-india-rapid-blitz|url-status=dead}}</ref> He played in the [[Skilling Open]], the first event of the [[Champions Chess Tour 2021]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vidit Gujrathi will star in the Champions Chess Tour Skilling Open – ChessBase India|url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Champions-Chess-Tour-Skilling-Open-preview|access-date=30 November 2020|website=www.chessbase.in|date=22 November 2020}}</ref>

He was the captain of the historic gold medal-winning Indian team in [[FIDE Online Chess Olympiad 2020|Online Chess Olympiad 2020]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=4 September 2020|title=Team captain Vidit Gujrathi looks back at India's dramatic shared title at the Online Chess Olympiad|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/team-captain-vidit-gujrathi-indias-dramatic-shared-title-online-chess-olympiad-6582088/|access-date=10 September 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Through February and March 2022, Gujrathi played in the [[FIDE Grand Prix 2022]]. In the first leg, he tied for second with Daniil Dubov with 3/6 in Pool C. In the second leg, he finished second in Pool C with a result of 3/6, finishing 12th in the standings with seven points.

Gujrathi qualified to the [[Chess World Cup 2023]] by rating, replacing women's world chess champion [[Ju Wenjun]]. He reached the round of 16, where he defeated [[Ian Nepomniachtchi]] to advance to the quarterfinals for his second consecutive World Cup.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McGourty (Colin_McGourty) |first=Colin |date=15 August 2023 |title=Vidit Beats Nepo; 4 Indians In World Cup Quarterfinals |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/fide-world-cup-2023-round-5-3 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=FIDE World Cup 2023 R5 TB: Fiery Vidit Gujrathi blazes Ian Nepomniachtchi - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/FIDE-World-Cup-2023-Round-5-TB-report |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref> He lost to [[Nijat Abasov]] in the quarterfinals, missing out on a chance to qualify for the [[Candidates Tournament]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ciocan |first=Maria |date=21 August 2023 |title=FIDE World Cup: Road to the Candidates - King Watcher Blog |url=https://blog.kingwatcher.com/fide-world-cup-road-to-the-candidates/ |access-date=15 November 2023 |language=en-US |archive-date=15 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115061848/https://blog.kingwatcher.com/fide-world-cup-road-to-the-candidates/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

He played in the [[FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2023]] from 25 October to 5 November 2023. He lost in the first round, but won 7 out of his next 10 games to win the tournament with a score of 8½/11.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rodgers (JackRodgers) |first=Jack |date=6 November 2023 |title=FIDE Grand Swiss 2023: Vidit Wins, Nakamura Claims Candidates Spot |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2023-fide-grand-swiss-vidit-wins |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Chess, R Vaishali and Vidit Gujrathi win FIDE Grand Swiss Women's and Open titles in UK |url=https://newsonair.gov.in/Main-News-Details.aspx?id=470801 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=newsonair.gov.in}}</ref> Gujrathi qualified to the [[Candidates Tournament 2024]] by finishing in the top two of the Grand Swiss.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2023 |title=For Vidit Gujrathi, at long last, a moment to savour |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/for-vidit-gujrathi-at-long-last-a-moment-to-savour-101699284209850.html |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The [[All India Chess Federation]] announced a financial assistance of ₹20 million for candidates preparation to Gujrathi, [[R Praggnanandhaa]] and [[R Vaishali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2023 |title=The All India Chess Federation announces Rs.2 crore (US$240,459) assistance to Vidit, Pragg and Vaishali - ChessBase India |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Financial-assistance-to-Vidit-Pragg-Vaishali-for-Candidates-2024 |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=www.chessbase.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Svensen (TarjeiJS) |first=Tarjei J. |date=14 November 2023 |title=India Makes World Championship Move With $240K Assistance To Vidit, Pragg, Vaishali |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/india-makes-world-chess-champion-move-with-240k-assistance |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Chess.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2023 |title=AICF earmarks ₹2 crore for Candidates preparation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/others/aicf-earmarks-2-crore-for-candidates-preparation-101699979761963.html |access-date=15 November 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He finished sixth in the [[Candidates Tournament 2024]], notably defeating [[Hikaru Nakamura]] in both of their games.

In March 2025, Gujrathi won the Paris Freestyle Chess Grand Slam Play-In and qualified for Paris Freestyle Chess Grand Slam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidit Qualifies For Paris Freestyle Chess Grand Slam |url=https://www.chess.com/events/2025-freestyle-chess-grand-slam-paris-play-in-swiss/results |website=Chess.com}}</ref>

==Notable results==
*Individual silver and team gold medals in the [[European Chess Club Cup]] 2024.
*Part of gold-medal winning Indian team in the [[45th Chess Olympiad]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-28 |title=Gukesh, Arjun, Pragg, Vidit, Hari: Decoding strengths of India's unstoppable forces and immovable objects at Chess Olympiad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/chess-olympiad-unstoppable-forces-and-immovable-objects-decoding-the-strengths-of-the-five-players-who-have-brought-india-gold-9582562/ |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Winner of [[Shamkir Chess|Gashimov Memorial 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2023 |title=Vidit edges Arjun, wins 2023 Gashimov Memorial |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/gashimov-memorial-2023-d4 |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=Chess News |language=en}}</ref>
*Winner of the [[FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2023]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title= Indian Triumph - Vidit and Vaishali win FIDE Grand Swiss |url=https://www.fide.com/news/2722 |website=FIDE|date=6 November 2023}}</ref>
* Individual and team silver medals in the [[FIDE World Rapid Team Championship|World Rapid Team Championship 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2023 |title=Vidit Gujrathi on X |url=https://twitter.com/viditchess/status/1697479165203877905?s=20 |access-date=14 November 2023 |website=X (formerly [[Twitter]]) |language=en}}</ref>
* Quarter-finalist of the [[Chess World Cup 2023]].
* Individual silver and team gold medals in the [[European Chess Club Cup]] 2022.
* Quarter-finalist of the [[Chess World Cup 2021]].
* Captain of gold medal-winning Indian team in the [[FIDE Online Chess Olympiad 2020|Online Chess Olympiad 2020]].<ref name=":0" />
* Runner-up of the 2020 [[Prague]] Chess Festival Masters.
* Winner of the 2019 [[Biel Chess Festival]].
* Quarter-finalist of the [[FIDE World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2019|World Fischer Random Chess Championship 2019]].
* Score of 7/11 in the [[FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament 2019]].
* Winner of the [[Tata Steel Chess Tournament#2018|2018 Tata Steel Challengers]].

==Personal life==
In 2 April 2025, Vidit married Nidhi Kataria, a homeopath.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vidit Gujrathi's wedding |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/vidit-gujrathi-nidhi-kataria-married |website=Chess.com |date=3 April 2025 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIDE|name=Santosh Gujrathi Vidit}}
* {{Chess.com player|vidit-santosh-gujrathi|Vidit Santosh Gujrathi|member=viditchess}}
* {{Chessgames.com player|117302|Santosh Gujrathi Vidit}}
* {{365Chess.com player|Santosh_Gujrathi_Vidit|Santosh Gujrathi Vidit}}

{{Indian grandmasters}}
{{FIDE Grand Swiss Tournament}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gujrathi, Vidit}}
[[Category:1994 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nashik]]
[[Category:Chess Grandmasters]]
[[Category:Chess players at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in chess]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]
[[Category:World Youth Chess Champions]]
[[Category:Indian gaming YouTubers]]

Abdur Rahim (judge)

2026-04-12T14:39:45Z

Bihar Region: created a page

{{Short description|British Indian judge and politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir Abdur Rahim
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| image = Abdur_Rahim 1930.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1867|09|07|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Midnapore]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], [[British India]].
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1952|10|19|1867|9|7|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]], [[Sindh]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]
| alma_mater = [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[University of Calcutta]]
| party = [[All-India Muslim League]] Bengal Muslim Party
| children = [[Jalaludin Abdur Rahim]] Begum Niaz Fatima
| office = President of [[Central Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 24 January 1935
| term_end = 1 October 1945
| predecessor = [[R. K. Shanmukham Chetty]]
| successor = [[Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar]]
| office1 = Member of [[Central Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 1930
| term_end1 = 1945
| predecessor1 = [[Mohamed Rafique]]
| constituency1 = Calcutta & Suburbs
}}

'''Sir Abdur Rahim''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCSI}} (7 September 1867<ref>{{cite book |title=World Biography |volume=2 |year=1948 |publisher=Institute for Research in Biography |page=3886 |oclc=1838449}}</ref> – 19 October 1952), sometimes spelled '''Abdul Rahim''', was a judge and politician in [[British India]] and later in [[Pakistan]], and a leading member of the [[All-India Muslim League]]. He was President of the [[Nikhil Banga Praja Samiti]] from 1929 to 1934 and of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] of India from 1935 to 1945.

==Life==
[[File:Abdur Rahim (judge, born 1867).jpg|thumb|left]]
Rahim was born into a highly educated family of [[Bengal]], the son of [[Mawlawi (Islamic title)|Mawlawi]] Abdur Rab, who was a ''[[Zamindars of Bengal|Zamindar]]'' in the province's [[Midnapore district]].<ref>''A History of the Freedom Movement: 1906–1936'' (Renaissance Publishing House, 1984) p. 408</ref><ref>''Eminent Mussalmans'' (Neeraj Publishing House, 1981) p. 465</ref> Educated at [[Presidency College, Kolkata|Presidency College]], [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], and in England at the [[Inns of Court]],<ref>''Eminent Mussalmans'', p. 250</ref> he became a [[barrister]] of the Calcutta High Court in 1890, and later became a founding and influential member of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]].<ref name="Ikram">[[S. M. Ikram]], ''Indian Muslims and Partition of India'' (Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, 1992) p. 308-310</ref><ref name="Ahmed"/><ref name="Rajyasabha">[http://rajyasabha.gov.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/rahim_7.asp Sir Abdur Rahim] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604103445/http://rajyasabha.gov.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/rahim_7.asp |date=4 June 2016 }} at rajyasabha.gov.in</ref>

Beyond his profession, Rahim was active in the world of education and became a member of the Senate and the Syndicate of the [[University of Madras]].<ref>''A History of the Freedom Movement: 1906–1936'', p. 409</ref> He was one of those who successfully promoted the foundation of the [[Maulana Azad College]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahmood |first=Tahir |year=2007 |title=Politics of Minority Educational Institutions |publisher=ImprintOne |page=257 |isbn=9788188861033}}</ref>

On 20 July 1908, Rahim was appointed a Judge of the [[Madras High Court|High Court of Judicature at Madras]],<ref>''London Gazette'', Issue 28161 of 24 July 1908, [http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/issues/28161/pages/5420 p. 5420] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527232632/http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/issues/28161/pages/5420 |date=27 May 2012 }}</ref> and in September 1912 (with [[John Dickson-Poynder, 1st Baron Islington|Lord Islington]], [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Lord Ronaldshay]], [[H. A. L. Fisher|Herbert Fisher]], and others) as a member of the [[Royal Commission on the Public Services in India]] of 1912–1915.<ref>''London Gazette'', Issue 28642 of 6 September 1912, [http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/issues/28642/pages/6631 p. 6631] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002152501/http://www.gazettes-online.co.uk/issues/28642/pages/6631 |date=2 October 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Sir_Abdur_Rahim.jpg|thumb]]
Rahim went on to become [[Chief Justice]] of the High Court of Madras<ref name="Ikram"/> and Tagore Professor of Law in the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name="Ahmed">Salahuddin Ahmed, ''Bangladesh Past and Present'' (APH Publishing, 2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Szfqq7ruqWgC&pg=PA86 p. 86]</ref> In the [[1919 Birthday Honours]], he was [[Knight Bachelor|knighted]].<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 31587
| date = 7 October 1919
| page = 12419
}}</ref>

While he was still a judge of the High Court of Madras, Rahim gave a series of lectures at the University of Calcutta which were later published under the title ''The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence according to the [[Hanafi]], [[Maliki]], [[Shafiʽi school|Shafi'i]], and [[Hanbali]] Schools''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Abdur|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_principles_of_Muhammadan_jurisprudence_according_to_the_Hanafi,_Maliki,_Shafii_and_Hanbali_schools_(IA_principlesofmuha00rahi).pdf|title=The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence according to the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali Schools|publisher=Luzac|year=1911|location=London}}</ref> This work considers some recent European books on philosophy and law and compares the Islamic and European principles of [[jurisprudence]], combining classical and modern learning.<ref name="Hamidullah">M. Hamidullah, ''Emergence of Islam'', [http://muslim-canada.org/contribution_shafi.html extract] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171700/http://muslim-canada.org/contribution_shafi.html |date=3 March 2016 }} at muslim-canada.org</ref>

Entering politics, he became a member of the [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]] Executive Council and served as the province's Administrator of Justice and Allied Subjects from 1921 to 1925.

In the [[1925 Birthday Honours]], Rahim was appointed a [[Order of the Star of India|Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India (KCSI)]].<ref>{{London Gazette
| issue = 33053
| date = 3 June 1925
| page = 3770
| supp = 1
}}</ref><ref>''The Calcutta Review'' ser. 3, v. 15, 1925 (University of Calcutta, 1925) p. 396</ref>

In December 1925 and January 1926, Rahim chaired the 17th session of the [[All-India Muslim League]] at [[Aligarh]], when he said – {{blockquote|The [[Hinduism|Hindus]] and [[Muslims]] are not two religious [[sect]]s like the [[Protestants]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] of England, but form two distinct communities of peoples, and so they regard themselves... the fact that they have lived in the same country for nearly 1,000 years has contributed hardly anything to their fusion into a nation... Any of us Indian Muslims travelling in [[Afghanistan]], [[Persia]], Central Asia, among Chinese Muslims, [[Arabs]], and [[Turkish people|Turks]] would at once be made at home and would not find anything to which we are not accustomed. On the contrary in India we find ourselves in all social matters aliens when we cross the street and enter that part of the town where our fellow townsmen live.<ref name="Ikram"/><ref>Shan Muhammad, ''The Indian Muslims'' (Meenakshi Prakashan, 1985) pp. 114–116</ref>}}

In 1926, he presided over the All-India Mohammadan Educational Conference and argued for the use of the [[Urdu]] language among all Indian Muslims. The Hindu leaders became hostile to Rahim, and when in 1927 the [[Governor of Bengal]] offered him a place in the Provincial government, the Hindus refused to work with him.<ref name="Ikram"/>

Also in 1926, he formed a political party called the Bengal Muslim Party.<ref name="Review">Ramananda Chatterjee, ed., ''The Modern Review'' vol. 39, Jan–June 1926 (Prabasi Press, 1926) p. 601</ref> ''The Modern Review'' commented: <blockquote>For any Muslim, and particularly for Sir Abdur Rahim, to form such a party cannot surprise anybody. But what is amusing is that he has felt it necessary to camouflage it as something other than what it is. For the party speaks in the opening paragraph of its manifesto in the most liberal and nonsectarian tones.<ref name="Review"/></blockquote>

In 1928, Rahim was the president of the Bengal Muslim Conference which opposed the [[Nehru Report]], and in 1930 of the Bengal Muslim Conference which opposed the proposals of the [[Simon Commission]].<ref name="Ikram"/>

[[File:Sansad Bhavan-2.jpg|thumb|220px|Parliament Building in New Delhi, home of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]], now of the [[Parliament of India]] ]]
From 1929 to 1934, he was President of the [[Nikhil Banga Praja Samiti]], or All Bengal Tenant Association.<ref>[http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Praja_Party Praja Party] at banglapedia</ref>

In 1931, he was elected to the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] of India, and while [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]] was overseas for the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conferences]], Rahim led the Independent Party. On 24 January 1935, he was elected as the assembly's president, which effectively ended his public involvement in partisan politics, but he retained strong views on the interests of Muslim Indians.<ref name="Ikram"/><ref name="Hamidullah"/> He served as president of the Central Legislative Assembly from 1935 until 1945.<ref name="Rajyasabha"/>

A member of the Indian Military College Committee, Rahim was sometimes skeptical of British policy. He was also opposed to recruiting men from outside India into the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], such as the [[Gurkhas]], which he described as "absolutely an anti-Indian policy".<ref>Gautam Sharma, ''Nationalisation of the Indian Army, 1885–1947'' (Allied Publishers, 1996) [https://books.google.com/books?id=siDiyYi8k74C&pg=PA138 p. 138]</ref>

In June 1939, the Viceroy, [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow|Lord Linlithgow]], wrote to the [[Secretary of State for India]], [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland|Lord Zetland]], after sounding out Rahim on Muslim attitudes towards the proposed Federation of India – {{blockquote|I had not anticipated that he would be anything but right wing; but I was, I confess, a little surprised by the extreme communal vigour of his views and by the conviction with which he maintained that his co-religionists now stood, as he put it, with their backs to the wall and must fight.<ref>Marquess of Zetland, ''Essayez'', p. 253</ref>}}

In October 1939, with Sir Abdullah Haroon, Rahim visited [[Allama Mashriqi]], leader of the [[Khaksar Tehrik|Khaksars]], shortly after his release from jail.<ref>[http://allama-mashriqi.8m.com/chronology.html Chronology of the Khaksar Tehrik and its Leader, Allama Mashriqi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202010024/http://allama-mashriqi.8m.com/chronology.html |date=2 February 2009 }} at allama-mashriqi.8m.com</ref>

In 1946, Rahim donated his collection of 333 [[Arabic language|Arabic]] books, mostly on religion, to the [[National Library of India|Imperial Library]] (now the [[National Library of India]]), where they are known as the Sir Abdur Rahim Collection.<ref>[http://www.nationallibrary.gov.in/nat_lib_stat/gift_collection2.html Gift Collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113022116/http://www.nationallibrary.gov.in/nat_lib_stat/gift_collection2.html |date=13 November 2016 }} at nationallibrary.gov.in</ref>

After moving to Pakistan in 1947, he settled in [[Karachi]], where he eventually suffered from [[pneumonia]] and died in 1952.<ref>[[Muhammad Mojlum Khan]], ''The Muslim Heritage of Bengal: The Lives, Thoughts and Achievements of Great Muslim Scholars, Writers and Reformers of Bangladesh and West Bengal'', Kube Publishing Ltd (2013), p. 279</ref>

His daughter Begum Niaz Fatima married the [[barrister]] [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] (1892–1963), who later became the fifth [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], while his son [[Jalaludin Abdur Rahim]] was a [[Nietzschean]] philosopher and one of the founders of the [[Pakistan People's Party]].

==Publications==
*{{Cite book|last=Rahim|first=Abdur|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_principles_of_Muhammadan_jurisprudence_according_to_the_Hanafi,_Maliki,_Shafii_and_Hanbali_schools_(IA_principlesofmuha00rahi).pdf|title=The Principles of Muhammadan Jurisprudence according to the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali Schools|publisher=Luzac & Co|year=1911|location=London}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160604103445/http://rajyasabha.gov.in/rsnew/picture_gallery/rahim_7.asp Photograph of Sir Abdur Rahim]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahim, Abdur}}
[[Category:1867 births]]
[[Category:1952 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Karachi]]
[[Category:Pakistani scholars]]
[[Category:Pakistani jurists]]
[[Category:Leaders of the Pakistan Movement]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Members of the Central Legislative Assembly of India]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Pakistani people of Bengali descent]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali lawyers]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Midnapore]]
[[Category:19th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali knights]]

West Satara Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:30:03Z

Bihar Region: Stub

{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=February 2026}}
{{primary sources|date=February 2026}}}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = West Satara
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1951 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 45,737
| mla = Ghorpade Baburao Balasaheb
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
West Satara Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]]. After the 1955 Delimitation act, it was merged into [[Miraj Assembly constituency|Miraj]] and [[Satara Assembly constituency|Satara]] constituencies.
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Ghorpade Baburao Balasaheb || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : West Satara <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Ghorpade Baburao Balasaheb |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 5,414 |percentage = 23.41% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dhane Rajaram Doulu |party = Kamgar Kisan Paksha |votes = 4,123 |percentage = 17.83% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patankar Gopalrao Laxmanrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,032 |percentage = 13.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Tarlekar Laxman Vithoba |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,855 |percentage = 12.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vangade Rauba Bhau |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,302 |percentage = 9.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sawant Khanderao Sakharam |party = Scheduled Castes Federation |votes = 2,223 |percentage = 9.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Baburao Dada |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 1,786 |percentage = 7.72% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jadhav Krishnaji Maruti |party = Independent politician |votes = 838 |percentage = 3.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadam Tatyaba Bhagwantrao |party = Independent politician |votes = 550 |percentage = 2.38% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,291 |percentage = 5.58% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 23,123 |percentage = 50.56% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 23,123}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 45,737 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Sharmila Makhija

2026-03-25T23:25:14Z

Bihar Region: Stub

{{Infobox person
| name = Sharmila Makhija
| birth_place = [[Montgomery, Alabama]], U.S.
| education = [[Cornell University]] ([[B. A.|BA]]) [[University of Alabama at Birmingham]] ([[M. D.|MD]]) [[Emory University]] ([[M. B. A.|MBA]])
| alma_mater =
| occupation = University [[Dean (education)|dean]] and [[chief executive officer]] of [[Alice L. Walton School of Medicine]]
| known_for = [[Women's health]] and [[gynecologic oncology]]
| boards = [[Every Mother Counts (campaign)|Every Mother Counts]], Clinical Leadership Committee of the [[American Hospital Association]]
}}


'''Sharmila Makhija''' is an American surgeon specializing in [[women's health]] and [[gynecologic oncology]]. She is the dean and [[chief executive officer]] of the [[Alice L. Walton School of Medicine]] in [[Bentonville, Arkansas]].

==Early life and education==
Makhija is a native of [[Montgomery, Alabama]].<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref> Her father was a college chemistry professor and her mother was a high school biology teacher. Her grandfather was a [[surgeon]] and [[general practitioner]] in [[India]].<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref>

Makhija received her [[Bachelor of Arts]] in chemistry at [[Cornell University]] in 1988.<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref> She then completed her medical degree in 1992 from the [[ University of Alabama at Birmingham]] (UAB).<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref> In 1996, she completed her residency at the [[University of Louisville Hospital]] for obstetrics and gynecology.<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref> She then completed a gynecologic oncology fellowship at [[Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center]] in 1999.<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref>

In 2011, Makhija received her [[Executive Master of Business Administration]] from [[Goizueta Business School]] at [[Emory University]].<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref> She worked on her studies while she was director of gynecologic oncology at Emory.<ref name="Financial Times">{{cite news |title=Ten Questions - Sharmila Makhija |url=https://www.ft.com/content/9f714ab6-0c5e-11e1-8ac6-00144feabdc0 |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Financial Times |date=15 November 2011}}</ref>

==Career==
Makhija is a surgeon and considered an international expert on [[gynecologic cancer]].<ref name="KUAR">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Walton School of Medicine in Bentonville announces founding dean, CEO |url=https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/local-regional-news/2023-02-14/walton-school-of-medicine-in-bentonville-announces-founding-dean-ceo |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=KUAR |date=14 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She is an associate editor-in-chief of the [[American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin |Journal of American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin]].<ref name="KUAR">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Walton School of Medicine in Bentonville announces founding dean, CEO |url=https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/local-regional-news/2023-02-14/walton-school-of-medicine-in-bentonville-announces-founding-dean-ceo |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=KUAR |date=14 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="JAAPI">{{cite journal |title=Journal of the American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin |journal=Journal of the American Association of Physicians of Indian Origin |volume=4 |issue=Spring & Summer 2024 |page=4 |url=https://aapiusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/JAAPI_Spring-Summer-2024-Edition.pdf |access-date=8 September 2025}}</ref>

===Higher education===
Makhija has been a faculty member of [[University of Pittsburgh |University of Pittsburgh (Pitt)]], [[University of Louisville|University of Louisville (UofL)]], UAB, and Emory.<ref name="AMP 1">{{cite news |last1=Gillette |first1=Becky |title=A Different Diagnosis: Walton Medical School to Apply Holistic Approach |url=https://armoneyandpolitics.com/walton-medical-school/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Arkansas Money and Politics |date=15 August 2023}}</ref> She was a Women’s Reproductive Health Research Scholar at both Pitt and UAB<ref name="KUAR">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Walton School of Medicine in Bentonville announces founding dean, CEO |url=https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/local-regional-news/2023-02-14/walton-school-of-medicine-in-bentonville-announces-founding-dean-ceo |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=KUAR |date=14 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> and held an endowed chair position at Emory. She was also department chair and held endowed chair positions at the UofL School of Medicine and [[Albert Einstein College of Medicine]].<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref> At Emory, Makhija was also the division chief of gynecologic oncology and a distinguished cancer scholar of the Georgia Cancer Coalition.<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref> While at [[University of Louisville School of Medicine]], Makhija was the chief medical operations officer for the Center for Women and Infants.<ref name="Gatling 2023">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Next stop Arkansas for 'true Southerner' Sharmila Makhija |url=https://talkbusiness.net/2023/03/next-stop-arkansas-for-true-southerner-sharmila-makhija/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Talk Business & Politics |date=6 March 2023}}</ref>

Makhija was appointed as the founding university [[Dean (education)|dean]] and [[chief executive officer]] of Alice L. Walton School of Medicine in 2023.<ref name="AMP 3">{{cite news |title=Walton School of Medicine Appoints New Founding Dean, CEO |url=https://armoneyandpolitics.com/walton-school-founding-dean-ceo/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Arkansas Money and Politics |date=13 February 2023}}</ref>

=== Board service and recognition ===
Makhija is the impact committee chair of Every Mother Counts.<ref name="Crain's">{{cite news |title=Sharmila Makhija: Notable Healthcare Leaders 2022 |url=https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/sharmila-makhija-notable-healthcare-leaders-2022 |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=Crain's New York Business |date=12 August 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220824160400/https://www.crainsnewyork.com/awards/sharmila-makhija-notable-healthcare-leaders-2022 |archive-date=24 Aug 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
She has served on various boards, including the Clinical Leadership Committee of the [[American Hospital Association]],<ref name="KUAR">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Walton School of Medicine in Bentonville announces founding dean, CEO |url=https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/local-regional-news/2023-02-14/walton-school-of-medicine-in-bentonville-announces-founding-dean-ceo |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=KUAR |date=14 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> GigCapital5,<ref name="GigCapital5">{{cite web |title=Dr. Sharmila Makhija Joins GigCapital5 Board of Directors – GigCapital |url=https://www.gigcapitalglobal.com/listing/dr-sharmila-makhija-joins-gigcapital5-board-of-directors/ |website=gigcapitalglobal.com |publisher=GigCapital5 |access-date=24 June 2025 |date=6 January 2022}}</ref> and the Graduate Medical Education Residency Expansion Board.<ref name="GMERE">{{cite web |title=Arkansas Department of Higher Education - About - GMERE Board |url=https://adhe.edu/about/gmere-board |website=adhe.edu |publisher=Arkansas Division of Higher Education |access-date=24 June 2025}}</ref>

She received the Albert Einstein College of Medicine’s Reproductive Health Spirit of Achievement.<ref name="KUAR">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Walton School of Medicine in Bentonville announces founding dean, CEO |url=https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/local-regional-news/2023-02-14/walton-school-of-medicine-in-bentonville-announces-founding-dean-ceo |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=KUAR |date=14 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref> She also received the Argus Teaching Award from the UAB medical school<ref name="Piana">{{cite news |last1=Piana |first1=Ronald Piana |title=For an International Expert in Gynecologic Cancer, Being Reared by Educators Who Stressed Knowledge and Service Was Key |url=https://ascopost.com/issues/june-3-2024-narratives-special-issue/for-an-international-expert-in-gynecologic-cancer-being-reared-by-educators-who-stressed-knowledge-and-service-was-key/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=The ASCO Post |date=3 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and was called a "humanitarian hero" by [[Good Housekeeping]].<ref name="KUAR">{{cite news |last1=Gatling |first1=Paul |title=Walton School of Medicine in Bentonville announces founding dean, CEO |url=https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/local-regional-news/2023-02-14/walton-school-of-medicine-in-bentonville-announces-founding-dean-ceo |access-date=24 June 2025 |work=KUAR |date=14 February 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Makhija, Sharmila}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American gynecologists]]
[[Category:American women gynecologists]]
[[Category:American oncologists]]
[[Category:American women oncologists]]
[[Category:University of Pittsburgh faculty]]
[[Category:University of Louisville faculty]]
[[Category:Emory University faculty]]
[[Category:Albert Einstein College of Medicine faculty]]
[[Category:Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:University of Alabama School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:Goizueta Business School alumni]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Alabama]]
[[Category:People from Montgomery, Alabama]]

Vijaynagar State

2026-03-19T17:54:11Z

Bihar Region: typo fix

{{Short description|Former princely state in Gujarat, India}}
{{About|the princely state in Gujarat|the South Indian empire with the same name|Vijayanagara Empire|other uses|Vijaynagar (disambiguation){{!}}Vijaynagar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
|native_name = વિજયનગર
|conventional_long_name = Vijaynagar State Pol State
|common_name = Pol
|nation = [[British India]]
|subdivision = [[Princely State]]
|capital =
|era =
|year_start = 1577
|date_start =
|event_start=
|year_end = 1948
|date_end =
|event_end= [[Partition of India|Indian independence]]
|event1 =
|date_event1 =
|p1 =
|s1 = India
|flag_p1 =
|flag_s1 = Flag of India.svg
|image_flag = Flag of the Vijaynagar State.svg
|image_coat =
|image_map =
|image_map_caption =
|stat_area1 =350
|stat_year1 = 1931
|stat_pop1 = 8,491
|footnotes =
}}
'''Vijaynagar State''', known as '''Pol State''' before 1934 and also called '''Ghodadar''' for a short time, was a [[princely state]] under the [[Mahi Kantha Agency]], [[Bombay Presidency]] in NE [[Gujarat]] during the [[British Raj]]. The capital of the state was in Vijaynagar [[taluka]], [[Sabarkantha district]]. The state's last ruler signed the accession to the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]] on 8 August 1947.<ref>"Instrument of Accession of Vijaynagar State". ''[https://www.abhilekh-patal.in/jspui/handle/123456789/3073478 Vijaynagar State-Instrument of Accession and Standstill Agreement signed between Hamirsingh Hindusingh Rathor, Ruler of Vijaynagar State and the Dominion of India]''. New Delhi: Ministry of States, Government of India. 1947. p. 2. Retrieved 2 January 2024 – via [[National Archives of India]].</ref>

==History==
Pol state was founded in 1577. Between 1864 and 1877 it was renamed Vijayanagar after its new capital. The rulers of the state bore the title 'Rao'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_A-J.html|title=Indian Princely States A-J|access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref>

===Rulers===
*.... – 1720 Chandrasinhji (d. 1720)
*1720 – 1728 Kesarisinhji
*1728 – .... Kasansinhji
*.... – .... Makansinhji
*.... – .... Hathisinhji
*.... – .... Madhavsinhji
*.... – .... Ajabsinhji
*.... – .... Bhupatsinhji I
*.... – .... Bhavansinhji
*.... – .... Surajsinhji
*.... – .... Vajesinhji
*.... – .... Ratansinhji
*.... – .... Abheysinhji
*.... – .... Kiratsinhji
*.... – .... Laxmansinhji
*.... – .... Bharatsinhji
*.... – .... Amarsinhji
*.... – 1852 Anandsinhji
*1852 – 1859 Pahadsinhji Gulabsinhji (b. 1839 – d. 1859)
*1859 – 1864 Navalsinhji (d. 1864)
*23 Nov 1864 – 24 October 1889 Hamirsinhji I Gulabsinhji (b. 1840 – d. 1889)
*24 Oct 1889 – 1905 Prithisinhji Hamirsinhji (b. 1872 – d. 1905)
*Feb 1906 – 1913 Bhupatsinhji II Hamirsinhji (b. 1885 – d. 1913)
*1913 – 17 November 1914 Mohabatsinhji Bhupatsinhji (b. 1883 – d. 1914)
*17 Nov 1914 – 1947 Hamirsinhji II Hindupatsinhji (b. 1902/4 – d. 1986)
*17 Nov 1914 – 1924 .... -Regent

==See also==
*[[Mahi Kantha Agency]]
* [[Sabarkantha district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101212055258/http://gujarattourism.com/showpage.aspx?contentid=269 Polo Monument and Vijaynagar Forest]
{{Princely states of the Mahi Kantha Agency}}
{{coord|23.6|N|72.95|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Rajput history]]
[[Category:Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Princely states of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Rathore (clan)]]
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in India]]

{{Gujarat-PrincelyState-stub}}
{{Sabarkantha-geo-stub}}

Bengali literature

2026-03-18T11:18:46Z

Bihar Region: slightly improve section per sources and added references

{{short description|Literature written in the Bengali language}}
{{Bengali literature}}
{{Contains special characters|Bengali}}
{{Bengalis}}
{{EngvarB|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
'''Bengali literature''' ({{langx|bn|বাংলা সাহিত্য|Bangla Shahittô}}) denotes the body of writings in the [[Bengali language]] and which covers Old Bengali, Middle Bengali and Modern Bengali with the changes through the passage of time and dynastic patronization or non-patronization.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Azad |first=Humayun |title=Koto Nodi Sorobor Ba Bangla Vashar Jibonee (The History of Bangla Language) |publisher=Agami Prokashoni |year=2016 |isbn=9789840414215 |edition=2nd |location=Dhaka, Bangladesh |language=Bangla}}</ref> Bengali has developed over the course of roughly 1,400 years. If the emergence of the Bengali literature supposes to date back to roughly 650 AD, the development of Bengali literature claims to be 1600 years old. The earliest extant work in Bengali literature is the ''[[Charyapada]]'', a collection of [[Buddhist]] mystic songs in [[Old Bengali]] dating back to the 8th century. The timeline of Bengali literature is divided into three periods: ancient (650–1200), medieval (1200–1800) and modern (after 1800). Medieval Bengali literature consists of various poetic genres, including Hindu religious scriptures (e.g. [[Mangalkavya]]), Islamic epics (e.g. works of [[Syed Sultan]] and [[Abdul Hakim (poet)|Abdul Hakim]]), [[Vaishnava]] texts (e.g. biographies of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]), translations of [[Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Sanskrit]] texts, and secular texts by Muslim poets (e.g. works of [[Alaol]]). Novels were introduced in the mid-19th century. [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel laureate]] [[Rabindranath Tagore]] is the best known figure of Bengali literature to the world. [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], notable for his activism and anti-British literature, was described as the Rebel Poet and is now recognised as the [[National poet]] of [[Bangladesh]].

==Ancient==
The first works in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] appeared between 8th and 12th centuries C.E.<ref name="sukumarseneng24">{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sukumar |title= History of Bengali |edition=3rd |year= 1979 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-7201-107-5|page=24 }}</ref> It is generally known as the ''[[Charyapada]]'' and are 47 mystic hymns composed by various [[Buddhist]] monks, namely; [[Luipa]]da, [[Kanha (poet)|Kanhapada]], [[Kukkuripa]]da, Chatilpada, Bhusukupada, Kamlipada, Dhendhanpada, Shantipada and Shabarapada amongst others. The manuscript was discovered on a palm leaf in the [[Nepal]] Royal Court Library in 1907 by the [[Bengalis|Bengali]] linguist [[Haraprasad Shastri]]. Due to the language of these manuscripts only being partially understood, they were classified by Shastri with the name ''Shôndha Bhasha'' (সন্ধ্যা ভাষা), meaning ''dusk language''.

==Medieval (1200–1800)==
{{Main|Middle Bengali literature}}

===Early medieval/Transitional (1200–1350)===
This period is considered to be the time in which many common proverbs and rhymes first emerged. The [[Bengali alphabet]] became a lot like what it currently is. [[Ramai Pandit]] and Halayudh Misra were notable writers of this period.<ref name="bpedia">{{cite Banglapedia|article=Bangla Literature|author=Mohammad Daniul Haq & Aminur Rahman}}</ref>

===Nath Literature===
{{Main|Nath Literature}}
[[Nath Literature]] is a distinctive branch of medieval Bengali literature, rooted in the teachings and spiritual practices of the Nath yogis. Originating from the 10th century, it combines elements of Buddhist, Shaiva, and folk traditions, and centers on themes like yoga, devotion to the guru, and mystical discipline. Notable works include ‘Goraksha Bijoy’ and songs about Maynamati and Gopichandra, which blend supernatural stories with lessons on renunciation, self-control, and spiritual achievement. Passed down through both oral and written traditions, Nath Literature has played a key role in shaping Bengal’s religious culture, rural society, and folk heritage, and remains influential in Bengali folk songs even today.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nath Literature - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Nath_Literature |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=[[Banglapedia]]}}</ref>

===Pre-Chaitanya (1350–1500)===
[[File:Tomb of Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah, Narayanganj, Bangladesh.jpg|thumb|The tomb of [[Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah]], under whose patronage were writers such as [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]] and [[Krittibas Ojha]].]]

Muslim writers were exploring different themes through narratives and epics such as religion, culture, cosmology, love and history; often taking inspiration from or translating Arabic and Persian literary works such as the [[Thousand and One Nights]] and the [[Shahnameh]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |title=The development of Bengali literature during Muslim rule |access-date=2017-09-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809050525/https://blogs.edgehill.ac.uk/sacs/files/2012/07/Document-6-Billah-A.-M.-M.-A-The-Development-of-Bengali-Literature-during-Muslim-Rule.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2017}}</ref> The literary romantic tradition saw poems by [[Shah Muhammad Sagir]] on [[Yusuf and Zulaikha]], as well as works of [[Zainuddin (poet)|Zainuddin]] and Sabirid Khan. The ''[[Dobhashi]]'' culture introduced [[Arabic]] and Persian vocabulary into Bengali texts to illustrate Muslim stories. [[Epic poetry]] included ''Nabibangsha'' by [[Syed Sultan]] and ''Rasul Bijoy'' by Shah Barid.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sufi_Literature|title=Sufi Literature |website=Banglapedia |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911195841/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sufi_Literature|archive-date=11 September 2016}}</ref>[[File:Rajshahi College Library Inside 02.JPG|thumb|left|''Charyapada'' manuscript preserved in the library of [[Rajshahi College]].]][[Chandidas]] was the celebrated Hindu lyrical poet of this period, famed for translating [[Jayadeva]]'s work from Sanskrit to Bengali and for producing thousands of poems dedicated to the love between [[Radha Krishna|Radha and Krishna]] such as the [[Shreekrishna Kirtana]]. Majority of Hindu writers in this period drew inspiration from a popular [[Maithili language]] Vaishnavite poet known as [[Vidyapati]]. [[Maladhar Basu]]'s ''Sri Krishna Vijaya'', which is chiefly a translation of the 10th and 11th cantos of the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', is the earliest Bengali narrative poem that can be assigned to a definite date.<ref name = sukumarseneng>{{cite book |last1=Sen |first1=Sukumar |title= History of Bengali |edition=3rd |year= 1979 |orig-year=1960 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-7201-107-5|pages=65–66 }}</ref> Composed between 1473 and 1480 C.E., it is also the oldest Bengali narrative poem of the [[Krishna]] legend.<ref name=bp>{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=Wakil |year=2012 |chapter=Maladhar Basu |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Maladhar_Basu |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]]}}</ref><ref name = sukumarseneng/> The ''[[Ramayana]]'', under the title of ''Sri Rama Panchali'', was translated by [[Krittibas Ojha]].<ref name=s1>Sen, Sukumar (1991, reprint 2007). ''Bangala Sahityer Itihas'', Vol.I, {{in lang|bn}}, Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7066-966-9}}, pp.105–10</ref>

===Late medieval era (1500–1800)===
[[File:Fakir Lalon Shah.jpg|thumb|[[Lalon]] inspired and influenced many poets, social and religious thinkers including [[Rabindranath Tagore]],<ref name="Choudhury 1992, p. 59">{{cite book|last1=Caudhurī|first1=Ābadula Āhasāna|title=Lālana Śāha, 1774 – 1890|date=1992|publisher=Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī|location=Ḍhākā|isbn=978-9840725977|edition=1. punarmudraṇa.|oclc=246442470}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Urban|first1=Hugh B.|title=Songs of ecstasy tantric and devotional songs from colonial Bengal|date=2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-513901-3|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivG6mAEACAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Tagore|first1=Rabindranath|last2=K. Stewart|first2=Tony (Translation)|last3=Twichell|first3=Chase (Translation)|title=The lover of God|date=2003|publisher=Consortium Book Sales & Dist.|location=Port Townsend, Wash.|isbn=978-1556591969|page=94|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UrZjAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]],<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hossain|first1=Abu Ishahaq|title=Lalon Shah, the great poet|date=2009|publisher=Palal Prokashoni|location=Dhaka|isbn=978-9846030679|page=148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=avyppwAACAAJ}}</ref> and [[Allen Ginsberg]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Ginsberg|first1 = Allen|last2 = Foley|first2 = Jack|date = Winter–Spring 1998|title = Same Multiple Identity: An Interview with Allen Ginsberg|journal = Discourse|volume = 20|issue = 1/2, The Silent Beat|pages = 158–181|issn = 1522-5321|jstor=41389881}}</ref>]]

Bengali literature flourished in [[Arakan]] following [[Reconquest of Arakan|its reconquest]]. It was home to prominent writers patronised in the Arakan royal court such as [[Alaol]], who wrote [[Padmavati (poem)|Padmavati]], as well as [[Daulat Qazi]], [[Dawlat Wazir Bahram Khan]], Quraishi Magan Thakur who wrote Chandravati and Maradan who wrote Nasirnama. Qazi was the first poet under the court patronage. He started writing Satimayna O Lorchandrani, considered to be the first Bengali romance. Teamwork was common in the court, and Alaol finished off Qazi's romance as the latter had died before managing to complete it.<ref>Sen, Sukumar (1993). ''Islami Bangla Sahitya'' (in Bengali), Kolkata: Ananda Publishers, {{ISBN|81-7215-301-5}}, pp.23–33</ref> [[Heyat Mahmud]], a judge by profession, is considered to be the last poet of Middle Bengali literature.<ref>{{cite Banglapedia|article=Heyat Mamud|author=[[Wakil Ahmed]]}}</ref>

==Modern (1800–present)==
The modern period of Bengali literature can roughly be categorized into six phases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bangla Literature |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Bangla_Literature |access-date=2022-04-28 |website=Banglapedia}}</ref>

# First phase: The era of prose (1800–1850). During this time, the [[Christian Missionaries|Christian missionaries]] and Sanskrit-educated Bengali scholars worked to induce modernism through prose.
# Second phase: The era of development (1850–1900). During this time, pioneers like [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chattapadhyay]] and [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt|Michael Madhusudan Datta]], wrote novels and poems that exhibit Western influence. These classics remain masterpieces through test of time.
# Third phase: The era of [[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1890–1930). This period was dominated by Tagore's work and other works, especially poems, were subsumed by his influence.
# Fourth phase: The post-Rabindranath Tagore phase (1930–1947). During this time, many writers made a conscious effort to move away from the Rabindrik influence. This continued roughly until the partition of India.
# Fifth phase: The post-partition phase (1947–1970). After the partition, Bangla literature started developing separately in West Bengal and East Pakistan/Bangladesh focusing mostly view corresponding with on political and religious identities of each Bengal.
# Sixth phase: Bangladesh/West Bengal era (1971–present). After creation of [[Bangladesh]] in 1971, literature in Bangladesh was invigorated by writers like [[Humayun Ahmed]], who built a new style of writing in simple language appealing to the masses.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=How Humayun Ahmed became the Shakespeare of Bangladesh |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/517470/How-Humayun-Ahmed-became-the-Shakespeare-of-Bangladesh |access-date=2022-04-28 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}</ref> Around the same time, West Bengali writers like [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], [[Samaresh Majumdar]], and [[Shirshendu Mukhopadhyay]], wrote with a fresh view of West Bengal in the era of globalization. As popular writers from this era demises, the literature created by the millennial era is yet to be characterized.

=== First and second phase (1800–1900) ===
The first Bangla books to be printed were those written by Christian missionaries. [[Dom Antonio]]'s ''Brahmin-Roman-Catholic'' Sambad, for example, was the first Bangla book to be printed towards the end of the 17th century. Bangla writing was further developed as Bengali scholars wrote textbooks for [[Fort William College Calcutta|Fort William College]]. Although these works had little literary values, prose-writing was greatly developed with the practice of these didactic works. [[Ram Mohan Roy|Raja Rammohan Roy]] contributed to Bengali collection of religious and educational books. As more journals and newspapers were published by missionaries and [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo Shamaj]], the culture of writing to communicate novel ideals made rapid growth.

[[Michael Madhusudan Datta]]'s first epic ''Tilottama Sambhab Kabya'' published in 1860 was the first Bengali poem written in [[blank verse]]. [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]] was considered one of the leading Bengali novelists and essayists of the 19th century. He also wrote ''[[Vande Mataram]]'', the national song of India, which appears in his novel ''[[Anandamath]]'' (1882).<ref name="sukumarsenengbankim" /> In the 1880s, Chatterjee critically analysed Hindu scriptures such as the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' as well as the problems of [[Krishnaism]] from a historical perspective in his ''Dharmatattva'' and ''Krishna Charitra''.<ref name="sukumarsenengbankim" />

[[Romesh Chunder Dutt]] and [[Mir Mosharraf Hossain]] are notable for their works of fiction. [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] and [[Dwijendralal Ray]] were prominent playwrights of the time, whereas [[Akkhoykumar Boral|Akshay Kumar Boral]] and [[Ramendra Sundar Tribedi]] are famous for their influential essays. [[Rassundari Devi]] authored the first full-fledged [[Autobiographical novel|autobiography]] in modern Bengali literature in 1876.<ref>{{cite web|author=Deepa Bandopadhyay|script-title=bn:নারীর লেখা নারীর কথা|url=http://www.kaliokalam.com/2012/12/01/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE/|website=Kali O Kalam |language=bn |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150519090732/http://www.kaliokalam.com/2012/12/01/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE/|archive-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>

The pre-Tagore era also saw an undercurrent of popular literature which was focused on daily life in contemporary Bengal. The prose style, as well as the humour in these works, were often crass, blunt and accessible. A masterpiece in this regard was "Hutom Pechar Naksha" (The Sketch of the Owl) written by [[Kaliprasanna Singha]], and satirically depicts "Babu" culture in 19th century Kolkata. Other notable works in this regard are "Alaler Ghorer Dulal" (The Spoilt Brat) by [[Peary Chand Mitra]], "[[Ramtanu Lahiri]] o tatkalin Banga shamaj" (Ramtanu Lahiri & contemporary Bengali society) by [[Sivanath Shastri|Shibnath Shastri]] and "Naba Babu Bilas" & "Naba Bibi Bilas" by Bhabanicharan Bandopadhyay. These books arguably portrayed contemporary Bengali dialect and popular society effectively, and also incorporated now-extinct music genres such as Khisti, Kheur and Kabiyal gaan by stalwarts like [[Roopchand Pakshi|Rupchand Pakhi]] and Bhola Moyra. Books like these have become rarer since the emergence of Tagore culture, and the burgeoning preference for literary elegance and refinement in Bengali society.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/02-the-cities-of-everyday-life/13calcutta.pdf |title=Mechanicalcutta: Industrialisation, new media in the 19th century |access-date=16 March 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705092243/http://www.sarai.net/publications/readers/02-the-cities-of-everyday-life/13calcutta.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010}}</ref>
<gallery widths="120" heights="120" perrow="7">
File:Bankim Chattapadhyay.jpg|[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s first novel ''[[Durgeshnandini]]'' was considered a benchmark in the history of Bengali literature.<ref name = sukumarsenengbankim>{{cite book |last=Sen|first=Sukumar|title= History of Bengali |edition=3rd|year=1979|orig-year=1960|publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]]|location= New Delhi |isbn= 81-7201-107-5|pages=211–12}}</ref>
File:Shaheed Minar.JPG|[[Shaheed Minar, Dhaka]] as displayed on the annual anniversary of [[Bengali language movement]].
File:Bhasha Smritistambha Arnab Dutta 2011.jpg|[[Bhasha Smritistambha]], [[Kolkata]].
File:Kaykobad 1932.jpg|[[Kaykobad]] was a popular narrative poet.
File:হাসন রাজা (ঊর্ধাংশ).jpg|[[Hason Raja]]'s poetry continues to be prominent in rural Bengal.
</gallery>[[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee]]'s [[Vande Mataram]] played a vital role in the [[Indian independence movement]] and he is widely respected in India. His novels are popular to a lesser extent in Bangladesh.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} [[Bankim Puraskar|Bankim Memorial Award]] is the highest literary award which is given by the [[Government of West Bengal]], India.

=== Third and fourth phases (1900–1947) ===
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore unknown location.jpg|thumb|[[Rabindranath Tagore]], Asia's first [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureate.]]
[[File:Kazi Nazrul Islam with the Kendriya Muslim Sahitya Sangsad.jpg|thumb|[[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] seated with Bengali Muslim littérateurs in [[Sylhet]]. Nazrul's contributions included the profuse enrichment of the Bengali [[Ghazal|gôzôl]].]]
[[Rabindranath Tagore]] and [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]] are the most well-known prolific writers of Bengal in the 20th century. Tagore is celebrated as the writer of both India's national anthem, [[Jana Gana Mana]] and Bangladesh's [[Amar Shonar Bangla]] as well as being a source of inspiration for the [[Sri Lanka Matha]]. Tagore’s short stories are celebrated for their profound exploration of human emotions and social issues. Through characters like Phatik in "The Homecoming" and the themes of class in "The Babus of Nayanjore," Tagore masterfully depicts the complexities of Indian society and the human experience.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dattatraya Das |url=https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/author/dattatraya/ |access-date=2024-07-31 |website=Celebrating Tagore - The Man, The Poet and The Musician |language=en-US}}</ref> Similarly Nazrul is celebrated as the [[national poet]] of Bangladesh.<ref name="University of Hawaii Press">{{cite book |last1=de Silva |first1=K. M. |author-link1=K. M. de Silva |last2=Wriggins |first2=Howard |author-link2=William Howard Wriggins |title=J. R. Jayewardene of Sri Lanka: a Political Biography – Volume One: The First Fifty Years |date=1988 |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]] |isbn=0-8248-1183-6 |page=368 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6orPBJCSPhIC}}</ref><ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news |title=Man of the series: Nobel laureate Tagore |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/off-the-field/Man-of-the-series-Nobel-laureate-Tagore/articleshow/7854172.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=[[Times News Network]] |date=3 April 2011}}</ref><ref name="IBN Live">{{cite news |title=How Tagore inspired Sri Lanka's national anthem |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-tagore-inspired-sri-lankas-national-anthem/255713-40-103.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510201526/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-tagore-inspired-sri-lankas-national-anthem/255713-40-103.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 May 2012 |work=[[IBN Live]] |date=8 May 2012}}</ref>

[[Sarat Chandra Chatterjee]] wrote novels, novellas, and stories. He also wrote essays, which were anthologized in ''Narir Mulya (1923)'' and ''Svadesh O Sahitya (1932)''. ''Shrikanta, Charitrahin, Devdas, Grihadaha, Dena-Paona'' and ''Pather Dabi'' are among his most popular works.

===Short story writers===
Bengali literature is also famous for short stories. Some famous short story writers are [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Manik Bandopadhyay]], [[Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]], [[Bibhutibhushan Bandopadhyay]], [[Rajshekhar Basu]] (Parasuram), [[Syed Mujtaba Ali]], [[Premendra Mitra]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-04|title=Mosquito and Other Stories by Premendra Mitra|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/mosquito-and-other-stories-premendra-mitra/|access-date=2020-06-09|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US}}</ref> Bengal is also known for its detective stories and novels written by [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Sharadindu Bandyopadhyay]] and others.

===Fifth phase: post-partition era (1947–1971)===
[[Rajshekhar Basu]] (1880–1960) was the best-known writer of satiric short story in Bengali literature.<ref name =parashuram>{{cite book |editor1-first=Sisir Kumar |editor1-last= Das |title= Samsad Bangla Sahityasangi|trans-title= Samsad Companion to Bengali Literature |edition=1st |year= 2003 |publisher= Sahitya Samsad |location= Kolkata |language=bn |isbn=81-7955-007-9 |page= 189}}</ref> He mocked the charlatanism and vileness of various classes of the Bengali society in his stories written under the pseudonym "Parashuram".<ref name =parashuram/> His major works include: ''Gaddalika'' (1924), ''Kajjwali'' (1927), ''Hanumaner Swapna'' (1937), ''Gamanush Jatir Katha'' (1945), ''Dhusturimaya Ityadi Galpa'' (1952), ''Krishnakali Ittadi Galpa'' (1953), ''Niltara Ittadi Galpa'' (1956), ''Anandibai Ittadi Galpa'' (1958) and ''Chamatkumari Ittadi Galpa'' (1959). He received the [[Rabindra Puraskar]], the highest literary award of [[West Bengal|Paschimbanga]] in 1955 for ''Krishnakali Ityadi Galpa''.<ref>{{cite book |last1= Adhya|first1=Hemanta Kumar |title= Rajshekhar Basu |edition= 1st|series= Bharatiya Sahityakar Pustakmala |year= 2001|publisher= Sahitya Akademi|location= Kolkata |language=bn |id= 41-45}}</ref> Rajsheskhar was also a noted lexicographer, translator and essayist. His ''Chalantika'' (1937) is one of the most popular concise Bengali dictionaries, while his Bengali-language translations of ''[[Meghaduta]]'' (1943), the ''[[Ramayana]]'' (1946), the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (1949) and the ''[[Bhagavat Gita]]'' (1961) are also acclaimed.<ref name =parashuram/> His major essays are included in ''Laghuguru'' (1939) and ''Bichinta'' (1955).<ref name =parashuram/> Other three well-known authors of that time were [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]], [[Tarashankar Bandyopadhyay]] and [[Manik Bandyopadhyay]]; popularly known as ''Bandyopadhyay Troyee'' (Trio of ''Bandyopadhyay''s).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ritujanpub.com/2021/04/19/664/ | title=তিন বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের দ্যুতি | work=Ritujan Publication | date=19 April 2021 }}</ref> [[Balai Chand Mukhopadhyay]], who wrote under the pen name of ''Banaphul'', was another noted author of that period. He is most noted for his short [[Vignette (literature)|vignettes]], often just half-page long, but his body of work spanned sixty-five years and included "thousands of poems, 586 short stories (a handful of which have been translated to English),<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-13|title=Wildfire and Other Stories by Banaphool|url=https://www.purplepencilproject.com/wildfire-and-other-stories-by-banaphool-review/|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Purple Pencil Project|language=en-US}}</ref> 60 novels, 5 dramas, a number of one-act plays, an autobiography called ''Paschatpat'' (''Background''), and numerous essays."<ref>[http://www.indiaheritage.org/creative/creative_literature_bengali.htm Spectrum of Bengali literature (modern period)], ''Indiaheritage.org'', Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref><ref>Ananta Ghosh, [http://www.bagc.net/newsletter2000-2.html Great writers], ''Bengali Association of Greater Chicago Newsletter'', Volume 25: Issue 2 : April 2000. Retrieved 1 May 2007.</ref> [[Saradindu Bandyopadhyay]], who was also a renowned [[historical fiction]] writer, created the detective [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]. Other noted authors of this period included [[Samaresh Basu]], [[Buddhadeb Bosu]], [[Premendra Mitra]], [[Shibram Chakraborty]], [[Narayan Gangopadhyay]], [[Subodh Ghosh]], and [[Narendranath Mitra]].

==== Prakalpana Movement ====
Prakalpana Movement, branded by Steve LeBlanc, the noted US critic, as 'a tiny literary revolution', 'nurtured' by Kolkata, has been fostering its new genres of Prakalpana fiction, Sarbangin poetry and Chetanavyasism for over four decades, spearheaded by Vattacharja Chandan, beginning in 1969. It is probably the only bilingual (Bengali -English) [[literary movement]] in India mothered by Bengali literature, that has spread its wings worldwide through the participation of well known international [[avant-garde]] writers and [[mail art]]ists such as [[Richard Kostelanetz]], [[John M. Bennett]], [[Sheila Murphy (poet)|Sheila Murphy]], [[Don Webb (writer)|Don Webb]], with notable Bengali poets, writers and artists like Vattacharja Chandan.<ref>''Songs of Kobisena'' by Steve Leblanc in ''Version 90'', PMS Cafe Press, Alston, MS, USA.</ref>

=== Sixth phase: two streams (1971–present) ===

==== Bangladesh stream ====
[[Humayun Ahmed]], created his own style of simplistic writing that became immensely popular. His characters like Himu, Misir Ali, Baker Bhai etc. continue to be household names loved by all. His teacher, [[Nurul Momen | Natyaguru Nurul Momen]], regarded as the Shakespeare of Bangladesh was the pioneer in simultaneously three fields of literature:- Playwrighting, Belle Lettres & Satire. Other prominent writers include [[Muhammed Zafar Iqbal]], [[Humayun Azad]], [[Ahmed Sofa]], [[Selina Hossain]], [[Taslima Nasrin|Taslima Nasreen]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |date=2008-02-11 |title=Leading Indians campaign for exiled writer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/feb/11/news.india?CMP=share_btn_url |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-16 |title=Why Taslima Nasreen wants to return to Bangladesh |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28307267 |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref> and many others.<ref name=":0" />

==== West Bengal stream ====
West Bengal Bengali literature was influenced by a flock of modernist thinkers who steered Bangla literature. [[Sunil Gangopadhyay]], a poet, novelist, and children's story writer, was one of the most prolific writers of his time. [[Satyajit Ray]] created his own detective [[Feluda]], who is accompanied by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, regarded by his nickname 'Topshe' by Feluda and [[Lalmohan Ganguly]]. Ray also created the characters [[Professor Shonku]] and [[Tarini Khuro]], a revolutionary scientist and an adventurer and storyteller respectively. Additionally, others who left marks include [[Narayan Sanyal]], [[Buddhadeb Guha]], [[Mahasweta Devi|Mahashweta Devi]], [[Nirendranath Chakravarty|Nirendranath Chakraborty]], [[Samaresh Majumdar]], [[Samaresh Basu]], [[Suchitra Bhattacharya]], Purusottom Kumar Debnath, [[Nabaneeta Dev Sen]], [[Syed Mustafa Siraj]], Baren Gangopadhyay, [[Amiya Bhushan Majumdar|Amiya Bhushan Mazumdar]], [[Debesh Roy]], [[Atin Bandyopadhyay]], [[Shankha Ghosh]], [[Shakti Chattopadhyay]], [[Moti Nandi]], [[Kamal Kumar Majumdar]], [[Sankar (writer)|Shankar]], [[Malay Roy Choudhury]], Haripada Mondal, and [[Bani Basu]].

==See also==
* [[List of Bengali poets|List of Bengali Poets and Writers]]
* [[List of Bengali-language authors (chronological)]]
* [[List of Bengali-language authors (alphabetical)]]
* [[Dalit literature#Dalit literature in Bengali|Dalit Literature in Bengali]]
* [[Bengali novels]]
* [[Ghosts in Bengali culture]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Bengali literature}}
* [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/bengali.html Library of Congress – Bengali Section]
* [http://www.bangla-literature.ueuo.com An English Magazine on Bengali Literature] by Sayeed Abubakar
* [https://www.18upchoti.com/forums/bengali-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE.6/ A Bengali Forum on Bengali Literature] by Abdul Momin
* [https://www.brainwareuniversity.ac.in/celebrating-tagore/author/dattatraya/ Celebrating Tagore]

{{Bengali language topics}}
{{Bengal Renaissance}}

{{West Bengal}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengali Literature}}
[[Category:Bengali-language literature|*]]
[[Category:Literature by ethnicity|Bengali]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian literature by language]]

National Security Guard

2026-03-15T03:20:48Z

Bihar Region: added lead to improve readability and improved wording

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{{Use Indian English|date=May 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
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| formed = {{Start date and age|1984|10|16|df=yes}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web | title=History of NSG | website=National Security Guard | url=https://www.nsg.gov.in/about-us/history-nsg | language=la | access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref>
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}}
{{Politics of India}}

The '''National Security Guard''' ('''NSG''') is a [[Central Armed Police Forces|central armed police force]] in [[India]] under the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]]. It is the primary [[counter-terrorism|quick-reaction counterterrorism]] force of the [[Government of India]]. It was founded on 16 October 1984, following [[Operation Blue Star]], to combat terrorist activities and protect states against internal disturbances.<ref name="auto" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/NSGAct1986_0.pdf |title= THE NATIONAL SECURITY GUARD ACT|date= 1986|website=mha.gov.in|access-date=2021-04-16}}</ref><ref name="NSG ACTx">{{cite web|title=The National Security Guard Act, 1986 (47 of 1986)|url=http://home.bih.nic.in/acts_rule/national_security_guard_act.pdf|publisher=Government of India|access-date=23 August 2014|date=22 September 1986|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035600/http://home.bih.nic.in/acts_rule/national_security_guard_act.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

The formation of the NSG was formalised in the [[Parliament of India]] under the National Security Guard Act, 1986. Aspirants who want to join the NSG are recruited from both the [[Central Armed Police Forces]] and [[Indian Army]].

== History ==
[[R.N. Kao]], former [[Secretary of the R&AW]] created the National Security Guard (NSG),<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=R.N.Kao |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/unsung-heroes-detail.htm?14941 |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, Government of India |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Deeksha |date=2018-09-19 |title=RAW@50: Remembering RN Kao, India’s first true spymaster |url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/raw-at-50-remembering-rn-kao-indias-first-true-spymaster/120800/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> during the Punjab militancy during the 1980s, to address the needs of the Government of India to counteract terrorism within the country.<ref name=canary>{{cite web |title=Remembering the legendary Kao |url=http://canarytrap.in/2009/01/15/remembering-the-legendary-kao/ |work=Canary Trap |first=R. K. |last=Yadav |date=15 January 2009 |access-date=23 July 2012}}{{Citation needed|reason=Blogs can't be reliable source|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Spy & a Gentlemen |url=http://www.panunkashmir.org/kashmirsentinel/jan2003/20.html |work=Kashmir Sentinel |first=M. K. |last=Narayanan |date=January 2003 |access-date=14 August 2012}}{{Not verified in body|date=August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-07-07 |title=July 7, 1983, Forty Years Ago: Punjab issue |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/40-years-ago/july-7-1983-forty-years-ago-punjab-issue-8799225/ |access-date=2023-11-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The NSG was established in the wake of 1984 [[Operation Blue Star]], and the high collateral damage to [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]], along with civilian and military casualties. Since its founding, the NSG has been deployed in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] in 1986 and [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]. On 29–30 April 1986, about 300 NSG commandos and 700 [[Border Security Force]] troops stormed the Golden Temple in [[Operation Black Thunder|Operation Black Thunder I]]. The temple was cleared and handed over to the Punjab Police on 1 May 1986; around 300 Sikh militants were captured and there were no deaths or injuries on either side.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080408133229/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,961349,00.html India Deliverance], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', 1986-05-12</ref>

In January 1988, the NSG conducted Operation Black Hawk, a heliborne operation in the Mand area of Punjab. During the operation, two terrorists were killed and one 7.62 mm rifle was recovered. According to former NSG Director-General [[Ved Marwah]], it was a massive operation, although it did not achieve results as spectacular as those of Black Thunder.<ref name="BRakshak 2">{{cite web|last=Bhashyam|first=Kasturi|title=National Security Guards- Past, Present and Future|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE5-5/Kasturi.html|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=18 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929205124/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE5-5/Kasturi.html|archive-date=29 September 2012}}</ref>

On 12 May 1988, around 1,000 NSG commandos surrounded the Golden Temple for another assault as part of [[Operation Black Thunder]] II. Sniper teams armed with [[Heckler & Koch PSG-1]] rifles with night scopes took up positions, including atop a 300-foot water tower. Commandos from the 51 SAG were divided into assault squadrons, while the SRG sealed off the area around the temple and provided tactical support. During the three-day operation between 15 and 18 May 1988, the NSG cleared the temple; 40 terrorists were killed and around 200 surrendered. In the mid-1990s, an NSG battalion was again deployed in Punjab to confront Sikh militants, and during this period they also began training the Punjab Police in counter-terrorism operations.<ref name=BRakshak>{{cite web|title=National Security Guards|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/NSG.html|website=Bharat Rakshak: Land Forces|publisher=Bharat Rakshak|access-date=10 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006005622/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/NSG.html|archive-date=6 October 2012}}</ref>

From 5 September to 15 January 1988, the NSG was involved in guarding a high-risk terrorist code-named “Jack”.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/> On 4 August 1989, the force conducted Operation Mouse Trap in the Tarn Taran district of Punjab in conjunction with Punjab Police and other security forces. The operation demonstrated that area dominance at night could be achieved if the strategy and tactics were appropriate; [[Ved Marwah]] referred to this as Operation Night Dominance.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/> On 10 November 1990, an NSG task force flew to Kolkata to rescue hostages of a Thai Airbus hijacked by Burmese students.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/>

On 25–26 January 1991, the NSG conducted Operation Ani Ben during counter-insurgency tasks in [[Vadodara|Baroda]], Gujarat, where Punjab terrorists were holed up inside a house. Two terrorists were killed and two [[AK-47]] rifles were recovered.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/> Between 1 July and 20 September 1991, the NSG was employed along with the SIT in search-and-strike missions following the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]].<ref name="BRakshak 2"/> From 25 November to 16 December 1992, about 150 commandos were deployed at Ayodhya during the Ram Janmabhoomi–Babri Masjid crisis.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/>

On 27 March 1993, 52 SAG was mobilised and moved to Adampur to rescue hostages of Indian Airlines Flight IC 486.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/> On 24–25 April 1993, NSG commandos stormed a hijacked Indian Airlines Boeing 737 carrying 141 passengers at Amritsar airport during [[Operation Ashwamedh]]. Two hijackers, including their leader Mohammed Yousuf Shah, were killed and another was disarmed before any hostages were harmed.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/><ref name="so.com">{{cite web|title=NATIONAL SECURITY GUARDS 'Black Cats'|url=http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/India/NSG.htm|website=India|publisher=Special Operations Website|access-date=21 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531103341/http://www.specialoperations.com/Foreign/India/NSG.htm|archive-date=31 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In October 1998, following a decision by the Union Home Ministry to conduct proactive strikes against militants, commando teams supported by IAF Mi-25/35 helicopter gunships began operations against militant groups deep inside the mountains and forests of Kashmir. After helicopter reconnaissance to locate the militants, commandos comprising NSG and Rashtriya Rifles personnel were para-dropped into the area along with supplies to hunt them. They relied on these supplies and their ability to live off the land until replenishment every fortnight or so; these missions are possibly ongoing.<ref name="BRakshak"/>

On 15 July 1999, NSG commandos ended a 30-hour standoff in Jammu and Kashmir by killing two terrorists and rescuing all 12 hostages unharmed. The terrorists had earlier attacked a BSF campus near Srinagar, killing three officers and the wife of another, and had kept the hostages locked in a room.<ref name="BRakshak"/> On 21 August 1999, after interrogation of three captured terrorists, the Delhi Police Crime Branch confirmed that two more militants were hiding in a single-storey house in Rudrapur, Uttar Pradesh. As they were considered armed and dangerous, the Delhi Police sought assistance from the NSG. A 16-member team arrived at the house at 4:45 a.m. and began the assault at 5:30 a.m., before first light. The first militant attempted to fire at the commandos with a pistol kept by his bedside but was killed instantly. The second terrorist was shot before he could fire and died about 40 minutes later; no NSG personnel were injured.<ref name="BRakshak"/>

In December 1999, terrorists [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|hijacked Indian Airlines flight IC814]] from [[Nepal]] and forced it to land in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. The Crisis Management Group (CMG), which authorised the use of the NSG, was informed within minutes of the landing, but delays meant that the aircraft departed before the NSG could intervene. The aircraft eventually landed in [[Kandahar]], [[Afghanistan]], where one hostage was killed. The Indian government later agreed to the hijackers’ demands to release three jailed terrorists, after which the hostages were freed and the hijackers escaped to Pakistan.<ref name="BRakshak"/>

In February 2000, following the IC 814 incident, the Indian government decided to implement an air-marshalling programme in which at least two NSG operators would be present on selected flight routes. These operators would carry weapons firing lethal but low-velocity fragmentation rounds designed to minimise risk to passengers and prevent penetration of the aircraft fuselage. Another measure was the permanent deployment of NSG teams at eight sensitive airports across the country, particularly those near Pakistan and in the North East, to reduce response times in case of hijacking. It is unclear whether the plan was fully implemented.<ref name="BRakshak"/>

In September 2002, SAG commandos flew to [[Karnataka]] to capture forest brigand and sandalwood smuggler [[Veerappan]] following the kidnapping of former state minister Nagappa. They withdrew after determining that the intelligence available for the operation was inadequate, though a small team remained behind to assist. The hostage was eventually killed in December 2002.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/>

In October 2002, two terrorists attacked the Akshardham temple complex in Gujarat. NSG commandos were flown in, though their deployment was delayed by traffic in Delhi. During the assault operations, one commando was killed and another was seriously injured; the latter later died after spending 18 months in a [[coma]]. By the following morning, the terrorists had been neutralised and the operation was successfully completed.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/>

In December 2002, terrorists attacked the [[Raghunath Temple|Raghunath temple]] in [[Jammu]]. Although the NSG was prepared to be deployed to the site, the unit was recalled at the last minute.<ref name="BRakshak 2"/>

During the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the NSG conducted [[Operation Black Tornado]] and Operation Cyclone to flush out terrorists and rescue hostages following coordinated attacks across [[Mumbai]], India. [[Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan]] and [[Gajender Singh Bisht|Havaldar Gajender Singh Bisht]] of the NSG's [[51 Special Action Group]] were killed in action during the operations. More than 900 rooms were searched, eight terrorists were killed, and over 600 hostages were rescued during the operation.

Following the [[2013 Hyderabad blasts]], the NSG was deployed in [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] to assist security forces and carry out investigations. The force was also deployed in [[Bangalore]] after the [[2013 Bangalore Bomb Blast]] occurred in the city. After the [[2013 Patna bombings]], an NSG team sent to [[Patna]] for post-blast analysis reported that at least three additional Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) were defused.

During the [[2016 Pathankot attack]], NSG commandos participated in operations to neutralise the terrorists. Lieutenant Colonel Niranjan Kumar of the NSG was killed while attempting to defuse a grenade or IED booby-trapped on the body of a dead terrorist, and 12 other members of the unit were injured. In the joint operation conducted by the NSG, [[Defence Security Corps]], and the [[Garud Commando Force]], six terrorists were neutralised.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/pathankot-attack-ied-explodes-during-combing-ops-3-more-personnel-die/20160103.htm|title=Pathankot operation continues; 2 terrorists still holed up|date=3 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/report/govt-denies-lapses-in-pathankot-op-unsure-of-number-of-terrorists-involved/20160103.htm|title=Govt denies lapses in Pathankot op; unsure of number of terrorists involved|date=3 January 2016}}</ref>

In May 2023, a team of NSG commandos was deployed in [[Srinagar]], Jammu and Kashmir, along with a team of [[MARCOS]] commandos to provide security for delegates attending the third G20 Tourism Working Group Meeting held at the Sher-i-Kashmir International Convention Centre on the banks of [[Dal Lake]] in Srinagar from 22 to 24 May.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/g20-summit-to-begin-in-jammu-and-kashmirs-srinagar-today-amid-tight-security/articleshow/100407153.cms | title=G20 summit to begin in Jammu and Kashmir's Srinagar today amid tight security | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=22 May 2023 }}</ref>

==Organisation==
{{external media
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| video1 = ''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=shared&v=d7j-bjFiu-c Inside NSG]'', a 2023 documentary film by [[National Geographic]]<ref>{{Cite web |title='Inside Nsg' – a gripping journey into the world of National Security Guard commandos |url=https://www.imdb.com/news/ni64336437/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref>
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The organisation was initially inspired by and modelled on the British [[Special Air Service]] as well as Germany's [[GSG 9]].<ref name="nsg, 16/9">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nsg.gov.in/about-us/history-nsg |title=History of NSG {{!}} National Security Guard |website=nsg.gov.in |access-date=2019-09-16}}</ref><ref name="India Today">{{cite web|title=Modernising the NSG|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20090119-modernising-the-nsg-738723-2009-01-08|website=India Today|date=9 January 2009 |access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="India Express">{{cite web|title=Elite German police wing to train NSG| date=20 December 2008 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/elite-german-police-wing-to-train-nsg/400650/|publisher=India Express|access-date=18 July 2012}}</ref>

Mehram Nagar, [[Palam]], serves as the administrative headquarters for the NSG. The headquarters is overseen by the [[Director General of the National Security Guard|Director-General of the NSG]], who is assisted in administrative matters by four [[Indian Police Service]] officers, out of whom two are Inspectors General at the Administrative Headquarters. In turn, they are assisted by the Deputy Inspectors General of the NSG.<ref>{{cite web|title=STATEMENT SHOWING DETAILS OF ORGANIZATION – WISE VACANCIES IN CAPFs / CPOs, ETC. UPTO 3 1. 03 .201 5 MEANT FOR IPS OFFICERS AT VARIOUS LEVELS|url=http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/Detailedlistofvacancies_030215.pdf|website=mha.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=3 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203130237/http://mha1.nic.in/pdfs/Detailedlistofvacancies_030215.pdf|archive-date=3 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Financial Advisor of the NSG is generally an officer with the rank of Joint Secretary belonging to the Central Accounts Services and is assisted by two Deputy Financial Advisors belonging of the [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service]] and the [[Indian Civil Accounts Service]] respectively. A small unit of the NSG is present near Palam Nagar.

[[Manesar]] is the operational headquarters of the NSG. An [[Indian Army]] [[Major general]] who is deputed to NSG Manesar headquarters is designated as the Inspector General of NSG's operations. The Inspector General is responsible for planning and conducting operations. Training is overseen by the Inspector General of Training, also a major general on deputation from the army. Both of them are further assisted by the Deputy Inspector General of Operations and the Deputy Inspector General of Training respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=NSG gets 3 army officers for terror ops, training|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nsg-gets-3-army-officers-for-terror-ops-training/article1-812206.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=3 February 2015|ref=5|date=16 February 2012|archive-date=5 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205105614/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/nsg-gets-3-army-officers-for-terror-ops-training/article1-812206.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The combat arms of the NSG consist of two Special Action Groups and three Special Ranger Groups stationed at its Manesar headquarters, five Special Composite Groups posted at each of its five regional hubs as well as the National Bomb Data Centre and the Electronic Support Centre also based at its operational headquarters in Manesar.

==Personnel==
The NSG consists entirely of volunteers on deputation from the [[Central Armed Police Forces]], or the [[State Police]] departments and the [[Indian Army]]. NSG commandos are sent back to their parent department after serving with the force for a certain period. The [[Director General of the National Security Guard]] is an officer who is appointed from the [[Indian Police Service]]. Since 2012, women at the Central Armed Police Forces have been serving in the NSG.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Battle of sexes: NSG loses its last woman commando after she goes on maternity leave |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nsg-commandos-women-black-cats-crpf-capf-central-forces-1071272-2017-10-29 |access-date=2023-07-09 |website=India Today |date=29 October 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

===Ranks===
; Officers
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{{Ranks and Insignia of Non NATO Armies/OF/India (NSG)}}
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;Personnel
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==Selection and training==
[[File:Indian NSG Sniper during 2021 Republic Day parade.jpg|thumb|NSG Sniper with a [[Barrett Model 98B]] during Republic Day parade in 2021]]
Selection is highly demanding and has a dropout rate of about 70–80 percent.<ref name="careerafter12th.com">{{Cite web |title=Careerafter12th.com |url=http://www.careerafter12th.com/?p=320 |website=careerafter12th.com}}</ref> The NSG has a 14-month-long training course, which spans three phases. The eligibility of trainees is assessed in the selection stage, which consists of various tests related to the physical and psychological capabilities of the trainees. A cadet has to meet certain educational, physical, and psychological criteria to clear this stage. The second stage is selection and basic training, which is conducted at the National Security Guard Academy in [[Manesar]], lasts for three months, and is devoted to the basics. The physical fitness training has 26 elements, ranging from a cross-country obstacle course to jumping from heights and across divides and scaling different kinds of terrain. One endurance test involves martial arts, target shooting at the end of an obstacle-ridden cross-country run. Such exercises are supposedly meant to assess how the candidate would likely perform under stress and exhaustion. Those who complete the tests are sent for nine months of advanced training.<ref name="nah">{{Cite web |date=2017-02-27 |title=Indian National Security Guard (NSG) - Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute |url=https://bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com/elite-special-forces/indian-elite-special-forces/indian-national-security-guard-nsg/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=bootcampmilitaryfitnessinstitute.com |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Advanced training reportedly includes techniques related to hand-to-hand combat, intelligence gathering, demolition, bomb disposal, insertion, and reflex shooting. Well-publicised training exercises include the 'combat room shoot' where the candidates have to shoot at a target three seconds after entering a dark room with the help of a torchlight or a compatible laser image intensifier and 'twin room shooting' where candidates enter contiguous rooms and watch each other's movements on a screen which they have to shoot at to train their response time. Another known exercise requiring candidates to shoot at a target placed next to their buddy is also a part of the [[Para (Special Forces)|Indian Army Special Forces]] training. Shooting skills are practiced at a 400-meter, 11-zone electronic combat shooting range where candidates are rated on a point scale for covering the distance in 6.30 minutes and firing at 29 different dynamic targets with the target exposure time lying between two and three minutes.<ref name="nah"/> Aspirants should undergo a rigorous [[Psychology|psychological]] test, before being inducted into the NSG.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-25 |title=Interested in joining NSG? You'll have to undergo a psychology test|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-interested-in-joining-nsg-you-ll-have-to-undergo-a-psychology-test-2628886 |access-date=2020-01-26 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

==Roles==
The NSG is a 'contingency deployment force' which generally intervenes during serious terrorist attacks. It has been described as "New Delhi’s go-to response force in worst case scenarios".<ref name="nsg, 22/8">{{cite web|title=National Security Guard|url=https://nsg.gov.in/organisation_history.php|website=Ministry of Home Affairs|publisher=NSG.GOV.IN|access-date=23 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825161225/http://nsg.gov.in/organisation_history.php|archive-date=25 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-14 |title=Green Berets Train With Indian Counter-Terror Commandos |url=https://medium.com/war-is-boring/green-berets-train-with-indian-counter-terror-commandos-20e3d49fa499 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=[[Medium (website)|Medium]] |language=en}}</ref> As a specialized counter-terrorism force, it is intended to be used "only in exceptional situations" and is not meant to take over the functions of the State Police Forces or other Central Armed Police Forces.<ref name="nsg, 22/8" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/govt-decides-to-withdraw-nsg-from-vip-security-duties/articleshow/73213401.cms|title=Govt decides to withdraw NSG from VIP security duties|date=12 January 2020|website=[[Press Trust of India]]|via=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=13 January 2020}}</ref>

[[File:NSG 2024 06.jpg|thumb|NSG Special Action Group during training]]A small unit of the NSG has been present in Kashmir since 2018, when the proposal to deploy around hundred commandos to support the Indian forces during high risk operations which was approved by the Ministry of Home Affairs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With Snipers, Radars, NSG Commandos Reach Kashmir For Anti-Terror Ops |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/with-snipers-radars-nsg-commandos-reach-kashmir-for-anti-terror-operations-1871164 |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-08 |title=Home ministry okays NSG deployment in Kashmir for counter-terror operations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/home-ministry-okays-nsg-deployment-in-kashmir-for-counter-terror-operations/story-B42rXkGQWqsOblLuy2C1mM.html |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> The NBDC, which is a specialized agency operating within the NSG, has also occasionally supported local law enforcement by conducting Post Blast Investigations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-17 |title=IED Found In Delhi's Ghazipur Had RDX & Ammonium Nitrate, Timer Was Attached: NSG Report |url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/ied-found-in-delhi-s-ghazipur-had-rdx-ammonium-nitrate-timer-was-attached-nsg-report-1506943 |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-21 |title=NSG post-blast investigation team reaches Ludhiana to probe explosion in district court complex |work=[[Asian News International|ANI]] |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nsg-post-blast-investigation-team-reaches-ludhiana-to-probe-explosion-in-district-court-complex20211223212510/}}</ref>

===Special Action Group (SAG)===

The NSG has two Special Action Group – the [[51 Special Action Group]] and the 52 Special Action Group. The [[51 Special Action Group|51 SAG]] was the first unit to be set up when the NSG was created in 1986. The 51 SAG is tasked with [[counterterrorism]] and [[Counterinsurgency|counter insurgency]] operations while the 52 SAG deals with anti-hijacking operations and is also known as "Hijack Busters".<ref name="X-270324">{{cite Twitter |number=1394855120400179201 |user=jaywankhadejrw |title=52 Special Action Group (SAG) also known as 'Hijack Busters' |first=Jay |last=Wankhade |date=2021-05-19 |access-date=2024-07-07}}</ref> The smallest operational unit within a Special Action Group is called a hit and consists of 5 members: two pairs (partners) and a technical support member. Four hits make a team that is led by a "Team Commander". SAG personnel are drawn from the [[Indian Army]]. The 51 SAG used to be the primary combat arm of the NSG, with the SRGs serving in support roles until the 2010s, when the 52 SAG was formed, and the 11 SRG, along with the 51 SAG, was made a part of the counter-terrorism force (CTF).

===Special Ranger Groups (SRG)===

NSG has three Special Ranger Groups (SRG) – 11, 12 & 13. Special Ranger Groups are organised into [[battalion]] lines. The SRG was initially the logistic arm of the NSG, which performed low-risk combat roles such as [[Cordon and search|cordons]]. Later, they were being used almost exclusively for [[Very important person|VIP]] security. In 2012, the role of the 11 SRG was elevated to that of SAG units, and the 11 SRG was made a part of the counter-terrorism force (CTF), which included the 51 SAG and 11 SRG. However, the other two SRGs continued to be used for VIP security purposes until October 2024, when the central government decided to withdraw them from VVIP protection duties.<ref>{{cite news |last=Shukla |first=Prateek |date=16 October 2024 |title=Govt to withdraw NSG commandos from VVIP protection; all you need to know |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/govt-to-withdraw-nsg-commandos-from-vvip-protection-all-you-need-to-know-124101600813_1.html |work=Business Standard |location=[[New Delhi]] |publisher= |access-date=10 January 2026}}</ref> SRG members are drawn mainly from the [[Central Armed Police Force]] personnel.

===Special Composite Group (SCG)===

Special Composite Groups are stationed at the regional hubs of the National Security Guard. Special Composite Group units consisting of personnel from both the Indian Army and the [[Central Armed Police Forces]], and respond to incidents that happen near their hubs. Each SCG is headed by an officer with the rank of [[Colonel (India)|Colonel]] on deputation from the [[Indian Army]] who serves with the rank of 'Group Commander'. The five SCG units are:
*26 SCG [[Mumbai]]
*27 SCG [[Chennai]]
*28 SCG [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]
*29 SCG [[Kolkata]]
*30 SCG [[Gujarat]]

===Electronic Support Group (ESG)===
The electronic support group is based at the NSG's headquarters at [[Manesar]]. It provides communicational and technological assistance to support the operations of the NSG. The group is headed by an officer with the rank of "Group Commander" serving on deputation from the [[Indian Army]].

===National Bomb Data Centre (NBDC)===
[[File:NSG bomb disposal squad.jpg|thumb|An NSG bomb disposal squad member during a training mission]]
The National Bomb Data Centre (NBDC) was established in the year 1988 and redefined its role in the year 2000. NBDC was assigned the role of monitoring, recording, and analyzing all bombing incidents in the country. It also records and analyses various bombing incidents across the world to gain expert knowledge in bombing and related incidents to effectively counter such situations and share information with relevant security agencies. NBDC also performs research and development in the field of [[explosives engineering]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=NSG being deputed to examine characteristics of explosives used in explosion near Israel Embassy in Delhi|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/nsg-being-deputed-to-examine-characteristics-of-explosives-used-in-explosion-near-israel-embassy-in-delhi20210130141003/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> The NBDC acts as a nodal agency for all bombing related facets in the country. It is headed by a Group Commander who is either an Army officer with the rank of '[[colonel]]' or a [[Central Armed Police Force]] officer belonging to any force apart from the NSG itself with the rank of '[[Commandant]]'.

===Regional deployment===
In response to the criticism received by the force for its failure to quickly arrive in Mumbai during the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], from its base in [[Manesar]], Haryana, the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] decided to deploy NSG contingents in major regions all over India in order to avoid the occurrence of such situations in the future.<ref name="BDK">{{cite web|title=NSG's Kolkata hub to serve east, northeast: Chidambaram|url=http://www.bharatdefencekavach.com/News/6013_-NSG-s-Kolkata-hub-to-serve-east--northeast--Chidambaram-.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302042232/http://www.bharatdefencekavach.com/News/6013_-NSG-s-Kolkata-hub-to-serve-east--northeast--Chidambaram-.html|archive-date=2 March 2012|access-date=18 July 2012|publisher=Bharat Defence Kavach}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/centre-clears-nsg-for-six-cities/392506/ |title=Centre clears NSG for six cities |website=The Indian Express |date=1 December 2008 |access-date=2010-08-12}}</ref> Each hub of the NSG is headed by a highest ranking official known as the Director General of the Hub.

====New Delhi====
The regional hub in New Delhi is designated for Web Information Management.

====Mumbai====
The Mumbai regional hub is spread across 20.28 acres and has been constructed for Rs. 56.10 crore by the National Building Construction Corporation Limited. It has accommodation for the families of the commandos as well. Approximately 241 commandos will be housed there.

====Hyderabad====
Hyderabad is the regional hub of the National Security Guard for the region of South India. Its training center is located near [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajnath-singh-reviews-functioning-of-nsg-black-cat-commandos-4690223/|title=Rajnath Singh reviews functioning of 'Black Cat' commandos|date=5 June 2017}}</ref> With the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) giving its nod and sanctioning {{INRConvert|534|c|lk=on|year=2017}} in 2017, the Southern Regional Centre (SRC) was established at Ibrahimpatnam, Hyderabad for training commandos.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajnath-singh-to-open-new-nsg-complex-in-hyderabad-tomorrow-1834684|title=Rajnath Singh To Open New NSG Complex in Hyderabad Tomorrow|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2018-04-09/Rajnath-Singh-to-inaugurate-SCG-club-of-anti-terror-force-NSG-in-Hyderabad/372874|title=Rajnath Singh to inaugurate SCG club of anti-terror force NSG in Hyderabad|first=Deepthi|last=Reddy|date=9 April 2018|website=thehansindia.com}}</ref> The hub land area is {{convert|200|acre|order=flip}} and constructed at a cost of {{INRConvert|157|c}}.

The Hyderabad hub of the 28 Special Composite Group (SCG) of the NSG is among the five regional hubs in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajnath-singh-reviews-functioning-of-nsg-black-cat-commandos-4690223/|title=Rajnath Singh reviews functioning of 'Black Cat' commandos|date=5 June 2017}}</ref> By 2018, 300 commandos were stationed at the NSG hub at [[Trimulgherry]]. The state has two trained anti-terror striking forces. Besides the NSG, the [[Telangana Police]]'s counter-terrorist group, [[Organisation for Counter Terrorist Operations|OCTOPUS]], also has a training facility in the same neighborhood at [[Ibrahimpatnam]], which has a strength of over 250 personnel.<ref name=TOI13>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130627230358/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-24/hyderabad/40165225_1_nsg-hub-national-security-guard-training-centre Central nod for 'Black Cats' training campus near Hyderabad – Times Of India]. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (24 June 2013). Retrieved on 2013-08-17.</ref> NSG and [[Organisation for Counter Terrorist Operations|OCTOPUS]] personnel undergo a grueling training process. The commandos are sent back to their parent department when they reach the age of 35, ensuring that the force remains young and physically fit for combat operations.<ref name=TOI13/>

====Chennai====
NSG Chennai Hub was established in 2009 as the third regional hub. Till 2012, the commandos were temporarily stationed at [[Ashok Nagar, Chennai|Ashok Nagar]] when the permanent facility was inaugurated by India's then-home minister [[P.Chidambaram]], with the training center lying between forests and hillocks at Nedungundram off the Vandalur-Kelambakkam Road.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-12-18 |title=NSG city hub gets a new 69-acre facility |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/nsg-city-hub-gets-a-new-69-acre-facility/articleshow/11150087.cms |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==== Kolkata ====
Kolkata became the regional hub of the NSG for the region of East India in 2009, becoming the 4th such hub in the country. The [[Bidhannagar|Salt Lake]] campus was supposed to serve as its main base until the construction of its planned permanent facility at Badu in [[Madhyamgram]] ([[North 24 Parganas district|North 24 Parganas]]) was fully completed.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-07-02 |title=Kolkata gets its NSG hub, Chidambaram skips inauguration |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/kolkata-gets-its-nsg-hub-chidambaram-skips-inauguration/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2012, the permanent facility was inaugurated by India's then Home Minister [[P. Chidambaram]]. The NSG hub in Kolkata had about 241 commandos by then, but the regional hub was still incomplete. On 1st March 2020, the fully completed 29 Special Composite Group complex was inaugurated by the Home Minister [[Amit Shah]] at [[New Town, Kolkata|New Town]], [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=A regional hub of the National Security Guard has come up in New Town. It was inaugurated on Sunday by home minister Amit Shah.|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/amp/west-bengal/nsg-hub-in-new-town/cid/1751252|access-date=2020-03-01|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|others=Home Minister inaugurates Special Composite Group complex of NSG|date=2 March 2020|title=India's Black Cats get a brand new address|language=en|work=[[The Economic Times]] 01:21 PM IST|agency=[[Asian News International|ANI]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/men-in-black-nsg-the-black-cats-of-india/home-minister-inaugurates-special-composite-group-complex-of-nsg/slideshow/74437558.cms|access-date=2 March 2020}}</ref>

==== Gandhinagar ====
In July 2018, NSG operationalized its fifth regional hub at [[Gandhinagar]] in [[Gujarat]]. The hub stands on 1.33 lakh sq m of land and contains training facilities, barracks, and logistical support for 100 NSG commandos<ref>{{Cite news|title=Gujarat gets new NSG hub; fifth in the country|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/gujarat-gets-new-nsg-hub-fifth-in-the-country/articleshow/58095713.cms|access-date=2021-04-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-04-09 |title=Gujarat gets new NSG hub; fifth in the country |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarat-gets-new-nsg-hub-fifth-in-the-country/articleshow/58096488.cms |access-date=2023-07-03 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

====Future====
NSG has proposed [[Amritsar]] as a regional hub to improve its counteraction capabilities in [[North India|Northern India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gopal|first=Navjeevan|date=2019-09-26|title=NSG proposes regional hub in Amritsar for North India|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/nsg-proposes-regional-hub-in-amritsar-for-north-india-6029727/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> NSG has considered other cities or regions like [[Ayodhya]], [[Pathankot]], and [[Kerala]]. In July 2024, an NSG team reached Ayodhya to carry out a 4-day exercise with coordination from other [[Central Armed Police Forces|CAPF]] units and assess the security structure of the city. The NSG hub in Ayodhya is equipped with specialized weaponry and anti-drone technology that is expected to be operationalized along with support units of other CAPFs within a few months. The land allocation process for the hub has begun. The Ayodhya hub will be the first response center for NSG in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. After the establishment of these three hubs by 2024-end, there will be a total of eight NSG hubs in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-16 |title=NSG team to camp in Ayodhya to set up hub, assess Ram temple security |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/nsg-team-to-camp-in-ayodhya-to-set-up-hub-assess-ram-temple-security-101721131868368.html |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-17 |title=NSG to set up units in Ayodhya, Pathankot and Kerala: Report |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/nsg-to-set-up-units-in-ayodhya-pathankot-and-kerala-report-12770929.html |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref>

=== Joint Training Exercises ===
The NSG frequently participates in training exercises. The majority of them are with the [[U.S. Army]]'s [[Green Berets]] who regularly participate in training exercises with the NSG. The two forces conduct an annual counterterrorism training exercise called TARKASH.<ref>{{cite news |last=Niyogi |first=Subhro |date=25 June 2024 |title=Counter-Terror Exercise: Joint urban counter-terror exercise by NSG, US forces |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/joint-urban-counter-terror-exercise-by-nsg-us-forces/articleshow/111242407.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |location=Kolkata |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref>

=== Germany ===
After the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]], the NSG decided to have a joint exercise with the German [[GSG 9]]. In November 2009, a team from NSG visited the GSG 9 headquarters.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/NSG-to-train-with-Germanyrsquos-counter-terror-force/article16892790.ece|title=NSG to train with Germany's counter-terror force|date=2009-11-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2020-01-26|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Joint training exercises between GSG 9 and NSG were subsequently conducted in [[Manesar]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 November 2011|title=Toothless Black Cats|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/opinion/sandeep-unnithan/story/national-security-guards-145512-2011-11-11|access-date=16 September 2020|website=India Today}}</ref>

===United States===
[[File:Indian NSG and US(SOF) operator.jpg|thumb|Indian NSG, and [[United States special operations forces|United States SOF]] operator during Tarkash 2023 exercise]]
Exercise between NSG and [[United States Army Special Forces]], code-named ''Balanced Iroquois'', started on 18 October 2015. This three-week-long exercise was preceded by a joint airborne jump at [[Aero India]] 2015.<ref name="express2015">{{Cite web|date=2015-11-02|title=India-US anti-terror cooperation: For the first time, NSG commandos train with US Special Forces|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-us-anti-terror-cooperation-for-the-first-time-nsg-commandos-train-with-us-special-forces/|access-date=2020-01-26|website=The Indian Express|language=en-US}}</ref> In February 2018, [[Green Berets]] from the [[1st Special Forces Command (Airborne)]] conducted a joint training exercise with the NSG in [[Kolkata]]. The Green Berets learned some urban warfare strategies from the NSG, while the NSG learned about some advanced equipment of the US soldiers. The drill included intervention techniques, training in the [[Kolkata Metro]] system and a drill at the [[Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/us-special-forces-nsg-carry-out-joint-drill-in-kolkata/articleshow/63119460.cms|title=US Special Forces, NSG carry out joint drill in Kolkata|date=1 March 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=26 January 2020}}</ref>

In March 2019, the NSG and [[1st Special Forces Group (United States)|1st Special Forces Group]] carried out joint exercises in [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/us-army-nsg-to-conduct-joint-exercises-in-hyderabad/article26524573.ece|title=US army, NSG to conduct joint exercises in Hyderabad|date=13 March 2019|website=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/south/nsg-us-special-operations-forces-train-in-hyderabad-723159.html|title=NSG, US Special Operations Forces train in Hyderabad|date=2019-03-14|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2020-01-26}}</ref> The sixth edition of the TARKASH exercise between the NSG and the [[1st Special Forces Group (United States)|1st Special Forces Group]] from January 14 till the end of February 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-14 |title=NSG to hold joint anti-terror drill with US special forces |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/nsg-to-hold-joint-anti-terror-drill-with-us-special-forces/articleshow/96979148.cms |access-date=2023-07-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S., India Rapidly Expand Their Military Cooperation |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3433245/us-india-rapidly-expand-their-military-cooperation/https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/3433245/us-india-rapidly-expand-their-military-cooperation/ |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=U.S. Department of Defense |language=en-US}}{{dead link|date=December 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In the same year, the Green Berets and the NSG held another training exercise focused on exchange of subject matter expertise related to [[CBRN]]e threats at Manesar from June 19 till the end of the month ahead of the [[G20]] meeting in India. The Indian Army was also involved in the exercise.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ahead of G20 meet US force trains NSG, Army to counter CBRNe threats |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=July 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ahead-of-g20-meet-us-force-trains-nsg-army-to-counter-cbrne-threats/articleshow/101407024.cms}}</ref>

==Equipment==
[[File:Indian NSG Operator during Republic Day parade in 2021.jpg|thumb|NSG operators armed with [[SIG MPX]], [[M249|M249 SAWs]] and [[Heckler & Koch MP5|MP5s]] with their [[Belgian Malinois]] [[Police dog|K9]] partner during the 2021 [[Republic Day (India)|Indian Republic Day]] parade]]

=== Small Arms ===
{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable" width="100%" border="0"
! width="25%" |Name
! width="25%" |Country of origin
! width="25%" |Type
!Notes
|-
|[[Glock knife|Glock knives]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Austria}}
|[[Combat knife]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Neeta |date=2018-10-17 |title=Elite Force NSG Acquires World's Smallest Spy Cam, Hi-Tech Weapons |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-major-upgrade-of-national-security-guard-indias-elite-commandos-get-hi-tech-weapons-1933260 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212045055/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-major-upgrade-of-national-security-guard-indias-elite-commandos-get-hi-tech-weapons-1933260 |archive-date=2024-12-12 |access-date=2025-10-15 |work=ndtv.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[Glock|Glock 17]]
|[[Semi-automatic pistol]]
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[CornerShot]]
|{{Flag|Israel}}
|Weapons accessories
|<ref name="ETequip3">{{Cite news |date=2018-07-13 |title=Pathankot attack: 300 NSG commandos use smart weapons to combat terrorists |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pathankot-attack-300-nsg-commandos-use-smart-weapons-to-combat-terrorists/articleshow/50456476.cms |access-date=2020-01-23 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
|-
|[[Franchi SPAS-15]]
|{{Flag|Italy}}
|[[Combat shotgun]]
|
|-
|[[Joint Venture Protective Carbine|Modern Sub Machine Carbine]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|India}}
| rowspan="5" |[[Submachine gun]]
|
|-
|[[SSS Defence]] G72
|500 to be ordered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-23 |title=विदेशी हथियारों को पछाड़ा... NSG कमांडो को मिलेगी स्वदेसी कंपनी SSS की 500 G72 मशीन गन |url=https://www.aajtak.in/defence-news/story/nsg-commandos-get-500-g72-machine-guns-from-sss-defence-dskc-2420357-2025-12-23 |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MP5]]
|{{Flag|Germany}}
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|[[CZ Scorpion Evo 3]]
|{{Flag|Czech Republic}}
|-
|[[FN P90]]
|{{Flag|Belgium}}
|Used in small numbers
|-
|[[SIG MPX]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United States}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/jaywankhadejrw/status/1312714929800003584 |access-date=2021-04-16 |website=twitter.com}}</ref>
|-
|[[M4 carbine|Colt M4]]
| rowspan="9" |[[Assault rifle]]
|Used in small numbers
|-
|[[AK-63]]
|{{Flag|Hungarian People's Republic|name=Hungary}}
|
|-
|[[SIG SG 550|SIG SG 551]]
|{{Flag|Switzerland}}
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2016-01-10 |title=Those who helped defend Pathankot: All you need to know about NSG, SF |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/those-who-helped-defend-pathankot-all-you-need-know-about-nsg-sf/story-pLNONZqW3Bd7qz8aoHvPHM.html |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Trichy assault rifle|TriCa]]
|{{Flag|India}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2021 |title=NSG getting 100 TriCa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/oft-to-deliver-100-trica-compact-carbine-weapon-for-national-security-guards/article37946015.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 January 2022 |title=TAR-M3 |url=https://alphadefense.in/trica-tar-model-3-bulgarian-flavoured-indian-krinkov/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Beretta AR70/90]]
|{{Flag|Italy}}
|
|-
|[[FN F2000]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Belgium}}
| rowspan="2" |Used in small numbers
|-
|[[FN SCAR]]
|-
|[[IWI Tavor X95|IWI X95]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Israel}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=India will soon start making these five deadly Israeli-origin guns |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-will-soon-start-making-these-five-deadly-israeli-origin-guns/mountable/slideshow/58577466.cms |access-date=2020-01-27 |website=The Economic Times |quote=X95: Also known as Micro Tavor...Ideal for VIP security conducted by NSG...}}</ref>
|-
|[[IWI ARAD|IWI Arad]]
|
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch MSG-90]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Germany}}
| rowspan="3" |[[Sniper rifle]]
|
|-
|[[Heckler & Koch PSG1|Heckler & Koch PSG1 A1]]
|<ref name="NDTVequip3">{{Cite web |date=17 October 2018 |title=Elite Force NSG Acquires World's Smallest Spy Cam, Hi-Tech Weapons |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-major-upgrade-of-national-security-guard-indias-elite-commandos-get-hi-tech-weapons-1933260 |access-date=2020-01-23 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Barrett Model 98B]]
| rowspan="2" |{{Flag|United States}}
|
|-
|[[M249 light machine gun|M249]]
|[[Machine gun]]
|
|}

===Drones===

* [[Black Hornet Nano]] military micro [[UAV]]<ref name="NDTVequip">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/in-major-upgrade-of-national-security-guard-indias-elite-commandos-get-hi-tech-weapons-1933260|title=Elite Force NSG Acquires World's Smallest Spy Cam, Hi-Tech Weapons|date=17 October 2018|website=[[NDTV]]|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>
* [[Loitering munition]]<ref name="NDTVequip"/>

===Vehicles and transportation===
* [[Ford Super Duty|Ford F550 Super Duty]] tactical ladder truck
* [[Maruti Suzuki Gypsy]]
* [[Sherpa Light|Renault Sherpa Light]] armoured personnel carrier<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/auto/renault-sherpa-armoured-military-vehicle-serving-nsg-commandos-cisf-spotted-in-mumbai-1820123.html|title=Renault Sherpa Armoured Military Vehicle Serving NSG Spotted in Mumbai|date=23 July 2018|website=[[News18]]|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>
* Remote-operated vehicle, which can transport 150 kg of [[Improvised explosive device]]. It can also transport biological, chemical, and nuclear radioactive materials<ref name="NDTVequip"/>
* [[Tata Harrier]]
* The NSG has access to [[Indian Air Force]] transportation aircraft.<ref name="ETequip">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pathankot-attack-300-nsg-commandos-use-smart-weapons-to-combat-terrorists/articleshow/50456476.cms|title=Pathankot attack: 300 NSG commandos use smart weapons to combat terrorists|date=2018-07-13|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2020-01-23}}</ref>

==In popular culture==

*The biographical movie ''[[Major (film)|Major]]'' is based on the life of [[Sandeep Unnikrishnan]], a team commander of the [[51 Special Action Group]] who was [[line of duty death|killed in the line of duty]] during NSG's response to the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-13|title=Major Teaser: Adivi Sesh transforms into Major Sandeep Unnikrishnan, promises a sleek 26/11 movie|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/telugu/major-teaser-adivi-sesh-transforms-into-major-sandeep-unnikrishnan-promises-a-sleekly-packed-26-11-movie-7270373/|access-date=2021-04-13|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
*''[[State of Siege: Temple Attack]]'' is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language film based on the 2002 [[Akshardham Temple attack]] and the NSG's subsequent operation to encounter and kill the perpetrators.
*''[[State of Siege: 26/11]]'' is a [[Zee5]] web series that presents the 26/11 terror attack incident from the viewpoint of NSG commandos responding to the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kanyal|first=Jyoti|date=23 March 2020|title=State of Siege 26/11 review: Arjun Bijlani's web series is a stirring retelling of Mumbai attacks|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/state-of-siege-26-11-review-arjun-bijlani-s-web-series-is-a-stirring-retelling-of-mumbai-attacks-1658846-2020-03-23|access-date=2021-04-13|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
* NSG operators are depicted in the 2019 thriller ''[[Hotel Mumbai]]'', which is based on the [[2008 Mumbai attacks]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5556215/hotel-mumbai-movie-true-story/|title=The True Story Behind 'Hotel Mumbai'|date=22 March 2019|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|language=en|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref>
* In the 2023 action-thriller ''[[Kill (film)|Kill]]'', the main protagonist is an NSG commando.
* NSG commandos are depicted in the 2023 action-thriller ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'' during the metro train hijacking situation in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].
* In the 2025 action-thriller [[Malayalam-language]] film ''[[Identity (2025 film)|Identity]]'', the main protagonist is a former NSG commando and an active [[sky marshal]].
* ''[[Keerthi Chakra (film)|Keerthi Chakra]]'' is a 2006 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[war film]] written and directed by [[Major Ravi]] which is based on true events related to [[Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir|incidents that took place in Jammu and Kashmir]]. The main protagonist is an [[Indian Army]] officer deputed to the NSG.

==See also==
* [[Central Armed Police Forces]]
* [[Paramilitary forces of India]]
* [[Special Forces of India]]
* [[Special Protection Group]]
* [[Special Frontier Force]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|National Security Guard}}

{{Home Ministry (India)}}
{{India topics}}
{{Law enforcement agencies of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Non-military counterterrorist organizations]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Specialist law enforcement agencies of India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Central Armed Police Forces of India]]
[[Category:National Security Guards]]

Dara Singh (Bajrang Dal)

2026-03-14T23:29:47Z

Bihar Region: Creating!

{{Short description|Indian serial killer}}
{{Hatnote|This article is about the convicted murderer. For the wrestler and film actor from Punjab, see [[Dara Singh]].}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox criminal
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Dara Singh
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name = Rabindra Kumar Pal<ref name="indiankanoon.org">{{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1481882/ |title=Rabindra Kr. Pal @ Dara Singh vs Republic of India on 21 January, 2011|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=17 September 2023}}</ref>
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| birth_name = Rabindra Kumar Pal
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|10|02}}

| birth_place = Kakor Village, [[Etawah district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
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| organization = [[Bajrang Dal]]
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| known_for = Murder of [[Graham Staines]]
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| party = [[BJP]]
| movement = [[Cow Protection Movement]]
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| criminal_charge = [[Murder]]
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| parents = Mihilal Pal
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| motive = [[Religious Nationalism]]
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| victims = [[Graham Staines]] and multiple others
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| apprehended = January 31, 2000
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'''Dara Singh''' (born '''Rabindra Kumar Pal'''; 2 October 1962) is an Indian convicted murderer and a [[Bajrang Dal]] activist.<ref name="BDactivist" /> He was convicted for leading a mob and setting fire to the [[station wagon]] in which the Australian Christian missionary [[Graham Staines]] and his two sons were asleep, burning them all alive, in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30219555.ece|title=The Staines case verdict|last=Delhi|first=V. VENKATESAN in New|website=Frontline|date=23 October 2003 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/15oris1.htm|title=Staines case: Dara Singh, 12 others found guilty|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>

Singh had been convicted in the murder of Muslim trader Shaikh Rehman, severing his arms before setting him on fire at Padiabeda village in [[Karanjia]] sub-division of [[Mayurbhanj district]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=CHAUDHURI|first=KALYAN|title=Another victim in Orissa|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30258101.ece|access-date=2022-01-30|website=Frontline|language=en|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130174129/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30258101.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="muslim_trader_murder" /> Singh was also convicted of the murder of a Christian priest, Fr. Arul Das, in Jamboni village in the same district. The priest was killed by an arrow during his escape, after his [[Church arson|church was set on fire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/life-term-for-dara-singh-3-others-in-fathers-murder-case/505783|title=Life term for Dara Singh, 3 others in father's murder case|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/indiachr/christians8-05.htm|title=V. ATTACKS ACROSS THE COUNTRY|website=Human Rights Watch|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/news/india/Dara-Singh-gets-life-term-for-killing-priest-in-1999/articleshow/15743541.cms|title=Dara Singh gets life term for killing priest in 1999|date=Sep 23, 2007|website=Mumbai Mirror|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>

Singh was arrested after a year-long chase in January 2000 after the murders of Graham Staines and his sons, and is now serving his life sentence in prison.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/staines-murder-case-a-chronology/709203|title=Staines Murder Case: A Chronology|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dara Singh was born as Rabindra Kumar Pal,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Life sentence to Dara Singh affirmed by Orissa HC|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2022/jan/11/life-sentence-to-dara-singh-affirmed-by-orissa-hc-2405456.html|access-date=2022-01-30|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 January 2022 }}</ref><ref name="indiankanoon.org"/> the son of Mihilal Pal of Kakor Village, [[Etawah district]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He has an elder brother who was employed in the [[National Thermal Power Corporation]] and four married sisters. He has a first-class degree in arts and is also well-versed in Hindi. He stayed at Delhi for a brief period of time where he worked in a grocery business. In 1989, he moved to [[Maliposhi]] in [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], after he got a job as a Hindi teacher at a local School.<ref name="Chatterji">{{harvnb|Chatterji|2009|pp=126–127}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

== Political life ==
Dara Singh was a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP).<ref name="hrw_BJPmember">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Summary|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/indiachr/christians8-01.htm|access-date=|website=Human Rights watch}}</ref> He was also an activist of the [[Bajrang Dal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/1999/09/30/anti-christian-violence-rise-india|title=Anti-Christian Violence on the Rise in India|last=Human Rights Watch|date=1999-09-30|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref name="BDactivist">{{Cite journal|last1=Hendon|first1=David W.|last2=Allman|first2=Dwight D.|last3=Greco|first3=Donald E.|title=Notes on Church-State Affairs|date=2000|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23920150|journal=[[Journal of Church and State]]|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|volume=42|issue=1|pages=205–226|doi=10.1093/jcs/42.1.205|jstor=23920150|issn=0021-969X|url-access=subscription}}</ref> and the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2015-06-05|title=Communalism and Communal Violence 1999|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2000/05/commentary/communalism-and-communal-violence-1999.html|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|language=en|volume=35|issue=5|pages=7–8}}</ref> The Police reported that Dara Singh was an active member of the [[Go suraksha samiti]], an initiative financed and implemented by the VHP and the Bajrang Dal.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabrang.com/cc/comold/oct99/report.htm|title=Crimes of Passion|date=October 1999|website=Communalism Combat|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Singh was also involved in the BJP and known to have campaigned for the party during the 1998 elections and also been involved in [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS)]] rallies and camps.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabrangindia.in/indepth/attacks-minorities-unrelenting|title=Attacks on minorities unrelenting|date=1999-11-01|website=SabrangIndia|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T6-raSTUvFQC |title=Faith under fire |date=2008 |publisher=Media House |author=Justice, Peace and Development Commission - Bhubaneswar|isbn=978-81-7495-320-9 |pages=302–308 |oclc=294883231}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/dara-singh-a-bjp-supporter-say-police-records/206946|title=Dara Singh A BJP Supporter, Say Police Records {{!}} Outlook India Magazine|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Singh was also alleged to have worked for the BJP during the 1991 elections in Patna.<ref name=":4" /> According to the Government council, Dara Singh attended RSS camps, he professed to be a Bajrang Dal activist and believed in the strong propagation of [[Hindutva]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabrang.com/research/comminindia.htm#_ftnref39|title=Sabrang Communications -- Research|website=www.sabrang.com|access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=George, Modi saw foreign hand, not Dara {{!}} India News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/george-modi-saw-foreign-hand-not-dara/articleshow/198461.cms|access-date=2022-01-24|website=The Times of India|date=23 September 2003 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabrangindia.in/indepth/crimes-passion|title=Crimes of Passion|date=2000-10-01|website=SabrangIndia|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Puniyani|first=Ram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S0qWTxjASKAC|title=The Politics Behind Anti Christian Violence: A Compilation of Investigation Committee Reports Into Acts of Violence Against the Christian Minorities|date=2006|publisher=Media House|isbn=978-81-7495-237-0|pages=278–284|language=en}}</ref>

== Criminal activities ==

Dara Singh's base of operations was the relatively affluent Padiabeda village in [[Mayurbhanj district]]<ref name="Chatterji" /> Singh was involved in the [[cow protection movement]] of the [[Bajrang Dal]] and targeted Muslim cattle traders.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/sep/28/suzannegoldenberg|title=Bow-and-arrow killer becomes India's most wanted man|first=Suzanne|last=Goldenberg|newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 September 1999|via=www.theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/social-issues/article30219555.ece|title=The Staines case verdict|first=V. VENKATESAN in New|last=Delhi|website=Frontline|date=23 October 2003 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/bjps-cow-protection-brigade-gets-official-stamp-in-new-animal-husbandry-ministry/243882/|title=BJP's 'cow protection brigade' gets official stamp in new animal husbandry ministry|last=Singh|first=D. K.|date=2019-05-31|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>

Because cow slaughter is banned in Orissa, Dara Singh often intercepted trucks transporting cows to [[West Bengal]], releasing the animals and setting the trucks on fire. All his targets were Muslim truck drivers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rediff On The NeT Special: Tensions, yes, but flare-ups, no|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1999/feb/22oris.htm|access-date=2022-01-28|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> He redistributed the cows to the local people; in this way he achieved a degree of popularity among the tribal people and became a political figure. Some of the villagers gave him shelter after he was on the run for more than a year during the Graham Staines case.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Giri|first=Ananta Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4H5xU9xFVEC&q=Arul%20Das%20dara%20singh&pg=PA417|title=Reflections and Mobilizations: Dialogues With Movements and Voluntary Organizations|date=2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-0-7619-3295-6|pages=417|language=en}}</ref> He had a small loyal band that was increasingly involved in violent opposition to what they perceived as anti-Hindu forces.

In September 1998, a cattle truck was looted and torched, and the trucker's assistant, Shaikh Imam was beaten to death in Godabhanga Ghati in the [[Mayurbhanj district]].<ref name="Chatterji"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newswire/story/dara-singh-12-others-acquitted-in-case/425852|title=Dara Singh, 12 others acquitted in case|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> Singh was charged in this case and eventually acquitted in October 2006 due to lack of sufficient evidence and hostile witnesses.<ref name="Chatterji"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2006/10/30/dara-singh-acquitted-in-godbhanga-truck-loot-case-1162215261.html|title=Dara Singh acquitted in Godbhanga truck loot case|last=Staff|date=2006-10-30|website=oneindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>

In September 1999 Arul Das, a [[Catholic Priest|Catholic priest]], was shot and killed with an arrow in Jamabani village in [[Mayurbhanj district]] by a gang led by Dara Singh; Das was fleeing the building, which had been set on fire.<ref name="Staines"/><ref name=":2" /> In September 2007 Singh was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment, along with associates Chena Hao, Rajkishore Mohanta, and Jadunath Mohanta.<ref name="Staines">{{harvnb|Chatterji|2009|pp=251–253}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/09/22/dara-singh-sentenced-to-life-in-arul-doss-murder-case-1190453618.html|title=Dara Singh sentenced to life in Arul Doss murder case|last=Staff|date=2007-09-22|website=oneindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/dara-three-others-get-life-term/story-Qnhc28kwAaWDlpAWrwDnjL.html|title=Dara, three others get life term|date=2007-09-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref>

On 26 November 1999 more than 20 men armed with machetes attacked Shaikh Rahman, a Muslim garment merchant, in Padiabeda village, beating him and severing his hands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/crime/story/19990913-inability-of-orissa-govt-to-capture-dara-singh-points-to-a-criminal-politician-nexus-824227-1999-09-13|title=Inability of Orissa govt to capture Dara Singh points to a criminal-politician nexus|last=BANERJEE|first=RUBEN|website=India Today|date=13 September 1999 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> His body was then set alight and incinerated to prevent his family members from recovering it, and his garment stall was also set on fire.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1999-09-28|title=Bow-and-arrow killer becomes India's most wanted man|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/1999/sep/28/suzannegoldenberg|access-date=2022-01-30|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Chatterji"/> Singh and his associate Buluram Mohanty were indicted in connection with this killing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2002/apr/17oris.htm|title=rediff.com: Staines murder: Dara's associate arrested in Orissa|website=m.rediff.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> In October 2007, Singh was convicted of the murder and was sentenced to life imprisonment, while the 23 others were acquitted on grounds of insufficient evidence.<ref name="muslim_trader_murder">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/oct/29dara.htm|title=Dara Singh sentenced to life for third time|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref name="Chatterji"/>

==Graham Staines murder==
On 22 January 1999, at Manoharpur village in [[Keonjhar district]], [[Orissa]], a mob led by Dara Singh attacked Graham Staines's [[station wagon]] with Staines and his two sons, Philip (aged 10) and Timothy (aged 6), inside.<ref name="Staines"/> Chanting "''Jai Bajarang Bali"'', the mob set fire to the station wagon and all three were burned to death.<ref name="Staines"/> Dara Singh does not appear to have used any [[legal remedy]] against being troubled by any of Staines's activities that would have provoked him into killing the missionary and his young sons. Other perpetrators in the killing included Bhimasen Mahanta, Rajat Das and Mahendra Hembram. The [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] had charged a total of 18 persons in the case in June 1999. Of those formally sentenced to life imprisonment, only Hembram was [[Acquittal|acquitted]]<ref name="Staines"/> In September 2003, the Khordha [[Sessions Court]] sentenced Dara Singh to [[Capital punishment in India|death]] for his role in the murders.<ref name="Staines"/>

Subsequent to his arrest, Singh's supporters formed several organisations, including ''Dara Singh Parijan Suraksha Samiti'' (Council for Aiding the Family of Dara Singh), ''Dharmarakhyak Sri Dara Singh Bachao Samiti'' (Committee to defend Dara Singh, the Protector of our [[Dharma]]), and ''Dara Sena'' (Dara's Army), claiming to espouse his cause. These groups describe him as the saviour of Hinduism. There was also a "Free Dara Singh" website.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geocities.com/free_dara_singh/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010422003405/http://www.geocities.com/free_dara_singh/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2001-04-22 |title=Dara Singh - Prisoner of Injustice|website=www.geocities.com}}</ref> Several small booklets with titles like ''Mono Ku Chhui Gola'' (He Has Touched Our Hearts), or ''Mu Dara Singh Kahuchi'' (This is Dara Singh Speaking), eulogising Singh and criticising the activities of Staines and other Christian missionaries, were circulated in the region.<ref name=":1" />

The Wadhwa Commission (led by Justice D. P. Wadhwa, a sitting judge of the Supreme Court of India), stated that the Bajrang Dal was not involved in the murder of Staines, justifying its non-examination of the role of the Bajrang Dal on the grounds that the Dal was a peaceful and legal organization.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Venkatesan|first=V.|date=11–23 October 2003|title=The Staines case verdict|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|url-status=usurped|journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline Magazine]]|volume=20|issue=21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100901033038/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2021/stories/20031024003902400.htm|archive-date=1 September 2010|access-date=11 October 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Wadhwa cleared Staines of allegations that he had forcibly converted locals.<ref>{{Cite web|title='The Graham Staines Story' a grim reminder of horrors of religious persecution|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2019/04/01/graham-stained-story-grim-reminder-horrors-religious-persecution.html|access-date=2022-01-24|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref> However, the [[National Commission for Minorities|National Commission for minorities]] (NCM) disputed the commission's finding and highlighted Singh's connections with the Bajrang Dal. The NCM also suggested that the killers were from Bajrang Dal, because the attackers chanted "''long live the Bajrang Dal''" before the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/the-earth-is-not-for-the-meek/cid/898274|title=THE EARTH IS NOT FOR THE MEEK|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/deqoded/2017/01/22/why-india-shouldnt-forget-graham-staines-murder-gladys-staines-dara-singh-bajrang-dal-christianity-odisha-saibo|title=Why India Shouldn't Forget the Murder of Graham Staines|date=2017-01-22|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4ca6pKcSJrcC&pg=RA2-PA2358|title=Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Report Submitted to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, U.S. House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations, U.S. Senate by the Department of State in Accordance with Sections 116(d) and 502B(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as Amended|date=2003|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|pages=2358|isbn=9780160606700|language=en}}</ref> Wadhwa condemned Dara Singh, but exonerated Bajrang Dal, the RSS and the BJP for providing the intellectual motivation and sustenance for the crime to be cold-bloodedly carried out.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CC October 1999|url=https://www.sabrang.com/cc/comold/oct99/report.htm|access-date=2022-01-24|website=www.sabrang.com}}</ref>

== Arrest ==
At least 11 squads of a special task force of the state police constantly patrolled some of the toughest jungle terrains of [[Mayurbhanj district|Mayurbhanj]]-[[Kendujhar|Keonjhar]] region for over an year in search of him after the Staines murder. He always had the support of the local tribal people and was always on the move. The police and CBI put a bounty of ₹8 lakhs on his head, but this did not help. The police started "Operation Confinement" to confine Singh and cut off his escape roads in the jungle.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/states/story/20000214-graham-staines-murder-case-political-storm-brews-over-dara-singhs-arrest-timing-777059-2000-02-14|title=Graham Staines murder case: Political storm brews over Dara Singh's arrest timing|last=BANERJEE|first=RUBEN|website=India Today|date=14 February 2000 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref> The police arrested Dara Singh after a year-long chase on the night of 31 January 2000.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/22staines.htm|title=Dara Singh sentenced to death|website=www.rediff.com|access-date=2020-04-06}}</ref><ref name=":8" />

==Court verdicts==
On 5 April 2003 Dayanidhi Patra (one of the accused) told the court that he was present at the time Dara Singh set fire to Staines's wagon. On 22 September 2003 the trial court convicted all the accused and sentenced them to various jail terms, except Dara Singh who was given the death penalty.<ref name=":7">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-death-for-Dara-Singh-in-Staines-case-SC-upholds-life-term/articleshow/7332083.cms|title=Life term adequate for Staines murder convicts: SC|date=21 January 2011|work=The Times of India}}</ref>

In May 2005 the [[Orissa High Court]] set aside the death sentence, stating that it could not be demonstrated that any specific action by Singh himself had caused the deaths.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2005/may/19staines.htm|title=Staines murder: Dara Singh's death sentence commuted to life term|work=Rediff.com|date=19 May 2005|access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref>

In August 2005 Singh filed a special leave petition with the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], seeking acquittal. He asserted that his case was based on hearsay and circumstantial evidence, claiming that he had not led the killings.<ref name="Staines"/> The Supreme Court allowed his appeal in October 2005.<ref name="Staines"/> In February 2007, Singh petitioned the Supreme Court to release him on bail, stating that he was the primary livelihood earner in his family, including his dependent 75-year-old mother;<ref name="Staines"/> but in October 2007 the Supreme Court denied his petition.<ref name="Staines"/>

On 19 March 2007 the Supreme Court issued notice to the CBI on a petition filed by Mahendra Hembram challenging the Orissa High Court verdict, citing his confessional statement before the trial court, in which he had said that he killed Graham Staines, should be considered in total.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=31613&n_tit=SC+Issues+Notice+to+CBI+in+Staines+Murder+Case+|title=Supreme Court issues notice to CBI in Staines case|publisher=DaijiWorld.com|date=20 March 2007|access-date=11 October 2010}}</ref>

On 21 January 2011 the Supreme Court upheld the Orissa High Court's life imprisonment sentence for Dara Singh and his accomplice Mahender Hembram.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Life-term-adequate-for-Staines-murder-convicts-SC/articleshow/7332083.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418072216/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-21/india/28351453_1_dara-singh-graham-staines-minor-sons|url-status=live|archive-date=18 April 2012|title=No death for Dara Singh in Staines case; SC upholds life term|date=21 January 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=21 January 2011}}</ref> The Supreme Court dismissed the CBI's call for the death penalty, explaining that the death penalty could only be imposed in the "rarest of rare" cases.<ref name="SC changes controversial paras in ruling on Staines' killing">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/SC-changes-controversial-paras-in-ruling-on-Staines-killings/articleshow/7361029.cms |title=SC changes controversial paras in ruling on Staines' killing |website=Times of India |date=25 January 2011 |access-date=2 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=":7" />

On 10 July 2024, Singh requested a reduction in his sentence at the Supreme Court and he said that he was remorseful of his crimes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/supreme-court/story/graham-staines-murder-case-court-issues-notice-after-dara-singh-files-plea-seeking-premature-release-2564610-2024-07-10|title=Supreme Court issues notice after Dara Singh files plea seeking premature release|date=10 July 2024 |publisher=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/latest/1070451/1999-graham-staines-murder-sc-issues-notice-to-odisha-in-convicts-plea-seeking-remission|title=1999 Graham Staines murder: SC issues notice to Odisha in convict's plea seeking remission|date=10 July 2024 |publisher=Scroll}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book
|year=2009
|last=Chatterji
|first=Angana P.
|title=Violent gods: Hindu nationalism in India's present: narratives from Orissa
|publisher=Three Essays Collective
|location=Gurgaon, India
|isbn=978-81-88789-67-2
|url-access=registration
|url=https://archive.org/details/violentgodshindu00chat
}}

==External links==
*{{cite journal
| last = Banerjee
| first = Ruben
| title = In the Land of Dara
| date = 20 September 1999
| journal = [[India Today]]
| url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990920/cover.html
| access-date = 11 October 2010
| archive-date = 10 June 2009
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090610215036/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19990920/cover.html
| url-status = dead
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dara}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:1999 in India]]
[[Category:1999 murders in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Islamophobia in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Muslim violence in India]]
[[Category:Bajrang Dal members]]
[[Category:Indian far-right politicians]]
[[Category:Indian murderers of children]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Indian critics of Christianity]]
[[Category:Indian critics of Islam]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:People from Etawah district]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by India]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by India]]
[[Category:Hindu nationalists]]
[[Category:Hinduism-motivated violence in India]]

Ninagoskara

2026-03-04T07:27:07Z

Bihar Region: small changes

{{short description|2004 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ninagoskara
| image = Ninagoskara.jpeg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Yogish Hunsur
| producer = Nirmal Jain Suresh Jain
| writer = K. Nanjunda S. M. Patil
| screenplay =
| starring = [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] [[Naveen Mayur]] [[Bhavna Pani]] [[Ruchita Prasad]]
| music = [[L. N. Shastri]]
| cinematography = Ramesh Babu
| editing = S. Manohar
| studio = Mars Films
| released = {{Film date|2002|08|01|df=yes}}
| runtime = 148 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Ninagoskara''''' ({{translation|For You}}) is a 2002 Indian Kannada-language comedy film directed by Yogish Hunsur, starring [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]], [[Naveen Mayur]], [[Bhavna Pani]], and [[Ruchita Prasad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3154-2002-year-round-up.html |title=2002 Year Round Up |publisher=chitraloka.com |date=2002-12-30 |accessdate=2022-08-23 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807163815/https://www.chitraloka.com/flash-back/3154-2002-year-round-up.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.viggy.com/news/review_ninagoskara.asp | title=Ninagoskara Review - Darshan Toogudeep's new film | access-date=3 October 2023 | archive-date=27 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827171837/http://www.viggy.com/news/review_ninagoskara.asp | url-status=live }}</ref>
The plot is taken from the English movie of 1997, ''[[Addicted to Love (film)|Addicted To Love]]'', starring [[Meg Ryan]].

== Plot ==
Manoj and Apoorva are two individuals betrayed by their respective lovers Varsha and Jay. After several years, Jay and Varsha are married and live in a posh locality. Coincidentally, Manoj and Apurva meet up and plan to shift next to the married couple. Somehow, they bug the couple's room with cameras to spy on them. In this process, Manoj starts developing a soft corner for Apurva.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] as Manoj
* [[Naveen Mayur]] as Jay
* [[Bhavna Pani]] as Apoorva
* [[Ruchita Prasad]] as Varsha
* [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as thief
* [[Bullet Prakash]] as supari killer
* [[Sanketh Kashi]] as Kannada, landlord
* Sunetra Pandit as Kannada's wife
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* [[Chitra Shenoy]]
}}

== Production ==
The film was shot in Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/jayashri-raj-weds-atlanta-engineer/articleshow/8000800.cms|title=Brisk shooting for ''Ninagoskara''|date=26 April 2002|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 September 2023|archive-date=29 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729044054/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Jayashri-Raj-weds-Atlanta-engineer/articleshow/8000800.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[L. N. Shastri]] and released by Jhankar Music.

{{Infobox album
| name = Ninagoskara
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sadhu Kokila]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Sep 27, 2002
| recorded = 2002
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 34:22
| label = Jhankar Music
| producer = [[L. N. Shastri]]
| prev_title = Haalu Sakkare
| prev_year = 2001
| next_title = Mooru Manasu Nooru Kanasu
| next_year = 2003
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 34:22
| title1 = Ninagoskara
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| lyrics1 = Ramesh Rao
| length1 = 5:07
| title2 = Preetiyali Haaduve
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], [[Nanditha]]
| lyrics2 = [[K. Kalyan]]
| length2 = 5:19
| title3 = Aasege Savira Roopa
| extra3 = Sonu Nigam, [[Archana Udupa]]
| lyrics3 = K. Kalyan
| length3 = 5:08
| title4 = Rexona Luxona
| extra4 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Sujatha Mohan]]
| lyrics4 = K. Kalyan
| length4 = 5:30
| title5 = Bolore Bolore I Love U
| extra5 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth]], Sangeetha, [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]]
| lyrics5 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| length5 = 4:44
| title6 = Prema Lokadinda
| extra6 = [[Babul Supriyo]], Mahalakshmi Iyer
| lyrics6 = K. Kalyan
| length6 = 5:05
| title7 = Preetiyali Haaduve - Solo
| extra7 = Sonu Nigam
| lyrics7 = K. Kalyan
| length7 = 3:29
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14691688}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20220817043631/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:mhV5URO_zZ8J:www.viggy.com/news/review_ninagoskara.asp&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us Review by Viggy (in Kannada)]

[[Category:2004 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Kannada-language comedy films]]
[[Category:2002 comedy films]]
[[Category:2002 Indian films]]

{{2000s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Prem Shakti

2026-03-03T23:41:23Z

Bihar Region: minor cleanup

{{short description|1994 Hindi-language film}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=November 2022}}
{{One source|date=November 2022}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prem Shakti
| native_name = प्रेम शक्ति
| image = Prem Shakti poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Shibu Mitra]]
| producer = Nasir Parkar
| writer =
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Karishma Kapoor]]
| music = [[Raamlaxman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1994|02|25|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget = {{INR}}1.40 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3170|title=Prem Shakti – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}2.27 crore<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Prem Shakti''''' is a 1994 Hindi-language [[romance film]] directed by [[Shibu Mitra]], starring [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Karishma Kapoor]] in lead roles. Other cast includes [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Kader Khan]], [[Raza Murad]], [[Puneet Issar]] and [[Nitish Bharadwaj]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prem Shakti {{!}} Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/prem_shakti |access-date=2024-04-23 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref> It was previously titled as "Jab Jab Pyar Hua". The film had an average run, it marked the beginning of Karishma and Govinda as co-stars who went on to give many hit movies together.

==Plot==
Ganga ([[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]) and Gauri ([[Karishma Kapoor]]) are in love, but the young lovers are not permitted to marry. One night they run away, finding themselves in the den of an evil sage ([[Puneet Issar]]), who is trying to coerce the Lord of the Snakes ([[Nitish Bharadwaj]]) into giving him a gem he needs to make the nectar which will give him immortality. This event can only happen on this one night of the full moon, which comes only once ever twenty-five years. But the young lovers defend the Snake and defeat the sage's plan. The angry sage turns Gauri to a stone and unable to withstand the shock, Ganga passes away. But the magical snake saves the day by proclaiming that Ganga will be reborn, still with love in his heart for Gauri, and twenty-five years later they will find each other again. How will fate play out to bring the lovers together? Who will win the supernatural battle that spans many years and several reincarnations?

==Cast==
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Ganga / Krishna
* [[Karishma Kapoor]] as Gauri / Karishma
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Hoshiyar Singh
* [[Kader Khan]] as Romeo
* [[Raza Murad]] as Mamaji
* [[Puneet Issar]] as Mahabali Tantrik
* [[Nitish Bharadwaj]] as Naagraj
* [[Sulabha Deshpande]] as Ganga's Mother
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Gauri's Father
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Mannequin Maker
* [[Sameer Khakhar]] as Kewelchand
* [[Viju Khote]] as Delpotiya

==Music==
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:92%"
! Song !! Singer
|-
| "O Rama Ho" (Female)
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|-
| "Jab Talak Rahe Dharti Aasman Gayega Yeh Zamana"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Tumko Dekha Hai Aksar Khwab Mein, Woh Tum Hi Ho"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Dil Karta Hai Door Chale Kahin, Peechhe Reh Jaye Jahan"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Aa Baith Mere Ghode Par, Bol Tujhe Kahan Jana Hai"
| [[Sadhana Sargam]], [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "Aaja Re Tu Aaja Re"
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
| "O Rama Ho" (Male)
| [[Udit Narayan]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0267845|Prem Shakti}}

[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:1994 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films about reincarnation]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raamlaxman]]
[[Category:Films directed by Shibu Mitra]]

{{1990s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Thanga Manasukkaran

2026-03-03T04:58:25Z

Bihar Region: New!

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Thanga Manasukkaran.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Rajavarman
| writer = Rajavarman
| producer = R. Dhanabhalan
| starring = {{ubl|[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]|[[Ooha|Sivaranjani]]}}
| cinematography = G. Rajendran
| editing = M. Ganesan
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = Yaghava Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|03|20}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Thanga Manasukkaran''''' ({{translation|The man with a golden heart}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic drama film]], directed by Rajavarman in his debut. The film stars [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannan |first=Ramya |date=9 September 2010 |title=Actor Murali dead |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/actor-murali-dead/article622257.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305191028/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/actor-murali-dead/article622257.ece |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=1 March 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> and [[Ooha|Sivaranjani]], with [[Goundamani]] and [[Senthil]] in supporting roles. It was released on 20 March 1992.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thanga Manasukkaran ( 1992 ) |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1607 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820222022/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/filmography/allCast.cgi?id=1607 |archive-date=20 August 2004 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

== Plot ==

Murugesh, also known as Murugan, is a musician. He comes with his troupe into a village and is assigned to play from Aadi, the fourth month of the [[Tamil calendar]], till the conclusion of the Village festival. The village head's daughter Chellakili waits for her lover Murugan, who was missing, while her cousin Duraipandi, a brute, wants to marry her. Chellakili is curious about a song from her childhood sung by Murugesh. Meanwhile, a guitarist in the same music band as Murugesh falls in love with a Karakattam dancer in the village, while Sundal, another guitarist, helps him.

Murugesh finally reveals to Chellakili that he is her long-lost lover and cousin Murugan and also discloses the reason behind his disappearance. In the past, Chellakili's father wanted his daughter to marry his nephew and orphan Murugan. However, Yasodai, Chellakili's aunt, wanted Chellakili to marry Duraipandi, her son. She managed to beat Murugan, and she expelled him from the village. Later, Murugan became a singer in a music band, and he still pines for Chellakili.

Duraipandi tries to kill Murugan through a crude bomb and fails. Over time, Duraipandi and Yasodai learn of Murugan's identity and romance. They then reveal Chellakili's love affair to her father without disclosing Murugesh's real identity. Her family then meets the Sadha Swamy, who causes Chellakili to forget her love through black magic. Now, Chellakili rejects Murugan's love and forgets him. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] as Murugesh (Murugan)
*[[Ooha|Sivaranjani]] as Chellakili
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Chellakili's father
*[[Goundamani]] as Guitarist in Murugan's troupe
*[[Senthil]] as Sundal
*[[G. M. Sundar]] as Duraipandi
*[[C. K. Saraswathi|C. R. Saraswathi]] as Yasodai
*[[M. N. Nambiar]] as Sadha Swamy
*[[S. N. Lakshmi]] as Chellakili's grandmother
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Mookkamma's father
*Sharmili as Mookkamma
*[[Kullamani]]
*Ramesh Kumar
*Ranjith
*Sahadevan
*Mahadevan
}}

== Production ==
Rajavarman who earlier worked as story writer and associate director for films like ''[[Enga Ooru Kavakkaran]]'' and ''[[Paandi Nattu Thangam]]'' made his directorial debut with this film.<ref name="lekhabooks">{{Cite web |last=சுரா |title=கனவு ராஜாக்கள் PAGE 7 |url=http://lekhabooks.com/cinema/383-kanavu-rajaakkal?start=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425080334/http://lekhabooks.com/cinema/383-kanavu-rajaakkal?start=6 |archive-date=25 April 2024 |access-date=25 April 2024 |website=Lekha Books |language=ta}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thanga Manasukkaran (1991) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/thanga-manasukkaran-songs-T0002960 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209101638/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/thanga-manasukkaran-songs-T0002960 |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=9 February 2023 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thanga Manasukkaran Tamil Film Audio Cassette by Ilayraaaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/thanga-manasukkaran-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayraaaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329111937/https://mossymart.com/product/thanga-manasukkaran-tamil-film-audio-cassette-by-ilayraaaja/ |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |website=Mossymart |language=en}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Manikuyil Isaikkuthadi" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]] || rowspan=3|[[Piraisoodan]] || 5:04
|-
| "Manikuyil" || B. S. Sasirekha, [[Minmini]] || 3:15
|-
| "Maaney Mayanguvathu" || Mano || 5:03
|-
| "Paatukulle Pattu" || Mano, [[S. Janaki]] || Kamakodiyan || 4:55
|-
| "Poothathu Poonthoppu" || S. Janaki, Mano || rowspan=2|[[Gangai Amaran]]|| 4:49
|-
| "Udakkachatham" || Mano || 5:51
|}

== Release and reception ==
C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that ''Thanga Manasukaran'' once again confirms how severe the story shortage is in Tamil cinema.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=5 April 1992 |title=தங்க மனசுக்காரன் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-04-05/page/n65/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240329104216/https://archive.org/details/kalki1992-04-05/page/n65/mode/2up |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=64 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> The film did well at box-office and Rajavarman went on to collaborate again with Murali for two other films: ''[[Manikuyil]]'' and ''[[Thangakkili]]'', both in 1993.<ref name="lekhabooks" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:1992 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Vijay Singh (filmmaker)

2026-03-02T02:22:06Z

Bihar Region: Bio

{{Short description|Indian historian, writer and filmmaker}}
{{Other people|Vijay Singh}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=June 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vijay Singh

|image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Shri Vijay Singh addressing a Press Conference on Master Classes during the 37th International Film Festival (IFFI-2006) at Kala Academy in Panaji, Goa on November 24, 2006.jpg
|bSize = 800
|cWidth = 240
|cHeight = 240
|oTop = 115
|oLeft = 380
|Location=center}}

| caption = Vijay Singh, [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] ([[37th International Film Festival of India|2006]])
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Historian, writer, filmmaker
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| website = {{URL|http://www.vijaysingh.net/}}
}}
'''Vijay Singh''' is an Indian historian, writer and filmmaker based in [[Paris]].

==Biography==
Vijay Singh is a historian, writer, filmmaker and screenplay writer from [[India]] living in Paris. He was born to Kanwar Hari Singh, a surgeon, and Kanwarani Raksha Hari Singh.

Singh was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from St. Stephen's College, Delhi University and a Master of Arts degree in history from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), New Delhi.<ref>[http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/IDJ086/ Jaya Ganga: In Search of the River Goddess]</ref>

Inspired by French [[surrealism]] and [[André Breton]], Vijay Singh moved to Paris in the early 1980s and enrolled for a PhD at the [[École des hautes études en sciences sociales]].

==Career==

===Playwright===
While still a student in New-Delhi, Vijay Singh wrote and directed a play ''Waiting for Beckett by Godot'', followed by ''A Promenade on the Eyelashes of 1917''.

===Journalism===
In the early eighties, Vijay Singh wrote a 20-page article which was published by [[Le Monde diplomatique]]. This was the start of his career as a journalist in France. He has written extensively for the French press, primarily [[Libération]], [[Le Monde]] and [[Le Monde diplomatique]] on issues revolving around politics, culture, art and cinema, and also contributed articles to magazines and other international newspapers such as [[The Guardian]] and The Times of India.

In 1985, Singh co-presented a long programme with Frédéric Mitterrand on the Opening of the Année de l'Inde (India Year) on TF1, one of the main French TV channels.

===Literary===
While still a journalist, Vijay Singh wrote his first novel, ''[[Jaya Ganga]],<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/34210171.cms Call of the Ganga]</ref> In Search of the River Goddess''. The book was first published in France (''Jaya Ganga, le Gange et son double'', Ramsay, Paris 1985; Ginkgo, Paris 2005) before being published by [[Penguin Books]] India and UK, Rupa Publishers and Rajkamal Prakashan.

He subsequently wrote ''Whirlpool of Shadows'' (French: ''Tourbillon d’ombres''), ''La Nuit Poignardée'' (''The Wounded Night''), and ''The River Goddess'' (French: ''La Déesse qui devint fleuve''), a book for young readers.

His latest book, ''Gange, fleuve et déesse'', in collaboration with Jacques Raymond (photography), was published by éditions de la Flandonnière, France in 2014.

''Whirlpool of Shadows'' was listed by the Booker Prize winner Barry Unsworth in his column “Best Books of the UK” in ''[[The Sunday Times]]'', 1992.

===Films===
Vijay has written and directed two feature films - the much acclaimed cult film ''[[Jaya Ganga]]'' (French: ''Jaya, fille du Gange'') was released in France, the UK and India and shown at several major film festivals worldwide, often in the competition category. The music was composed by [[Vanraj Bhatia]]. His second feature film ''One Dollar Curry'',<ref name="hindu2007">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070707055028/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/23/stories/2007032301470300.htm Odes to imagination]</ref><ref name="vijaysingh1">[http://www.vijaysingh.net/articles.html Articles on Vijay Singh]</ref> a light-hearted comedy on immigration, was shot in Paris and released internationally. The film received wide press and media coverage. The music was composed by [[Zakir Hussain (musician)|Zakir Hussain]].

Vijay Singh has also written and directed the acclaimed films ''India by Song''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/rubriques/tendances/articles/india-by-song-un-portrait-en-chansons |title=India by song, un portrait en chansons - Actus TV sur nouvelobs.com |accessdate=10 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100607144442/http://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/rubriques/tendances/articles/india-by-song-un-portrait-en-chansons |archivedate=7 June 2010 }}</ref> and ''Farewell My Indian Soldier'' (''Adieu, mon soldat indien'' - first presented as ''Mademoiselle France pleure'').

His documentary ''Chami and Ana the Elephant'' (''Man and Elephant''/ ''L'homme et l'éléphant'') was first shown on the French television channel [[Canal+ (French TV channel)|Canal +]] before being broadcast on some 100 televisions worldwide.

==Awards==
* 2012: Vijay Singh awarded the "Director in Focus Award" at the Indian Film Festival of Ireland, Dublin.
* 2010: ''India by Song'' awarded the River to River Digichannel Audience Award 2010 for Best Documentary at the River to River 2010 Florence Indian Film Festival in Italy.
* 2010: Roll of Honour awarded by the Board of Governors of the Punjab Public School [[Nabha]]
* 2002: Le Grand Prix des Enfants "La Titine 2002", "Festival Pour Enfants du Film d'Animation et du Film Animalier", Carouge, Geneva, Switzerland for ''Chami and Ana'' (''L'homme et l'éléphant'')
*1994:"Bourse Léonardo da Vinci" 1994 for the screenplay of ''[[Jaya Ganga]]''
*1990: Prix Villa Médicis hors les murs Award for foreign literature in 1990 for the novel ''[[Jaya Ganga]], In Search of the River Goddess''

==Bibliography==
*''Jaya Ganga, In Search of the River Goddess'' ( [[Penguin Books]] Delhi / London 1990; [[Rupa & Co]] Delhi 2005 and 2021; Rajkamal Prakashan (Hindi translation by Mangalesh Dabral), Delhi 2021;
*''Jaya Ganga, le Gange et son double'' (Éditions Ramsay, Paris 1985; Ginkgo éditeur, Paris 2005 (French translation by Alain Porte);
*''Whirlpool of Shadows'' ([[Jonathan Cape]], London, 1992/ [[Rupa & Co]], Delhi 2005) / ''Tourbillon d'ombres'', Éditions Ramsay, Paris 1992)
*''The River Goddess'' (Moonlight Publishing, London 1994) / ''La Déesse qui devint Fleuve'' ([[Gallimard Jeunesse]], Paris 1993) /''Een Godin Wordt Een Rivier'' (Zwijsen, the Netherlands 1994)/ ''Die Göttin, die sich in einen Fluss verwandelt'' ([[Kaufmann-Klett]] Germany 1994)
*''La Nuit Poignardée'' (''The Wounded Night'') (Flammarion [[Groupe Flammarion]] Paris 1987)
*''L'Inde'' (Éditions Autrement, Paris, 1986)
*''Escales d'auteurs / Authors Places of Inspiration'' (Palais Éditions Paris 2001; co-author)
*''A la Recherche du Pêché Sacré'' (''In Search of the Sacred Sin''). Short story co-authored with [[Gabriella Wright]] in ''Une première fois'' ([[Éditions du Seuil]] Paris 2004).
*''Gange, fleuve et déesse'', in collaboration with Jacques Raymond (photos), éditions de la Flandonnière, Cantal, France 2014

==Filmography==
===Feature films===
*''[[Jaya Ganga]]'' (based on the novel ''Jaya Ganga, In Search of the River Goddess''): Shot in India and France, starring [[Smriti Mishra]], Asil Rais, Paula Klein.
*''One Dollar Curry'':<ref name="hindu2007"/><ref name="vijaysingh1"/> Shot in France, starring Gabriella Wright [[:fr:Gabriella Wright]], [[Vikram Chatwal]], Trevor Stephens, Benoît Solès [[:fr:Benoît Solès]], [[Smriti Mishra]], Lakshan Abenayake, Antoine Coloma, Aurélia Nolin, Partha Majumdar, Prem Puri, Thierry Pietra, Gerald Morales, Stéphanie Guieu, Eric Moreau, Bruno Philippe.

===Documentaries ===
*''Chami and Ana the Elephant/ Man and Elephant'' (''L'homme et l'éléphant''): Shot in Kerala, India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://reframecollection.org/films/film?Id=1581|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725164853/http://reframecollection.org/films/film?Id=1581|archive-date = 25 July 2011|title = Reframecollection – Reframecollection}}</ref>
*''Shadi Lal, A Mystic Chef'': Filmed in Paris, France for the French TV channel, France 3.
*''India by Song'': Filmed in India.
*''Farewell My Indian Soldier (French: Adieu, mon soldat indien. First presented under the title 'Mademoiselle France pleure')'': Filmed in India, France, Belgium and the UK.

===Screenplays===
*''Shadi Lal, le cuisinier chef mystique''
*''Chami & Ana The Elephant (Man & Elephant)''
*''Jaya Ganga'' (based on the novel ''Jaya Ganga, In Search of the River Goddess'')
*''One Dollar Curry''<ref name="hindu2007"/><ref name="vijaysingh1"/>
*''The Opium Symphony'' (based on the novel ''Whirlpool of Shadows'')
*''Bhopali''
*''India by Song''
*''Farewell My Indian Soldier''
*''Anoushka''

==Theatre==
*''Waiting for Beckett by Godot'' (playwright, director).
*''Hassan’s dreams'' (based on ''A Thousand and One Nights''; contributor).
*''A Promenade on the eyelashes of 1917'' (playwright)

==Quotes==
* "The beauty of man is often the child that lives on in him." (Source: ''The River Goddess'')
* "Only humour can conquer death." (Source: ''One Dollar Curry'')<ref name="hindu2007"/><ref name="vijaysingh1"/>
* "To write is to meet solitude, face to face...nothing is more creative than a solitude where the presence of the other...is more present than ever..." (Source: ''Jaya Ganga, In Search of the River Goddess'')
* "When reality is bitter, let life be a dream." (Source: ''India by Song'')
* "Who is not a poet on earth? Some write with words, others write with silence." (Source: ''Jaya Ganga'')

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vijaysingh.net/ Official website Vijay Singh]
* [https://farewellmyindiansoldier.com/ Official website Farewell My Indian Soldier / Mademoiselle France pleure]
* [http://www.indiabysong.com Official website India by Song]
* [http://www.vijaysingh.net/jayaganga/index.html Official website Jaya Ganga (Jaya, fille du Gange)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100531151721/http://www.phoenixlearninggroup.com/Products/VideoDetail.aspx?id=c780cda2-d86f-470c-bb5d-09394cdff42a&cat=1&sub=198c2e24-939a-4a06-916b-0f02430f5cde Chami & Ana / Man & Elephant]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110725164853/http://reframecollection.org/films/film?Id=1581 Extract of Chami & Ana the Elephant/ Man & Elephant]
* [http://www.emusic.com/album/Vanraj-Bhatia-Jaya-Ganga-MP3-Download/10607253.html Music of Jaya Ganga]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101027003330/http://www.wellesley.edu/SouthAsiaStudies/news_events.html 2007: Wellesley College, Boston USA. Themes : "My Journey from the word to the Image"; "India by Song"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707055028/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/03/23/stories/2007032301470300.htm Odes to imagination]
* [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/india-by-song-film-review-1004096223.story Article on "India by Song"] in [[The Hollywood Reporter]]
* [https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2000/06/20/jaya_ganga_review.shtml BBC article on "Jaya Ganga"]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/84048/jaya.ganga The Guardian on "Jaya Ganga"]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/nov/07/france Article "Bollywood on Seine"] in [[The Guardian]]
* [https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117923856.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0 "One Dollar Curry"] in [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] magazine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150404005756/http://www.indianewengland.com/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=029F160A9BD74F7A86F73284DEACD4C6&AudID=Health%20%26%20Medicine Vijay Singh, Keynote speaker, Dudley Film festival, Harvard]
*[http://recherche.univ-montp3.fr/pays_anglophones/images/stories/files/Abstracts%20India(3).pdf "India & the Indian Diasporic Imagination", page 9 : "Vijay Singh or Choosing Paris"]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060319094549/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/07/23/stories/2005072303010200.htm Article in "The Hindu"]
* {{in lang|fr}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727090104/http://teleobs.nouvelobs.com/rubriques/tendances/articles/india-by-song-un-portrait-en-chansons?force=true Interview (in French) on "India by Song" in "Le Nouvel Observateur"]
*[http://www.france24.com/en/20100826-marking-mother-teresas-centenary Interview on France 24 TV 26 August 2010 – Homage to Mother Teresa]
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7412344.stm BBC – 2008]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Vijay}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences alumni]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in France]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Indian documentary film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Indian filmmakers]]
[[Category:Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Writers from Paris]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]

Google Street View

2026-03-02T00:39:08Z

Bihar Region: add information and added references

{{Short description|Interactive street panorama technology}}
{{redirect|Street View|other services|List of street view services}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox software
| logo = Google Street View icon.svg
| logo size = 128px
| screenshot = Deansgate St John St.png
| screenshot size = 274px 
| caption = A road junction in [[Manchester]], England, showing nine different angles
| released = {{Start date and age|2007|05|25}}
| ver layout = stacked
| platform = [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[iOS]], web
| language = Multiple languages
| website = {{URL|https://www.google.com/streetview/|google.com/streetview}}
}}

'''Google Street View''' is a technology featured in [[Google Maps]] and [[Google Earth]] that provides [[interactive panorama]]s from positions along many streets in the world. Google Street View displays [[street-level imagery]] of [[image stitching|stitched]] [[VR photographs]]. Most photography is captured by car, but some is done by tricycle, camel, boat, [[snowmobile]], [[Underwater diving|underwater apparatus]], and on foot.

First launched in 2007 in several cities in the United States, Street View has since expanded to include all of the country's major and minor cities, as well as the cities and rural areas of many other countries worldwide. As of 2017, Street View had coverage in 83 countries. Street View has been used for research in fields like [[Urban studies|urban analytics]] and [[geographic information science]]. Street View imagery has also been used in artistic work.

==History==
[[File:Google Street View 2018 02.jpg|thumb|right|Google Street View car in Germany]]

Street View had its inception in 2001 with the Stanford CityBlock Project, a Google-sponsored [[Stanford University]] research project. The project ended in June 2006, and its technology was folded into Street View.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Stanford CityBlock Project: multi-perspective panoramas of city blocks|url=http://graphics.stanford.edu/projects/cityblock/|access-date=August 30, 2014}}</ref> The technology was launched on May 25, 2007, in the United States.

In May 2008, Google announced that it was testing face-blurring technology on its photos of the streets of [[Manhattan]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Frome|first=Andrea|author-link=Andrea Frome|url=https://google-latlong.blogspot.com/2008/05/street-view-revisits-manhattan.html|title=Google's LatLong Blog|publisher=Google-latlong.blogspot.com|access-date=August 27, 2010}}</ref> The technology uses a computer algorithm to search Google's image database for faces and blur them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9943140-7.html|title=CNet article "Google begins blurring faces in Street View"|publisher=News.cnet.com|access-date=August 27, 2010|archive-date=December 4, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204172237/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9943140-7.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Street View was integrated into [[Google Earth]] 4.3, the Maps application on the Apple [[iPhone]], and the Maps application for the [[S60 (software platform)|S60 3rd Edition]]. In November, the [[drag and drop|drag-and-drop]] Pegman icon was introduced as the primary [[user interface]] element for connecting from Maps' 2D view into Street View's 3D view. When Pegman is dropped onto a particular set of coordinates in Google Maps for which Street View data is available, Street View opens and takes over the whole map window.

In 2009, a full-screen option and Smart Navigation were introduced. Smart Navigation allows users to navigate around the panoramas by double-clicking with their cursor on any place or object they want to see.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/166178/google.html|title=PC World article "Google Street View Gets Smart Navigation"|publisher=Pcworld.com|access-date=August 27, 2010|date=June 5, 2009}}</ref> In May 2011, indoor views of businesses (Google Business Photos) were announced.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2011/05/google-offers-businesses-free-pro-photos-for-use-with-google-maps/|title=Google to beef up Places, Street View with interior business photos|last=Cheng|first=Jacqui|date=2011-05-06}}</ref> After the pilot phase of several months, the project was rolled out in autumn.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://venturebeat.com/2011/10/26/google-maps-interior-view/|title=Google Maps rolls out business interiors in Street View|last=Kelly|first=Meghan|date=2011-10-26|work=VentureBeat|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en-US|archive-date=October 26, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026223324/https://venturebeat.com/2011/10/26/google-maps-interior-view/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

With the release of [[Android version history#Android 4.2 Jelly Bean (API level 17)|Android 4.2]] in November 2012, Google invited users to contribute panoramas of their own using supported devices. Google highlights user-contributed panoramas with blue circle icons on Maps. The company also created a website to highlight places in the world where one can find them.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/intl/ALL_en/help/maps/streetview/contribute/#all|title=Contribuiți – Street View – Hărţi Google|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=January 19, 2013}}</ref> In 2013, businesses such as shops, cafés and other premises can [[Street View Trusted|pay a photographer]] to take panoramic images of the interior of their premises, which were then included in Street View.<ref>{{cite news|last=Smith |first=Mark |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/the-northerner/2013/may/03/google-street-view-sheffield-university |title=Google Street View gets peek inside Sheffield university buildings | Technology | guardian.co.uk |newspaper=Guardian |date=2013-05-03 |access-date=2013-06-15 |location=London}}</ref> Google sets up a program to let third parties borrow the Street View Trekker (a backpack-mounted camera).<ref>{{cite web|title=Treks|url=https://www.google.com/maps/about/behind-the-scenes/streetview/treks/|access-date=2 September 2014}}</ref> Business interior views are shown as small orange circles. In 2014, Street-level imagery from the past can now be optionally seen, if available, for a given street view.<ref>{{cite news|title=Google introduces 'time machine' feature in Street View|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/apr/23/google-introduces-time-machine-feature-in-street-view|access-date=31 August 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=23 April 2014}}</ref>

In 2015, a partnership was announced between Street View and the environmental monitoring company Aclima. Cars carry sensors to detect [[pollutant]]s such as [[nitrogen dioxide]], [[ozone]], and [[particulates]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Google Will Start Mapping Pollution The Same Way They Map Streets|url = http://www.popsci.com/google-will-start-mapping-pollution-same-way-they-map-streets|access-date = 30 July 2015|date = 30 July 2015|website = Popular Science|first = Dave|last = Gershgorn|archive-date = July 31, 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150731234100/http://www.popsci.com/google-will-start-mapping-pollution-same-way-they-map-streets|url-status = dead}}</ref> In October, support for [[Google Cardboard]] was announced, allowing users to utilize Street View in 360-degree virtual reality.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Google Street View adds virtual reality support|url = https://thenextweb.com/google/2015/10/12/google-street-view-adds-virtual-reality-support/ |date = 12 Oct 2015|website = NextWeb|first = Napier |last = Lopez}}</ref>

In 2017, imagery inside the [[International Space Station]] was added to Street View. In August 2017, Google also allowed users to create their own Street View-like blue paths for the connected photospheres that are sufficiently close to one another.

On September 5, 2017, Google announced that they were improving the quality of the street view panoramic photo by revamping its mapping vehicles with all-new high-resolution camera systems and [[artificial intelligence]]. The new Google cars have been seen in various American cities since March 2017, as well as in Japan since August.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/story/googles-new-street-view-cameras-will-help-algorithms-index-the-real-world/|title=Google's New Street View Cameras Will Help Algorithms Index The Real World|magazine=Wired}}</ref> The first images taken with the new generation of cameras were available online on September 13.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@36.9691347,-122.0251993,3a,50.9y,174.15h,82.04t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sINOHTaDUGIjxbVk5XXMZyw!2e0!7i16384!8i8192|title=Google Maps|website=Google Maps}}</ref> In October 2017, the makers of the [[Insta360|Insta360 Pro]] announced the certification of the first "Street View auto ready" camera for US$3,500; it uses six lenses for a 360° view and comes with Stitcher software.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/356578/collect-google-street-view-pics-with-3-500-insta360-pro|title=Collect Google Street View Pics With $3,500 Insta360 Pro|last=Moscaritolo|first=Angela|date=2017-10-03|work=PCMAG|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en}}</ref> In addition to purchase, the camera rig is also available to qualified entities as part of the Google loaner program, with 50 cameras available to loan.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2017/10/2/16403320/google-street-view-diy-insta360-camera|title=You can now capture Google Street View scenery with your car for $3,500|date=October 2, 2017}}</ref>

In 2018, Japan now offers the street view from a dog's perspective.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-news/google-street-view-japan-from-dogs-point-of-view|title=Google Japan Now Has Street View From a Dog's Perspective |last=Romano |first=Andrea |date=March 7, 2018 |url-status=deviated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307203430/http://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-news/google-street-view-japan-from-dogs-point-of-view|archive-date=March 7, 2018|website=[[Travel + Leisure]]}}</ref> In August 2018, Street View covered two [[Oil platform|offshore gas-extraction platforms]] in the [[North Sea]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/google-street-view-tours-offshore-platform|title=Google Street View Tours Offshore Platform|work=The Maritime Executive|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en}}</ref>

On December 3, 2020, Google announced that users could contribute to Street View by capturing video using their augmented reality-supported phones using the Street View app.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Perez |first1=Sarah |title=Google now lets anyone contribute to Street View using AR and an app |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/12/03/google-now-lets-anyone-contribute-to-street-view-using-ar-and-an-app/ |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=TechCrunch |date=3 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Warren |first1=Tom |title=Google Maps now lets you create Street View photos with just a phone |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/3/22149884/google-maps-street-view-photos-phone-android-update |access-date=20 April 2021 |work=The Verge |date=3 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Google shut down its dedicated Street View app on Android and iPhone and ended support on March 21, 2023. The Street View app allowed users to take and publish their own 360° photos. Google says that users can still upload 360° photos using StreetView Studio''.''<ref>{{cite news |title=Google is shutting down its dedicated Street View app next year |url=https://9to5google.com/2022/11/01/google-street-view-app-shutting-down/ |access-date=22 July 2023 |publisher=[[9to5Google]]}}</ref>

Parallel to its own collection efforts, Google managed a '''Street View Trusted''' program, which certified independent photographers and agencies to contribute high-quality panoramic imagery, particularly for businesses wanting "See Inside" tours. The program provided photographers with a "Trusted" badge and a listing in an official directory. In mid-2024, Google officially phased out the "Trusted" program and certification, shifting its focus to the broader user-contribution tools available in Street View Studio.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blog.google/products/maps/updates-street-view-trusted-program/ |title=Updates to the Street View Trusted Program and a new focus on Studio |website=The Keyword |publisher=Google |date=July 15, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2025}}</ref> Notably, while the program is no longer active and no new certifications are being issued, the legacy directory of previously certified "Trusted Photographers" remains visible on Google's website.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/streetview/business/trusted/ |title=Street View Trusted Photographers Directory |website=Google Maps Street View |access-date=September 14, 2025}}</ref>

==Implementation==
{{See also|List of Google Easter eggs#Pegman}}
Street View is available as a component of Google Maps and [[Google Earth]], as a [[web application]], and as a [[mobile app]]lication for [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]]. Originally, Google Maps used [[Adobe Flash]] for Street View.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/mar/20/google-street-view1
|title=Where the Streets All Have Google's Name
|work=The Guardian.com |edition=US
|date=20 March 2009
|first=Charles |last=Arthur}}</ref> Google overhauled Google Maps in 2013. The newer version uses [[JavaScript]] extensively and provides a JavaScript [[application programming interface]].<ref>{{cite web
|title=Street View Service
|url=https://developers.google.com/maps/documentation/javascript/streetview
|website=[[Google Developers]]
|date=25 August 2016 |access-date=12 December 2016}}</ref> At the time of their release, the new Google Maps and Street View were measured slower than the old version in various setups.<ref>[https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/maps/sAdIuT5Yr8c The new Street View on Google Maps is very slow] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181203081016/https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/maps/sAdIuT5Yr8c |date=December 3, 2018 }} (Google Maps Help Forum, 26 February 2014)</ref><ref>[http://geoawesomeness.com/tired-new-slow-google-maps-can-switch-old-version/ Tired of new, slow Google Maps? This is how you can switch to the old version!] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119054046/http://geoawesomeness.com/tired-new-slow-google-maps-can-switch-old-version/ |date=November 19, 2015 }} (Geoawesomeness, June 12, 2014)</ref> A user can switch to the old version of Google Maps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Switch back to the classic version of Maps|url=https://support.google.com/maps/answer/3045828?hl=en|access-date=5 September 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://netvantagemarketing.com/blog/switching-to-the-old-google-maps Switching Back to the Old Google Maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117110753/http://netvantagemarketing.com/blog/switching-to-the-old-google-maps/ |date=November 17, 2015 }} (Netvantage Marketing, 2 January 2014)</ref>{{Update inline|date=March 2024|reason=Is this still true}}

The drag-and-drop Pegman icon is the primary user interface element used by Google to connect Maps to Street View. Its name comes from its resemblance to a [[Clothespin|clothespeg]]. When not in use, Pegman sits atop or beside the Google Maps zoom controls. Occasionally, Pegman "dresses up" for special events or is joined by peg friends in Google Maps. When dragged into Street View near [[Area 51]], he becomes a [[flying saucer]], and when dragged near the [[Florida Keys]] or [[Hawaii]], he becomes a mermaid. When viewing older views, the Pegman in the minimap changes to Doc Brown from ''[[Back to the Future]]''.<ref>Tan, Alicia Marie (October 22, 2015) [http://mashable.com/2015/10/21/google-maps-time-travel/#YjGfU0wDvuqw ''Hop into the Google Maps time machine with Doc Brown''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226052116/http://mashable.com/2015/10/21/google-maps-time-travel/#YjGfU0wDvuqw |date=December 26, 2017 }} Mashable, Retrieved June 2016</ref> At [[Loch Ness]], Pegman turns into [[Loch Ness Monster|Nessie]] wearing a [[Tartanry|tartan hat]], where Street View includes coverage of the lake itself as well as the nearby [[A82 road]] and rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Best |first=Shivali |date=2020-06-07 |title=Google Maps has a sneaky hidden feature over Loch Ness - here's how to find it |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tech/google-maps-sneaky-hidden-feature-22138511 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

==Coverage==
{{main|Google Street View coverage}}

[[File:Google Street View coverage.svg|thumb|right|350px|{{legend|#305BA3|Countries and dependencies with mostly full coverage}} {{legend|#7E98CE|Countries and dependencies with partial coverage}} {{legend|#FF7F27|Countries and dependencies with official coverage planned}} {{legend|#E9B96E|Countries and dependencies with unofficial coverage planned}}{{legend|#4E9A06|Countries and dependencies with views of selected businesses and/or tourist attractions only}}{{legend|#8ACF45|Countries and dependencies with views of third party images of streets and/or landmarks}}{{legend|#E0E0E0|Countries and dependencies without current or planned coverage}}]]Google announced in May 2017 that it had captured more than {{Convert|10|e6mi|e6km|abbr=off}} of Street View imagery across 83 countries.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-maps-street-view-celebrates-its-10th-birthday/|title=Google Maps Street View celebrates its 10th birthday|last=Ackerman|first=Dan|date=2017-05-30|work=CNET|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.blog.google/products/maps/cheers-street-views-10th-birthday/|title=Cheers to Street View's 10th birthday!|date=2017-05-30|work=Google|access-date=2018-08-21|language=en}}</ref> Maps also include panoramic views taken underwater such as in [[West Nusa Tenggara]] underwater coral, in the [[Grand Canyon]], inside museums, and Liwa Desert in [[United Arab Emirates]], which is viewed from camelback.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2014/10/09/pakai-unta-google-petakan-padang-pasir|title=Pakai Unta, Google Petakan Padang Pasir|first=Adi|last=Kurniawan|date=October 9, 2014}}</ref> In a ten-day trek with [[Apa Sherpa]], Google documented [[Khumbu]], Nepal with its Mount Everest, Sherpa communities, monasteries and schools.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://google-latlong.blogspot.com/2015/03/growing-up-in-shadow-of-everest_12.html|title=Growing up in the shadow of Everest|first=Apa|last=Sherpa|access-date=March 12, 2015}}</ref>

Google also added landmarks in [[Egypt]], including the [[Pyramids of Giza]], [[Cairo Citadel]], [[Saqqara]], [[Monastery of Saint Mina]], and the [[Citadel of Qaitbay]] in the 9 September 2014 release.

In June 2022, Google announced the company is relaunching their Street View service in India. The announcement came six years after the feature was banned in India over security concerns. The company has partnered with local technology businesses [[Tech Mahindra]] and [[Genesys (company)|Genesys]] to aid in the relaunch of the service. {{as of|2022|7}}, the service is live in 10 cities in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/26/google-street-view-india/|title=Google launches Street View in India after years of rejection|last=Singh|first=Jagmeet|date=27 July 2022|website=TechCrunch.com|publisher=TechCrunch|access-date=27 July 2022}}</ref>

In late 2024, Google announced a significant expansion of its coverage in Africa, using the latest generation of Street View cars and third-party contributors to add more than 70,000 kilometers of roads in Rwanda and Nigeria, with a stated goal of improving logistics and local commerce.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/11/05/google-expands-street-view-in-rwanda-nigeria/ |title=Google Maps expands Street View in Rwanda and Nigeria to bolster local commerce |website=TechCrunch |date=November 5, 2024 |access-date=September 14, 2025}}</ref> Further expansions in rural areas of Australia and Canada were also rolled out through early 2025, focusing on previously unmapped regions.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2025/02/18/google-maps-street-view-rural-expansion-australia-canada/ |title=Google Street View pushes into the outback with new rural mapping initiative |website=The Verge |date=February 18, 2025 |access-date=September 14, 2025}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+Official coverage made by Google (excluding third parties or unofficial)
!Region
!Normal street coverage
!Landmark coverage
|-
|[[East Asia]]
|[[Japan]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Macau]], [[Mongolia]], [[South Korea]], [[Taiwan]]
|[[China]]
|-
|[[Southeast Asia]]
|[[Cambodia]], [[Indonesia]], [[Laos]], [[Malaysia]], [[Philippines]], [[Singapore]], [[Vietnam]]
|
|-
|[[South Asia]]
|[[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Nepal]], [[Sri Lanka]]
|[[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]]
|-
|[[Central Asia]]
|[[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]]
|
|-
|[[West Asia]]
|[[Cyprus]], [[Israel]], [[Jordan]], [[Oman]], [[Palestine]], [[Qatar]], [[Turkey]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
|[[Iraq]]
|-
|[[North Africa]]
|[[Tunisia]]
|[[Egypt]]
|-
|[[Central Africa]]
|[[São Tomé and Príncipe]]
|
|-
|[[West Africa]]
|[[Ghana]], [[Nigeria]], [[Senegal]]
|[[Mali]]
|-
|[[East Africa]]
|[[Kenya]], [[Réunion]], [[Rwanda]], [[Uganda]]
|[[British Indian Ocean Territory]], [[Madagascar]], [[Tanzania]]
|-
|[[Southern Africa]]
|[[South Africa]], [[Lesotho]], [[Eswatini]], [[Botswana]], [[Namibia]]
|
|-
|[[Western Europe]]
|[[Austria]], [[Belgium]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Luxembourg]], [[Monaco]], [[Netherlands]], [[Switzerland]]
|
|-
|[[Northern Europe]]
|[[Denmark]], [[Estonia]], [[Faroe Islands]], [[Finland]], [[Iceland]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Isle of Man]], [[Jersey]], [[Latvia]], [[Lithuania]], [[Norway]], [[Sweden]], [[United Kingdom]]
|
|-
|[[Southern Europe]]
|[[Albania]], [[Andorra]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Croatia]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Greece]], [[Italy]], [[Malta]], [[Montenegro]], [[North Macedonia]], [[Portugal]], [[San Marino]], [[Serbia]], [[Slovenia]], [[Spain]]
|
|-
|[[Eastern Europe]]
|[[Bulgaria]], [[Czech Republic|Czechia]], [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Russia]], [[Slovakia]], [[Ukraine]]
|[[Belarus]]
|-
|[[North America]]
|[[Bermuda]], [[Canada]], [[Greenland]], [[United States]]
|[[St. Pierre and Miquelon]]
|-
|[[Central America]]
|[[Costa Rica]], [[Guatemala]], [[Mexico]], [[Panama]]
|
|-
|[[Caribbean]]
|[[Curaçao]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Puerto Rico]], [[US Virgin Islands]]
|[[Martinique]]
|-
|[[South America]]
|[[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brazil]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Uruguay]]
|[[Falkland Islands]], [[South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]
|-
|[[Australia and New Zealand]]
|[[Australia]], [[Christmas Island]], [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]], [[New Zealand]]
|
|-
|[[Melanesia]]
|
|[[Vanuatu]]
|-
|[[Micronesia]]
|[[Guam]], [[Northern Mariana Islands]]
|
|-
|[[Polynesia]]
|[[American Samoa]]
|[[Pitcairn Islands]]
|-
|[[Antarctica]]
|
|[[Antarctica]]
|}

==Data capturing equipment==
[[File:GoogleStreetViewCameraCloseup.JPG|thumb|upright|Street View camera]]
[[File:Google Street View trike April 2010 United Kingdom.jpg|thumb|A Google Street View trike]]Street View imagery has come from several generations of camera systems from [[Immersive Media Company]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/06/immersive_media/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=October 1, 2017 |archive-date=October 1, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001122404/https://www.wired.com/2007/06/immersive_media/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Point Grey Research (now [[FLIR Systems]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/google-streetview-cars-rocking-ladybug2-spherical-camer-283769|title=Google Streetview Cars Rocking Ladybug2 Spherical Camera|date=July 30, 2007|website=Gizmodo}}</ref> and [[Outsourcing|in-house]].<ref name="computer">{{cite journal |last1=Anguelov |first1=Dragomir |last2=Dulong |first2=Carole |last3=Filip |first3=Daniel |last4=Frueh |first4=Christian |last5=Lafon |first5=Stéphane |last6=Lyon |first6=Richard |last7=Ogale |first7=Abhijit |last8=Vincent |first8=Luc |last9=Weaver |first9=Josh |date=June 2010 |title=Google Street View: Capturing the world at street level |url=http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/co/2010/06/mco2010060032-abs.html |journal=Computer |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=32–38 |doi=10.1109/mc.2010.170 |bibcode=2010Compr..43f..32A |s2cid=2820310 |access-date=31 August 2014|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The cameras contain no mechanical parts, including the [[Shutter (photography)|shutter]]; instead, they used [[Active-pixel sensor|CMOS sensors]] and an electronic [[rolling shutter]]. Widely deployed versions are:
* R2: the earliest after Immersive Media. The photos were captured with a ring of eight 11-megapixel [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] sensors with commercial photographic [[wide-angle lens]]es, cameras with the same specifications as those used for the [[Google Books]] project.
* Ladybug2 cameras (resolution 1024 × 768 pixels) by Point Grey Research.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/283769/google-streetview-cars-rocking-ladybug2-spherical-camera|title=Google Streetview Cars Rocking Ladybug2 Spherical Camera|last=White|first=Charlie|work=Gizmodo|access-date=2017-10-01}}</ref>
* R5: uses a ring of eight 5-megapixel [[CMOS]] cameras by [[Elphel]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://googlecode.blogspot.com/2007/08/weekly-google-code-roundup-for-august.html|title=Weekly Google Code Roundup for August 10th - The official Google Code blog|date=2007-08-11|website=Weekly Google Code Roundup for August 10th - The official Google Code blog|access-date=2017-10-01}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=GoogleTechTalks|title=PhotoTechEDU Day 25: Open-source-based high-resolution...|date=2007-10-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HjvF4uCRljo| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211030/HjvF4uCRljo| archive-date=2021-10-30|access-date=2017-10-01}}{{cbignore}}</ref> with custom low-[[lens flare|flare]] lenses, plus a camera with a [[fisheye lens]] on top to capture upper levels of buildings.
* R7: the first completely in-house-built camera; it uses 15 of the same sensors and lenses as R5, without the fisheye effect.
Data-recording equipment is usually mounted on the roof of a car. A trike ([[tricycle]]) was developed to record pedestrian routes, including [[Stonehenge]] and other [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]]s. In 2010, a [[snowmobile]]-based system captured the [[2010 Winter Olympics]] sites.<ref name="computer" /> Shopping trolleys have also been used to shoot the insides of museums, and in [[Venice]], the narrow roads were photographed with backpack-mounted cameras, and canals were photographed from boats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Google Street View takes Venice by foot |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jul/15/google-street-view-venice-trekker |access-date=31 August 2014 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> A portable backpack-mounted Google Trekker is used in outdoor terrain. For instance, the six main paths up [[Snowdon|Snowdon, United Kingdom]], were mapped by the Google Trekker in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |last=Crump |first=Eryl |date=11 December 2015 |title=Take a tour of Snowdonia - with Google Street View |url=http://www.dailypost.co.uk/whats-on/trips-breaks/take-tour-snowdonia-google-street-10577102 |access-date=9 October 2016}}</ref>

In 2017, Google used eight 20-megapixel cameras. Two cameras were facing left and right to read street signs and business names.<ref name="2017_update">{{cite web|last1=Amadeo|first1=Ron|title=Google's Street View cars are now giant, mobile 3D scanners|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/09/googles-street-view-cars-are-now-giant-mobile-3d-scanners/|access-date=6 September 2017|website=Ars Technica|date=6 September 2017}}</ref> [[Laser rangefinder|Laser range scanners]] from [[Sick AG]] for measuring up to 50 meters at 180° in the front of the vehicle<ref>{{cite web |last=Cummins |first=Mark |date=April 18, 2008 |title=Google Street View – Soon in 3D? |url=http://www.educatingsilicon.com/2008/04/18/google-street-view-soon-in-3d/ |access-date=January 3, 2012 |publisher=Educating Silicon}}</ref> are used for recording the actual dimensions of the space being photographed. [[Lidar|LIDAR]] scanners from [[Velodyne LiDAR|Velodyne]] were added in the 2017 update. It is mounted at 45° to capture three-dimensional depth information and positional information.<ref name="2017_update" /> Accurate positioning was done via a [[Global Positioning System]], a [[wheel speed sensor]], and [[Inertial navigation system|inertial navigation sensor data]].<ref name="computer" />

In September 2018, Google announced it would integrate air quality sensors from Aclima into its global fleet of Street View vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/12/google-street-view-cars-are-now-roaming-around-the-planet-checking-our-atmosphere-with-these-sensors/|title=Google Street View cars will be roaming around the planet to check our air quality with these sensors|last=Buhr|first=Sarah|date=September 12, 2018|website=TechCrunch|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118050320/https://techcrunch.com/2018/09/12/google-street-view-cars-are-now-roaming-around-the-planet-checking-our-atmosphere-with-these-sensors/|archive-date=January 18, 2019|url-status=live|access-date=April 26, 2019}}</ref>
[[File:Google Street View at ALMA AOS.jpg|thumb|A Street View Trekker backpack-mounted camera]]
[[File:Google-Maps-Backpack-NYC.png|thumb|Google Maps Street View Trekker backpack being implemented on the sidewalk of the [[Manhattan Waterfront Greenway|Hudson River Greenway]] in New York City]]

In addition to Google's own equipment, a wide range of third-party 360° cameras are certified as "Street View Ready," allowing professionals and individuals to contribute imagery. These systems, such as the Matterport Pro2, are often used in tripod-based setups for high-resolution stationary panoramic captures of both interiors and outdoor landmarks.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/streetview/contacts/contribute/ |title=Street View ready cameras |website=Google Maps Street View |access-date=September 13, 2025}}</ref>

[[File:Matterport Pro2 capturing Dal Lake Srinagar.jpg|thumb|The Matterport Pro2, a popular third-party "Street View Ready" camera, being used for environmental mapping at [[Dal Lake]], [[Srinagar]].]]

==Privacy concerns==
{{Main|Google Street View privacy concerns}}

[[File:GoogleStreetViewCar Subaru Impreza at Google Campus.JPG|thumb|right|A Google Street View car was showcased on the [[Google for Startups|Google campus]] in [[Mountain View, California]], in October 2010.]]
Google Street View will blur content for any user who makes a request, in addition to the automatic blurring of faces and licence plates.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Mansion Map: a guide to rich people's houses, until Google blurs them out|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/shortcuts/2014/jul/14/mansion-map-where-rich-and-famous-live|newspaper=The Guardian|access-date=31 August 2014}}</ref> Privacy advocates have objected to Google Street View, pointing to views found to show men leaving strip clubs, protesters at an abortion clinic, sunbathers in bikinis, and people engaging in activities visible from public property that they do not wish to be seen publicly.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/other/display.var.1444323.0.0.php |title=Google's Street View site raises alarm over privacy |author=MacDonald, Calum |publisher=The Herald |date=June 4, 2007 |access-date=April 1, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213053639/http://www.theherald.co.uk/news/other/display.var.1444323.0.0.php |archive-date=February 13, 2009 }}</ref> Another concern is the height of the cameras, and in at least four countries, Japan<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wenkart |first=Michael |date=2014-04-10 |title=You are the target !: Or do you believe your government is always watching the others? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QEBVAwAAQBAJ&q=japan+2009+google+street+view+2.05+meters&pg=PA171 |publisher=BoD – Books on Demand |page=171 |isbn=9783735793553 |access-date=2014-12-28 }}</ref> Switzerland,<ref>{{Cite news |last=O'Brien |first=Kevin |date=2012-06-08 |title=Swiss Court Orders Modifications to Google Street View |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/09/technology/09iht-google09.html?_r=0 |newspaper=The New York Times |location=New York, NY |access-date=2014-12-28 }}</ref> Sri Lanka and Liechtenstein, Google has had to lower the height of its cameras so as to not peer over fences and hedges. The service also allows users to flag inappropriate or sensitive imagery for Google to review and remove.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/internetprivacy/2007-06-01-google-maps-privacy_N.htm |title=Google's street-level maps raising privacy concerns |author=Mills, Elinor |work=USA Today |date=June 3, 2007 |access-date=April 1, 2009}}</ref> On the other side of the blurring issue are those who wish their home or property to be unblurred. As of 2023, there is no process to have an image or object in Street View unblurred.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://7news.com.au/technology/google-street-view-offers-a-blur-option-but-should-you-use-it-c-9089406.amp | title=The little-known Google Street View privacy feature - and why experts don't expect many to take it up | date=January 2023 }}</ref>

[[Police Scotland]] received an apology for [[wasting police time]] in 2014 from a local business owner in [[Edinburgh]] who, in 2012, staged a fake murder for the Google camera car by lying in the road "while his colleague stood over him with a [[Pickaxe|pickaxe handle]]".<ref>{{Cite news|website=BBC News|title=Garage owner fakes Google 'murder' in Edinburgh street|date=June 2, 2014|access-date=February 20, 2015|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-edinburgh-east-fife-27670099}}</ref> In May 2010, it was revealed that Google had collected and stored [[Payload (computing)|payload data]] from unencrypted [[Wi-Fi]] connections as part of Street View.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.techeye.net/security/google-admits-it-sniffed-out-peoples-data|title=Google admits it sniffed out people's data|date=May 17, 2010|publisher=TechEye|access-date=January 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613054541/http://news.techeye.net/security/google-admits-it-sniffed-out-peoples-data|archive-date=June 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10278068|title=Google accused of criminal intent over StreetView data|date=June 9, 2010|work=[[BBC Online]]|access-date=June 10, 2010}}</ref>

In November 2024, Spanish police arrested two people in connection with a man's disappearance and death after discovering a Google Street View image—captured in October in the village of [[Tajueco]], [[Province of Soria|Soria]]—that appears to show a person loading a large object into the trunk of a car.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Guy |first1=Jack |title=Two arrested after Google Maps image provides clue in missing persons case |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/19/europe/google-maps-investigation-spain-scli-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=CNN World |date=2024-12-19}}</ref>

The concerns have led to Google not providing or suspending the service in countries around the world.

* Austria: Google Street View was banned in Austria, because Google was found to collect Wi-Fi data without authorization in 2010. After the ban was lifted, rules were set up for how Street View can operate legally in Austria. Google resumed collecting imagery in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thelocal.at/20170720/google-street-view-finally-captures-missing-austria|title=Google resumes collecting street view imagery in Austria|newspaper=The Local Austria |date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> As of 2018 Google Street View is available in select areas of Austria.
* Australia: In 2010, Google Street View ceased operations in Australia, following months of investigations from Australian authorities.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/366213/google_street_view_cars_no_longer_operation_australia/ |title=Google street view cars no longer operational in Australia – Computer world.com – November 9, 2010 |publisher=Computer world.com |date=October 29, 2010 |access-date=December 11, 2010 |archive-date=November 17, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015128/http://www.computerworld.com.au/article/366213/google_street_view_cars_no_longer_operation_australia/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, this cessation has since ended, with Google announcing plans to continue production on May 4, 2011<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eustace|first=Alan|title=Privacy Impact Assessment for Street View in Australia|url=https://google-au.blogspot.com/2011/05/privacy-impact-assessment-for-street.html|publisher=Google Inc|access-date=August 12, 2011}}</ref> and subsequently releasing updated Street View imagery for Australian towns and cities on July 27, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Foster|first=Andrew|title=Updates to Street View in Australia|url=https://google-au.blogspot.com/2011/07/updates-to-street-view-in-australia.html|publisher=Google Inc|access-date=August 12, 2011}}</ref>
* Germany: In 2011, having put online pictures of the 20 largest cities, Google stopped taking Street View images in Germany.<ref>{{Cite news|last=McCracken |first=Harry |url=https://techland.time.com/2011/04/11/alas-there-will-be-no-more-google-street-view-in-germany/ |title=Alas, There Will Be No More Google Street View in Germany |publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=April 11, 2011 |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref> However, as of mid-2020, Google's website shows numerous areas of Germany as being scheduled for coverage by Street View vehicles over the ensuing months.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/streetview/explore/#sv-headed |title=Street View photos come from two sources, Google and our contributors. |access-date=August 12, 2020 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> As of 2024, Germany has partial street coverage.
* India: In 2011, Google stopped taking street images in India, after receiving a letter from police authorities in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/166562/20110621/india-it-hub-orders-google-to-suspend-street-view-service.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629104228/http://hken.ibtimes.com/articles/166562/20110621/india-it-hub-orders-google-to-suspend-street-view-service.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 29, 2011 |title=India IT hub orders Google to suspend Street View service – International Business Times |publisher=Hken.ibtimes.com |date=June 21, 2011 |access-date=December 16, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> However, in 2022, Google announced Street View in eight Indian cities, including Bangalore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google brings back Street View in India after years of rejection |url=https://techcrunch.com/2022/07/26/google-street-view-india/ |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=TechCrunch |date=July 27, 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Canada: Street View cars were spotted as early as September 2007 in [[Montreal]]. However, service for Canada was delayed while they attempted to settle with the Canadian government over its [[privacy law]]s. [[Google Street View privacy concerns#Canada|Privacy and town beauty concerns]] were dealt with and Street View is available in Montreal and other Canadian cities (as of 2016).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/google-street-view-goes-live-in-canadian-cities-1.779887|title=Google Street View goes live in Canadian cities|publisher=[[CBC News]]|access-date=October 7, 2009}}</ref>

==Third-party use of images==
Imagery obtained from Google Street View has been used for research purposes, e.g., quantifying greenery, health studies, and assessing cycling conditions.<ref>
{{cite journal
|year=2021
|title=Assessing bikeability with street view imagery and computer vision
|journal=Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies
|volume= 132 |article-number= 103371
|doi=10.1016/j.trc.2021.103371
|last1=Ito
|first1=K.
|last2=Biljecki
|first2=F.
|arxiv=2105.08499
|bibcode=2021TRPC..13203371I
|s2cid=234763005
}}</ref><ref>
{{cite journal
|year=2021
|title=Street view imagery in urban analytics and GIS: A review
|journal=Landscape and Urban Planning
|volume= 215 |article-number= 104217
|doi=10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104217
|last1=Biljecki
|first1=F.
|last2=Ito
|first2=K.
|doi-access=free
|bibcode=2021LUrbP.21504217B
}}</ref>

[[fine-art photography|Fine-art photographers]] have selected images for use in their own work.<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Rickard | first1 = Doug | title = A New American Picture | date = 2010 | publisher = White Press | location = Köln | isbn = 9781597112192 | oclc = 727797183 }}</ref> The images have been published in book form and exhibited in art galleries, such as the work of [[Jon Rafman]] at the [[Saatchi Gallery]], London.<ref name="guardian in pictures">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2012/feb/20/google-street-view-nine-eyes-in-pictures | title=The street views Google wasn't expecting you to see – in pictures | work=[[The Guardian]] | date=February 20, 2012 | access-date=February 20, 2012 | location=London}}</ref> Rafman sees images that evoke the "gritty urban life" depicted in American [[street photography]] and the images commissioned by the [[Farm Security Administration]]. He was inspired by the aesthetic of [[Henri Cartier-Bresson]].<ref>Jon Rafman, ''The Nine Eyes of Google Street View'', Introduction, Jean Boîte Editions, 2011. {{ISBN|978-2-36568-001-1}}.</ref>

[[Michael Wolf (photographer)|Michael Wolf]] won an honourable mention in Daily Life in the 2011 [[World Press Photo]] competition for some of his work using Google Street View.<ref>{{cite journal |last1= Laurent |first1= Olivier |date= February 11, 2011 |title= World Press Photo: Is Google Street View Photojournalism? |journal= British Journal of Photography |url= http://www.bjp-online.com/british-journal-of-photography/news/2025845/world-press-photo-google-street-view-photojournalism |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110830122507/http://www.bjp-online.com/british-journal-of-photography/news/2025845/world-press-photo-google-street-view-photojournalism |archive-date= August 30, 2011 |df= mdy-all }}</ref> [[Mishka Henner]] was shortlisted for the 2013 [[Deutsche Börse Photography Prize]] in November 2012 for his series 'No Man's Land', which depicts sex workers at rural roadside locations.<ref>[http://deutsche-boerse.com/dbg/dispatch/en/kir/dbg_nav/corporate_responsibility/33_Art_Collection/25_photography_prize "Deutsche Börse Photography Prize"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613052839/http://deutsche-boerse.com/dbg/dispatch/en/kir/dbg_nav/corporate_responsibility/33_Art_Collection/25_photography_prize |date=June 13, 2013 }}. Accessed 15 March 2013</ref> Canadian artist [[Sylvia Grace Borda]] worked in conjunction with John M. Lynch between 2013 and 2014<ref>{{Cite web |last=Parhar |first=Katherine |date=July 2016 |title=Farm Tableaux - Review |url=http://www.photomonitor.co.uk/2016/07/sylvia-grace-borda-farm-tableaux/ |website=Photomonitor UK}}{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Travis |first=Rebecca |date=July 2016 |title=The only thing that's changed is everything: An essay by Rebecca Travis on Sylvia Grace Borda: Camera Histories |url=http://sshop.org.uk/project/rebecca-travis/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024331/http://sshop.org.uk/project/rebecca-travis/ |archive-date=November 7, 2017 |access-date=November 19, 2017 |website=Scottish Society for the History of Photography}}</ref> to insert the first staged [[Tableau vivant|tableaux]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arva-Toth |first=Zoltan |date=October 29, 2013 |title=Photographers Create First Artworks in Google Street View |url=http://www.photographyblog.com/news/photographers_create_first_artworks_in_google_street_view/ |website=Digital News: Photography}}</ref> into the Google Street View engine. It won them the [[Lumen Prize]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2016 Lumen Prize Winners Announced |url=https://lumenprize.com/newsarticle/2016-lumen-winners-announced |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104091130/http://lumenprize.com/newsarticle/2016-lumen-winners-announced |archive-date=November 4, 2017 |website=Lumen Prize |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Borda has independently continued to author the Google Street View engine, and in 2017, she created the tableaux series the ''Kissing Project''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Collins |first=Leah |title=On Google Street View, this small town in B.C. is a work of art: Peace, Love and Google Maps: these 360-degree portraits of a community aim to be an example for the world |url=http://www.cbc.ca/arts/on-google-street-view-this-small-town-in-b-c-is-a-work-of-art-1.4175526}}</ref>

Swedish programmer Anton Wallén developed a game called ''[[GeoGuessr]]'', which places players in a Google Street View and has them guess its location.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/ideas/brainiac/2013/05/a_new_game_asks.html |title=If dropped randomly on earth, would you know where you were? |first=Kevin |last=Hartnett |newspaper=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=May 17, 2013 |location=[[Boston, MA|Boston]] |access-date=May 20, 2013}}</ref> In 2022, competitive players went viral, prompting a [[The New York Times|''New York Times'']] feature on top players.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Browning |first=Kellen |date=July 7, 2022 |title=Siberia or Japan? Expert Google Maps Players Can Tell at a Glimpse. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/07/business/geoguessr-google-maps.html |website=The New York Times}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Rear view of Google Street View car.jpg|The cameras of this Google Street View car are mounted on the [[roof rack]]. The power and data cables are fed into the car through the right rear passenger window.
File:Google Street View new car.jpg|A Google Street View car in Japan
File:Google Street View backpack camera.jpg|A backpack camera on display at the Google campus in [[Mountain View, California]], in February 2018
File:GoogleStreetViewCamera.jpg|Google Street View camera mounted on a "trike" is on display at the [[Computer History Museum]] in [[Mountain View, California]].
File:2014-04-29 Google Maps Streetview car.jpg|Google Maps car and camera used for collecting Street View data in [[Steveston, British Columbia|Steveston, Canada]]
File:Backpack Google Street View camera in Berlin.jpg|Backpack Google Street View camera in [[Berlin|Berlin, Germany]]
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of street view services]]
* [[Look Around (Apple)]]
* [[Aspen Movie Map]] (oldest project of this type)
* [[Route inspection problem]] (algorithmic problem related to the planning of Street View car routes)
* [[Historypin]]: a user-generated archive of historical photos, videos, audio recordings and personal recollections.
* [[VR photography]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website}}
* [https://www.google.com/streetview/understand/ Map of Google Street View coverage]

{{Google Maps navbox}}
{{Google LLC}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Google Street View| ]]
[[Category:Google services|Street View]]
[[Category:Street view services]]
[[Category:Google Maps|Street View]]
[[Category:Google Earth|Street View]]
[[Category:Privacy controversies]]
[[Category:Virtual reality]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 2007]]

[[sv:Google Maps#Street View]]

G C Highschool

2026-02-22T11:41:17Z

Bihar Region: Article

{{more citations needed|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = G. C. Highschool, Aunri
| native_name =
| founded = 1969
| founder =
| type = Semi government
| motto = Education for the Society.
| affiliation = [[Board of Secondary Education, Odisha|B.S.E.O]]
| grades = Class 6 - 10
| president =
| principal =
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| gender = Boys and Girls
| head_of_school = Headmaster
| dean =
| publication =
| faculty = 15+
| staff = 5+
| enrollment = 800+
| campus_type = Rural
| campus_size = 2 Acres
| location = [[Jajpur]], Odisha, India
| coordinates = {{coord |20.765646|86.488394}}
| website =
}}

'''Gobinda Chandra High School''' was established in 1969 in the district of [[Jajpur]] in Odisha, India.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://liko.in/schools-in-india/school-id-797533| title=G.c.high School, Aunri | publisher=Schools of Odisha | accessdate=2018-03-29}}</ref>

==Campus and building==
The school is situated in aunri panchayat near the villages such as Dihakula, aunri, kuanrpur, gobindpur
. It has three large halls, a two storage hudco{{clarify|What is hudco? It's not English.|date=October 2020}} building and a separate building for office, teacher's common room and headmaster's chamber.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Schools in Odisha]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1969]]

Farman Basha

2026-02-21T22:45:29Z

Bihar Region: New

{{short description|Indian Paralympic powerlifter (born 1974)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox sportsperson|
| name = Farman Basha
| image = Farman Basha of India.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Farman Basha in Rio for the 2016 Paralympic Games
| fullname =
| nicknames =
| country = {{IND}}
| sport = [[Paralympic powerlifting]]
| club =
| collegeteam =
| coach = Vijay B Munishwar (national coach)
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|02|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|1.55|m}}
| weight = {{convert|48|kg}}
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalSport |Powerlifting}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver | [[2010 Asian Para Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Powerlifting at the 2010 Asian Para Games|Men's 48 kg]]}}
{{MedalSilver | [[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Jakarta]] | [[Powerlifting at the 2018 Asian Para Games|Men's 48kg]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014 Asian Para Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Powerlifting at the 2014 Asian Para Games|Men's 49kg]]}}
}}
'''Farman Basha''' (born 25 March 1974) is an Indian [[powerlifter]]. Basha represented [[India at the 2012 Summer Paralympics]] in London, United Kingdom. He won a bronze medal at the [[2010 Asian Para Games]] in [[Guangzhou]], China. However, this was later upgraded to a silver medal after [[Iran at the 2010 Asian Para Games|Iranian]] [[Mustafa Radhi]] was disqualified due to [[Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport|doping]].<ref name="Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/08/stories/2011010866112100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110112190437/http://www.hindu.com/2011/01/08/stories/2011010866112100.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=12 January 2011 | title=Farman Basha gets silver | work=[[The Hindu]] | date=8 January 2011 | accessdate=27 August 2012}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Basha was born on 25 March 1974 in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]], to a middle-class family. He holds a diploma in electronics and television engineering. He is married to Antonita Farman, a general category athlete.<ref name="Hindustan2008">{{cite news | title = Basha and the 'power' of his dreams | work = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 29 August 2008 | accessdate = 31 August 2012 | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1545000461.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150328143732/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-1545000461.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 28 March 2015 }}</ref> Basha is afflicted with [[poliomyelitis]], which he contracted when he was one year old. Due to this permanent physical impairment, he is unable to ambulate and uses calipers and a wheelchair.<ref name="Biography">{{cite web | url=http://www.paralympic.org/Athletes/Biographies | title=Athletes – Biographies – Powerlifting – India – Farman Basha | publisher=paralympic.org. [[International Paralympic Committee]] | accessdate=31 August 2012}}</ref>

==Powerlifting==
Unaware of [[Paralympic sports]], Basha used to compete in bodybuilding contentions. He started powerlifting after his neighbour introduced him to sport for persons with physical disabilities. The first event he participated in was the 1997 National Wheelchair Games, where he won a silver medal. This achievement encouraged him to "pursue the sport with even greater vigour".<ref name="Hindustan2008" />

In 1998, Basha won a gold medal and set a new national record in the [[South India|South Zone]] selection trials for the [[1999 FESPIC Games]] ([[Far East and South Pacific Games for the Disabled]]), held in Bangkok, where he finished seventh overall. He won a gold medal in an event for non-disabled competitors in 2006. This feat "left the Powerlifting Federation of India [Indian Powerlifting Federation] so upset that" the Federation barred disabled athletes from competing in their events.<ref name="Hindustan2008" /> He represented [[India at the 2006 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Melbourne]], Australia. He lifted {{convert|156.8|kg}} and finished at tenth spot.<ref>{{cite news | title = Results from weightlifting at Commonwealth Games | agency = [[Associated Press]] | date = 24 March 2006 | accessdate = 31 August 2012 | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-120525048.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924172732/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-120525048.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 24 September 2015 }}</ref>

He was awarded with the [[Arjuna Award]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite news | last = Dasgupta | first = KumKum | title = Why are we so unsporting about the differently abled? | work = [[Hindustan Times]] | date = 8 September 2008 | accessdate = 31 August 2012 | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-184577346.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145809/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-184577346.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 24 September 2015 | location=New Delhi }}</ref> In 2010, he received the Ekalavya Award – [[Chief Ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]'s award for an outstanding sportsperson (for 2008) from the [[Governor of Karnataka]] [[Hansraj Bhardwaj]] at a ceremony in the [[Raj Bhavan (Karnataka)|Raj Bhavan]].<ref>{{cite news | title = Ekalavya awards presented by governor | work = [[Daily News and Analysis]] | date = 11 April 2010 | accessdate = 31 August 2012 | url = http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2006739971.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924203353/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2006739971.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 24 September 2015 }}</ref>

He is sponsored by a company with {{Indian Rupee}}5,000–5,500 per month and his wife, Antonita, contributes for rest of the expenditures.<ref name="Hindustan2012">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/SportColumns/High-on-spirit-and-guts/Article1-917895.aspx |title=High on spirit and guts – Farman Basha, Powerlifter |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 August 2012 |accessdate=27 August 2012 |author=Jhajharia, Devendra |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814060926/http://www.hindustantimes.com/sports-news/sportcolumns/high-on-spirit-and-guts/article1-917895.aspx |archivedate=14 August 2014 }}</ref>

Basha appeared in 4 [[Paralympic]] events and finished 10th in 2004, 4th in 2008, 5th in 2012 and 4th in 2016 Paralympics in his category. Though never won a medal, Farman has been a promising Indian athlete in each Paralympic event.

He competed at the [[Para powerlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games|2018 Commonwealth Games]] where he came 5th in the [[Para powerlifting at the 2018 Commonwealth Games – Men's lightweight|lightweight]] event.<ref>{{cite web |title=Farman Basha |url=https://results.gc2018.com/en/para-powerlifting/athlete-profile-n6054309-farman-basha.htm |website=results.gc2018.com |access-date=21 January 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{sports links}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basha, Farman}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Indian male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Indian powerlifters]]
[[Category:Paralympic powerlifters for India]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2004 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2008 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2012 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2016 Summer Paralympics]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Les Autres-category Paralympic competitors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ekalavya Award]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2010 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in powerlifting]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Para Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]
[[Category:Powerlifters at the 2010 Asian Para Games]]

Din-i Ilahi

2026-02-18T17:21:29Z

Bihar Region:

{{Short description|Syncretic religion of Mughal emperor Akbar}}
{{redirect|Divine Faith|the Catholic doctrine|Faith in Christianity#Catholic Church}}

{{Infobox religion
| name = Din-i Ilahi
| native_name = {{nobold|{{Nastaliq|دین الهی}}}}
| type = [[Syncretism|Syncretic religion]]
| main_classification = [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] and [[Indian religions|Dharmic]] (and partly [[Iranic religions|Iranic]])
| possessions = [[Ibadat Khana]]
| founder = Jalal-ud-Din Muhammad Akbar
| founded_date = 1582
| founded_place = [[Fatehpur Sikri]], [[Agra]], Mughal Empire
| native_name_lang = fa
| image = Emperor Akbar.png
| defunct = {{circa|1605}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Dīn-i Ilāhī | Mughal Empire, Akbar, Monotheism | Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Din-i-Ilahi }}</ref>
| theology = [[Tawhid|Monotheistic]]
| leader_title = Leader
| separated_from = [[Islam]]
| members = 19
| other_names = ''Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī'' ({{Nastaliq|توحید الهی}})
| area = [[Indian subcontinent]]
| language = None (no holy scripture)
| caption = Impression of [[Akbar]], who ruled the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1556 to 1605 ([[Museum of Fine Arts Boston]], dated {{circa|17th century}})
}}

'''''Dīn-i Ilāhī''''' ({{langx|fa|دین الهی|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|Divine [[Dīn|Religion]]}}),<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030480/Din-i-Ilahi |title=Din-i Ilahi |website=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |access-date=2007-06-14 |archive-date=2008-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514090902/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9030480/Din-i-Ilahi |url-status=live }}</ref> contemporarily called '''''Tawḥīd-i-Ilāhī''''' ({{Langx|fa|توحید الهی|link=no|label=none|rtl=yes}}, {{Literal translation|[[Tawhid|Oneness]] of the Divine}}),<ref>{{Cite book |page=44|last=Jackson |first=A. V. Williams|url=http://archive.org/details/historyofindia04jackuoft |title=History of India
|quote=The truth is that Akbar was singularly sensitive to religious impressions of every kind, and that his new religion, the Din-i-Ilahi, or 'divine faith' an eclectic pantheism, contained elements taken from very diverse creeds. |publisher=London, Grolier society |others=Robarts - University of Toronto}}</ref> was a short-lived [[Syncretism|syncretic theology]] that was propounded by emperor [[Akbar]] of the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1582. According to Indian professor Iqtidar Alam Khan of [[Aligarh Muslim University]], it was based on the concept of what was known to be "[[Yassa|Yasa]]-e-[[Genghis Khan|Changezi]]" among the [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]], with the goal of considering all sects and religions as one.<ref>{{cite book |url= {{google books URL|AaFKAQAAIAAJ|q=yasa-i chingezi}} |page= 74 |title= Frontline: Volume 14, Issues 20-26 |publisher= S. Rangarajan for Kasturi & Sons |date= 1997 }}</ref> Its core elements were drawn from combining aspects of [[Islam]] and other [[Abrahamic religions]] with those of several [[Dharmic religions]] and [[Zoroastrianism]].

The religion manifested Akbar's worldview and policy, and received state backing until the end of his reign. However, many [[Ulama|Muslim scholars]] of the period declared it to be [[Islam and blasphemy|blasphemy]] and decried Akbar as an [[Apostasy in Islam|apostate]], with only a handful of upper-class Mughal subjects adopting the new religion. Following Akbar's death, ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' was made defunct by [[Jahangir]], who moved away from many of his father's policies in regard to religion and completely abolished by Akbar's great-grandson [[Aurangzeb]] who reimposed [[Islamic law]], thereby continuing the [[Muslim period in the Indian subcontinent]]. Ultimately, the religion is not thought to have gained more than its 19 identified followers, and it lasted just over 20 years before Islam was returned to official status in the region.

==Name==
The name ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' literally translates to "God's Religion", "Religion of God", or "Divine Religion". According to historian [[Mubarak Ali]], ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' is not the name that was used for the religion in Akbar's time. At the time, it was called ''Tawhid-i-Ilāhī'' ("Oneness of the Divine"), as it is written by [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]], a court historian during the reign of Akbar.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Akbarnama of Abu'l-Fazl|author=Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|publisher=Low Price Publications|orig-year=1902–39|date=2010|isbn=978-81-7536-481-3|location=Delhi}}</ref> This name suggests a particularly [[monotheistic]] focus for Akbar's faith. The anonymous ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb]]'' uses the name ''Ilahiyya'' to refer to the faith.<ref name="persian.packhum.org">{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Fauth%3D155%26work%3D001 |title=THE DABISTÁN, OR SCHOOL OF MANNERS, Trans. DAVID SHEA and ANTHONY TROYER, 1843, Persian Literature in Translation, The Packard Humanities Institute |access-date=2017-01-31 |archive-date=2018-03-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317102149/https://persian.packhum.org/persian/main?url=pf%3Fauth%3D155&work=001 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:AbulFazlPresentingAkbarnama.jpg|thumb|[[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak|Abu'l-Fazl]], one of the disciples of ''Din-i Ilahi'', presenting ''[[Akbarnama]]'' to [[Akbar]], Mughal miniature]]

Akbar promoted [[religious tolerance|tolerance]] of other faiths and even encouraged debate on philosophical and religious issues. This led to the creation of the [[Ibadat Khana|''Ibādat Khāna'']] ("House of Worship") at [[Fatehpur Sikri]] in 1575, which invited theologians, poets, scholars, and philosophers from all religious denominations, including Christians, Hindus, Jains, and Zoroastrians.

Since Akbar had severe [[dyslexia]], rendering him totally unable to read or write, such dialogues in the House of Worship became his primary means of exploring questions of faith.{{cn|date=July 2022}} Despite his aforementioned illiteracy, Akbar would eventually amass a library full of more than 24,000 volumes of texts in [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Latin language|Latin]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]. The later [[Mughal Emperor]] and son of Akbar, [[Jahangir]], stated that his father was "always associated with the learned of every creed and religion." In a letter to [[King Philip II of Spain]], Akbar laments that so many people do not investigate their religious arguments, stating that most people will instead blindly "follow the religion in which [they] were born and educated, thus excluding [themselves] from the possibility of ascertaining the truth, which is the noblest aim of the human intellect."<ref name="huffingtonpost.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/finding-tolerance-in-akba_b_3031746|title=Finding Tolerance in Akbar, the Philosopher-King|date=10 April 2013|access-date=12 October 2016|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223212138/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/finding-tolerance-in-akba_b_3031746|url-status=live}}</ref>

By the time Akbar established the ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'', he had already repealed the ''[[jizya]]'' (tax on non-Muslims) over a decade earlier in 1568. A religious experience while he was hunting in 1578 further increased his interest in the religious traditions of his empire.<ref>Schimmel, Annemarie (2006) ''The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture'', Reaktion Books, {{ISBN|1-86189-251-9}}</ref> From the discussions held at the Ibādat Khāna, Akbar concluded that no single religion could claim the monopoly of truth. This revelation inspired him to leave Islam and create a new religion, ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'', in 1582 and Akbar along with his loyal officials converted to this new religion ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' in 1582.

This conversion of Akbar to ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' angered various Muslims, among them the ''[[qadi]]'' of the [[Bengal Subah]] and Shaykh [[Ahmad Sirhindi]], who responded by declaring it to be [[blasphemy]] to Islam.

Some modern scholars have argued that the ''Din-i Ilahi'' was a spiritual discipleship of Akbar of his own belief which he propounded in his new religion.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lefèvre|first=Corinne|date=2015-04-01|title=Dīn-i ilāhī|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/din-i-ilahi-COM_26038|journal=Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE|language=en|access-date=2021-07-11|archive-date=2021-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711231425/https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/din-i-ilahi-COM_26038|url-status=live}}</ref>

===After Akbar===

''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' appears to have survived Akbar according to the ''[[Dabestan-e Mazaheb|Dabestān-e Mazāheb]].'' However, the movement was suppressed by force after his death and was totally eradicated by [[Aurangzeb]], a task made easier by the fact that the religion never had more than 19 adherents.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name="persian.packhum.org"/>

In the 17th century, an attempt to re-establish the ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' was made by [[Shah Jahan]]'s eldest son [[Dara Shikoh]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Sajjad H. |last=Rizvi |chapter=Dara Shikoh |title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia |editor-first=Josef W. |editor-last=Meri |publisher=Routledge |year=2005 |isbn=0-415-96690-6 |pages=195–196 |chapter-url={{google books URL|H-k9oc9xsuAC|p=194}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720124940/https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&pg=PA194#PPA195,M1 |archive-date=2022-07-20}}</ref> but any prospects of an official revival were halted by his brother, Aurangzeb, who executed him<ref>{{cite book |title=The Mughal Throne : The Saga of India's Great Emperors |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |year=2004 |publisher=Phoenix |location=London |isbn=0-7538-1758-6 |page=336|quote=India was at a crossroads in the mid-seventeenth century; it had the potential of moving forward with Dara Shikoh, or of turning back to medievalism with Aurangzeb}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=William |last=Sleeman |year=1844 |title=Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official |url=https://archive.org/stream/ramblesrecollect02sleeuoft/ramblesrecollect02sleeuoft_djvu.txt |page=272 |quote=Poor Dara Shikoh!....thy generous heart and enlightened mind had reigned over this vast empire, and made it, perchance, the garden it deserves to be made}}</ref> on grounds of [[apostasy]]. Aurangzeb later compiled the ''[[Fatawa-e-Alamgiri]]'', reimposed the ''jizya'', and established [[Islamic law]] across the [[Indian subcontinent]], spreading [[Islamic orthodoxy]] and extinguishing any chance of religious reform for generations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jackson |first1=Roy |title=Mawlana Mawdudi and Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State |date=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781136950360}}</ref>

==Beliefs and practices==
Although the spirit and central principles of ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' were adapted from [[Sufism]]{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=306}} (including ideas from the [[Al-Andalus|Andalusi]] Sufi mystic, [[Ibn Arabi|Ibn al-'Arabi]]), Akbar endeavored to create a synthesis of other beliefs and so his personal religion borrowed concepts and tenets from many other faiths. Aligned with Sufi practices, one's soul is encouraged to [[Tazkiah|purify itself]] through yearning of God.{{citation needed|date=December 2022}} Virtues included generosity, forgiveness, abstinence, prudence, wisdom, kindness, and piety.{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=279}} The following details illustrate the personal religious observances of Akbar:

{{blockquote|As an inquisitive inquirer endowed with the spirit of reason, he learnt the Hindu alchemy and medicine and cultivated their [[Yoga]] system; like his Central Asian [[Timur|ancestor]], he believed in astronomy and astrology; and after his association with the Zoroastrian [[Mobad|Mobed]], he believed that life might be lengthened by lightning fire or by the repetition of a thousand names of Sun. Following the [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] custom, he used to [[Tonsure#Buddhism|shave the crown of his head]] thinking that the soul passed through the brain. He turned into a vegetarian later in life.{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|page=303}}
}}

The visitation of [[Jesuit]] missionaries such as [[Rodolfo Acquaviva]] brought the virtue of celibacy into the House of Worship, where it consequently became a virtue of Akbar's faith that was not mandatory (as it is for the priests of [[Roman Catholicism]]) but respected. The faith also adopted the principle of ''[[ahimsa]]'', an ancient virtue of almost all [[Indian religions]], including [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Jainism]]. The nonviolence extended from humans to animals, encouraging vegetarianism and prohibiting the slaughter of animals for any reason at all. The ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' had no sacred scriptures and, similar to both Islam and [[Sikhism]], there was no priestly hierarchy.<ref>{{cite book |first=Sunita |last=Gupta |year=2004 |title=Children's Knowledge Bank |url={{google books URL|0ti8clvedTAC}} |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216013534/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ti8clvedTAC |archive-date=2017-02-16}}</ref>

Light was a focus of divine worship, with a light-fire ritual based on the [[yasna]] (the primary form of worship in [[Zoroastrianism]]) and an adoption of the hymn of the 1,000 Sanskrit names for the [[Surya|sun]]. Followers were referred to as ''chelah'' (meaning "disciples").

The major practices and beliefs of Dīn-i Ilāhī were as follows:
# [[Tawhid|The unity of God]]
# Followers salute one-another with {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Takbir|Allah-u-Akbar]]}} (meaning: "God is Great") or {{lang|ar-Latn|[[Jalla Jalaluhu]]}} (meaning: "may His glory be glorified")
# [[vegetarianism|Absence of meat of all kinds]]
# One's "[[Birthday|on-birth-by-anniversary]]" party was a must for every member
# ''[[Ahimsa]]'' (non-violence); followers were prohibited from dining with fishers, butchers, hunters, etc.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Ghaznavi |first=A Waheed |date=1 October 1988 |title=A Note on "Din-i Ilahi" |volume=36 |issue=4 |pages=377–380 |journal=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society |url=https://www.proquest.com/openview/0f9f9d9d8a153c8f8f42f14ed3a6323e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819375 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002102127/https://www.proquest.com/openview/0f9f9d9d8a153c8f8f42f14ed3a6323e/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=1819375 |url-status=live}}</ref>

===''Ṣulḥ-i-kul''===
It has been argued that the theory of ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'' being a new religion was a misconception which arose because of erroneous translations of [[Abu'l-Fazl]]'s work by later British historians.<ref>{{cite book |title=Mughal India: Studies in Polity, Ideas, Society and Culture |first=M. Athar |last=Ali |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-569661-5 |pages=163–164}}</ref> However, it is also accepted that the policy of ''sulh-i-kul'', which formed the essence of ''Dīn-i Ilāhī'', was adopted by Akbar as a part of general imperial administrative policy. ''Sulh-i-Kul'' means "[[World peace|universal peace]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/804548/why-putting-less-mughal-history-in-school-textbooks-might-not-be-a-bad-idea|title=Why putting less Mughal history in school textbooks may be a good idea|date=7 March 2016 |access-date=2016-10-12|archive-date=2018-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124141107/http://scroll.in/article/804548/why-putting-less-mughal-history-in-school-textbooks-might-not-be-a-bad-idea|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="huffingtonpost.in"/> According to Abu'l-Fazl, the emperor was a [[Divine right of kings|universal agent of god]], and so his sovereignty was not bound to any single faith. In this, [[Akbar]] appointed officials based on their ability and merit, regardless of their religion or background. This helped to create a more efficient government and contributed to the prosperity and cultural achievements of the Mughal period.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-22 |title=Sulh-i-Kul: Features of Akbar's Policy {{!}} UPSC » Newscoop |url=https://www.newscoop.co.in/sulh-i-kul/ |access-date=2023-01-22 |language=en-US}}</ref> The emperor is further prohibited from discriminating between the [[Dabestan-e Mazaheb#Outline|different religions of the realm]] and if the ruler did discriminate, then they were not fit for the role as an agent of god.{{sfnp|Roy|2020|page=130}} Abu'l-Fazl saw the religious views of Akbar as a rational decision toward maintaining harmony between the various faiths of the empire.{{sfnp|Roy|2020|page=131}}

==Disciples==
The initiated disciples of Dīn-i Ilāhī during emperor Akbar's time included:{{sfnp|Roychoudhury|1941|pages=292–293}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* Shaikh Mubarak
* [[Faizi|Shaikh Faizi]]
* Jafar Beig
* Qasim Khan
* [[Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak]]
* Azam Khan
* [[Abd al-Samad|Abdus Samad]]
* Mulla Shah Muhammad Shahadad
* Sufi Ahmad
* Mir Sharif Amal
* Sultan Khwaja
* Mirza Jani Thatta
* Taki Shustar
* Shaikhzada Gosala Benarasi
* Sadar Jahan
* Sadar Jahan's first son
* Sadar Jahan's second son
* [[Birbal]]
* [[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)|Prince Murad]]
{{div col end}}

==See also==
* ''[[Allopanishad]]''
* ''[[Sirr-i-Akbar]]''
* ''[[Majma-ul-Bahrain]]''
* ''[[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb]]''
* [[Religious policy of the Mughals after Akbar]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book
|last=Roychoudhury |first=Makhanlal
|year=1941
|title=The Din-i Ilahi, or, The Religion of Akbar
|publisher=University of Calcutta
|oclc=3312929
|url=https://archive.org/details/diniilahiorthere031361mbp
|via=[[Internet Archive]]
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Roy |first=Himanshu
|year=2020
|title=Indian Political Thought themes and thinkers
|publisher=Pearson
|isbn=978-93-325-8733-5
}}
{{refend}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Din-I Ilahi}}
[[Category:Akbar]]
[[Category:1580s establishments in India]]
[[Category:Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Religious pluralism]]
[[Category:Religious syncretism in Asia]]
[[Category:Universalism]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:History of Islam in India]]
[[Category:History of religion in India]]
[[Category:Religions derived from Islam]]
[[Category:1582 establishments in Asia]]

Bibhishon

2026-02-06T01:20:38Z

Bihar Region: created new data...

{{Infobox television
| image = Bibhishon.jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| genre = Psychological thriller
| creator = Prameet A Ghosh
| writer = Pramit A Ghosh
| screenplay = Raja Chanda Pramit A Ghosh
| director = Raja Chanda
| starring = Soham Majumdar Debchandrima Singha Roy
| music = Rathijit Bhattacharjee
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 7
| cinematography = Vicky Soumyadipta Guin
| editor = MD Kalam
| runtime =
| company = Raja Chanda Films
| network = [[ZEE5]]
| released = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
}}

'''''Bibhishon''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]]-language [[psychological thriller]] series directed by [[Raja Chanda]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-20 |title=এ কালের 'বিভীষণ' কে? জানাবেন রাজা চন্দ |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/bn/!entertainment/soham-majumdar-debchandrima-singha-roy-come-together-in-raja-chandas-bibhishon-series-west-bengal-news-wbs25062004797 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=bn}}</ref> The series was released on [[ZEE5]] on 27 June 2025<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-21 |title=Psychological thriller on the cards |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/psychological-thriller-on-the-cards-1503447871.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> and stars Soham Majumdar as [[Sub-inspector|Sub-Inspector]] Bidhan Sen and Debchandrima Singha Roy as his wife, Brishti.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhingarde |first=Santosh |date=2025-06-15 |title=बंगाली प्रेक्षकांना झपाटून टाकणारी सिरीज 'बिभीषण' झी5 वर २७ जूनपासून रिलीज |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/raja-chanda-director-bibhishon-web-series-out-on-zee5-on-20th-june-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Marathi News Esakal |language=Mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=মা হতে চান, কেরিয়ার ছাড়তেও প্রস্তুত! ‘বিভীষণ’-ই কি তবে হতে চলেছে দেবচন্দ্রিমার শেষ ওয়েব সিরিজ? |url=https://www.aajkaal.in/story/51538/debchandrima-plays-a-pregnant-woman-in-bibhishon-web-series-and-wants-to-be-a-real-life-mom-too |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626104549/https://www.aajkaal.in/story/51538/debchandrima-plays-a-pregnant-woman-in-bibhishon-web-series-and-wants-to-be-a-real-life-mom-too |url-status=dead |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=www.aajkaal.in |language=en}}</ref> Set in the town of [[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], the story follows a police investigation that brings hidden aspects of the characters' pasts to light.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bibhishon OTT Release Date: Here's when and where to watch Soham Majumdar's Bengali psychological thriller series |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bibhishon-ott-release-date-heres-when-and-where-to-watch-soham-majumdars-bengali-psychological-thriller-series/d1346a09a8342 |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref> It is a remake of the 2022 [[Tamil language|Tamil]] series [[Vilangu (TV series)|Vilangu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reddit - The heart of the internet |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/IndianOTTbestof/comments/1o6e9ir/some_of_the_best_crime_thriller_series_guys_which/ |access-date=2025-10-29 |website=www.reddit.com}}</ref>

== Premise ==
Set in the town of Birbhum and centers on Sub-Inspector Bidhan Sen, who is assigned to investigate a set of unusual incidents, including a theft, a missing person case, and the discovery of a headless body. As the investigation progresses, Bidhan is confronted with revelations that connect the case to someone from his own past. The narrative incorporates elements of psychological tension and personal conflict.

== Cast ==

* Soham Majumdar as Sub-Inspector Bidhan Sen
* Debchandrima Singha Roy as Brishti, Bidhan's wife
* Debopriyo Mukherjee
* Amit Saha as Chidam Tudu
* Katha Nandi
* Sanjib Sarkar
* Pradip Dhar
* Subrata Guha Roy
* Aloke Sanyal
* Arpita De

== Release ==
The series was released on ZEE5 on 27 June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-18 |title=Bibhishon OTT Release Date: When and where to watch Soham Majumdar’s Bengali mini-series |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/bibhishon-ott-release-date-when-and-where-to-watch-soham-majumdar-bengali-series-661364.html |access-date=2025-06-26 |website=Indiatimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#9C958E |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |directorR= |writerR= |airdateR= |episodes={{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = The Jungle Episode
|DirectedBy = [[Raja Chanda]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = While serving as the temporary officer in charge of Balagarh Police Station, Bidhan handles two investigations: one into the missing brother-in-law of the Panchayat Head, Dinesh, and another related to a reported theft. During the course of these inquiries, authorities discover a dismembered corpse.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = The Headless One
|DirectedBy = Raja Chanda
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = The discovery of a headless body causes turmoil within the police station. As Bidhan becomes deeply involved in the investigation, his pregnant wife suffers an injury. Meanwhile, the police receive important leads from Chhidam, an assistant.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = The Allies of Deadly Snakes
|DirectedBy = Raja Chanda
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Dinesh’s remains are eventually found, and Bidhan is encouraged to look into the matter off the record. The investigation becomes more complex when two separate confessions emerge. Amidst these developments, Bidhan welcomes the birth of his daughter.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = The Web of Illusions
|DirectedBy = Raja Chanda
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Bidhan goes to see Brishti at the hospital. Returning to the station, he frees the suspects involved in the theft case as part of his strategy. Ultimately, he confronts the person responsible for Dinesh’s murder.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Bibhishon
|DirectedBy = Raja Chanda
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Chhidam is taken into custody and ultimately admits to his crimes, leaving Bidhan and the entire station stunned. Bidhan then vows to look after his family.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = The Trial by Fire
|DirectedBy = Raja Chanda
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Bidhan persistently questions Chhidam to gain insight into his thoughts. However, the situation becomes complicated when Chhidam denies any involvement in the murder during his statement to the ADSP.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Restoration of Dharma
|DirectedBy = Raja Chanda
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2025|06|27|df=y}}
|ShortSummary = Bidhan and Chhidam talk about their past, and once Chhidam feels confident about his daughter’s well-being, he explains his actions and turns himself in. Meanwhile, Bidhan persists in his search for the missing head.
|LineColor = #9C958E}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* ''[https://www.zee5.com/web-series/details/bibhishon/0-6-4z5769246 Bibhishon]'' on [[ZEE5]]
* {{IMDb title|id=37422363}}

[[Category:2025 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:ZEE5 original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows set in West Bengal]]

Belra

2026-01-31T19:02:00Z

Bihar Region: created redirect

#REDIRECT[[Haridwar district]]

{{RCS|
{{R from alternative transliteration}}
{{R from merge}}
}}

Rajasree

2026-01-27T00:49:59Z

Bihar Region: rework formatting per sources and fixed typos for consistency

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{About || 1960s Bollywood actress|Rajshree|the 1990s actress|Rajashree (actress)|other uses|Rajashree (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{External links|date=January 2018}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=November 2013}}
}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rajasree
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = Kusuma Kumari
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Eluru]], [[Godavari District]], [[Madras presidency]]. Now in [[Eluru]], [[Eluru district]], [[Andhra]].
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names = Rajasri, Gracy, Rajasree T.
| years_active = 1956–1979
| spouse = {{marriage| Thota Panchajanyam|1975
|1983|end =died}}
| website =
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Indian classical dance|Classical dancer]]
| children = 1 son (b.1979)
}}

'''Rajasree''' (Rajasree Thota Panchajanyam,<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sengamala-theevu-24357/cast-crew |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107061314/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/sengamala-theevu-24357/cast-crew |url-status=live |archive-date=7 January 2018 |title=Sengamala Theevu |website=cinestaan.com |access-date=7 January 2018}}</ref> Kusuma Kumari), also known as '''Rajasri''' or '''Rajashri''', is an Indian actress active from 1956 to 1979. She is particularly famous for her portrayal as a princess in several folklore Telugu movies opposite [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and [[Tadepalli Lakshmi Kanta Rao]] and for acting alongside [[Ravichandran (Tamil actor)|Ravichandran]] in the Tamil comedy films ''Neeyum Naanum'', ''Kadhalikka Neram Illai'' and ''Delhi Mappilai''. Notable among '''Rajasri'''{{'}}s roles in non-folklore social films in Tamil are as Nimmi in the Tamil hit comedy film ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'', remade as ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1965 film)|Preminchi Choodu]]'' in Telugu, as movie star Bhama in Tamil film ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]''. She was credited as Gracy in the Malayalam movies she starred in her career since her debut film ''[[Bharya (1962 film)|Bharya]]'' (1962), directed by Kunchako. Rajasree went on to do 200 films spread across the languages – Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam (as Gracy) and Hindi from beginning of 1956 to 1979.

==Film industry==
Rajsree first appeared as a child artiste in the Tamil film ''Naga Devadhai'' in 1956. She worked as child artiste in films like ''Bhaktha Ambarisha'' (1959) and ''Mangalyam'' (1960) in Telugu, ''Aasha Sundari'' (1960) in Kannada, ''Petraval Kanda Peruvazhvu'' (1960) and ''Baktha Sabari'' (1960) in Tamil. She debuted as a young heroin in Telugu film Nitya Kalyanam Paccha Thoranam in 1960 opposite another debutante hero [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]]. She acted as the supporting young heroine with the Malayalam film ''Bharya'' (1962). Her character was named Gracy. With the success of her debut Malayalam film, Rajsree was always credited throughout her Malayalam film career as Gracy. Some of her famous Malayalam movies include ''Kadalamma'' (1963), ''Rebecca'' (1963), ''Pazhassi Raja'' (1964) and ''Shakuntala'' (1965). However, she was cast only as supporting and second lead actress in Tamil films like ''Sengamala Theevu'' (1962), ''Nichaya Thaamboolam'' (1962), ''Thendral Veesum'' (1962), ''Kalai Arasi'' (1963), ''Yarukku Sondham'' (1963) and ''Kattu Maina'' (1963) in the period 1962 to 1963. Her portrayal as the courtesean Madhavi in the film ''Poompuhar'' brought her new recognition as supporting actress in 1964. It was the film ''Kadhalikka Neram Illai'' in 1964, which made her a household name as the main lead heroine. She started receiving more Tamil films from 1964 onward.

However, she continued to be very selective as far as her choice of doing Malayalam movies was concerned. Her notable films in Malayalam as the lead heroine include ''Jail'' (1966), ''Kadamattathachan'' (1966), ''Anarkali'' (1966), ''Udhyogastha'' (1967), ''Karutha Rathrikal'' (1967), ''Kadal'' (1968), ''Dial 2244'' (1968), ''Urangatha Sundary'' (1969), ''Sree Guruvayoorappan'' (1972), ''Sreemurukan'' and ''Devi Kanyaakumaari'' (1974). She did about 30 movies in Malayalam. Her last Malayalam film was ''Vishwaroopam'' (1978).

It was the Tamil comic classic, ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'', that catapulted Rajasree to national fame. She quoted in an interview "When I got a call from such a big banner as Chitralaya asking me to be present at the studio the next morning, I couldn't believe my ears. Many artistes had been considered for the role, I had heard. The song, "Anubavam Pudhumai", was the sequence that was shot first. They liked it and I did the film,". Rajasree went on to play the same role in Telugu with Akkini Nageswara Rao and in Hindi with [[Shashi Kapoor]] — she was the only one to repeat the role in the remakes. She quoted in interview "I remember [[Nagesh]] pulling my leg often shouting out "Dhigilazhagi" whenever I was on the sets,". Hence both during the shooting of Bama Vijayam and every time she met actor Nagesh, he would always call her as Dhiglazhagi as in the film, a thief refers to her by that name.

It was decided by Sridhar to remake ''Kadhallikaa Neram Illai'' in Hindi as ''Pyar Kiye Jaa'' and he retained only Rajasree from the original. Her debut Hindi film was a major box office hit in 1966. This led to her receiving films in Hindi as well. However, none of her four films in Hindi became a hit except for her debut Hindi film.

She made her heroine debut in Telugu films with Nitya Kalyanam Paccha Thoranam in 1960 opposite Hero [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)]] and ''Constable Kuthuru'' (1962) opposite Kanta Rao, but previously she had been already introduced as a child artist in ''Nagula Chavithi'' (1956). She was cast as the heroine of N. T. Rama Rao in films like ''[[Aggi Barata]]'' (1966), ''[[Pidugu Ramudu]]'' (1966), ''Aggi Veerudu'' (1969) and ''Chitti Chellelu'' (1969). Her pairing opposite actor Kanta Rao was a box office success. The pair Rajasree-Kanta Rao worked in ''Pakkalo Ballem'' (1965), ''Bangaru Timmaraju'' (1964), ''Saptaswaralu'' (1969), ''Pratigyna Palana'' (1966), ''Vijaya Simha'' (1965), ''Aggidora'' (1967), ''Bhoolokamlo Yamolokam'' (1966), ''Devudichchina Bharta'' (1968), ''Veera Pooja'' (1968), ''Ranabheri'' (1968), ''Aggimeeda Guggilam'' (1968), ''Oke Kutumbham'' (1970), ''Merupu Veerudu'' (1970), ''Maa Manchi Akkayya'' (1970), ''Prema Jeevulu'', ''Bhale Ettu Chivaraku Chittu'' (1970) and ''Raite Raju'' (1970). They worked in another 10 movies where they were not paired opposite each other. She did about 76 films in Telugu. Her last film in Telugu was ''Andame Anandham'' (1977).

Her debut film in Kannada was ''Kantheredu Nodu'' (1961). The Kannada film ''Thejaswini'', produced by M. Pandaribai, made Rajasree a popular in the Kannada film circle. She played second lead supporting roles in Kannada films like ''Swarna Gowri'', ''Rathna Manjari'', ''Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu'' and ''Chandra Kumara''. She regularly starred in mythological period films like ''Santha Thukaram'' (1963), ''Shivarathri Mahathme'' and ''Shivagange Mahathme'' with either [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] or [[Udaykumar]] or both. After achieving success in Tamil with ''Kadhalikka Neram Illai'', she decided to do only lead heroine roles even in Kannada from 1964. Her Kannada films as lead heroine include ''Chandavalliya Thota'', ''Satya Harishchandra'' (1965), ''Bala Nagamma'' (1966), ''Bhale Basava'', ''Mr. Rajkumar'' (1970), ''Jwala Mohini'', ''CID 72'' and ''C.I.D. Rajanna''. She was part of the cast in 14 films in Kannada with [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] in the lead role. She did 30 films in Kannada with her last movie being ''Devadhasi'' (1978).

She went on to do comedy films as the lead heroine in Tamil to capitalize on her comic abilities like ''Bama Vijayam'' (1967), ''Anubavi Raja Anubavi'' (1967), ''Anubavam Pudhumai'' (1967), ''Neeyum Naanum'' (1968) and ''Delhi Mapillai'' (1968). These films have developed classic cult status over the years. She then went on to get the second lead heroine roles in films with M. G. Ramachandran in the lead, like ''Thaikku Thalaimagan'' (1967), ''Kudiyirundha Koyil'' (1968), ''Adimai Penn'' (1969), ''Pattikaattu Ponnaiya'' (1973), ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' (1974) and ''Naalai Namadhe'' (1975). Her other notable films in Tamil include ''Kallum Kaniyagum'', suspense thriller ''Selva Magal'' (1967), ''Siritha Mugam'' (1968), ''Patham Pasali'' (1970), ''Poi Sollathae'' (1971), ''Pattondru Ketten'' (1971), ''Yanai Valartha Vanampadi Magan'', ''Amudha'' (1975) and ''Veeduvarai Uravu'' (1976). Her last film in Tamil was ''Iravu 12 Mani'' (1978). She did more than sixty films in Tamil.

==Personal life==
Rajasree hails from a village in [[Eluru]], [[Andhra Pradesh]]. She was born with a sister and her father was a railway station master. Rajasree was ten years old when she came to [[Chennai]]. She married Thota Panchajanyam in [[Hyderabad]] at 1977. Rajasree's husband died within few years after her marriage, when her child was four years old.

==Awards==
Rajasree was honoured with the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Honorary Award|MGR Award]] in 2004.

Tamil Nadu State Government Awards
;[[Kalaimamani]], 2012 for her contribution to Tamil Cinema

== Partial filmography ==
In order of languages in which she acted the most to fewest films.

''This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.''

===Telugu===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
# ''[[Nagula Chavithi]]'' (1956) - Debut in Telugu (Child Artist)
# ''[[Bhaktha Ambarisha]]'' (1959)
# ''[[Nitya Kalyanam Paccha Thoranam]]'' (1960)
# ''[[Sahasra Siracheda Apoorva Chintamani]]'' (1960) as Princess who imprisons Prathapa Simha
# ''[[Mangalyam (Telugu film)|Mangalyam]]'' (1960)
# ''[[Madana Kamaraju Katha]]'' (1962) as Mohana
# ''[[Constable Koothuru]]'' (1962)
# ''[[Dakshayagnam (1962 film)|Dakshayagnam]]'' (1962)
# ''[[Aradhana (1962 film)|Aradhana]]'' (1962)
# ''[[Mahamantri Timmarusu (film)|Mahamantri Timmarusu]]'' (1962)
# ''Aasa Jeevulu'' (1962)
# ''[[Guruvunu Minchina Sishyudu]]'' (1963)
# ''[[Babruvahana (1964 film)|Babruvahana]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Aggi Pidugu]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Totalo Pilla Kotalo Raani]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Ramadasu (1964 Film)|Bhaktha Ramadasu]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Pooja Phalam]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Bangaru Thimmaraju]]'' (1964)
# ''[[Aakasaramanna]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aakasaramanna (1965) |url=https://indiancine.ma/LKT |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1965) as Chandravathi
# ''[[Prameelarjuneeyam|Prameelarjuna Yuddham]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Aatma Gowravam]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Vijaya Simha]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Manushulu Mamathalu]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Preminchi Choodu (1965 film)|Preminchi Chudu]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Mangamma Sapatham (1965 film)|Mangamma Sapatham]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Pakkalo Ballem]]'' (1965)
# ''[[Aggi Barata]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Loguttu Perumallakeruka]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Bhimanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Pidugu Raamudu]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Bhulokamlo Yamalokam]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Prathigna Palana]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Rahasyam (1967 film)|Rahasyam]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Aggidora]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Stree Janma]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Kambojaraju Katha]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Sri Sri Sri Maryada Ramanna]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Raktha Sindhooram]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Satyame Jayam]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Veera Pooja]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Govula Gopanna]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Aggi Meeda Guggilam]]'' (1968) as Chandraprabha
# ''[[Rajayogam (1968 film)|Rajayogam]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Ranabheri]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Bhale Kodallu]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Evaru Monagadu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Evaru Monagadu (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MWV |access-date=30 January 2024 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1968) as Padma
# ''[[Ukku Pidugu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ukku Pidugu - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ukku_pidugu |access-date=13 January 2024 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref> (1969) as Padmavathi Devi
# ''[[Gopaludu Bhoopaludu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Sattekalapu Satteya]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Sabash Satyam]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Takkari Donga Chankkani Chukka]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Devudichina Bhartha]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devudichina Bhartha (1969) |url=https://indiancine.ma/NIE |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref> (1969) as Amruthavalli
# ''[[Aggi Veerudu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Ukku Pidugu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Saptaswaralu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Gandara Gandadu]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Chitti Chellelu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Evarini Nammali]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Jhanmabhoomi]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Okka Kutumbham]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Raithe Raju]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Lakshmi Kataksham]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Maa Manchi Akkayya]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Bale Etthu Chivariki Chitthu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Merupu Veerudu]]'' (1970)
# ''[[Prema Jeevulu]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Pattindalla Bangaram]]''<ref>{{Citation |title=Pattindalla Bangaram (1971) |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/pattindalla-bangaram/ |access-date=3 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> (1971) as Bharathi
# ''[[Adavi Veerulu]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Vikramarka Vijayam]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Anuradha (1971 film)|Anuradha]]'' (1971) as Aruna
# ''[[Bangaru Kutumbam (1971 film)|Bangaru Kutumbam]]'' (1971)
# ''Kalavari Kutumbam''<ref>{{cite web |title=Kalavari Kutumbam (1972) |url=https://indiancine.ma/PBJ/info |website=Indiancine.ma |access-date=18 April 2023}}</ref> (1972) as Kalpana
# ''[[Atthanu Diddina Kodalu]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Panjaramlo Pasipapa]]'' (1973)
# ''[[Alluri Seetarama Raju (film)|Alluri Seetarama Raju]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Intinti Katha]]'' (1974)
# ''[[Sri Ramanjaneya Yuddham]]'' (1975)
# ''[[Manushulanta Okkate]]'' (1976)
# ''[[Andame Anandham]]'' (1977)
# ''[[Daana Veera Soora Karna]]'' (1977)
{{div col end}}

===Tamil===
''This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.''

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
|-
| 1956 || ''Naga Devathai'' || Child Artist (Debut in Tamil)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1960 || ''Baktha Sabari'' ||
|-
| ''Petraval Kanda Peruvazhvu'' ||
|-
| 1961 || ''[[Panam Panthiyile]]'' || Santha
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1962 || ''[[Nichaya Thaamboolam]]'' || Sarala
|-
| ''[[Sengamala Theevu]]'' || Kanni
|-
| ''[[Thendral Veesum]]'' ||
|-
| ''Neeya Naana?'' ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1963 || ''[[Kaattumaina]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Yarukku Sontham]]'' || Mallika
|-
| ''[[Manthiri Kumaran]]'' || Rani
|-
| ''[[Kalai Arasi]]'' || Princess Rajani
|-
| ''[[Kubera Theevu]]'' || Vasanthi
|-
| rowspan="7" | 1964 || ''[[Kalai Kovil]]'' || Saroja
|-
| ''Amma Engey'' || Bhuvana
|-
| ''Magaley Un Samathu'' || Alli
|-
| ''[[Nal Varavu]]'' ||
|-
| ''Nanum Manidhandhaan'' ||
|-
| ''[[Poompuhar (film)|Poompuhar]]'' || Madhavi
|-
| ''[[Kaadhalikka Neramillai]]'' || Nirmala/Nimmi
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1965 || ''[[Neela Vanam]]'' || Vimala
|-
| ''Vazhikaathi''|| Kamala
|-
| ''[[Iru Thuruvam]]'' || Kamala
|-
| ''[[Poomalai]]'' || Nalina
|-
| 1966 || ''Thayin Mel Aanai'' || Rathnamala
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1967 || ''[[Selva Magal]]'' || Saradha
|-
| ''[[Anubavam Pudhumai]]'' || Vanitha
|-
| ''[[Anubavi Raja Anubavi]]'' || Rajamani
|-
| ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'' || Bama
|-
| ''[[Thaikku Thalaimagan]]'' || Nalini
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1968 || ''[[Kudiyirundha Koyil]]'' || Asha
|-
| ''Siritha Mugam'' ||
|-
| ''[[Delhi Mapillai]]'' || Gandhimathi
|-
| ''Neeyum Naanum'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kallum Kaniyagum]]'' || Geetha
|-
| rowspan="6" | 1969 || ''[[Kumara Sambhavam]]'' || Urvasi
|-
| ''Singapore Seeman'' ||
|-
| ''[[Avare En Deivam]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Adimai Penn]]'' || Princess Muthazhagi
|-
| ''[[Poova Thalaiya (1969 film)|Poova Thalaiya]]'' || Raji
|-
| ''Ulagam Ivvalaudhan''
|| Sumathi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1970 || ''[[Patham Pasali]]'' || Radha
|-
| ''[[Sorgam]]'' || Anjana
|-
| ''Namma Veettu Deivam'' ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1971 || ''[[Aana Valarthiya Vanampadiyude Makan|Yanai Valartha Vanampadi Magan]]'' || Kamini
|-
| ''[[Aathi Parasakthi]]'' || Lakshmi Devi
|-
| ''[[Pattondru Ketten]]'' ||
|-
| ''Poi Sollathae'' ||
|-
| ''Needhi Dhevan'' ||
|-
| 1972 || ''Ellai Kodu'' || Bhavani
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973 || ''[[Pattikaattu Ponnaiya]]'' || Megala
|-
| ''[[School Master (1973 film)|School Master]]'' || Ponggodi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1974 || ''[[Akkarai Pachai]]'' || Usha
|-
| ''[[Netru Indru Naalai (1974 film)|Netru Indru Naalai]]'' || Amudha
|-
| ''Pathu Matha Bandham'' || Mallika
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1975 || ''Amudha'' || Anbarasi
|-
| ''[[Naalai Namadhe (1975 film)|Naalai Namadhe]]'' || Kamala
|-
| ''[[Swami Ayyappan (1975 film)|Swami Ayyappan]]'' ||
|-
| 1976 || ''Veeduvarai Uravu'' ||
|-
| 1978 || ''Iravu 12 Mani'' ||
|-
|}

===Kannada===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Notes
|-
| rowspan="2" |1960 ||''[[Aasha Sundari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Dashavathara (film)|Dashavathara]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="5" |1962 ||''[[Thejaswini]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Swarna Gowri]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Rathna Manjari]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Karuneye Kutumbada Kannu]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Kantheredu Nodu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1963 ||''[[Santha Thukaram]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chandra Kumaara]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1964 ||''[[Shivarathri Mahathme]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Shivagange Mahathme]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Chandavalliya Thota]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1965 ||''[[Satya Harishchandra (1965 Kannada film)|Satya Harishchandra]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Naagapooja]]''
|
|
|-
|1966
|''[[Bala Nagamma (1966 film)|Bala Nagamma]]''
|
|
|-
|1968
|''[[Arunodaya]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1969 ||''[[Gruhalakshmi (1969 film)|Gruhalakshmi]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhale Basava]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |1970 ||''Sukha Samsaara''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mr. Rajkumar]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[C.I.D. Rajanna]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Modala Rathri]]''{{Citation needed|date=August 2024}}
|Rajani
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1973 ||''[[Jwala Mohini]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[CID 72]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |1974 ||''Urvashi''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mahadeshwara Pooja Phala]]''
|
|
|-
|''[[Mannina Magalu]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |1975 ||''Aashirvaada''
|
|
|-
|''Naaga Kanye''
|
|
|-
|1977
|''[[Shani Prabhava]]''
|
|
|-
|1978
|''Devadasi''
|
|
|}

===Malayalam: Credited as Gracy===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1962 || ''[[Bharya (1962 film)|Bharya]]'' ||Gracy
| Malayalam debut
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1963 || ''[[Kadalamma]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Rebecca (1963 film)|Rebecca]]'' || ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Pazhassi Raja (1964 film)|Pazhassi Raja]]'' || Ammu Thampuratty ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Shakuntala (1965 film)|Shakuntala]]'' ||Menaka
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1966 || ''Jail''|| ||
|-
| ''Kadamattathachan''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Anarkali (1966 film)|Anarkali]]''|| Gulnar ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1967 || ''[[Udhyogastha]]''|| ||
|-
| ''[[Karutha Rathrikal]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1968 || ''[[Kadal (1968 film)|Kadal]]''||Rajeena||
|-
| ''[[Dial 2244]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1969 || ''[[Kumara Sambhavam]]''||Urvashi||
|-
|''[[Urangatha Sundary]]''||Vilasini||
|-
| 1970 ||''[[Dathuputhran]]''|| ||
|-
| 1971 ||''[[Aana Valarthiya Vanampadiyude Makan]]''|| ||
|-
| 1972 ||''[[Sree Guruvayoorappan (1972 film)|Sree Guruvayoorappan]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1973 ||''[[Manassu]]''|| ||
|-
|''[[Ponnaapuram Kotta]]''||Maalu||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1974 ||''[[Devi Kanyaakumaari]]''||Devaki||
|-
|''[[Durga (1974 film)|Durga]]''||Latha ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1975 ||''[[Raasaleela]]''|| ||
|-
|''Hotel Kaveri'' || ||
|-
| 1977 ||''[[Sreemurukan]]''||Rajeswari||
|-
| 1978 ||''[[Vishwaroopam (1978 film)|Vishwaroopam]]'' || ||
|-
|}

===Hindi===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Pyar Kiye Jaa]]'' || Nirmala "Nimmo" ||Hindi Debut as Rajasree of South (Remake of ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai]]'')
|-
| 1967 || ''Nasihat'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1968 || ''Payal Ki Jhankar'' || Kala ||
|-
| ''Mujrim Kaun?'' || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rajadhyaksha |first=Ashish |author2=Paul Willemen |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |year=1999 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/380 380, 391] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=0-85170-669-X |ref=Ba |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofi0000raja/page/380}}
* {{cite web |title=Icchina Maata Kosame Natinchadam Maanesa |url=http://www.sakshi.com/news/family/rajasri-special-interview-231206 |website=Sakshi.com |date=19 April 2015 |access-date=20 April 2015 |ref=Wa}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0707365}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actors from West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]

Talim (textiles)

2026-01-22T11:31:55Z

Bihar Region:

{{Short description|Notation system for designs in Indian weaving}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
[[File:Talim Leitner 1882 shawl.png|thumb|240px|Excerpt of a shawl ''talim'' (1882)]]
'''''Talim''''' ([[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]: تعليم, {{IPA|ks|t̪əːliːm}}, {{Langx|ur|تَعْلِیم}}, {{Langx|ar|تعليم}}, {{IPA|ar|taʕ.liːm|pron|Ar-تعليم.ogg}}) in textiles is a symbolic code and system of notation that facilitates the creation of intricate patterns in fabrics, such as [[shawl]]s and [[carpet]]s,<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Gagan Deep |date=2017 |title=Cognitive bearing of techno-advances in Kashmiri carpet designing |journal=AI & Society |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=509–524 |doi=10.1007/s00146-016-0683-2 |s2cid=253683507 |url=https://philpapers.org/rec/KAUCBO |quote=The designs in Kashmiri carpet weaving are encoded in a symbolic code, called talim, which the weavers decode while weaving the design{{nbsp}}... The talim is a notational-cum-cryptographic system which has been devised specifically to encode the visual design in symbols.}}</ref> and the written coded plans that include colour schemes and [[weaving]] instructions.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last1=Beardsley |first1=Grace |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aArtDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Talim%22+textiles+-wikipedia&pg=PA101 |title=Wrapped in Beauty: The Koelz Collection of Kashmiri Shawls |last2=Sinopoli |first2=Carla M. |last3=Morrison |first3=Kathleen D. |date=2005-01-01 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |isbn=978-0-915703-60-9 |pages=34, 42, 44, 45, 102 |language=en |quote=Talim: Written coded plan containing instructions for shawl weaving}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |editor-last1= Dhamija |editor-first1=Jasleen |editor-link1=Jasleen Dhamija |url=http://archive.org/details/handwoverfabrics00jasl |title=Handwoven Fabrics of India |editor-last2=Jain |editor-first2=Jyotindra |editor-link2=Jyotindra Jain |date=1989 |isbn=9780944142264 |pages=66, 73, 128 |publisher=Mapin Publishing |location=[[Ahmedabad]] |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2023-02-08 }}</ref> The term is used in traditional [[Loom|hand-weaving]] in the [[Indian subcontinent]]. ''Talim'' was initially used to create certain types of patterns in [[Kashmir shawl|Kashmiri shawls]], and later came to be applied in the

production of carpets.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WRA4DwAAQBAJ&dq=talim+shawl&pg=PT337 |title=Informal Sector Innovations: Insights from the Global South |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-37200-4 |editor-last1=Muchie |editor-first1=Mammo |location=New York |page=337 |language=en |access-date=2023-02-08 |editor-last2=Bhaduri |editor-first2=Saradindu |editor-last3=Baskaran |editor-first3=Angathevar |editor-last4=Sheikh |editor-first4=Fayaz Ahmad |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

== Etymology and origin ==

The term ''talim'', which refers to a symbolic code and system of notation used by shawl and carpet artisans in their weaving processes, came to the Urdu language from the Arabic noun ''[[wiktionary:تعليم|taʻlim]]'' ({{lang|ar|تعليم}}),<ref>{{cite book|title=Urdu, an Essential Grammar |first=Ruth Laila |last=Schmidt |chapter=15. Arabic Elements in Urdu |page=258 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ek0yM6C5hHsC&dq=%D8%AA%D9%8E%D8%B9%D9%92%D9%84%D9%90%DB%8C%D9%85+urdu+arabic&pg=PA258 |via=[[Google Books]] |publisher=Psychology Press |date=1999 |isbn=9780415163804 |access-date=2023-02-08 }}</ref> which means "authoritative instruction",<ref name="Watt"/> "teaching",<ref name="Watt">{{Cite book |last=Watt |first=William Montgomery |author-link=W. Montgomery Watt |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.29446 |title=Islam and the Integration of Society |date=1961 |publisher=Routledge & Paul |pages=70 |location=London |language=en |oclc=255802 |quote= Similarly from their emphasis on 'authoritative teaching' (''ta'lim'') they are known as Ta'limiyyah. |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2023-02-06}}</ref> or "edification".<ref>{{Cite book|title=An English and Arabic Dictionary |first=Joseph |last=Catafago |date=1858 |oclc=2370934 |location= London |publisher=Bernard Quaritch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xp8CAAAAQAAJ&dq=%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85+arabic+dictionary&pg=PA482 |page=482 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2023-02-08 }}</ref> It means the same in Urdu and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]].{{cn|date=March 2023}} The Arabic noun originated from the second form of the Arabic root verb ''[[wiktionary:علم|ʻalima]]'' ({{Lang|ar|علم}}), which means "to know".<ref>{{Cite web |title=TALIM, DOCTRINE OF |first=Mumtaz Ali |last=Tajddin |url=http://heritage.ismaili.net/node/12535 |access-date=2023-02-04 |website=F.I.E.L.D - First Ismaili Electronic Library and Database |language=en }}</ref>

According to a local belief in [[Kashmir]], ''talim'' was introduced to them by Persian scholar and [[Sufism|Sufi Muslim]] saint [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]].{{cn|date=April 2023}} The belief notwithstanding, ''talim'' might have originated from Kashmir; [[Amritsar]] was the only place outside of [[Srinagar]] where ''talim'' was used, by migrated Kashmiri artisans.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PnRQAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Talim%22 |title=Textile Trends |date=1991 |publisher=Eastland Publications |pages=44 |language=en |access-date=2023-02-08 |location=Calcutta |oclc=2624953 |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>

== Technique ==

Whereas carpets are generally woven horizontally, providing weavers with a clear view of the progress they are making in creating designs, in Kashmir, carpets are woven vertically, so the weaver is reliant on the ''talim''.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

The ''talim'' technique forms fabrics by passing the [[Warp and weft|weft]] thread as per a given script that has design codes. Weavers use ''talim'' to weave the desired pattern with planned colours.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ''Talim'' involves teamwork when applying the technique, as the process of creating intricate fabric designs in weaving begins with the {{Lang|ur|Naqash}} (designer, who designs using pencils on graphs) meticulously crafting the design on a blank sheet of paper called a {{Lang|ur|naska}}, and the master, {{Lang|ur|Talim guru}}, making the colour codes and symbols for weft yarns that would interlace the warp to construct the desired design.<ref name="Dhamija">{{Cite book |editor-last1= Dhamija |editor-first1=Jasleen |editor-link1=Jasleen Dhamija |url=http://archive.org/details/handwoverfabrics00jasl |title=Handwoven Fabrics of India |editor-last2=Jain |editor-first2=Jyotindra |editor-link2=Jyotindra Jain |date=1989 |isbn=9780944142264 |pages=66, 68, 73, 74,128 |publisher=Mapin Publishing |location=[[Ahmedabad]] |via=[[Internet Archive]] |access-date=2023-02-08 }}</ref><ref name="Marg">{{Cite magazine |publisher=Marg Publications |location=Bombay |editor-first=Mulk Raj |editor-last=Anand |url=http://archive.org/details/oYyr_marg-pathway-a-magazine-of-arts-september-1965-edited-by-mulk-raj-anand-marg-publications-bomba |magazine=Marg Pathway: A Magazine of the Arts |title=Origin of Pile Carpets and Their Development in India |date=September 1965 |volume=XVIII |pages=6, 28 |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> He writes on a long strip of paper, in specific symbols, the colour codes, and the number of knots to be woven with each colour.<ref name=":0" /> {{Lang|Ur|Taraha guru}} collaborates with ''talim'' guru and is known as the artisan responsible for determining the colours.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dusenbury |first1=Mary M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=566AlluiHT0C&dq=talim+weaver+chant&pg=PA297 |title=Flowers, Dragons & Pine Trees: Asian Textiles in the Spencer Museum of Art |last2=Bier |first2=Carol |date=2004 |publisher=Hudson Hills |isbn=978-1-55595-238-9 |pages=297 |language=en}}</ref> {{Lang|ur|Talim uthana}} is a process or the act of "picking the codes" from the graph. A clerk called the {{Lang|ur|Talim Navis}} would record the step-by-step instructions for these numbers and colours, and thousands of low-paid and interchangeable weavers would read or recite the record to carry out the design. Afterward, a {{Lang|ur|talim}} copyist makes copies, which are needed when multiple looms weave the same product.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12" />

The script, which has been encoded, is deciphered and translated according to the specific guidelines of weavers in order to incorporate the design that is included within it.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Gagan Deep |date=2017-05-01 |title=Cognitive dimensions of talim: evaluating weaving notation through cognitive dimensions (CDs) framework |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-016-0788-z |journal=Cognitive Processing |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=145–157 |doi=10.1007/s10339-016-0788-z |issn=1612-4790 |pmid=28032252 |s2cid=254193837|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ''Talim'' has been compared to "[[Egyptian hieroglyphs|hieroglyphics]]"<ref name=":1" /> or as a "notational-cum-cryptographic system",<ref name=":2" /> as it is challenging to decipher and is unique to the shawls of Kashmir, which requires expertise to comprehend.<ref name=":1" /> According to researcher Gagan Deep Kaur, "The talim is widely held to be a trade secret of the community and has always been fiercely guarded by the owners."<ref name=":2" /> Those who use ''talim'' for shawl-making do not assign important tasks to women, because of the fear that the technique and knowledge may be divulged to other communities when the women are sent there to be married.<ref name=":1" />

The coded cards known as ''talim'' in the Kashmiri language were used for creating certain types of patterns in shawl weaving.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ames |first=Frank |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wT7rAAAAMAAJ&q=talim+was+coded+language |title=The Kashmir Shawl and Its Indo-French Influence |date=1986 |publisher=Antique Collectors' Club |isbn=978-0-907462-62-0 |pages=339 |language=en}}</ref> The ''talim'' technique is employed in the creation of [[Kani Shawl|kani shawls]], which originated from the [[Kanihama]] region of the Kashmir valley.<ref name="Marg"/><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2010-03-22 |title=Kashmir's famous Kani shawls get GI status |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/Kashmirrsquos-famous-Kani-shawls-get-GI-status/article16583623.ece |access-date=2023-01-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Carpet weaving adapted the technique from shawl making.<ref name="Marg"/> When Kashmiri artisans started to create carpets, they chose to continue using the ''talim'' rather than switching to a different method. The resurgence of the carpet industry in Amritsar during the last century resulted in the prevalent use of the ''talim'' technique among the local weavers, a majority of whom hailed from the region of Kashmir.<ref name="Gans-Ruedin">{{Cite book |last1=Gans-Ruedin |first1=Erwin |url=http://archive.org/details/inidancarpets00egan |title=Indian Carpets |date=1984 |via=[[Internet Archive]] |pages=20, 41 |translator-last1=Howard |translator-first1=Valerie |access-date=2023-02-08 |publisher=Rizzoli International Publications, Inc. |location=New York |isbn=9780847805518}}</ref>

=== Recitation of codes ===

''Talim'' was also communicated through recitation accompanied by a melodic chant or song. In traditional weaving practices, the use of chanting was common. The movement of the shuttles was synchronised with the song of the weaver, adding a musical rhythm to the instructions represented through hieroglyphics. The weaver's chant, "Two blue, one red, three yellow, two blue," served as a guide as they wove and replicated the designated pattern.<ref name="Kaur">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Gagan Deep |date=2020 |title=Linguistic mediation and code-to-weave transformation in Kashmiri carpet weaving |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1359183519862585 |journal=[[Journal of Material Culture]] |language=en |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=220–239 |doi=10.1177/1359183519862585 |issn=1359-1835 |quote= |s2cid=203053045|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jaitly |first=Jaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MFNuAAAAMAAJ&q=talim+weaver+chant+instructions |title=A Podium on the Pavement |date=2004 |publisher=UBSPD |isbn=978-81-7476-478-2 |pages=366 |language=en}}</ref>

== Usage ==
The first factories established in Amritsar around 1860 utilised Bokhara designs. However, Kashmiri weavers maintained their traditional techniques and employed the ''talim'', instead of a cartoon, for tying knots. As a result, Amritsar became the second location in the Indian subcontinent to use the ''talim''.<ref name="Gans-Ruedin"/>

The traditional weaving practices are still carried out in some parts of the Indian subcontinent. The exact date when ''talim'' was last used in the subcontinent varies depending on the region and the specific weaving community. Indian textile historian [[Jasleen Dhamija]] wrote in her {{As of|alt=1989|1989}} book ''Handwoven Fabrics of India'' that there were still some weavers in the Kashmiri village of [[Kanihama]] who applied ''talim'' in weaving shawls.<ref name="Dhamija" />

{{As of|2022}}, the carpet weavers in Kashmir were the only remaining users of ''talim'' in carpets, according to Zubair Ahmed, director of the Indian Institute of Carpet Technology.{{cn|date=April 2023}} The institute aims to preserve traditional Kashmiri carpet designs by digitising ''talim'' and training weavers in the technique.{{cn|date=April 2023}}

== Gallery ==
{{wide image|Talim Leitner 1882 carpet.png|900px|Example of a carpet ''talim'', transcribed by British orientalist [[Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner]] (1882)}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Weaving|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Culture of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Textile techniques]]
[[Category:Weaving]]
[[Category:Trade secrets]]
[[Category:Textile design]]
[[Category:Textile patterns]]
[[Category:Cryptography]]
[[Category:Encodings]]

Sabhasad Bakhar

2026-01-12T08:06:09Z

Bihar Region:

{{short description|Marathi language biography of Shivaji}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Sabhasad Bakhar
| author = Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad
| title_orig = Shri-Shiva-Prabhuche-Charitra
| orig_lang_code = mr
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| subject = Biography of [[Shivaji]]
| genre = [[Bakhar]]
| pub_date = 1697
| image = Sabhasad bakhar.jpg
}}

'''''Shri-Shiva-Prabhuche-Charitra''''' ([[IAST]]: Sri''-Aiva-Prabhuce-Caritra''), better known as '''''Sabhasad Bakhar''''', is a [[Marathi language]] biography of [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Empire]]. It was written by Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad at [[Gingee Fort|Jinji]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Jagadish Narayan Sarkar |title=History of history writing in medieval India |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12225 |year=1977 |publisher=Ratna |page=[https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12225/page/n30 6] }}</ref> at the court of Shivaji's son [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] in 1697.<ref>{{cite book |author=James W. Laine |title=Shivaji: Hindu King in Islamic India |url=https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain |url-access=registration |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566771-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/shivajihinduking0000lain/page/21 21] }}</ref>

The text describes several notable events in Shivaji's life, including Shivaji's [[Afzal Khan (general)#Meeting with Shivaji and death|killing of Afzal Khan]], his visit to and escape from the Mughal court, his coronation, and his meeting with Venkoji.<ref>{{cite book |author=K. Ayyappa Paniker |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA378 |year=1997 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |pages=377–378}}</ref> Since the author was a contemporary of Shivaji, it is considered the most reliable [[bakhar]] about the king's life.<ref name="Eaton2015">{{cite book |author=Richard Maxwell Eaton |title=The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300-1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA184 |year=2015 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5 |page=184 }}</ref>

The [https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10157030513711675.pdf Siva Chhatrapati volume] is the English translation of the Sabhasad Bakhar. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Sabhasada |first=Krshnaji Ananta |url=https://www.rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10157030513711675.pdf |title=Siva Chhatrapati: Being a Translation of Sabhasad Bakhar With Extracts From Chitnis and Sivadigvijya, With Notes |last2=Sen |first2=Surendra Nath |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1920 |location=Calcutta, India |language=English}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1697 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Bakhars]]
[[Category:Biographies of Shivaji]]

{{royal-bio-book-stub}}

Febi Mani

2026-01-08T00:30:57Z

Bihar Region: fixed layout additionally and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Febi Mani
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Playback singer|Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer
| years_active = 1997–present
| website =
}}

'''Febi Mani''' (also credited as '''Febi Srikanth Deva''') is an Indian [[playback singer]] who has worked in the Indian film industry. She worked extensively with [[A. R. Rahman]] during the late 1990s and early 2000s, while also regularly collaborating with [[Harris Jayaraj]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/playback-singer/febi-mani |title=Tamil Playback Singer Febi Mani |publisher=Nettv4u |date= |accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Early in her career, Mani collaborated frequently with [[A. R. Rahman]], working on big budget projects including for "Kokku Saiva Kokku" from [[K. S. Ravikumar]]'s ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' (1995), "Love Theme" from [[S. Shankar|Shankar]]'s ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]'' (1998) and "[[Dil Se Re]]" in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Dil Se]]'' (1998). The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called "Strawberry Kanne" from ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]'' (1997), sung by [[KK (singer)|Kay Kay]] and Febi Mani, "one of the most engaging tracks Rahman has ever composed", adding the musician employed "fabulous use of a motley assortment of instruments in the song that drove the story forward in the movie".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/music/top-10-tamil-songs-by-ar-rahman-you-should-have-on-your-playlist/story-QhcVESfuxM183PuBabga4J.html |title=Top 10 Tamil songs by AR Rahman you should have on your playlist |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=18 July 2017 |first=Karthik |last=Kumar |accessdate=30 December 2018}}</ref> Other notable early work by the singer included "Kanni Pengal" from the [[Ajith Kumar]]-starrer ''[[Kaadhal Mannan]]'' (1998), "Kikku Yerudhey" from ''[[Padayappa]]'' (1999) and "Oh Mariya" from ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' (1999).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ajithfans.com/music-review-kadhal-mannan/ |title=Music Review - Kadhal Mannan - Ajithfans - Actor Ajith Kumar E-Fans Association |publisher=Ajithfans |date= |accessdate=4 November 2017 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107020727/http://www.ajithfans.com/music-review-kadhal-mannan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.last.fm/music/Febi+Mani/+wiki |title=Febi Mani's Biography — Free listening, videos, concerts, stats and photos at |publisher=Last.fm |date=1 January 1970 |accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref>

After her marriage, Mani reduced her work commitments and has worked on film albums less often.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/veerasaami-tamil-movie-songs-7241 |title=Veerasaami Music Review |website=IndiaGlitz |accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mani married music director [[Srikanth Deva]] on 20 February 2005 in Chennai. The event was attended by several film personalities from the Tamil film industry including [[Rajinikanth]], [[A. R. Rahman]] and [[Suriya]], who were acquainted with either Mani, Srikanth or Srikanth's father, music composer [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]. Their first daughter, Varanya, was born in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/22-2-05/srikanthdeva_wed.htm |title=Srikanth Deva's Wedding |website=Behindwoods |date=22 February 2005 |accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/srikanth-deva-and-febi-got-married-news-tamil-kkfv8eaaajdsi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107004209/http://www.sify.com/movies/srikanth-deva-and-febi-got-married-news-tamil-kkfv8eaaajdsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 November 2017 |title=Srikanth Deva and Febi got married! |website=[[Sify]] |date= |accessdate=4 November 2017}}</ref>

==Notable discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#f5f5f5;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song title !! Music director
|-
| 1995
| ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]''
| "Kokku Saiva Kokku" || [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1997
| ''[[Bharathi Kannamma]]''
| "Chinna Chinna Kanamma" || [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
|-
| ''[[Minsara Kanavu]]''
| "Strawberry Kanne" || A. R. Rahman
|-
| rowspan="4" | 1998
| ''[[Kaadhal Mannan]]''
| "Kanni Pengal" || [[Bharadwaj (composer)|Bharadwaj]]
|-
| ''[[Bavagaru Bagunnara?]]'' (Telugu)
| "Maattekki Thooge" || [[Mani Sharma]]
|-
| ''[[Jeans (film)|Jeans]]''
| "Love Theme" || rowspan="7" | A. R. Rahman
|-
| ''[[Dil Se]]'' (Hindi)
| "[[Dil Se Re]]"
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1999
| ''[[Padayappa]]''
| "Kikku Yerudhey"
|-
| ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]''
| "Oh Mariya"
|-
| ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' - Telugu (D)
| "Oh Mariya"
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Taj Mahal (1999 film)|Taj Mahal]]''
| "Adi Manjakelange"
|-
| "Kizhakke Nandavanam"
|-
| 2000
| ''[[Kadhalar Dhinam]]'' - Hindi (D)
| "Oh Mariya" || [[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2001
| ''[[12B]]''
| "Jothi Neranjava" || rowspan="2" | [[Harris Jayaraj]]
|-
| ''[[Majunu]]''
| "Hari Gori"
|-
| ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]''
| "Krishna Krishna" || [[Karthik Raja]]
|-
| ''[[Paarthale Paravasam]]''
| "Paarthale Paravasam" || A. R. Rahman
|-
| ''[[Hoo Anthiya Uhoo Anthiya]]'' (Kannada)
| "Minchulli Kenne" || Karthik Raja
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2002
| ''[[Kannathil Muthamittal]]''
| "Vidai Kodu Engal Naadae" || A. R. Rahman
|-
| ''[[Thulluvadho Ilamai]]''
| "Kaatrukku Kaatrukku" || [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2004
| ''[[M. Kumaran Son of Mahalakshmi]]''
| "Yaaru Yaaru Ivano" || [[Srikanth Deva]]
|-
| ''[[Arasatchi]]''
| "Iruvathu Vayasu" || rowspan="2" | Harris Jayaraj
|-
| ''[[Gharshana]]'' (Telugu)
| "Aadatanamaa"
|-
| ''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]'' (Hindi)
| "Phir Milenge" || Bhavatharini
|-
| ''[[Jithan]]''
| "Coimbatore" || Srikanth Deva
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]''
| "Kanavugal" || rowspan="2" | Harris Jayaraj
|-
| ''[[Anniyan]]''
| "Stranger in Black"
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Peraanmai]]'' || "Thuppaaki Penne" || Vidyasagar
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|1917118}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mani, Febi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

List of rock-cut temples in India

2025-12-27T13:04:38Z

Bihar Region: improved article

{{Short description|None}}
This is a partial [[List of caves|list]] of [[India]]n [[rock-cut architecture|rock-cut]] temples by state or union territory.

{{Incomplete list|date=February 2025}}

==Andhra Pradesh==
[[File:Akkanna Madanna caves Indrakeeladri Vijayawada03.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Akkana and Madanna cave temple|Akkanna Madanna Caves]], [[Vijayawada]]]]
[[File:Bojjana Konda statue 03.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Bojjannakonda]] Caves and Hilltop Monastery, [[Anakapalle]], [[Visakhapatnam district]]]]
[[File:Caves on Dhammalingesvarasvami Hill 05.JPG|thumb|200px|Caves at Guntupalle]]
[[File:Bhairava Kona, Prakasam district, Andhra Pradesh.jpg|thumb|200px|Bhairava Kona]]
* [[Akkana and Madanna cave temple|Akkanna Madanna Caves]], [[Vijayawada]]
* [[Belum Caves]], [[Kurnool district]]
* [[Prakasam district#Bhairava Kona Caves|Bhairavakona Caves]], Hindu temple caves located at Ambavaram Kothapalli, CS Pur Mandal, [[Prakasam district]]
* [[Ramateertham#Bodhikonda|Bodhikonda]] and [[Ramateertham#Durgakonda .28Ghanikonda.29|Ghanikonda]] Caves, [[Ramatheertham]], [[Vizianagaram district]]
* [[Bojjannakonda]] and Lingalakonda, Anakapalle, Visakhapatnam district
* [[Borra Caves]], [[Aruku Valley]], Visakhapatnam district
* [[Guntupalli Group of Buddhist Monuments|Guntupalle Caves]] (near [[Dwaraka Tirumala]]), [[West Godavari district]], popularly known as "Andhra Ajanta", believed to pre-date even the Ajanta and Ellora caves of [[Maharashtra]]
* [[Mogalrajapuram Caves]]
* [[Undavalli Caves]], [[Guntur district]]
* [[Srimukhalingam]], [[Srikakulam district]]

==Assam==
[[File:Rock cut temple, Maibang.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Cave temple at Maibong]]
* Longthaini Noh, [[Maibong]], [[Dima Hasao]]
* Dudhnath, [[jogighopa]], [[district|Bongaigaon]]

== Bihar ==
* [[Son Bhandar Caves]]
* [[Barabar Caves]]
* [[Lomas Rishi Cave]]s

==Goa==
* Harvalem Caves, Sanquelim, Goa 403505, {{Circa|6th century}}.

==Gujarat==
* [[Dhank Caves]]
* [[Junagadh Buddhist Cave Groups]], Junagadh district
* [[Bava Pyara Caves]]
* [[Kadia Dungar Caves]]
* [[Khambhalida Caves]]
* [[Sana Caves]]
* [[Siyot Caves]], Lakhpat Taluka, [[Kutch district]]
* [[Talaja Caves]], [[Bhavnagar district]]

==Haryana==
None of these have been studied scientifically yet.
* [[Dhosi Hill]] cave temple in [[Aravalli range|Aravalli Mountain Range]], [[Narnaul]], [[Mahendragarh district]]
* [[Yamuna Nagar district#Nar Narayan Cave Temple|Nar Narayan Cave Temple]] in [[Sivalik Hills]] range, [[Yamuna Nagar district]]
* [[Tosham]] Hill cave temple in [[Aravalli range|Aravalli Mountain Range]], Hisar-Tosham road, [[Bhiwani district]]

==Himachal Pradesh==
[[File:MONOLITHIC ROCK CUT TEMPLES, MASROOR.JPG|thumb|Rock Cut Temple, Masroor]]
*[[Masroor Rock Cut Temple]]
Fifteen rock-cut temples in the Indo-Aryan style are richly carved. This is a unique monolithic structure in the sub-Himalayan region.
The main shrine contains three stone images of [[Rama]], [[Lakshmana]] and [[Sita]]. The temple complex is located on a hill and has a large rectangular water pond. The temple complex is believed to have been built by the [[Pandava]] during their exile; the exact date is not known. The ancient name of the city [[Kangra, Himachal Pradesh|Kangra]] was Bhimnagar, founded by [[Bhima]], one of the [[Pandava]] brothers.

==Karnataka==
[[Image:Ravana Phadi cave (inside view) at Aihole.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ravana Phadi cave, [[Aihole]], in [[Karnataka]]]]
* [[Aihole]]
* [[Pattadakal]]
* [[Badami cave temples]]
* [[Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple]]
* [[Hulimavu Shiva cave temple]]
* [[Narasimha Jharni]]
* [[Nellitheertha Cave Temple]]

==Jammu and Kashmir==
* [[Amarnath Temple]] (pahalgam) (Kashmir)
* [[Vaishno Devi]] Temple (katra) (Jammu)

==Kerala==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* Airurpara
* [[Ambukuthi mala]]
* [[Edakkal Caves]]
* Irunilamcode
* [[Kallil Temple]]
* [[Kaviyoor#Cave temple|Kaviyoor]]
* [[Kottukal cave temple|Kottukal]]
* [[Trikkur Mahadeva Temple]]
* [[Nedumala caves, Piralimattam]]
* Thovarimala Ezhuthupara
* Tuvarankad
* [[Vizhinjam]]
}}

==Madhya Pradesh==
* [[Bagh Caves]]
* [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]]
* [[Lohani Caves]]
* [[Udaygiri Caves]]

==Maharashtra==
[[Image:Thomas-Daniell-Mountain-of-Ellora-3.jpg|thumb|150px|Painting of the mountain of Ellora, by [[Thomas Daniell]] (1803)]]
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Ajanta Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Aurangabad Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Bedse Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Bhaja Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Dharashiv Caves]] - Jain, Buddhist
* [[Elephanta Caves]] – Buddhist, Hindu, Brahmanical
* [[Ellora Caves]] – Hindu, Buddhist, Jain
* [[Jogeshwari Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Kanheri Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Karla Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Kharosa Caves]] - Buddhist, Hindu, Jain
* [[Kondana Caves]] - Buddhist
* [[Kondivita Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Lenyadri]] – Buddhist
* [[Mahakali Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Mandapeshwar Caves]] – Buddhist, Hindu
* [[Pandavleni Caves]] – Buddhist
* [[Pataleshwar]], [[Pune]] – Hindu
* [[Pitalkhora]] Caves - Buddhist
* [[Bahrot Caves]] - Zoroastrian
* [[Manmodi Caves]] - Buddhist, Jain
}}

==Odisha==
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
*[[Ajaikapada Bhairava Temple]]
*[[Ananta Shayana]]
*[[Ananta Vasudeva Temple]]
*[[Anantasaayi Vishnu Temple]]
*[[Annakoteshvara Temple]]
*[[Bhattarika Temple]]
*[[Brahma Temple, Bindusagar]]
*[[Brahma Temple, Niali]]
*[[Brahmeswara]]
*[[Chateshwar Temple]]
* Chausath Jogini Mandir
*[[Dhabaleswar]]
*[[Dharakote]]
*[[Durga Temple, Baideshwar]]
*[[Durga Temple, Motia]]
*[[Gupteswar Cave]]
*[[Harihara Deula]], [[Boudh district|Boudh]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Twin Temple of Gandharadi | url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/May-June/engpdf/89-95.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721161634/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2010/May-June/engpdf/89-95.pdf | archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref>
*[[Harishankar Temple]]
*[[Jagannath Temple]]
*[[Kapilash Temple]]
*[[Kedareswar Temple]]
*[[Khiching]]
*[[Kichakeshwari Temple]]
*[[Konark]]
*[[Lingaraja Temple]]
*[[Lokanatha Temple]]
*[[Maa Ugra Tara]]
*[[Mahavinayak Temple]]
*[[Mahendragiri, Orissa]]
*[[Manikeshwari Temple]]
*[[Markandeshwar Temple]]
*[[Mukteshvara Temple, Bhubaneswar|Mukteswar Temple]]
*[[Narayana Gosain Temple]]
*[[Nilamadhav Temple]]
*[[Nrusinghanath Temple]]
*[[Panchalingeshwar]]
*[[Parsurameswar Temple]]
*[[Patali Srikhetra]]
*[[Ranipur-Jharial]]
*[[Rajarani Temple]]
*[[Ramachandi Temple]]
*[[Rameshwar Deula]]
*[[Sakshigopal Temple]]
*[[Saptamatruka Temple]]
*[[Simhanath Temple]]
*[[Subarnameru Temple]]
*[[Sureswari temple]]
*[[Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves]]
*[[Upper Bagh Devi Temple]]
*[[Vaital Deula]]
*[[Varahi Deula, Chaurasi]]
*[[Yajna Nrisimha Temple]]
*[[Yameshwar Temple]]
}}

==Tamil Nadu==
{{main|List of rock-cut monuments in Tamil Nadu}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Armamalai Cave]]
* [[Atiranachanda Cave Temple]], [[Saluvankuppam village]]
* [[Cholapandiyapuram#Andimalai|Andimalai Stone beds]], [[Cholapandiyapuram]]
* [[Dalavanur]]
* [[Ennayiram#Ennayira Malai .28Ancient Jain cave.2C beds and inscriptions.29|Ennayira Malai]]
* [[Karpaka Vinayakar Temple|Pillaiyarpatti]] – dedicated to Lord [[Ganesha]]
* [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]]
* [[Vettuvan Koil]]
* [[Kalugasalamoorthy Temple]]
* [[Kalugumalai]]
* [[Kalugumalai Jain Beds]]
* [[Kanchiyur#Jain cave and stone beds|Kanchiyur Jain cave and stone beds]]
* Kudumiyanmalai temple<ref name="Pallava">{{cite news|title=Study uncovers interesting details of cave temple architecture|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article852218.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 October 2010|location=India}}</ref>
* [[Kupalantham Poigai malai Jain Cave Temple]]
* Kuranganil Muttam
* [[Mahabalipuram]]
* [[Mahendravadi]] (near [[Arakonam]])
* [[Mamandur]] (near [[Kanchi]])
* [[Mandagapattu Tirumurti Temple]] (Mahendra Pallava's)
* [[Mangulam]]
* [[Namakkal]] – Lord [[Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal|Narasimha]]'s cave temple
* [[Namakkal]] – Lord [[Ranganatha]]'s cave temple
* [[Narthamalai]]
* [[Nehanurpatti#Adukkankal|Adukkankal]], [[Nehanurpatti]]
* [[Onampakkam#Kurathimalai|Kurathimalai]], [[Onampakkam]]
* [[Keelavalavu#Panchapandavar Malai|Panchapandavar Malai]]
* Pechipalai temple<ref name="Pallava" />
* [[Rockfort Ucchi Pillayar Temple]]
* Satyamurthi Perumal temple<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn_rockcutvishnu.asp|title=Rock-cut Vishnu temple|publisher=Archaeological Survey of India|access-date=14 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419090021/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_tn_rockcutvishnu.asp|archive-date=19 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Samanar Hills]]
* [[Singaperumalkoil]] – Lord Ugra Narasimha resides inside a cave in yoga posture
* [[Senji Singavaram Ranganatha Temple]]<ref name="Villupuram">{{cite web|url=http://www.viluppuram.tn.nic.in/tourist3.htm|title=District Tourist Places|publisher=Villupuram district, Tamil Nadu Government|access-date=14 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062822/http://www.viluppuram.tn.nic.in/tourist3.htm|archive-date=4 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Sittanavasal Cave]]
* Sivan kovil-Arittapatti<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tnarch.gov.in/cons/temple/temple33.htm |title=Rock cut Sivan kovil |publisher=Archaeology department, Tamil Nadu Government |access-date=14 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401103555/http://www.tnarch.gov.in/cons/temple/temple33.htm |archive-date=1 April 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Seeyamangalam]]
* [[Shri Brahadambal Temple]], [[Thirukkokarnam]]
* [[Vallimalai|Sri Balasubramaniaswami Temple - Valli Malai]] (Valli Malai, Vellore district)
* Thalavanur<ref name="Villupuram" />
* [[Thirakoil]]
* [[Thirumayam]] – Lord [[Perumal]] in standing and lying position (Anantasayanam)
* [[Thirunadhikkara Cave Temple]]
* [[Thiruparankundram]] – dedicated to Lord [[Muruga]]
* [[Thiruvellarai]]
* [[Tirukalukundram]] (on hilltop) - 6th-century temple
* [[Tirumalai (Jain complex)]]
* [[Varaha Cave Temple]]
* [[Adi varahaswamy temple]], [[Dharmapuri]]
* Vishnu temple – Malayadipatti<ref>{{cite news|title=Cave temple cries for attention|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/06/10/stories/2011061050650300.htm|newspaper=The Hindu|date=10 June 2011|location=India|access-date=14 November 2011|archive-date=9 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709122508/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2011/06/10/stories/2011061050650300.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

==Uttarakhand==
* [[Patal Bhuvaneshwar]]

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Society|Religion|Hinduism}}
* [[Cave research in India]]
* [[Indian rock-cut architecture]]
* [[List of caves]]
* [[List of caves#India|List of caves in India]]
* [[List of colossal sculpture in situ]]
* [[List of India cave temples]]
* [[Speleology]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|last=Fergusson|first=James|title=The Rock-Cut Temples of India|url=https://archive.org/stream/rockcuttemplesof00ferg#page/n5/mode/2up|year=1864|publisher=John Murray, London}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Caves in India}}
* [[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic Magazine]] (2008). ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20080306025850/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/01/india-ancient-art/map-interactive Faces of the Divine: India's Ancient Art – Interactive Map]''.

{{Caves}}

[[Category:Caves of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of caves in India|Temples]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India| ]]
[[Category:Lists of religious buildings and structures in India|Cave temples]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples|*]]

Achherr Bhaardwaj

2025-12-27T08:01:43Z

Bihar Region: created new entry...

{{short description|Indian television actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2021}}{{Infobox person
| name = Achherr Bhaardwaj
| image = Tu Mera Hero, actor Achherr.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bhaardwaj in 2016
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|model}}
| years_active = 2014–present
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Tu Mera Hero]]'' as Mukund Agarwal
| height =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| parents =
| relatives =
}}

'''Achherr Bhaardwaj''' is an Indian television actor, known for his role Mukund Agarwal in ''[[Tu Mera Hero]]''.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Tu-Mera-Hero-On-the-sets/articleshow/47540341.cms |title=Tu Mera Hero – On the sets |website=Times Of India}}</ref>

==Television==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2014–2015 || ''[[Tu Mera Hero]]'' || Mukund Agarwal
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Krishnadasi (2016 TV series)|Krishnadasi]]'' || David Fernandes / Devesh
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Pehredaar Piya Ki]]''|| Mohakpratap Singh
|-
| 2017–2018 || ''[[Rishta Likhenge Hum Naya]]'' || Mohakpratap Singh
|-
| 2020–2021 || ''[[Shaadi Mubarak]]'' || Sumedh Kothari
|-
| 2020–2021 || ''[[Aye Mere Humsafar]]'' || Lakhan Kothari
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Amma Ke Babu Ki Baby]]'' || Preet
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Mose Chhal Kiye Jaaye]]'' || Amreek
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8636749}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaardwaj, Achherr}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Gustakh Dil

2025-12-24T19:21:48Z

Bihar Region:

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| caption =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| runtime = 24 Approx.
| creator = [[Ravi Ojha Productions]]
| writer = Mitali Bhattacharya
| director = [[Rakesh Kumar (film director)|Rakesh Kumar]] [[Inder Das]]
| producer = [[Mitali Bhattacharya]] [[Ravi Ojha]]
| executive_producer = [[Tapasya]] [[Farheen Amber]]
| starring = [[Sana Amin Sheikh]] [[Vibhav Roy]] [[Parvati Sehgal]] [[Ankush Arora]] [[Soni Singh]] [[Meghna Malik]] Rajiv Kumar [[Shritama Mukherjee]] Rumi Khan [[Scott Adkins]]
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Gustakh dil
| editor = [[Janak Chauhan]]
| cinematography =
| company = [[Ravi Ojha Productions]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 334
| network = [[Life OK]]
| country = India
| location =
| language = Hindi
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2013|8|5}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2014|11|14}}
| related = [[Bou Kotha Kao]]
}}
'''''Gustakh Dil''''' ({{translation}} ''Audacious Heart'') is an Indian television [[soap opera]] which premiered on 5 August 2013 and ended on 14 November 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-01|title=New show to present wife as third wheel|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/new-show-to-present-wife-as-third-wheel_140128.html|access-date=2019-09-01|website=Zee News|language=en}}</ref> It is a remake of the Bengali series ''[[Bou Kotha Kao]]'', and was aired on [[Life OK]] during weekdays.<ref>{{Cite news|title=From 'Bhutu' to 'Sreemoyee': Bengali shows which are remade in other languages|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/from-bhutu-to-sreemoyee-bengali-shows-which-are-remade-in-other-languages/bou-katha-kao-gustakh-dil/photostory/74388411.cms?|website=The Times of India|date=28 February 2020 }}</ref> It showed the stories of Laajo, Nikhil and Ishana.

Laajo is a simpleton from a village, and Nikhil is a cool guy who is madly in love with his childhood sweetheart, Ishana. Laajo becomes the second woman in Nikhil's life.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Payal-Rajput-Garima-Shrivastav-in-Gustakh-Dil/articleshow/21004889.cms|title=Payal Rajput & Garima Shrivastav in Gustakh Dil - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 July 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>

==Plot==

Nikhil plans to celebrate his birthday in [[Sonbarsa, Sitamarhi|Sonbarsa]] where Nikhil's grandfather and aunt (''bua)'' live. He plans to go with his childhood sweetheart Ishana but she refuses. There he meets a challenging but simple girl named Laajo who lives with her mother and sisters. Nikhil and Laajo clash playfully on several occasions. A number of circumstances lead Nikhil to unwillingly marry Laajo and bring her to the city with him.

Laajo struggles to fit in with Nikhil and his family, unaware of how things in a modern house work. Gradually, she tries to build an equation with him and his family.

Nikhil becomes annoyed with Laajo for not informing him about her trip to Sonbarsa. Kunal wishes to get engaged to Ishana. Nikhil reads Laajo's letter, becoming dejected on learning that Laajo has left him so he can reunite with Ishana. He visits Sonbarsa and after many attempts, wins Laajo's heart. The two are deeply in love while Barkha has sworn to never let Laajo return to her house. Laajo becomes a star with the help of Sagar and Anjali. She takes up the stage name of Trishna. At last Barkha accepts Laajo. Ayesha marries Adhiraj. The show ends on a happy note with Radha and LD coming to promote their show ''[[Mere Rang Mein Rangne Waali]]'' which replaced ''Gustakh Dil.''

== Cast ==
* [[Sana Amin Sheikh]] as Laajwanti "Laajo" Bhardwaj / Trishna; Saraswati and Ram Bachan's elder daughter; Dhani's elder sister; Nikhil's wife; Sagar 's bestfriend
* [[Vibhav Roy]] as Nikhil Bhardwaj; Barkha and Inder's son; Ayeash and Gunja's brother; Laajwanti's husband; Ishana's boyfriend
* [[Parvati Sehgal]] as Ishana, Nikhil's girlfriend
* [[Shritama Mukherjee]] as Jasmine
* [[Soni Singh]] as Anaya
* Rumi Khan as Indrasena
* [[Meghna Malik]] as Barkha Bhardwaj, Nikhil's mother<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/idiotbox/-ammaji-meghna-malik-goes-modern-in-gustakh-dil_140525.html|title='Ammaji' Meghna Malik goes modern in 'Gustakh Dil'|date=2013-08-07|website=Zee News|language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Meghna-Malik-Gustakh-Dil-Na-Aana-Is-Des-Laado/articleshow/23644469.cms|title=People still get shocked when they see me in real life: Meghna Malik - Times of India|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2019-09-01 |last1=Maheshwri |first1=Neha }}</ref>
* [[Indraneel Bhattacharya]] as Inder Bhardwaj, Nikhil's father<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Indraneel-opposite-Meghna-Malik-in-Gustakh-Dil/articleshow/20758037.cms|title=Indraneel opposite Meghna Malik in Gustakh Dil - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=25 June 2013 |language=en|access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref>
* Rajiv Kumar as Samrat, Nikhil's uncle
*[[Ankita Sharma]] as Nikhil's Maami
* [[Garima Vikrant Singh]] as Saraswati, Laajo's mother
* Sushil Bounthiyal as Ram Bachan, Laajo's father
* [[Siddhant Karnick]] as Sagar Khurana, Superstar and Laajo's mentor
* Shraddha Jaiswal as Ayesha Adhiraj Ranawat
* Jyoti Sharma as Gunja Bhardwaj
* [[Eva Ahuja]] as Anjali, Samrat's ex-wife
* [[Ankush Arora]] as Rishi, Samrat's son
* [[Leena Jumani]] as Ratri Sharma
* [[Scott Adkins]] as Bhattacharya
* Tanushree Kaushal / [[Anushka Singh]] as Aditi, Ishana's mother
* [[Sayantani Ghosh]] as Aarohi Sagar Khurana
* Sharhaan Singh as Siddharth
* Simmi Ghoshal as Neighbor
* [[Faisal Raza Khan]] as Kabir
* [[Chaitanya Choudhury]]
* [[Namrata Thapa]]
* [[Iqbal Azad]]
* [[Anita Kanwal]] as Nanima
* Shahrukh Sadri as Sagar's manager

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;" |Notes
|-
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|''[[Bou Kotha Kao]]'' বৰ কথা কও
|5 January 2009
|[[Star Jalsha]]
|14 January 2012
|Original
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''[[Man Udhan Varyache]]'' मन उधाण वाऱ्याचे
|27 July 2009
|[[Star Pravah]]
|1 October 2011
|rowspan="2"|Remake
|-
|[[Hindi]]
|''Gustakh Dil'' गुस्ताख दिल
|5 August 2013
|[[Life OK]]
|4 November 2014
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/gustakh-dil/105 Gustakh Dil] on [[Hotstar]]
*{{IMDb title|id=tt8056962}}

{{Life OK Programmes}}

[[Category:2013 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Life OK original programming]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]

Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-14T09:29:18Z

Bihar Region: stub

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Ramtek
| type = LS
| map_image ={{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Maharashtra/Ramtek.map}}
| map_caption =Ramtek Lok Sabha Constituency map
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| union_territory =
| established = 1952
| electors = 20,49,085 (2024)<ref>{{Cite web| title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | date=2024-05-25 | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | archive-date=2024-05-25}}</ref>
| assembly_cons = [[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]] [[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]] [[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna]] [[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]] [[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]] [[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]
| latest_election_year = 2024
| reservation = SC
| mp = [[Shyamkumar Barve|Shyamkumar Daulat Barve]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| preceded_by = [[Krupal Tumane|Krupal Balaji Tumane]]
}}
'''Ramtek''' is one of the 48 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in the state of [[Maharashtra]] in western [[India]]. The constituency did not exist during the [[Indian general election, 1951–52|Indian general elections of 1951-52]] for the [[1st Lok Sabha]]. It was created for [[1957 Indian general election]] for the [[2nd Lok Sabha]], with abolition of the [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati West]] constituency in the neighbouring [[Amravati district]].

==Assembly segments==
Presently, Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency comprises six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments. These segments are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=25 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
! No
! Name
! District
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in Lok Sabha 2024)}}
|-
|48
|[[Katol Assembly constituency|Katol]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Nagpur district|Nagpur]]
|[[Charansing Thakur]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=6}}
|-
|49
|[[Savner Assembly constituency|Savner]]
|[[Ashish Deshmukh|Dr. Ashish R. Deshmukh]]
|-
|50
|[[Hingna Assembly constituency|Hingna]]
|[[Sameer Meghe]]
|-
|51
|[[Umred Assembly constituency|Umred]] (SC)
|[[Sanjay Meshram]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|58
|[[Kamthi Assembly constituency|Kamthi]]
|[[Chandrashekhar Bawankule]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|59
|[[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek]]
|[[Ashish Jaiswal]]
|{{party name with color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}
|}

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Krishnarao Gulabrao Deshmukh|Krishnarao Deshmukh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|Madhavrao Bhagwantrao Patil
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Amrut Ganpat Sonar]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|1974^
|Ram Hedaoo
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|rowspan="2"|Jatiram Barve
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|rowspan="2"|[[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|Raje Tejsinghrao Bhonsle
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Datta Meghe]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Rani Chitralekha Bhonsle]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Subodh Mohite]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|2007^
|[[Prakash Jadhav]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Mukul Wasnik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Krupal Tumane]]
| {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Shyamkumar Barve]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}
^ by-poll

==Election results==
===General elections 2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Ramtek]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ramtek">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ramtek |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S139.htm |accessdate=6 December 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206091345/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S139.htm |archivedate=6 December 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Shyamkumar Barve]]
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes= 6,13,025
|percentage= 48.94
|change={{increase}}9.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Raju Devnath Parwe]]
|party= Shiv Sena (2022–present)
|votes=5,36,257
|percentage=42.81
|change={{decrease}}7.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Sandip Sahadeo Meshram
|party= Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes=26,098
|percentage=2.08
|change={{decrease}}1.62
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Kishore Uttamrao Gajbhiye
|party= Independent
|votes=24,383
|percentage=1.95
|change=''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 7,827
|percentage = 0.62
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes =76,768
|percentage =6.13
|change ={{decrease}}4.47
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =12,52,512
|percentage =61.13
|change ={{decrease}}1.17
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Ramtek]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Krupal Balaji Tumane|Krupal Tumane]]
|votes = 5,94,827
|percentage = 49.90
|change = {{increase}}0.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kishore Uttamrao Gajbhiye
|votes = 4,68,738
|percentage = 39.30
|change = {{increase}}6.55
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Subhash Dharamdas Gajbhiye
|votes = 44,327
|percentage = 3.70
|change = {{decrease}}5.35
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Vanchit Bahujan Aghadi
|candidate = Kiran Rodge
|votes = 36,218
|percentage = 3.04
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,26,783
|percentage = 10.60
|change = {{decrease}}6.13
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,97,805
|percentage = 62.30
|change = {{decrease}}0.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}

{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Ramtek]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Krupal Tumane|Krupal Balaji Tumane]]
|votes = 5,19,892
|percentage = 49.48
|change = {{increase}}10.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mukul Wasnik]]
|votes = 3,44,101
|percentage = 32.75
|change = {{decrease}}7.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kiran Prem Kumar Rodge
|votes = 95,051
|percentage = 9.05
|change = {{increase}}0.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Pratap Goswami
|votes = 25,889
|percentage = 2.46
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Goutam Shriram Wasnik
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 6,353
|percentage = 0.60
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 4,816
|percentage = 0.46
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,75,791
|percentage = 16.73
|change = {{increase}}14.55
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,50,640
|percentage = 62.64
|change = {{increase}}11.76
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Ramtek]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Mukul Balkrishna Wasnik|Mukul Wasnik]]
|votes = 3,11,614
|percentage = 40.74
|change = {{increase}}6.64
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Krupal Tumane]]
|votes = 2,94,913
|percentage = 38.56
|change = {{decrease}}3.46
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prakashbhau Tembhurne
|votes = 62,238
|percentage = 8.13
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 16,701
|percentage = 2.18
|change = {{decrease}}2.87
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,64,712
|percentage = 50.88
|change = {{increase}}
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Bye-election 2007===
{{Election box begin | title=Bye-Election, 2007: Ramtek}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Prakash Jadhav|Prakash Bhagwantrao Jadhav]]
|votes = 2,31,241
|percentage = 42.02
|change = {{decrease}}6.06
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Subodh Baburao Mohite]]
|votes = 1,98,669
|percentage = 34.10
|change = {{decrease}}12.29
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Ranjeet Deshmukh]]
|votes = 79,638
|percentage = 14.47
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rahul Sukhdeo Telang
|votes = 15,822
|percentage = 2.87
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 32,572
|percentage = 5.05
|change = {{increase}}1.79
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 5,50,284
|percentage = 46.91
|change = {{decrease}}9.43
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2004===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections]]: [[Ramtek]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Shiv Sena
|candidate = [[Subodh Mohite]]
|votes = 2,76,598
|percentage = 48.08
|change = {{increase}}12.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Dr. [[Shrikant Jichkar]]
|votes = 2,62,550
|percentage = 46.39
|change = {{increase}}12.94
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prof. Chandansingh Rotele
|votes = 56,423
|percentage = 19.45
|change = {{increase}}17.03
}}

{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,098
|percentage = 3.26
|change = {{increase}}1.57
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,47,268
|percentage =56.34
|change ={{decrease}}9.30
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Shiv Sena
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ramtek]]
* [[Nagpur district]]
* [[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency]] (for 1951 elections as Amravati West Lok Sabha constituency )
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{coord|21.4|79.3|display=title}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/maharashtra/ramtek/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Ramtek lok sabha constituency election 2019 results details]

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Nagpur district]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Bombay State]]

Talcher Autonomous College

2025-11-19T06:52:09Z

Bihar Region: updated

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{one source|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Talcher Autonomous College
| image =
| image_name =
| caption =
| motto =
| established = 1969
| type = [[Govt Aided, Autonomous]]
| undergrad = [[Bachelor of Science|Bsc]], [[BCom]], [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]
| administrative_staff = 115+
| students = 1504
| president = Shri Pratap Pritimaya (ADM Angul)
| principal = Major Subrat Kumar Das
| rector =
| chancellor =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Talcher]]
| state = [[Odisha]]
| country = [[India]]
| campus = Urban {{convert|31.945|acre|m2}}
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| coor = {{coord|20.956027|85.221578|region:IN-OR_type:edu|display=inline, title}}
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] (UGC), [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]] (NAAC), [[Utkal University]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.tac.ac.in}}
}}
'''Talcher Autonomous College''', [[Talcher]], is a degree college offering instruction in Arts, Science and Commerce.<ref name="Talcher Autonomous College, Talcher, Angul">{{cite web |url= http://www.rtiodisha.gov.in/pa/T1RILzM4LzU2OTAvMQ== |title=Talcher Autonomous College, Talcher, Angul |work=RTI |access-date=13 Jan 2018}}</ref>
it also offers Vocational Education in two trades and Elective subjects in [[Computer Science]] and [[Bio-Technology]].

==History==
The college was founded as a Tutorial College in 1969, in a rented building overlooking the river Brahmani. It subsequently got approval and University affiliation for Intermediate in Arts (IA) from the session 1970-71, The [[IGNOU]] authorities has chosen '''Talcher Autonomous College''' as a Special study Center in the year 2005 considering the demand of the local people.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website |http://www.talchercollege.org/ }}

{{Department of Higher Education, Odisha}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Department of Higher Education (Odisha)]]
[[Category:Autonomous Colleges of Odisha]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Odisha]]
[[Category:Angul district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1969]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in Orissa]]

Severus of Vienne

2025-11-04T08:42:25Z

Bihar Region: quick update

{{Short description|Indian-born French saint}}
{{Infobox saint
| honorific_prefix= Saint
| name = Severus of Vienne
| honorific_suffix=
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| titles =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[India]]
| home_town =
| residence =
| death_date = c. 455 A.D.
| death_place = [[Italy]]
| venerated_in =
| beatified_date =
| beatified_place =
| beatified_by =
| canonized_date =
| canonized_place =
| canonized_by =
| major_shrine =
| feast_day = 8 August
| attributes = Holding a devil in a chain<ref>{{cite book |last1=Husenbeth |first1=F. C. (Frederick Charles) |last2=Jessopp |first2=Augustus |last3=Blackburne |first3=Edward Lushington |last4=Marsh |first4=William |title=Emblems of saints |date=1882 |publisher=Norwich, Printed by A. H. Goose and co. |url=https://archive.org/details/emblemsofsaints00huseuoft/page/190/mode/2up |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>
| patronage = [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]], [[Saint-Sève]]
| issues =
| suppressed_date =
| suppressed_by =
| influences =
| influenced =
| tradition =
| major_works =
| module =
}}

'''Severus of Vienne''' (died c. 455) was a priest who evangelised in [[Vienne, Isère|Vienne]], [[France]]. He is venerated as a saint in the Catholic Church<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint Severus of Vienne |url=https://catholicsaints.info/saint-severus-of-vienne/ |website=CatholicSaints.Info |access-date=2 September 2021 |date=7 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Abbey |first1=Saint Augustine's |last2=Press |first2=Aeterna |title=The Book of Saints |date=1966 |publisher=Aeterna Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hpfmCgAAQBAJ |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> as well as in other denominations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kurikilamkatt |first1=James |title=First Voyage of the Apostle Thomas to India: Ancient Christianity in Bharuch and Taxila |date=31 December 2005 |publisher=ISD LLC |isbn=978-1-925612-63-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7U7VDwAAQBAJ |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref group=Note>In principle, those recognised as saints prior to 1050 are common to the Catholic and Orthodox churches, so Severus of Vienne is an Orthodox saint too.</ref> Severus was reportedly [[India]]n by birth<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Raisharma |first1=Sukanya |title=Much Ado about Vienne? A Localizing Universal Chronicon |journal=Historiography and Identity III: Carolingian Approaches |series=Cultural Encounters in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages |date=January 2021 |volume=29 |pages=271–290 |doi=10.1484/m.celama-eb.5.120167 |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/pdf/10.1484/M.CELAMA-EB.5.120167 |access-date=2 September 2021 |publisher=Brepols Publishers |isbn=978-2-503-58655-7 |s2cid=234198159 |language=en|url-access=subscription }}</ref> and of wealthy origins. His entry in the ''[[Roman Martyrology]]'' reads:<ref>{{cite book |title=The Roman Martyrology|date=1916 |publisher=Baltimore : John Murphy |url=https://archive.org/details/romanmartyrology00cathuoft |access-date=2 September 2021 |page = 237}}</ref> {{blockquote|"At Vienne, in France, St. Severus, priest and confessor, who undertook a painful journey from India in order to preach the Gospel in that city, and converted a great number of Pagans to the faith of Christ by his labors and miracles."|source=''The Roman Martyrology'' (1916), p. 237}}

Severus settled in Vienne around 430.<ref>{{cite web |title=Saint Séver |url=https://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/12104/Saint-Sever.html |website=nominis.cef.fr |access-date=22 September 2021}}</ref> He founded a church in honour of [[Saint Alban]] (now the church of [[Saint-Alban-du-Rhône]]) near Vienne.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Thursday, 21st January, 1915 |journal=Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of London |date=June 1915 |volume=27 |pages=54–67 |doi=10.1017/S0950797300013512 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.105911/page/n79/mode/2up |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref> He died in [[Italy]], but his body was brought back to Vienne and buried in the church dedicated to the protomartyr [[Saint Stephen]], which he himself had constructed.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=P. |title=Christians and Christianity in India and Pakistan: A General Survey of the Progress of Christianity in India from Apostolic Times to the Present Day |date=17 December 2020 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-000-22821-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GsJEAAAQBAJ |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}
==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book |last=Lucas |first=Gérard |title=Vienne dans les textes grecs et latins: Chroniques littéraires sur l'histoire de la cité, des Allobroges à la fin du Ve siècle de notre ère |date=2018-10-18 |publisher=MOM Éditions |isbn=978-2-35668-050-1 |series=Travaux de la Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée |language=fr |chapter=Anonyme, ''Vita Seueri'' |doi=10.4000/books.momeditions.1063 |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/momeditions/1063?lang=en}}
* {{cite journal |title=Vita Sancti Severi Viennensis presbyteri et confessoris |journal=Analecta Bollandiana |date=1 January 1886 |volume=5 |pages=416–424 |doi=10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02099 |url=https://www.brepolsonline.net/doi/abs/10.1484/J.ABOL.4.02099?mobileUi=0 |access-date=4 September 2021 |issn=0003-2468|url-access=subscription }}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:French Roman Catholic saints]]
[[Category:French people of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Indian Christian saints]]
[[Category:5th-century Christian saints]]

{{France-reli-bio-stub}}
{{France-saint-stub}}

Ramsej Fort

2025-10-12T07:57:30Z

Bihar Region: added info

{{Short description|Fort in Maharashtra, India}}{{Unreferenced|date=October 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}

{{Infobox military installation
| name = Ramshej Fort
| native_name =
| partof =
| location = [[Nashik]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| image = [[File:Ramshej Fort.jpg|300px]]
| caption = Ramshej fort from base village
| map_alt = Ramshej Fort within the map of Maharashtra
| pushpin_map = India#India Maharashtra
| pushpin_map_caption = Ramshej Fort
| coordinates = {{coord|20.112195|73.767354|type:landmark_region:IN-MH|display=inline}}
| type = [[Fortification|Fort]]
| code =
| height = 3200 feet
| ownership = Govt. of India
| controlled by =
| open_to_public = Yes
| condition = Ruins
| built = 
| builder =
| used =
| materials = Stone
| demolished =
| battles =
| events =
| past_commanders =
| garrison =
| occupants =
| controlledby = {{flagcountry|India}} (1947-)
}}
'''Ramsej''' or '''Ramshej Fort''' is a small fort located {{Convert|10|km|mi}} north-west of [[Nashik]], in the Indian state of [[Maharashtra]]. The fort is located on the [[Nashik]]-[[Vapi]] route.

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="140px">
File:Way to Ramshej Fort.jpg|plateau on Fort
File:Outside view by window, Ramshej fort.jpg|Outside view
File:Sunshine at Ramshej Fort.jpg|Sunshine on the fort
File:Lone Tree at Ramshej Fort.jpg|Tree stood alone on the fort
File:Stair case at Ramshej fort.jpg|Staircase
File:Ramshej fort1.JPG|Rockcut water cistern
File:Ramshej fort2.JPG|Inscriptions on the temple wall
File:Ramshej Fort3.jpeg|Main entrance gate
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Siege of Ramsej]]
*[[List of forts in Maharashtra]]
* [[List of forts in India]]
* [[Sambhaji]]
* [[Maratha War of Independence]]
* [[Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Forts in Maharashtra}}
{{MarathaEmpire}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures of the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:Forts in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Forts in Nashik district]]
[[Category:16th-century forts in India]]
[[Category:Caves of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Nashik]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Hiking trails in India]]

Sparsh Ahuja

2025-09-22T07:24:48Z

Bihar Region: New!

{{Short description|Indian-Australian documentary filmmaker}}

'''Sparsh Ahuja''' is an Indian-Australian [[peace activist]] and [[documentary filmmaker]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-13 |title=Project Dastaan: Partition survivors travel to their ancestral villages through VR |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/project-dastaan-partition-survivors-travel-to-their-ancestral-villages-through-vr/articleshow/93546021.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> He founded [[Project Dastaan]] along with [[Sam Dalrymple (historian)|Sam Dalrymple]] and [[Saadia Gardezi]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-11-08 |title=Derby Museum exhibition to explore legacy of Partition |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-derbyshire-63545202 |access-date=2024-01-16 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref>
{{Infobox person
| name = Sparsh Ahuja
| birth_place = [[India]]
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]] (B.A.) in [[philosophy]], [[politics]] and [[economics]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Oxford]]
| occupation = [[Peace activist]] and [[documentary filmmaker]]
| known_for = [[Project Dastaan]]
}}

==Early life and education==
Ahuja was born in India and grew up in [[Australia]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2022-08-05 |title=Partition: My journey to the ‘place no-one spoke of’ |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-62347457 |access-date=2024-01-15 |publisher=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> He graduated from [[University of Oxford]] with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] (B.A.) degree in [[philosophy]], [[politics]] and [[economics]] as a Fitz Randolph Scholar.<ref name=":1" />

==Career==
Ahuja founded [[Project Dastaan]] which is a peace initiative aimed at reintegrating refugees displaced by the [[Partition of India]] of 1947 with their ancestral homes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Habib |first=Waquar |date=2023-08-30 |title=Samuel Dalrymple On Showcasing The Partition With Sensitivity |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/editors-picks/celebrating-people/samuel-dalrymple-on-showcasing-the-partition-with-sensitivity |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en}}</ref>

Ahuja is the director of ''Child of Empire'', a [[Virtual reality|VR]] docu-drama based on the 1947 partition. It premiered at the 2022 [[Sundance Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khan |first=Arman |date=2022-01-28 |title=Flashback 75: Partition in virtual reality in ‘Child of Empire’ |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/flashback-75-child-of-empire-partition-in-virtual-reality-sparsh-ahuja-erfan-saadati-project-dastaan/article38339559.ece |access-date=2024-01-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Ahuja directed a documentary titled ''Birdsong: the dying whistled language of the Hmong people in northern Laos'' in 2023''.''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birdsong: the dying whistled language of the Hmong people in northern Laos |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/ng-interactive/2023/nov/29/birdsong-the-dying-whistled-language-of-the-hmong-people-in-northern-laos |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Messages born of melody – hear the whistled language of the Hmong people {{!}} Aeon Videos |url=https://aeon.co/videos/messages-born-of-melody-hear-the-whistled-language-of-the-hmong-people |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Aeon |language=en}}</ref> It was awarded a special mention at [[Palm Springs International ShortFest]] and was shortlisted by [[International Documentary Association]] for the 39th [[IDA Documentary Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Palm Springs International ShortFest announces award winners |url=https://www.desertsun.com/story/life/entertainment/movies/shortfest/2023/06/25/2023-palm-springs-international-shortfest-announces-award-winners/70354760007/ |access-date=2024-01-16 |website=The Desert Sun |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carey |first=Matthew |date=2023-10-24 |title=‘Going To Mars,’ ‘Bobi Wine,’ ‘In The Rearview’ Nab Spots On IDA's Shortlist Of Year's Best Documentaries |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/2023-ida-documentary-awards-shortlist-announcement-1235581820/ |access-date=2024-01-15 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> The documentary was shortlisted for a [[Grierson Awards|Gierson Award]], and later acquired by ''[[The Guardian]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Explorer directory |url=https://explorer-directory.nationalgeographic.org/sparsh-ahuja |website=National Geographic}}</ref>

Ahuja is an explorer with [[National Geographic]].<ref name=":2" />

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian-Australian culture]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahuja, Sparsh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]

{{Australia-activist-stub}}
{{Australia-film-bio-stub}}

NBFC and MFI in India

2025-09-03T02:40:54Z

Bihar Region: added article

{{short description|Non-banking financial institutions in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
'''Non-Banking Financial Company''' (NBFC) is<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/NBFC|title=NBFC}}</ref> a company registered under the Companies Act, 2013 (originally Companies Act, 1956) of [[India]], engaged in the business of loans and advances, acquisition of shares, stock, bonds, hire-purchase insurance business or chit-fund business, but does not include any institution whose principal business is that of agriculture, industrial activity, purchase or sale of any goods (other than securities) or providing any services and sale/purchase/construction of immovable property.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/FAQView.aspx?Id=92|title=Reserve Bank of India - Frequently Asked Questions}}</ref>

The working and operations of NBFCs are regulated by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) within the framework of the [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934]] (Chapter III-B) and the directions issued by it.
On 9 November 2017, Reserve Bank of India (RBI) issued a notification outlining norms for outsourcing of functions/services by [[Non-bank financial institution|Non-Bank Financial Institution]] (NBFCs).
As per the new norms, NBFCs cannot outsource core management functions like [[internal audit]], management of investment portfolio, strategic and compliance functions for know your customer (KYC) norms and sanction of loans.
Staff of service providers should have access to customer information only up to an extent which is required to perform the outsourced function.
Boards of NBFCs should approve a code of conduct for direct sales and recovery agents. For debt collection, NBFCs and their outsourced agents should not resort to intimidation or harassment of any kind.
All NBFCs’ have been directed to set up a grievance redressal machinery, which will also deal with the issues relating to services provided by the outsourced agency.

== History of NBFCs in India ==
The Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 was amended on 1 December 1964 by Reserve Bank Amendment Act, 1963. In this, new 'Chapter III-B' introduced to Regulate 'Deposit Accepting' NBFCs.

Different types of Committees to Review existing framework of NBFCs:

=== James S. Raj Committee ===
In early 1970s Government of India asked Banking Commission to Study the Functioning of Chit Funds and Examining activities of Non-Banking Financial Intermediaries. In 1972, Banking Commission recommended Uniform Chit Fund Legislation to whole country.

Reserve Bank of India prepared Model Bill to regulate the conduct of chit funds and referred to study group under the Chairmanship of James S. Raj.

In June 1974, study group recommended ban on Prize Chit and other Schemes. It recommended the Parliament to enact a bill which ensures uniformity in the provisions applicable to chit funds throughout the country.

Accordingly, Parliament enacted two acts: Prize Chits and Money Circulation Schemes (Banning) Act, 1978 and Chit Funds Act, 1982.

=== Chakravarty Committee ===
During Planning Era, Reserve Bank of India tried best to 'Manage Money's and evolve 'Sound Monetary' system but not much appreciable success in realizing social objectives of monetary policy of the country.

In December 1982, Dr Manmohan Singh, Governor of RBI appointed committee under the Chairmanship of 'Prof. Sukhamoy Chakravarty' to review functioning of monetary system in India.

Committee recommended assessment of links among the Banking Sector, the Non-Banking Financial Institutions and the Un-organised sector to evaluate various instruments of Monetary and Credit policy in terms of their impact on the Credit System and the Economy.

During this time, the number of NBFCs grew from 7,000 in 1981 to around 30,000 in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=A brief history of NBFC in India |date=27 January 2020 |url=https://finezza.in/blog/history-about-nbfi/ |access-date=25 November 2020}}</ref>

== Types of NBFCs in India ==
Different types of NBFCs are as follows:

=== Investment and Credit Company (ICC) ===

'''Merging three categories of NBFCs viz asset finance companies (AFC), Loan companies (LC), Investment companies (IC) into a new category called NBFC - ICC.'''

''CIRCULAR : RBI/2018-19/130 DNBR (PD) CC No. 097/03.10.001/2018-19 dated 22 February 2019''

ICC means any company which is a financial institution carrying on as its principal business asset financing, the providing of finance whether by making loan and advances or otherwise for any activity other than its own and the acquisition of securities; and is not any other category of NBFC as defined by RBI in any of its master directions.

=== Infrastructure Finance Company (IFC) ===
Infrastructure finance companies deploys a minimum of three-fourths of their total assets in infrastructure loans. The net owned funds are more than 3 billion and a minimum crediting rating of 'A' and the Capital to Risk-Weighted Assets Ratio is 15%.

=== Infrastructure Debt Fund: Non- Banking Financial Company (IDF-NBFC) ===

IDF-NBFC is a company registered as NBFC to facilitate the flow of long term debt into infrastructure projects. IDF-NBFC raise resources through Multiple-Currency bonds of minimum 5-year maturity. Only Infrastructure Finance Companies (IFC) can sponsor IDF-NBFCs.

=== NBFC-Factors ===
NBFC Factors has principal business of factoring. [[Factoring (finance)|Factoring]] is a [[financial transaction]] and a type of debtor finance

=== Gold Loan NBFCs in India ===

Over the years, gold loan NBFCs witnessed an upsurge in Indian financial market, owing mainly to the recent period of appreciation in gold price and consequent increase in the demand for gold loan by all sections of society, especially the poor and middle class to make ends meet. Though there are many NBFCs offering gold loans in India, about 95 per cent of the gold loan business is handled by three Kerala based companies, viz., Muthoot Finance, Manapuram Finance and Muthoot Fincorp. Growth of gold loan NBFCs eventuating from various factors including Asset Under Management (AUM), number of branches, and also the number of customers etc. Growth of gold loan NBFCs occurred both in terms of the size of their balance sheet and their physical presence that compelled to increase their dependence on public funds including bank finance and non-convertible debentures. Aggressive structuring of gold loans resulting from the uncomplicated, undemanding and fast process of documentation along with the higher Loan to Value (LTV) ratio include some of the major factors that augment the growth of Gold loan NBFCs.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Discernible growth of Gold Loan NBFCs in India | url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/64250/1/MPRA_paper_64250.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424165449/https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/64250/1/MPRA_paper_64250.pdf | archive-date=2016-04-24}}</ref>

=== Residuary Non-Banking Companies (RNBCs) ===

Residuary Non-Banking Company is a class of NBFC which is a company and has as its principal business the receiving of deposits, under any scheme or arrangement or in any other manner and not being Investment, Asset Financing, Loan Company. These companies are required to maintain investments as per directions of RBI, in addition to liquid assets.

=== Account Aggregators (AA) ===
Account Aggregators are a new class of NBFC instituted by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=10598&Mode=0|title=Reserve Bank of India - Notifications|website=www.rbi.org.in|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref> An account aggregator NBFC takes the business of account aggregation for a fee or otherwise. The NBFC once registered with the RBI, should only provide account aggregation and data to financial institutions based on customer consent. The actual mechanism should follow the consent architecture laid down by the RBI.<ref name=":0" />

The account aggregators are expected to make loan applications easier for users by providing data access to financial institutions.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/regulators-come-together-to-make-applying-for-loan-less-cumbersome-119072701089_1.html|title=Account aggregator to make applying for loan less cumbersome for users|last=Choudhury|first=Neha Alawadhi & Karan|date=27 July 2019|work=Business Standard India|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref> RBI has given operating licences to four account aggregators and in-principle approvals to three NBFC account aggregators. The full list of companies is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Account Aggregators in India|url=https://sahamati.org.in/account-aggregators-in-india/|access-date=9 September 2020|website=Sahamati|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://prime.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/68295746/fintech-and-bfsi/these-five-companies-quietly-got-the-rbis-new-account-aggregator-licence-but-pulling-financial-data-alone-doesnt-make-a-good-business-|title=These five companies quietly got the RBI's new|last=Prime|first=E. T.|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=4 October 2019}}</ref>

==== AAs with An Operating License ====

# CAMS FinServ
# Cookiejar Technologies Pvt Ltd. (Product titled Finvu)
# FinSec AA Solutions Private Limited (Product titled OneMoney)
# NESL Asset Data Limited

==== AAs with In-Principle Approval ====

# Jio Information Solutions Limited
# Perfios Account Aggregation Services Pvt Ltd
# Yodlee Finsoft Pvt Limited
'''New categorization of NBFCs as per revised framework by Reserve Bank of India (RBI):'''

Reserve Bank of India through a circular in October 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Reserve Bank of India - Notifications|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/Scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=12179&Mode=0|access-date=2022-02-01|website=www.rbi.org.in}}</ref> has categorized the NBFCs into three layers:<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agrawal|first=Swati|title=Reserve Bank of India announces tighter regulations for NBFCs in India|url=https://www.majmudarindia.com/insight/reserve-bank-of-india-announces-tighter-regulations-for-nbfcs-in-india/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Majmudar & Partners|date=8 December 2021 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

Base layer – This layer covers NBFCs which are non-systematically important, i.e., they have a lesser risk and impact on the financial system. It also covers peer-to-peer lending platforms, Account Aggregators (AA), and non-operative financial holding companies. The asset size for NBFCs in the base layer has been increased from INR 500 crores (~US$66.45 MM) to INR1000 crores (~US$132.90 MM)

Middle layer – This layer covers systematically important non-deposit taking NBFC and deposit taking NBFC having an asset size of more than INR1000 crores (~US$132.90 MM). It also covers NBFC-HFCs, NBFC-IFCs, IDF-NBFCs, and Core Investment companies (CICs).

Upper layer – This layer covers the top ten NBFCs based on asset size, as well as other systematically important NBFCs based on size, interconnectedness, complexity, liabilities, etc.

== Difference between NBFCs and banks ==
NBFCs perform functions similar to that of banks but there are a few differences-
* NBFCs provide banking services to people without holding a Bank licence,
* An NBFC cannot accept Demand Deposits,
* An NBFC is not a part of the payment and settlement system
* An NBFC cannot issue Cheques drawn on itself
* Deposit insurance facility of the [[Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation]] is not available for NBFC depositors, unlike banks
* An NBFC is not required to maintain Reserve Ratios (CRR, SLR etc.)
* An NBFC cannot indulge primarily in agricultural or industrial activities or sale-purchase, construction of immovable property
* Foreign Investment allowed up to 100%
*An NBFC accompanies working in Financial Body and Money handling
*Unlike banks NBFC is not required to lend loans to priority sector.

== MFI ==
[[Micro finance]] Institutions, also known as MFIs,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/MFI|title = MFI}}</ref> a microfinance institution is an organisation that offers financial services to low income people. Almost all give loans to their members, and many offer insurance, deposit and other services. A great scale of organisations are regarded as '''microfinance institutes'''. They are those that offer credits and other financial services to the representatives of poor strata of population (except for extremely poor strata).<ref>{{Cite web|title = Micro Financial Institutions {{!}} Microfinance and microcredit|url = http://www.microfinanceinfo.com/micro-financial-institutions/|website = Microfinance and microcredit|accessdate = 29 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title = Homepage - MFIN|url = http://mfinindia.org/|website = MFIN|accessdate = 29 November 2015|language = en-US}}</ref>

== MFIs go for NBFC licences ==
An Increasing number of microfinance institutions (MFIs) are seeking non-banking finance company (NBFC) status from RBI to get wide access to funding, including bank finance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Finance__Insurance/Finance/MFIs_go_for_NBFC_licences_for_better_access_to_funds/articleshow/988065.cms|title = MFIs go for NBFC licences for better access to funds|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

== Exemptions granted to NBFCs ==
As of 2021 following entities are exempted by RBI for registration requirements:

'''Insurance Companies -''' Insurance companies which falls under [[Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority|Insurance Regultory and Development Authority]]

'''Asset Reconstruction Companies'''

'''Stock Exchanges''' - Only recognised stock exchanges under authority of [[Securities and Exchange Board of India]]

'''Merchant Banking Companies'''

'''Stock Broking Companies''' - It includes brokers and sub brokers who are required to get themselves registered with [[Securities and Exchange Board of India|SEBI]]

'''Venture Capital Funds'''

'''Housing Finance Companies''' - These are regulated by [[National Housing Bank]]

'''Nidhi Companies''' ([[Nidhi company|Section 406]] of Companies Act)

'''Chit Fund Companies''' (Section 2 of Chit Fund Act)

'''Alternative Investment Companies'''

'''Micro Finance Companies''' - The Task Force on Supportive Policy and Regulatory Framework for Microfinance set up by [[NABARD]] in 1999 provided various recommendations. Accordingly, it was decided to exempt NBFCs which are engaged in micro financing activities, licensed under Section 8 of the Companies Act, 2013, and which do not accept public deposits, from the purview of Sections 45-IA (registration), 45-IB (maintenance of liquid assets) and 45-IC (transfer of profits to the Reserve Fund) of the RBI Act, 1934.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=3651&Mode=0|title = Reserve Bank of India - Notifications}}</ref>

== MFIs & SHG-Bank linkage programme ==
In a joint fact-finding study on microfinance conducted by the Reserve Bank of India and a few major banks, the following observations were made:
* Some of the microfinance institutions (MFIs) financed by banks or acting as their intermediaries or partners appear to be focusing on relatively better banked areas, including areas covered by the SHG-Bank linkage programme. Competing MFIs were operating in the same area, and trying to reach out to the same set of poor, resulting in multiple lending and overburdening of rural households.
* Many MFIs supported by banks were not engaging themselves in capacity building and empowerment of the groups to the desired extent. The MFIs were disbursing loans to the newly formed groups within 10–15 days of their formation, in contrast to the practice
obtaining in the SHG – Bank linkage programme, which takes about six to seven months for group formation and nurturing. As a result, cohesiveness and a sense of purpose were not being built up in the groups formed by these MFIs.
* Banks, as principal financiers of MFIs, do not appear to be engaging them with regard to their systems, practices and lending policies with a view to ensuring better transparency and adherence to best practices. many cases, no review of MFI operations were undertaken after sanctioning the credit facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rbi.org.in/scripts/NotificationUser.aspx?Id=3175&M|title=Reserve Bank of India - Notifications}}</ref>

== MFIs ==
[[Forbes|Forbes magazine]] named seven microfinance institutes in India in the list of the world's top 50 microfinance institutions.

Bandhan, as well as two other Indian MFIs—Microcredit Foundation of India (ranked 13th) and Saadhana Microfin Society (15th) – have been placed above Bangladesh-based [[Grameen Bank]] (which along with its founder Mohammed Yunus, was awarded the Nobel Prize).
Besides Bandhan, the Microcredit Foundation of India and Saadhana Microfin Society, other Indian entries include Grameen Koota (19th), Sharada's Women's Association for Weaker Section (23rd), SKS Microfinance Private Ltd (44th) and Asmitha Microfin Ltd (29th).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2007/12/20/microfinance-philanthropy-credit-biz-cz_ms_1220microfinance_table.html|title = The 50 Top Microfinance Institutions|website = [[Forbes]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/international-business/india-in-forbes-list-of-leading-microfinance-institutes/articleshow/2653281.cms|title = India in Forbes' list of leading microfinance institutes - Times of India|website = [[The Times of India]]| date=26 December 2007 }}</ref>

According to a report by [[CareEdge Group|CareEdge Ratings]], the MFI sector will continue to grow at double-digit rates in 2024.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soni |first1=Sandeep |title=NBFC-MFIs to continue see double-digit loan growth in FY24 |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/sme-nbfc-mfis-to-continue-see-double-digit-loan-growth-in-fy24-careedge-report-3219108/ |access-date=17 June 2024 |publisher=Financial Express |date=23 August 2023}}</ref>

==Criticisms==
Microfinance has come under fire in the state of Andhra Pradesh due to allegations of MFIs using coercive recollection practices and charging usurious interest rates.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiamicrofinance.com/andhra-mfi-suicide-972532.html|title = Andhra Pradesh Government to introduce Bill to check rogue MFI's - MoneyMint|date = 20 December 2015}}</ref> These charges resulted in the state government's passing of the Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Ordinance on 15 October 2010. The Ordinance requires MFIs to register with the state government and gives the state government the power, suo moto, to shut down MFI activity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiamicrofinance.com/download-andhra-microfinance-ordinance-908172.html|title = Download Andhra Pradesh Microfinance Ordinance 2010 PDF - MoneyMint| date=30 November 2022 }}</ref> A number of NBFCs have been affected by the ordinance, including sector heavyweight SKS Microfinance.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-52994520101118|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101119005722/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-52994520101118|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 November 2010|title=SKS skids amid Andhra Pradesh crackdown on lenders to poor|newspaper=Reuters|date=18 November 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://mfinindia.org/Default Official website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nbfc and Mfi In India}}
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]

Chanakyaniti

2025-08-20T01:20:22Z

Bihar Region:

{{Short description|Collection of aphorisms by Indian polymath Chanakya}}
{{italic title}}
'''''Chanakyaniti''''' is a collection of [[Sanskrit]]-language [[Aphorism|aphorisms]] traditionally ascribed to [[Chanakya]].<ref>{{cite book |author1=Fakir Mohan Senapati |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8NhN-0g7unYC&pg=PA53 |title=Six Acres and a Third: The Classic Nineteenth-Century Novel about Colonial India. Chanakya Niti is a treatise on the ideal way of life, and reflects Chanakya's in-depth study of the Indian way of life. These practical and powerful strategies provide a way to lead an orderly and planned. |author2=Rabi Shankar Mishra |date=5 December 2005 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=9780520228832 |page=53}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/a-path-to-5-trillion-economy-119070501514_1.html|title=A path to $5-trillion economy|date=2019}}</ref> Its first European translation was in [[Greek language|Greek]] in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/all-that-matters/sanskrit-literature-isnt-just-about-hindu-epics-it-also-dips-into-the-bible-and-quran-says-well-known-translator-a-n-d-haksar/articleshow/68756344.cms|title=Sanskrit literature isn't just about Hindu epics, it also dips into the Bible and Quran, says well-known translator A N D Haksar|date=2019|publisher=Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|title=Chanakya Neeti|publisher=Diamond Books|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fr5ctOKUovIC|author=B. K. Chaturvedi|year=2017|isbn=9788128400483}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian literature]]
[[Category:Sanskrit texts]]
[[Category:Political books]]
[[Category:Military strategy books]]
[[Category:Sanskrit books]]
[[Category:Books of aphorisms]]
[[Category:Works by Chanakya]]

Brihaspatimitra

2025-05-29T12:41:56Z

Bihar Region:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
'''Brihaspatimitra''' ({{IAST|Bṛihaspatimitra}}), also known as ''Bahasatimita'' and ''Bahasatimitra'', was a king of [[Kosambi]] in [[India]]. He was part of the [[Mitra dynasty (Kosambi)|Mitra dynasty]] of Kosambi. His reign is estimated to be around mid 1st century BCE.<ref name="pandey">{{citation |first=M.S. |last=Pandey|title=THE ORIGIN AND TERRITORIAL EXTENSION OF THE MITRA KINGS |year=1967 |jstor=44155471 }}</ref>

==Name==
Many of the rulers of Mitra dynasty bear the suffix "-mitra" in their names.<ref name="pandey"/>

==Extent of rule==
{{Further|Minor Inscriptions of Kharavela|Hathigumpha inscription}}
Brhaspatimitra has been called ''Magadharaja'', a king of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], in [[Minor Inscriptions of Kharavela|Kharavela's Hathigumpha inscription]] (that is related to [[Hathigumpha inscription]]). If the Brhaspatimitra mentioned in the inscription is the same king as the Brhaspatimitra of Mitra dynasty, then that would mean that the dynasty held a considerable influence in the region surrounding Kosambi. It is worth to note that there is numismatic evidence to support this theory, as Magadha is not known to not have produced any typical regional coinage unlike the contemporary Kosambi, [[Mathura]] or [[Panchala]].<ref name="Bajpai2004">{{cite book|author=K. D. Bajpai|title=Indian Numismatic Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chGrJUMarHoC&pg=PA39|date=October 2004|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-035-8|pages=39–41}}</ref>

==Coins of Brihaspatimitra==
Most rulers of the Mitra dynasty of Kosambi, except [[Radhamitra]], have the symbol known as the tree-in-railing in their coins. Another common symbol is the [[Ujjain]] symbol.<ref name="Goyala1994">{{cite book|author=Śrīrāma Goyala|title=The Coinage of Ancient India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jVmAAAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Kusumanjali Prakashan|page=188}}</ref> [[Bull]] is a common animal to appear on the coinage of Kosambi of the era.<ref name="Pieper2013">{{cite book|author=Wilfried Pieper|title=Ancient Indian Coins Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdLvjgEACAAJ|year=2013|publisher=Classical Numismatic Group|isbn=978-0-9837652-6-4|pages=95–96}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1st-century BC Indian monarchs]]

{{India-royal-stub}}

M. Chinnadurai

2025-05-21T13:35:53Z

Bihar Region: added entry

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. Chinnadurai
| image =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandharvakottai]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| predecessor = S. Jayabharathi
| successor = B. Arumugam
}}

'''M. Chinnadurai''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandharvakottai]] as a [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222084536/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC178.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC178.pdf|access-date= 27 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gandarvakottai Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a178|access-date= 27 Apr 2022}}</ref>

== Elections contested ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Election
! Constituency
! Party
! Result
! Vote %
! Runner-up
! Runner-up Party
! Runner-up vote %
|- style="background:#cfc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandharvakottai]]|| [[CPI(M)]] || Won ||44.65% || S. Jayabharathi|| [[AIADMK]] || 36.50%
|- style="background:#ffc;"
|bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Gandarvakottai Assembly constituency|Gandharvakottai]]|| [[CPI(M)]] || Lost ||9.53% || B. Arumugam|| [[AIADMK]] || 43.84%
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chinnadurai, M}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Abhishek Debroy

2025-03-17T19:13:03Z

Bihar Region: created info

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
'''Abhishek Debroy''' (born 1982)<ref name=":0" /> is an Indian politician from [[Tripura]]. He is a member of the [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]] from [[Matarbari Assembly constituency]] in [[Gomati district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Legislative Assembly {{!}} Official website of Tripura State Portal, India |url=https://tripura.gov.in/members-legislative-assembly |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=tripura.gov.in}}</ref> He won the [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Debroy in Tripura Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/tripura/abhishek-debroy-matarbari-candidate-s23a032c004/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Debroy is from [[Kakraban Assembly constituency|Kakraban]], Gomati district, Tripura. He is the son of Himangshu Debroy. He completed his bachelor's degree in Pharmacy in 2020 at [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]], Karnataka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Abhishek Debroy(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- MATARBARI(GOMATI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Tripura2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=6983 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Debroy won from Matarbari Assembly constituency representing the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in the 2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election. He polled 25,494 votes with a vote share percentage of 51.06 and defeated his nearest rival, Pranajit Roy of the [[Indian National Congress]], by a margin of 9,041 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Tripura Election Results 2023: Constituency-wise full list of winners |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/tripura-election-results-2023-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-2341581-2023-03-02 |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Debroy, Abhishek}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Gomati district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Tripura-BJP-politician-stub}}

Thottakkattu Madhaviamma

2025-01-20T11:15:28Z

Bihar Region: enhance information for clarity and fixed typos to improve readability

{{short description|Indian politician}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
'''Thottakkattu Madhavi Amma''' was one of the founding members of the first (1925) legislative council of the erstwhile state of [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]] (also known as Cochin), in India. She was the daughter of Diwan Peshkar of Cochin and the poet Thottakattu Ikkavamma.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharatha Kesari Mannath Padmanabhan|url=http://mannam.8m.com/|last=|first=|date=2008-02-13|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213013652/http://mannam.8m.com/|archive-date=2008-02-13|access-date=2020-04-30}}</ref> Madhavi Amma was the first woman to be an elected member of any legislature in India.<ref>[http://www.corporationofcochin.org/pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4 History of Kochi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503202745/http://www.corporationofcochin.org/Pages/Maintemp.asp?id=4 |date=3 May 2006 }}</ref>

== Works ==
* ''Thatvachinda''

==Notes==
<references/>

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Madhaviamma, Thottakkattu}}
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Cochin]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:Writers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Women from the Kingdom of Cochin]]
[[Category:Women members of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]

{{Kerala-politician-stub}}

Chirala Municipality

2025-01-06T16:36:07Z

Bihar Region: fix details after review

{{Short description|Local self-government in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox organisation
| name = Chirala Municipality
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| named_after =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| map =
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| abbreviation =
| motto =
| predecessor =
| merged =
| successor =
| formation = 1948
| founder =
| founding_location =
| extinction =
| merger = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| type = [[Governmental organisation]]
| status = [[Local government]]
| purpose = Civic administration
| professional_title = 
| headquarters = [[Chirala]]
| location = [[Chirala]], [[Prakasam district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| coords =
| region =
| services =
| membership =
| membership_year =
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| leader_title2 = Municipal Commissioner
| leader_name2 = Ch.Malleswara Rao
| board_of_directors =
| key_people =
| main_organ =
| parent_organization =
| budget =
| budget_year =
| staff =
| staff_year =
| slogan =
| website =
| remarks =
| formerly =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chirala Municipality''' is the [[Self-governance|local self-government]] in [[Chirala]], a city in the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is classified as a ''first grade'' ''municipality''.<ref name="civicbody">{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs|url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=29 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128175528/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/Municipalities%20List-110.pdf|archivedate=28 January 2016|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Administration ==
The [[municipality]] was constituted on 1 April 1948.<ref name="profile">{{cite web|title=Basic Information of the Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/CHIRALA/Basic_information_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810145505/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/CHIRALA/Basic_information_Municipality.html|archive-date=10 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is spread over an area of {{convert|13.30|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} and has 33 wards.<ref name="civicbody" /> The ''Elected Wing'' of the municipality consists of a [[municipal council]], which has elected members and is headed by a [[Chairperson]].<ref name="composition">{{cite web|title=Composition of the Municipality|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/CHIRALA/Composition_of_%20the_Municipality.html|website=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration & Urban Development Department, Govt. of Andhra Pradesh|accessdate=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720120617/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/CHIRALA/Composition_of_%20the_Municipality.html|archive-date=20 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> Whereas, the ''Executive Wing'' is headed by a [[municipal commissioner]].<ref name="composition" /> The present [[municipal commissioner]] of the city is Ch.Malleswara Rao<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/Municipality_Contacts.html|title=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|access-date=2016-05-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150515172537/http://chirala.cdma.ap.gov.in/Municipality_Contacts.html|archive-date=2015-05-15|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Civic works and services ==
Most of the city residents rely on public taps for water. A total of 6 MLD ([[Litre|million liters per day]]) of drinking water is supplied every day. There are {{Convert|136.50|km|abbr=on}} of roads and {{Convert|134.40|km|abbr=on}} of drains and {{Convert|30.00|km|abbr=on}} of storm water drains.<ref name="amenities">{{cite web|title=Public services/amenities|url=http://cdma.ap.gov.in/CHIRALA/Public%20services_amenities.html|publisher=Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration|accessdate=5 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106105352/http://cdma.ap.gov.in/CHIRALA/Public%20services_amenities.html|archive-date=6 November 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The infrastructure maintained by the municipality covers, street lights, public markets, shopping complexes and community halls etc., and recreational areas like, public parks, playgrounds etc. There are educational institutions like elementary and secondary schools imparting for [[Primary education|primary]] and [[Secondary education|secondary]]. including [[junior colleges]]. For public health, the municipality has [[dispensaries]], maternity and child health centers.<ref name="amenities" />

== See also ==
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh}}

[[Category:1948 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1948]]
[[Category:Urban local bodies in Andhra Pradesh]]

{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}

Deputy High Commission of the United Kingdom, Chennai

2024-11-10T12:22:11Z

Bihar Region: Done

{{Short description|Diplomatic mission in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2017}}

{{Infobox diplomatic mission
|name = Deputy High Commission of the United Kingdom in Chennai
|image = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, lesser arms).svg
|caption = Coat of arms of the United Kingdom
|address = 20, Anderson Road, [[Chennai]] 600 006
|location = {{flagicon|India}}
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0656|80.2493|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| deputy_high_commissioner = Halima Holland (since November 2024)
|website = {{official|https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commissioner-chennai}}
}}

The '''British Deputy High Commission, [[Chennai]]''' is the [[United Kingdom]] [[List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom|diplomatic mission]] with responsibility for the state of [[Tamil Nadu]] and the union territory of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]]. It was formed in 1947 with [[Christopher Masterman|Sir Christopher Masterman]], CSI, CIE, as its inaugural holder, who served as Deputy High Commissioner until the following year. The Deputy High Commissioner is equivalent to a [[Consul-General]], and reports to the [[British High Commission, New Delhi|British High Commission]].<ref>[https://www.gov.uk/government/people/bharat-joshi British Deputy High Commissioner Chennai]</ref> The current Deputy High Commissioner is Halima Holland. The first female head of the Chennai mission, she succeeds Oliver Ballhatchet.

==Location==
The consular section of the British Deputy High Commission, Chennai, is located at 20 Anderson Road, [[Nungambakkam]]. The British Council and the British Library are located at 737, [[Anna Salai]].

==The Deputy High Commission==
[[Image:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|thumb|180 px|right|The Deputy High Commission flies the [[Union Flag]]]]
The consular section of the British Deputy High Commission provides consular assistance and protection for British citizens. The Chennai consular region has Deputy High Commission office at [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]<ref>{{cite web
| title = Hyderabad Location and Access
| publisher = UK in India
| url = http://ukinindia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/Hyderabad-location-access/
| access-date = 26 Jan 2012
| archive-date = 10 February 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120210074050/http://ukinindia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/Hyderabad-location-access/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> and a Deputy High Commission office at [[Bangalore]],<ref>{{cite web
| title = Bangalore Location and Access
| publisher = UK in India
| url = http://ukinindia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/Bangalore-location-access/
| access-date = 25 Jan 2012
| archive-date = 1 January 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120101203546/http://ukinindia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/Bangalore-location-access
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> functioning from 2009, for which visas are issued from the Deputy High Commission office at Chennai.<ref>{{cite news| title =Britain 'upgrades' Bangalore trade office to deputy high commission| newspaper =India Tech Online| date =3 September 2009| url =http://indiatechonline.com/uk-deputy-high-commission-bangalore-132.php| access-date =26 Jan 2012| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120725154238/http://indiatechonline.com/uk-deputy-high-commission-bangalore-132.php| archive-date =25 July 2012}}</ref> The visa application centres are located in Chennai, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Kochi]] and [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{cite news
| title = UK visa application centres to shut for 5 days in April
| newspaper = The Economic Times
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 5 March 2010
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-05/news-by-industry/27567497_1_visa-application-centres-british-deputy-high-commission-uk-visa-facilitation-services
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021653/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2010-03-05/news-by-industry/27567497_1_visa-application-centres-british-deputy-high-commission-uk-visa-facilitation-services
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 5 March 2016
| access-date = 25 Jan 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Expanded UK Visa services in Kerala
| newspaper = The Economic Times
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 2 January 2004
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-01-02/news/27382168_1_visa-application-centre-visa-facilitation-services-uk-visa
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316110840/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2004-01-02/news/27382168_1_visa-application-centre-visa-facilitation-services-uk-visa
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 March 2014
| access-date = 25 Jan 2012}}</ref>

;List of Deputy High Commissioners
Below is the list of deputy high commissioners of the British Deputy High Commission in Chennai (formerly Madras):<ref>{{cite web
| last = Mackie
| first = Colin
| title = A Directory of British Diplomats
| publisher = gulabin.com
| date = 2017
| url = http://www.gulabin.com/britishdiplomatsdirectory/pdf/britishdiplomatsdirectory.pdf
| access-date = 12 December 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304104239/http://www.gulabin.com/britishdiplomatsdirectory/pdf/britishdiplomatsdirectory.pdf
| archive-date = 4 March 2016
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>
# [[Christopher Masterman|Sir Christopher Masterman]], CSI, CIE (1947–1948)
# Charles A. Gault, CBE (1948–1949)
# James W. D. Locker, OBE (1949–1951)
# George E. Crombie, CMG (1951–1953)
# Leonard J. D. Wakely, CMG, OBE (1953–1957)
# Ronald G. Chisholm (1957–1960)
# Mark E. Allen, CMG, CVO (1960–1961)
# William J. M. Paterson, CMG (1961–1965)
# Clifford B. B. Heathcote-Smith, CBE (1965–1968)
# Victor C. Martin, OBE (1968–1971)
# John E. A. Miles, CBE (1971–1975)
# Alfred C. Hall, CBE (1975–1977)
# Neville A. I. French, CMG, LVO (1977–1980)
# Arthur S.-M. Marshall, CBE (1980–1983)
# Thomas Stubbs, OBE (1983–1986)
# David K. Sprague, MVO (1986–1989)
# Anthony B. N. Morey, CBE (1989–1991)
# David Cockerham, CBE (1991–1994)
# Sidney H. Palmer (1994–1999)
# Michael E. J. Herridge (1999–2003)
# Stuart H. Innes (2003–2005)<ref>{{cite news
| title = New British Deputy High Commissioner
| newspaper = The Financial Express
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Indian Express
| date = 17 July 2003
| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/new-british-deputy-high-commissioner/87183/0
| access-date = 21 Apr 2012}}</ref>
# Michael L. Connor (2005–2009)
# Michael S. Nithavrianakis (2009–2013)
# Bharat Joshi (2013–October 2018)
# Jeremy Pilmore-Bedford (October 2018–October 2019)<ref>{{cite news
| title = New British envoy takes over
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 11 October 2018
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/new-british-envoy-takes-over/article25184958.ece
| access-date = 12 October 2018}}</ref>
# Oliver Ballhatchet, MBE (October 2019–November 2024)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/oliver-ballhatchet-new-british-deputy-high-commissioner/articleshow/71400120.cms|title=Oliver Ballhatchet new British deputy high commissioner|date=2 October 2019|work=Times of India|access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>
# Halima Holland (November 2024–Present) (First women head of mission in Chennai)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/halima-holland-appointed-as-british-deputy-high-commissioner-for-tamil-nadu-and-puducherry/article68845752.ece|title=Halima Holland appointed as British Deputy High Commissioner for Tamil Nadu and Puducherry |date=9 November 2024|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 November 2024}}</ref>

==Functions==
In 2006, the Deputy High Commission at Chennai processed 11,224 visa applications, next only to the Mumbai Centre. The High Commissions at [[Mumbai]], [[New Delhi]] and [[Kolkata]] processed 14,366, 6,688 and 1,328 applications, respectively.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Kumar
| first = Rahul
| title = Smooth passage for students to UK
| newspaper = The Economic Times
| location = Chandigarh
| publisher = The Times Group
| date = 3 April 2007
| url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-04-03/news-by-industry/28394515_1_applications-visas-british-high-commission
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151026135114/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-04-03/news-by-industry/28394515_1_applications-visas-british-high-commission
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 October 2015
| access-date = 25 Jan 2012}}</ref> In 2008, of the 336,000 student visas issued in India, around 20 per cent (67,000) were issued in Chennai.<ref>{{cite news
| last = George
| first = Daniel P.
| title = UK grows where Oz takes the beating: Luring desi students
| location = Chennai
| date = 29 August 2009
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-29/chennai/28165579_1_visa-application-student-visas-uk-border-agency
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103093917/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-08-29/chennai/28165579_1_visa-application-student-visas-uk-border-agency
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 29 Jul 2012}}</ref> Of late, the [[Visa (document)|visa]] rejection rate from the Deputy High Commission at Chennai has been increased.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Seshagiri
| first = Mathang
| title = UK visa: Students 'forge' their way
| location = Chennai
| date = 17 February 2005
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-17/bangalore/27833611_1_uk-visa-british-deputy-high-commission-marksheets
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104150342/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2005-02-17/bangalore/27833611_1_uk-visa-british-deputy-high-commission-marksheets
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 24 Jan 2012}}</ref>

As part of the U.K. Border Agency's new guidelines, the Deputy High Commission started processing U.K. visa applications from the British High Commission in [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]], in a phased manner.<ref>{{cite news| title =British High Commission, Colombo announces new visa procedure| newspaper =BBS Netting| location =Colombo| url =http://uk.bbsnetting.com/visas/British-High-Commission-Colombo-announces-new-visa-procedure.php| access-date =26 Jan 2012| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120111134552/http://uk.bbsnetting.com/visas/British-High-Commission-Colombo-announces-new-visa-procedure.php| archive-date =2012-01-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| title = Applying for a UK visa in Sri Lanka
| publisher = UK in Sri Lanka
| url = http://ukinsrilanka.fco.gov.uk/en/visiting-uk/visas/
| access-date = 12 Feb 2012
| archive-date = 20 March 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120320201525/http://ukinsrilanka.fco.gov.uk/en/visiting-uk/visas/
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> As of 2011, the U.K. Border Agency in Chennai processed most visa applications from Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite news| title =Sri Lankan companies get faster visas for UK visits| newspaper =Lanka Business Online| location =Colombo| date =7 December 2011| url =http://www.lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=1743770634| access-date =12 Feb 2012| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20121120044111/http://lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=1743770634| archive-date =20 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = UK High Commission in Sri Lanka To Stop Issuing Visas
| newspaper = The Nation
| location = Colombo
| publisher = Nation.lk
| date = 3 February 2008
| url = http://www.hinduismtoday.com/blogs-news/hindu-press-international/uk-high-commission-in-sri-lanka-to-stop-issuing-visas/7358.html
| access-date = 12 Feb 2012}}</ref>

In December 2013, the Deputy High Commission launched a pilot passport pass-back service, a user-pays service that enables applicants to retain their passport for the majority of the application processing period, for the first time in the country.<ref>{{cite news
| title = UK to launch passport pass-back service
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 6 December 2013
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/travel/uk-to-launch-new-passport-passback-services-in-chennai/article5430165.ece
| access-date = 7 Dec 2013}}</ref>

==The British Council==
[[Image:British Council logo.svg|thumb|180 px|right|Logo of the British Council]]
The [[British Council]] division of the Deputy High Commission is the United Kingdom's primary cultural relations organisation and is responsible for activities in education, [[English language]], governance, science and the arts. The British Council office at Chennai covers the South Indian region. It plays an important role in helping Indian students pursue their studies in the United Kingdom.<ref name="EncouragingStudiesAbroad"/> The council also manages the British Library.<ref>{{cite web| title =Who we are| publisher =British Council| url =http://www.britishcouncil.org/india-who-we-are.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20020917032530/http://www1.britishcouncil.org/india-who-we-are.htm| url-status =dead| archive-date =17 September 2002| access-date =25 Jan 2012}}</ref> The British Council division publishes two magazines—''Postgraduate U.K.'' and ''Club U.K.'', the latter meant for Indian students.<ref name="EncouragingStudiesAbroad">{{cite journal| last =Subramanian| first =T.S.| title =Encouraging studies abroad| journal =Frontline| volume =21| issue =11| publisher =The Hindu| date =22 May – 4 June 2004| url =http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2111/stories/20040604008412400.htm| access-date =25 Jan 2012| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110615172740/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl2111/stories/20040604008412400.htm| archive-date =15 June 2011}}</ref>

According to 2004 U.K. government figures, of the 14,000 Indian students studying in the United Kingdom, 43 per cent hail from South India.<ref name="EncouragingStudiesAbroad"/>

In 2010, the British Council launched the British Council IELTS Scholarship Award with the objective of assisting Indian students to continue their postgraduate study at any university abroad.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Chitradeepa
| first = A.
| title = IELTS initiative to recognise excellence
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 5 September 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/education/careers/article2426477.ece
| access-date = 30 Jan 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110926190253/http://www.thehindu.com/education/careers/article2426477.ece
| archive-date = 26 September 2011
| url-status = dead
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom|India}}
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Chennai]]
* [[India–United Kingdom relations]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of the United Kingdom]]
* [[Foreign relations of India]]
* [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.gov.uk/government/world/organisations/british-deputy-high-commissioner-chennai Official website of the British Deputy High Commission Chennai]
* [http://www.britishcouncil.org/india Official website of the British Council]

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{{Chennai topics}}

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Rana (clan)

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Bihar Region: Redirect page

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Aarey Forest

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Kerala Panineeyam

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{{Short description|Grammar book by A. R. Raja Raja Varma}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox book 
| name = Keralapanineeyam
| title_orig = കേരളപാണിനീയം
| translator =
| image = Kerala Panineeyam.jpg
| caption =
| author = [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]]
| cover_artist =
| country = [[India]] {{flagicon|India}}
| language = [[Malayalam]]
| genre = Grammar
| publisher =
| release_date = 1896
| media_type =
| isbn = 978-8171306725
| oclc =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| website =
| native_wikisource=കേരളപാണിനീയം
| orig_lang_code=ml
}}
'''Keralapanineeyam''' (or '''Kerala Panineeyam''', '''Keralapaniniyam''') is a [[treatise]] on [[Malayalam]] [[grammar]] and [[rhetoric]], written by [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]], [[grammar]]ian, litterateur and one of the pioneers of Malayalam Language studies. The book was first published in 1896 and earned its author the sobriquet, ''Kerala Panini'', after the [[Sanskrit]] grammarian, [[Pāṇini|Panini]]. It is considered to be an epoch making work on the growth and structure of Malayalam language.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/literaryadition.htm |title=www.keralahistory.ac.in |access-date=30 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801012522/http://www.keralahistory.ac.in/literaryadition.htm |archive-date=1 August 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
[[File:A.R. Raja Raja Varma.jpg|150px|right]]

''Keralapanineeyam'' consists of 8 sections and their subsections:
* Peedika – History of the Malayalam language, alphabets and language evolution.
* Sandhiprakaram – defines sentences and compound words
* Namadhikaram – discusses grammatical gender, countability, words formed by joining two or more words, adjectives, adverbs, formation of new words denoting a set of words
* Dhathwadhikaram – describes imperative sentences, active / passive sentences, prefix words (khiladathu), suffixes, affirmative/negative usages, complex and compound sentences
* Bhedhakadhikaram – further description of adjectives
* Nipathavyayadhikaram - describes words with multiple meanings/usages
* Akamshadhikaram – describes linking words
* Shabhdolpathi – essay on word formation and evolutions.

''Keralapanineeyam'' was one of the first scientific descriptions of Malayalam grammar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/articles/thampuran-of-malayalam-language-article-2607.htm|title = Thampuran of Malayalam Language}}</ref> A.R. Raja Raja Varma complemented the treatise with subsequent works such as ''Bhashabhooshanam'' and ''Vritha Manjari''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/A-R-Rajaraja-Varma-26811.htm|title=A R Rajaraja Varma in India}}</ref>

In 2017, on the 100th anniversary of its first publication, the digitised version of ''Keralapanineeyam'' was released by Sayahna Foundation under Creative Commons ShareAlike License.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/magazine/kerala-panineeyam-digital|title = ലോകോത്തര ടൈപ്പ് സെറ്റിംഗ് സാങ്കേതിക വിദ്യയുടെ കരുത്തില്‍ കേരള പാണിനീയം ഡിജിറ്റലാവുന്നു}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://central.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detailprint.pl?biblionumber=149480 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408230107/http://central.tnopac.gov.in/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detailprint.pl?biblionumber=149480 |date=8 April 2014 }}
* http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/a-royal-who-spoke-commoners-tongue/article4439819.ece
* http://www.veethi.com/articles/thampuran-of-malayalam-language-article-2607.htm
* http://books.sayahna.org/ml/pdf/keralapanineeyam.pdf

{{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Indian non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language literature]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language mass media|books]]
[[Category:Malayalam grammar]]

2016–17 Calcutta Football League Premier Division

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Bihar Region: new redirect

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