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List of Indian Bengali films of 2002

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Zakariyya Kandhlawi

2026-05-06T15:08:37Z

Bhushana: made details - done

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar (1898–1982)}}
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{{Infobox religious biography|religion=[[Islam]]
|name = Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi
|image = Zakariyya Kandhlawi.jpg
|caption =
|title = Shaykh al-Hadith<ref name="EI2">{{cite book |last1=Bosworth |first1=C.E. |last2=van Donzel |first2=E. |last3=Heinrichs |first3=W.P. |last4=Bearman|first4=P.J.|last5=Bianquis|first5=Th.|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam |volume=XI (W-Z) |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden, Netherlands|date=2002 |isbn=9004127569 |page=406|edition=New }}</ref> Qutb al-Aqtab Barakat al-`Asr
|birth_name = Muhammad Zakariya
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1898|2|2|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Kandhla]], [[North-Western Provinces]], [[British Raj|British India]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1982|5|24|1898|2|3|df=yes}}
|death_place = [[Medina]], [[Saudi Arabia]]
|resting_place = [[Al-Baqi'|Jannat-ul-Baqi]]
|nationality =
{{Flag|British India|name=British Indian}} (1898-1947) 
{{Flag|India|name=Indian}} (1947-1982) {{Flag|Saudi Arabia|name=Saudi Arabian}} (1976-1982)
|occupation = [[Islamic scholar]], [[Sheikh (Sufism)|Sufi shaykh]], Author, Teacher
|denomination = [[Muslim]]
|Madh'hab = [[Hanafi]]
|movement =
|alma_mater = [[Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur]]
|main_interests = [[Hadith studies]], [[Sufism]]
|notable_ideas =
|notable_works = ''Awjaz al-Masalik'' ''Al-Abwab wa at-Tarajim'' ''Faza'il'' series ''Khasa'il-i Nabawi''
|Sufi_order = [[Chishti Order|Chishti]] ([[Haji Imdadullah Muhaajir Makki|Sabiri-Imdadi]])
|disciple_of = [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] {{small|(Granted ''khilafah'')}}
|influences = Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi, [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], [[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]], [[Husain Ahmad Madani]]
|influenced = [[Shaykh Yunus Jaunpuri]]
|students = [[Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh]]
|relatives = [[Salman Mazahiri]] (son-in-law)
[[Aaqil Saharanpuri]]<ref name="AapBeeti">{{cite book
|last=Kandhlawi
|first=Muhammad Zakariya
|title=Aap Beeti (Autobiography)
|volume=1
|publisher=Idarah Isha'at-e-Diniyat
|year=1970
|page=258
|url=https://archive.org/details/AapBeetiByShaykhUlHadeesZakriaKandehlvi
|language=ur
|access-date=2026-04-30
}}</ref> (son-in-law)
}}
{{Deobandi}}

'''Muḥammad Zakarīyā ibn Muḥammad Yaḥyá Ṣiddīqī Kāndhlawī Sahāranpūrī Muhājir Madanī''' (''Muḥammad Zakarīyā ibn Muḥammad Yaḥyá aṣ-Ṣiddīqī al-Kāndahlawī as-Sahāranfūrī al-Madanī''; 2 February 1898{{spaced ndash}}24 May 1982) was a [[Sunni]] [[Hanafi]] [[Hadith]] scholar of the [[Deobandi]] school of Islamic thought in [[India]], popularly known as a "Hazrat Shaykh al-Hadith" and an influential ideologue of [[Tablighi Jamaat]], the missionary and reform movement founded by his uncle [[Maulana Muhammad Ilyas]]. His notable works are ''Awjaz al-Masalik'', an Arabic commentary in six volumes on Imam Malik's [[Muwatta Imam Malik|''Muwatta'']], and ''Khasa'il-i Nabawi'', an Urdu translation and commentary on Imam at-Tirmidhi's [[Shama'il Muhammadiyah|''Shama'il'']].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maliq.S|first=Abdul|title=Moulana Muhammad Zakariyya Hayatuhu Wa A Maluhu|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/293977|journal=Department of Arabic, University of Madras|hdl=10603/293977}}</ref>

==Name==
His ''[[ism (name)|ism]]'' ([[given name]]) was Muhammad Zakariya. His ''[[nasab]]'' ([[patronymic]]) is as follows: Muḥammad Zakarīyā ibn Muḥammad Yaḥyá ibn Muḥammad Ismā‘īl ibn G͟hulām Ḥusain ibn [[Hakim (title)#Hakīm (حكيم)|Ḥakīm]] Karīm Bak͟hsh ibn Ḥakīm G͟hulām Muḥīyuddīn ibn [[Maulawī]] Muḥammad Sājid ibn ibn Maulawī Muḥammad Faiz̤ ibn Maulawī Muḥammad Sharīf ibn Maulawī Muḥammad Ashraf ibn Shaik͟h Jamāl Muḥammad Shāh ibn Shaik͟h Bāban Shāh ibn Shaik͟h Bahā’uddīn Shāh ibn Maulawī Shaik͟h Muḥammad ibn Shaik͟h Muḥammad Fāz̤il ibn Shaik͟h Quṭb Shāh.<ref>
{{cite book|title=حضرت مولانا محمد الیاس اور ان کی دینی دعوت / Ḥaz̤rat Maulānā Muḥammad Ilyās aur un kī dīnī da'wat|publisher=Maktabah Mahmudiyah|location=Raiwind|author=Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi|author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi|language=ur}}
:English translation: {{cite book|title=Life and Mission of Maulana Mohammad Ilyas|publisher=Academy of Islamic Research and Publications|location=Lucknow|author=Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi|author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi|others=Translated by Mohammad Asif Kidwai}}
</ref>

His name is usually mentioned with one or more ''[[Nisba (onomastics)|nisbahs]]'' (attributive adjectives). He was [[Kandhlawi]] (of [[Kandhla]]) by origin, then [[Gangohi]] (of [[Gangoh]]), then [[Saharanpuri]] (of [[Saharanpur]]), then Madani (of [[Medina]]).<ref name="motala">{{cite book|last=Motala|first=Yusuf|title=Manifestations of Prophet Muhammad's Beauty: The Hearts of Allah's Saints|date=June 2011|publisher=Azhar Publications|isbn=9781848281196|edition=1st|author-link=Yusuf Motala|chapter=Quṭb al-Aqṭāb Shaykh al-Ḥadīth Muḥammad Zakariyyā Muhājir Madanī|place=London|others=Lectures by Yusuf Motala, translated by a group of graduates of Darul Uloom Al-Arabiya Al-Islamiya, Bury}}</ref> Muhajir Madani indicates his ''hijrah'' ([[immigration]]) to the Islamic holy city of Medina. By lineage he was [[Siddiqi]], denoting descent from [[Abu Bakr]].{{Citation needed|date= August 2022}}

==Early life and education==
Muhammad Zakariya was born at 11 pm on Thursday, 11 [[Ramadan]] 1315 [[Hijri year|AH]] (Wednesday, 2 February 1898){{#tag:ref|In the Islamic calendar, the weekday begins at sunset.|group="note"}} in the house of his mother's step-grandmother, Maryam, in the town of [[Kandhla]] in the present-day state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref name=tariqat>{{cite book |title=Shari'ah and Tariqat: Inseparable and Indivisible |first=Muhammad |last=Zakariya Kandhlawi |others=Translated by Asim Ahmad from ''Shari`at wa Tariqat ka Talazum'' (1977) |chapter=Preface}}</ref><ref name=shahid>{{cite book |title=The Mashaikh of Chisht: The Spiritual Tree (Shajarah) and Life Episodes of the Noble Auliya and Mashaikh of Chisht |date=November 2005 |publisher=theMajlis.net |others=Translated by Mujlisul Ulma of South Africa from ''Tarikh-i Masha'ikh-i Chisht'' (1973) |url=http://books.themajlis.net/node/529 |author=Muhammad Shahid Saharanpuri |editor-first=Muhammad |editor-last=Zakariya Kandhlawi |chapter=Hadhrat Aqdas Shaikul Hadith Muhammad Zakariyyah}}</ref><ref name=javed>{{Cite thesis |type=PhD |title=Contribution of Mazahir-e-Uloom of Saharanpur to Tasawwuf |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/67580069/Contribution-of-Mazahir-e-uloom-if-Saharanpur-to-Tasawwuf |last=Javed |first=Iffat Masood |year=1996 |publisher=Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi |access-date=4 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=nadwi>{{cite web |url=http://www.duroos.net/SHAKYUL%20ISLAM.htm |title=Life of Hazrat Shaykh ul Hadith |first=Abul Hasan Ali |last=Nadwi |author-link=Abul Hasan Ali Hasani Nadwi |access-date=21 July 2012 |archive-date=14 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814082911/http://duroos.net/SHAKYUL%20ISLAM.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> He was born to a family of Islamic scholars that traced their ancestry to [[Abu Bakr as-Siddiq]], a companion of the Islamic prophet, [[Muhammad]].<ref name=wnadwi>{{cite web |title=Shaykh Zakariyya Kandhlawi |others=Adapted from Wali ad-Din Nadwi's Arabic biography of Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi |publisher=White Thread Press |url=http://www.whitethreadpress.com/?p=23 |access-date=2 December 2012 |archive-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214233428/http://www.whitethreadpress.com/?p=23 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Zakariya's father, Muhammad Yahya Kandhlawi was a student and disciple of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]].<ref name=javed/><ref name=nadwi/><ref name=wnadwi/> Born in 1287 AH (1870/1871), he received his early education from his father and later studied hadith under Maulana Gangohi and Maulana [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]]. He would routinely recite the entire Qur'an daily.<ref name=javed/> After completing ''dawrah'' of hadith with Maulana Gangohi, Yahya stayed with him in Gangoh.<ref name=shahid/><ref name=javed/> Maulana Yahya's father, Maulana Muhammad Ismail Jhanjhanawi died twenty days after the birth of Zakariya, who would be Yahya's only son.<ref name=tariqat/><ref name=javed/><ref name=nadwi/>

===Early education in Gangoh===
In 1318 AH (1900), at the age of two, Zakariya moved to Gangoh, where his father lived with Maulana Gangohi.<ref name=shahid/> In Gangoh, Zakariya was one of eighty students who studied in his father's madrasah.<ref name=javed/> His education began with Hakim `Abd ar-Rahman of Muzaffarnagar, a pious doctor, with whom he studied ''Qa`idah Baghdadi'', a common primer for learning [[Arabic script]].<ref name=shahid/><ref name=wnadwi/> He then began ''hifz'' (memorizing the Qur'an) with his father, who required students to revise their daily lesson 100 times.<ref name=shahid/> After ''hifz'', books studied included ''[[Bahishti Zewar]]'', ''Hamasah'', the first volume of ''[[al-Hidayah (book)|Hidayah]]'', and other books in Urdu and Persian.<ref name=shahid/><ref name=javed/> The introductory books of Persian were taught by his uncle, [[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi|Muhammad Ilyas]], while the books of Arabic grammar (''sarf'' and ''nahw'') were taught by his father.<ref name=shahid/>

In Gangoh, Zakariya saw many times his father's shaykh, [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]], with whom he had an affectionate fatherly relationship.<ref name=tariqat/><ref name=shahid/><ref name=wnadwi/> Gangohi died on 8 Jumada ath-Thani 1323 AH (11 August 1905), when Zakariya was seven.<ref name=tariqat/>

===Start of studies at Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur===
In Rajab 1328 AH (July 1910), at the age of 12, Muhammad Zakariya traveled with his father to [[Saharanpur]] to attend [[Mazahir Uloom Saharanpur]], where his father had moved to teach hadith at the request of [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]].<ref name=shahid/> Zakariya began studying texts on Arabic grammar, morphology, literature, and logic.<ref name=shahid/><ref name=wnadwi/> Texts studied with his father included ''Sarf-i Mir'', ''Panj Ganj'', ''Fusul-i Akbari'', ''Kafiyah'', ''Qasidah Burdah'', ''Qasidah Banat Su`ad'', as well the 30th ''[[juz']]'' of the Qur'an and a collection of 40 hadith.<ref>

{{cite book|title={{Nastaliq|تاریخ مشائخ چشت}} [Tarikh-i Mashaikh-i Chisht]|year=1973|author=Muhammad Shahid Saharanpuri|editor=Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi|chapter={{Nastaliq|حضرت اقدس شیخ الحدیث مولانا محمد زکریا صاحب}} [Hazrat Aqdas Shaykh al-Hadis Muhammad Zakariya Sahib]|language=ur}}

</ref> His teachers in the rational sciences were Maulana `Abd al-Wahid Sanbhali and Maulana `Abd al-Latif, the ''nazim'' (director) of the madrasah.<ref name=shahid/>

===''Dawrah'' of hadith===
The year 1333 AH (1914/1915) was Zakariya's final year of studies, known in the [[Dars-i Nizami]] curriculum as ''dawrah'' of hadith, and involving intensive study of hadith. Zakariya was strictly observant in never missing a lesson and always studying with ''[[wudu]]'' (ablution). He studied the [[six major hadith collections]] under his father, with the exception of ''[[Sunan ibn Majah]]'', which he studied with Maulana Thabit `Ali.<ref name=shahid/> When his father was teaching him, Zakariya was treated differently from the other students. For example, he writes that when studying the hadith collection ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]'', he was not allowed to refer to ''Mazhar-i Haq'', its Urdu translation and commentary. Another rule in his studies was that he had to state whether or not a hadith was consistent with Hanafi ''fiqh'', and, if not, support the position taken by the Hanafi school.<ref name=javed/> Zakariya completed his studies and graduated in 1333 (1915).

In 1333 AH (1915), Zakariya gave ''[[bay'ah]]'' (oath of allegiance to a [[murshid|Sufi shaykh]]) at the hand of [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]] before the latter left for [[Hijaz]].<ref name=shahid/><ref name=gaborieau>

{{cite encyclopedia |last=Gaborieau |first=M. |title=Zakariyyā Kāndhalawī Sahāranpūrī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition |date=24 April 2012 |publisher=Brill Online |url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/zakariyya-kandhalawi-saharanpuri-SIM_8095}}</ref>

On 10 Dhu al-Qi'dah 1334 (September 1916), when Zakariya was 18, his father died.<ref name=javed/>

Maulana Saharanpuri returned to India at about the same time. In 1334 (1916) he requested Zakariya to study ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' and ''[[Jami` at-Tirmidhi]]'' a second time with him.<ref name=shahid/> He then selected Zakariya to assist him in writing ''Badhl al-Majhud'', a commentary on ''[[Sunan Abi Dawud]]''.

==Teaching career==
After completing his academic studies, Muhammad Zakariya was appointed as a teacher at Mazahir Uloom on 1 Muharram 1335 AH (c. 29 October 1916).<ref name="motala"/><ref name=shahid/><ref name=wnadwi/><ref name="ApBitiV2"/> At the age of 18, he was one of the youngest members of the staff.<ref name=nadwi/><ref name=wnadwi/> He was initially assigned to teach books on Arabic grammar, morphology, and literature, as well as some primary texts of [[Islamic jurisprudence]]. He later advanced to teaching books of hadith and other ''daurah'' books.

The initial books he was assigned were ''‘Ilm aṣ-ṣīghah'', ''Mi’at ‘āmil manẓum'', ''Sharḥ mi’at ‘āmil'', ''Khulāṣah naḥw mīr'', ''Nafḥat al-yaman'', ''Munyat al-muṣallī'', *''Uṣūl ash-Shāshī'', and ''Qāla aqūl''. The next term, from Shawwal 1335 AH (1917), he taught ''Mirqāt'', ''Qudūrī'', ''Sharḥ Tahdhīb'', ''Kāfiyah'', ''Nūr al-iḍāḥ'', ''Uṣūl ash-Shāshī'', ''Sharḥ Jāmī'', ''Baḥth fa‘l'', ''Baḥth ism'', ''‘Ajab al-‘ujāb'', and ''Nafḥat al-yaman''. In Shawwal 1336 AH (1918) there was further promotion; he was given higher books including ''Maqāmāt'', ''Sab‘ah mu‘allaqah'', ''Quṭbī'', ''Mīr Qutbī'', and ''Kanz ad-daqā’iq''. In Shawwal 1337 AH (1919) he was given ''Ḥamāsah'' and ''Hidāyah awwalīn''.<ref name=shahid/><ref name="ApBitiV2">{{cite book|title=آپ بیتی / Āp bītī|publisher=Maktabah-yi Umar Faruq|author=Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi|volume=2|language=ur}}</ref> At the end of term in Shaban 1338 AH (1920), Zakariya traveled with Khalil Ahmad to the [[Hejaz]] and performed his first [[Hajj]]. He returned to Saharanpur in Safar 1339 AH (1920).<ref name="motala"/><ref name="ApBitiV2"/>

The books Zakariya taught in each of the next few years are not recorded in detail, but he writes that he was given ''Quṭbī'', ''Mīr Qutbī'', ''Tahdhīb'', and ''Sharḥ Tahdhīb'' nearly every year, as the more senior teachers disliked teaching ''mantiq'' (logic). He also taught ''Hidāyah awwalīn'' a total of three times, and ''Nūr al-anwār'' followed by ''Husāmī'' three times.<ref name="ApBitiV2"/>

Beginning in 1341 AH (1923), he was given books of hadith to teach. On the instruction of Maulana Khalil Ahmad, in Rajab 1341 AH (1923) three sections of ''[[Sahih al-Bukhari]]'' were transferred to Zakariya from Maulana Abdul Latif, the madrasah's ''nazim'' (administrator/principal). In the next three terms, from Shawwal 1341 to Shaban 1344 AH (1923–1926), he taught ''[[Mishkat al-Masabih]]''.<ref name="motala"/><ref name=shahid/><ref name=nadwi/><ref name=wnadwi/><ref name="ApBitiV2"/> In Shawwal 1344 AH (1926) he traveled once again to the Hejaz, this time staying there for over a year. After performing Hajj, he arrived in [[Medina]] in Muharram 1345 AH (1926).<ref name="motala"/><ref name="ApBitiV2"/> During his stay there he taught ''[[Sunan Abu Dawud]]'' at Madrasah al-`Ulum ash-Shar`iyah.<ref name=wnadwi/><ref name="ApBitiV2"/>

Upon Zakariya's return to Saharanpur in Safar 1346 AH (1927), ''Sunan Abu Dawud'' was transferred to him from Maulana Abdul Latif. In this year he also taught ''[[Sunan an-Nasa'i]]'', ''[[Muwatta Malik]]'' in the transmission of [[Muhammad al-Shaybani|ash-Shaybani]], and parts 12 to 16 of ''Sahih al-Bukhari''. After [[Eid al-Adha]] the first volume of Sahih al-Bukhari was transferred to Zakariya, while the second volume remained with Maulana Abdul Latif.<ref name=shahid/><ref name=wnadwi/><ref name="ApBitiV2"/> From Safar 1346 AH onward Zakariya also taught ''[[Jami' at-Tirmidhi]]'', ''[[Sahih Muslim]]'', and other ''daurah'' books when teachers were unavailable due to sickness or travel.<ref name="ApBitiV2"/>

In 1373 AH (1954) Maulana Abdul Latif was unavailable due to travel, so Zakariya was given both volumes of ''Bukhari'' to teach in addition to his usual assignment of ''Abu Dawud''. The same arrangement was made in 1374 AH (1955) when Abdul Latif was ill. In 1375 AH (1956), after the death of Maulana Abdul Latif, ''Sunan Abu Dawud'' was transferred to Maulana As'adullah, and ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' was transferred to Maulana Zakariya.<ref name=shahid/><ref name="ApBitiV2"/>

Zakariya continued to teach until 1388 AH (1968), when he developed cataracts in his eyes - a defect in his vision. In total, he taught half of ''Sahih al-Bukhari'' 25 times, the complete work 16 times, and ''Sunan Abi Dawud'' 30 times.

==Expertise==
Syrian scholar [[Abd al-Fattah Abu Ghudda]], in a letter he wrote to Shaykh Zakariyya, states:<ref name="obituary">{{cite book |title=SHAYKH ʿABD AL-FATTĀḤ ABŪ GHUDDAH (1336-1417 AH/1917-1997 CE) Based on an obituary by ʿAllāmah Muftī Muhammad Taqi Usmani |page=51 |url=https://archive.org/stream/TheValueOfTime_201703/An%20Obituary%20to%20Shaikh%20%27Abbdul%20Fattah%20Aboo%20Ghuddah%20%28R%27A%29 |access-date=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://banglakitab.com/|title=FREE Bangla / Bengali Books-Boi-Kitab, Hamd/Naat/Nasheed/Islamic Song, Quran/Qur'an/Koran Qerats, Dars/Waj/Speeches, Tafsir|website=banglakitab.com|access-date=2019-10-18}}</ref>
{{Quotation|To his eminence, the shaykh, the magnificent imām, the jurist, the ḥadīth master, the
outstanding noble scholar, the fragrance of India and the Ḥijāz, the tongue of the
people of reality and metaphor, our master and our blessing, Shaykh Muḥammad
Zakariyyā - may his lofty shadow be lengthened and his precious life be blessed.
Āmīn. 
From the needy slave, your admirer, ʿAbd al-Fattāḥ Abū Ghuddah.}}

Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi also supported the [[Tablighi Jamaat]] movement in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]. His written essays, based on hadith, are required reading for people of Tablighi Jamaat.<ref name=oxford>[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1234?_hi=5&_pos=33 Profile of Muhammad Zakariyya al-Kandhlawi on Oxford Islamic Studies Online website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129072312/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1234?_hi=5&_pos=33 |date=29 November 2020 }} Retrieved 10 March 2020</ref>

==Death==
Muhammad Zakariya fell ill on Sunday 16 May 1982 in the city of [[Medina]], Saudi Arabia. His condition deteriorated a week later resulting in serious breathing problems on Monday 24 May 1982. The shaykh's body was prepared for burial through washing before the Sunset prayers and burial took place after the night prayer (''[[Isha prayer|Isha]]'') on the same day.

The funeral prayers were led by the Imam of the Prophet's Mosque, Shaykh Abdullah al-Zahim, and the body was taken for burial in the nearby [[Jannatul Baqi]] graveyard. Muhammad Zakariya's wish was to be buried close to the Prophet's family members (''[[ahl al-bayt]]'') and as per his wish, his grave was dug just outside their enclosure.<ref>Final Moments of the Pious, by Shaykh Yusuf Motala (pages 113-115)</ref>

==Sufism==
In 1333 AH (1914 or 1915 CE), Muhammad Zakariya gave ''[[bay'ah]]'' at the hands of [[Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri]], taking him as his [[Sheikh (Sufism)|spiritual guide]].

During his second journey to Hijaz with Khalil Ahmad, his sheikh conferred upon him ''[[Tariqa#Khalifa|khilafah]]'' in four ''silsilas'' ([[Chishti Order|Chistiyya]], [[Suhrawardiyya]], [[Qadiriyya]] and [[Naqshbandiyya]]).<ref name="EI2"/>

==Household==
Muhammad Zakariya married twice. He first married the daughter of Shaikh Ra'uf ul Hasan in [[Kandhla]]. She bore him eight children: three sons and five daughters. She died on the 5th of Dhu l-Hijja, 1355 AH (16 FEB 1937). He then married his first cousin, the daughter of Muhammad Ilyas, in 1356 AH (1938 A.D.). She bore him three children: one son and two daughters.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}

==Notable students==
His notable students include [[Muhammad Yunus Jaunpuri]] and [[Yusuf Motala]] and Molana Mazhar Alam while [[Mufti Taqi Usmani]] has authorization in Hadith from Hazrat Shaikh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themuslim500.com/profiles/muhammad-taqi-usmani/|title=Muhammad Taqi Usmani|website=The Muslim 500}}</ref>

==Written works==
Muhammad Zakariya authored works both in Arabic and Urdu. A number of them treat specialized subjects intended for scholars and the rest have been written for the general public.

His first written work was a three-volume commentary of ''[[Alfiya|Alfiyah Ibn Malik]]'', which he wrote as a student when he was only thirteen.

His work, ''Fadha'il-e-Qur'an'' has been translated into eleven languages, ''Fadha'il-e-Ramadan'' into twelve languages, and ''Fadha'il-e-Salaah'' into fifteen languages.

According to Wali ad-Din Nadwi, Muhammad Zakariya wrote 4 books on [[tafsir]] and [[tajwid]], 44 books on hadith and its related sciences, 6 books on [[fiqh]] and its related sciences, 24 historical and biographical books, 4 books on ''[[aqidah]]'', 12 books on ''[[zuhd]]'' (abstinence) and ''riqaq'' (heart-softening accounts), 3 books on Arabic grammar and logic, and 6 books on modern-day groups and movements.

According to Muhammad Shahid Saharanpuri (Muhammad Zakariya's maternal grandson), his written works amount to 103, of which 42 have been published and 61 remain unpublished. He wrote 2 books on tafsir, 60 books on hadith, 4 books on fiqh and usul al-fiqh, 22 books on tarikh and sirah, 2 books on tajwid and qira'ah, 3 books on Arabic grammar, classical logic, and geometry, 3 books on suluk and ihsan, 4 books in defense of Islam, and 3 books on miscellaneous subjects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zakariyya.wordpress.com/2008/10/04/shaykh-al-hadith-mawlana-muhammad-zakariyya%E2%80%99s-written-works/ |title=Shaykh al-Hadith Mawlana Muhammad Zakariyya's Written Works |author=Abu Unaysah |date=4 October 2008 |access-date=10 March 2020}}</ref>

===Arabic works===
*''Awjaz al-Masalik ila Muwatta' Malik'' ({{langx|label=none|ar|أوجز المسالك إلى موطأ مالك}}, Awjaz al-Masālik ilá Muwaṭṭa’ Mālik)
*''Lami` ad-Darari `ala Jami` al-Bukhari'' ({{langx|label=none|ar|لامع الدراري على جامع البخاري}})
*''Al-Kawkab ad-Durri `ala Jami` at-Tirmidhi'' ({{langx|label=none|ar|الكوكب الدري على جامع الترمذي}}, al-Kawkab ad-Durrī ‘alá Jāmi‘ at-Tirmidhi)
*''Al-Abwab wa at-Tarajim li Sahih al-Bukhari'' ({{langx|label=none|ar|الابواب والتراجم لصحيح البخاري}}, al-Abwāb wa at-Tarājim li-Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī)
*''[[Juz' Hajjat al-Wida` wa `Umrat an-Nabi]]'' ({{langx|label=none|ar|جزء حجة الوداع وعمرات النبي}}, Juz' Ḥajjat al-Widā‘ wa ‘Umrāt an-Nabī)

===Urdu works===
*''Shama'il Tirmidhi ma` Urdu Sharh Khasa'il Nabawi''
*''[[Faza'il-e-A'maal]]'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائل اعمال}}}})
**''Faza'il-e-Quran'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائلِ قرآن}}}})
**''Faza'il-e-Ramadan'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائلِ رمضان}}}})
**''Faza'il-e-Tabligh'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائلِ تبلیغ}}}})
**''Faza'il-e-Namaaz'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائلِ نماز}}}})
**''Faza'il-e-Hajj'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائلِ حج}}}})
**''Faza'il-e-Sadaqat'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائلِ صدقات}}}})
**''Faza'il-e-Zikr'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائلِ ذکر }}}})
**''Faza'il-e-Durood-Sharif'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائلِ درود شریف}}}})
**''Faza'il-e-Tijarat'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فضائلِ تجارت}}}})
**''Hikayat-e-Sahabah'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|حکایت صحابہ}}}})
*''Al-I`tidal fi Maratib ar-Rijal'' ({{langx|label=none|ar|الإعتدال في مراتب الرجال}}), also known as ''Islami Siyasat'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|اسلامی سیاست}}}})
*''Dari ka Wujub'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|داڑھی کا وجوب}}}})
*''Aap Beti''[https://web.archive.org/web/20140109102136/http://sirat-e-mustaqeem.com/aap-beeti-vol-1_book-11085.html "Part 1][https://web.archive.org/web/20140109102054/http://sirat-e-mustaqeem.com/aap-beeti-vol-2_book-11086.html "part2] ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|آپ بیتی}}}})
*''Shari`at wa Tariqat ka Talazum'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|شریعت و طریقت کا تلازم}}}})
*''Um al-Amrad''
*''Fitna-e-Maududiat'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|فتنہ مودودیت}}}})
*''Maut ki Yad'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|موت کی یاد}}}})
*''Tarikh Masha'ikh-e-Chisht'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|تاریخ مشائخ چشت}}}})
*''Ikhtilaf al-A'immah''
*''Jama`at-e-Tabligh par I`tarazat ki Jawabat'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|جماعت تبلیغ پر اعتراضات کے جوابات}}}})
*''Miswak'' ({{langx|label=none|ur|{{Nastaliq|مسواک}}}})
*''Nisbat-o-Ijazat''
*''Sila' Rahmi''
*''Akabir ka Suluk o Ihsan''
*''Namaz ki Ahmiat''
*''Ulama e Akhirat ki Pehchan''
*''Akabir ka Ramadan''

==See also==
* [[Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi]]
* [[Muhammad Ilyas Kandhlawi]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://deeneislam.com/article.php?CID=1249 Deeneislam.com - Zakria Rahimullah Dawat O Tableegh]
*[https://archive.org/details/ArabicBooksCollection_201810 ''Arabic Books by the Shaikhu-l-Hadeeth'']
*[https://archive.org/details/UrduBooksCollection_201811 ''Urdu Books by the Shaikhu-l-Hadeeth'']
*[https://archive.org/details/EnglishBooksCollection_201703 ''English translations of some of the books written by the Shaikhu-l-Hadeeth'']

{{Portal bar|Biography|Islam|India}}
{{Hanafi scholars}}
{{Maturidi}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zakariya Kandhlawi, Muhammad}}
[[Category:Hanafis]]
[[Category:Maturidis]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Tablighi Jamaat people]]
[[Category:People from Medina]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1982 deaths]]
[[Category:Mazahir Uloom alumni]]
[[Category:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī]]
[[Category:People from Shamli district]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian historians of Islam]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Saharanpur]]

Market place of dead

2026-05-05T16:31:42Z

Bhushana: Starting Info!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
[[File:Moyan di Mandi ,Anadpur Sahib , Punjab DSCN2705.JPG|thumb|"Moyan di Mandi", Anadpur Sahib, Punjab, (Signboard]]

[[File:" Moyan di mandi" ,(Market Place of dead) Anandpur Sahib , Punjab, DSCN2707.JPG|thumb|" Moyan di mandi" ,(Market Place of dead) Anandpur Sahib, Punjab,]]

'''Market place of dead''' is a religious place near the historical town [[Anandpur Sahib]], of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] State of [[India]]. Locally it is known as '' (Dera) Moiyan di mandi''( Punjabi: (ਡੇਰਾ) ਮੋਇਆਂ ਦੀ ਮੰਡੀ ). It is situated at a distance of one kilometre on the link road before Anandpur town toward left side on [[Chandigarh Anandpur Highway]]. Although it has a distinct history and background yet it is not very popular in the area.

==History and background==

This place was established originally by a retired Army officer. As per the tradition of this religious place any person who want to be its follower is supposed to declare himself dead. It is done through digging his own pit grave and lye for one day in it. He himself has to perform his last rites. After that he will declare himself dead and will be accepted as a disciple of the Dera. Then he will disown all property and worldly means, in his name. The accepted disciple has to prepare his own garment to wear made of sack and eat staple food which he himself has to prepare from the waste food collected from [[Gurdwara]]s, dry it and eat for coming months. The time is spent in helping the poor and ill people of nearby villages and doing meditation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/the-marketplace-of-the-dead |title=The Marketplace of the Dead |date= 11 March 2012|first=Davinder P.S.|last=Sandhu|access-date=25 June 2015 |archive-date=26 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121811/http://www.sunday-guardian.com/analysis/the-marketplace-of-the-dead |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kirtan]] is recited inside the place continuously as per [[Sikhs|Sikh tradition]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.here.com/india/anandpur-sahib/religious-place/dera-moyan-di-mandi--356jx7ps-c872ed93fb7102fbc006f127a2d57362?x=ep&map=31.22542,76.51459,16,normal Location of the Market place of dead]

{{improve categories|date=February 2024}}

[[Category:Rupnagar district]]
[[Category:Anandpur Sahib]]

Vattapara accident zone

2026-05-05T15:53:22Z

Bhushana: made details

{{Short description|Road in India notable for traffic accidents}}
{{Notability|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox road
|country=IND
|type =
|route =
|map =
|map_notes = NH-66 near [[Valanchery]] in [[Malappuram]]
|length_km = 0.5
|direction_a =
|direction_b =
|terminus_a =
|terminus_b =
|previous_type =
|next_type =
|previous_route=
|next_route=
|states = [[Kerala]]:
|destinations= Vattapara [[Valanchery]],
|coordinates = {{coord|10|54|22.926|N|76|3|15.167|E|display=inline,title}}
}}
'''Vattapara Hairpin Turn''' <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/two-killed-in-accident/article33734365.ece|title=Two killed in accident|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 February 2021|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> also known as '''(Vattapara accident zone)'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/no-respite-for-vattappara-from-accidents/articleshow/71249857.cms|title=No respite for Vattappara from accidents | Kozhikode News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=overturns /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramanews.com/nattuvartha/north/2019/09/22/vattappara-curve-accident-locals-protest-malappuram.html|title=വടടപപാറ വളവിൽ പതിയിരികകനന അപകടം; ഭീതിയിൽ നാടടകാർ|trans-title=Danger lurking at Vattapara bend; The natives in fear|language=ml|website=Manoramanews}}</ref> is a road and place along the Indian [[National Highway 66 (India)|National Highway 66]] near [[Valanchery]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.search.yahoo.com/?fr2=inr|title=Yahoo Search - Web Search|website=in.search.yahoo.com}}</ref> Malappuram District,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/gallery/local-news/malappuram-vattappara-tanker-accident-photo-story-q7ms3z|title=വടടപപാറ അപകടം; ടാങകര ലോറി ഉയരതതാന ശരമം, ചിതരങങള കാണം|trans-title=Vattapara accident; Attempt to lift the tanker lorry, see pictures|language=ml|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> Kerala, India, that is known for a high number of accidents.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/videos/news/news-in-videos/demand-to-rectify-dangerous-curve-at-vattappara-getting-stronger-1.5408355|title=റോഡ നവീകരണതതിന ശേഷം അപകടം തടർകഥ; വടടപപാറ വളവ നിവരതതണമെനന ആവശയപപെടട നാടടകാർ|trans-title=Accident sequel after road upgrade; The locals demanded that the Vattapara bend be completed|language=ml|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Over a five-year period there were 300 accidents, 200 injuries, and 30 deaths.

== History ==
Vattapara Hairpin Turn<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.twentyfournews.com/2020/12/05/acccident-lorry-malappuram-vattappara-turn.html|title=വടടപപാറ വളവില വീണടം അപകടം; ലോറി നിയനതരണം വിടട താഴേകക മറിഞഞ|trans-title=Another accident at Vattapara bend; The lorry went out of control and overturned|language=ml|date=5 December 2020|website=www.twentyfournews.com}}</ref> is located at a distance of about 4 km from [[Valanchery]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/2-killed-after-goods-lorry-overturns-in-valanchery-kerala-1.5405447|title=2 killed after goods lorry overturns in Valanchery|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.madhyamam.com/kerala/lorry-accident-at-vattappara-bend-two-died-759597|title=വളാഞചേരി വടടപപാറ വളവിൽ വീണടം അപകടം; രണട മരണം|first=മാധയമം|last=ലേഖകൻ|date=2 February 2021|website=www.madhyamam.com|trans-title=Another accident at Valanchery Vattapara bend; Two deaths|language=ml}}</ref> in [[Malappuram district]], on the National Highway formerly known as [[NH 17]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/three-killed-in-accident-on-nh17/articleshow/48047007.cms|title=Three killed in accident on NH17 - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> and now [[NH 66]]. The 'Vattapara bend' is an 'infamous' bend <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/kerala/dangerous-bend-in-vattappara-road-jj-164491.html|title=വടടപപാറ വളവിലെ ലോറി മറികകം ഭതം എനത ?|trans-title=What is the ghost that overturns the lorry at Vattapara bend?|language=ml|date=14 October 2019|website=News18 Malayalam}}</ref> in Vattapara between [[Puthanathani]] and [[Valanchery]]. The number of vehicles that have flipped on the turn is not tracked. There have been more than 300 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2018/mar/07/three-killed-in-accident-at-vattappara-1783178.html|title=Three killed in accident at Vattappara|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref name=overturns>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/23-injured-as-bus-overturns-off-curve/article25479486.ece|title=23 injured as bus overturns off curve|author=Staff Reporter|newspaper=The Hindu|date=12 November 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/malappuram/2020/07/02/malappuram-vattappara-accident-case.html|title=വടടപപാറ വളവിലെ അപകടം: ഗതാഗതം ഇനന പനഃസഥാപികകം|trans-title=Accident at Vattapara bend: Traffic will be restored today|language=ml|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210521105257/https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/malappuram/2020/07/02/malappuram-vattappara-accident-case.html|archive-date=May 21, 2021}}</ref> road accidents in the last five years. More than 30 deaths, more than 200 injured. It is a common sight for locals to see vehicles coming and going, and firefighters ringing bells and trying to lift the vehicle. This road also called ''Bermuda Triangle''<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianetnews.com/auto-blog/vattappara-curve-the-burmuda-triangle-of-loaded-trucks-in-malappuram-on-nh-17-q7mvfe|title=വടടപപാറ വളവ എനന മലപപറം ജിലലയിലെ 'ബർമഡ ടരയാംഗിൾ', ടാങകർലോറികളടെ മരണകകെണി|trans-title='Bermuda Triangle' in Malappuram district at Vattapara bend, death trap for tanker lorries|language=ml|website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd}}</ref> in [[Malappuram district]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/malappuram/accidents-continue-at-malappuram-vattapara-bend/videoshow/80601136.cms|title=മലപപറം വടടപപാറ വളവിൽ തടർകകഥയായി വാഹനാപകടങങൾ|trans-title=Accidents continue at Malappuram Vattapara bend|language=ml|website=Samayam Malayalam}}</ref> at Vattapara bend, a death trap for tanker lorries

== Reason of accident ==
Frequent vehicular accidents are caused by the slope of the road approaching the curve and the lack of scientificity in the construction of the curve in terms of the slope of the surface.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tv.mathrubhumi.com/en/news/kerala/demand-to-rectify-dangerous-curve-at-vattappara-getting-stronger--1.80259|title=Kerala, Demand To Rectify Dangerous Curve At Vattappara Getting Stronger|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Related to the theory of 'Banking of the Curve' ([[Banked turn]]). A vehicle speeding through a curve will still have a tendency to roll out. This is called centrifugal force. If this force survives the friction between the vehicle's tire and the road, the vehicle will fall out. This friction also depends on the speed of the vehicle, the condition of the road surface, and the load on the vehicle. Here the slope of the road is to the left. Curving vehicles are at risk by default. Tanker lorries and truckers who get off the first part at fairly good speeds at night and elsewhere without adequate warnings, or without heeding warnings, suddenly notice a single hairpin bend to the right. Most of the time, they cut to the right at once and the cart overturns to the left and the left to the left.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/bypass-work-on-nh-66-delayed-over-land-issues/articleshow/36779768.cms|title=Bypass work on NH-66 delayed over land issues | Kozhikode News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

== Ways to cope with an accident ==

=== Change traffic ===

*Solutions -1 is a bypass road that connects directly from Kanjipura to [[Valanchery]] Moodal before the Vattapara bend on the National Highway diverts traffic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/tanker-carrying-spirit-over-turned-at-vattappara-on-nh-66/articleshow/61832681.cms|title=Tanker carrying spirit over turned at Vattappara on NH 66 | Kozhikode News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
*Solutions - 2 The second solution is to widen the roads from [[Puthanathani]] to [[Thirunavaya]] [[Kuttipuram]] to divert traffic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://english.madhyamam.com/editorial/2019/oct/4/accident-prone-vattappara|title=The accident-prone Vattappara|date=4 October 2019|website=english.madhyamam.com}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Valanchery]]
* [[Roads in Kerala]]
* [[National Highway 66 (India)]]
* [[Traffic collisions in India]]
* [[Puthanathani]]
* [[Kuttipuram]]
* [[Banked turn]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.asianetnews.com/kerala-news/tanker-lorry-accident-in-valanchery-vattappara-py6rvk മലപപറം വളാഞചേരിയിൽ ടാങകർ ലോറി മറിഞഞ; ആളപായമിലല - Tanker lorry overturns at Malappuram Valanchery; No crowds]
*[https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/national/2021/02/02/srg1-kl-accident.html Two killed in Valanchery road mishap]
*[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kozhikode/accident-prone-highway-stretch-to-be-redesigned/articleshow/72447922.cms Accident-prone highway stretch to be redesigned | Kozhikode News - Times of India]

[[Category:Road incidents in India]]
[[Category:Road safety]]
[[Category:Collision]]
[[Category:Disasters in Kerala]]
[[Category:Roads in Kerala| ]]

Trident Arts

2026-05-04T22:46:44Z

Bhushana: made new info

{{short description|Indian motion picture company (1987)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Trident Arts
| logo = Trident Arts.png
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Film]]
| founded = 1987
| location_city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location_country = India
| founders = R. Ravindran
| key_people =
| products = [[Film production]], [[Film distribution|distribution]]
| homepage = {{URL|tridentarts.in}}
}}
'''Trident Arts''' is an Indian [[film production]] and [[film distributor|distribution]] company based in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was established in 1987 by R. Ravindran. Since then, it has produced and distributed several [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=25 years of Trident Arts - Producer statement |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/25-years-of-trident-arts-producer-statement.html |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

==History==
Trident Arts was set up by R. Ravindran in 1987. Since then it has distributed several Tamil films in region wise in [[Tamil Nadu]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2018 |title=Producer/distributor Trident Arts celebrates silver jubilee |url=https://newstodaynet.com/index.php/2018/11/02/producer-distributor-trident-arts-celebrates-silver-jubilee/ |website=News Today}}</ref> then moved to a major distributor with the movies including ''[[Vikram Vedha]]'', ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]'', ''[[Ratsasan]]'', ''[[Seethakaathi]]'', ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]'', ''[[Viswasam]]'', ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]'' & ''[[Leo (2023 Indian film)]]''. The company has produced films including ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'', ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]'' and ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Imranullah S. |first=Mohamed |date=22 September 2020 |title=Plea to restrain release of Vishal's 'Chakra' on OTT platform, HC orders notice to actor |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/plea-to-restrain-release-of-vishals-chakra-on-ott-platform-hc-orders-notice-to-actor/article32667321.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Its latest release was ''[[Kasada Thapara]]'', released on 27 August 2021 in [[SonyLIV]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2021 |title=Kasada Tabara gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/aug/11/kasada-tabara-gets-a-release-date-26023.html |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The company's next productions are ''[[Enna Solla Pogirai]]'', directed by A. Hariharan, starring [[Ashwin Kumar Lakshmikanthan|Ashwin Kumar]] and [[Avantika Mishra]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2021 |title=Ashwin Kumar, Pugazh to star in rom-com 'Enna Solla Pogirai' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ashwin-kumar-pugazh-to-star-in-rom-com-enna-solla-pogirai/article35053658.ece |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> ''Hostel'', directed by Sumanth Radhakrishnan, starring [[Ashok Selvan]] and [[Priya Bhavani Shankar]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=Ashok Selvan, Priya Bhavani Shankar pair up for a film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/ashok-selvan-priya-bhavani-shankar-pair-up-for-a-film/articleshow/79721299.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2021 |title=Hostel will bring young crowd to theatres: Sumanth |url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/03/21014611/1282140/Hostel-will-bring-young-crowd-to-theatres-Sumanth.vpf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820013226/https://www.dtnext.in/News/Cinema/2021/03/21014611/1282140/Hostel-will-bring-young-crowd-to-theatres-Sumanth.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 August 2021 |website=DTNext}}</ref> and ''Shot Boot 3'', directed by [[Arun Vaidyanathan]], starring [[Venkat Prabhu]] and [[Sneha (actress)|Sneha]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2021 |title=Venkat Prabhu, Sneha to star in Shot Boot 3 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2021/sep/21/venkat-prabhu-and-sneha-to-star-in-shot-boot-3-26782.html |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]]}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
===Productions and major distributions===
{|class="wikitable"
|+
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! Year<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trident Arts films |url=https://archive.org/details/tridentarts-movies |website=Internet Archive}}</ref>
! Title
! Director
!Production
!Distribution
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Vetrivel]]''
| Vasantha Mani
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|2017
|''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]''
| [[P. Vasu]]
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|2017
|''[[Vikram Vedha]]''
| [[Pushkar–Gayathri]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
|2017
|''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]''
| G. L. Sethuraman
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
|2017
|''[[Aramm]]''
| Gopi Nainar
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Mercury (film)|Mercury]]''
| [[Karthik Subbaraj]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Tamizh Padam 2]]''
| [[C. S. Amudhan]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Pyaar Prema Kaadhal]]''
| Elan
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Lakshmi (2018 film)|Lakshmi]]''
| [[A. L. Vijay]]
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Ratsasan]]''
| Ram Kumar
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2018
| ''[[Seethakaathi]]''
| [[Balaji Tharaneetharan]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2019
| ''Mitta''
| D. P. Pradeep
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |

|-
| 2019
| ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]''
| Rambhala
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Boomerang (2019 film)|Boomerang]]''
| [[R. Kannan]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Airaa]]''
| [[Sarjun KM]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Vellai Pookal]]''
| Vivek Elangovan
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Auto Shankar (web series)|Auto Shankar]]''
| Ranga Yali
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-

| 2019
| ''[[Devi 2]]''
| A. L. Vijay
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Kadaram Kondan]]''
| [[Rajesh M. Selva]]
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Sixer (2019 film)|Sixer]]''
| Chachi
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}

|-
| 2019
| ''[[Aruvam]]''
| Sai Sekhar
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Action (2019 film)|Action]]''
| [[Sundar C]]
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Kasada Thapara]]''
| [[Chimbu Deven]]
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Enna Solla Pogirai]]''
| A. Hariharan
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Hostel (2022 film)|Hostel]]''
| Sumanth Radhakrishnan
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| rowspan="4" style="background:#ffc;" |2023
| ''[[Malikappuram]]''
| Vishnu sasi shankar
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
|[[Ayothi]]
|R. Manthira Moorthy
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
|[[Leo (2023 Indian film)]]
| Lokesh Kanagaraj
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
|[[Annapoorani: The Goddess of Food]]
|Nilesh Krishnaa
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |

|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#ffc;" |2024
| ''[[Vadakkupatti Ramasamy]]''
| Karthik Yogi
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| ''[[Nandhan]]''
| Era. Saravanan
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ffc;" |2025
| ''[[Kangana Ranauat & Madhavan Film (TBA)]]''
| [[A. L. Vijay]]
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[Heartin]]''
| Kishore Kumar
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| ''[[INDRA]]''
| Sabarish Nanda
| style="text-align: center;" |
| style="text-align: center;" |{{y}}
|-
|}

Rajini Sir visits sets of new thriller || [https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/kangana-ranaut-starts-shoot-for-new-psychological-thriller-film-in-chennai-calls-it-unusual-2464479-2023-11-18 India Today – Kangana Ranaut begins shoot for psychological thriller in Chennai]

Rajini Sir Praises Ayothi ||https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rajinikanth-praises-sasikumar-starrer-ayothi/articleshow/99410056.cms

===Major region wise distributions===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* ''[[Aan Paavam]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Amman Kovil Kizhakale]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Enga Ooru Pattukaran]]'' (1987)
* ''Arul Tharum Ayyappan'' (1987)
* ''[[Namma Ooru Nayagan]]'' (1988)
* ''[[Karakattakkaran]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Pongi Varum Kaveri]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Pudhu Vasantham]]'' (1990)
* ''[[Pandithurai]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Chinna Thayee]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Periya Gounder Ponnu]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Meera (1992 film)|Meera]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Sinna Mapplai]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Ezhai Jaathi]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Ulle Veliye]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Chinna Muthu]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Aranmanai Kaavalan]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Honest Raj]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Duet (1994 film)|Duet]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Ilaignar Ani]]'' (1994)
* ''[[Sisindri|Chutti Kuzhandhai]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Villadhi Villain]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Chakravarthy (1995 film)|Chakravarthy]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Vishnu (1995 film)|Vishnu]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Ayudha Poojai]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Maaman Magal (1995 film)|Maaman Magal]]'' (1995)
* ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Mettukudi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Parambarai]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Tata Birla]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Gopala Gopala (1996 film)|Gopala Gopala]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Mettukudi]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Poomani (film)|Poomani]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Dharma Chakkaram]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Iruvar]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Mannava (film)|Mannava]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Thaali Pudhusu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Vallal]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Ganga Gowri (1997 film)|Ganga Gowri]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Porkaalam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Vasuke]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Janakiraman]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Rettai Jadai Vayasu]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Porkaalam]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Kadhalukku Mariyadhai]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Poonthottam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Moovendhar]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Kondattam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Paattali]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Kannupada Poguthaiya]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Kallazhagar]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Nee Varuvai Ena]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Velai]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Vaettiya Madichu Kattu]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Rathna (film)|Rathna]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Aval Varuvala]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Poonthottam]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Thayin Manikodi]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Desiya Geetham]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Guru Paarvai]]'' (1998)
* ''[[Anantha Poongatre]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Nee Varuvai Ena]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Ooty (film)|Ooty]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Thirunelveli (film)|Thirunelveli]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Mugavaree]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Kakkai Siraginilae]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Sandhitha Velai]]'' (2000)
* ''[[James Pandu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Vallarasu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Veeranadai]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai (2000 film)|Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Manu Needhi]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Vaanchinathan]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Alli Thandha Vaanam]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Thavasi]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Vaalee (2001 film)|Vaalee]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Citizen (2001 film)|Citizen]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Azhagi (2002 film)|Azhagi]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Red (2002 film)|Red]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Charlie Chaplin (2002 film)|Charlie Chaplin]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Thamizh]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Sundhara Travels]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Samasthanam]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Villain (2002 film)|Villain]]'' (2002)
* ''[[April Maadhathil]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Gummalam]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Jaya (film)|Jaya]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Mounam Pesiyadhe]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Julie Ganapathi]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Three Roses]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Anjaneya (film)|Anjaneya]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Pudhukottaiyilirundhu Saravanan]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Gambeeram]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Kuthu]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Jana (film)|Jana]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Chellamae]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Bose (film)|Bose]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Neranja Manasu]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Meesai Madhavan]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Devathaiyai Kanden]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Kannadi Pookal]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Arinthum Ariyamalum]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Englishkaran]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Adhu Oru Kana Kaalam]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Sachein]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Ji (film)|Ji]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Pattiyal]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Perarasu (film)|Perarasu]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Varalaru]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Vattaram]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Em Magan]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Aalwar]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Muni (film)|Muni]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Bheemaa]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Kaalai]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Pirivom Santhippom]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Vaazhthugal]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Subramaniapuram]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Innoruvan]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Sarvam]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Maasilamani]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Naadodigal]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Renigunta (film)|Renigunta]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Vettaikaaran (2009 film)|Vettaikaaran]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Singam]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Angadi Theru]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kanchana (2011 film)|Kanchana]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Sadhurangam (2011 film)|Sadhurangam]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Poraali]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Mouna Guru]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Oru Nadigaiyin Vaakkumoolam]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Thadaiyara Thaakka]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Krishnaveni Panjaalai]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Sundarapandian]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Samar (2013 film)|Samar]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Puthagam]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Haridas (2013 film)|Haridas]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Kutti Puli]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Ainthu Ainthu Ainthu]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Arrambam]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Thagaraaru]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Thillu Mullu (2013 film)|Thillu Mullu]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Goli Soda]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Vanavarayan Vallavarayan]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Poojai]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Lingaa]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Sandamarutham]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Visaranai]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Naanum Rowdy Dhaan]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Aambala]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Papanasam (film)|Papanasam]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Romeo Juliet (2015 film)|Romeo Juliet]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Maari (film)|Maari]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Orange Mittai]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015)
* ''[[49-O (film)|49-O]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Size Zero|Inji Iduppazhagi]]'' (2015)
* ''[[Kathakali (film)|Kathakali]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Rajinimurugan]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Tharai Thappattai]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Visaranai]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Miruthan]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Sethupathi (film)|Sethupathi]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Pugazh (film)|Pugazh]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Valeba Raja]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Narathan]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Jithan 2]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Enakku Innoru Per Irukku]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Amma Kanakku]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Jackson Durai]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Nambiyaar]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Vaaimai]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Saithan]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Vanamagan]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Gemini Ganeshanum Suruli Raajanum]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Vizhithiru]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Bairavaa]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Richie (film)|Richie]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Aval (2017 film)|Aval]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Annadurai (film)|Annadurai]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Balloon (2017 film)|Balloon]]'' (2017)
* ''[[Gulaebaghavali]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Mannar Vagaiyara]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Bhaskar Oru Rascal]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Diya (film)|Diya]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Mahanati|Nadigaiyar Thilagam]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Raja Ranguski]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Chekka Chivantha Vaanam]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Aan Devathai]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Vada Chennai]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Thimiru Pudichavan]]'' (2018)
* ''[[K.G.F: Chapter 1]]'' (Tamil) (2018)
* ''[[Maari 2]]'' (2018)
* ''[[Viswasam]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Vantha Rajavathaan Varuven]]'' (2019)
* ''[[90 ML (2019 Tamil film)|90 ML]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Thadam]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Super Deluxe (film)|Super Deluxe]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Lisaa]]'' (2019)
* ''[[Gurkha (film)|Gurkha]] (2019)''
* ''[[Biskoth]]'' (2020)
* ''[[Eeswaran]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Parris Jeyaraj]]'' (2021)
* ''[[Kamali from Nadukkaveri]]'' (2021)
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://tridentarts.in Official website]

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1987 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Film production companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:Film production companies of India]]
[[Category:Film production companies of Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1987]]
[[Category:Indian film studios]]
[[Category:Mass media companies established in 1987]]
[[Category:Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Film distributors of India]]

Geeta Mehta

2026-05-01T20:50:11Z

Bhushana: Created a stub

{{Short description|Indian-American social entrepreneur, urban designer, architect, and author}}
{{Infobox architect
| name = Geeta Mehta
| image = Geeta Mehta2.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[School of Planning and Architecture]], [[New Delhi]] [[Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation]], [[New York City|New York]]
| significant_buildings =
| occupation = Architect, urban planner and activist
| practice =
| significant_projects =
| parents =
}}

'''Geeta Mehta''' is an Indian-American social entrepreneur, [[urban design]]er, architect and author. She is the co-founder of Asia Initiatives,<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.asiainitiatives.org/|title=Asia Initiatives|website=www.asiainitiatives.org|access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> and URBZ,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urbz.net/tag/geeta-mehta/|title=Geeta Mehta {{!}} URBZ|website=urbz.net|access-date=2016-04-08}}</ref> and an adjunct professor at the [[Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation|Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation at Columbia University]].<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/for-the-people-with-the-people-geeta-mehta-socc-5605694/|title=Urban design and social builder Geeta Mehta on creating dialogue, leveraging social capital and building relationships|author=|date=1 March 2019|publisher=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="columbia.edu">{{cite web|url=https://www.arch.columbia.edu/faculty/52-geeta-mehta|title=Geeta Mehta|author=|date=|website=Columbia GSAPP}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Mehta was born in Simla, India. She earned her bachelor's degree in architecture from the [[School of Planning and Architecture, Delhi|School of Planning and Architecture]], [[New Delhi]],<ref name="columbia.edu1">{{cite web|url=https://www.arch.columbia.edu/faculty/52-geeta-mehta|title=Geeta Mehta|author=|date=|website=Columbia GSAPP-Faculty}}</ref> a master's degree in architecture and urban design from [[Columbia University]],<ref name="kalingatv.com">{{cite web|url=https://kalingatv.com/state/naveen-patnaiks-sister-geeta-mehta-donates-rs-10-lakh-for-fani-victims/|title=Naveen Patnaik's Sister Geeta Mehta Donates Rs 10 Lakh For Fani Victims|author=|date=16 May 2019|publisher=KalingaTV}}</ref> and a doctorate in urban engineering from the [[University of Tokyo]].<ref name="columbia.edu1"/>

==Career==
Mehta is an adjunct professor of architecture and urban design at the [[Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation|Graduate School of Architecture Planning and Preservation at Columbia University]] in New York City.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/><ref name="columbia.edu"/> She is also a research affiliate at the Center for Sustainable Urban Development at Columbia Climate School.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geeta Mehta {{!}} Center for Sustainable Urban Development |url=https://csud.climate.columbia.edu/people/geeta-mehta |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=csud.climate.columbia.edu}}</ref> Until 2009, Mehta was a professor of architecture at Temple University campus in Tokyo.<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/fashion/weddings/14BIRD.html|title=Nicolette Bird and Ravi Mehta|first=John|last=Harney|date=13 February 2010|work=New York Times}}</ref>

She founded with business partner Jill Braden the interior design firm Braden & Mehta Design in [[Honolulu]] and New York City. The blend of Western and Asian influences appear in the firm's work throughout U.S., Vietnam, and India as well for various corporations and private homes.<ref name="Japan Society">{{cite web|url=https://japansocietyny.blogspot.com/2011/11/avant-zen-todays-japanese-architecture.html|title=Avant Zen: Today's Japanese Architecture|first=Japan|last=Society|date=9 November 2011|publisher=Japan Society New York}}</ref>

Mehta appeared in ''Citizen Jane: Battle for the City'', a documentary film about activist Jane Jacobs directed by [[Matt Tyrnauer]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metropolismag.com/cities/citizen-jane-review-jacobs-pedestal-moses-bus/|title=Citizen Jane Puts Jacobs on a Pedestal (And Moses Under the Bus)|author=|date=17 April 2017|publisher=Metropolis magazine}}</ref> Mehta, in the film, warned that global development, without the philosophies of Jacobs, could result in "the slums of the future".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.6sqft.com/film-review-new-jane-jacobs-documentary-spotlights-her-achievements-in-nyc-and-legacy-around-the-world/|title=New Jane Jacobs documentary spotlights her achievements in NYC and lessons to be carried forward|author=Nonko, Emily|date=April 26, 2017|publisher=6sqft magazine}}</ref>

She was appointed in 2018 by New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio to the Waterfront Management advisory board.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/479-18/de-blasio-administration-city-council-convene-waterfront-management-advisory-board|title=De Blasio Administration And City Council Convene Waterfront Management Advisory Board
|website=www1.nyc.gov|date=20 September 2018
|language=en|access-date=2019-05-27}}</ref>

She has spoken on social capital, [[Sustainable architecture|sustainable]] and equitable [[urbanism]], and community-based change at forums in Australia, Austria, Brazil, India, Japan, UAE and the US, including the Public Ideas Form in Perth, Australia, and the Post City event at ARS Electronica in Linz, Austria. She also was a panelist at WomenDeliver in Copenhagen, Denmark and the Women's Summit in Sharjah organized by UN Women.<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/womenstrong-international-showcases-social-capital-credits-at-womendeliver-conference-on-the-health-rights-and-wellbeing-of-women-and-girls-300254032.html|title=WomenStrong International Showcases Social Capital Credits at WomenDeliver Conference on the Health, Rights and Wellbeing of Women and Girls|first=WomenStrong|last=International|date=|publisher=PR Newswire}}</ref>

She is on the board of WomenStrong International, The Center for the Living City, and Friends of University of Tokyo. She previously was on the advisory board of the Millennium Cities Initiative of the Earth Institute at Columbia University,<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |last=Annamalai |first=S. |date=21 December 2015 |title=Vision for sustainable living |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Madurai/vision-for-sustainable-living/article8012562.ece}}</ref> and People Building Better Cities.<ref>{{cite web|author=|date=|title=People Building Better Cities Exhibition Opens in New York December 3 – Center for Sustainable Urban Development|url=http://csud.ei.columbia.edu/2013/11/27/people-building-better-cities-exhibition-opens-in-new-york-december-3/|website=csud.ei.columbia.edu}}</ref>

===Asia Initiatives===
[[File:AI Logo Final.jpg|alt=www.asiainitiatives.org|thumb|Asia Initiatives: Empowering Women by Social Capital]]
Inspired by [[M. S. Swaminathan]], a scientist and humanist, Geeta and Krishen Mehta co-founded Asia Initiatives<ref name="auto"/> in 1999 in Tokyo. Since 2010 it has been registered as a 501(c)(3) [[Nonprofit organization|non-profit organization]] in New York City.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.guidestar.org/profile/27-2190020 |title=ASIA INITIATIVES: Help a Woman Rise |website=www.guidestar.org}}</ref> As advised by Prof. Swaminathan, all Asia Initiatives projects are pro-poor, pro-environment and pro-women. These include projects in education, up-skilling, nature based agriculture, climate resilience, healthcare and micro credit in underserved areas with NGO and/or government partners in India, Kenya, Taiwan and the United States.

The M.S. Swaminathan Award, instituted in 2014, was presented at the Asia Initiatives Annual Galas to the economist [[Jeffrey Sachs]] (2014), [[Indra Nooyi]] for steering [[PepsiCo]] towards Performance with Purpose (2015),[[Kerry Kennedy]] for her work on human rights (2016), and Dr. Mattoo for his commitment to educational causes (2016).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.desitalk.com/2014_10_10/files/assets/basic-html/page26.html|title=Desi Talk – Annual Gal. pg 26|author=|date=October 10, 2014|website=epaper.desitalk.com}}</ref>

The 8th Secretary General of the United Nations, [[Ban Ki-moon]], is a patron of Asia Initiatives. In his honor, Asia initiatives instituted the Ban Ki-moon Award for Women's Empowerment in 2017. The recipients of the award have included [[Jane Goodall]], [[Paul Polman]], [[Gloria Steinem]], [[Yue-Sai Kan|Yue Sai Kan]], [[Pat Mitchell]], [[Ricky Kej]], Eva Haller, [[Chelsea Clinton]], [[Kiran Mazumdar Shaw]], [[Mitzi Perdue]], [[Susan_Morton_Blaustein|Dr. Susan Blaustein]], [[Kathy Matsui]], [[Cecile Richards]], Madhura Swaminathan and Lee Bae-yong.

===SoCCs (Social Capital Credits)===
Mehta is the innovator of Social Capital Credits (SoCCs), a community currency for social good to help communities climb out of [[poverty]].<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> People earn SoCCs by helping their communities according to the SoCCs menus created by them during SoCCratic dialogues, and redeem them for education, healthcare, up-skilling and micro-credit.

The SoCCs team at Asia Initiatives works with communities to customize SoCCs menus to their specific needs and capabilities during the SoCCratic dialogues. SoCCs Earning Menus include items such as sending children (especially daughters) to [[Secondary school|high school]], [[waste management]], providing [[Child care|childcare]] or [[Elderly care|senior care]], switching to regenerative agriculture, helping make rainwater harvesting structures, planting trees, and paving streets. iSoCCs Redemption Menus include items such as school fees, skill training classes, home repairs and telephone talk time. CommSoCCs can then be used for common projects such as a micro-[[sewage]] system, improvements to streets or public spaces, or child-care centers. A local SoCC Manager is trained to work with the community. Mehta has appeared in articles in ''[[Forbes]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/deniserestauri/2015/09/27/whats-better-than-money-one-womans-powerful-answer-to-that-question/#308340cd3ffa |title=What's Better Than Money? One Woman's Powerful Answer To That Question|author=Denise Restauri|date=2016-04-08|work=Forbes magazine|access-date=}}</ref> and Huffington Post<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/susan-m-blaustein/an-ingenious-tool-for-empowering-women_b_9791740.html|title=An Ingenious Tool for Empowering Women and Girls: Social Capital Credits|last=Blaustein|first=Susan M.|date=2016-04-28|publisher=Huffington Post|language=en-US|access-date=2017-03-11}}</ref> which describe the creation and use of SoCCs in greater detail. Asia Initiatives was among the six winners of the Amravati Happy Cities competition in April 2018, and had signed an MoU with the government of Andhra Pradesh to implement SoCCs in this new city.

In 2019, SoCCs received [[Fast Company]]'s 2020 World Changing Ideas Awards,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-04-28|title=This alternate currency lets you earn rewards for your good deeds|language=en-US|work=Fast Company|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90484262/this-alternate-currency-lets-you-earn-rewards-for-your-good-deeds|access-date=2021-08-07}}</ref> [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Inclusive Innovation Award in 2019 for the Asia Region category.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Asia Initiatives|url=https://www.mitinclusiveinnovation.com/winners/asia-initiatives/|access-date=2019-10-07|website=MIT Inclusive Innovation Challenge|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2020, Asia Initiatives received awards from MIT SOLVE,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cascades of Learning|url=https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/learning-for-girls-and-women/solutions/25179|access-date=2021-08-07|website=MIT SOLVE|language=en}}</ref> General Motors, Vodafone and Experian. In 2021, Asia Initiative received the Jacobs Foundation Conference Grand Innovation prize.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 Jacobs Foundation Conference|url=https://solve.mit.edu/challenges/2021-jacobs-foundation-conference/solutions|access-date=2021-08-07|website=MIT SOLVE|date=28 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===URBZ===
With [[urban planner]] Matias Echanove and urban anthropologist Rahul Srivastava,<ref name="columbia.edu"/> Mehta co-founded URBZ: User Generated Cities, a research collective that focuses on participatory urban planning and design systems.<ref name="indianexpress.com"/> URBZ was named one of the 100 most influential names in architecture in the world by the magazine ''Il Giornale dell'Architettura''.<ref>"100 (quelli Che Contano 2011) | Esprit Architettura Architetti Associati." Esprit Architettura Architetti Associati. N.p., 6 Mar. 2014. Web. 08 Apr. 2016.</ref>

==Bibliography==
* ''City Connect: Regeneration, Sustainability and Equity in the 21st Century'', released in 2016 by Arch-media Inc. and co-edited with George Kunihiro
* ''New Japan Architecture'', published in 2011 by [[Tuttle Publishing]] and co-authored with Deanna MacDonald
* ''Japan Gardens: Tranquility, Simplicity, Harmony'', released in 2008 by [[Tuttle Publishing]] and co-authored with Kimie Tada
* ''Japan Living: Form & Function at the Cutting Edge'', released in 2008 by [[Tuttle Publishing]] and co-authored with Marcia Iwatate
* ''Japan Houses: Ideas for 21st Century Living'', published in 2005 by [[Tuttle Publishing]] and co-authored with Iwatate; and
* ''Japan Style: Architecture + Interiors + Design'', released in 2004 by [[Tuttle Publishing]] and co-authored with Tada.

==Awards==
Mehta was named in 2015 by [[Women's eNews]] as one of the 21 leaders of the 21st century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://womensenews.org/2015/01/21-leaders-2015-seven-who-transform-cultures/|title=21 Leaders 2015: Seven Who Transform Cultures Women's ENews|date=January 3, 2015|publisher=Women's eNews}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/> In addition Mehta was honored by The Office of the Principal Scientific Advisor, Government of India’s one of the 75 women in STEAM to commemorate India’s 75th year of Independence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=She Is: 75 Indian Women in STEAM {{!}} Principal Scientific Adviser |url=https://www.psa.gov.in/article/she-75-indian-women-steam/3628 |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=www.psa.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Mehta is married to Krishen Mehta of New York, who retired as a partner from PricewaterhouseCoopers to advise Global Financial Integrity, and the couple has two sons, Ravi Mehta and Arjun Mehta.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehta, Geeta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American urban planners]]
[[Category:Women urban planners]]
[[Category:American women architects]]
[[Category:Columbia Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation alumni]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:American nonprofit executives]]
[[Category:School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi, alumni]]
[[Category:University of Tokyo alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American women]]

Triplicane

2026-04-25T19:52:18Z

Bhushana: made new article

{{Short description|Neighborhood in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Triplicane
| other_name = Thiruvallikeni
| settlement_type = [[Neighbourhood]]
| image_skyline = Tiruvallikeni1.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Triplicane Pond and Parthasarthy temple Gopuram
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chennai#Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0588|N|80.2756|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Triplicane&params=13.0588_N_80.2756_E_type:city_region:IN-TN]
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chennai District|Chennai]]
| subdivision_type3 = Metro
| subdivision_name3 = Chennai
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Mylapore-Triplicane]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = Chennai Corporation
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 54
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code = 600005
| registration_plate = TN-06
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Chennai Central
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning]] agency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority|CMDA]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Chennai Corporation
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency]]
| website = {{URL|www.chennai.tn.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Thiruvallikeni,''' also known as '''Triplicane''', is one of the oldest neighbourhoods of [[Chennai]], India. It is situated on the [[Bay of Bengal]] coast and about {{convert|0.6|km|abbr=on}} from [[Fort St George]]. The average elevation of the neighbourhood is 14 metres above [[Mean sea level|sea level]].<ref name = "triplicaneinfo"/>

Along with [[Mylapore]] and the surrounding regions, Triplicane is historically much older than the city of Chennai itself, with a mention in records as early as the [[Pallava]] period.<ref name="TempleTalesOfTriplicane"/><ref name="LinkRecaptured"/> One of the four "Old Towns" in the city, the neighbourhood was the first village obtained by the English to expand the new city of Madras beyond its "White Town" neighbourhood within the [[Fort St. George]].<ref name="Muthiah_2014">{{cite book | last = Muthiah| first = S. | author-link = S. Muthiah | title = Madras Rediscovered| publisher = EastWest | date = 2014 | location = Chennai | pages = 12 | isbn = 978-93-84030-28-5}}</ref> It is the location of [[Marina Beach]] and [[Parthasarathy Temple, Triplicane|Parthasarathy Temple]].

==Etymology==
The name ''Triplicane'' is the [[Anglicisation|anglicized]] version of ''Thiruvallikeni'', which derives from ''Thiru-Alli-Keni'' ('Sacred Lily Pond' in Tamil), denoting the pond in front of the [[Parthasarathy temple]], which was amidst a big Tulasi forest.<ref name="TempleTalesOfTriplicane">{{cite news | last = Ramanujam | first = Srinivasa | title = Temple tales of Triplicane | location = Chennai | date = 15 September 2011
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130104011511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-15/travel/29922568_1_parthasarathy-temple-triplicane-vaikunta-ekadasi
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 4 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]] | access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="BusinessStandard_ChennaiCentral">{{cite news | last = Narasimhan | first = T. E. | title = Chennai central | newspaper = Business Standard | location = Chennai | date = 31 March 2012 | url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/chennai-central/469586/ | access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref> The place is also referred as ''Brindaranyam'' in [[Brahmanda Purana]], owing to the presence of the [[Ocimum tenuiflorum|tulasi]] (brinda) plants in the area.<ref name="culture not changed">{{cite news|title=The benign radiance of Gitacharyan|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/05/21/stories/2004052102020600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040912105125/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/05/21/stories/2004052102020600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 September 2004|access-date=4 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 May 2004}}</ref>

[[File:Triplicane Pond.jpg|thumb|Triplicane pond]]

==History==

===Literary mention===

The early records of the town are rooted to epic rather than history. The city's original name, Thiruvallikeni'','' finds various mentions in the [[Divya Prabandha|Nalayira Divya Prabandham]], which are a collection of hymns by earlier poets that were compiled in the ninth century. One such poet, Thirumangai Alvar, described Thiruvallikeni as a densely canopied forest with peacocks and koels, where the sun's rays could not penetrate.<ref name="culture not changed"/> Another poet, Peyalwar, describes Thiruvallikeni as being "by the tossing sea... where corals and pearls washed ashore liken the evening sky and the lamps they light of dusk."<ref name="2297 divya prabhandham">{{cite web|title=verse 2297 by peyalwar|url=http://dravidaveda.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2886|access-date=16 April 2012|work=dravidaveda.org/}}</ref>

===Medieval era===
The evidence from stone inscriptions indicates that [[Parthasarathy temple]] was built in the eighth century by a Pallava King.<ref>{{cite news|title=Religious facets of Thirumayilai, Thiruvallikeni|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article2725003.ece|access-date= 3 April 2012|author=Lalithasai |newspaper=The Hindu|date=18 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="chennai, rina kamath">{{cite book|last=Rina Kamath|title=Chennai|year=2000|publisher=Orient Blackswan, 2000|location=Chennai|isbn= 9788125013785|pages=275}}</ref><ref name="indian encyclopaedia, vol1">{{cite book|last=Subodh Kapoor|title=The Indian Encyclopaedia, Volume 1|year=2002|publisher=Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd, 2002|isbn= 9788177552577|pages=8250}}</ref> The temple was later expanded under the [[Pallavas]], [[Cholas]], [[Vijayanagara]] rulers.<ref name="unique temple">{{cite news|last=K. V. Raman|title=Unique temple|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/07/stories/2002050700080200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030701043138/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/05/07/stories/2002050700080200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 July 2003|access-date=3 February 2013|date=7 May 2002|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref name="chennai, rina kamath" /><ref>{{cite book|last=Narasiah|first=K. R. A.|title=Madras : tracing the growth of the city since 1639|year=2008|publisher=Oxygen Books|location=Chennai|isbn=9788183687898|pages=278 }}</ref> It has been recorded that a rivulet, Kaivareni, ran across Triplicane and Mylapore.<ref name="hindu temple tank">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=4925623 | title=The Hindu Images | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518050720/http://www.thehinduimages.com/hindu/photoDetail.do?photoId=4925623 | archive-date=2012-05-18}}</ref> The legend has it that the rivulet connected two water bodies: the temple tank of Parthasarathy temple and a sacred well, Mani Kairavani, in the flower garden of [[Adikesava Perumal temple, Mylapore|Adi Kesava Perumal temple]] of Mylapore.<ref name="hindu temple tank"/> It is believed that [[Peyalvar]], one of the 12 [[alvars]], was born on a lily flower in this well and that he sailed through the rivulet to worship [[Lord Krishna]] in the Parthasarathy temple.<ref>{{cite news|last=N.Meera Raghavendra Rao|title=Abounds in Legends|url=http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/28/stories/13280796.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060821084710/http://www.hindu.com/2001/05/28/stories/13280796.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 August 2006|access-date=11 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=28 May 2001}}</ref><ref name="google books south indian shrines">{{cite book|last=P.V.Jagadisa Ayyar|title=South Indian Shrines|year=1982|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=New Delhi - 16, Madras - 14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=V Subburaj|title=Tourist Guide to Chennai Gateway of South India.|year=2006|publisher=Gardners Books, Sura Books|location=Chennai|isbn= 9788174780409}}</ref> To commemorate this, the idol of Peyalwar in Mylapore is brought, as a procession, to Parthasarathy temple every year in the month of September.<ref>{{cite web|last=Usha Raja|title=Mylai Aadhikesava Perumal temple|url=http://chennaionline.com/Religion/Temples/May09/03Mylai-Aadhikesava-Perumal-temple.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508202122/http://www.chennaionline.com/Religion/Temples/May09/03Mylai-Aadhikesava-Perumal-temple.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 May 2009|work=chennai online, 4 May 2009|publisher=Chennai Online Website|access-date=10 April 2012}}</ref> The Peyalwar Temple was built in the 13th century.<ref name="peyalwar">{{cite news|title=A slice of heritage|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/religion/article2923794.ece|access-date=19 March 2012|author=Geetha Venkatraman|newspaper=The Hindu|date=23 February 2012}}</ref>

===British era===
[[File:Page 113 Life in India or Madras, the Neilgherries, and Calcutta.png|thumb|left|Bazzar in Triplicane. Illustration in 1855]]
[[File:Triplicane Pycrofts Road 1906.jpg|thumb|left|Triplicane Pycrofts Road in 1906]]
In the 1600s, Triplicane was a separate village from Madras. After about a century, the British found Triplicane to be a good area for settlement and a large number of people moved there. In 1668, Triplicane was annexed to the Madras City, making it the first neighbourhood to be annexed to the city.<ref name="Muthiah_2014"/><ref name="official chennai website">{{cite web|title=Official website of Chennai District|url=http://www.chennai.tn.nic.in/chndistprof.htm#evt|access-date=9 April 2012}}</ref> It was obtained from the Sultan of Golconda on rent in 1676.<ref name="Muthiah_2014"/> From that time, Triplicane grew in importance, second only to George Town.<ref name ="Structure of chennai_CMDA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cmdachennai.gov.in/Volume3_English_PDF/Vol3_Chapter01_Structure%20of%20Chennai.pdf|title=Structure of Chennai}}</ref> In addition, the presence of the [[Nawab of Arcot]] increased the economic prosperity of the area, and many Muslims settled in Triplicane. In 1795, the [[Triplicane Big Mosque|Wallajah Mosque]] was built.<ref name="ChennaiBest_History1751-1800">{{cite web
| title = 1751 A.D. to 1800 A.D.
| work = History of Chennai
| publisher = ChennaiBest.com
| url = http://www.chennaibest.com/discoverchennai/sightseeing/history/1751.asp
| access-date = 20 January 2013}}</ref> During this period, [[Chepauk Palace]] and [[Amir Mahal]] were also built.<ref name="official chennai website" />

In 1841, the Ice House was built to store the ice bars imported from America through ships. Ice bars were imported to provide the English temporary relief from the blistering heat.<ref name="chennai, rina kamath" /> This building was renamed [[Vivekanandar Illam|Vivekananda house]] after [[Swami Vivekananda]] stayed in the building for a brief while.

In the mid-19th century, numerous educational institutions were formed in the area. Hindu Higher Secondary School was started in 1853<ref name="Hindu high school">{{cite news
| last = Muthiah
| first = S.
| title =Presidency's feeder
| location = Chennai
| date = 2 February 2004
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/02/stories/2004020200140300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040422013343/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/02/02/stories/2004020200140300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 22 April 2004
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 3 December 2013}}</ref> and Presidency College in 1864–65. In 1870, the college was moved to its present location on Beach Road. In 1884, Marina Beach promenade was built.<ref name="beach_thehindu">{{cite news
| last = Muthiah
| first = S.
| title = The second longest beach?
| location = Chennai
| date = 21 August 2002
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/21/stories/2002082100220300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031104144750/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/08/21/stories/2002082100220300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 November 2003
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 31 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="tercentenary">{{cite book | title=Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee Commemoration Volume| last=Tercentenary Madras Staff| year=1939| publisher=Indian Branch, Oxford Press|pages=271–273}}</ref> In 1896, [[Sri Parthasarathy Swami Sabha]] (SPSS), the oldest sabha in Chennai, was founded and operated from the Hindu Higher Secondary School in Big Street<ref>{{cite news|last=Aruna V. Iyer|title=Survivors of Time - Big name, but no fixed address|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/survivors-of-time-big-name-but-no-fixed-address/article2548720.ece|access-date=5 January 2013|newspaper= The Hindu|date=18 October 2011}}</ref>

The building which used to serve as the Triplicane Police Station was built around 1891 to guard Madrasapatnam.<ref name="triplicane police station">{{cite news|last=Ajitha Karthikeyan|title=City's oldest police stn saved from the hammer|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-23/chennai/28081477_1_police-station-police-force-oldest-police|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103065925/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-23/chennai/28081477_1_police-station-police-force-oldest-police|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|access-date=10 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 December 2009}}</ref> This building was the city's oldest operating police station before it was moved to a newly built station across the road.<ref name="triplicane police station"/> Triplicane High Road is one of the roads that had a tram line running through it during the British reign.<ref name="tram city lifeline">{{cite news|last=S.Muthaih|title=Once the City's lifeline|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/09/24/stories/2007092450450500.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216050342/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2007/09/24/stories/2007092450450500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2013|access-date=11 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 September 2007}}</ref><ref name="tram mentioned">{{cite news|last=Anusha Parthasarathy|title=Heaven on Earth|url=http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article907500.ece|access-date=11 April 2012|newspaper=The Hindu, Metro Plus, Chennai|date=23 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="indian express tram1">{{cite news|title=Military Lorry collides with Tram Car|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=y7Q-AAAAIBAJ&pg=6056,5662162&dq=triplicane+trams&hl=en|access-date=11 April 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express, Madras|date=23 May 1945}}</ref>

In 1904, [[Triplicane Urban Co-Operative Society]] (TUCS) was started.<ref name="Cooperative society">{{cite web |url= http://www.tn.gov.in/policynotes/archives/policy2008-09/cooperation.htm |title=Introduction |work=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> The consumer cooperative society predates even the first Cooperative Credit Societies Act of 1904,<ref name="TUCS History">{{cite news
| last = Balaji
| first = R.
| title =Triplicane Urban Co-op Society turns 100
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 8 April 2004
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/04/09/stories/2004040901101700.htm
| access-date = 3 December 2013}}</ref> which officially ushered in the cooperative movement into India. It runs a super market, self-service department stores, sells automobile fuel and cooking gas, and operates more than 200 rations shops for the Public Distribution System.<ref name="TUCS History"/>

In 1916, Star Theatre was built on Triplicane High Road. The age old theatre was demolished in 2012.<ref name="Star theatre">{{cite news
| last = Sujatha
| first = R.
| author2=Kolappan B.
| title = It's curtains for Star theatre
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 March 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/its-curtains-for-star-theatre/article2964707.ece
| access-date = 6 January 2013}}</ref>

In 1925, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Triplicane to address a huge gathering.<ref>{{cite news|title=What Gandhiji said at Triplicane|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ook-AAAAIBAJ&pg=6441,7018749&dq=triplicane+gandhi&hl=en|access-date=9 April 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express, Madras|date=20 December 1933}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=S.Muthaih|title=Gandhi and the Tamils|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/31/stories/2009083150120200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090917173949/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2009/08/31/stories/2009083150120200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 September 2009|access-date=9 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=31 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Gandhi had a deep connection with Chennai|url=http://m.ibnlive.com/news/gandhi-had-a-deep-connection-with-chennai/225380-62.html|access-date=10 April 2012|newspaper=IBN Live website, Taken from The New Indian Express}}</ref> In 1933, he revisited the neighbourhood. In 1934, the first cricket match was played at the [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|Chepauk Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58008.html|title=MA Chidambaram Stadium | India | Cricket Grounds | ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

In the early 20th century, Triplicane became one of the major residential areas of Madras.

===Post-Independence===
In 1963, Ice house was renamed as Vivekananda House.<ref name="official chennai website" /><ref name="a tale of two memorials">{{cite news|last=Swahilya and K. Lakshmi|title=A tale of two memorials|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/29/stories/2007072950860200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113112142/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/29/stories/2007072950860200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 November 2007|access-date=9 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 July 2007}}</ref> In 1993, Bharathiyar Illam was converted into a memorial.<ref name="a tale of two memorials" />

In October 1997, the first train ran through the Thiruvallikeni MRTS Railway Station. The train was between Chennai Beach and Thirumayilai<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.infobanc.com/india_view/states/tamilnadu.htm |title=India search engine, indian links, travel, statistics, business directory, web directory, portals, link directories |website=www.infobanc.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060408144250/http://www.infobanc.com/india_view/states/tamilnadu.htm |archive-date=2006-04-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=S.Sasidharan|title=Rs 1.97 crore state share to MRTS|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/rs-197-crore-state-share-mrts-369|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621063650/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/rs-197-crore-state-share-mrts-369|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 June 2012|access-date=9 April 2012|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle, Chennai|date=15 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.irfca.org/members/archive/messages.php?index=91 |title = [IRFCA] Message Archive}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=N. Ramakrishnan|title=Part of MRTS-III may run on single stilts|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2002/03/18/stories/2002031800821300.htm|access-date=9 April 2012|newspaper=The Hindu, Chennai|date=18 March 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Raja Simhan T. E|title=Chennai's MRTS: Not on fast track, yet|url=http://www.hindu.com/businessline/2000/05/29/stories/092971rs.htm|access-date=9 April 2012|newspaper=Business Line, The Hindu Group, Chennai|date=29 May 2000}}</ref>

Triplicane was one of the neighborhoods hit by the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|Indian Ocean tsunami]] on 26 December 2004.<ref name = "tsunami effect">{{cite web
| title = Tsunami: Impact & Damage
| publisher = Government of Tamil Nadu
| url = http://www.tn.gov.in/tsunami/digitallibrary/ebooks-web/TOTPART1/02_impact.pdf
| page = 21
| access-date = 5 January 2013}}</ref>

==Location==
Triplicane lies on the banks of the [[Buckingham Canal]] which bisects the neighbourhood along the north–south direction. The neighbourhood is bordered by [[Marina Beach]] on the east on the shore of the Bay of Bengal, [[Chepauk]] on the north, [[Royapettah]] on the west and northwest, [[Mylapore]] on the south and southwest.

{{Geographic Location
|title = Areas of Chennai
|Northwest = [[Chintadripet]]
|North = [[Chepauk]]
|Northeast = [[Marina Beach]] / [[Bay of Bengal]]
|West = [[Royapettah]]
|Centre = Triplicane
|East = Marina Beach / Bay of Bengal
|South = [[Mylapore]]
|Southeast = Marina Beach / Bay of Bengal
}}

==Geography==
{{bar box
|width=250px
|barwidth=100px
|title=Natural hazards
|left1=Hazard
|right1=Percentage
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|Earthquake|#FF7E00|60}}
{{bar percent|Flood|#00693E|90}}
{{bar percent|Drought|#5218FA|100}}
{{bar percent|Landslide|#FF007F|0}}
{{bar percent|Volcano|#FF007F|0}}
{{bar percent|Cyclone|#FF007F|100}}
}}

The neighbourhood is classified as a tropical dry forest bio-zone.<ref name = "triplicaneinfo"/> Being a coastal city, Chennai had many sand ridges. During the 16th century, the sea level rose and inundated lands within the settlements.<ref name ="Structure of chennai_CMDA"/> When the sea withdrew, lagoons and ridges were left behind. One such ridge ran from the mouth of [[River Cooum]] to the present site of the Presidency College. On the rear side was a huge depression, where the college grounds have been built now. The ridge is the present [[Marina beach]].<ref name ="Structure of chennai_CMDA"/> Further south, a U-shaped ridge ran along Besant Road and Lloyds Road enclosing the Ice House. Parthasarathy Temple is just by the northern area of this ridge. [[Mount Road]], now Anna Salai, ran along a tank bund and was at a high level. To the east of it, the land fell gradually, where Triplicane High Road and the Luz were formed.<ref name ="Structure of chennai_CMDA"/>

Triplicane is susceptible to strong (vi) earthquakes, with occurrences at 5 to 6 Richter. On average, it receives one tremor every 50 years.<ref name = "triplicaneinfo"/> However, the impact may be low. The neighbourhood is prone to periods of extreme droughts. The risk of flooding is high, and chances of cyclones are high, owing to its location near the coast.<ref name = "triplicaneinfo"/>

==Neighbourhood==
[[File:Sri_Parthasarathi_temple_tank,_Thiruvallikeni,_Chennai,_India.jpg|thumb|Residential developments near the Parthasarathy temple.]]
With an area of around 5 sq km, Triplicane is home to over 100,000 people, in addition to a floating population of 50,000 to 70,000.<ref name="BusinessStandard_ChennaiCentral"/> Average population density of the neighbourhood is 21,329 per square kilometre.<ref name = "triplicaneinfo">{{cite web
| title = Triplicane
| publisher = Chinci World Atlas | url =http://www.chinci.com/travel/pax/q/1465781/Triplicane/IN/India/0/#1%7c0%7ctravel%7cpax%7c0%7c1465781%7cTriplicane%7cIN%7cIndia%7cAsia/Kolkata%7c25%7cRSTN%7c13.0550000%7c80.2813889%7cTamil%20Nādu
| access-date = 7 February 2013}}</ref> Being an old neighbourhood of the city, it is congested with narrow lanes and streets.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Mithran
| first = Ashoka
| title = The Small lanes of Triplicane
| newspaper = Chennai Online
| publisher = ChennaiOnline.com
| date = 28 February 2009
| url = http://chennaionline.com/Columns/Retrochennai/Feb09/02RC12.aspx
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090302074253/http://www.chennaionline.com/Columns/Retrochennai/Feb09/02RC12.aspx
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 2 March 2009
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref>

==Housing==
Known as 'Bachelor's Paradise', Triplicane is home to about 200 boarding houses out of the 700 odd ones in the city,<ref name="LiveLifeMansionSize"/> many of them with about 30 to 60 rooms.<ref name="BusinessStandard_ChennaiCentral"/><ref name="DownMemoryLane_TriplicaneRevisited">{{cite news
| author = Sudhangan
| title = Down memory lane: Triplicane revisited
| newspaper = Sify News
| publisher = SifyNews.com
| date = 16 August 2008
| url = http://www.sify.com/news/down-memory-lane-triplicane-revisited-news-national-jehbu6efecg.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100725034324/http://sify.com/news/down-memory-lane-triplicane-revisited-news-national-jehbu6efecg.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 25 July 2010
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="RoomsWithoutAView">{{cite news
| last = Ramesh
| first = Niranjana
| title = Rooms without a view
| newspaper = Live Mint
| publisher = LiveMint.com
| date = 1 July 2011
| url = http://www.livemint.com/2011/07/01195625/Rooms-without-a-view.html?h=B
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref> Soon after independence, boarding houses began to appear in the area to cater to the needs of the individual migrants from various parts of the country. The first four boarding houses, were built in the 1950s by farmers from the southern parts of [[Tamil Nadu]] after successive droughts had threatened their livelihood. They gave out rooms on rent to traders who came to the city from other parts of the state. These are owned today by their progeny, without much change in their structures. Notable people who have at one time or another lived in the bachelor pads of Triplicane include political figures [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy|Periyar]], [[C. N. Annadurai]] and [[M. Karunanidhi]].<ref name="BusinessStandard_ChennaiCentral"/>

Availability of low-cost rentals and different affordable cuisines in the area is said to be the reason behind the constant patronage to these mansions for decades.<ref name="LiveLifeMansionSize">{{cite news
| last = Anand
| first = S.
| title = Live Life. Mansion-Size.
| newspaper = Outlook India
| publisher = OutlookIndia.com
| date = 11 March 2002
| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?214874
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="HousesOnTheBeach">{{cite news
| last = Iyengar
| first = Pushpa
| title = Houses On The Beach
| newspaper = Outlook India
| publisher = OutlookIndia.com
| date = 8 March 2010
| url = http://www.outlookindia.com/printarticle.aspx?264466
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref> Recently, these boarding houses have started attracting a more gentrified crowd.<ref name="BusinessStandard_ChennaiCentral"/>

==Roads==
[[File:Ezhilagam.jpg|thumb|200px|Ezhilagam]]
[[File:Triplicane High Road.JPG|thumb|200px|Triplicane High Road]]
The main roads of Triplicane include Beach Road (Kamarajar Salai), Pycrofts Road (Bharathi Salai), Triplicane High Road, and Besant Road. Pycrofts Road, also known as Bharathi Salai, is known for its numerous book shops, including pavement shops selling old and used books.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Mithran
| first = Ashoka
| title = Good old Pycrofts road
| newspaper = Chennai Online
| publisher = ChennaiOnline.com
| date = 9 January 2009
| url = http://chennaionline.com/Columns/Retrochennai/Jan09/01RC06.aspx
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090116000101/http://www.chennaionline.com/Columns/Retrochennai/Jan09/01RC06.aspx
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 16 January 2009
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Frederick
| first = Prince
| title = The knowledge street
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 23 April 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/article1719464.ece
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref> [[Zam Bazaar]] is one of the oldest bazaars in the city and was set up in the pre-Independence era. The western end of the market is bordered by [[Amir Mahal]], the palace of the Nawab of Arcot two centuries ago. The building is currently being renovated by the government.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Damani
| first = Neha
| title = Market value
| newspaper = India Today
| publisher = IndiaToday.com
| date = 9 January 2009
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20090119-market-value-738711-2009-01-08
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Jona Gilon
| first = Catherine
| title = Bazaar Buzz
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 23 March 2008
| url = http://www.hindu.com/rp/2008/03/23/stories/2008032350130300.htm
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref>

The neighbourhood, however, suffers from drainage issues and other civic problems.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Sewage floods Triplicane roads
| newspaper = Deccan Chronicle
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 April 2012
| url = http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/sewage-floods-triplicane-roads-136
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120621234939/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/sewage-floods-triplicane-roads-136
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 21 June 2012
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| title = Drainage issues plague Triplicane
| newspaper = IBN Live
| location = Chennai
| publisher = Express News Service
| date = 2 May 2012
| url = http://ibnlive.in.com/news/drainage-issues-plague-triplicane/253671-60-120.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120507021932/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/drainage-issues-plague-triplicane/253671-60-120.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 7 May 2012
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:University of Madras campus in Triplicane.jpg|thumb|left|190px|Triplicane campus of the University of Madras]]
[[File:State Council for Higher Secondary Education, Chennai.jpg|thumb|left|190px|State Council for Higher Secondary Education at the Lady Wellingdon College campus]]
Colleges in the locality include [[Queen Mary's College, Chennai|Queen Mary's College]], [[Presidency College, Chennai|Presidency College]] and [[Madras University]] on the Beach Road.
The popular schools in this area include [[Hindu Senior Secondary School, Triplicane|Hindu Senior Secondary School]], the Kellett higher secondary school, NKT, Rex, Hindu Higher Secondary School, Lady Wellington school, etc. Some of these schools, such as the latter two, date back to the British Era.<ref name="Hindu high school"/>

===Library===
Libraries in this area include Kasthuri Srinivasan Library on Besant Road, one on Peyalwar Koil street, Muhammadan Public Library<ref>{{cite news|title=Historic library at Triplicane reopens for readers|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122121140300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327083342/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122121140300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 March 2007|access-date=4 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2005}}</ref> and one on Big street. The Kasturi Srinivasan library is more than 50 years old.<ref name="kasthuri srinivasan library">[http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article1554817.ece "Golden jubilee celebrated"], ''The Hindu'', Downtown, Chennai, 20 March 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2012</ref>

==Culture==
Triplicane has a rich culture. The culture associated with Parthasarathy temple and its mada veethis is old and traditional.<ref name="ShatteringTheStillnessOfTime">{{cite news | last = Parthasarathy | first = Anusha | title = Shattering the stillness of time | newspaper = The Hindu | location = Chennai | date = 24 April 2012 | url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article3349084.ece | access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref> Rooted in tradition, Triplicane is also known for its fine artistic taste in music, dance and arts.<ref name="ThiruvallikeniThiruvizha_ACommunityEvent">{{cite news
| author = Lalithasai
| title = Thiruvallikeni Thiruvizha: a community event
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 14 January 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article1091019.ece
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref> An annual community event known as the Thiruvallikeni Thiruvizha (literally 'Triplicane Festival') is celebrated in January.<ref name="ThiruvallikeniThiruvizha_ACommunityEvent"/><ref>{{cite news
| last = Soman
| first = Sandhya
| title = A trip down memory lane
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 January 2007
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/09/stories/2007010916930200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071212030040/http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/09/stories/2007010916930200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 12 December 2007
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref> Other festivals include Triplicane Music Festival and Marghazhi (winter) festival.<ref name="LinkRecaptured">{{cite news
| last = Ramanathan
| first = Saradha
| title = Link recaptured
| location = Chennai
| date = 21 May 2010
| url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/21/stories/2010052161340300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100526022044/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/05/21/stories/2010052161340300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 26 May 2010
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = T.
| title = Triplicane Music Festival
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 25 December 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article2745871.ece
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="ColourfulTradition">{{cite news
| last = Suresh
| first = S.
| title = Colourful tradition
| location = Chennai
| date = 7 January 2003
| url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/07/stories/2003010700050200.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20031003174308/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/07/stories/2003010700050200.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 October 2003
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref> Triplicane is known for many of the traditional cuisines of Chennai.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Shanmugham
| first = Sujatha
| title = Thali destinations
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 18 August 2010
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/Food/article580023.ece
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Shetty
| first = Deepika
| title = Charming and cultured Chennai
| newspaper = The Straits Times
| publisher = Asia One Travel
| date = 30 October 2008
| url = http://travel.asiaone.com/Travel/Places%2B%2526%2BInterests/Region/Europe/Story/A1Story20081030-97292.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120604233055/http://travel.asiaone.com/Travel/Places%2B%2526%2BInterests/Region/Europe/Story/A1Story20081030-97292.html
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 4 June 2012
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Badrinath
| first = Mallika
| title = Off the menu
| newspaper = India Today
| publisher = IndiaToday.in
| date = 3 September 2008
| url = https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20080915-off-the-menu-737452-2008-09-03
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref>

===Architecture===
[[File:AnnieBesantPark Triplicane Chennai.jpg|thumb|210px|[[Dr. Annie Besant Park, Chennai|Annie Besant Park]]]]
[[File:AnnieBesantPark Triplicane Chennai FishermenStatue.jpg|thumb|210px|Fishermen statue at Annie Besant Park]]
Triplicane, similar to few other areas in the city such as Mylapore and West Mambalam, is known for its traditional row houses, known as {{Transliteration|ta|agraharams}}.<ref name="Agraharam_TimeVirtuallyStandsStill">{{cite news
| last = Sujatha
| first = R.
| title = Agraharam — time virtually stands still here
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 29 April 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article3367816.ece
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref> Typically, these can be seen where an entire street is occupied by Brahmins, particularly surrounding a temple. The architecture is distinctive with Madras terraces, country tile roofing, Burma teak rafters and lime plastering. The longish homes consisted of the {{Transliteration|ta|mudhal kattu}} (receiving quarters), {{Transliteration|ta|irandaam kattu}} (living quarters), {{Transliteration|ta|moondram kattu}} (kitchen and backyard) and so on. Most houses had an open to sky space in the centre called the {{Transliteration|ta|mitham}}, large platforms lining the outside of the house called the {{Transliteration|ta|thinnai}} and a private well in the backyard. The floors were often coated with red oxide and sometimes the roofs had glass tiles to let in light. The {{Transliteration|ta|agraharam}} quadrangle seen in Triplicane is around the Parthasarathy Temple and its tank.<ref name="VanishingAgraharams"/>

About 50 families continue to live in the {{Transliteration|ta|agraharams}} in Triplicane.<ref name="Agraharam_TimeVirtuallyStandsStill"/> However, many of these houses are being replaced with modern multi-storied apartments, resulting in a reduction in their numbers.<ref name="VanishingAgraharams">{{cite news
| last = Iyer
| first = Aruna V.
| title = Chennai's vanishing agraharams
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 7 October 2011
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/homes-and-gardens/article2518383.ece
| access-date =9 September 2012}}</ref>

===Religion===
Although [[Parthasarathy Temple]] remains the most important temple of Triplicane, there exists several other temples in the neighbourhood, including [[Ellamman temple|Ellai Amman Temple]], [[Ettampadai Temple|Ettampadai Murugan Temple]], Peyalwar Temple built on the 13th century.<ref name="peyalwar" /> and Thiruveteeswarar Temple. The thevaram has a reference of Thiruvateeswarar temple, which suggests its existence since the seventh century.

Mutts in the region include [[Uttaradi Matha|Uttradi Mutt]] on Singrachari Street, [[Ahobila Mutt]] Vanamamalai Mutt on East Tank Square Street,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vanamamalai.com/mutt/mutt.html |title=Vanamamalai Mutt |website=www.vanamamalai.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610004731/http://vanamamalai.com/mutt/mutt.html |archive-date=2008-06-10}}</ref>

[[The Wallajah Mosque]], also known as the Big Mosque, is a historical mosque in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mapsofindia.com/chennai/places-of-interest/religious-places/big-mosque.html|title=Big Mosque, Chennai|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}</ref> Built in 1795 in remembrance of [[Muhammad Ali Khan Wallajah|Nawab Wallajah]], the mosque was constructed with grey granite, without the use of wood or steel.<ref name="ChennaiBest_History1751-1800"/>

====Vaikunta Ekadesi====

Vaikunta Ekadesi Festival is held in this temple{{Which one|date=October 2021}} and huge crowds gather on the day of the festival.<ref name="temple tales of triplicane toi">{{cite news|title=Temple tales of Triplicane|author=Srinivasa Ramanujam|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104011511/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-15/travel/29922568_1_parthasarathy-temple-triplicane-vaikunta-ekadasi|url-status=live|archive-date=4 January 2013|access-date=19 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 September 2011}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120111135635/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/cities/chennai/religious-fervour-marks-vaikunta-ekadasi-chennai-347 "Religious fervour marks Vaikunta Ekadasi in Chennai"], ''Deccan Chronicle'', Chennai, 6 January 2012. Retrieved on 3 April 2012</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=In City|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=RgBFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4047,1197453&dq=triplicane+parthasarathy&hl=en|access-date=18 April 2012|newspaper=The Indian Express, Madras|date=12 March 1949}}</ref>
Vaikunta Ekadesi Vrata is observed on Dhanur Masa Shukla Paksha Ekadasi, or on the 11th day of bright fortnight during [[Dhanu (month)|Dhanur Masam]]. This festival is celebrated with much devotion in many Vaishnavaite temples, including Parthasarathy temple in South India. Vaikunta Dwara lies in the north side of the temple. Vaikunta Ekadesi is also observed as Mukkoti Ekadesi.

The streets of Triplicane are full of people as early as 2:00 a.m. on Vaikunta Ekadesi. Women adorned in the traditional nine yards or a silk sari hurry towards the Parthasarathy Temple to find a place in the long winding queues.

The busy crowds move slowly towards the shrine, crossing the Paramapadavaasal along with the presiding deity. More than one hundred thousand devotees visit the temple who are helped by volunteers, temple authorities and police personnel to move around the [[prakaram]]s. Police are stationed around the temple and atop watchtowers at the junction of the Mada Streets to maintain strict vigil.<ref>Lalithasai. [http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-downtown/article962339.ece "When the doors of Paramapadavaasal open..."], ''The Hindu'', Downtown, Chennai, 19 December 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2012</ref><ref>M Bharat Kumar, K Vivek prasad. [http://www.newstodaynet.com/newsindex.php?id=20795+&+section=7 "Devotees throng temples for Vaikunta Ekadesi"], ''[[News Today]]'', 28 December 2009, Chennai. Retrieved 3 April 2012</ref>

===Carnatic music===

Triplicane was also once the seat of [[Carnatic music]].<ref name="when streets resonated with ragas">Gowri Ramnarayan. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030702074942/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/12/24/stories/2002122400210300.htm "When streets resonated with ragas"], ''The Hindu'', Metro Plus, Chennai, 24 December 2002. Retrieved on 3 April 2012</ref>{{When|date=October 2021}} Triplicane was not only known for weekend visits by several musicians, but also for resident legends such as [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]] (GNB) and [[M. S. Subbulakshmi]] (M.S.). The right atmosphere for music and dance permeated Triplicane. A proliferation of [[Sabhā|sabhas]] – Triplicane Arts Academy, Thiruvateeswarar Sabha, N.K.T. Muthu Sabha and Parthasarathy Swami Sabha – drew these heavyweights in the classical arts to the locality.<ref name="my heart beats for triplicane">Written by Prince Frederick, as told by Vikku Vinayakram. [http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article1480313.ece "Memories of Madras - ‘My heart beats for Triplicane'"], ''The Hindu'', Arts - History & Culture, 22 February 2011. Retrieved on 3 April 2012.</ref>
Musicians used to talk of how they had sung at the Hindu High School or heard GNB at some other Triplicane venue. It was said that Triplicane was where [[vidwan]]s would spend afternoons discussing music over hot rava pongal at the Krishna Iyer Hotel. The 1965s and 1970s saw music and dance pervade the area in various sabhas. The neighbourhood has hosted leading artists from M.S. and GNB to Manakkal Rangarajan, from the stage plays of M.G. Ramachandran and Sivaji Ganesan to actor Sivakumar's debut play. Thus Triplicane was the central locality where all the cultural happenings of the city took place.<ref>{{cite news|last=Renuka Suryanarayan|title=Back in full force...|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/history-and-culture/article2677239.ece|access-date=9 April 2012|newspaper=The Hindu, Chennai|date=1 December 2011}}</ref>

==Politics==
[[File:Chennai assembly constituencys Chepauk-Triplicane.png|thumb|right|100px|Chennai assembly Chepauk-Triplicane constituency]]
Triplicane is a part of Chepauk-Triplicane assembly constituency which in turn a part of [[Chennai Central (Lok Sabha constituency)|Central Chennai Constituency.]]<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies
|access-date = 8 October 2008
|work = Tamil Nadu
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504185928/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf
|archive-date = 4 May 2006
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref> The MLA Hostel is located on [[Wallajah Road, Chennai|Wallajah Road]]. [[Rajaji Hall]] in the same campus, which was built between 1800 and 1802,<ref name="groseclosep34">{{cite book|title=British sculpture and the Company Raj: church monuments and public statuary in Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay to 1858|first=Barbara S.|last=Groseclose|page=34|publisher=University of Delaware Press|year=1995|isbn= 978-0-87413-406-3}}</ref> used to have a role in state administration. At present, it houses the offices of the Tamil Nadu State Raffle.<ref name="chopra">{{cite book|title=Monuments of the Raj: British buildings in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Myanmar|pages=7–8|first=Prabha|last=Chopra|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=1999|isbn= 978-81-7305-094-7}}</ref>

==Public transport==
{{See also|Thiruvallikeni (Chennai MRTS)|Light House railway station}}
Being situated in the central region of the city, Triplicane is well connected to various places in Chennai. The [[Metropolitan Transport Corporation (Chennai)|MTC]] operates bus termini such as Ice House and Triplicane (located at Pycrofts Road). The Triplicane bus terminus, one of the oldest bus termini in the city, is not functional now. The MTC has moved all services which were originating from Triplicane to the near-by Anna square terminus and some services are extended to Broadway. The [[Mass Rapid Transit System (Chennai)|MRTS]] has two stations [[Thiruvallikeni (Chennai MRTS)|Thiruvallikeni]] and [[Light House railway station]] on the Chennai Beach–Velachery elevated rail corridor serving the neighbourhood. In addition, the neighbourhood is served by private auto rickshaws.

[[Government Estate metro station|Government Estate Metro Station]] serves the area. The Station operates on the [[Blue Line (Chennai Metro)|Blue Line]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alignment Map|url=https://chennaimetrorail.org/alignment-map/|website=Chennai Metro Rail}}</ref>

==Notable people==

Triplicane has been home to a number of personalities over the years. Mathematician [[Srinivasa Ramanujan]],<ref>Hema Vijay. [http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/society/article2134518.ece "The man who knows Ramanujan"],''Life & Style - Society, The Hindu'', 26 June 2011. Retrieved on 3 April 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=K. Srinivasa Rao|title=Srinivasa Ramanujan|url=http://www.imsc.res.in/~rao/ramanujan.html|work=Article from The Institute of Mathematical Sciences official website|publisher=The Institute of Mathematical Sciences (IMSC)|access-date=4 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Prince Frederick|title=The street where Ramanujan lived|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/24/stories/2003122400180100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040510011025/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/24/stories/2003122400180100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 May 2004|access-date=4 April 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 December 2003}}</ref> Writer [[Sujatha (writer)|Sujatha]], and cricketers [[M.J. Gopalan]], [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|Krish Srikkanth]] and [[W.V. Raman]] all hailed from Triplicane. [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] did his schooling in the [[The Hindu Higher Secondary School|Hindu High School]] (1922–1925) in Triplicane. [[Subramania Bharati]], a freedom fighter and poet, lived his last years in the house opposite the Parthasarathy temple's western entrance; the house has since been bought and renovated by the Government of Tamil Nadu in 1993, and it was named Bharathiyar Illam (Home of Bharathiyar).

==References==
{{reflist}}
== External links ==
{{commons category}}

* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Triplicane&params=13.0588_N_80.2756_E_type:city_region:IN-TN GeoHack - Triplicane ]

{{Neighborhoods of Chennai}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

[[Category:Coastal neighbourhoods of Chennai]]

Maddipati Venkata Raju

2026-04-25T03:57:12Z

Bhushana: Starting A Page!

{{Short description|Indian politician from Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Maddipati Venkata Raju
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Talari Venkat Rao]]
| constituency = [[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|Gopalapuram]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''Maddipati Venkata Raju''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is a member of [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Gopalapuram, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: TDP's Maddipati Venkata Raju defeats YSRCP's Taneti Vanita with 26784 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/gopalapuram-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548257-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Raju was elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Gopalapuram Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Gopalapuram Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/gopalapuram-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916896.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Maddipati Venkata Raju, TDP candidate bio : Assets, Total Income, Liabilities, Criminal Cases and other details. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/AndhraPradesh2024/maddipati-venkata-raju-41/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> He won the elections by a margin of 26784 votes defeating [[Taneti Vanitha]] of the [[YSR Congress Party]].

== Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source= Gopalapuram Assembly constituency}}
{{#section-h:Gopalapuram Assembly constituency|2024}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu politicians]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

P. K. Basu

2026-04-24T05:20:37Z

Bhushana: added - done

{{Infobox character
| name = P. K. Basu
| series = P. K. Basu
| image =
| caption =
| first =
| last =
| creator = [[Narayan Sanyal]]
| portrayer = [[Uttam Kumar]]
| lbl3 = Height
| data3 =
| lbl5 = [[Friend]]
| data5 =
| nickname =
| occupation = [[Lawyer]] ([[Barrister]]), Investigator
| title = [[Bose (surname)|Bose]] ([[Basu]])
| family =
| relatives =
| religion = [[Hindu]]
| nationality = Indian
| home = Kolkata
| gender = Male
| full_name = Prasanna Kumar Basu
}}
'''P. K. Basu''' is a [[Fictional detectives|fictional detective]] character created by [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer [[Narayan Sanyal]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Prasanna Kumar Basu by Narayan Sanyal - Famous Bengali detectives who have made it to the big screen|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/photo-features/famous-bengali-detectives-who-have-made-it-to-the-big-screen/prasanna-kumar-basu-by-narayan-sanyal/photostory/63892233.cms|access-date=2021-12-28|website=The Times of India|date=29 August 2018 }}</ref> These detective stories are popularly known as the ''Kanta'' (Thorn) series. Some of the stories were inspired by the novels of [[Erle Stanley Gardner]] and [[Agatha Christie]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Kantay Kantay (Bengali)|last=Vol - 2|first=Narayan Sanyal|publisher=Dey's Publishing|date=January 2000|isbn=81-7612-563-6|location=Kolkata|pages=8}}</ref>

==Character==
The writer often referred Basu as 'The [[Perry Mason]] of the East', since Sanyal was inspired to create the character from the masterpiece of [[Erle Stanley Gardner]]. Basu's full name is ''Prasanna Kumar Basu'' and by profession he is an indomitable criminal side [[barrister]] of the [[Calcutta High Court]]. In the first story named ''Nagchampa'', Basu is shown to be an old, unmarried man but since the novel of ''Sonar Kanta, the'' writer changed the character of Basu to an aged Barrister, whose wife ''Ranu'' is physically challenged & ''Suborna'' alias ''Mithu'', their only daughter, has died in a car accident. P. K. Basu is not a professional detective but solves the cases through discussion and in courtroom drama. A young couple, Koushik and Sujata, live with Basu's family in his house. They form a private detective agency, ''Sukoushali''. Very often, Basu takes their help in investigation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thereel.scroll.in/824470/go-goyenda-a-guide-to-the-bengali-detectives-who-made-it-to-the-screen-and-the-ones-who-need-to|title=Go goyenda! A guide to the Bengali detectives|website=Harvard Business School's|date=18 December 2016 |access-date=June 26, 2017}}</ref>

==Stories==
* ''Nagchampa'' (Published: 1968)
* ''Sonar Kanta'' (Published: 1974; Inspired by [[The Mousetrap]] by [[Agatha Christie]])
* ''Machher Kanta'' (Published: March 1975)
* ''Pother Kanta'' (Published: January 1976)
* ''Ghorir Kanta'' (Published: January 1977)
* ''Kuler Kanta'' (Published: May 1978)
* ''Uler Kanta'' (Published: May 1980, Inspired by ''The Case of the Perjured Parrot'' by [[Erle Stanley Gardner]])
* ''O-Aa-Ko Khuner Kanta'' (Published: 1987, Inspired by [[The A.B.C. Murders]] by [[Agatha Christie]])
* ''Sarmeyo Genduker Kanta'' (Published: 1989, Inspired by [[Dumb Witness]] by [[Agatha Christie]])<ref name=":0" />
* ''Ristedarer Kanta'' (Published: 1992; Inspired by: ''The Case of the Beautiful Beggar'' by [[Erle Stanley Gardner]]).
* ''Koutuholi Koner Kanta'' (Published: 1993; Inspired by: ''The Case of the Curious Bride'' by [[Erle Stanley Gardner]])
* ''Jadu Eto Boro Ronger Kanta'' (Published 1993)
* ''Abhi Purbak Nee Dhatu O-er Kanta'' (Published in 1994, Inspired by ''[[The Case of the Restless Redhead]]'' by [[Erle Stanley Gardner]])
* ''Nyay Nishtha Nyasnasheer Kanta'' (Published: 1994)
* ''Dwi Boibahik Kanta'' (Published 1994)Inspired by ''The Case of Bigamous spouse'' by [[Erle Stanley Gardner]]
* ''Jom Duare Porlo Kanta'' (Published in 1994)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kantay Kantay (Bengali)|last=Vol - 4|first=Narayan Sanyal|publisher=Dey's Publishing|year=2014|isbn=978-81-295-1296-3|location=Kolkata|pages=263}}</ref>
* ''Bisher Kanta'' (Published: 1996) Inspired by: ''The Case of the Lucky Legs'' by [[Erle Stanley Gardner]]
* ''Dress Reharshal-er Kanta'' (Inspired by: ''Three Act Tragedy'' by [[Agatha Christie]]Published: 1998)
* ''Darpone Pratibimbito Kanta'' (Published: 1999)
* ''Sokol Kanta Dhyonyo Kore'' (Published: 1999)
* ''Chnaparonger Murshidabadi Sharir Kanta'' (Published: 2001)<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kantay Kantay (Bengali)|last=Vol - 5|first=Narayan Sanyal|publisher=Dey's Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-81-295-2263-4|location=Kolkata|pages=5}}</ref>
* ''Monalisa'r Kanta'' (Published: 2001)
* ''Iskapan Bibir Kanta'' (Published: 2001, Inspired by ''The King of Clubs'' by [[Agatha Christie]])
* ''Haripada Keranir Kanta'' (Published: January 2001)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sanyal |first=Narayan |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.456045 |title=Ek Brinte Duti Kanta |date=1959}}</ref>

==Adaptation==

* The first story of P. K. Basu ''Nagchampa'' was adapted in a Bengali movie named ''[[Jadi Jantem]]'', which was released on 1 March 1974. This film was directed by ''Yatrik'' ([[Tarun Majumdar]]) and starred by [[Uttam Kumar]] as P. K. Basu, [[Ruma Guha Thakurta]] as Ranu, [[Soumitra Chatterjee]] as Koushik and [[Supriya Choudhury]] as Sujata. Narayan Sanyal himself wrote the dialogues.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/jadi-jantem/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000549691376/channelid-10000000001210000/starttime-201705211330|title=Jadi Jantem|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=June 26, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0367900/|title=Jadi Jantem (1974)|website=imdb.com|access-date=June 26, 2017}}</ref>
* In 2018, director [[Haranath Chakraborty]] set a film titled Kantaye Kantaye based on the story ''Haripada Keranir Kaanta''. [[Ranjit Mallick]] has been roped in for the role of P. K. Basu, but the film has not been released.<ref>{{Cite web|last=RadioBanglaNet|date=2018-04-05|title=Four Decades Later, Barrister PK Basu Returns on the Big Screen|url=https://radiobanglanet.com/four-decades-later-barrister-pk-basu-returns-big-screen/|access-date=2021-12-28|website=RadioBanglaNet|language=en-US}}</ref>
* A web series directed by Joydeep Mukherjee titled ''[[Kaantaye Kaantaye]]'' was released on 15 August 2024. This film is based on ''Sonar Kanta'' and [[Saswata Chatterjee]] plays the role of P. K. Basu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-24 |title=Web series Kantay Kantay to feature Saswata Chatterjee, Ananya Chatterjee, Soham Chakraborty and others |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/web-series-kantay-kantay-to-feature-saswata-chatterjee-ananya-chatterjee-soham-chakraborty-and-others/articleshow/96472404.cms |access-date=2024-08-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-15 |title=কাঁটায়-কাঁটায় সিরিজ এবার ওয়েবের পর্দায়, গল্পে অনন্যা-শাশ্বত |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/anannya-saswata-actress-anannya-chatterjee-and-saswata-chatterjee-will-portray-a-story-from-knatay-knatay-series-942134 |access-date=2024-08-10 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Perry Mason}}
{{Narayan Sanyal}}
{{Bengali detective characters}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basu, P. K.}}
[[Category:Fictional amateur detectives]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian detectives]]
[[Category:Fictional Indian people in literature]]
[[Category:Fictional Bengali people]]
[[Category:Fictional Hindus]]
[[Category:Male characters in literature]]
[[Category:Literary characters introduced in 1968]]
[[Category:Works by Narayan Sanyal]]

Mynampally Rohit

2026-04-20T05:20:41Z

Bhushana: Starting New Entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mynampally Rohith
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|size=100%|MLA}}
| image = MynampallyRohit2024.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1997|11|01}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (present-day [[Telangana]]), India
| office = [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Member of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Medak Assembly constituency|Medak]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| chief minister =
| predecessor = [[Padma Devender Reddy]]
| successor =
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| education = [[MBBS]] - [[MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences]]
| father = [[Mynampally Hanumanth Rao]]
| mother = M. Vani
| children = M. Kriyansh
| spouse = {{marriage|M. Shivani|2 November 2020}}
| website = {{URL|https://mynampallyrohit.com/}}
}}

'''Mynampally Rohith''' (born 1 November 1997) is an Indian politician, one of the youngest [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Members of Legislative Assembly]] in India representing [[Medak]],<ref>{{Cite web |title= Two Youngest MLAs Who Won In Telangana Assembly Elections 2023|url=https://m.sakshipost.com/news/telangana/two-youngest-mlas-who-won-telangana-assembly-elections-2023-252913 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=m.sakshipost.com}}</ref> [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mynampally Rohit(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency-MEDAK-Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=196|access-date=2023-12-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He is also the Chairman of Mynampally Social Service Organisation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chairman MSSO|url=https://msso.co.in/#about|website=www.msso.co.in}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Rohith was born in [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (presently, [[Telangana]]) into a political family on 1 November 1997. The eldest son to Shri [[Mynampally Hanumanth Rao]] an Indian politician, a senior leader in Telangana politics. Rohith completed his [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]] from [[MediCiti Institute of Medical Sciences]] in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ex-minister Shri K.T. Rama Rao congratulates Dr. Rohith|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/telangana-ktr-congratulates-mynampally-rohit-over-completion-of-mbbs-with-two-gold-medals-700204|date=6 August 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

He was awarded two gold medals during MBBS for being in merit list by the then [[Governor of Telangana]], [[Tamilisai Soundararajan]], one in [[Obstetrics and Gynaecology]] and the other in [[Pediatrics|Paediatrics]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-governor-tamilisai-soundararajan-presents-awards-at-mediciti-institute-699356 | title=Telangana: Governor Tamilisai Soundararajan presents awards at Mediciti Institute | date=2 August 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com}}</ref>

==Social service==
Rohith founded an organization called Mynampally Social Service Organization and runs various social service programs. He provided financial and basic necessities to the poor during the coronavirus pandemic through his organization.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Impacting lives with positivity|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/hyderabad/hyderabad-msso-impacting-lives-positively-671392|access-date=10 Feb 2021|website=www.thehansindia.com|date=10 February 2021 }}</ref><ref name="Police services in Lockdown Unforgettable: Mynampally Rohit">{{cite news |last1=Andrajyothy |title=Police services in Lockdown Unforgettable: Mynampally Rohith |url=https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/food-distribution-police-srvice-mainampalli-rohit-1921052207115565 |accessdate=21 August 2021 |date=22 May 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821093702/https://m.andhrajyothy.com/telugunews/food-distribution-police-srvice-mainampalli-rohit-1921052207115565 |archivedate=21 August 2021 |language=en |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref>

Recognising his services, in 2023 he was awarded as ''International Youth Icon'' by Asia One Magazine.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.linkedin.com/posts/asiaone_asiaonemagazine-media-leadership-activity-7083714464427970560-TRXI?trk=public_profile_like_view | title=AsiaOne on LinkedIn: #asiaonemagazine #media #leadership #successstories #businessoscar… }}</ref>

==Personal life==
Rohith is married to Shivani (m. 2020), and the couple has a son.<ref>{{cite web|title=A grand affair|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/deccan-chronicle/20201102/282406991860022|date=2 Nov 2020|via=PressReader}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rohit, Mynampally}}
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Koram Kanakaiah

2026-04-16T03:02:33Z

Bhushana: Creating Page

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Koram Kanakaiah
| office = Member of Legislative Assembly [[Yellandu]], [[Telangana]]
| term_start = 2023{{endash}}present
| image = Koram Kanakaiah.jpg
| party = [[Indian National Congress]] (2023 - present)
| other_party = [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]]
| office1 = Member of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu]]
| term_start1 = 2014
| succeeded1 = [[Banoth Haripriya]]
| preceded1 = Vooke Abbaiah
| term_end1 = 2018
| term_end =
}}

'''Koram Kanakaiah''' (11 March 1962) is a politician from [[Telangana]]. He served as an [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from the [[Yellandu Assembly constituency|Yellandu Assembly Constituency]] in the 2014 State Assembly Elections for the [[Indian National Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yellandu Assembly constituency (Telangana): Full details, live and past results |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/telangana/yellandu-election-result-s29a111/ |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=News18}}</ref> He is a two time MLA.

== Early life ==
Kanakaiah is from Koyagudem. He is born to Pullaiah. He dropped out of school after Class V.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Koram Kanakaiah(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- YELLANDU (ST)(BHADRADRI KOTHAGUDEM) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=350 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kanakaiah won 2023 Legislative Assembly Elections as MLA from Yellandu, Telangana State.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ABN |date=2021-07-16 |title=భద్రాద్రి కొత్తగూడెం: జెడ్పీ చైర్మన్ కోరం కనకయ్యకు కరోనా |url=https://www.andhrajyothy.com/2021/telangana/khammam/bhadradri-kothagudem-zp-chairman-koram-kanakaiah-corona-positive-410783.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=Andhrajyothy Telugu News |language=te}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=India |first=The Hans |date=2019-08-07 |title=Kamal Raju, Kanakaiah take charge as Khammam, Kothagudem ZP chiefs |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/telangana/kamal-raju-kanakaiah-take-charge-as-khammam-kothagudem-zp-chiefs-552924 |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=www.thehansindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Koram Kanakaih won 2023 MLA election |url=https://telugu.oneindia.com/news/telangana/congress-candidate-koram-kanakaiah-won-in-illendu-365827.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kanakaiah, Koram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Bharat Rashtra Samithi politicians]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2014–2018]]
[[Category:People from Bhadradri Kothagudem district]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Telangana-INC-politician-stub}}

2014 Sunrisers Hyderabad season

2026-04-07T16:38:28Z

Bhushana:

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Sunrisers Hyderabad
| image =
| alt =
| season = [[2014 Indian Premier League|2014]]
| coach = [[Tom Moody]]
| captain = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (10) [[Darren Sammy]] (4)
| ground = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]] (Capacity: 55,000)
| comp1 = [[2014 Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| comp1 result = Group Stage (6th)
| prevseason = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2013|2013]]
| nextseason = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad in 2015|2015]]
| most runs= [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (528)
| most wickets= [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (20)
| most catches= [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (8)
| most dismissals= [[Naman Ojha]] (7)
|}}
[[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (SRH) are a franchise cricket team based in [[Hyderabad]], India, which plays in the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL). They were one of the eight teams competing in the [[2014 Indian Premier League]]. This was their second outing in the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]. The team was being captained by [[Shikhar Dhawan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 7: Shikhar Dhawan named captain of Sunrisers Hyderabad |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/ipl-7-shikhar-dhawan-named-captain-of-sunrisers-hyderabad/20140324.htm|publisher=rediff.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref> but later replaced by [[Darren Sammy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 7: Darren Sammy takes over from Shikhar Dhawan as Sunrisers Hyderabad captain |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/darren-sammy-takes-over-from-shikhar-dhawan-as-sunrisers-hyderabad-captain|publisher=sportskeeda.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref> The team was coached by [[Tom Moody]] with [[Waqar Younis]] as their bowling coach, [[VVS Laxman]] and [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|Kris Srikkanth]] as the mentors for this team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad Team in IPL 2014: List of SRH Players Bought for IPL 7 |url=http://www.india.com/sports/sunrisers-hyderabad-team-in-ipl-2014-list-of-srh-players-bought-for-ipl-7-38336/|publisher=india.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref>

The Sunrisers started their campaign against [[Rajasthan Royals]] on 18 April 2014 at Abu Dhabi on a losing note and failed to qualify for the Play-Offs finishing 6th at the end of the tournament.
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 380
| image_style = border:none;

| image1 = SHIKHAR DHAWAN (16005494418).jpg
| width1 = 150 | height1 = 150
| alt1 = Shikhar Dhawan
| caption1 = Shikhar Dhawan

| image2 = Darren Sammy, 2010.jpg
| width2 = 150 | height2 = 150
| alt2 = Darren Sammy
| caption2 = Darren Sammy
}}

==Background==
Due to the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 Lok Sabha Elections]] the season was partially held outside India with the opening 20 IPL matches which included 5 SRH matches in the UAE<ref>{{cite news|title=UAE to host 20 matches in IPL 7 first leg|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Sports/Cricket/IPL/News/UAE-to-host-20-matches-in-IPL-7-first-leg/articleshow/32304545.cms|work=The Times Of India|author=PTI|date=2014-03-19|accessdate=2014-03-20}}</ref> with the remaining matches played in India from May 2 onwards.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/content/story/733955.html | title=Second phase of IPL in India from May 2 | date=3 April 2014 | publisher=ESPNcricinfo | accessdate=26 May 2019 }}</ref>

==Administration and support staff==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| total_width = 450
| image_style = border:none;

| image1 = Tom Moody Sunrisers.jpg
| width1 = 150 | height1 = 150
| alt1 = Tom Moody
| caption1 = Tom Moody

| image2 = VVSLaxman.jpg
| width2 = 150 | height2 = 150
| alt2 = VVS Laxman
| caption2 = VVS Laxman

| image3 = waqar_younis.jpg
| width3 = 150 | height3 = 150
| alt3 = Waqar Younis
| caption3 = Waqar Younis
}}
* Owner – [[Kalanithi Maran]] ([[Sun Network]])
* Head coach – [[Tom Moody]]
* Assistant coach – [[Simon Helmot]]
* Bowling coach – [[Waqar Younis]]
* Mentor – [[VVS Laxman]] & [[Krishnamachari Srikkanth|Kris Srikkanth]]
<div style="font-size:75%"> Source :<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad Team in IPL 2014: List of SRH Players Bought for IPL 7 |url=http://www.india.com/sports/sunrisers-hyderabad-team-in-ipl-2014-list-of-srh-players-bought-for-ipl-7-38336/|publisher=india.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}</ref> </div>

==Kit manufacturers and sponsors==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Kit Manufacturers
!Shirt Sponsor (Chest)
!Shirt Sponsor (Back)
!Chest Branding
|-
|[[TYKA Sports|TYKA]]
|[[WHSmith]]
|[[SpiceJet]]
|[[Red FM 93.5]]
|}
 Source :<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad and their ‘rise to the top’ jerseys|url=https://www.sportswallah.com/cricket/lifestyle/sunrisers-hyderabad-and-their-rise-to-the-top-jerseys | publisher=sportswallah.com | date=11 April 2017|accessdate=1 April 2017}}</ref> 


== Players auction ==
{{main|List of 2014 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}

The players auction for the 2014 Indian Premier League held on 12 and 13 February 2014. All eight franchises had participated in the auction. SRH has retained 2 players and released 11 players from the previous season. As a result of this retention the team had an auction purse of Rs 380 million and 2 Right To Match(RTM) cards.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of players retained ahead of the 2014 IPL auction |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/content/story/708731.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref> Added 22 players to the team. They used two RTM card to bring [[Amit Mishra]]
and [[Darren Sammy]] back into the team.<ref>{{cite web|title=IPL 7 Auction: Sunrisers Hyderabad full list of players bought |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/news/ipl-7-auction-sunrisers-hyderabad-full-list-of-players-bought-96300|publisher=cricketcountry.com|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref>

'''Retained Players''': [[Shikhar Dhawan]], [[Dale Steyn]]

'''Released Players''': [[Kumar Sangakkara]], [[Anand Rajan]], [[Ankit Sharma (cricketer)|Ankit Sharma]], [[Ashish Reddy]], [[Quinton de Kock]], [[Jean-Paul Duminy]], [[Chris Lynn]], [[Nathan McCullum]], [[Clint McKay]], [[Amit Mishra]], [[Parthiv Patel]], [[Thisara Perera]], [[Padmanabhan Prasanth]], [[Veer Pratap Singh]], [[Sachin Rana]], [[Dwaraka Ravi Teja]], [[Akshath Reddy]], [[Biplab Samantray]], [[Darren Sammy]], [[Ishant Sharma]], [[Karn Sharma]], [[Thalaivan Sargunam]], [[Sudeep Tyagi]], [[Hanuma Vihari]], [[Cameron White]]

'''Added Players''': [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]], [[Darren Sammy]], [[Amit Mishra]], [[Irfan Pathan]], [[Ishant Sharma]], [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]], [[Brendan Taylor]], [[Moisés Henriques]], [[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]], [[Jason Holder]], [[Aaron Finch]], [[Srikkanth Anirudha]], [[Manpreet Juneja]], [[K. L. Rahul]], [[Parvez Rasool]], [[Prasanth Parameswaran]], [[Karn Sharma]], [[Amit Paunikar]], [[Naman Ojha]], [[Ricky Bhui]], [[Ashish Reddy]], [[Chama Milind]]

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sunrisers Hyderabad Squad |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/content/squad/735985.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref>
* '''Signed Year''' denotes year from which player is associated with Sunrisers Hyderabad

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| Batsmen
|-
| [[Srikkanth Anirudha]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1987|04|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[Ricky Bhui]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1996|11|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1985|12|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]].
|-
| '''[[Aaron Finch]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1986|11|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || Overseas.
|-
| [[Manprit Juneja]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1990|09|12|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1982|02|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1986|10|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || Overseas.
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
| '''[[Moisés Henriques]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1987|2|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Jason Holder]]''' || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1991|11|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || Overseas.
|-
| '''[[Irfan Pathan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1984|10|27|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[Parvez Rasool]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1989|02|13|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[Ashish Reddy]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1991|02|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||
|-
| '''[[Darren Sammy]]''' || {{cr|West Indies}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1983|12|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 || Overseas.
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
| '''[[Naman Ojha]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1983|7|20|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[Amit Paunikar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|04|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Wicket keeper]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[K. L. Rahul]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1992|04|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[Brendan Taylor]]''' || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1986|2|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 || Overseas.
|-
! colspan="9" style="background: #DCDCDC; text-align:center;"| Bowlers
|-
| '''[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1990|2|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| [[Chama Milind]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1994|09|04|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[Amit Mishra]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1982|11|24|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||
|-
| [[Prasanth Parameswaran]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1985|05|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2014 ||
|-
| '''[[Ishant Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1988|09|02|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||
|-
| [[Karn Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1987|10|23|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 ||
|-
| '''[[Dale Steyn]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2014|04|16|1983|06|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2013 || Overseas.
|}

== Season overview ==
=== Standings ===
{{2014 Indian Premier League Points table|team=SRH}}

=== Results by match ===
{{#invoke:sports rbr table|table|legendpos=b
|header=Round
|label1= Ground
| res1= [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|H]]/ [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|A]]/ [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|H]]/ [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|H]]/ [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|A]]/ [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium|A]]/ [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|A]]/ [[Feroz Shah Kotla|A]]/ [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|H]]/ H/ H/ H/ [[JSCA International Stadium Complex|A]]/ [[Eden Gardens|A]]
|label2= Result
| res2= L/ L/ W/ L/ W/ L/ W/ W/ L/ L/ L/ W/ W/ L

| color_W = green2|text_W=Win
| color_D = yellow2| text_D=Draw
| color_L = red2|text_L=Loss
| text_H = Home|text_A = Away
| source = [[#Fixtures|Fixtures]]
}}

==Fixtures==

===League stage===
{{hatnote|All times are in [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30]]).}}
{{hatnote|Matches 1 to 5 were played in the UAE and (home team) only indicates the designated home team. Subtract 1.5 hours for the [[UAE Standard Time|local time]] for these matches.}}

{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match4}} 18 April | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 =
(H) [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 133/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 135/6 (19.3 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 38 (34)
| wickets1 = [[Rajat Bhatia]] 2/22 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] 59 (53)
| wickets2 = [[Amit Mishra]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Sheikh Zayed Cricket Stadium|Sheikh Zayed Stadium]], Abu Dhabi
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and chose to field
| motm = [[Ajinkya Rahane]] (RR)
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729285.html Scorecard]
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 4 wickets
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match9}} 22 April | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 = (H) [[Kings XI Punjab]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 193/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 121 (19.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Glenn Maxwell]] 95 (43)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 3/19 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Lokesh Rahul]] 27 (27)
| wickets2 = [[Lakshmipathy Balaji]] 4/13 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Glenn Maxwell]] (KXIP)
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S Ravi]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729295.html Scorecard]
| result = Kings XI Punjab won by 72 runs
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match12}} 25 April | time = 16:00 | team1 =
(H) [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Delhi Daredevils]]
| score1 = 184/1 (20 overs)
| score2 = 180/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aaron Finch]] 88[[Not out|*]] (53)
| wickets1 = [[Shahbaz Nadeem]] 1/24 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Murali Vijay]] 52 (40)
| wickets2 = [[Dale Steyn]] 2/33 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and chose to bat
| motm = [[Aaron Finch]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[S. Ravi (umpire)|S Ravi]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729301.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 4 runs
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match17}} 27 April | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 =
(H) [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 145/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aaron Finch]] 44 (45)
| wickets1 = [[Mohit Sharma]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 146/5 (19.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dwayne Smith]] 66 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium]]
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Dwayne Smith]] (CSK)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729311.html Scorecard]
| result = Chennai Super Kings won by 5 wickets
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match20}} 30 April | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]] (H)
| score1 = 172/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 157/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 65 (51)
| wickets1 = [[Zaheer Khan]] 2/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kieron Pollard]] 78 (48)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 2/17 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium]]
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/729317.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 15 runs
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match24}} 4 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (H)
| score1 = 155/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 158/6 (19.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 61 (49)
| wickets1 = [[Mitchell Starc]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[AB de Villiers]] 89[[Not out|*]] (41)
| wickets2 = [[Karn Sharma]] 3/17 (4 overs)
| venue = [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium|M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], Bangalore
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[AB de Villiers]] (RCB)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733977.html Scorecard]
| result = Royal Challengers Bangalore won by 4 wickets
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match30}} 8 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]] (H)
| score1 = 134/9 (20 overs)
| score2 = 102 (19.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 33 (20)
| wickets1 = [[Shane Watson]] 3/13 (2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Steve Smith (cricketer)|Steve Smith]] 22 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 4/14 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Patel Stadium]], [[Motera]], Ahmedabad
| toss = Rajasthan Royals won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733989.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 32 runs
| notes = [[Shane Watson]] took the thirteenth [[List of Indian Premier League records and statistics#Hat-tricks|IPL hat-trick]], the second of 2014
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match32}} 10 May | time = 16:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = (H) [[Delhi Daredevils]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 143/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 44/2 (4.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Dinesh Karthik]] 39 (30)
| wickets1 = [[Dale Steyn]] 2/20 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Naman Ojha]] 13[[Not out|*]] (3)
| wickets2 = [[Siddarth Kaul]] 1/5 (1 over)
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla Ground|Feroz Shah Kotla]], Delhi
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Dale Steyn]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Rajesh Deshpande]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/733993.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 8 wickets (D/L method)
| rain = Due to rain Hyderabad's target was adjusted to 43 runs from 5 overs via [[Duckworth–Lewis method]]
| notes = [[Amit Mishra]] became the second player to take '''100 wickets''' in IPL
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match36}} 12 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 =
(H) [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 157/3 (20 overs)
| score2 = 160/3 (18.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Aaron Finch]] 68 (62)
| wickets1 = [[Lasith Malinga]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 68 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 2/21 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]], Hyderabad
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[Ambati Rayudu]] (MI)
| umpires = [[Kumar Dharmasena]] (SL) and [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734001.html Scorecard]
| result = Mumbai Indians won by 7 wickets
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match39}} 14 May | time = 16:00 | daynight = yes | team1 =
(H) [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Kings XI Punjab]]
| score1 = 205/5 (20 overs)
| score2 = 211/4 (18.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Naman Ojha]] 79[[Not out|*]] (36)
| wickets1 = [[Rishi Dhawan]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] 54 (26)
| wickets2 = [[Amit Mishra]] 1/32 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]], Hyderabad
| toss = Kings XI Punjab won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Wriddhiman Saha]] (KXIP)
| umpires = [[Vineet Kulkarni]] (Ind) and [[Paschim Pathak]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734007.html Scorecard]
| result = Kings XI Punjab won by 6 wickets
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match43}} 18 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 =
(H) [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 142/8 (20 overs)
| score2 = 146/3 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 34 (18)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Robin Uthappa]] 40 (33)
| wickets2 = [[Karn Sharma]] 1/19 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]], Hyderabad
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (KKR)
| umpires = [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng) and [[CK Nandan]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734015.html Scorecard]
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 7 wickets
| bg = L
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match46}} 20 May | time = 16:00 | daynight = yes | team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] (H)
| score1 = 160/6 (20 overs)
| score2 = 161/3 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Virat Kohli]] 67 (41)
| wickets1 = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] 2/27 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 59 (46)
| wickets2 = [[Varun Aaron]] 2/36 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Rajiv Gandhi International Stadium]], [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]], Hyderabad
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to bat
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734021.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match50}} 22 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 =
(H) [[Chennai Super Kings]] | team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 185/3 (20 overs)
| score2 = 189/4 (19.4 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]] 57[[Not out|*]] (41)
| wickets1 = [[Karn Sharma]] 2/19 (4 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 90 (45)
| wickets2 = [[Suresh Raina]] 1/17 (2 overs)
| venue = [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|JSCA International Stadium Complex]], Ranchi
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] (SRH)
| umpires = [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus) and [[Chettithody Shamshuddin]] (Ind)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734029.html Scorecard]
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 6 wickets
| bg = W
}}
{{Single-innings cricket match collapsible | date = {{anchor|match54}} 24 May | time = 20:00 | daynight = yes |team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]] | team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] (H)
| score1 = 160/7 (20 overs)
| score2 = 161/6 (14.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Darren Sammy]] 29 (19)
| wickets1 = [[Ryan ten Doeschate]] 1/7 (1 over)
| runs2 = [[Yusuf Pathan]] 72 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Karn Sharma]] 4/38 (4 overs)
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], Kolkata
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field
| motm = [[Yusuf Pathan]] (KKR)
| umpires = [[Rajesh Deshpande]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/match/734037.html Scorecard]
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 4 wickets
| notes = [[Yusuf Pathan]] scored the fastest half-century in IPL history
| bg = L
}}


== Statistics ==

{{gallery

| width = 150
| align = center
| File:David Warner batting.jpg
| alt1 = A man wearing yellow Australian jersey playing a shot.
| [[David Warner (cricketer) | David Warner]] became highest run-getter for SRH in IPL 2014.

| File:SHIKHAR DHAWAN (16005494418).jpg
| alt2 = A man wearing a dark-blue shirt and standing near camera.
| [[Shikhar Dhawan]] became second highest run-getter for SRH in IPL 2014.

| File:Bhuvneshwar Kumar.jpg
| alt3 = A man wearing blue indian jersey and in bowling action.
| [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] became highest wicket-taker for SRH in IPL 2014.

| File:Karn Sharma 2015.jpg
| alt4 = A man in a blue Indian jersey.
| [[Karn Sharma]] became second highest wicket-taker for SRH in IPL 2014.

}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Name
! Mat
! Runs
! HS
! Ave
! SR
! Wkts
! BBI
! Ave
! Eco
! Ct
! St
|-
|'''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|377 || style="text-align:center;"|64* || style="text-align:center;"| 29.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 118.18 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|528 || style="text-align:center;"|90 || style="text-align:center;"| 48.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 140.80 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 8 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Naman Ojha]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|11 || style="text-align:center;"|232 || style="text-align:center;"|79* || style="text-align:center;"| 38.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 144.09 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| 1
|-
|'''[[Aaron Finch]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|13 || style="text-align:center;"|309 || style="text-align:center;"|88* || style="text-align:center;"| 28.09 || style="text-align:center;"| 117.49 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[K. L. Rahul]] || style="text-align:center;"|11 || style="text-align:center;"|166 || style="text-align:center;"|46 || style="text-align:center;"| 20.75 || style="text-align:center;"| 101.21 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Darren Sammy]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|10 || style="text-align:center;"|108 || style="text-align:center;"|29 || style="text-align:center;"| 15.42 || style="text-align:center;"| 118.68 || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 1/20 || style="text-align:center;"| 52.33 || style="text-align:center;"| 11.21 || style="text-align:center;"| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Yalaka Venugopal Rao|Venugopal Rao]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|7 || style="text-align:center;"|71 || style="text-align:center;"|27 || style="text-align:center;"| 23.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 112.69 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 8.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Irfan Pathan]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|10 || style="text-align:center;"|55 || style="text-align:center;"|23* || style="text-align:center;"| 27.50 || style="text-align:center;"| 101.85 || style="text-align:center;"| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/10 || style="text-align:center;"| 51.25 || style="text-align:center;"| 8.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Karn Sharma]] || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|42 || style="text-align:center;"|17* || style="text-align:center;"| 10.50 || style="text-align:center;"| 144.82 || style="text-align:center;"| 15 || style="text-align:center;"| 4/38 || style="text-align:center;"| 25.06 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.42 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Dale Steyn]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|22 || style="text-align:center;"|12 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.33 || style="text-align:center;"| 84.61 || style="text-align:center;"| 11 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/20 || style="text-align:center;"| 39.18 || style="text-align:center;"| 7.69 || style="text-align:center;"| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|14 || style="text-align:center;"|1 || style="text-align:center;"|1 || style="text-align:center;"| 1.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 25.00 || style="text-align:center;"|20 || style="text-align:center;"| 4/14 || style="text-align:center;"| 17.70 || style="text-align:center;"| 6.65 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Amit Mishra]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|10 || style="text-align:center;"|4 || style="text-align:center;"|4* || style="text-align:center;"| 4.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 57.14 || style="text-align:center;"| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/23 || style="text-align:center;"| 48.57 || style="text-align:center;"| 9.06 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Moisés Henriques]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|4 || style="text-align:center;"|9 || style="text-align:center;"|9 || style="text-align:center;"| 4.50 || style="text-align:center;"| 64.28 || style="text-align:center;"| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/26 || style="text-align:center;"| 24.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 9.60 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Jason Holder]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|1 || style="text-align:center;"|16 || style="text-align:center;"|16 || style="text-align:center;"| 16.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 133.33 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 1/35 || style="text-align:center;"| 35.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 11.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|[[Srikkanth Anirudha]] || style="text-align:center;"|1 || style="text-align:center;"|3 || style="text-align:center;"|3 || style="text-align:center;"| 3.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 60.00 || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Parvez Rasool]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|3 || style="text-align:center;"|0 || style="text-align:center;"|0* || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 0.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 1/26 || style="text-align:center;"| 83.00 || style="text-align:center;"| 9.22 || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|-
|'''[[Ishant Sharma]]''' || style="text-align:center;"|3 || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"|- || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| - || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| 2/37 || style="text-align:center;"| 33.66 || style="text-align:center;"| 9.18 || style="text-align:center;"| 0 || style="text-align:center;"| 0
|}

<div style="font-size:75%">[http://stats.espncricinfo.com/indian-premier-league-2014/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=8827;team=5143;type=tournament Full Table on ESPNcricinfo]</div>
 Last updated: 26 Oct 2017

==Awards and achievements==
===Player of the match awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! No.
! Date
! Player
! Opponent
! Venue
! Result
! Contribution
|-
| 1 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=25|format=dmy}} || [[Aaron Finch]] || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] || Won by 4 runs|| 88[[Not out|*]] (53)
|-
| 2 || {{dts|1=2014|2=4|3=30|format=dmy}} || [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || [[Mumbai Indians]] || [[Dubai International Cricket Stadium|Dubai]] || Won by 15 runs || 2/17 (4 overs)
|-
| 3 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=8|format=dmy}} || [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] || [[Rajasthan Royals]] || [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Ahmedabad]] || Won by 32 runs || 4/14 (4 overs)
|-
| 4 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=10|format=dmy}} || [[Dale Steyn]] || [[Delhi Daredevils]] || [[Feroz Shah Kotla|Delhi]] || Won by 8 wickets (D/L) || 2/20 (4 overs)
|-
| 5 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=20|format=dmy}} || [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium|Hyderabad]] || Won by 7 Wickets || 59 (46)
|-
| 6 || {{dts|1=2014|2=5|3=22|format=dmy}} || [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] || [[Chennai Super Kings]] || [[JSCA International Cricket Stadium|Ranchi]] || Won by 6 Wickets || 90 (45)
|}

===Achievements===
*Best Catches of the season : [[Dale Steyn]]


==Reaction==
The IPL saw increase in its brand value in 2014 to {{USD}}3.2 billion while the Sunrisers' brand value was increased by 57% to {{USD}}25 million from its purchase value of {{USD}}15.9 million in 2013, according to [[American Appraisal]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Manohar|first=Tej|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/slideshow/ipl-2014-brand-values-ipl-franchises|title=IPL 2014: Brand values of IPL franchises|access-date=4 April 2019|website=Sportskeeda|date=12 May 2014}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of Sunrisers Hyderabad records]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sunrisershyderabad.in Sunrisers Hyderabad official website]

{{Sunrisers Hyderabad}}

[[Category:2014 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Sunrisers Hyderabad seasons]]
[[Category:Cricket in Hyderabad, India]]

Arani Revenue Division

2026-04-06T23:43:47Z

Bhushana:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arani Revenue Division
| native_name = Arani
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Silk City
| settlement_type = [[Revenue Division]]
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| image_map =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamilnadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tiruvannamalai District|Tiruvannamalai]]
| subdivision_type3 = Revenue Head Quarter
| subdivision_name3 = [[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]]
| subdivision_type4 = Sub District
| subdivision_name4 = [[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arani]]
| subdivision_type5 = Circles
| subdivision_name5 = 1.[[Kalasapakkam|Kalasapakkam taluk]], 2.[[Chettupattu|Chettupattu taluk]] 3.[[Polur|Polur taluk]], 4.[[Jamunamarathoor|Jamunamarathoor taluk]], 5.[[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arani taluk]]
| =
| established_date = March 2016
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Revenue Division
| governing_body = Arani Revenue Division
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = District Collector
| leader_name3 = Mr. K. Tharpgaraj, IAS
| leader_title4 = Department of Revenue and Disaster Management
| leader_name4 = Tmt.P. Aumudha, IAS, Additional Chief Secretary to Government
| unit_pref =
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook : Tiruvannamalai|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3305_PART_B_DCHB_TIRUVANNAMALAI.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=21 June 2017|page=30|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.64
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 171
| population_total = 1011834
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = Aranikaran
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| demographics1_info1 = Tamil
| timezone1 = [[இந்திய சீர் நேரம்|இசீநே]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = Postal Code
| postal_code = 632301, 632316
| area_code_type = Telephone Code
| area_code = 04173
| registration_plate = TN 97
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Arani Revenue Division''' is one of three [[revenue circle]] divisions in [[Tiruvannamalai district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It comprises the [[taluk]]s of [[Aarani taluk|Arani]], [[Polur taluk|Polur]], [[Kalasapakkam block|Kalasapakkam]] and [[Jamunamarathoor|Jamunamarattur]] [https://tiruvannamalai.nic.in/revenue-administration/].

[[Tiruvannamalai district]] is a newly developed '' Arani Revenue Division ''. The [[Revenue Division]] has been restructured and the newly formed [[Revenue Code]] has been restructured for the revenue management facility. The revenue quota was funded by the efforts of the Minister of Hindu Religious Affairs, Mr.Sevoor Ramachandran. Edapadi c. Palanisamy. <nowiki /> Opened in April 2016 [https://tiruvannamalai.nic.in/revenue-administration]. Under this Arani Revenue Code, [[Arni, Tiruvannamalai|Arani taluk]], [[Polur|Polur taluk]], [[Kalasapakkam|Kalasapakkam taluk]], [[Chettupattu|Chettupattu taluk]], [[Jamunamarathoor|Jamunamathur taluk]] The talukas are located. It is also the highest income earner in the [[Tiruvannamalai district]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web|title=Map of Revenue divisions of Tiruvannamalai district|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?rev_div.php%3Fdcode=06|access-date=17 November 2019|archive-date=15 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415012011/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?rev_div.php%3Fdcode=06|url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite web|title=Revenue Division if Tiruvannamalai District|url=https://tiruvannamalai.nic.in/revenue-administration/}}

[[Category:Tiruvannamalai district]]
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Tamil Nadu]]

Keibu Keioiba (film)

2026-04-04T17:33:02Z

Bhushana: Creating New Entry

{{Short description|2009 Meitei language animation film}}
{{About|a [[Meitei language]] animation film|the mythical creature of [[Meitei mythology]]|Keibu Keioiba}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Keibu Keioiba
| image = Keibu Keioiba (Tiger Head).jpeg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = {{Infobox name module|Meitei|Keibu Keioiba}}
| director = Bhumenjoy Konsam
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|[[Keibu Keioiba]]}}
| producer = Sirish Chanam
| starring =
* Bishwamittra
* Kalpana
* Joseph
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = Sorri Senjam
| studio = Makok Production Studio 
| distributor = Shiv VCD & Melody Video 
| released = {{Film date|2009}}
| runtime = 1 hr 24 min
| country = India
| language = [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Keibu Keioiba''''', also known as '''''Kabui Keioiba''''' ({{langx|en|Tiger Head}}{{efn|"Tiger Head" is the direct English title of the film. But it is not the direct translation of the name "[[Keibu Keioiba]]".}}), is a 2009 [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri animation feature film]], directed by Bhumenjoy Konsam. It is the first Manipuri animation film, based on the [[Meitei folklore]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Naorem Nishikanta |title=Bhumenjoy Konsam on the Chemistry of Making Keibu-Kei-Oiba – Part II {{!}} Manipur Times |date=7 November 2013 |url=https://manipurtimes.com/bhumenjoy-konsam-on-the-chemistry-of-making-keibu-kei-oiba-part-ii/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipur fable from Shrek stable - Pune-based visual designer makes region's first animation film |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/manipur-fable-from-shrek-stable-pune-based-visual-designer-makes-region-s-first-animation-film/cid/713160 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Naorem Nishikanta |title=Bhumenjoy Konsam on the Chemistry of Making Keibu-Kei-Oiba – Part I {{!}} Manipur Times |date=22 October 2013 |url=https://manipurtimes.com/bhumenjoy-konsam-on-the-chemistry-of-making-keibu-kei-oiba-part-i/ |access-date=2022-10-29 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=কৈবু কৈওইবা ননিং. |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/07.08.2022-B4.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}</ref>
It was screened in the 11th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] (MIFF) in 2010, under the aegis of the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samom |first=Sobhapati |date=2010-09-15 |title=10 Manipur films to be screened at MIFF |url=https://assamtribune.com/10-manipur-films-to-be-screened-at-miff |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri films strike it rich : 25th jan10 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..250110.jan10 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=5 films selected for film fest : 04th dec09 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..041209.dec09 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>

The ideology of producing the story of [[Keibu Keioiba]] in the [[animation film|animated cinema]] was for the preservation of the nearly extinct [[Meitei folklore|Meitei folktale]]s of [[Manipur]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

== Plot ==
A priest named ''Salang Maiba'' was very proud of his own talents. One night, he asked his wife to cover his body with his cloth when he turned into a ferocious tiger so that he could be transfigured back to his human form. Using his magic, Salang Maiba turned himself into the fearful wild beast. Horrified by the scene, his wife ran into the house and closed the door. He asked her to come out and do what he had asked her to do but she didn't came out. As time passed, the sun was about to rise up. As there was no means to get back to his human form, being in a tiger's form, he felt unsafe to live among the human settlements. So, he departed his home and the human society to live alone in the woods. In the forests, he spent a life, like a pure wild animal, living in a cave, hunting animals for prey and consuming them raw. Now, he became the [[Keibu Keioiba]] (half man, half tiger).
One day, on a stormy night, Keibu Keioiba sneaked into a village to get some food. He saw a lonely old woman in a dilapidated house. He tried to devour her but she suggested he eat the flesh of a beautiful young lady named ''[[Thabaton]]'', living next to her house, who's also living alone as her seven elder brothers had gone for some work a few months ago and were not likely to return home for some time. The old woman told him the secret code words (which she had heard when one of the brothers told Thabaton) to open the door of Thabaton's house. Doing as suggested, he succeeded in opening the door and kidnapped Thabaton. He took her to his cave in the middle of the forest. Upon finding out that Thabaton was a beautiful maiden, the [[lust]] of Keibu Keioiba superseded his [[hunger]].
Keibu Keioiba made [[Thabaton]] his wife. Thabaton had no other way but to stay with him. They lived together in the cave. He brought preys from his hunt and Thabaton cooked meals from them. On the other hand, when the seven brothers returned home, they were shocked to find their lovely sister missing. The old woman from the neighboring house told the brothers that [[Keibu Keioiba]] had kidnapped their sister. Getting furious, the seven brothers came in search for Thabaton. After many weeks, they finally found her in the cave. They met her when Keibu Keioiba went away from the cave for his normal daily hunt. The brothers gave Thabaton a hollow bamboo [[pitcher]] (bamboo pipe) and told her their plans for escape. The brothers went to hide in a distant place when Keibu Keioiba returned to his cave. As per the plan, Thabaton asked Keioiba Keioiba to fetch water from the [[stream]] using the bamboo [[pitcher]] (bamboo pipe). Keibu Keioiba took the bamboo pipe from his sweetheart, unaware of the fact that the bamboo pitcher was actually hollow. He fetched some water and got back towards home. On the way, the pitcher got empty as all the water were gone. He went back to fetch some water and the same thing happened on his way back to home. He fetched again and again and everytime, the pitcher got empty. On the other side, the seven brothers burned down the settlement of the beast and ran away with their sister Thabaton back to their house for safety. A [[crow]] saw everything that was happening in both sides. The crow flew to the beast and informed him about what had happened to his home. Getting furious, Keibu Keioiba ran to his habitat and found out exactly what the crow had told him happened.
Thabaton was then safe at her house, protected by her brothers. But the brothers prepared for a combat to defeat the beast.
Keibu Keioiba came to meet the brothers face to face. They had a fierce battle until the beast was finally wounded badly. Keibu Keioiba almost escaped from the human beings when he was about to be killed.

== Cast ==
Artists Bishwamittra, Kalpana, and Joseph played the voice roles of the characters, [[Keibu Keioiba]], [[Thabaton]] and the ''thief (as well as the crow)'' respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

==Release==
In 2010, Keibu Keioiba (Tiger Head) was screened in the 11th [[Mumbai International Film Festival]], organised by the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Samom |first=Sobhapati |date=2010-09-15 |title=10 Manipur films to be screened at MIFF |url=https://assamtribune.com/10-manipur-films-to-be-screened-at-miff |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=assamtribune.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Manipuri films strike it rich : 25th jan10 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=20..250110.jan10 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=5 films selected for film fest : 04th dec09 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=13..041209.dec09 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref>
It was also screened in the ''2nd Manipur International Documentary, Short and Animation Film Festival, 2010'', organised by the ''[[Films Division of India|Films Division, Mumbai]]'', in collaboration with the ''Manipur Film Development Corporation (MFDC)'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=KanglaOnline |title=MFDC documentary film fest opens – KanglaOnline |date=18 August 2010 |url=http://kanglaonline.com/2010/08/mfdc-documentary-film-fest-opens/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |language=en-US |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030115157/http://kanglaonline.com/2010/08/mfdc-documentary-film-fest-opens/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in the ''2nd [[Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival]] in 2014''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-21 |title=Brahmaputra Valley Film Festival concludes |url=https://assamtimes.org/node/10608 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=Assam Times |language=en |quote=After that, Keibu Keioiba was screened, followed by an interaction with the director, Bhumenjoy Konsam.}}</ref>

Keibu Keioiba (Tiger Head) was screened in the half a month long ''"Festival of Cinemas of Manipur"'' event during April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival of Cinemas of Manipur begins 20220415 |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=news_section.Press_Release.Press_Release_2022.Festival_of_Cinemas_of_Manipur_begins_20220415 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=15-day multilingual 'Festival of Cinemas of Manipur' begins |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/15-day-multilingual-festival-of-cinemas-of-manipur-begins |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=[[Imphal Free Press]] |language=en |archive-date=30 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030114837/https://www.ifp.co.in/movies/15-day-multilingual-festival-of-cinemas-of-manipur-begins |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Festival of Manipur cinemas kicks off |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2022/4/15/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Apr-15-Manipur-State-Film-Development-Society-MSFDS-kicked-off-a.amp.html |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=www.thesangaiexpress.com |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of Meitei-language films]]
* [[Yamata Amasung Keibu Keioiba]]
* [[Phouoibi Shayon]]
* [[Phou-oibi, the Rice Goddess]]
{{Portal bar|Film|India|2000s|2010s}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
* {{Cite web |title=কৈবু কৈওইবা ননিং. নমাং হোত্রোং হো |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/jun-06-2015-4.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}
* {{Cite web |title=কৈবু কৈওইবা |url=http://hueiyenlanpao.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/11.10.2020-B4.pdf |website=hueiyenlanpao.com |language=mni}}
* {{Cite web |title=Kabui Kei-oiba |url=https://findingthevoices.com/tag/kabui-kei-oiba/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=FINDINGTHEVOICES |date=5 July 2013 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ingudam |first=Monica |date=2013-07-12 |title=Episode 037 FindingTheVoices : Bhumenjoy Konsam sharing about making of the Manipuri animated movie Keibu-kei-oiba |url=https://findingthevoices.com/2013/07/12/bhumenjoykonsam-2/ |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=FINDINGTHEVOICES |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Demonstrating the current chaos : 14th dec09 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=21..141209.dec09 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=e-pao.net}}
* {{Cite web |title=Festival of Manipur cinemas kicks off : 16th apr22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=7..160422.apr22 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=e-pao.net}}
* {{Cite web |title=Festival of cinemas of Manipur underway : 16th apr22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=42..160422.apr22 |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=e-pao.net}}
* {{Cite web |title=Manipuri Cinema a World within World Cinema By Bobby Wahengbam - E-rang :: E-pao Movie Channel |url=http://e-pao.org/erang/Reviews/Manipuri_Cinema_a_World_within_World_Cinema_By_Bobby_Wahengbam.php |access-date=2022-10-30 |website=e-pao.org}}
== External links ==
* {{Cite web |title=Keibu Keioiba (2009) |url=https://klmdb.com/title/0000577 |website=Klmdb}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Keibu Keioiba]]
[[Category:2000s fantasy adventure films]]
[[Category:2009 adventure films]]
[[Category:2000s monster movies]]
[[Category:2009 films]]
[[Category:2009 animated films]]
[[Category:Films about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Films about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Films adapted into comics]]
[[Category:Films adapted into plays]]
[[Category:Films based on Meitei mythology]]
[[Category:Animated films set in the Middle Ages]]
[[Category:Indian animated films]]
[[Category:Indian children's films]]
[[Category:2000s Meitei-language films]]
[[Category:Tigers in Meitei culture]]
[[Category:Films set in Manipur]]

N Anand Venkatesh

2026-04-04T10:36:18Z

Bhushana: Starting Page

{{Short description|Judge of the Madras High Court, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1969|07|04}}
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Judge of [[Madras High Court]]
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind|President Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[Amreshwar Pratap Sahi]], Chief Justice of [[Madras High Court]]
| honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] Justice of [[Madras High Court]]
| name = Justice N Anand Venkatesh
| birth_place =
| party =
| father = M. A. Nanda
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Ambedkar Law College]]
| occupation =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| footnotes =
| appointer2 = [[Ram Nath Kovind]], [[President of India]]
| term_start = 13 February 2020
| term_start1 = 4 June 2018
| term_end1 = 12 February 2020
| office1 = Additional Judge of [[Madras High Court]]
| nominator1 = [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|S.K. Kaul]], Chief Justice of [[Madras High Court]]
| mother = Choodamani
}}
Justice '''N Anand Venkatesh''' is a sitting judge of the [[Madras High Court]].<ref name=":0" />

== Early life ==
N Anand Venkatesh was born on 4 July 1969. He studied at St. Mary’s School at Perambur. He graduated with Bachelor of Commerce from [[A. M. Jain College|A.M. Jain College]], Meenambakkam and Bachelor of Law from [[Dr. Ambedkar Government Law College, Chennai|Ambedkar Law college]], Chennai.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Madras High Court {{!}} Profile of Judges|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/navj.html|access-date=2021-06-07|website=www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in}}</ref>

== Judge of High Court ==
The Madras High Court Collegium headed by Chief Justice of the Madras High Court [[Sanjay Kishan Kaul|S.K. Kaul]] recommended the appointment of N Anand Venkatesh as an additional judge of [[Madras High Court]] on 19 December 2016. The recommendation was cleared by the Supreme Court Collegium in December 2017 and he was appointed on 4 June 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sureshkumar|date=1 Jun 2018|title=Madras high court gets seven more judges {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-high-court-gets-seven-more-judges/articleshow/64417402.cms|access-date=2021-06-07|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

In a meeting held on 12 February 2020, the Supreme Court Collegium headed by [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Sharad Arvind Bobde|S.A. Bobde]] approved the appointment of N Anand Venkatesh as permanent judge of Madras High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-14|title=9 additional judges at MHC made permanent|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/02/14010734/1215054/9-additional-judges-at-MHC-made-permanent.vpf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928231700/https://www.dtnext.in/News/TamilNadu/2020/02/14010734/1215054/9-additional-judges-at-MHC-made-permanent.vpf|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 September 2020|access-date=2021-06-07|website=dtNext.in|language=en}}</ref>

== Notable judgments ==

=== LGBTQ Rights ===

==== ''S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police'' ====
{{Main|S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police}}
On 28 April 2021, [[Madras High Court]] Justice N Anand Venkatesh passed an interim order in response to a petition filed by two young women with same sex orientation. According to the order, in an unprecedented move, he decided to undergo psycho-education before penning a judgment on same sex relationships.<ref name=":02">{{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|pinpoint=W.P.No. 7284 of 2021|url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2021-06/cbae3182-93ff-4d60-a3d9-83dbfa849cf9/S_Sushma_v_Commissioner_of_Police.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=S|first=Mohamed Imranullah|date=2021-04-29|title=Judge wants to learn about same sex relationships before penning judgment|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/judge-wants-to-learn-about-same-sex-relationships-before-penning-judgment/article34434837.ece|access-date=2021-06-08|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Emmanuel|first=Meera|title="I am not fully 'woke' on this aspect:" Madras High Court Judge fixes appointment with psychologist to understand same-sex relationships better|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/same-sex-relationships-madras-high-court-judge-education-session|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref>{{Blockquote|text=Ignorance is no justification for normalizing any form of discrimination|author=Justice N Anand Venkatesh|source=7th June 2021}}

Justice said that psyhco-educative counseling on queer issues helped him shed his personal ignorance and prejudices. He clearly stated in the judgment that the responsibility to change, the burden of unlearning stigma, and learning about the lived experience of the queer community lies on the society and not the queer individuals.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Tripathi|first=Karan|date=2021-06-07|title=Society Needs to Change, Not the LGBTQIA+ Couples: Madras HC|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/law/society-needs-to-change-not-the-lgbtqia-couples-madras-hc|access-date=2021-06-08|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=It was I (us), who has to set off on a journey of understanding them and accepting them and shed our notions, and not they who have to turn themselves inside out to suit our notions of social morality and tradition|author=Justice N Anand Venkatesh|source=7th June 2021}}

Justice recognized that there’s an absence of a specific law to protect the interests of queer people and acknowledged it is the responsibility of the constitutional courts to fill this vacuum with necessary directions to ensure the protection of such couples from harassment sourced from stigma and prejudices.<ref name=":4" />

{{Blockquote|text=Till the legislature comes up with an enactment, the LGBTQIA+ community cannot be left in a vulnerable atmosphere where there is no guarantee for their protection and safety.|author=Justice N Anand Venkatesh|source=7th June 2021}}

On 7 June 2021, in an interim order on this case, Justice prohibited [[Conversion therapy|Conversion Therapy]]. He suggested comprehensive measures to sensitize the society and various branches of the State including the Police and judiciary to remove prejudices against the LGBTQIA+ community. He suggested that changes be made to the curricula of schools and universities to educate students on understanding the LGBTQIA+ community.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Krishnan|first=Murali|title=[Breaking] Madras High Court bans medical attempts to cure sexual orientation; suggests changes to school curricula to educate students on LGBTQ|url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/madras-high-court-bans-medical-attempts-cure-sexual-orientation-changes-school-curricula-lgbtq|access-date=2021-06-08|website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-07|title=Madras High Court bans medical attempts to "cure" sexual orientation, issues guidelines for LGBTQIA+ community safety|url=https://www.indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/courts-news/madras-high-court-bans-medical-attempts-to-cure-sexual-orientation-issues-guidelines-for-lgbtqia-community-safety/|access-date=2021-06-08|website=India Legal|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=This Court is unable to understand the need for such a knee-jerk reaction within hours of the material getting uploaded on the website. If someone really had a grievance, the same should have been addressed in a proper manner through proper consultation and meetings, and no one can be allowed to arm-twist a State-run council into forcibly withdrawing a material that came out after a long study by a committee.|author=Justice N Anand Venkatesh}}

The publication of the report titled 'Inclusion of Transgender Children in School Education: Concerns and Roadmap' was swiftly retracted due to external pressure shortly after its release.The report was originally designed as educational material for educators in schools. However, following complaints from specific groups, the [[National Commission for Protection of Child Rights]] (NCPCR) sent a notice to the [[National Council of Educational Research and Training]] (NCERT), prompting the removal of the manual from the website.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title='Knee-Jerk Reaction': Madras HC Slams NCERT's Removal of Transgender-Inclusive Manual |url=https://thewire.in/lgbtqia/ncert-transgender-manual-madras-high-court |access-date=2023-07-18 |website=The Wire}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Madras High Court 'dismayed' over taking down of transgender-inclusive manual from NCERT website |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/dec/09/madras-high-court-dismayed-over-taking-down-of-transgender-inclusive-manual-from-ncert-website-2393633.html |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

Justice emphasized the importance of creating awareness and understanding about transgender children and those with binary identities, stating that schools and families should play a crucial role in this process. Justice recognized that without support from their families, children within the transgender community may struggle to find support elsewhere. Justice asserted that opposition from a few individuals or groups that are hesitant to acknowledge the LGBTQIA+ Community should not disregard the report produced by an expert body. Justice directed the NCERT to submit its report on the issue before the court on 23 December.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=James |first=Sebin |date=2021-12-08 |title=NCERT Withdrawing Transgender Children Report Due To "Pressure Tactics" Unfortunate : Madras High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/ncert-withdrawing-transgender-children-inclusion-report-unfortunate-madras-high-court-187239 |access-date=2021-12-10 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite court|litigants=S Sushma v. Commissioner of Police|court=[[Madras High Court]]|pinpoint=W.P.No. 7284 of 2021|url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2021-06/cbae3182-93ff-4d60-a3d9-83dbfa849cf9/S_Sushma_v_Commissioner_of_Police.pdf}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Venkatesh, N Anand}}
[[Category:Judges of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Judges of the high courts of India]]
[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Nandeesha

2026-04-03T22:35:56Z

Bhushana: Starting New Article!

{{Short description|2012 Kannada-language film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Nandeesha
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[Om Sai Prakash]]
| producer = Anasuya Komalkumar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Komal Kumar]]
*[[Parul Yadav]]
*[[Malavika Wales]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Hamsalekha]] '''Score:''' [[Manikanth Kadri]]
| cinematography = Selvam
| editing = K M Prakash
| studio = Soundarya Lahari Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2012|12|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Nandeesha''''' is a 2012 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by [[Om Sai Prakash]], starring
[[Komal Kumar]], [[Parul Yadav]] and [[Malavika Wales]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2012/dec/27/komals-nandeesha-to-hit-screens-soon-437592.html|title=Komal's Nandeesha to hit screens soon|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=27 December 2012 |access-date=27 December 2012}}</ref> The film is a remake of the Malayalam film ''[[Thilakkam]]'' (2003).

==Cast==
* [[Komal Kumar]] as Nandeesha
* [[Parul Yadav]] as Sonia
* [[Malavika Wales]] as Kavya
* Beha Bachani
* [[Srinivasa Murthy]] as Nanjundaswamy
* [[Ramesh Bhat]] as Hanumanthaiah
* [[Mimicry Dayanand]]
* [[Kuri Prathap]]

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Nandeesha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Hamsalekha]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 19:22
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2011
| year = 2012
| next_title =
| next_year = 2013
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|jXEr6lLA-74| Nandeesha - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 19:22
| title1 = Baalu Bandre Byatal Hodi
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Chaitra H. G.]]
| length1 = 3:50
| title2 = A Aa E Ee
| extra2 = Badri Prasad
| length2 = 4:23
| title3 = Dro Dro
| extra3 = [[Sunitha (Telugu singer)|Sunitha]], Gururaj Hosakote
| length3 = 4:14
| title4 = Inthavarige Inthavarendu
| extra4 = [[Anuradha Bhat]]
| length4 = 4:12
| title5 = Sakkare Panka
| extra5 =Chinni Charan
| length5 = 3:23
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 3 out of 5 stars and said, "Komal has done an excellent job as Nandeesha, but disappoints as Vishwa. Malavika scores over Parul in acting. Srinivasamurthy and Ramesh Bhat have done justice to their roles. Music by Hamsalekha is okay. Selvam’s camera work passes muster"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/nandeesha/movie-review/17796208.cms|title=NANDEESHA MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref> [[Bangalore Mirror]] wrote "The biggest disappointment in the film is Hamsalekha. Neither his music or lyrics has even a touch of his magic. Has Sandalwood passed by him? In one of the songs, Komal seems to be imitating Ravichandran. His combination with Parul does not recreate Pyarge Aagibittaite. Veterans Srinivas Murthy and Ramesh Bhat stand out with their performances".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/nandeesha-lack-lustre/articleshow/21257419.cms|title= Nandeesha: Lack-Lustre|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> Srikanth Srinivasa of [[Rediff.com]] scored the film at 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote "Srinivasa Murthy has acted well and so has Ramesh Bhat. The songs are forgettable and the one redeeming feature in the movie is the lush green locations and snowy mountains of Switzerland. Nandisha is a disappointingly mediocre film from an established director".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-south-nandisha-is-mediocre/20121228.htm|title=Review: Nandisha is a mediocre film|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref> [[News18 India]] wrote "''Nandeesha'' fails to entertain the audience mainly because of a poor script and ordinary technical values".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nandeesha-review-this-kannada-movie-fails-to-entertain-the-audience-529027.html|title='Nandeesha' Review: This Kannada movie fails to entertain the audience|work=[[News18 India]]|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> Shruti I L of [[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] wrote "''Nandeesha'' could have been the perfect grand finale but instead it turns out to be a dampener. This time even Komal fails to entertain!" <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-nandeesha-kannada-anything-but-a-lasting-impression-1783116/amp|title=Review 'Nandeesha' (Kannada): Anything but a lasting impression|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|access-date=29 December 2012}}</ref> BS Srivani of [[Deccan Herald]] wrote "Veterans Srinivasamurthy and Ramesh Bhat shoulder the entire film. Manikant Kadri’s background score is impressive. Hamsalekha’s music and lyrics are in a zone of their own. Nandeesha disappoints".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/301617/memory-loss-revenges-friend.html|title=Memory loss is revenge's best friend|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|access-date=28 December 2012}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2012 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2012 Indian films]]
[[Category:2012 films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Om Sai Prakash]]

Shaheed Minar, Dhaka

2026-03-15T00:15:13Z

Bhushana:

{{Other uses|Shaheed Minar{{!}}Shaheed Minar}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Central Shaheed Minar
| native_name = {{lang|bn|কেন্দ্রীয় শহিদ মিনার}}
| image = Shaheed Minar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.jpg
| caption = Shaheed Minar in 2014
| building_type = Monument
| architectural_style = Modern
| structural_system =
| address = Dhaka University area and adjacent to Dhaka Medical College Hospital
| location = University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| architect = [[Hamidur Rahman (artist)|Hamidur Rahman]] [[Novera Ahmed]]
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| coordinates =
| awards =
| references =
| status = completed
| height = 14 m (46 ft)
}}

The '''Shaheed Minar''' ({{langx|bn|শহীদ মিনার}} [[Romanisation of Bengali|romanised]]: 'Shohid Minar' {{literally|The Martyr Tower}}) is a national monument in [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]], established to [[memorialization|commemorate]] those killed during the [[Bengali language movement]] demonstrations of 1952 in then [[East Pakistan]].

On 21 and 22 February 1952, students from Dhaka University and Dhaka Medical College and political activists were killed when the Pakistani police force opened fire on Bengali protesters who were demanding official status for their native language, [[Bengali language|Bengali]].<ref>{{citation |author=Bashir Al Helal |chapter=Language Movement |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=[[Sirajul Islam]] and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second |url-status=dead |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement |archive-date=7 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The massacre occurred near [[Dhaka Medical College]] and [[Ramna Park]] in Dhaka. A makeshift monument was erected on 23 February<ref>{{cite book |last=Al Helal |first=Bashir |author-link=Bashir Al Helal |date=2003 |title=Bhasa Andolaner Itihas |trans-title=History of the Language Movement |language=bn |location=Dhaka |publisher=[[Agamee Prakashani]] |pages=474–476 |isbn=984-401-523-5}}</ref><ref name=Banglapedia/> by students of [[Dhaka Medical College and Hospital|Dhaka Medical College]] and other educational institutions, but soon demolished on 26
February<ref name=Banglapedia/> by the police force.

The Language Movement gained momentum, and after a long struggle, Bengali gained official status in Pakistan (with [[Urdu]]) in 1956. To commemorate the dead, the Shaheed Minar was designed and built by Bangladeshi sculptors [[Hamidur Rahman (artist)|Hamidur Rahman]] and [[Novera Ahmed]]. Construction was delayed under [[martial law]], but the monument was completed in 1963. It remained standing until the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971, when it was completely demolished during [[Operation Searchlight]]. After Bangladesh gained independence later that year, it was rebuilt. It was expanded in 1983.

National, mourning, cultural and other activities are held each year on 21 February (''Ekushey February'') to mark [[Language Movement Day]] or ''Shaheed Dibas'' (Martyrs' Day), centred on the Shaheed Minar. Since 2000, 21 February is also recognised as [[International Mother Language Day]].

==Location==
[[File:DJI 0448-1.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Shaheed Minar and its area]]
The Shaheed Minar is situated near Dhaka Medical College Hospital and in the Dhaka University area. It is adjacent to the Mathematics Department of Dhaka University.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==History==
===1952–1971===
[[File:First Shaheed Minar 1952.jpg|thumb|Shaheed Minar, built on 23 February 1952. It was demolished by Pakistan Police and Army three days later.]]
The first Shaheed Minar was built immediately after the events of 21–22 February 1952. According to Dr. Sayeed Haider, the main planner and the designer of the first Shaheed Minar, the decision to build it was first made by the students of Dhaka Medical College. Shaheed Minar is situated near Dhaka Medical College Hospital and in the Dhaka University area. It is adjacent to the Mathematics department of Dhaka University. It is only 0.5 kilometres (0.3 mi) away from Shahbag and 0.25 km (0.16 mi) distant from Chankharpul. Shaheed Minar is an outstanding monument of Bangladesh. It was built to tribute the martyrs who given up their life for language. The main incident had been occurring inside of Dhaka medical college hospital. So a decision was taken to build a memorial adjacent to DMCH. The planning started at midnight on 22 February, and the work started the next day. This Minar was sponsored by [[Pearu Sardar]], one of the old Dhaka panchayet sardars, when some of the students asked his help at midnight of 22 February, to contribute the raw materials needed to build the monument. Although curfew was in place, students started building the Minar in the afternoon of 23 February. They worked through the night and finished it at dawn. A hand written paper was attached to the Minar with "Shaheed Smritistombho" written on it. The original Minar was on a base measuring {{convert|10.5|ft|m}}.<ref name=Banglapedia/> The Minar was inaugurated by the father of [[Shafiur Rahman]], Molvi. Mahabubur Rahman, who killed during the massacre. It was demolished on 26 February by the police and Pakistani Army.<ref name=Banglapedia/> Smaller versions of the memorial were built in other places.<ref name=Banglapedia/> The first Shaheed Minar monument was then destroyed four days after its erection, on February 26, 1952, by the Pakistani Police and Army.<ref name=Banglapedia/> A signboard placed by the police force on top of the rubble from the Minar read "mosque".{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}
[[File:Shaheed Minar at Dhaka Madical College 21 Feb 1954.png|thumb|The second Shaheed Minar, 21 February 1954]]
Two years after the first monument was destroyed by the then police force, a new Shaheed Minar (Monument of Martyrs) was constructed in 1954 at the same place, to commemorate the protesters who lost their lives. This Minar was inaugurated by the then Professor of Dhaka University and the pioneer and prominent cultural and literary personality [[Nurul Momen|Natyaguru Nurul Momen]]. Work on a larger monument designed by the architect Hamidur Rahman began in 1957 with the support of the [[United Front (East Pakistan)|United Front]] government.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} Following the formation of the provincial government by the United Front in April 1954, the anniversary of 21 February was declared a holiday<ref>{{cite book |last=Mamud |first=Hayat |editor-last=Islam |editor-first=Syed Manzoorul |editor-link=Syed Manzoorul Islam |chapter=This History of the Observance of Ekushey |title=Essays on Ekushey: The Language Movement 1952 |year=1994 |location=Dhaka |publisher=[[Bangla Academy (Bangladesh)|Bangla Academy]] |page=78 |isbn=984-07-2968-3}}</ref> and it became possible to construct the new monument. A foundation stone was laid in 1956, and a government committee chaired by [[University of Dhaka]] Vice-Chancellor Dr [[Mahmud Husain]] and including the principal of the Fine College of Arts, [[Zainul Abedin]], was constituted to plan, design, and approve the monument's construction.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussain |first1=Syed Sajjad |title=The Wastes of Time |date=1996 |publisher=Institute of Islamic Culture |oclc=41452432}}</ref> The committee approved the design of sculptor [[Hamidur Rahman (artist)|Hamidur Rahman]], followed by the construction of Shaheed Minar, starting in 1957. Hamidur Rahman's model was a huge complex on a large area of land in the yard of [[Dhaka Medical College]] Hostel. The enormous design included a half-circular column to symbolise the mother with her fallen sons standing on the monument's central dais. Yellow and deep blue pieces of stained glass, symbolising eyes reflecting the sun, were also to be placed in the columns. The marble floor was designed to reflect the moving shadows of the columns. The basement of the Minar also included a {{convert|1500|sqft|m2|adj=on}} fresco depicting the history of the language movement. A railing decorated with [[Bengali alphabet]] was to be constructed in front. Two footmarks coloured red and black, indicating the two opposite forces, were also in the design. Besides this a museum and a library were also included in Hamidur Rahman's design. A fountain shaped like an eye was also to be constructed.<ref name=Banglapedia>{{citation |author=Ahmed Rafique |chapter=Shaheed Minar |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shaheed_Minar |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |editor=Sirajul Islam and Ahmed A. Jamal |publisher=[[Asiatic Society of Bangladesh]] |year=2012 |edition=Second |access-date=6 March 2016 |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224062501/https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shaheed_Minar |url-status=live }}</ref> Rahman specifically designed the materials of the monument to withstand the area's tropical climate.
[[File:Rally on 21Feb1954 Abdul Hamid and Bangabandhu.jpg|thumb|[[Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani|Maulana Abdul Hamid khan Bhasani]] and [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] marching barefoot to pay tribute at Shaheed Minar, 21 February 1954]]
[[File:21feb1956 Shaheed Minar Dhaka.png|thumb|right|Maulana Bhashani after laying the foundation stone for Shaheed Minar, 21 February 1956]]
Construction started in November 1957, under the supervision of Hamidur Rahman and Novera Ahmed.<ref name=Banglapedia/> Most of the work, including the basement, platform, some of the columns with the rails, footprints and some of the murals were also finished when [[martial law]] was declared in the area, and the construction was forced to a halt. Construction work was completed in 1963, leaving much of Fatamatuj's design unfinished. It was inaugurated on 21 February 1963, by the mother of [[Abul Barkat]], Hasina Begum. The Minar was severely damaged by the Pakistan Army during the [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] in 1971. The columns were destroyed on the night of the commencement of the genocide, 25 March 1971.<ref>{{cite book |last=Imam |first=Jahanara |author-link=Jahanara Imam |date=1986 |title=Ekattorer Dingulee |location=Dhaka |publisher=Shondhani Prokashani |language=bn |page=44 |isbn=984-480-000-5}}</ref>
The Pakistani Army crushed the Minar and placed over the rubble a signboard reading "Mosque".{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

===1972–present===
[[File:Model of Shaheed Minar 1972.png|thumb|Planning & design of new Shaheed Minar (martyrs' monument), artist Hamidur Rahman and architect Zafar, in place of the old one destroyed by Pakistan force.]]
[[File:Shaheed Minar in 2026.jpg|thumb|Shaheed Minar in 2026]]
In 1972, a committee headed by the then president Abu Sayeed Chowdhury was formed and renovation work began. The original sketch was ignored, while the Construction and Building Directorate followed the 1963 design.<ref name=Banglapedia/> The construction went quickly, according to a modified design from 1963.<ref name=Banglapedia/> The murals destroyed by the Pakistani army were not restored and the basement was sealed off. Hamidur Rahman's original design was not approved by the directorate in the renovation work. In the mid-eighties, the monument underwent further renovation under the supervision of the then Department of Architecture chief architect SHM Abul Bashar, which extended the area of the Shaheed Minar premises, giving it a square shape from a triangular one. Quarters concerned{{clarify|date=August 2016}} demanded proper implementation of the design by Hamidur Rahman with the help of sculptor Novera Ahmed and Danish architect Gean Deleuran. ASM Ismail said that because of the extension, two entrances to the basement murals were permanently closed, and after remaining in an abandoned state for 15 years, the murals had lost much of their gloss. In the 1983 renovation, the original poor materials were lined with marble stone. A museum and library were also featured in the original plan.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} In August 2010, the High Court issued eight directives for the maintenance and renovation of the Shaheed Minar and asked the Public Works Department to establish a museum and a library on its premises.<ref name=Shaon>{{cite news |author=Ashif Islam Shaon |title=HC orders govt to preserve sanctity of Shaheed Minar |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/dhaka/14831/hc-orders-govt-to-preserve-sanctity-of-shaheed |newspaper=Dhaka Tribune |date=19 February 2017}}</ref>

==Architecture and significance==
The enormous design includes a half-circular arrangement of columns to symbolise the mother, with her fallen sons, standing on the monument's central dais, and the red sun shining behind. The Central Shaheed Minar of Dhaka goes up to a height of {{convert|14|m|ft|0}} and was made with marble stones. The stairs and barrier are highlighted in white, to create a divine look. The fence on both sides is painted with lines from poems of legendary poets in iron letters. As the visitors enter the monument they will find two statues of the patriots who sacrificed their lives in that heinous police firing of 1952. The marble floor was designed to reveal the moving shadows of the columns. The basement of the Shaheed Minar also included a 1,500-square-foot (140 m2) mural representing the history of the Language Movement.<ref>{{cite book|last=Islam|first=Rafiqul|title=Amar Ekushey O Shaheed Minar|year=2000|publisher=Poroma|location=Dhaka |language=bn |isbn=984-8245-39-1|pages=58}}</ref>

Hurried repair of the Shaheed Minar resulted in the Minar to be reconstructed incorrectly. The height of the column was shorter and the head bent more than originally planned, and the proportions of different parts of the monument were not properly maintained.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

The Language Movement was one of the formidable movements which has come up in the country of Bangladesh, thus the Central Shaheed Minar epitomises efforts to represent the spirit of nationalism and also highlight the importance of the Bengali language in the social and cultural progress of the country. As a result, the Shaheed Minar has a very significant place in the social and cultural mechanism of Bangladesh.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

At present, all national, mourning, cultural and other activities held each year, regarding 21 February, have been centred on the Shaheed Minar.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

==Replicas and controversy==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| total_width =
| image_style = border:none;
| image1 = জাহাঙ্গীরনগর বিশ্ববিদ্যালয়ে অবস্থিত বাংলাদেশের সবচেয়ে উঁচু শহীদ মিনার.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Unusual design of Shaheed Minar in [[Jahangirnagar University]]
| image2 = Shaheed Minar at Comilla Zilla School 13-01-2018 (1).jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Shaheed Minar at Comilla Zilla School
| image3 = Shaheed Minar Altab Ali Park.JPG
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Replica of Shaheed Minar in London
| image4 = Replica of Shaheed Minar, Dhaka in Toronto 10.jpg
| alt4 =
| caption4 = Replica of Shaheed Minar in [[Toronto]]
| direction = vertical
}}
The largest replicas of Shaheed Minar in Bangladesh are located in [[Barisal]] and [[Madaripur]]. Among them, the foundation stone of the replica located in Barisal was laid by the then president [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] in 1972. The replica located at Madaripur was inaugurated in 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/different-news/news/676957|title=বরিশাল কেন্দ্রীয় শহীদ মিনারে চলছে সৌন্দর্যবর্ধনের কাজ|lang=bn|date=3 February 2023|access-date=17 June 2023|newspaper=[[Janakantha]]|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617102647/https://www.dailyjanakantha.com/different-news/news/676957|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/302792|title=মাদারীপুরে দ্বিতীয় সর্বোচ্চ শহীদ মিনার|lang=bn|date=22 February 2021|access-date=17 June 2023|newspaper=[[Amader Shomoy]]|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617102859/https://www.dainikamadershomoy.com/post/302792|url-status=live}}</ref>

Apart from Bangladesh and India, there are at least 100 replicas of Shahid Minar in the world. The replica of Shaheed Minar was first built abroad in 1997 in [[Oldham]], Britain. Replicas were later built in [[Altab Ali Park]] in [[Whitechapel]], London and in [[Luton]]. There are 4 replicas of Shaheed Minar in [[West Bengal]] of which two are located in the city of [[Kolkata]], one was erected in 2005 in Tokyo and another is located in Ashfield Park in Sydney.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/feature/nondini/37143/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0|title=নানা দেশে নির্মিত শহীদ মিনার|lang=bn|date=18 February 2019|access-date=17 June 2023|newspaper=[[Jaijaidin]]|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617100527/https://www.jaijaidinbd.com/feature/nondini/37143/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0|url-status=live}}</ref> A replica was opened in [[Toronto]], Canada on 27 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://beachmetro.com/2021/11/26/official-opening-of-toronto-international-mother-language-day-monument-in-dentonia-park-set-for-morning-of-nov-27/|title=Official opening of Toronto International Mother Language Day Monument in Dentonia Park set for morning of Nov. 27|date=26 November 2021|access-date=17 June 2023|website=Beach Metro Community News|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617103857/https://beachmetro.com/2021/11/26/official-opening-of-toronto-international-mother-language-day-monument-in-dentonia-park-set-for-morning-of-nov-27/|url-status=live}}</ref> Another replica was inaugurated in 2023 in [[Perris, California]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bssnews.net/bangla/national/80014|title=যুক্তরাষ্ট্রে ক্যালিফর্নিয়ায় স্থায়ী শহীদ মিনার উদ্বোধন করলেন পররাষ্ট্রমন্ত্রী|lang=bn|date=22 February 2023|access-date=17 June 2023|website=[[Bangladesh Sangbad Sangstha]]|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617103505/https://www.bssnews.net/bangla/national/80014|url-status=live}}</ref> A Shaheed Minar (costing 70 thousand euros to build) was inaugurated in Paris on 8 October 2023 (the second one in France, the first was built in [[Toulouse]]).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/nrb/news/paris-have-its-first-shaheed-minar-3026206|title=Paris to have its first Shaheed Minar|lang=en|date=18 May 2022|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/621313|title=First permanent 'Shaheed Minar' being constructed in Paris|lang=en|date=18 May 2022|newspaper=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]]}}</ref>

Although there are replicas of Shaheed Minar in different parts of Bangladesh, some of them have a different structure than the original structure, so there has been a lot of controversy about them. In 2014, a Shaheed Minar was constructed at [[Shahjalal University of Science and Technology]]. It was criticized for being different from the original design of the Central Shaheed Minar. For the same reason, the Shaheed Minars of various districts including [[Jagannath University]] have given rise to criticism. As a result of all this, on 14 June 2022, the [[High Court Division, Supreme Court of Bangladesh|High Court]] issued a rule for the formulation of policies for the construction of Shaheed Minar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/first-page/2023/02/05/1243401|title=দেশে বিভিন্ন আদলের শহীদ মিনার|lang=bn|date=5 February 2023|access-date=17 June 2023|newspaper=[[Kaler Kantho]]|archive-date=17 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617094250/https://www.kalerkantho.com/print-edition/first-page/2023/02/05/1243401|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Making a Shaheed Minar at old campus of Dhaka College 1.png|Building a Shaheed Minar at [[Dhaka College]], 1953
File:Shaheed Minar at Karjon Hall 21 Feb 1953.png|A Shaheed Minar outside [[Curzon Hall]], 1953
File:Shaheed Minar at Kola Bhavan 21 Feb 1953.png|A Shaheed Minar outside the Fine Arts building, University of Dhaka, 1953
File:Shaheed minar Roehl.jpg|Shaheed Minar of Dhaka, as rebuilt in 1972
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[List of national monuments of Bangladesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{commons category|Shaheed Minar}}
* {{cite book
| author = Muntassir Mamoon
| title = Dhaka: Smriti Bismritir Nagari
| year = 1993
| location = Dhaka
| publisher = Bangla Academy
| pages = 273–
| isbn = 984-07-2820-2
}}
* {{cite book
| author = Johirul Haque
| title = Nishidho Nishash
| year = 1974
}}

{{Language Movement}}
{{Dhakaplaces}}
{{Bangladesh topics}}

{{coord|23|43|38|N|90|23|48|E|region:BD-13_type:landmark_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Dhaka Medical College and Hospital]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials in Dhaka]]
[[Category:National symbols of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Martyrs' monuments and memorials]]
[[Category:Bengali language movement]]
[[Category:1952 establishments in East Bengal]]

Dara Shikoh

2026-03-14T08:21:51Z

Bhushana: adjusted formatting and added references

{{short description|Mughal prince, author (1615–1659)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Dara Shikoh
| title = [[Shah]]zada of the [[Mughal Empire]] Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba Shah-e-Buland Iqbal Timurid Prince [[Mirza (noble)|Mirza]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/595548/past-present-emperors-new-names|title=Past present: Emperor's new names|date=1 January 2011|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref>
| image = Dara-S.png
| caption = Prince Dara Shikoh by Chitarman, {{circa|1654}}
| succession = [[Heir apparent]] of [[Mughal Empire]]
| reign = 1633 – 31 July 1658
| succession1 = [[Multan Subah|Subahdar of Multan]]
| reign1 = 1652–1658
| reg-type1 = [[Mughal emperors|Badshah]]
| regent1 = [[Shah Jahan]]
| succession2 = [[Kabul Subah|Subahdar of Kabul]]
| reign2 = 1652–1658
| reg-type2 = [[Mughal emperors|Badshah]]
| regent2 = [[Shah Jahan]]
| succession3 = [[Gujarat Subah|Subahdar of Gujrat]]
| reign3 = 1648–1658
| reg-type3 = [[Mughal emperors|Badshah]]
| regent3 = [[Shah Jahan]]
| succession4 = [[Illahabad Subah|Subahdar of Allahabad]]
| reign4 = 1645–1658
| reg-type4 = [[Mughal emperors|Badshah]]
| regent4 = [[Shah Jahan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1615|03|20|df=y}}<ref name="Jahangirnama461" />
| birth_place = [[Ajmer]], [[Rajputana]], [[Mughal Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1659|08|30|1615|3|20|df=y}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sir Jadunath |title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar birth centenary commemoration volume: English translation of Tarikh-i-dilkasha (Memoirs of Bhimsen relating to Aurangzib's Deccan campaigns). |date=1972 |publisher=Dept. of Archives, Maharashtra |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MM05AQAAIAAJ&q=dara+shukoh+30+august |language=en}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Delhi]], Mughal Empire
| burial_place = [[Humayun's Tomb]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nadira Banu Begum]]|1633|1659|end= {{Abbr|d.|death}}}}
| issue = {{ubl
| [[Sulaiman Shikoh]]
| [[Mumtaz Shikoh]]
| [[Sipihr Shikoh]]
| Mihr Shah
| Shahzadi Pak-Ni'had Banu Begum
| Shahzadi Amal un-nisa Begum
| [[Jahanzeb Banu Begum]]}}
| full name = Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba, Jalal ul-Kadir Sultan Muhammad Dara Shikoh Shah-i-Buland Iqbal
| house = [[Mughal dynasty]]
| dynasty = [[Timurid dynasty]]
| father = [[Shah Jahan]]
| mother = [[Mumtaz Mahal]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
| image_size =
}}

'''Dara Shikoh''' (20 March 1615 – 30 August 1659),<ref name="Jahangirnama461" /><ref name="Death date">{{cite book |last1=Awrangābādī |first1=Shāhnavāz Khān |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-WGGYjteVEC&q=dara+shukoh+30+august |title=The Maāthir-ul-umarā: being biographies of the Muhammādan and Hindu officers of the Timurid sovereigns of India from 1500 to about 1780 A.D. |last2=Shāhnavāz |first2=ʻAbd al-Ḥayy ibn |last3=Prashad |first3=Baini |date=1952 |publisher=Asiatic Society |page=684 |language=en}}</ref> also transliterated as '''Dara Shukoh''', was the eldest son and [[heir-apparent]] of the Mughal emperor [[Shah Jahan]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Thackeray|first1=Frank W.|last2=Findling|first2=John E. |title=Events that formed the modern world : from the African Renaissance through the War on Terror|date=2012|publisher=ABC-CLIO|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=978-1-59884-901-1|page=240}}</ref> Dara was designated with the title ''Padshahzada-i-Buzurg Martaba'' ({{lit|Prince of High Rank}})<ref name="Title">{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1='Inayat |last2=Begley |first2=Wayne Edison |title=The Shah Jahan nama of 'Inayat Khan: an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, compiled by his royal librarian : the nineteenth-century manuscript translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, add. 30,777) |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=4 |isbn=9780195624892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_BtAAAAMAAJ&q=padshahzada |language=en}}</ref> and was favoured as a successor by his father and his elder sister, Princess [[Jahanara Begum]]. He had been given the title of ''<nowiki/>'Shah-e-Buland Iqbal'<nowiki/>'' by [[Shah Jahan]]. In the war of succession which ensued after Shah Jahan's illness in 1657, Dara was defeated by his younger brother Prince Muhiuddin (later, the Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]). He was executed in 1659 on Aurangzeb's orders after [[Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)|a bitter struggle for the imperial throne]].'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/879195/aurangzeb-and-dara-shikohs-fight-for-the-throne-was-entwined-with-the-rivalry-of-their-two-sisters|title=Aurangzeb and Dara Shikoh's fight for the throne was entwined with the rivalry of their two sisters|first=Ira|last=Mukhoty|website=Scroll.in|date=17 May 2018 }}</ref>'''

Dara was a liberal-minded unorthodox [[Muslim]] as opposed to the orthodox Aurangzeb; he authored the work ''[[The Confluence of the Two Seas]]'', which argues for the harmony of [[Sufi philosophy]] in Islam and [[Vedanta philosophy]] in Hinduism. A great patron of the arts, he was also more inclined towards philosophy and [[mysticism]] rather than military pursuits. The course of the history of the [[Indian subcontinent]], had Dara Shikoh prevailed over Aurangzeb, has been a matter of some conjecture among historians.<ref>"India was at a crossroads in the mid-seventeenth century; it had the potential of moving forward with Dara Shikoh, or of turning back to medievalism with Aurangzeb".{{cite book |title=The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors |last=Eraly |first=Abraham |year=2004 |publisher=Phoenix |location=London |isbn=0-7538-1758-6 |page=336}} "Poor Dara Shikoh!....thy generous heart and enlightened mind had reigned over this vast empire, and made it, perchance, the garden it deserves to be made". William Sleeman (1844), [https://archive.org/stream/ramblesrecollect02sleeuoft/ramblesrecollect02sleeuoft_djvu.txt E-text of ''Rambles and Recollections of an Indian Official''] p.272</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Dara-Shikoh|title=Dārā Shikōh | Mughal emperor |website=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC&dq=Dara+Shikoh&pg=PA195|title=Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia|first=Josef W.|last=Meri|date=18 August 2006|publisher=Psychology Press|via=Google Books|page=195|isbn=978-0-415-96690-0 }}</ref>

== Early life ==
[[File:Shah Jahan with his son Dara Shikoh, from album made for Shah Jahan, ca. 1620.jpg|left|thumb|Young Prince Dara Shikoh, aged 4-5, with his father [[Shah Jahan]] by [[Nanha (painter)|Nanha]] {{Circa}}1620]]
Muhammad Dara Shikoh was born on 20 March 1615<ref name="Jahangirnama461">{{cite book |title=The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India |url=https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery in association with Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-512718-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jahangirnamamemo00jaha/page/461 461]|year=1999 }}</ref> in [[Ajmer]], [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mehta |first1=Jl |title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India |date=1986 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9788120710153 |page=426 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&q=dara+shikoh+ajmer+1615&pg=PA426 |language=en}}</ref> He was the first son and third child of Prince Shahib-ud-din Muhammad Khurram and his second wife, [[Mumtaz Mahal]].<ref name="Nath">{{cite book |last1=Nath |first1=Renuka |title=Notable Mughal and Hindu women in the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. |date=1990 |publisher=Inter-India Publications |isbn=9788121002417 |page=113 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p0BuAAAAMAAJ&q=third+child |language=en}}</ref> The prince was named by his father.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1='Inayat |last2=Begley |first2=Wayne Edison |title=The Shah Jahan nama of 'Inayat Khan: an abridged history of the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan, compiled by his royal librarian : the nineteenth-century manuscript translation of A.R. Fuller (British Library, add. 30,777) |date=1990 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=6 |isbn=9780195624892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n_BtAAAAMAAJ&q=dara+shikoh+ajmer+1615 |language=en}}</ref> 'Dara' means owner of wealth or star in [[Persian language|Persian]] while the second part of the prince's name is commonly spelled in two ways: Shikoh (''terror'') or Shukoh (''majesty'' or ''grandeur'').<ref name="Name">{{cite book |last1=Koch |first1=Ebba |title=Dara-Shikoh shooting nilgais: hunt and landscape in Mughal painting |date=1998 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution |page=43 |isbn=9789998272521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FN3qAAAAMAAJ&q=+transliterating+ |language=en}}</ref> Thus, Dara's full name can be translated as "Of the Terror of Darius" or "Of the Grandeur of Darius", respectively.<ref name="Name" /> Historian [[Ebba Koch]] favours 'Shukoh'.<ref name="Name" />

Dara Shikoh had thirteen siblings of whom six survived to adulthood: [[Jahanara Begum]], [[Shah Shuja (Mughal prince)|Shah Shuja]], [[Roshanara Begum]], [[Aurangzeb]], [[Murad Bakhsh]], and [[Gauharara Begum|Gauhara Begum]].<ref name="Sarker 2007 187">{{harvtxt|Sarker|2007|p=187}}</ref> He shared a close relationship with his sister, Jahanara. As part of his formal education, Dara studied the [[Quran]], history, Persian poetry and calligraphy.<ref name="Magill">{{cite book |last1=Magill |first1=Frank N. |title=The 17th and 18th Centuries: Dictionary of World Biography |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-92414-0 |page=69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HaHdAAAAQBAJ&q=dara+military+inclined&pg=PA69 |language=en}}</ref> He was a liberal-minded unorthodox Muslim unlike his father and his younger brother Aurangzeb.<ref name="Magill" /> Persian was Dara's native language, but he also learned [[Hindi]], [[Arabic]] and later [[Sanskrit]].{{sfn|Ebrahim|Khodaverdian|2018}}

In October 1627,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |last2=Schimmel |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |date=2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |page=45 |url=https://archive.org/details/empireofgreatmug00anne |url-access=registration |quote=jahangir october 1627. |language=en}}</ref> Dara's grandfather Emperor [[Jahangir]] died, and his father ascended the throne in January 1628 taking the regnal name '[[Shah Jahan]]'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Edgar |first1=Thorpe |last2=Showick |first2=Thorpe |title=The Pearson General Knowledge Manual 2018 (With Current Affairs & Previous Years' Questions Booklet) |isbn=9789352863525 |page=C.37 |publisher=Pearson Education India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jBpDwAAQBAJ&q=shah+jahan+ascended+1628 |language=en}}</ref> In 1633, Dara was appointed as the ''Vali-ahad'' (heir-apparent) to his father.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Sir Jadunath |title=Sir Jadunath Sarkar birth centenary commemoration volume: English translation of Tarikh-i-dilkasha (Memoirs of Bhimsen relating to Aurangzib's Deccan campaigns). |date=1972 |publisher=Dept. of Archives, Maharashtra |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MM05AQAAIAAJ&q=dara+heir+apparent+appointed |language=en}}</ref> He and his older sister Jahanara were Shah Jahan's favourite children.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koch |first1=Ebba |title=Dara-Shikoh shooting nilgais: hunt and landscape in Mughal painting |date=1998 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution |page=7 |isbn=9789998272521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FN3qAAAAMAAJ&q=dara+shikoh+1615 |language=en}}</ref>

== Marriage ==
[[File:Brooklyn Museum - The Nuptials of Dara Shikoh.jpg|thumb|The marriage of Dara Shikoh and [[Nadira Banu Begum|Nadira Begum]], {{Circa}}1875–90|left]]
[[File:Mughal.jpg|thumb|Wedding procession of Dara Shikoh, with [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]] and [[Aurangzeb]] behind him. [[Royal Collection Trust]], [[London]].]]
During the lifetime of his mother [[Mumtaz Mahal]], Dara Shikoh was betrothed to his half-cousin, Princess [[Nadira Banu Begum]], the daughter of his paternal uncle [[Parviz (Mughal prince)|Sultan Parvez Mirza]].<ref name="Sarker80">{{harvtxt|Sarker|2007|p=80}}</ref> He married her on 1 February 1633 at [[Agra]] amidst great celebrations, pomp and grandeur.<ref name="Hansen121" /><ref name="Sarker80" /> By all accounts, Dara and Nadira were devoted to each other and Dara's love for Nadira was so profound that unlike the usual practice of [[polygyny]] prevalent at the time, he never contracted any other marriage.<ref name="Hansen121">{{cite book |last1=Hansen |first1=Waldemar |title=The peacock throne : the drama of Mogul India. |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120802254 |page=121|date=September 1986 }}</ref> The imperial couple had seven children together; among them three sons, [[Sulaiman Shikoh]], [[Mumtaz Shikoh]], and [[Sipihr Shikoh]], and a daughter, [[Jahanzeb Banu Begum]], survived to play important roles in future events.<ref name="Hansen121" />

A great patron of the arts, Dara ordered for the compilation of some refined artwork into an album which is now famous by the name of 'Dara Shikoh Album'.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Koch |first1=Ebba |title=Dara-Shikoh shooting nilgais: hunt and landscape in Mughal painting |date=1998 |publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution |page=29 |isbn=9789998272521 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FN3qAAAAMAAJ&q=dara+shikoh+album |language=en}}</ref> This album was presented by Dara to his wife, [[Nadira Banu Begum]], in 1641.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mukhia |first1=Harbans |title=The Mughals of India |date=2009 |publisher=Wiley India Pvt. Limited |isbn=9788126518777 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZYsjlmtSmAC&q=dara+shukoh+nadira&pg=PA124 |language=en}}</ref> It is one of the few Mughal albums that have their original miniatures, calligraphy, and original covers intact.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Losty |first=Jeremiah |date=May 2014 |title=The Dara Shikoh Album: A Reinterpretation |url=https://www.academia.edu/7202804/The_Dara_Shikoh_Album_A_Reinterpretation |journal=[[Unpublished]]}}</ref>

Dara had at least two concubines, Gul Safeh (also known as [[Rana Dil]]) and [[Udaipuri Mahal]] (a [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] or [[Armenia]]n slave girl).<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cA5uAAAAMAAJ&q=dara+shikoh+rana+dil | title=Captive Princess: Zebunissa, Daughter of Emperor Aurangzeb| isbn=978-0-19-579837-1| last1=Krieger-Krynicki| first1=Annie| year=2005| publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Udaipuri later became a part of Aurangzeb's harem after her master's defeat.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kishori Saran Lal |title=The Mughal harem |publisher=Aditya Prakashan |isbn=9788185179032 |page=30|date=January 1988 }}</ref>

== Military service ==
[[File:Siege of Qandahar, led by Dara Shikoh in October 1653. Painting by Payag.jpg|thumb|The failed [[Mughal sieges of Kandahar (1649–1653)|Mughal Siege of Kandahar in 1653]], led by Dara Shikoh. Attributed to [[Payag]]. Mughal, mid-17th century. ''[[Padshahnama]]''.<ref name="IMP">{{cite book |last1=Welch |first1=Stuart Cary |title=Imperial mughal painting |date=1978 |publisher=George Braziller, New York |page=105 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.25951/page/105/mode/1up |quote=Dara Shikoh was appointed to lead a huge army to force the Safavi army from Qandahar, the strategic fortress defending the empire’s northwest frontier. The campaign was not a success. In October of 1653, the prince retreated, after having scored few points against the Persians. One worthy of a painter's efforts was painted here. A lucky hit in the powder magazine of a small subsidiary fort brightened the sky with fireworks. Unfortunately, it also illumined the corpses and skeletons on the bleak, de-forested hill of battle, before which Dara Shikoh and his armies stand in proud rows.}}</ref>]]
{{Expand section|date=October 2024}} On 10 September 1642, Shah Jahan formally confirmed Dara Shikoh as his heir, granting him the title of ''Shahzada-e-Buland Iqbal'' ("Prince of High Fortune") and promoting him to command of 20,000-foot and 20,000 horse.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In 1645, he was appointed as ''[[subahdar]]'' (governor) of [[Allahabad]]. He was promoted to a command of 30,000-foot and 20,000 horse on 18 April 1648, and was appointed Governor of the province of [[Gujarat]] on 3 July.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://ir.amu.ac.in/2792/1/T%205283.pdf | title=Dara Shukoh's Contribution to Philosophy of Religion with Special Reference to his Majma Al-Bahrayn | date=1998 | last=Sakaki, Kazuyo | oclc=1012384466}}</ref>

== The struggle for succession ==
{{Expand section|date=October 2024}}{{See also|Mughal war of succession (1658–1659)}}
On 6 September 1657, the illness of emperor Shah Jahan triggered a desperate struggle for power among the four Mughal princes, though realistically only Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb had a chance of emerging victorious.<ref>{{cite book |title=A History of Jaipur |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1984 |publisher=Orient Longman |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |pages=113–122}}</ref> [[Shah Shuja (Mughal)|Shah Shuja]] was the first to make his move, declaring himself [[Mughal Emperor]] in [[Bengal]] and marching towards [[Agra]] from the east. [[Murad Baksh]] allied himself with [[Aurangzeb]].

== Intellectual pursuits ==
[[File:Majma-ul-Bahrain page Victoria Memorial view001.jpg|thumb|A page from the [[Majma-ul-Bahrain]], [[Victoria Memorial (India)|Victoria Memorial]], [[Calcutta]].|left]]

Dara Shikoh is widely renowned<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110905080509/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/11/stories/2008111158760200.htm The Hindu] see for example this article in ''The Hindu''.</ref> as an enlightened paragon of the harmonious coexistence of [[heterodox]] traditions on the Indian subcontinent. He was an erudite champion of mystical religious speculation and a poetic diviner of syncretic cultural interaction among people of all faiths. This made him a heretic in the eyes of his orthodox younger brother and a suspect eccentric in the view of many of the worldly power brokers swarming around the Mughal throne. Dara Shikoh was a follower of the [[Armenians|Armenian]] [[Sufi]]-[[perennialist]] mystic [[Sarmad Kashani]],<ref>Katz, N. (2000) '' 'The Identity of a Mystic: The Case of Sa'id Sarmad, a Jewish-Yogi-Sufi Courtier of the Mughals'' in: Numen 47: 142–160.</ref> as well as [[Lahore]]'s famous [[Qadiri]] [[Sufi]] saint [[Mian Mir]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N7sewQQzOHUC&dq=Dara+Shikoh&pg=PA135 |title=The Empire of the Great Mughals: History, Art and Culture |date=18 August 2004 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-185-3 |page=135 |via=Google Books}}</ref> whom he was introduced to by [[Mullah Shah Badakhshi]] (Mian Mir's spiritual disciple and successor). Mian Mir was so widely respected among all communities that he was invited to lay the foundation stone of the [[Golden Temple]] in Amritsar by the Sikhs.

Dara Shikoh subsequently developed a friendship with the seventh Sikh Guru, [[Guru Har Rai]]. Dara Shikoh devoted much effort towards finding a common mystical language between Islam and [[Hinduism]]. Towards this goal he completed the translation of fifty [[Upanishads]] from their original [[Sanskrit]] into [[Persian language|Persian]] in 1657 so that they could be studied by Muslim scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khalid |first=Haroon |date=26 August 2016 |title=Lahore's iconic mosque stood witness to two historic moments where tolerance gave way to brutality |url=https://scroll.in/article/814923/lahores-iconic-mosque-stood-witness-to-two-historic-moments-where-tolerance-gave-way-to-brutality |website=Scroll.in}}</ref><ref>Dr. [[Amartya Sen]] notes in his book ''[[The Argumentative Indian]]'' that it was Dara Shikoh's translation of the Upanishads that attracted [[William Jones (philologist)|William Jones]], a Western scholar of Indian literature, to the Upanishads, having read them for the first time in a Persian translation by Dara Shikoh.{{cite book |last=Sen |first=Amartya |url=https://archive.org/details/argumentativeind00sena |title=The Argumentative Indian |date=2005-10-05 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=9780374105839 |url-access=registration}}</ref> His translation is often called ''[[Sirr-i-Akbar]]'' ("The Greatest Mystery"), where he states boldly, in the introduction, his speculative hypothesis that the work referred to in the [[Qur'an]] as the "''Kitab al-maknun''" or the ''hidden book'', is none other than the [[Upanishads]].<ref>[https://mailman.rice.edu/pipermail/sasialit/2002-February/008773.html Gyani Brahma Singh 'Brahma', ''Dara Shikoh – The Prince who turned Sufi'' in The Sikh Review]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}"the reference in Al Qur’an to the hidden books – ummaukund-Kitab – was to the Upanishads, because they contain the essence of unity and they are the secrets which had to be kept hidden, the most ancient books."</ref> His most famous work, [[Majma-ul-Bahrain]] ("The Confluence of the Two Seas"), was also devoted to a revelation of the mystical and pluralistic affinities between [[Sufism|Sufic]] and [[Vedanta|Vedantic]] speculation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Nadeem Naqvisanjeev |date=20 March 2015 |title=Prince of peace |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/prince-of-peace/article7015511.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The book was authored as a short treatise in Persian in 1654–55.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2007 |title=Emperor's old clothes |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/emperor-s-old-clothes/story-myjjDFPaNeS9JoLCrIY7NP.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

In 1006 A.H, the prince had commissioned a translation of [[Yoga Vasistha]], after both [[Vasistha]] and [[Rama]] appeared in his dream.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1929 |title=Majma'-ul-bahrain: Or, the mingling of the two oceans |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLzhj7SmDkYC&pg=PP26}}</ref> Translation was undertaken by Nizam al-Din Panipati and came to be known as the ''Jug-Basisht'', which has since become popular in [[Persia]] among intellectuals interested in [[Indo-Persian culture]]. The [[Safavid]]-era mystic [[Mir Findiriski]] (d. 1641) commented on selected passages of ''Jug-Basisht''.<ref>Juan R.I. Cole in [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLlcCgAAQBAJ Iran and the surrounding world] by Nikki R. Keddie, Rudolph P. Matthee, 2002, pp. 22–23</ref>

The library established by Dara Shikoh still exists on the grounds of [[Ambedkar University]], [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]], [[Delhi]], and is now run as a museum by [[Archaeological Survey of India]] after being renovated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dara Shikoh's Library, Delhi |url=http://delhigovt.nic.in/archeology/showMonu.asp?mId=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411005317/http://delhigovt.nic.in/archeology/showMonu.asp?mId=3 |archive-date=11 April 2009 |work=[[Govt.]] of [[Delhi]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nath |first=Damini |date=8 February 2017 |title=Battling time, Dara Shikoh's Library cries out for help |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Battling-time-Dara-Shikoh%E2%80%99s-Library-cries-out-for-help/article17244376.ece |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Patron of arts ==
[[File:Dara_Shikoh_With_Mian_Mir_And_Mulla_Shah.jpg|thumb|Dara Shikoh with [[Mian Mir]] and [[Mullah Shah Badakhshi]] by Lalchand {{Circa}}1635]]
He was also a patron of fine arts, music and dancing, a trait frowned upon by his younger sibling Muhiuddin, later the Emperor Aurangzeb. The 'Dara Shikoh' is a collection of paintings and calligraphy assembled from the 1630s until his death. It was presented to his wife [[Nadira Banu]] in 1641–42<ref>{{cite web |title=Dara Shikoh album |url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/remarkmanu/shikoh/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512133207/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/remarkmanu/shikoh/index.html |archive-date=12 May 2016 |website=British Library}}</ref> and remained with her until her death after which the album was taken into the royal library and the inscriptions connecting it with Dara Shikoh were deliberately erased; however not everything was vandalised and many [[calligraphy]] scripts and paintings still bear his mark.

Among the existing paintings from the Dara Shikoh Album, are two facing pages, compiled in the early 1630s just before his marriage, showing two ascetics in yogic postures, probably meant to be a pair of yogis, Vaishnava and Shaiva. These paintings are attributed to the artist Govardhan. The album also contains numerous pictures of Muslim ascetics and divines and the pictures obviously reflect Dara Shikoh's interest in religion and philosophy.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Losty |first1=Jeremiah P |url=https://www.academia.edu/27189427 |title=Ascetics and Yogis in Indian Painting: The Mughal and Deccani Tradition |date=July 2016 |page=14}}</ref>

Dara Shikoh is also credited with the commissioning of several exquisite, still extant, examples of Mughal architecture – among them the [[Tomb of Nadira Begum|tomb of his wife Nadira Begum]] in Lahore,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomb of Nadira Begum |url=https://mughalgardens.org/html/pic-mian03.html |website=mughalgardens.org}}</ref> the [[Shrine of Mian Mir]] also in Lahore,<ref>{{cite web |title=Mazar Hazrat Mian Mir |url=http://www.lahorebazaar.com/lahore/saints/mian_mir.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202060352/http://www.lahorebazaar.com/lahore/saints/mian_mir.asp |archive-date=2 December 2008}}</ref> the Dara Shikoh Library in Delhi,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dara Shikoh Library |url=http://www.delhilive.com/dara-shikoh-library |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121051807/http://www.delhilive.com/dara-shikoh-library |archive-date=21 November 2008}}</ref> the [[Akhund Mullah Shah Masjid]] in Srinagar in Kashmir<ref>{{cite web |title=Ancient Monuments of Kashmir: Plate XII |url=http://www.koausa.org/Monuments/PlateXII.jpg |access-date=2019-09-09 |website=Kashmiri Overseas Association, Inc.}}</ref> and the [[Pari Mahal]] garden palace (also in Srinagar in Kashmir).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Kashmir’s Pari Mahal: A palace that isn’t, built by a king who wasn’t |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/kashmirs-pari-mahal-prince-dara-shukoh-a-palace-that-isnt-built-by-a-king-who-wasnt-6277946/ |access-date=2026-01-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
== Death and aftermath ==
After the defeat, Dara Shikoh retreated from Agra to Delhi and thence to Lahore. His next destination was [[Multan]] and then [[Thatta]] ([[Sindh]]). From Sindh, he crossed the [[Rann of Kachchh]] and reached [[Kathiawar]], where he met Shah Nawaz Khan, the governor of the province of [[Gujarat]] who opened the treasury to Dara Shikoh and helped him to recruit a new army.<ref>Eraly, ''The Mighal Throne : The Saga of India's Great Emperors'', cited above, page 364.</ref> He occupied Surat and advanced towards Ajmer. Foiled in his hopes of persuading the fickle but powerful Rajput feudatory, [[Maharaja Jaswant Singh]] of Marwar, to support his cause, Dara Shikoh decided to make a stand and fight the relentless pursuers sent by Aurangzeb, but was once again comprehensively routed in the battle of Deorai (near Ajmer) on 11 March 1659. After this defeat he fled to Sindh and sought refuge under Malik Jeevan (Junaid Khan Barozai), an Afghan chieftain, whose life had on more than one occasion been saved by the Mughal prince from the wrath of [[Shah Jahan]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AV--abKg9GEC&q=jiwan+malik&pg=PA378|title=The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India|first=Waldemar|last=Hansen|date=9 September 1986|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|via=Google Books|isbn=9788120802254}}</ref><ref>[http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00generallinks/bernier/txt_bernier_dara.html Francois Bernier] Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656–1668.</ref> However, Junaid held Dara Shikoh by his wrist and seized him. Then he gave the news to Aurangzeb that he had captured Dara Shikoh. Aurangzeb sent his army to Malik Jeevan's place. Aurangzeb's army captured Dara Shikoh on 10 June 1659.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oGHt7Z8o4sC&q=malik+jiwan+bakhtiar+khan&pg=PA99|title=Travels in the Mogul Empire, AD 1656–1668|first=Francois|last=Bernier|date=9 September 1996|publisher=Asian Educational Services|via=Google Books|isbn=9788120611696}}</ref>

Dara Shikoh was brought to Delhi, placed on a filthy elephant and paraded through the streets of the capital in chains.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/article/828960/bad-muslim-good-muslim-out-with-aurangzeb-in-with-dara-shikoh|title=Bad Muslim, good Muslim: Out with Aurangzeb, in with Dara Shikoh|first=Ipsita|last=Chakravarty|website=Scroll.in|date=11 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>"The captive heir to the richest throne in the world, the favourite and pampered son of the most magnificent of the Great Mughals, was now clad in a travel-tainted dress of the coarsest cloth, with a dark dingy-coloured turban, such as only the poorest wear, on his head, and no necklace or jewel adorning his person." {{cite book |title=A Short History of Aurangzib, 1618–1707 |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |year=1962|publisher=M. C. Sarkar and Sons |location=Calcutta |page=78}}</ref> Dara Shikoh's fate was decided by the political threat he posed as a prince popular with the common people – a convocation of nobles and clergy, called by Aurangzeb in response to the perceived danger of insurrection in Delhi, declared him a threat to the public peace and an [[Apostasy in Islam|apostate]] from Islam. He was killed by four of Aurangzeb's henchmen in front of his terrified son on the night of 30 August 1659 (9 September Gregorian). After his death at the age of 44, the remains of Dara Shikoh were buried in an unidentified grave in Humayun's tomb in Delhi.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Peacock Throne : The Drama of Mogul India |last=Hansen |first=Waldemar |year=1986 |publisher=Orient Book Distributors |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-208-0225-4 |pages=375–377}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61973|title=Maasir-i-Alamgiri (1947)|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|date=9 September 1947|via=Internet Archive}}</ref>

[[Niccolao Manucci]], the Venetian traveler who worked in the Mughal court, has written down the details of Dara Shikoh's death. According to him, upon Dara's capture, Aurangzeb ordered his men to have his head brought up to him and he inspected it thoroughly to ensure that it was Dara indeed. He then further mutilated the head with his sword three times. After which, he ordered the head to be put in a box and presented to his ailing father, Shah Jahan, with clear instructions to be delivered only when the old King sat for his dinner in his prison. The guards were also instructed to inform Shah Jahan that, ''"King Aurangzeb, your son, sends this plate to let you (Shah Jahan) see that he does not forget you".'' Shah Jahan instantly became happy (not knowing what was in store in the box) and uttered, ''“Blessed be God that my son still remembers me". ''Upon opening the box, Shah Jahan became horrified and fell unconscious''.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mogul India Or Storia Do Mogor 4 Vols (Vol 1). Set|last=Manucci|first=Niccolao|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors (P) Limited|year=1989|isbn=817156058X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208237/page/n476 356]–57|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.208237}}</ref>

== Quest for the tomb ==
[[File:Humayun's mausoleum, Delhi.jpg|thumb|[[Humayun's Tomb]], where the remains of Dara Shikoh were interred.|left]]
The exact burial location of Dara Shikoh remained a mystery for over two centuries until 2020, when Sanjeev Kumar Singh, an engineer at the South Delhi Municipal Corporation (SDMC), identified the grave among several marked and unmarked graves in Humayun’s Tomb in Delhi. Singh's discovery has garnered attention from the likes of [[Irfan Habib]], B.R. Mani, and [[K. K. Muhammed]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sunday-special/story/monuments-sculptures-india-lost-missing-archaeological-survey-heritage-delhi-dara-sikoh-kos-minar-2521059-2024-03-31 | title=Not even a photo left. How India is losing historic monuments forever | date=31 March 2024 }}</ref>

After four years of research, Singh concluded Dara Shikoh’s grave is under one of the three unmarked cenotaphs in the northwestern chamber beneath the dome of Humayun’s Tomb.

His claim is based on the ''Alamgirnama'', a biography of Aurangzeb, which mentions that Dara Shikoh was buried below the dome of Humayun’s Tomb, alongside [[Akbar]]’s sons, [[Daniyal Mirza|Danyal]] and [[Murad Mirza (son of Akbar)|Murad]]. The relevant passage from the Alamgirnama was translated for Singh by Prof. Aleem Ashraf Khan, Head of the Persian Department at Delhi University. Additionally, Singh has studied the architectural style of the cenotaphs, which he argues aligns with the period of Dara Shikoh’s death.<ref> {{Cite web |date=2021-01-28 |title=How A Delhi Engineer Dug Out Dara Shikoh's Grave, The Brother Aurangzeb Beheaded! |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/opinion/india-news-how-a-delhi-engineer-dug-out-dara-shikohs-grave-the-brother-aurangzeb-beheaded-news-303408 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Outlook India |language=en}}</ref>

===Archaeologists' views on Singh’s research===

On 26 February 2020, the Government of India, through the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI), initiated a project to identify Dara Shikoh’s grave from among the 140 graves in the 120 chambers inside Humayun's Tomb. The effort is considered challenging due to the absence of identifying inscriptions on the graves. At least five of the seven members have acknowledged and supported Sanjeev Kumar Singh’s research, agreeing that he had correctly identified the grave of Dara Shikoh. The members supporting Singh's findings include retired ASI Additional Director General Dr. B.R. Mani, retired ASI Joint Director General Dr. K.N. Dikshit, retired ASI Director Northern Region Padma Shri [[K. K. Muhammed]], retired ASI Director of the School of Archaeology B.M. Pande, and retired ASI Director of Epigraphy (Arabic and Persian) Dr. G.S. Khwaja. These experts have recognized Singh's research as credible, aligning with historical and architectural evidence.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-30 |title=Left, right-wing experts agree on 17th-century Dara Shikoh's grave |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2023/Apr/30/left-right-wing-experts-agree-on-17th-centurydara-shikohs-grave-2570627.html |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}} </ref>

Comments from other members, except for Former ASI Director (Archaeology) Syed Jamal Hassan, are not publicly known as the report has not yet been released. Dr. Hassan has expressed doubts, citing the lack of inscriptions and confirming references.<ref> {{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Parvez |date=2020-12-19 |title=Engineer who 'found' Mughal Prince Dara Shikoh's grave awaits committee's call |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2020/Dec/19/engineer-who-found-mughal-prince-dara-shikohs-grave-awaits-committees-call-2238321.html |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}} </ref> Following a [[Right to Information]] query in 2021, the ASI responded that it had not yet found Dara Shikoh's grave. In March 2021, the then culture Minister Mr. Prahlad Sigh Patel stated in the Rajya Sabha that the committee was studying Dara Shikoh’s heritage, but the final report is still awaited. However, Senior Archaeologist and former Director of the School of Archaeology of Archaeological Survey of India, Shri B.M. Pande has said that "Dara's grave has been identified."<ref>{{Cite web |title=मिल गई दारा शिकोह की कब्र?:आलमगीरनामा के हवाले से एक इंजीनियर ने दारा की कब्र खोजने का दावा किया, सरकार जल्द ऐलान कर सकती है |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=21 January 2021 |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/db-original/news/four-out-of-the-seven-member-committee-said-that-the-crub-has-been-identified-the-government-will-soon-take-a-final-decision-on-it-128146753.html |access-date=2024-09-06}} </ref>

===Historians' views on Singh’s research===

Several internationally renowned historians specializing in medieval Mughal India have also supported Singh’s claim. Padma Bhushan [[Irfan Habib]], Professor Emeritus at Aligarh Muslim University, stated, "I am not an archaeologist or indeed an architect myself, but as far as I can comprehend, the identification of Dara Shikoh's grave seems to be quite definitive and should secure general acceptance."<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-04-30 |title=Left, right-wing experts agree on 17th-century Dara Shikoh's grave |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2023/Apr/30/left-right-wing-experts-agree-on-17th-centurydara-shikohs-grave-2570627.html |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

Former Head of the History Department at Jawaharlal Nehru University, Prof. [[Harbans Mukhia]], commented, "He appears to have definitively and decisively located the grave of Dara Shikoh, which was always known to be located in Humayun's Tomb. He has examined his quarry from every angle—the textual evidence, the architectural features, the meaning of the exact placement of the tomb—and visited the site several times to be certain of his search. At the end of it, he has given proof of the grave's location with no reasonable doubt left."

Farhat Nasreen, Head of the Department of History at Jamia Millia Islamia, praised the research, saying, "His research is very fascinating; it is remarkable that through his relentless hard work, he has solved one of the biggest mysteries."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Humayun Tomb: प्रोफेसर फरहत नसरीन ने भी लगाई दारा शिकोह की कब्र पर मुहर, केंद्र ने बनाई थी समिति - ncr Professor farhat nasreen also stamp grave as Dara Shikoh grave in Humayun tomb |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-professor-farhat-nasreen-also-stamp-grave-as-dara-shikoh-grave-in-humayun-tomb-23407009.html |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

Prof. S.H. Qasemi, former Head of the Department of Persian at the University of Delhi, expressed his agreement with Singh's findings, stating, "I have myself gone through the reference to Dara Shukoh's burial in the Alamgirnama and also saw the location identified by Sanjeev in Humayun's Tomb. I can confirm that the location of the grave identified by him completely matches the description of Dara Shukoh’s burial place in the Alamgirnama."

Singh has delivered lectures on his findings and research regarding the grave of Dara Shikoh at various esteemed institutions, including [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] (JMI), the [[India International Centre]] (IIC),<ref>{{Cite web |title=INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY {{!}} India International Centre |url=https://iicdelhi.in/programmes/indian-archaeology-131 |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=iicdelhi.in}} </ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Vandana |date=2021-11-10 |title=Mughal history's biggest puzzle solved by municipal engineer—where is Dara Shikoh buried? |url=https://theprint.in/feature/mughal-historys-biggest-puzzle-solved-by-municipal-engineer-where-is-dara-shukoh-buried/764003/ |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}} </ref> and the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tomb of Dara Shukoh discovered |url=https://eduadvice.in/educational-news-details/the-tomb-of-dara-shukoh-discovered/4436#:~:text=The%20grave%20was%20located%20by,grave%20in%20Humayun's%20tomb%20complex.&text=New%20Delhi:%20Shahjahan's%20son%20Dara,grave%20in%20Humayun's%20tomb%20complex |access-date=2024-09-06 |website=eduadvice.in}}</ref>

His research paper, "दारा शुकोह की क़ब्र की खोज - एक अध्ययन" (In the Search of Dara Shukoh’s Tomb - A Study), has been published in Purapravah, an international journal of archaeology and history published in Hindi by the [[Indian Archaeological Society]].
== Tributes ==

* In 2017, the New Delhi Municipal Council (NDMC) decided to rename central Delhi's Dalhousie Road to [[Dara Shikoh Road]] in his honor.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Halder |first=Ritam |date=Mar 22, 2017 |title=It's official! Central Delhi's Dalhousie Road is now Dara Shikoh Road |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/it-s-official-central-delhi-s-dalhousie-road-is-now-dara-shikoh-road/story-woLYSBlD7trSnYbWGE8Q6J.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/dalhousie-road-renamed-after-dara-shikoh-why-hindutva-right-wingers-favour-a-mughal-prince/|title=Dalhousie Road renamed after Dara Shikoh: Why Hindutva right wingers favour a Mughal prince|date=7 February 2017|work=The Indian Express |first=Adrija |last=Roychowdhury}}</ref>

* Partition Museum and Dara Shukoh Library Cultural Hub: Originally built in 1637 CE as a library by Dara Shikoh himself, the building was later repurposed by the Government of India into a partition museum. This is India's second partition museum, following the one in Amritsar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theprint.in/india/a-torn-petticoat-phulkari-art-delhis-partition-museum-pays-poignant-homage-to-displaced-lives/1554199/|title=A torn petticoat, Phulkari, art — Delhi's Partition Museum pays poignant homage to displaced lives|first=Ketan|last=Rathod|date=4 May 2023|website=ThePrint}}</ref>

* Dara Shikoh digital library: All written works by and about Dara Shikoh are now digitally accessible through this library, thanks to the recommendations of the AMU Centenary Dara Shikoh Conference held in December 2021, New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.darashikoh.in/index.php|title=Home|website=Dara Shikoh}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==

* He is also a character played by Vaquar Sheikh in the 2005 Bollywood film ''[[Taj Mahal: An Eternal Love Story]]'', directed by Akbar Khan.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
* Dara Shikoh is the name of the protagonist of [[Mohsin Hamid]]'s 2000 novel ''[[Moth Smoke]]'', which reimagines the story of his trial unfolding in contemporary Pakistan.{{cn|date=August 2024}}
* [[Bengali language|Bengali]] writer [[Shyamal Gangapadhyay]] wrote a novel on his life ''Shahjada Dara Shikoh'' which received the [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Academy Award]] in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/movie-mogul-maybe/209927|title=Movie Mogul, Maybe|website=outlookindia.com|access-date=25 March 2018}}</ref>

* Dara Shikoh award awarded by Indo-Iranian society. [[Sheila Dixit]] former Delhi CM (1998–2013) was a recipient in 2010.{{Cn|date=August 2024}}

== Governorship ==
*[[Lahore Subah|Lahore]] 1635–1636
*[[Illahabad Subah|Illahabad]] 1645–1647
*[[Malwa Subah|Malwa]] 1642–1658
*[[Gujarat Subah|Gujarat]] 1648
*[[Multan Subah|Multan]], [[Kabul Subah|Kabul]] 1652–1656
*[[Bihar Subah|Bihar]] 1657–1659

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc; |boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Dara Shikoh'''
|2= 2. [[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Shah Jahan I, Mughal Emperor]]<ref>Kobita Sarker, ''Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth: the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals'' (2007), p. 187</ref>
|3= 3. [[Mumtaz Mahal]]<ref name="Sarker 2007 187"/>
|4= 4. [[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Jahangir, Mughal Emperor]]<ref>Jl Mehta, ''Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India'' (1986), p. 418</ref>
|5= 5. [[Jagat Gosain]]<ref>{{harvtxt|Mehta|1986|p=418}}</ref>
|6= 6. [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan]]<ref name="Thackeray 2012 254">{{harvtxt|Thackeray|Findling|2012|p=254}}</ref>
|7= 7. Diwanji Begum<ref name="Thackeray 2012 254"/>
|8= 8. [[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad Akbar, Mughal Emperor]]<ref name="auto">{{harvtxt|Mehta|1986|p=374}}</ref>
|9= 9. [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]]<ref name="auto" />
|10= 10. [[Udai Singh of Marwar|Udai Singh]], Raja of [[Jodhpur State|Marwar]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Soma |last=Mukherjee |title=Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions |year=2001 |page=128}}</ref>
|11=11. Manrang Devi of [[Gwalior]]<ref>{{harvtxt|Mukherjee|2001|p=128}}</ref>
|12= 12. [[Mirza Ghiyas Beg|I'timad-ud-Daulah]]<ref>Subhash Parihar, ''Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture'' (1999), p. 149</ref>
|13= 13. [[Asmat Begam]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shujauddin|first1=Mohammad|last2=Shujauddin|first2=Razia|title=The Life and Times of Noor Jahan|date=1967|publisher=Caravan Book House|page=1|language=en}}</ref>
|14=14. Ghias ud-din 'Ali Asaf Khan<ref>{{cite book|last1=Ahmad|first1=Moin-ud-din|title=The Taj and Its Environments: With 8 Illus. from Photos., 1 Map, and 4 Plans|date=1924|publisher=R. G. Bansal|page=101|language=en}}</ref>
|15= }}

== Works ==

{{more citations needed section|date=January 2013}}

*Writings on Sufism and the lives of ''[[awliya]]'' (Muslim saints):
**''Safinat ul- Awliya''
**''Sakinat ul-Awliya''
**''Risaala-i Haq Numa''
**''Tariqat ul-Haqiqat''
**''Hasanaat ul-'Aarifin''
**''Iksir-i 'Azam (Diwan-e-Dara Shikoh)''
*Writings of a philosophical and metaphysical nature:
**''[[Majma-ul-Bahrain]]'' (''The Mingling of Two Oceans'')<ref>MAJMA' UL BAHARAIN or The Mingling of Two Oceans, by Prince Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Edited in the Original Persian with English Translation, notes & variants by M.Mahfuz-ul-Haq, published by The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, Bibliotheca Indica Series no. 246, 1st. published 1929. See also [http://indianmuslims.in/dara-shikohs-two-oceans-book-review/ this] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909192744/http://indianmuslims.in/dara-shikohs-two-oceans-book-review/ |date=9 September 2009 }} book review by [[Yoginder Sikand]], indianmuslims.in.</ref>
**''So’aal o Jawaab bain-e-Laal Daas wa Dara Shikoh'' (also called ''Mukaalama-i Baba Laal Daas wa Dara Shikoh'')
**[[Sirr-i-Akbar]] (''The Great Secret'', his translation of the Upanishads in Persian)<ref>See the section on his [[#Intellectual pursuits|Intellectual Pursuits]].</ref>
**Persian translations of the [[Yoga Vasishta]] and [[Bhagavad Gita]].

== See also ==
*[[Dara Shikoh Road]]
*[[Majma-ul-Bahrain]]
*[[Sirr-i-Akbar]]
*[[Mughal–Safavid War (1649–1653)]]
*[[Akbar]]
*[[Nur Jahan]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Encyclopaedia Islamica|last1=Ebrahim |first1=Alireza|last2=Khodaverdian|first2=Shahram|year=2018|title=Dārā Shukūh|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/dara-shukuh-COM_037182}}
*[[Abraham Eraly|Eraly, Abraham]] (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ld9kQgAACAAJ The Mughal Throne: The Saga of India's Great Emperors]''. Phoenix, London. {{ISBN|0753817586}}.
*Hansen, Waldemar [1986]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=AV--abKg9GEC The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India]''. Orient Book Distributors, New Delhi.
*Mahajan, V.D. (1978). ''History of Medieval India''. S. Chand.
*Sarkar, Jadunath (1984). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC A History of Jaipur]''. Orient Longman, New Delhi.
*Sarkar, Jadunath (1962). ''A Short History of Aurangzib, 1618–1707''. M. C. Sarkar and Sons, Calcutta.
* {{cite book |last1=Sarker |first1=Kobita |title=Shah Jahan and his paradise on earth: the story of Shah Jahan's creations in Agra and Shahjahanabad in the golden days of the Mughals |date=2007 |publisher=K.P. Bagchi & Co. |isbn=9788170743002 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R20MAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline}}
* {{Wikiquote inline}}

{{Mughal Empire}}
{{Auranzeb}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shikoh, Dara}}
[[Category:Assassinated Indian people]]
[[Category:Mughal princes]]
[[Category:1615 births]]
[[Category:1659 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Heirs apparent who never acceded]]
[[Category:Murdered Indian royalty]]
[[Category:People from Ajmer]]
[[Category:Subahdars of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian people of Iranian descent]]
[[Category:Fratricides]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:17th-century executions by the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Sanskrit–Persian translators]]
[[Category:People assassinated in the 17th century]]
[[Category:Sons of emperors]]
[[Category:17th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:17th-century Indian male writers]]

Sati (Hindu goddess)

2026-03-14T05:02:22Z

Bhushana: corrected layout to improve readability and cleaned formatting

{{about|the previous birth of the goddess Parvati|other uses|Sati (disambiguation)|the Egyptian goddess|Satis (goddess)}}
{{Redirect|Dakshayani|other uses|Dakshayani (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|First consort of the Hindu god Shiva}}
{{Infobox deity
| type = Hindu
| image = File:Kalighat_Shiva_mourns_Sati.jpg
| name = Sati
| caption = Shiva mourns Sati, 19th-century [[Kalighat painting]]
| Devanagari = सती
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Satī
| affiliation = [[Devi]]
| abode = [[Kailasha]]
| deity_of = Goddess of Marital Felicity and Longevity
| mother = [[Prasuti]]
| father = [[Daksha]]
| consort = [[Shiva]]
| other_names = Dakshayani, Dakshakanya
| texts = [[Puranas]], [[Kumarasambhavam]], [[Tantra]]
}}
'''Sati''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ʌ|t|iː}}, {{langx|sa|सती}}, {{IAST3|Satī}}, {{lit|truthful' or 'virtuous}}), also known as '''Dakshayani''' (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|दाक्षायणी}}, IAST: ''Dākṣāyaṇī'', lit. 'daughter of Daksha'), is the [[Hindu deities|Hindu goddess]] of marital felicity and longevity, and is worshipped as an aspect of the [[mother goddess]] [[Mahadevi|Shakti]]. Sati was the first wife of [[Shiva]], the other being [[Parvati]], who was Sati's reincarnation after her death.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2018-09-23 |title=Satī’s test of Rāma’s divinity [Chapter 24] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shiva-purana-english/d/doc226044.html |access-date=2025-07-01 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

The earliest mentions of Sati are found in the time of the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]], but details of her story appear in the [[Puranas]]. Legends describe Sati as the favourite child of [[Daksha]], who marries Shiva against her father's wishes. Later, when Daksha organises a [[yajna]] (fire-sacrifice) in which he doesn't invite her and her husband, Sati goes to attend it, only to be humiliated by her father. She then immolates herself to protest against him.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=35}} In Hinduism, both Sati and [[Parvati]], successively play the role of bringing Shiva away from ascetic isolation into creative participation with the world.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=38}}

Sati's story plays an important part in shaping the traditions of two of the most prominent sects of Hinduism {{mdash}} [[Shaivism]] and [[Shaktism]]. After Sati's death, Shiva carried her body around the world and started performing [[Tandava]], the celestial dance of destruction. As he did so, the other deities requested [[Vishnu]] to stop this and he did so by using his [[Sudarshana Chakra]] which divided Sati's body parts falling on the ground at 51 different places. These places are now known as [[Shakta pithas|Shakti pithas]], and they are sacred to [[Hindus]].

==Etymology==
The name ''"Satī"'' means "truthful", "virtuous" or "noble" in [[Sanskrit]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7qZQAQAAMAAJ&q=Sati+means+truth|title=Journal of Historical Research|date=2004|publisher=Department of History, Ranchi University.|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Gandhi|1993}} The word is derived from the ''"[[Satya|sat]]"'' which means "truth".{{sfn|Gámez-Fernández|2020|p=287}}

She is known by various patronymics, though these names can be used for any of the daughters of Daksha. Some of these names include Dakshayani, Dakshakanya and Dakshaja.{{sfn|Monier-Williams|1872|p=396}}

==History and textual background==
According to scholars William J. Winkins and David R. Kinsley, the Vedic scriptures (2nd millennium BCE) do not mention Sati-Parvati but hint to two goddesses associated with [[Rudra]] {{mdash}} [[Rudrani]] and Ambika.{{refn|group=note|Rudrani is described as Rudra's wife. Ambika, on the other hand, is described as his sister in the earlier verses, but later verses suggest that she was his wife.}} In the [[Kena Upanishad]], a goddess called Uma-Hemavati appears as a mediator between the gods and the [[Supreme Brahman]].{{refn|group=note|Both Winkins and Kinsley note that later commentaries on Kena Upanishad confirm that Uma was Parvati, leaving no doubt about her relationship with Shiva.}}{{sfn|Wilkins|1913|p=294}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=36}} Both the archeological and the textual sources indicate that the first major appearances of Sati-Parvati were during the period of the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (1st millennium BCE).{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=36, 37}}{{sfn|Mittal|Thursby|2009|p=307}}

The ''Mahabharata'' mentions the destruction of [[Daksha yajna]], the birth of [[Kartikeya]], defeat the [[Asura]] [[Tarakasura|Taraka]] as well as some plays between Shiva and Uma (Parvati). Scholars believe that by the time of the [[Puranas]] (c. 4th - 13th century), legends of Sati and Parvati rose to prominence and these were adapted by [[Kalidasa]] in his epic poem ''[[Kumarasambhavam]]'' (c. 5th - 6th century).{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=36, 37}}{{sfn|Bose|2018}} Some of the Puranas which narrate Sati's story are the ''[[Vayu Purana]],'' the ''[[Skanda Purana]],'' the ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'', the ''[[Kurma Purana]],'' the ''[[Padma Purana]],'' the ''[[Linga Purana]],'' the ''[[Shiva Purana]],'' and the ''[[Matsya Purana]]''.

==Legends==
===Birth and early life===
Sati was the daughter of [[Daksha]]—A ''[[Prajapati]]'' (agent of creation) and the son of the creator god [[Brahma]]—and [[Prasuti]]—the daughter of [[Manu (Hinduism)|Manu]]. In some alternate accounts found in the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'', ''[[Matsya Purana]]'' and ''[[Kalika Purana]]'', her mother is mention to be [[Asikni (goddess)|Asikni]].{{sfn|Kramrisch|1988}}{{sfn|Shastri|2000}} Sati is often mentioned as the youngest and the most beloved daughter of Daksha.{{sfn|Coulter|Turner|2013}}{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Sinha|2020}} According to the [[Shakta]] (goddess-oriented) texts including ''[[Devi Bhagavata]]'' and the ''[[Mahabhagavata Purana]]'', before her birth, Brahma advised Daksha to meditate upon the [[Adi Parashakti|Great goddess]] and convince her to take an [[avatar]] as their daughter (Sati). The goddess agreed but warned that if he mistreated her, she would abandon her body.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=576}}{{sfn|McDermott|Kripal|2003|p=43}}{{sfn|Mittal|Thursby|2009|p=307}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Viswanathan|first=Priya|date=2015-07-15|title=Devi Sati - A Tale of Passion and Honour|url=https://www.dollsofindia.com/library/sati/|access-date=2020-09-04|website=Dolls of India|language=en}}</ref>

Even as a child, Sati adored the tales of Shiva and grew up an ardent devotee. As she grew to womanhood, the idea of marrying anyone else, as intended by her father, became unfair to her. It is believed that Brahma intended to get Sati married to Shiva and bring him into worldly affairs.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=576}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1998}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006}}

===Marriage===
[[File:Kubera and his wife presenting gifts to sat.jpg|left|thumb|In Hinduism, Sati is considered as an ideal lady. The painting depicts her receiving gifts before her wedding from [[Kubera]] and his wife.{{sfn|Sunity Devee|1919|p=10-11}}]]

Sati is described to be very beautiful but the legends emphasize her penance and devotion, which won the heart of the ascetic Shiva.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=37}}{{sfn|Michaels|2004}} According to the legend, Sati left the luxuries of her father's palace and retired to a forest to devote herself to austerities of a hermetic life and the worship of Shiva. She was often tested by him or his attendants. Finally, Shiva acceded to her wishes and consented to marry. Despite Daksha's unwillingness, the wedding was held in due course with Brahma serving as the priest. Sati moved with Shiva in Kailash. {{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=37}} Tension between Shiva and Daksha further arises when Daksha starts to dislike Shiva because of Shiva's odd appearance and behaviour.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=38}}{{sfn|Birkenholtz|2018|

According to the ''Bhagavata Purana'', Daksha arranged Sati's ''[[Swayamvar|svayamvara]]'' (self-choice ceremony), where all except Shiva were invited. When Sati did not find Shiva, she threw a garland in the air to choose her husband. Shiva manifested there and it fell on him, thus they were married.{{sfn|McDermott|Kripal|2003|p=43}} In the 18th century ''Svathani Katha'', when Shiva asked Sati's hand in marriage, Daksha refused, claiming him unsuitable. Vishnu aided Shiva by disguising him as a ''[[sanyasi|sannyasi]]'' and had him marry her.{{refn|group=note| '''Further details''': Vishnu advised Shiva to disguise as a sanyasi and ask for alms from Daksha. When Daksha promised to give anything, Shiva asked for Sati. During the marriage, Vishnu used his [[Maya (religion)|maya]] (illusion) to deceive Sati's parents.}}{{sfn|Birkenholtz|2018|p=142}} While many versions of the tale mention Daksha's objections to the marriage, the ''[[Shiva Purana]]'' does not mention any harsh opposition, though he starts to develop a deep hatred after the wedding.{{sfn|Birkenholtz|2018|p=142}}

=== Testing Rama's divinity ===
In a legend from the ''Shiva Purana'', Sati and Shiva were once wandering the earth. They passed through the [[Dandakaranya|Dandaka]] forest, where they came across [[Rama]], accompanied by [[Lakshmana]], searching for his wife [[Sita]] after her abduction by [[Ravana]]. Observing Rama's lament, Shiva bowed before him, following which he blessed the former with victory and revealed himself before him. Overcome by ''[[Maya (religion)|maya]]'', Sati asked her consort to whom he had bowed. Shiva informed her that Rama was a full [[Avatar|incarnation]] of [[Vishnu]]. Seeing that she was unconvinced, Shiva encouraged her to test Rama's divinity for herself. Sati did so by assuming the guise of Sita and appearing before him. Rama laughed, seeing through the goddess's disguise, wondering why she had assumed his wife's form. Her doubts fading, Sati asked Rama how he was worthy of being saluted by Shiva. Rama explained to her his true identity and circumstance and spoke to her of his devotion to Shiva, after which she praised him and returned to her consort.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_ZLEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR2 |title=Siva Purana: Rudra Samhitha: 2 Sati Khanda: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=PR II |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011|p=451}}

===Daksha yajna and self-immolation===
{{main|Daksha yajna}}

[[File:Daksha yagna.jpg|thumb|Sati confronts Daksha.]]
The most prominent legend associated with Sati is her self-immolation to protest against her father.{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Bose|2018}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2011}} The first text to mention Daksha Yajna is the ''[[Taittiriya Samhita]]'' and it later appears in the ''[[Ramayana]]'' and the ''[[Mahabharata]]''.{{sfn|Klostermaier|2014}} The narrative of Sati's self-immolation appears in the ''[[Puranas]]'', [[Tantra#Hindu tantra|Tantra]] literature, and in [[Kālidāsa|Kalidasa]]'s lyrical ''[[Kumārasambhava|Kumarasambhava]]''.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=36-37}}

According to the most popular narrative, Daksha organized a ''[[yajna]]'' (sacrifice) to which all the deities, except Sati and Shiva, were invited. Wanting to visit her relatives, Sati sought to rationalize this omission and reasoned that as family, such formality was unnecessary. Shiva tried to stop her as he knew that Daksha would humiliate her, but when she was not convinced, he sent her with his ''[[gana]]'' attendants. Sati was received by her mother and her sisters, but Daksha was furious by her uninvited arrival and humiliated her and mocked Shiva. Wanting to break all ties with her father and uphold the honour of her husband, Sati immolated herself.{{sfn|Mittal|Thursby|2009}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}}{{sfn|Shimkhada|Herman|2009|p=177}}

Deeply hurt by the death of his wife, Shiva performed the destructive [[Tandava]] dance. He created two ferocious deities {{mdash}} [[Virabhadra]] and [[Bhadrakali]], who wreaked mayhem at the sacrificial place. Nearly all those present were felled overnight; Daksha was decapitated by Virabhadra. After that night, Shiva, who is considered the all-forgiving, restored the slain to life and granted them his blessings. Daksha was restored both to life and to kingship. His severed head was substituted with that of a goat.{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=Dakṣa}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=38}}

There are varying accounts of this event. The ''[[Devi-Bhagavata Purana]]'' adds the reason behind Daksha's harsh behaviour. Shortly after Sati's marriage, Daksha polluted a sacred flower garland and as a result, he was cursed to hate his beloved daughter.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=576}} At the sacrificial place, after Daksha discarded Sati's gifts and humiliated her, she used her cosmic powers and burnt her body.{{sfn|Shimkhada|Herman|2009|p=177}} Some texts suggest that before Sati's death, Shakti promised that she will be reborn to a father who merits her respect and remarry Shiva.{{sfn|Mani|1975|p=577}} The ''Mahabhagavata Purana'' presents Sati as a fierce warrior. When Shiva prevented Sati from visiting the event, she transformed into the ten fearsome [[Mahavidyas|Mahavidya]] goddesses led by [[Kali]], and surrounded him from the ten cardinal directions.{{sfn|Dalal|2014}}{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=23}} Seeing his wife's powers, Shiva allowed her.{{sfn|Hawley|Wulff|1998|p=79}} Sati, transformed as Kali, went to the sacrifice and split herself into two entities {{mdash}} one real but invisible and another just ''Chhaya'' (shadow or clone). Chhaya Sati destroyed the sacred event by jumping into the sacrificial fire, while the "real" Sati is reborn as Parvati.{{sfn|Shimkhada|Herman|2009|p=176}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}}{{sfn|Monaghan|2010|p=27}}{{sfn|Shin|2018}} The ''[[Brihaddharma Purana]]'' (c. 13th century) narrates the creation of the Mahavidyas but there is no mention of Sati splitting into two. She retains her calming nature after Shiva allowed her.{{sfn|Shin|2018}}{{sfn|Monaghan|2010|p=26}} The most drastic change in this text is the absence of the self-immolation of Sati. Instead, the text mentions that she cursed her father and quit her body in a Himalayan cave.{{sfn|Shin|2018}}{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}} The ''[[Kalika Purana]]'' does not mention Sati going to the event, instead it is found that Sati left her body using a ''[[Yoga|yog]]ic process'', after her niece, Vijaya informed her about the yajna.{{sfn|Mukhopadhyay|2018}}{{sfn|Shimkhada|Herman|2009|p=177}}

===Formation of the Shakti pithas===
[[File:19th century lithograph of Shiva carrying Sati's corpse.jpg|left|thumb|Shiva carrying Sati's corpse, followed by Vishnu's Sudharshana chakra, 19th-century lithograph.]]
Another important legend associated with Sati is the formation of the [[Shakta pithas]]. Shakta pithas are shrines of the Mother Goddess, believed to have enshrined with the presence of Shakti due to the falling of body parts of the corpse of Sati. It is believed that an enraged Shiva performed the Tandava dance with Sati's charred body, which led her body to come apart and the pieces fell at different places on earth.{{sfn|Pintchman|2015|p=7}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fFwi7qRRgosC&q=siva+dance+Shakti+peetha|title=World Encyclopaedia of Interfaith Studies: World religions|date=2009|publisher=Jnanada Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7139-280-3|language=en}}</ref> In a more detailed narration found in some texts, Shiva, crazed with grief, roamed with Sati's corpse throughout the universe, causing universal imbalance. The divinities called upon the god [[Vishnu]] to restore Shiva to normalcy and calm. Vishnu used his [[Sudarshana Chakra]] (discus weapon) to dismember Sati's cadaver, following which Shiva regained his equanimity.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998|p=38}}

The legend ends with Sati's body being dismembered into many pieces which fell on earth at various places. Several different listings of these holy places, known as ''Shakta pithas,'' are available; some of these places have become major centres of pilgrimage as they are held by the Goddess-oriented [[Shakta]] sect to be particularly holy. Besides main Shakta pithas, some small peethas like [[Bindudham]] came into existence which are due to Sati's fallen blood drops.

===Rebirth===
A depressed Shiva returned to his ascetic world while Sati was reborn as [[Parvati]], daughter of [[Himavat]], king of the mountains and personification of the [[Himalayas]], and his wife, Mena. Himavat appreciated Shiva ardently. Consequently, Parvati like Sati, won Shiva over by her penance and married him.{{sfn|Kinsley|1998}}{{sfn|Dehejia|1999}}

==Legacy and worship==
{{further information||Shakta pithas}}
[[File:Nani ki Mandir2.jpg|thumb|[[Shri Hinglaj Mata temple]] Shakta pitha is the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yathra is attended by more than 250,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-19|title=Mata Hinglaj Yatra: To Hingol, a pilgrimage to reincarnation|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/1088366/mata-hinglaj-yatra-to-hingol-a-pilgrimage-to-reincarnation?amp=1|access-date=2021-01-09|website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>]]
The legend of [[Daksha Yajna]] and Sati's self-immolation had immense significance in shaping the ancient Sanskrit literature and even had impact on the culture of India. It led to the development of the concept of [[Shakta pithas]] and there by strengthening [[Shaktism]]. Many stories in Puranas took the [[Daksha]] yajna as the reason for its origin. It is an important incident in [[Shaivism]] resulting in the emergence of goddess [[Parvati]] in the place of Sati and making Shiva a grihastashrami (house holder) leading to the origin of [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal|url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/|work=kottiyoordevaswom.com/|publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam|access-date=20 July 2013}}</ref>{{sfn|Shin|2018}}

There are very few shrines in India dedicated to Sati Devi, and Kottiyoor is one of them.The ancient [[Kottiyoor Temple|Kottiyoor temple]] in [[Kottiyoor]], [[Kannur district|Kannur]], Kerala, is one of the only places in India where Goddess Sati is worshiped as she is. Next to temple's swayambhu linga is the [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kottiyoor%20temple%20festival%20IMG%209526.JPG Ammarakallu](അമ്മാറക്കല്ല്), a raised platform with a natural rock structure surrounded by a circular stone boundary, with a brass lamp placed under a traditional palm leaf umbrella. It is believed to be where the goddess immolated herself during the Daksha Yaga. During the ''shiveli''(a temple ritual consisting of “offering food to the members of the [deity's] retinue"), the goddess's ''thidambu'' (the decorated replica of the deity in a temple that is usually taken outside for the purposes like festivals and poojas) is taken to the Ammarakallu in a procession. The Goddess is also venerated during the famed [[Kottiyoor Vysakha Mahotsavam|Kottiyooor Vyshaka Mahotsavam]]. The Ammarakallu has also come to be associated with the Goddess [[Parvati]], thereby representing both incarnations of the Goddess.

==See also==

* [[Sati Savitri: And Other Feminist Stories They Don't Tell You]]

==Notes==
===Explanatory notes===
{{Reflist|group=note}}
{{Notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
{{ref begin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kinsley|first=David|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hgTOZEyrVtIC&q=Sati|title=Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition|date=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0394-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Mittal|first1=Sushil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QdBFq2Ia79AC&q=mah%C4%81bh%C4%81rata+sat%C4%AB+%C5%9Biva|title=Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods|last2=Thursby|first2=Gene|date=2009-01-19|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-41829-9|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mani|first=Vettam|url=http://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft|title=Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature|date=1975|publisher=Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|pages=576|isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0 }}
* {{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Roshen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&q=Sati|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|date=2014-04-18|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-277-9|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|first=William J. |last=Wilkins|date=1913|title=Hindu Mythology – Vedic and Puranic|publisher=Thacker Spink London|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/hindumythologyve00inwilk#page/294/mode/2up|chapter=Uma – Parvati}}
* {{Cite book|last=Klostermaier|first=Klaus K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FB29DwAAQBAJ&q=Dak%E1%B9%A3a&pg=PT84|title=Hinduism: A Short History|date=2014-10-01|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-78074-680-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bose|first=Mandakranta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_tdDwAAQBAJ&q=sat%C4%AB+goddess&pg=PT273|title=The Oxford History of Hinduism: The Goddess|date=2018-05-30|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-107969-6|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=McDermott|first1=Rachel Fell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMUJyU_C-LkC&q=Prasuti&pg=PA43|title=Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West|last2=Kripal|first2=Jeffrey J.|date=2003-05-05|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-23240-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZupXwid01CoC&q=sat%C4%AB+goddess&pg=PA433|title=When the Goddess was a Woman: Mahābhārata Ethnographies - Essays by Alf Hiltebeitel|date=2011-07-27|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-19380-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Maneka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PkW6hs1OjyEC&q=sati+other+names&pg=PA379|title=The Penguin Book of Hindu Names|date=1993|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-012841-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Birkenholtz|first=Jessica Vantine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mvhJDwAAQBAJ&q=sat%C4%AB+goddess&pg=PA142|title=Reciting the Goddess: Narratives of Place and the Making of Hinduism in Nepal|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-934116-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Monier-Williams|first=Monier|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_3NWAAAAcAAJ&q=sat%C4%AB|title=A Sanskrit-English Dictionary|date=1872|publisher=Clarendon|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Gámez-Fernández|first=Cristina M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LXkDwAAQBAJ&q=sati+is+derived+from+sat&pg=PA287|title=India in the World|date=2020-05-15|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-5275-5118-3|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Balfour|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iU0OAAAAQAAJ&q=Sati&pg=PA153|title=The Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia: Commercial, Industrial and Scientific, Products of the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Useful Arts and Manufactures|date=1885|publisher=B. Quaritch|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sinha|first=Purnendu Narayana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OveYh2v-1roC&q=Prasuti&pg=PT110|title=A Study of the Bhagavata Purana: Or, Esoteric Hinduism|date=2020-09-28|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-2506-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Shin|first=Jae-Eun|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=29pdDwAAQBAJ&q=immolated+Sat%C4%AB&pg=PT168|title=Change, Continuity and Complexity: The Mahāvidyās in East Indian Śākta Traditions|date=2018-05-30|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-83102-7|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Hawley|first1=John Stratton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CZrV3kOpMt0C&q=Sat%C4%AB+%C5%9Biva&pg=PA247|title=Devī: Goddesses of India|last2=Wulff|first2=Donna Marie|date=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-1491-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Monaghan|first=Patricia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qotjet-Hb0MC&q=Brihaddharma+Purana+Sati&pg=PA26|title=Goddesses in World Culture|date=2010-12-31|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-35465-6|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Coulter|first1=Charles Russell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEIngqiKOugC&q=Sati|title=Encyclopedia of Ancient Deities|last2=Turner|first2=Patricia|date=2013-07-04|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-96390-3|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Shastri|first=J. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kbmDwAAQBAJ&q=sati+asikni&pg=PA409|title=Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology Volume 1: The Siva Purana Part 1|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3868-0|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Sunity Devee|first=Maharanee|url=http://archive.org/details/nineidealindianw00suni|title=Nine ideal Indian women|date=1919|publisher=Calcutta : Thacker, Spink & Co.|others=University of California Libraries}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mukhopadhyay|first=Anway|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_INXDwAAQBAJ&q=sati+goddess&pg=PT24|title=The Goddess in Hindu-Tantric Traditions: Devi as Corpse|date=2018-04-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-06352-4|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Shimkhada|first1=Deepak|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=97EYBwAAQBAJ&q=177&pg=PA176|title=The Constant and Changing Faces of the Goddess: Goddess Traditions of Asia|last2=Herman|first2=Phyllis K.|date=2009-03-26|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|isbn=978-1-4438-0702-9|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Kramrisch|first=Stella|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cjqfkgD6YCAC&q=asikn%C4%AB+Sat%C4%AB&pg=PA342|title=The Presence of Siva|date=1988|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0491-3|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dehejia|first=Harsha V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Njk0OSw_VYQC&q=Sati&pg=PP95|title=Parvati: Goddess of Love|date=1999|publisher=Mapin Publishing Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-81-85822-59-4|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Pintchman|first=Tracy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JsDpBwAAQBAJ&q=Shiva+Sati|title=Rise of the Goddess in the Hindu Tradition, The|date=2015-04-08|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-1618-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Michaels|first=Axel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jID3TuoiOMQC&q=Sati+shiva|title=Hinduism: Past and Present|date=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-08952-2|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Ph.D|first=James G. Lochtefeld|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6FsB3psOTIC&q=Sati&pg=PA504|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2|date=2001-12-15|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Constance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC&q=Sati|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|last2=Ryan|first2=James D.|date=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|language=en}}
{{ref end}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscatinline|Sati (goddess)}}

{{Hindu Culture and Epics}}
{{Hindudharma}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shaktism}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Forms of Parvati]]
[[Category:Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Consorts of Shiva]]
[[Category:Daughters of Daksha]]
[[Category:Marriage goddesses]]
[[Category:Health goddesses]]
[[Category:Death of deities]]
[[Category:Suicides by self-immolation]]

Amroha Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-10T13:23:27Z

Bhushana:

{{Short description|Lok Sabha Constituency in Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Amroha {{Small|UP-9}}
| type = LS
| established = 1952
|electors =17,16,681<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=26 May 2024 |title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases |agency=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=25 May 2024 |number=ECI/PN/102/2024 |first=Anuj |last=Chandak |location=New Delhi}}</ref>
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]]
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Uttar Pradesh/Amroha.map}}
|map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Amroha Lok Sabha constituency
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| assembly_cons = [[Dhanaura Assembly constituency|Dhanaura]] [[Naugawan Sadat Assembly constituency|Naugawan Sadat]] [[Amroha Assembly constituency|Amroha]] [[Hasanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]] [[Garhmukteshwar Assembly constituency|Garhmukteshwar]]
}}

'''Amroha''' ({{IPA|hi|əmɾoːɦaː}}) is one of the 80 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Uttar Pradesh]].

==Assembly segments==

At present [[Amroha]] Loksabha Constituency consists of following Assembly Constituencies :

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!No
!Name
!District
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|2024 Lead
|-
|39
|[[Dhanaura Assembly constituency|Dhanaura]] (SC)
|rowspan="4"| [[Amroha district|Amroha]]
|[[Rajeev Tarara]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|40
|[[Naugawan Sadat Assembly constituency|Naugawan Sadat]]
|[[Samarpal Singh]]
|{{party name with color|Samajwadi Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|41
|[[Amroha Assembly constituency|Amroha]]
|[[Mehboob Ali (Uttar Pradeshi politician)|Mehboob Ali]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|42
|[[Hasanpur, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Hasanpur]]
|[[Mahender Singh Khadakvanshi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|60
|[[Garhmukteshwar Assembly constituency|Garhmukteshwar]]
|[[Hapur district|Hapur]]
|[[Harendra Singh Tewatia]]
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|1963^
|[[J. B. Kripalani]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=1963-05-26 |title=To C.B. Gupta: Amroha and Farrukhabad Defeats (26 May 1963) |url=https://nehruarchive.in/documents/to-c-b-gupta-amroha-and-farrukhabad-defeats-26-may-1963-o8gwn |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=The Nehru Archive |language=en-IN}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ishaq Sambhali]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chaudhary Chandrapal Singh|Chandrapal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party (Secular)}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|[[Ram Pal Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
|[[Har Govind Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|[[Chetan Chauhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Pratap Singh Saini
|{{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|[[Chetan Chauhan]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|[[Raashid Alvi|Rashid Alvi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Harish Nagpal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|Independent}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2009|2009]]
|[[Devendra Nagpal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2014|2014]]
|[[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2019|2019]]
|[[Kunwar Danish Ali]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2024|2024]]
|[[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==

=== General Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general elections]]: [[Amroha]]}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Amroha Constituency Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/amroha-constituency-lok-sabha-election-results-2024 |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S249.htm |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Kanwar Singh Tanwar ]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes= 4,76,506
|percentage=42.90
|change={{down}}3.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Kunwar Danish Ali]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=447,836|percentage=40.32|change={{up}}39.25}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Mujahid Hussain|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=164,099|percentage=14.77|change={{down}}36.64|Symbol=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the above]]|votes=5,900|percentage=0.53|change={{down}}0.04|Symbol=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=28,670|percentage=2.58|change={{down}}2.83}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=11,10,690|percentage=64.70|change={{decrease}}6.35}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== General Election 2019 ===
Source:<ref name="Lok Sabha elections results 2019: Here is the full list of winners constituency-wise">{{cite news|last1=The Indian Express|title=Lok Sabha elections results 2019: Here is the full list of winners constituency-wise|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-5741562/|accessdate=18 September 2022|date=22 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220918103330/https://indianexpress.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-5741562/|archivedate=18 September 2022|language=en}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Amroha]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kunwar Danish Ali]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 6,01,082
|percentage = 51.41
|change = {{increase}}36.54
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=[[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,37,834
|percentage = 46.00
|change = {{decrease}}2.26
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate=Sachin Chaudhary
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 12,510
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 6,617
|percentage = 0.57
|change =
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 63,248
|percentage = 5.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,69,754
|percentage = 71.05
|change = +0.08
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Amroha]] }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Kanwar Singh Tanwar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 5,28,880
|percentage = 48.26
|change = {{increase}}48.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Humera Akhtar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 3,70,666
|percentage = 33.82
|change = {{increase}}6.77
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Farhat Hasan
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,62,983
|percentage = 14.87
|change = {{decrease}}9.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Rakesh Tikait]]
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = 9,539
|percentage = 0.87
|change = {{decrease}}39.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Syed Kalbe Rushaid Rizvi
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = 2,601
|percentage = 0.24
|change = {{increase}}0.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 7,779
|percentage = 0.71
|change = {{increase}}0.71
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,58,214
|percentage = 14.44
|change ={{increase}}1.40
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,95,895
|percentage = 70.97
|change = {{increase}}10.80
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|swing = {{increase}}8.17
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Amroha district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/uttar_pradesh/amroha/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Amroha lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]
*[https://resultuniversity.com/election/amroha-lok-sabha Amroha Parliamentary Constituency Results]
*[https://www.loksabhaelection2019.com/amroha-lok-sabha-election-2019-uncle-shivpal-is-fighting-a-nephews-coalition/ Amroha Lok Sabha]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{Moradabad division topics}}

{{Coord|28.9|78.47|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amroha district]]

Mehta Publishing House

2026-03-09T07:18:03Z

Bhushana: Starting New Post!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox publisher
| image = [[File:Mehtapublishinghouse.JPG|200px]]
| parent =
| status = Operational
| founded = 1976
| founder = Anil Mehta
| successor = Sunil Mehta, Akhil Mehta, Sahil Mehta
| country = [[India]]
| headquarters = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]<ref name="Gupta2004">{{cite book|author=K.r Gupta|title=Directory of Publishers and Booksellers in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=szcK3UJNq3sC&pg=PA14|accessdate=15 October 2012|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=978-81-269-0400-6|pages=14–}}</ref>
| distribution =
| keypeople = Sunil Mehta, Akhil Mehta, Sahil Mehta
| publications =
| topics = [[Marathi language]] and [[Marathi literature|literature]]<ref name="Gupta2004"/>
| genre =
| titles = About 2500
| revenue =
| numemployees = 40
| nasdaq =
| url = mehtapublishinghouse.com
}}

'''Mehta Publishing House''' is based in [[Pune]], Maharashtra, specialising in Marathi language and literature publications. It was established in 1976 by Sunil Mehta,<ref>[http://www.mehtapublishinghouse.com/Page.aspx?pID=1 ''About Us''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102233233/http://www.mehtapublishinghouse.com/Page.aspx?pID=1 |date=2012-11-02 }} at Mehta Publishing</ref> with a focus on Marathi translations of books from English and other Indian languages.<ref name="IyerZare2009">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Iyer|author2=Bonnie Zare|title=Other Tongues: Rethinking the Language Debates in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e6nGaNeaT2oC&pg=PA110|accessdate=15 October 2012|date=January 2009|publisher=Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2519-6|pages=110–}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official}}

[[Category:Publishing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Publishing companies established in 1976]]

{{maharashtra-stub}}
{{Publish-company-stub}}

Jass Manak

2026-03-07T16:20:21Z

Bhushana:

{{short description|Indian singer and Songwriter (born 1999)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image =
| other_names = Manaka Da Munda
| birth_name = Jaspreet Singh Manak
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|02|12|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/B7QhW0blIaL |archive-date=24 December 2021 |url-access=registration|title= There are a lot of rumors about my birthdate. But my real birthdate is 12 February 1999.|work =[[Instagram]] |access-date=13 January 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Jalandhar]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| education = [[Panjab University]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer-songwriter|Music composer|Singer|Actor}}
| years_active = 2017–present
| module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes
| genre = {{flat list|
* [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
* [[Hindi pop]]
* [[Romantic love|romantic]]
* [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]]}}
| label = {{flat list|
* Geet MP3
* [[Mass Appeal India]]
}}
}}
}}
'''Jaspreet Singh Manak''' (born 12 February 1999) is an Indian singer-songwriter.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/punjabi/music/jass-manak-to-present-his-next-song-on-13th-september/articleshow/65765188.cms|title= Jass Manak to present his next song on 13th September
|work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4KtcNbK96k0T6mRy2YnxMy1/find-out-who-is-number-1-this-week|title= Jass Manak in Asian Music Chart |work=[[BBC]] |access-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005081317/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4KtcNbK96k0T6mRy2YnxMy1/asian-music-chart |archive-date=5 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopArtists/in/20191206-20191212|title= Youtube Music Charts|work=[[YouTube]] |access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref> He is known predominantly for the songs "Prada", "Suit Punjabi", "Lehanga", "Viah" and "Boss".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/punjabi-model-swaalina-opens-up-about-her-relationship-status-with-prada-singer-jass-manak-311081.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102161208/https://www.in.com/entertainment/regional/punjabi-model-swaalina-opens-up-about-her-relationship-status-with-prada-singer-jass-manak-311081.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2020|title=Punjabi Model Swaalina Opens Up About Her Relationship Status With 'Prada' Singer Jass Manak
|work=in.com |access-date=2 January 2020}}</ref> His single "Lehanga" has featured on the UK Asian Music Chart<ref name="bbc" /> and also the Global YouTube weekly chart.<ref name="yt">{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global/20191206-20191212|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228012412/http://charts.youtube.com/web/20200103045057/https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/global/20191206-20191212 |archive-date=28 December 2019|url-status=live}}
}</ref>

Manak started his professional music journey in 2018, when he was 19 years old.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=2024-01-12 |title=COVER STORY: A New Chapter For Jass Manak |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/the-return-of-jass-manak-cover-story/amp/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

Manak started his singing with his debut song "U-Turn" in 2017.<ref name="ptc">{{cite news |url=https://www.ptcpunjabi.co.in/jass-manaks-lesser-known-songs-youve-never-heard/ |title=Jass Manak's Lesser-Known Songs You've Never Heard |work=[[PTC Punjabi]] |access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref>

In 2018, he released "Without You" but rose to prominence with his song "Prada" which is one of the most-streamed hit songs in India.<ref name="ptc" />

In 2019, he released his album ''Age 19''. In the same year he sang "Rabb Wangu" and "Bandook" for the Punjabi movie ''[[Sikander 2]]''. His single "Lehanga" was ranked No. 22 and No. 5 on the Global and Indian YouTube music weekly charts respectively.<ref name="yt" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/charts/TopSongs/in/20191206-20191212|title=YouTube Music Charts|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref>

Manak also become one of the most-listened-to artists in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] on YouTube.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://charts.youtube.com/location/0x391964aa569e7355:0x8fbd263103a38861|title=YouTube Music Charts - Punjab|website=charts.youtube.com|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20191222065914/https://charts.youtube.com/location/0x391964aa569e7355:0x8fbd263103a38861|archive-date=22 December 2019|access-date=3 January 2020}}</ref>

On 17 January 2024, Manak announced his track “Love & Lies” with [[Mass Appeal India]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hirwani |first=Peony |date=2024-01-12 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Jass Manak Partners With Mass Appeal India |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/jass-manak-partners-with-mass-appeal-india/amp/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref>

===As songwriter===
Manak is known for writing his own songs, which includes "Prada", "Lehanga", "Boss", "Viah" and every song from his debut album ''Age 19'' and all the songs from singles to Ep and other albums . He has also written songs for singers Karan Randhawa and Nishawn Bhullar.{{Citation needed|date=March 2024}} In 2019, Manak wrote the song "Surma Kala" for [[Jassi Gill]]. He also wrote the song "Naam Jatt Da" for [[Gippy Grewal]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/jassie-gill-and-rhea-chakraborty-groove-to-surma-8kaala/articleshow/68848776.cms|title= Jassie Gill and Rhea Chakraborty groove to 'Surma Kaala'
|work =[[Times of India]] |access-date=10 January 2020}}</ref>

== Discography ==
=== EP ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!EP
!Music Producer(s)
!Composition & Lyrics
!Tracks
!Language
!Label
|-
|''2024''
|''Late Night Talks''
|Jass Manak, Avy Sra, Mnltx
|Jass Manak
|5
|Punjabi
|[[Mass Appeal India]]
|}

=== Albums ===
{|class="wikitable
|-
!Album
!Year
!Music Producer(s)
!Co-singer(s)
!Label
|-
|''Age 19''
|2019
|[[Sukhe]], [[Deep Jandu]], Snappy, Sharry Nexus, Game Changerz, Intense
|[[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]], [[Divine (rapper)|Divine]]
| rowspan="4" |Geet MP3
|-
|''No Competition''
|2020
|Jass Manak, Sharry Nexus, [[Rajat Nagpal]], [[MixSingh]], Aditya Dev, [[Vishal Mishra (composer)|Vishal Mishra]], [[Deep Jandu]]
|[[Divine (rapper)|Divine]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]], Simar Kaur, [[Asees Kaur]]
|-
|''Bad Munda<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=24 July 2021|title=Jass Manak Announces His New Music Upbeat Album 'Bad Munda'|url=https://kiddaan.com/jass-manak-announces-his-new-music-upbeat-album-bad-munda/|access-date=24 July 2021|website=Kiddaan|language=en-US}}</ref>''
|2021
|[[Deep Jandu]], Sharry Nexus, [[Rajat Nagpal]], [[Meet Bros]]
|Simar Kaur, [[Bilal Shaikh (rapper)|Emiway Bantai]],[[Bohemia (rapper)|Bohemia]]
|-
|Love Thunder
|2022
|Sharry Nexus, V Barot, [[Rajat Nagpal]], [[Ikky]]
|
|}

=== Singles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Track
!Lyricist
!Music
!Co-singer(s)
!Label
!Note(s)
|-
|2017
|''U TURN''
|Sukh Kular
|AM HUMAN
|
| rowspan="22" |Geet MP3
|Debut Song
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018
|''Without You''
| rowspan="2" |Jass Manak
|Game Changerz
|
| -
|-
|''Prada''
|AR Deep
|
|First major hit/ Best Punjabi Song of the Year
|-
|''Suit Punjabi''
|Avvy Dhaliwal
|Shagur
|
| -
|-
|''Boss''
| rowspan="19" |Jass Manak
|Game Changerz
|
| -
|-
|''Allah''
|Sukh-E
|
| -
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''Girlfriend''
|Snappy
|
| rowspan="2" |From Album "Age 19"
|-
|''Viah''
|Snappy
|
|-
|''Lehanga''
|Sharry Nexus
|
|[[List of most-viewed YouTube videos|1Billion+ views on YouTube]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |2020
|''Tera Mera Viah''
| rowspan="2" |[[MixSingh]]
|
| -
|-
|''Shopping''
|
| -
|-
|''Dil Todne Se Pehle''
| rowspan="3" |Sharry Nexus
|
| -
|-
|''Yes Or No''
|
| rowspan="4" |From Album "No Competition"
|-
|''Butterfly''
|
|-
|''No Competition''
|Jass Manak
|[[Divine (rapper)|Divine]]
|-
|''Yaara Tere Waraga''
|Mix Singh
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|-
|''Karwa Chauth''
|Sukh-E
|
| -
|-
| rowspan="4" |2021
|''Saiyaan''
| rowspan="2" |Sharry Nexus
|
| Featuring [[Sanjeeda Sheikh]]
|-
|''Khyaal''
|
| -
|-
|''Bad Munda''
| rowspan="2" |Rajat Nagpal, [[Deep Jandu]]
|Emiway Bantai
| rowspan="2" |From Album "Bad Munda"
|-
|''Shakka Lakka Boom Boom''
|Simar Kaur
|-
|2022
|''Naah''
|Sharry Nexus
|
| -
|-
|2024
|''Love & Lies''
|Jass Manak
|
|Mass Appeal India
|First single after partnership with "Mass Appeal India"
|}

=== As a lyricist ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Track
!Singer(s)
!Music Producer(s)
!Label
|-
|2018
|''"Wait"''
|Karan Randhawa
|Game Changerz
| rowspan="5" |Geet MP3
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|''"California"''
|Nishawn Bhullar, Priya
|[[Sukhe]]
|-
|''"Qatal"''
|Nishawn Bhullar, Gurlej Akhtar
|The Kidd
|-
|''"Tera Mera Viah"''
|Priya
|[[MixSingh]]
|-
|''"Jordan"''
|[[Deep Jandu]], Roach Killa
|Roach Killa
|-
|''"Surma Kaala"''
|[[Jassi Gill]]
|Snappy
|[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
|''"Zamana marda"''
|Chetan
|Akash Jandu
| rowspan="3" |Geet MP3
|-
|''"Naam Jatt Da"''
|[[Gippy Grewal|Gippy Grewal ft. Jass manak]]
|Jay K
|-
|2020
|''"Dil Todne Se Pehle" Ji''
|[[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
|Sharry Nexus
|}

===Songs in films/web series===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Movie
!Track
!Music
!Lyrics
!Co-singer(s)
!Label
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018
| rowspan="3" |''Gangland in The Motherland''
|''"Toronto"''
|[[Deep Jandu]]
|Jass Manak
|Priya
| rowspan="7" |Geet MP3
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Listen to Toronto Song by Jass Manak on Gaana.com|url=https://gaana.com/song/toronto-38|language=en|access-date=4 November 2021|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104063829/https://gaana.com/song/toronto-38|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|''"Gangland In The Motherland"''
|[[MixSingh|Mix Singh]]
|Gabbar Sangrur

|Guri
|<ref>{{Citation|title=Gangland in Motherland (Title Song) - Single by Jass Manak & Guri|date=28 January 2019|url=https://music.apple.com/gr/album/gangland-in-motherland-title-song-single/1451817900|language=en-GB|access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref>
|-
|''"Dhokha"''
|Sharry Nexus
|[[Sidhu Moose Wala|Sidhu Moosewala]]
| rowspan="4" |
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listen & Download Latest MP3 Hindi, English, Bollywood Songs Online|url=https://wynk.in/music|access-date=4 November 2021|website=Wynk Music|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
| rowspan="2" |''Sikander 2''
|''"Bandook"''
|Game Changerz
| rowspan="3" |Jass Manak
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikander 2 {{!}} Song - Bandook {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/sikander-2-song-bandook/videoshow/69798704.cms|access-date=4 November 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''"Rabb Wangu"''
|Sharry Nexus
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sikander 2 {{!}} Song - Rabb Wangu {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/sikander-2-song-rabb-wangu/videoshow/70292072.cms|access-date=4 November 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020
| rowspan="2" |''Shooter''
|''"Gal Sun"''
|[[Rajat Nagpal]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shooter {{!}} Song - Gal Sun {{!}} Entertainment - Times of India Videos|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/shooter-song-gal-sun/videoshow/75194277.cms|access-date=4 November 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''"Shoot Da Order"''
|Deep Jandu
|Roshan
|Jagpal Sandhu
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shooter {{!}} Song - Shoot Da Order {{!}} Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/punjabi/shooter-song-shoot-da-order/videoshow/73513610.cms|access-date=4 November 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2021

| ''[[Sardar Ka Grandson]]''
|''"Jee Ni Karda"''
|Tanishk Bagchi, Manak-E
|Manak-E, [[Tanishk Bagchi]]
|[[Nikhita Gandhi|Nikita Gandhi]], Manak-E
| rowspan="2" |[[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 April 2021|title=Sardar Ka Grandson song Jee Ni Karda: This Arjun Kapoor-Rakul Preet Singh track is the perfect mood-lifter, watch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/sardar-ka-grandson-song-jee-ni-karda-arjun-kapoor-rakul-preet-singh-watch-video-7288275/|access-date=4 November 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''
|''"Tenu Lehanga"''
|[[Tanishk Bagchi]], Jass Manak
|Tanishk Bagchi, Jass Manak
|Zara Khan
|<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|title=John Abraham, Divya's Satyameva Jayate 2 song Tenu Lehenga will take you on a fun ride.|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/john-abraham-divya-s-satyameva-jayate-2-song-tenu-lehenga-will-take-you-on-a-fun-ride-teaser-out-1872911-2021-11-03|access-date=4 November 2021|website=India Today|date=3 November 2021|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''Kaka Pardhaan''
|''"Salaama Hundiyan"''
|Deep Jandu
|S Sadhpuri
|Banny A
| rowspan="4" |Geet MP3
| rowspan="4" |
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Jatt Brothers]]''
|''"Lamborghini"''
''"London"''

''"Chandigarh"''
|Rajat Nagpal
| rowspan="3" |Jass Manak
|
|-
|[[Lover (2022 film)|''Lover'']]
|''"Pyar Karda"''
''"Kitna Chahe"''

''"Marke"''
|Sharry Nexus, Rajat Nagpal
|Asees Kaur
|-
|2023
|[[Tufang (film)|''Tufang'']]
|''"Teri Main Hogayi"''
|Sharry Nexus
|
|}

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
|-
|2021
|''[[Satyameva Jayate 2]]''
|Himself
|Special appearance
|-
|2022
|''[[Jatt Brothers]]''
|Pamma
|Debut film lead role with Guri and [[Nikeet Dhillon]]
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Song
!Category
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|2019
| rowspan="2" | [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
|"Prada"
|Best Song of the Year
|{{Won}}
|<ref name="award">{{cite news|title=The Best Song Award Goes To …?|work=[[Daily Post India]]|url=https://dailypost.in/news/entertainment/gaana-mirchi-music-awards/|url-status=live|access-date=2 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102163823/https://dailypost.in/news/entertainment/gaana-mirchi-music-awards/|archive-date=2 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|2020
2021
|"Lehanga"
|Listener's Choice Independent Music Category (INDIES)
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023: Celebrate Talent from World of Music |url=https://mirchi.in/mirchi-music-awards |access-date=30 April 2023 |website=mirchi.in |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Manak, Jass}}
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Punjabi singers]]
[[Category:Writers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1999 births]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:21st-century singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian male songwriters]]

Ministry of Information and Public Relations (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T14:57:43Z

Bhushana: Starting Data!

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Information and Public Relations}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a = '''मंत्रालय माहिती आणि जनसंपर्क विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Information and Public Relations [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]] <ref name="FP">{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-cabinet-portfolios-announced-dy-cm-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-aaditya-thackeray-allotted-tourism-and-environment-ministry-7861731.html|title=Maharashtra Cabinet portfolios announced: Dy CM Ajit Pawar gets finance, Aaditya Thackeray allotted tourism and environment ministry|date=January 5, 2020|website=Firstpost|access-date=November 1, 2021|archive-date=January 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200107000352/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-cabinet-portfolios-announced-dy-cm-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-aaditya-thackeray-allotted-tourism-and-environment-ministry-7861731.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ABP">{{Cite web|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministry-list-governor-approved-allocation-of-portfolios-proposed-by-cm-uddhav-thackeray-729069|title=मंत्रिमंडळ खातेवाटपाला राज्यपालांची मंजुरी, अधिकृत खातेवाटप जाहीर|first=एबीपी माझा, वेब|last=टीम|date=January 5, 2020|website=marathi.abplive.com|access-date=November 1, 2021|archive-date=October 6, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006220549/https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministry-list-governor-approved-allocation-of-portfolios-proposed-by-cm-uddhav-thackeray-729069|url-status=live}}</ref>
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = Additional Chief Secretary
| chief1_position = '''Shri Sanjay Chahande''', ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Information and Public Relations''' is a ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra]]. It is responsible for preparing annual plans for the development of [[Maharashtra]] state.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Objectives of Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Maharashtra|url=https://information/|url-status=dead|access-date=2021-10-23|archive-date=2016-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112183636/http://www.information/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Economics and Statistics|url=https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|website=Information and Public Relations Department, Government of Maharashtra, India|access-date=2021-10-23|archive-date=2021-10-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019114053/https://mahades.maharashtra.gov.in/home.do?lang=|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' is Current Minister of Information and Public Relations.

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 200px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = Ministry of Information and Public Relations
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Information and Public Relations}} '''मंत्री माहिती आणि जनसंपर्क'''
| image = File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg
| incumbent = [[Eknath Shinde]] {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]], 
[[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]] on the advice of the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' 
(2019-2022)
| deputy = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 14 August 2022
}}

==List of Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Information and Public Relations
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]''' {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}} {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Saoli Assembly constituency|Saoli Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|80px]]
| rowspan="01"|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}} {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|05|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 20 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|05|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March 1985}} 1960
|{{small|03 June 1985}} 1962
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shankarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 08 - [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|30}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="3" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 1991
|{{small|03 September}} 1992
!{{ayd|1991|12|30|1992|09|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 September}} 1992
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1992|09|03|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Manohar Joshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Dadar Assembly constituency|Dadar Constituency No. 181]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|31 January}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|01|31}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Narayan Rane]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kudal Assembly constituency|Malvan Constituency No. 269]]- [[Sindhudurg District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|15}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2007
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 201p
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
||{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Information and Public Relations
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 23 November 2019 To 28 November 2019'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Aditi Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 30 June 2022'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]

|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

==List of principal secretary==
*'''Shri Sanjay Chahande, (IAS)'''

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Santhanam (film)

2026-03-06T06:03:08Z

Bhushana: made a stub - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Santhanam
| image = Santhanam (1955 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Anisetty & Pinisetty {{small|(dialogues)}}
| producer = C. V. Ranganatha Das
| director = C. V. Ranganatha Das [[L. V. Prasad]] {{small|(supervision)}}
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| music = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|Susarla Dakshina Murthy]]
| cinematography = Rahman Prasad Raja Mani
| editing = P. V. Manikyam
| studio = Sadhana Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1955|8|5}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Santhanam''''' ({{translation|Children}}) is a 1955 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced & directed by C. V. Ranganatha Das under the Sadhana Films banner while [[L. V. Prasad]] has taken care of direction supervision. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] and music composed by [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|Susarla Dakshina Murthy]]. The film is the debut of legendary singer ''[[Lata Mangeshkar]]'' in the Telugu film industry.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2014-09-26 |title=SANTHAANAM (1955) |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/santhaanam-1955/article6447106.ece |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref><ref name="SITARA">{{Cite news |last=ఆచారం |first=షణ్ముఖాచారి |title=గానకోకిల గానామృతం చిలికించిన సంతానం |work=Sitara |url=https://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/santhanam-akkineni-nageswara-rao/4027 |access-date=19 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110050938/https://www.sitara.net/animuthyalu/santhanam-akkineni-nageswara-rao/4027 |archive-date=10 November 2019}}</ref> The song ''Nidura Pora Thammuda'' was a trend setter in being a theme song that unites lost siblings.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Narasimham |first=M. L. |date=2017-04-27 |title=Melody queen and the lullaby |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/melody-queen-and-the-lullaby/article18251554.ece |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref> The film was remade in Tamil as ''[[Marakka Mudiyuma?]]''.

== Plot ==
The film begins with Rangaiah, a laborer who has two children, and his wife passes away, giving birth to a third. Beyond that, Rangaiah loses his eyesight in an accident, and 3 children are left to fend for themselves by Rangaiah. Due to misfortune, the second one, Ramu, is lost on the train and joins a drama troupe. The eldest, Lakshmi, finds shelter at the wealthy Narahari Rao's residence with the help of his son Madhu. One day, unfortunately, the younger Babu is abducted by a thief for a locket when Mastan Baba, a wrestler, rescues and rears him. Years pass, Ramu becomes a stage artist, and his proprietor compels him to knit his daughter. Frightened, Ramu escapes and lands at a tycoon, Subbaraju's residence, where he acquires a cooking pot, and Sarada, the daughter of Subbaraju, falls for him. Parallelly, Madhu & Lakshmi share a bond beyond, who promises to espouse her. Knowing it, Narahari expelled Lakshmi immediately after he proceeded abroad. Before dying, Mastan Baba reveals Babu's birth secret and handovers the locket. After that, he saves Narahari's daughter Sarala from goons, and she crushes him. Here, Narahari angers as he aspires to perform at Sarala's wedding with his nephew Shakaram, so he detached them too.

Meanwhile, Subbaraju learns about Ramu & Sarada's love affair, approves their alliance, and promotes Ramu as General Manager. After returning, Madhu finds out about his father's violation of Lakshmi. Right now, she works as a daily worker at Subbaraju's factory, where Manager Kamayya tries to molest her when Babu rescues her. In the quarrel, she recognizes him by the locket. Following, to take revenge, Kamayya throws Lakshmi into debt and asks her to vacate the house. So, to repay the amount, Babu heists a beggar and its Rangaiah. Whereat, Lakshmi returns it, chiding Babu, and shelters Rangaiah. During that plight, Lakshmi moves for Ramu's help, but he is reluctant. Depressed, Lakshmi moves on to singing their childhood song when Ramu recognizes her. So, he rushes, pleads pardon, and narrates their story, which Rangaiah overhears. However, he is quiet out of contrition when Babu arrives, strikes Ramu, and unfortunately, Lakshmi is wounded. Immediately, they shift her to a hospital where Madhu treats her. Accidentally, Babu spots grief-stricken Sarala therein and consoles her. Discerning the situation, Subbaraju silently arranges the weddings of siblings. Determining it, Narahari lands at the venue when Rangaiah bars him and divulges the truth about where the children mingled with their father. Looking at their affection, Narahari also realizes. Finally, the movie ends on a happy note with the marriages of siblings with their respective love interests.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|*[[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] as Ramu/Krishna
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Sharada
*[[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Rangaiah
*[[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as Babu
*Amarnath as Madhu
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Subba Raju
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Manager
*[[Mikkilineni (actor)|Mikkilineni]] as Narahari Rao
*[[Chadalavada Kutumba Rao|Chadalavada]] as Subbaiah
*[[Allu Ramalingaiah]] as Lingaiah
*[[B. Padmanabham|Padmanabham]] as Shankaram
*[[Sriranjani Jr.]] as Lakshmi
*[[Malini (Tamil actress)|Kusuma Kumari]] as Sarala
*[[Hemalatha (Telugu actress)|Hemalatha]] as Ravamma}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Santhanam
| type = film
| artist = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|Susarla Dakshina Murthy]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1955
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 17:08
| label =
| producer = [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|Susarla Dakshina Murthy]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Susarla Dakshinamurthi|Susarla Dakshina Murthy]]. Lyrics were written by Anisetty & Pinisetty. Music released on Audio Company.

=== Telugu songs ===

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|1 || "Nidhurapora Thammudaa" || [[Lata Mangeshkar]] & [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 3:41
|-
|2 || "Challani Vennela" || Ghantasala || 3:54
|-
|3 || "Kanumoosinaka.... Santhoshamela Sangeethamela" || [[S. P. Kodandapani]] & [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 3:38
|-
|4 || "Devi Sridevi" || Ghantasala || 2:26
|-
|5 || "Nidhurapora Thammuda" (Pathos) || Lata Mangeshkar || 3:29
|-
|6 || "Murali Ganamidena" || [[Jikki]] || 3:31
|-
|7 || "Idhi Vintha Jeevithame" || S. Dakshinamurthi & T. Sathyavathi ||
|-
|8 || "Amma Maayamma" || Jikki ||
|-
|9 || "Ee Chitta Anaamatthu" || Ghantasala ||
|-
|10 || "Ee Lokana Veliyai Vilapinchutena" || Jikki ||
|-
|11 || "Kanumusina Kanipinche NIjamedhira" || Ghantasala ||
|-
|12 || "Kalalu Pande Kalamantha (Bit)" || Lata Mangeshkar ||
|-
|13 || "Chacchiri Sodarul (Padyam)" || Ghantasala ||
|-
|14 || "Pokun Maandhu Dhehamevidhamunan" || Ghantasala ||
|-
|15 || "Bava Eppudu Vacchitheevu (Padyam)" || Ghantasala ||
|-
|16 || "Lavokkinthayu Ledhu Dhairyamu (Padyam)" || Ghantasala ||
|}

=== Tamil songs ===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
| 1 || "Manamakizhvudan .. Santhoshamethaan" || [[A. M. Rajah]], [[K. Jamuna Rani]] || 3:07
|-
| 2 || "Murali Ganamidhe" || rowspan=2|[[Jikki]] || 3:12
|-
| 3 || "Amma Paaramma" || 3:16
|-
| 4 || "Niththirai Po" (Pathos) || [[P. Leela]] || 3:22
|-
| 5 || "Puvi Meedhile" || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] || 2:39
|-
| 6 || "Thannoli Vennilavo" || [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] || 3:00
|}

== Tamil version ==
The film was dubbed into [[Tamil language|Tamil]] with the same title and released in 1956.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220082504/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1956.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-date=20 December 2016 |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |date=23 October 2004 |publisher=Sivakami Publishers |location=Chennai |language=ta |trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films |author-link=Film News Anandan}}</ref> Dialogues were written by Thanjai T. K. Govindan and the lyrics were penned by Kuyilan.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0318658}}

[[Category:1955 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Susarla Dakshinamurthi]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:1955 drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Sone Ki Lanka

2026-03-04T00:04:53Z

Bhushana: made post

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sone Ki Lanka
| image = Sone Ki Lanka.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = Naeem-Ezaz {{small|(dialogues)}}
| story = Ajay Kashyap
| screenplay = Geeta Kashyap
| producer = Rajendra Patel
| director = Ajay Kashyap
| starring = [[Jeetendra]] [[Jayapradha]] [[Chunky Pandey]] [[Varsha Usgaonkar]]
| music = [[Anand–Milind]]
| cinematography = Aloke Das Gupta
| editing = Ram Kishore Prasad
| studio = R.S.Films<ref name="Titles">{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2656934/ |title=Titles |publisher=IMDb}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1992|8|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sone Ki Lanka''''' ({{translation}} ''Island of Gold'') is a 1992 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]], produced by Rajendra Patel on R.S.Films banner and directed by Ajay Kashyap. Starring [[Jeetendra]], [[Jayapradha]], [[Chunky Pandey]], [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] and music composed by [[Anand–Milind]].<ref name="Heading">{{cite web|url=http://www.gomolo.com/sone-ki-lanka-movie/6891 |title=Heading |publisher=gomolo}}</ref><ref name="Heading-2">{{cite web|url=http://muvyz.com/moviepage/by785395 |title=Heading-2 |publisher=MuVyz}}</ref><ref name="Heading-3">{{cite web|url=http://ibosnetwork.com/asp/filmbodetails.asp?id=Sone+Ki+Lanka |title=Heading-3 |publisher=IBOS}}</ref><ref name="Heading-4">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodnazar.com/movie/castandcrew/sone_ki_lanka/2916 |title=Heading-4 |publisher=Bollywood Nagar.com}}</ref><ref name="Heading-5">{{cite web|url=http://www.movies.com.pk/movie/Sone-Ki-Lanka/1916 |title=Heading-5 |publisher=Movies.Com.PK}}</ref><ref name="Heading-6">{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/sone-ki-lanka-hindi-movie/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222092110/http://spicyonion.com/title/sone-ki-lanka-hindi-movie/ |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 December 2015 |title=Heading-6 |publisher=Spice Onion}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mohit (Jeetendra) and Rohit (Chunkey Pandey) attain their youth while working in a motor garage right from their childhood. Each one of them is prepared to lay his life for the other if time demands so. The uppermost aspiration of Rohit's life is to become a multi-millionaire. In order to achieve this, he entices Romu (Varsha Usgaonkar) into the nest of his love, but this dream is shattered to smithereens when he finds out that Romu is poor as himself and is also nursing the same desire as his own. On the other hand, Mohit has a burning desire to grind Kamal Rai (Sadashiv Amprapurkar) to dust because he had taken over entire wealth of Mohit's father after murdering and is enjoying it unlawfully. During Mohit's revengeful pursuit he is joined by Vinny (Shakti Kapoor) and Reema Devi (Reema Lagoo) who are victims of Kamal Rai's villainy. Now the density plays its hand Kamal Rai is reunite this entire wealth is the sole aim of Mohit's life. To achieve this, he successfully wins the heart of Tejal (Jaya Prada) who is the daughter of Kamal Rai. Rohit becomes a formidable obstacle between the two lovers & wants to eliminate Mohit. During this tense drama of vengeance, Vinny gets killed at the hands of Rohit and Mohit kills Romu.

==Cast==
Source<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sone Ki Lanka - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=5855 |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sone Ki Lanka Movie Trailer, Star Cast, Release Date, Box Office, Movie Review {{!}} Sone Ki Lanka Movie budget and Collection {{!}} Sone Ki Lanka |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/movie/sone-ki-lanka |access-date=2024-03-12 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Jeetendra]] as Mohit
* [[Jayapradha]] as Tejal
* [[Chunky Pandey]] as Rohit
* [[Varsha Usgaonkar]] as Romu / Ram Pyari
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Vinny
* [[Satyendra Kapoor]] as Madhav
* [[Sadashiv Amrapurkar]] as Kamal Rai
* [[Pankaj Dheer]] as Naughty
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Reema Devi
* [[Tiku Talsania]] as Kewal Lal
* Aparajita as Mohit's mom
* [[Subbiraj]] as Dayalu Ram
* [[Bob Christo]] as Goon who attacks Vinny
* [[Kunika]] as Honey

== Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Sar Pe Topi Kali"
| [[Mohammad Aziz]], [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]]
|-
| 2
| "Tere Pyar Ki Bulbul"
| [[Udit Narayan]], [[Sadhana Sargam]]
|-
| 3
| "Jeene Ka Marne Ka"
| [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]], Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 4
| "Aankhon Aankhon Mein"
| [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]], Sadhana Sargam
|-
| 5
| "Maine Pee Tu Ne Pee"
| Kavita Krishnamurthy
|-
| 6
| "Aage Aage Ek Hasina"
| Abhijeet Bhattacharya, Mangal Singh
|}<ref name="Songs">{{cite web|url=https://www.lyricsbogie.com/category/movies/sone-ki-lanka-1992 |title=Songs |publisher=lyrics bogie}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1992 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anand–Milind]]

The Thriller

2026-03-03T20:46:59Z

Bhushana: quick rework section per sources and updated info after review

{{about|the 2010 Malayalam thriller film|other uses|Thriller (disambiguation){{!}}Thriller}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Thriller
| image = The Thriller poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[B. Unnikrishnan]]
| based_on = Murder Case of Paul Muthoot George
| producer = Sabu Cherian
| writer = B. Unnikrishnan
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] [[Lalu Alex]] [[Catherine Tresa]] [[Prajin]] [[Mallika Kapoor]] [[Sampath Raj]]
| music = [[Dharan (music director)|Dharan Kumar]]
| cinematography = Bharani K. Dharan
| editing = [[Manoj (Malayalam film editor)|Manoj]]
| studio = Ananda Bhairavi
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|11|17}}
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
}}
'''''The Thriller''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Crime film|crime thriller film]] written and directed by [[B. Unnikrishnan]]. It stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Catherine Tresa]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Lalu Alex]], [[Prajin]], [[Mallika Kapoor]], and [[Sampath Raj]] in pivotal roles. It was released on 17 November. Later on, it was dubbed in Hindi under the same title.<ref name="hindu">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/12/stories/2010111251210100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108094846/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2010/11/12/stories/2010111251210100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2012|title='Thriller' on the cards|author=Saraswathy Nagarajan|access-date=2010-11-12|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=12 November 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sify.com/movies/the-thriller-review-malayalam-pclxKtgffjfja.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929075951/https://www.sify.com/movies/the-thriller-review-malayalam-pclxKtgffjfja.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 September 2020|title = The Thriller|website=[[Sify]] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-the-thriller-review/20101118.htm|title=The Thriller lacks thrills}}</ref> The film is based on the murder case of renowned banker [[The Muthoot Group|Paul Muthoot]], who was murdered in 2009.

==Plot==
[[Deputy commissioner|DCP]] Niranjan, a furious police officer, is assigned to investigate the murder case of prominent businessman Simon Palathungal (based on Paul Muthoot), which formed the headlines in the [[Kerala]] media for more than three months. The case had attracted attention for its mysterious planning and execution. Through this investigation, Niranjan finds out that a big crime racket is behind Simon's murder. Niranjan also has enmity with Martin Dinakar, a [[Dubai]]-based gold smuggler who is Simon's rival enemy and a headache in Niranjan's investigation. The rest of the film shows how Niranjan tries to bring the real culprit of the murder case. <ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.deccanherald.com/content/21150/road-rage-killed-muthoot-scion.html| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100226055724/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/21150/road-rage-killed-muthoot-scion.html| archive-date = 2010-02-26| title = Road rage killed Muthoot scion: Kerala police}} </ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as [[Superintendent of Police#India|DCP]] Niranjan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Ex-[[Additional Director General of Police#India|ADGP]] Balagopal [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Lalu Alex]] as [[Director General of Police#India|IG]] Thomas George [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Catherine Tresa]] as Meera, Niranjan's girlfriend
*[[Prajin]] as Simon Joseph Palathungal (character based on Paul Muthoot George)
*[[Mallika Kapoor]] as Meghna Gupta, Simon's fiancée
*[[Sampath Raj]] as Martin Dinakar
*[[Vincent Asokan]] as [[RDX]] Anil
*[[Anand (actor)|Anand]] as [[Deputy Inspector General of Police#India|DIG]] Manmohan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], [[Commissioner of Police#India|City Police Commissioner]]
*[[P. Sreekumar]] as [[Assistant Commissioner of Police#India|ACP]] Shihabudeen [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Subair]] as [[Circle Inspector#India|CI]] Alex
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Ex-[[Sub Inspector#India|Sub Inspector]] Sadhasivan, Niranjan's father
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as [[quarry|Paramada]] Subhash
*[[M. R. Gopakumar]] as Adv.Uthaman Pillai, Meera's uncle
*[[Uma (Tamil actress)|Uma]] as Meera's mother
*[[Kollam Thulasi]] as Narayanan, [[Home Minister]] of [[Kerala]]
*[[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as [[Director General of Police#India|DGP]] Mathew Eapen [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*Tosh Christy as Joshua
*[[Dinesh Panicker]] as Joseph Palathungal, Simon's father
*[[Kishor Satya]] as Jacob Joseph Palathungal, Simon's brother
*[[Mamta Mohandas]] as the dancer (special appearance)
*V. K. Baiju as [[Sub Inspector|SI]] Philipose
*[[Sasi Kalinga]] as [[Assistant Sub-Inspector of Police|ASI]] Shivarajan
*[[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]] as Udayabhanu
{{colend}}

== Production ==
[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] stars in "The Thriller". Katherine, [[Mallika Kapoor]] and [[Sampath Raj]] are in the film as well.<ref name="hindu"/>

The first schedule of ''The Thriller'' takes place in and around Thiruvananthapuram, Kovalam, and Vizhinjam. The second schedule is likely to take place in a foreign country.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianterminal.com/forum/first-cut-first-show/77425-the-thriller-prithviraj-as-police-official.html|title = ║█║►THE THRILLER - Prithviraj as Police - Official◄◄║█║}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| extra1 = [[Haricharan]], [[Mamta Mohandas]]
| title1 = Priyankari
| title2 = Thriller Thriller
| extra2 = Prithivraj, [[Sunitha Parthasarathy]]
| title3 = Mizhiyil
| extra3 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], [[SuVi]]
| title4 = Priyakari
| extra4 = [[Benny Dayal]]
| title5 = Orma Than Nilave
| extra5 = [[Alphons Joseph]], [[Shweta Mohan]]

}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.themoviethriller.com/}} {{dead link|date=November 2014}}
* {{IMDb title|tt1820707}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thriller}}

[[Category:2010 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2010s police procedural films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films directed by B. Unnikrishnan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Dharan Kumar]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]

Kattappava Kanom

2026-03-03T03:20:33Z

Bhushana: Creating Data

{{Short description|2017 Indian Tamil-language film by Mani Seiyon}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kattappava Kanom
| image = Kattappava Kanom.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Poster
| director = Mani Seiyon
| producer = WindChimes Media Entertainments
| writer = Mani Seiyon
| starring = [[Sibi Sathyaraj]] [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] [[Kaali Venkat]] [[Yogi Babu]] [[Mime Gopi]] [[J. Livingston|Livingston]]
| narrator = [[Vijay Sethupathi]]
| music = [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
| cinematography = Anand Jeeva
| editing = [[Sathish Suriya]]
| studio = WindChimes Media Entertainments
| distributor = [[Sri Green Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|2017|03|17|df=yes}}
| runtime = 125 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Kattappava Kanom''''' ({{translation|Kattappa is Missing}}) is a 2017 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by Mani Seiyon, starring [[Sibi Sathyaraj]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]. Featuring an ensemble cast of supporting actors including [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Yogi Babu]], [[Mime Gopi]], and [[J. Livingston|Livingston]], the film was released on 17 March 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last=M |first=Ramakrishnan |date=16 March 2017 |title=Finding Kattappa |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sibiraj-takes-the-experimental-route-with-kattappava-kaanom/article17474972.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318165942/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/sibiraj-takes-the-experimental-route-with-kattappava-kaanom/article17474972.ece |archive-date=18 March 2017 |access-date=2 October 2018 |work=The Hindu |df=dmy-all |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Expand section|August 2025|date=August 2025}}
Vanjaram ([[Mime Gopi]]), a gangster, owns an [[asian arowana]] fish named Kattappa, which is believed to be his lucky charm. One night, Kattappa gets stolen by a thief, and after a string of events, it ends up in Pandian's ([[Sibiraj|Sibi Sathyaraj]]) house. Pandian is considered an epitome of bad luck after multiple business failures, and his father even calls him "Bad Luck" Pandian. Pandian falls in love with and marries an open-minded girl named Meena ([[Aishwarya Rajesh]]). They move into a new apartment, where they meet a little girl named Kayal (Baby Monica) who has lost her mother at a young age and develops a bonding with the couple. Kayal yearns for a miracle which will make her wishes come true. When Kattappa ends up in their house, they discover that it is indeed a lucky fish.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Sibi Sathyaraj]] as "Bad Luck" Pandian
* [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Meenakumari
* [[Kaali Venkat]] as Keechan
* [[Yogi Babu]] as Nandu
* [[Mime Gopi]] as Vanjaram
* Baby Monica as Kayal
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Aali
* [[Thirumurugan (actor)|Thirumurugan]] as Sura
* [[Nalan Kumarasamy]] as Dr. Rakesh
* Jayakumar as Perusu
* [[Chitra Lakshmanan]] as Jayagopal, "Bad Luck" Pandian's father
* Tamil Selvi as Kanchana, Vanjaram's wife
* Dhindukal Saravanan as Sankara
* Mona Kakade as Meenakumari's mother
* "Kumbakonam" Ravi Chandran as Vanjaram's Assistant
* Meena Vemuri as Kayal's teacher
* [[Venkat Subha]] as an Astrologer
* [[Mimicry Sethu]] as Kayal's father
* Rekha Suresh as Meenakumari's aunt
* [[Supergood Subramani]] as Water tanker driver
* [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] as "Surprise" Sheela (Cameo Appearance)
{{colend}}

==Production==
In early 2016, R. Manikandan announced that he would make a film revolving around a [[Asian arowana|lucky fish]] starring [[Sibi Sathyaraj]] and that [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] and [[Chandini Tamilarasan]] would portray the leading female roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aishwarya's next is a comedy film' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aishwaryas-next-is-a-comedy-film/articleshow/51178419.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228042230/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Aishwaryas-next-is-a-comedy-film/articleshow/51178419.cms |archive-date=28 December 2016 |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=indiatimes.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The project developed under the title ''Thanni Raja'', with [[Kaali Venkat]], [[Mime Gopi]] and [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] announced as cast members in March 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2016 |title=Sibiraj – Aishwarya Rajesh film has been titled Thanni Raja |url=http://behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sibiraj-aishwarya-rajesh-film-has-been-titled-thanni-raja.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122223724/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-16/sibiraj-aishwarya-rajesh-film-has-been-titled-thanni-raja.html |archive-date=22 November 2017 |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=behindwoods.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Film director [[Nalan Kumarasamy]] also later joined the cast to portray a veterinary doctor, who attends to a fish.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2016 |title=Nalan Kumaraswamy joins Sibiraj-Aishwarya Rajesh - Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nalan-kumaraswamy-acting-with-hot-actress-aishwarya-rajesh-sibiraj-new-movie-tamil-news-158544.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003014308/https://www.indiaglitz.com/nalan-kumaraswamy-acting-with-hot-actress-aishwarya-rajesh-sibiraj-new-movie-tamil-news-158544.html |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=indiaglitz.com}}</ref> The film was re-titled as ''Kattappava Kanom'' during June 2016, making reference to the popular character of Kattappa from ''[[Baahubali: The Beginning]]'' (2015) portrayed by Sibiraj's father, [[Sathyaraj]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2016 |title=Sibiraj's next film titled Kattappavae Kaanom! |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100616/sibiraj-s-next-film-titled-kattappavae-kaanom.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126174911/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/100616/sibiraj-s-next-film-titled-kattappavae-kaanom.html |archive-date=26 January 2017 |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Vijay Sethupathi]] agreed to work as a narrator in the film, and dubbed for his portions in late 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2017 |title=Tales of Kattappa, fantasy and romance |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/16/tales-of-kattappa-fantasy-and-romance-1581754.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180330013826/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/16/tales-of-kattappa-fantasy-and-romance-1581754.html |archive-date=30 March 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=newindianexpress.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kattappava Kanom (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|10|21}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = 13:47
| language = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Enakku Vaaitha Adimaigal]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Madura Veeran]]
| next_year = 2017
}}
The film's music was composed by [[Santhosh Dhayanidhi]], who had previously worked on ''[[Inimey Ippadithan]]'' (2015). The soundtrack was released by [[Sony Music India]] on 21 October 2016.
{{track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 13:47
| title1 = Hey Penne
| lyrics1 = Uma Devi
| extra1 = [[Sid Sriram]], Alisha Thomas, Aishwarya Kumar
| length1 = 3:19

| title2 = Kangalai Suttrum Kanavugalai
| lyrics2 = Muthamil
| extra2 = [[D. Sathyaprakash|Sathya Prakash]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| length2 = 3:55

| title3 = The Vatti Song
| lyrics3 = Muthamil
| extra3 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| length3 = 3:33
}}

==Release==
The film was released on 17 March 2017, alongside four other Tamil films and received mixed to negative reviews. [[The Hindustan Times]] gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and said "nevertheless, with an interesting premise about the lives of a few characters that revolve around a Feng Sui fish-and not a heroine for a change—it's an amusing diversion from the regular Tamil cinema, and that's a change that deserves to be welcomed even if it's not worth celebrating".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2017 |title=Kattappava Kanom movie review: Not wacky like Soodhu Kavvum, but funny nonetheless |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/kattappava-kaanom-movie-review-not-wacky-like-soodhu-kavvum-but-funny-nonetheless/story-pJATsMwO9inKvWCHzZDuFI.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109112807/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/kattappava-kaanom-movie-review-not-wacky-like-soodhu-kavvum-but-funny-nonetheless/story-pJATsMwO9inKvWCHzZDuFI.html |archive-date=9 January 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=hindustantimes.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> A critic from the Times of India wrote, "considering the theme and its potential, the movie could have been a lot whackier. However, the movie is still an engaging diversion. But the movie never gets past its jokes. While there's no scarcity of it, the jokes could have been funnier and the pace, a bit more swift". In contrast, Sify.com's reviewers noted "''Kattapava Kanom'' is fantasy-dark humor movie and if you're not into this particular genre, chances are, you're not going to like the 'juvenile humor' much either" and "the movie's biggest turn-off is the dead-slow pace of narration, not to mention that there isn't anything remotely logical in the movie".<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2017 |title=Review: Kattapava Kaanom has real good moments few and far between |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/17/review-kattapava-kaanom-has-real-good-moments-few-and-far-between-1582393.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140910/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2017/mar/17/review-kattapava-kaanom-has-real-good-moments-few-and-far-between-1582393.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=newindianexpress.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Review : Kattapava Kaanom review-Too silly and slow moving (2017) |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kattapava-kaanom-review-too-silly-and-slow-moving-review-tamil-rdrlWvciefcdd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911131651/http://www.sify.com/movies/kattapava-kaanom-review-too-silly-and-slow-moving-review-tamil-rdrlWvciefcdd.html |archive-date=11 September 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |website=[[Sify]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[The Hindu]]'s review concluded that it was a "wacky subject ruined by aimless filmmaking".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=18 March 2017 |title=Fish out of water |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fish-out-of-water/article17524830.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002165522/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/fish-out-of-water/article17524830.ece |archive-date=2 October 2018 |access-date=2 October 2018 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "There's nothing wrong with sex comedies, but instead of a balls-out attack on good taste – as in the resolutely A-rated Trisha Illana Nayanthara – Kattappava Kaanom goes the sleazy wink-nudge route."<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2017 |title=Kattapava Kanom Movie Review |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/kattapava-kanom-movie-review}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt6656784}}

[[Category:2017 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2017 Indian films]]
[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Devadas Brothers

2026-03-03T02:35:14Z

Bhushana: Created a entry

{{Short description|2021 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Devadas Brothers
| image = Devadas Brothers.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Janakiraman
| producer = [[Etcetera Entertainment|Mathiyazhagan]]
| writer = Janakiraman
| starring = [[Dhruvva]] Ajai Prasath [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] [[Bala Saravanan]]
| music = [[Dharan Kumar]]
| cinematography = M. C. Ganesh Chandra
| editing = Marish
| studio = [[Etcetera Entertainment]]
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2021|09|03}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Devadas Brothers''''' is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by Janakiraman and starring [[Dhruvva]], Ajai Prasath, [[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] and [[Bala Saravanan]]. Produced by Mathiyazhagan, it was released on 3 September 2021.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Dhruvva]] as Ram
*Ajai Prasath as Krishna
*[[Hari Krishnan (Tamil actor)|Hari Krishnan]] as Jegathesh
*[[Bala Saravanan]] as Sathya
*[[Sanchita Shetty]]
*[[Shilpa Manjunath]]
*Aara
*Deepthi Manne
*[[Samuthirakani]] as Writer
*[[Robo Shankar]] as Lakshman
*[[Thambi Ramaiah]]
*[[Mayilsamy]]
*[[Deepa Shankar]] as Jegathesh's mother
}}

== Production ==
The film began its shoot in 2016 and was completed in early 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title='Devdas Brothers' is a love failure comedy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devdas-brothers-is-a-love-failure-comedy/articleshow/50931384.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706215448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/devdas-brothers-is-a-love-failure-comedy/articleshow/50931384.cms |archive-date=6 July 2023 |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2017 |title=Sanchita's next is Devdas Brothers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanchitas-next-is-devdas-brothers/articleshow/48282219.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910085530/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanchitas-next-is-devdas-brothers/articleshow/48282219.cms |archive-date=10 September 2024 |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Promotions for the film's release began in 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 June 2020 |title=Simbu launches 'Devadas Brothers' trailer amid the lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/simbu-launches-devadas-brothers-trailer-amid-the-lockdown/articleshow/76193106.cms |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
Soundtrack composed by Dharan Kumar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2021 |title=Devadas Brothers (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) by C. Dharan Kumar |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/devadas-brothers-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1548020390}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2021 |title=Devadas Brothers - Micheal - Download or Listen Free - JioSaavn |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/devadas-brothers/dr8R06Jtzfg_}}</ref>
*Vaa Machan - Michael
*Dama Duma - Unni Nair
*Rotula Train - Dharan
*Soodana Theneer - Dharan
*Aendi Paatha - [[Anthony Daasan]]
*Thanga Magan - Dharan

== Release ==
The film had a theatrical release on 3 September 2021, and became the first Tamil film to release in Tamil Nadu after the second wave of [[COVID-19]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=No show in K'wood on first Friday after reopening of theatres |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-show-in-kwood-on-first-friday-after-reopening-of-theatres/articleshow/85688281.cms |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from [[The Times of India]] noted "''Devadas Brothers'' is an uneven message movie, and gave the film two stars out of five.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Devadas Brothers Movie Review: Devadas Brothers is an uneven message movie |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/devadas-brothers/movie-review/85897155.cms |access-date=9 November 2021 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A reviewer from OTTPlay noted "despite a run time of less than 100 minutes, it is an uphill task to sit through the movie, thanks to weak characterizations, generic staging of sequences and cringeworthy dialogues".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Devadas Brothers movie review: Despite a run time of less than 100 minutes, sitting through this film is an uphill task |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/devadas-brothers-movie-review-despite-a-run-time-of-less-than-100-minutes-sitting-through-this-film-is-an-uphill-task/a4f152a6a3473 |access-date=9 November 2021 |website=OTTPlay.com}}</ref>

A month later, the film was released on streaming platform Netflix.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Devadas Brothers | Netflix |url=https://www.netflix.com/in/title/81311076 |website=[[Netflix]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=12478372}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Dada (2023 film)

2026-03-03T02:32:19Z

Bhushana: fixed formatting per standard format also and updated info

{{short description|2023 Indian Tamil-language film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dada
| image = Dada (2023 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster
| director = Ganesh K. Babu
| writer = Ganesh K. Babu
| screenplay =
| story =
| producer = S. Ambeth Kumar
| starring = {{ubl|[[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]]|[[Aparna Das]]}}
| cinematography = Ezhil Arasu K.
| editing = Kathiresh Alagesan
| music = Jen Martin
| studio = Olympia Movies
| distributor = [[Red Giant Movies]] [[Ayngaran International]]
| released = {{film date|2023|02|10|df=y}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Dada''''' ({{translation|Father}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Coming-of-age film|coming-of-age]] [[romance film|romantic]] [[comedy drama film]] written and directed by Ganesh K. Babu, in his directorial debut. Produced by Olympia Movies, the film stars [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] and [[Aparna Das]] in the lead roles, alongside [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] and [[VTV Ganesh]]. The story follows a college student who embraces fatherhood, providing care and love to his child while facing the challenges of life as a single father. The film has music composed by Jen Martin, editing by K. Ezhil Arasu and cinematography handled by Kathiresh Alagesan.

''Dada'' was released theatrically on 10 February 2023 to positive reviews.

== Plot ==
Manikandan and Sindhu, final-year college students, are in a relationship. Sindhu becomes [[Pregnancy|pregnant]], and their lives changes. Mani asks Sindhu to get an [[abortion]], but she refuses, and they both rent a house. Due to his [[alcoholism]], Mani mistreats Sindhu by not paying attention to her and not caring about her. After Sindhu gives birth, Mani reaches the hospital to see Sindhu missing and leaving the baby behind. Caring for the baby, Mani names his child Aditya and raises him to be a gentleman.

After a few years, Mani searches for a new job and finally lands one, where he meets Sindhu. Knowing that she is the manager of the company, Mani is nervous to work at the office at first but later starts to feel comfortable about going to the office. One day, Mani brings Aditya to his office. When Aditya tells Sindhu his name (Aditya was the name Sindhu chose) and his father is Mani, Sindhu realizes that Aditya is her son.

After realizing this, Sindhu converses with Mani, who asks Sindhu about leaving the baby despite her insistence on not taking an abortion. Sindhu reveals that her parents had lied that the baby had died and she thought it was due to Mani's irresponsible behavior during her pregnancy and left him. After clearing up the misunderstanding, Aditya, Sindhu, and Mani reunite as a family.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
* [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] as Manikandan "Mani"
* [[Aparna Das]] as Sindhu
* Master Ilan Arjunan as Aditya Manikandan
** Master Arav and Master Bedal Sanjay as [[toddler]] Aditya
*** Baby Nalan Premkumar as [[infant]] Aditya
* [[K. Bhagyaraj]] as Mani's father
* [[Aishwariyaa Bhaskaran]] as Mani's mother
* [[VTV Ganesh]] as Gokul
* Pradeep Antony as Saravanan
* K. Harish as Amith
* Fouzee Hidayah as Sadhana
* Kamaldeep
* Arvind Ezhilarasan as Manikandan's brother
* [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]] (special appearance in the song "Namma Thamizh Folku")
}}

== Production ==
The project was announced by debutant filmmaker Ganesh K. Babu, and also marked Aparna Das's debut as the lead actress in Tamil after previously making her debut in a small role in [[Nelson Dilipkumar|Nelson]]'s directorial venture ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022).<ref name=":2" />

The [[principal photography]] of the film began in March 2022 and the film was predominantly shot and set in [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2022 |title=Kavin's Dada to release on November 18? |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/17/kavins-dada-to-release-on-november-18-35714.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211174110/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/oct/17/kavins-dada-to-release-on-november-18-35714.html |archive-date=2023-02-11 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=CinemaExpress}}</ref> The shooting of the film was wrapped up in September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kavin & Aparna Das' 'Dada' teaser |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavin-aparna-das-dada-teaser/articleshow/96815509.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211174108/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavin-aparna-das-dada-teaser/articleshow/96815509.cms |archive-date=2023-02-11 |access-date=2023-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Themes ==
''Dada'' is loosely based on incidents in the life of Ganesh K. Babu's friend and focuses on a young man's journey of adoring the role of fatherhood and being a single parent. It sends out a strong message that [[Parenting|parenthood]] is [[Gender neutrality|gender neutral]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=DaDa review: Enjoyable coming-of-age drama about accidental parenthood |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dada-review-enjoyable-coming-of-age-drama-about-accidental-parenthood-101676018011582.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211032301/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dada-review-enjoyable-coming-of-age-drama-about-accidental-parenthood-101676018011582.html |archive-date=2023-02-11 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 February 2023 |title='Our film will break stereotypes about parents': Actors Kavin and Aparna Das |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/Feb/09/our-film-will-break-stereotypes-about-parents-actorskavin-and-aparna-das-2545605.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230210102017/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2023/feb/09/our-film-will-break-stereotypes-about-parents-actorskavin-and-aparna-das-2545605.amp |archive-date=2023-02-10 |access-date=2023-02-11 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dada
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Jen Martin
| released =
| recorded =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 32:33
| language = Tamil
| label = [[Think Music|Think Music India]]
| producer = Jen Martin
| next_title = [[Bloody Beggar]]
| next_year = 2024
| year = 2024
}}

The soundtrack was composed by newcomer Jen Martin.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = DADA Song
| length1 = 5:06
| writer1 = Ashique AR
| extra1 = Sathya Narayanan, Jen Martin, Kidakuzhi Mariyammal, Prarthana Sriram
| title2 = Eppudraa Theme
| length2 = 1:16
| writer2 =
| extra2 = "Eppudraa" Rohan
| title3 = Glory After Struggle Theme
| length3 = 1:53
| writer3 =
| extra3 =
| title4 = Kirutu Kirutu
| length4 = 3:29
| writer4 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra4 = [[Anthony Daasan]]
| title5 = Klesa Kadhala
| length5 = 3:50
| writer5 = [[Mohan Rajan]]
| extra5 = Janani, Malvi Suderesan, Kalyan Manjunath
| title6 = Namma Thamizh Folku
| length6 = 4:33
| writer6 = Ashique AR
| extra6 = Jen Martin, Vaisagh
| title7 = Pogathey
| length7 = 5:22
| writer7 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra7 = [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
| title8 = Redemption of Dada
| length8 = 1:35
| writer8 = Ashique AR
| extra8 = Jen Martin, Sathya Narayanan
| title9 = Thayaga Naan
| length9 = 3:05
| writer9 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra9 = Sathya Narayanan
| title10 = Thayaga Naan (Reprise)
| length10 = 2:24
| writer10 = Vishnu Edavan
| extra10 = Dhanyashree
| total_length = 32:33
}}

== Release ==
=== Theatrical ===
The film was released in over 400 theatres across Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kavin's 'Dada' to release on over 400 screens in Tamil Nadu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavins-dada-to-release-on-over-400-screens-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/97763431.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211174113/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kavins-dada-to-release-on-over-400-screens-in-tamil-nadu/articleshow/97763431.cms |archive-date=2023-02-11 |access-date=2023-02-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The Tamil theatrical release for the film was acquired by [[Red Giant Movies]] and overseas rights bagged by [[Ayngaran International]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=R |first=Chandhini |date=2 January 2023 |title=Kavin's Dada to release in this month |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/02/kavins-dada-to-release-in-this-month-38271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204065703/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/02/kavins-dada-to-release-in-this-month-38271.html |archive-date=2023-02-04 |access-date=2024-02-11 |website=CinemaExpress}}</ref> After 2 years, of the Tamil version, Telugu version named as Papa, was released on 13th June 2025

=== Home media ===
The digital streaming rights of the film has been bagged by [[Amazon Prime Video]] while the satellite rights has sold to [[Kalaignar TV]]. The film was made available on the streaming platform from 10 March 2023 but the Tamil version of the film was removed soon and only Hindi version was made available. Many fans requested to release the Tamil version but the producer
S. Ambeth Kumar was adamant not to release Tamil version in OTT. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2023 |title=Kavin starrer Dada gets OTT release date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kavin-movie-dada-gets-ott-release-date-8484573/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307143038/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/kavin-movie-dada-gets-ott-release-date-8484573/lite/ |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-03-07 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Won - [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress - Tamil]] - [[Aparna Das]]

== Reception ==

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=80|count=5|average=7|ref=yes}}

Logesh Balachandran of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''Dada'' is a well-written drama with the right mix of comedy, emotion and love."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dada Movie Review : Kavin excels in this well-written feel-good emotional drama |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dada/movie-review/97754123.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104024/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/dada/movie-review/97754123.cms |archive-date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2023-03-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Navein Darshan of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "The film is emotional, but is equally fun with a strong undercurrent of tasteful humour."<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 February 2023 |title=Dada Movie Review: A well-written drama made with plenty of heart |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/feb/11/dada-review-a-well-written-drama-made-with-plenty-of-heart-2546294.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

Thinkal Menon of ''[[OTTplay]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Dada's target seems to be young audience, but the right packaging of emotions and instantly likeable characters are adequate enough to attract all sections of audience."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dada review: Kavin, Aparna Das stand out in this rollicking emotional drama filled with heartfelt moments |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/dada-review-kavin-aparna-das-stand-out-in-this-rollicking-emotional-drama-filled-with-heartfelt-moments/8f76c9aad7804 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> Janani K from ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Dada is a heartwarming film that talks about parenting and relationship woes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 February 2023 |title=DaDa Movie Review: Kavin, Aparna Das' film is thoughtful and effective |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dada-movie-review-kavin-aparna-das-film-is-thoughtful-and-effective-2333092-2023-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318055153/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dada-movie-review-kavin-aparna-das-film-is-thoughtful-and-effective-2333092-2023-02-10 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Haricharan Pudipeddi of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Kavin and Aparna Das-starrer rises above mainstream movies and sends out a strong message on parenthood."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-10 |title=DaDa review: Enjoyable coming-of-age drama about accidental parenthood |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dada-review-enjoyable-coming-of-age-drama-about-accidental-parenthood-101676018011582.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316234955/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/dada-review-enjoyable-coming-of-age-drama-about-accidental-parenthood-101676018011582.html |archive-date=2023-03-16 |access-date=2023-03-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Thanks to ample support from its lead actors, debutant director Ganesh K Babu’s film about a single father and a fractured relationship turns out to be a wholesome entertainer despite few missteps."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=2023-02-10 |title='DaDa' movie review: Kavin, Aparna Das impress in this emotional rollercoaster |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dada-movie-review-kavin-aparna-das-impress-in-this-emotional-rollercoaster/article66491373.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315134210/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dada-movie-review-kavin-aparna-das-impress-in-this-emotional-rollercoaster/article66491373.ece |archive-date=2023-03-15 |access-date=2023-03-17 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt25405130}}

[[Category:2020s coming-of-age drama films]]
[[Category:2023 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Pink Line (Kolkata Metro)

2026-02-28T20:18:41Z

Bhushana: done - done

{{Redirect|Kolkata Metro Line 5|other uses|Line 5 (disambiguation){{!}}Line 5}}
{{short description|Transit line in Kolkata, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|Pink|croute}}
| color = {{rail color|Kolkata Metro|Pink}}
| logo = [[File:Kolkata Metro Pink Line.svg|50px]]
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = File:Kolkata metro pink line pillars.jpg
| caption = Kolkata Metro Pink line pillars, under construction
| image_alt =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Kolkata Metro]]
| status = Planned but construction not started
| locale = {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kolkata Metropolitan Region]], India
| start = [[Baranagar metro station|Baranagar]] (south)
| end = [[Barrackpore]] (north)
| connectinglines = {{rcb|Kolkata Metro|Blue|croute}}
| stations = 11
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| open =
| planopen =
| close =
| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Kolkata Metro|Metro Railway, Kolkata]]
| character = Elevated
| depot = [[Noapara Depot]]
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|12.50|km|mi}}<ref name="mtp">{{cite web |title=New System Map of Kolkata Metro |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,1,285}}</ref>
| tracklength =
| tracks = 2
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| electrification = 750 [[Volt|V]] [[Direct current|DC]]<ref>[http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-kolkata-metro-trains.html ''CAF to supply Kolkata metro trains''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816102540/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/caf-to-supply-kolkata-metro-trains.html |date=16 August 2014 }}, Railway Gazette, 9 September 2012</ref> using [[third rail]]
| speed = 80 km/h (designed)
| website = {{URL|https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in|Indian Railways}}
| map_name = Route Map
| map = [[File:Kolkata Metro Pink Line Route Map.png|300px]]
|map_state = show
}}

'''Pink Line''' is a planned [[rapid transit]] metro line of the [[Kolkata Metro]] in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. The line will run from [[Baranagar]] to [[Barrackpore]], with a length of {{Cvt|12.50|km}}. It was sanctioned in 2009, at a cost of Rs.2070 crore,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/metro-iffy-about-states-barrackpore-route-plan/articleshow/64183476.cms|title=Metro: Metro iffy about state's Barrackpore route plan {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India|last=Bandyopadhyay|first=Krishnendu|date=May 16, 2018|website=The Times of India|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref> to enable a quicker commuter service from the northern suburbs to [[Kolkata]].

== Route ==
=== Stations (South to North) ===
The stations in this line are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal |url=https://mtp.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?id=0,1,285&lang=0 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=mtp.indianrailways.gov.in}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" width="100%"
|-
! colspan="11" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|Kolkata Metro|Pink}};" |'''Pink Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform type
|-
![[English language|English]]||[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|-

|1|| align="center" |[[Baranagar metro station|Baranagar]]||বরাহনগর||Proposed||{{rcb|Kolkata Metro|blue|croute}} {{Rail-interchange|kolkata|s}} [[Baranagar Road railway station|Baranagar Road]] ||Elevated
|Side
|-
|2|| align="center" |Krishna Kali (Kamarhati)||কৃষ্ণ কলি||Proposed||
|Elevated
| To be decided
|-
|3|| align="center" |Acharya Prafulla Chandra (Agarpara)||আচার্য প্রফুল্ল চন্দ্র
|Proposed||
|Elevated
|To be decided
|-
|4|| align="center" |Gandhi Ashram (Sodepur)||গান্ধী আশ্রম
|Proposed||
|Elevated
|To be decided
|-
|5|| align="center" |Sarat Chandra (Panihati)||শরৎ চন্দ্র
|Proposed||
|Elevated
|To be decided
|-
|6|| align="center" |Subhas Nagar (Sukchar)||সুভাষ নগর
|Proposed||
|Elevated
|To be decided
|-
|7|| align="center" |Rishi Bankim (Khardaha)||ঋষি বঙ্কিম
|Proposed||
|Elevated
|To be decided
|-
|8|| align="center" |Dr. Rajendra Prasad (Tatagate)||ড. রাজেন্দ্র প্রসাদ
|Proposed||
|Elevated
|To be decided
|-
|9|| align="center" |Shah Nawaz Khan (Titagarh)||শাহ নওয়াজ খান
|Proposed||
|Elevated
|To be decided
|-
|10|| align="center" |Anukul Thakur (Talpukur)||অনূকুল ঠাকুর
|Proposed||
|Elevated
|To be decided
|-
|11|| align="center" |Mangal Pandey (Barrackpore)||মঙ্গল পাণ্ডে
|Proposed||{{Rail-interchange|kolkata|s}} [[Barrackpore railway station|Barrackpore]]
|Elevated
|To be decided
|}

== Proposed realignment ==
[[File:Baranagar-Barrackpore Metro Railway Extension Signage - Barrackpore Trunk Road - Panihati - North 24 Parganas 2012-04-11 9478.JPG|thumb|Kolkata Metro Pink Line Signage]]
State government proposed for realigning the line via [[Kalyani Expressway]], instead of [[Barrackpore Trunk Road|B.T. Road]], due to the presence of arterial water pipelines, that supply water to the city, below BT Road. The construction might create huge traffic jam along the road and also damage the water pipelines, which will cutoff the city's water supply. This will increase the length to {{Cvt|17|km|4=2}}. [https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/fate-of-baranagar-barrackpore-metro-hinges-on-kmc-clearance/story-AfNEV1Tue6EQvqsjF1w71O.html].<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/barrackpore-metro-detour-to-kalyani/cid/1408534|title=Barrackpore Metro 'detour' to Kalyani|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref> This proposal is not feasible as fresh sanctioned from rail way board was required . It would provide the eassy movement to the residents near by BT Road which is huge traffic congesent . There are 6 nos pipe lines of 64<nowiki>''</nowiki>, 72<nowiki>''</nowiki>, 42<nowiki>''</nowiki>,60<nowiki>''</nowiki> 48<nowiki>''</nowiki> & 62<nowiki>''</nowiki> diameter have been laid in the year 2012, 1957–61, 1868–84, 1922–36, 1888-93 1971-96 respectively. Arrangement of pipe lines are east to west sidesunder BT road. ROW of BT Road is average 40–42 m. KMC'S Engineers views that constructions of central pier system metro stations like others metro cities is possible. on diverting the flow of existing 48<nowiki>''</nowiki>, 60<nowiki>''</nowiki>, & 42<nowiki>''</nowiki> pipelines on laying one by one new pipe line.

Accordingly Project implemeting agency RVNL has submitted the revised sequence of construction as under .

1. Laying an additional 60 inches diameter pipe line between Baranagar (Dunlop Bridge) to Barrackpore (Chiriamore) and installation of connection of newly laid 60 inch diameter (MS welded pipe line by Micro Tunneling Method) with existing old 60 inch diameter pipe line and existing 48 inch diameter old pipe line by means of butterfly valve arrangement after taking shut down in stages to suit the site requirements.

2. On diverting flow of existing 48 inches pipeline through the newly laid 60 inches pipe line, the work along this pipe line (Casting of pile and realignment of 48 inches pipe line by DI pipe) will be taken up.

3. On completing the mentioned work along existing 48 inches pipeline, the flow of this pipe line will be restored as earlier and the flow of existing 60 inches pipeline will be diverted through the newly laid 60 inches diameter pipe line to defunct this pipe line. The casting of pipe, pile cap and other structural work will be taken up along this 60 inches diameter pipeline on defunct condition without disturbing the 42 inch diameter pipe line as it is not infringing / influencing Metro construction and installation. It is also proposed that the entire work will be done in two phase ie. 1st phase Baranagar to Gandhi Ashram Metro station and 2nd phase remaining portion.

==See also==
*[[List of Kolkata Metro stations]]
*[[Kolkata Metro rolling stock]]
*[[Lists of rapid transit systems]]
*[[Trams in Kolkata]]
*[[Kolkata Light Rail Transit]]
*[[Kolkata Monorail]]
*[[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Kolkata Metro|pink line=yes}}
{{Kolkata topics}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}

[[Category:Kolkata Metro lines]]
[[Category:750 V DC railway electrification]]

Nawayath Sultanate

2026-02-28T06:44:44Z

Bhushana: Starting Data

{{Short description|Sultanate in Karnataka to 1340}}
{{Cleanup|date=September 2024|reason=Perhaps a translation?}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Nawayath Sultanate
| common_name = Nawayath Sultanate
| region =
| status = empire
| status_text = [[Absolute monarchy|Independent Kingdom]] until 1340 A.D. Subordinate to Unknown Kingdom of Gersoppa from 1340.{{refn|group=Note|According to Goarge Moraes, "The first record of [[Harihara I]] in Kanara is dated Sarvadhari A.D. 1348, when his minister Gautarasa was ruling the Mangalore."<ref name="Moraes" />}}
| era = [[History of Karnataka|Medieval]]
| government_type = Monarchy
| year_start = Late 13th century
| year_end = 1350s
| p1 = Alupa Dynasty
| flag_p1 =
| p2 = Kadambas of Goa
| flag_p2 =
| s1 = Vijayanagara Empire
| flag_s1 =
| s2 = Suluva Jain Dynasty
| flag_s2 =
| image_map = [[File:Nawayath Sultanate Extant.png|300px|]]
| image_map_caption = Extent of Nawayath Sultanate
| capital = [[Honnavar]]
| common_languages = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] [[Kannada]] [[Nawayathi]]
| official_languages =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| title_leader = [[Sultan]]
| leader1 = Hasan Nakhuda
| year_leader1 = Late 13th Century–Early 14th Century
| leader2 = Jamaluddin Nakhuda
| year_leader2 = Early 14th century–1350s
| today = [[India]]
}}

'''Nawayath Sultanate''' (13th century C.E. to 14th century C.E.), also known as the '''Hunnur Sultanate''', was a small kingdom situated on the [[Karavali]] coast in the present-day [[Uttara Kannada]] district of Karnataka. It is believed to have been established by the [[Nawayath]] merchant Hasan Nakhuda at [[Hospattan]], a village in [[Honnavar]]. The sultanate remained sovereign until 1340, when Harihara-nripala, the ruler of the neighboring kingdom of [[Gerusoppa|Gersoppa]], which controlled the eastern region of the sultanate, asserted his suzerainty over Sultan Jamaluddin. Unlike most kingdoms of the [[Indian subcontinent]], the Nawayath Sultanate was adept in marine warfare and possessed two notable ships, the Tarida and the Ukairi.{{refn|group=Note|The Ukairi was a long, pointed, low, and uncovered warship capable of propulsion by both sails and oars. It was equipped with sixty [[oar]]s and could be fitted with a roof during wartime for protection. In contrast, the Tarida was a vessel designed to support mounted combat, constructed with an interior that allowed a rider to mount a horse, don armor, and emerge ready for battle.}}

Nawayath Sultanate patronized numerous architectural works, though most have fallen into ruin, become uninhabitable, or been lost over time. Among these were a mosque constructed by Sultan Hasan Nakhuda, noted for its resemblance to the grand mosque of Baghdad, as well as the [[Mirjan Fort]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Vyjay |first1=Sandy N. |title=Karnataka's forgotten fort |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/lifestyle/travel/karnataka-s-forgotten-fort-714834.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=2019 |language=en}}</ref> and the Fort of Hospattan in Honnavar.

==Origin==
The Sultan Hasan and Jamaluddin were from the [[Nawayath]] community, who are descendants of the Arabs. The term has been given different meanings by different authors, such as [[Suyuti]], who describes Nawayath as the corrupt word of Banu-Wayat; it means children of Wayat who are the descendants of Abdullah-Wayat.<ref name="D'souza">{{cite web |last1=S. D'souza |first1=Victor |title=The Navayats Of Kanara (1955) |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.507633/page/n26/mode/1up?view=theater |publisher=Kannada Research Institute Dharward |date=1955}}</ref> Conversely, Jafar Sharif presents an alternative origin, asserting that it comes from the Arabic term 'Nuwa-A-ay-t'hay', which translates to 'newcomer'.<ref name="Sharif">{{cite web |last1=Herklots |first1=Gerhard Andreas |last2=Sharif |first2=Ja'far |title=Qanoon-e-Islam, or, the Customs of the Moosulmans of India : compromising a full and exact account of their various rites and ceremonies from the moment of birth till the hour of death |url=https://archive.org/details/qanooneislamorcu00jafa/page/13/mode/1up |publisher=London : Parbury, Allen |date=1832}}</ref> Wilk supports the meaning given by Jafar Sharif but he describes the word Nevayet has the indian origin which may be the corruption of [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] and [[Marathi language|Marathi]] terms.<ref name="Wilks">{{cite web |last1=Wilks |first1=Mark |title=Historical sketches of the South of India in an attempt to trace the history of Mysore : from the government of that state, extinction of the Mohammedan Dynasty in 1799, founded chiefly on Indian authorities. Vol 1 |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalsketch01mark/page/264/mode/1up |publisher=New Delhi : Asian Educational Services |date=1989}}</ref> Another opinion is that it is apparently a [[Konkani language|Konkani]] word connected with [[Sanskrit]] nava (i.e., new) and implying new convert.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Yule |first1=Henry |last2=Burnell |first2=A. C. (Arthur Coke) |title=Hobson-Jobson : being a glossary of Anglo-India colloquial words and phrases, and of kindred terms, etymological, historical, geographical and discursive |url=https://archive.org/details/hobsonjobsonbein00yuleuoft/page/620/mode/1up?view=theater |publisher=London : Murray |date=1886}}</ref>

Victor D'Souza concluded by not being satisfied with the perspectives provided by various authors. He asserts that it is implausible that the term navayat is the widespread distortion of the expressions for "newcomer" in several languages. Nor is it likely that individuals speaking different languages collectively chose the Sanskrit terms, as if by mutual agreement, to designate these newcomers. Furthermore, other expressions, such as those who arrived by boat or new converts, cannot be deemed as accurate terms. However, he determined that sailors represent a sensible interpretation of Navayats.<ref name="D'souza" />

==History==
===Hasan Nakhuda===
Jamaluddin Nakhuda's father, according to Ibn-e Batuta's narrative, erected a huge mosque similar to Grand Mosque of Baghdad after capturing Sindapur and founded a city there.<ref name="Ibn-e-Battuta">{{cite book |last1=Battuta |first1=Ibn |editor1-last=Husain |editor1-first=Mahdi |title=The Rehla of Ibn Battuta |date=1976 |publisher=Oriental Institute Baroda |pages=177–181 |url=https://archive.org/details/TheRehlaOfIbnBattuta/page/n270/mode/1up?view=theater}} In this citation, the Nakhuda (ship owner) and Faqqi (Jurist) have been translated, which should not be the case. Till today, it is used as the surname of a person.</ref> Hasan Nakhuda may have served as governor of Sindapur under [[Kadambas of Goa|Kadambas]], like in the 11th century, a Muslim named Sadhan, son of Muhammad of Arabia, who served as governor.<ref name="Moraes">{{cite journal |last1=Moraes |first1=George M. |title=Haryab of Ibn Batuta |journal=Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |date=1939 |volume=15 |pages=37–42 |url=https://archive.org/details/jasb-volumes-15-for-1939/page/37/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref>
[[File:Mirjan Fort 02.JPG|thumbnail|Mirjan Fort Initially built by Kings of Nawayaths in 13th C.E., is located in present-day [[Uttara Kannada]] district.|249x249px]]

===Jamaluddin Nakhuda===
Sultan Jamaluddin Muhammed was pious to his religious duties and was one of the powerful rulers on the coast of [[Kanara]]. Tributes were paid to him by the Malabar king on a yearly basis because of his maritime power.<ref name="Ibn-e-Battuta" /> In 1338, [[Veera Ballala III|Vira Ballala III]] stationed his army at [[Barkur]] to check the aggressive activities of Sultan Jamaluddin, who was threatening to overthrow the [[Alupa kingdom|alupa king]], the brother-in-law and vassal of Vira Ballala III.<ref name="Moraes"/> In 1343, a fleet of 52 vessels departed for Sindapur upon receiving a message from the king of Sindapur's son, leading to the capture of Sindapur. Subsequently, in 1344, the king of Sindapur launched a surprise assault while the Sultanate's army was scattered throughout the region, with no available information on the outcome of this conflict.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Moraes |first1=George M |title=The Kadamba Kula |date=1931 |publisher=Bombay B X Furtado And Sons |url=https://archive.org/details/kadambakula035210mbp}}</ref>

==Cultural Influence==
[[Hindus]] and [[Jainism|Jains]] were impacted by the religious and moral code of Muslims. When it comes to the art of fighting, they imitate Muslims, while in the ground force and navy, the majority of officers were Muslim. Conversely, the livelihood of Muslims was shaped by Jains. It was common to use hot water and rice, yet wheat could be readily imported from other nations. Each individual was provided with a separate plate and spoon for dining. Moreover, on a plate with rice, various types of curries were placed, a practice influenced by Hindus that persists to this day.<ref name="Abu-Zafar-Nadvi">{{cite book |last1=Nadvi |first1=Syed Abu Zafar |title=Mukhtasar Tareekh i Hind |date=1947 |pages=160–162 |url=https://archive.org/details/Mukhtasar-Tareekh-i-Hind/page/n169/mode/1up?view=theater |language=ur}}</ref>

[[Hans von Mžik|Mžik]] says that Shaikh Muhammed Nagauri considered his male and female slaves unclean
and did not have his food prepared by them because of his belief in [[untouchability]].<ref name="Ibn-e-Battuta" /><ref>{{cite book |last1=Battuta |first1=Ibn |editor1-last=Mžik |editor1-first=Hans von |title=Die reise des Arabers Ibn Ba???a durch Indien und China (14. jahrhundert) |date=1911 |edition=German |publisher=University of Michigan Library |url=https://www.amazon.com/reise-Arabers-Indien-jahrhundert-German/dp/B003YXYU3I}}</ref>

Mahdi Husain rejects Mžik's remark about untouchability. According to him, the aforementioned Shaikh was a saint with strict habits who carefully avoided any chance of contamination or impurity when performing his devotional practice. For this reason, he was concerned about his servants.<ref name="Ibn-e-Battuta" />

==Education==
There were 13 educational institutions dedicated to the education of female students, while 23 schools catered to the male student population. Furthermore, the female population during that historical period displayed a remarkable proficiency in [[Hafiz (Quran)|memorizing the Quran]]. It is evident that there is a surplus of individuals holding the titles of [[Ulama|alim and fazil]] residing within the specified geographical region.<ref name="Abu-Zafar-Nadvi" />

==Travellers==
===Friar Jordanus===
In the year 1328,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barbosa |first1=Duatre |editor1-last=Dames |editor1-first=Mansel Longworth |title=The Book Of Duarte Barbosa Vol. 1 |date=1918 |publisher=Hakluyt Society |page=187 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.47302/page/n276/mode/1up}}</ref> a French missionary and explorer embarked on a visit to the kingdom, during which he meticulously documented a detailed and succinct narrative recounting his expedition to Bhatigala, a place also recognized as [[Bhatkal]]. Historical records indicate that the ruler of Bhatigala was affiliated with the Saracens, denoting his adherence to the Islamic faith. According to the insights of [[Henry Yule|Yule]], it is probable that [[Jordanus Catalani|Jordanus]] was making a veiled reference to the sovereign of Honnavar, thereby shedding light on the intricate web of political and religious dynamics prevalent during that era.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jordanus |first1=Catalani |editor1-last=Yule |editor1-first=Henry |title=Mirabilia descripta : the wonders of the East |date=1863 |publisher=London : Printed for the Hakluyt Society |url=https://archive.org/details/mirabiliadescrip00jord/page/40/mode/1up}}</ref>

===Ibn Battuta===
The Moroccan traveler [[Ibn Battuta]] visited the sultanate in 1343. According to Ibn Battuta, "The sultan of Hunnur, Jamal-ud-din Muhammad, son of Hasan, is one of the best and most powerful rulers, but he is subordinate to a heathen raja (Sultan) named Haryab." He met Faqqi Ismail (also known as Faqqi Ismail Sukri) of [[Bhatkal]]{{refn|group=Note|In the article titled "Bhatkal Thousand Year old Party System," the author states that Faqqi Ismail Sukri was the [[Khatib|Khateeb]] (orator) of Bhatkal at the time it was visited by Ibn Battuta.<ref>{{cite book |last1=محمد الیاس |first1=فقیہ احمدا ندوی |title=بھٹکل ہزار سالہ جماعتی نظام دارالقضاء |publisher=شعبہ نشرواشاعت جماعت المسلمین بھٹکل |pages=11–16 |language=ur}}</ref>}} and the local Qazi Nuruddin Ali, and received hospitality from Shaikh Muhammed Nagauri (an-Naqauri). He speaks about their social, economic, religious, cultural, and administrative factors. He fought a battle of Sindapur alongside them and returned with victory; a year later, under uncertain circumstances, he was unable to return to Hunnur without giving further account.<ref name="Ibn-e-Battuta" />

==See also==
*[[Alupa Dynasty]]
*[[Kadambas of Goa]]
*[[Nayakas of Ikkeri]]
*[[Bhatkal]]
*[[Honnavar]]
*[[Mirjan Fort]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Medieval Karnataka]]
[[Category:Former sultanates]]
[[Category:Former monarchies of India]]

Buddha Preaching his First Sermon (Sarnath)

2026-02-27T16:31:51Z

Bhushana: Created a stub

{{Short description|5th-century Buddha statue from Sarnath, India}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Buddha Preaching his First Sermon'' (Sarnath)}}
{{Infobox artefact
| name = ''Buddha Preaching his First Sermon '' (Sarnath)
| image = Buddha in Sarnath Museum (Dhammajak Mutra).jpg
| image_caption = The Buddha in the [[Sarnath Museum]], in the ''teaching posture''
| image_size = 290px
| material = Sandstone
| size = {{cvt|5|ft|3|in|cm|order=flip}}
| writing =
| created = 5th century CE
| discovered = [[Sarnath]], India
| location = [[Sarnath Museum]], India
| id =
| registration = B(b)181<ref name="DRS70"/>
| map =
{{Location map|India
|width =
|float = center
|border =
|caption =
|alt =
|relief = yes
|AlternativeMap=
|overlay_image =
|label = Sarnath
|label_size =
|position = right
|background =
|mark =
|marksize =
|link =
|lat_deg = 25
|lat_min = 22
|lat_sec = 0
|lat_dir = N
|lon_deg = 83
|lon_min = 01
|lon_sec = 0
|lon_dir = E
}}
}}
The '''''Buddha Preaching his First Sermon''''' is a stone sculpture of the 5th-century CE showing [[Gautama Buddha]] in the "[[Mudra#Dharmachakra_Pravartana_mudrā|teaching posture]]" or ''dharmachakra pravartana mudrā''.<ref name=eck-banaras-sarnath-seated-buddha>{{citation|last=Eck|first=Diana L.|author-link=Diana L. Eck|title=Banāras, City of Light|location=New York|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|year=1982|isbn= 0-394-51971-X|page=63|quote=In the most famous of these images in the Sarnath museum, the Buddha sits cross-legged, his limbs in the perfect proportions prescribed by the iconometry of the day, his hands in a teaching pose, his eyes downcast, half-shut in meditation, his head backed by a beautifully ornamented circular nimbus}}</ref> The [[relief]] is {{cvt|5|ft|3|in|cm|order=flip}} tall, and was excavated at [[Sarnath]], India by [[F. O. Oertel]] during the 1904–1905 excavation season of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI); it was found in an area to the south of the [[Dhamek Stupa]].<ref name="DRS70"/>

A product of the local [[Gupta_art#Sarnath_school|Sarnath school]] of sculpture, it has been displayed at the [[Sarnath Museum|Archaeological Museum at Sarnath]], the first site museum of the ASI, from the time of the museum's completion in 1910. It is best known for the Buddha images showing the subject, "type considered a hallmark of the Sarnath school of Buddhist art",<ref name=eck-banaras-sarnath-seated-buddha/><ref>[[Pratapaditya Pal|Pal, Pratapaditya]], ''Light of Asia : Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian art'', p. 109 (quoted), 1984, [[LACMA]], [https://archive.org/details/lightofasiabuddh0000unse/page/6/mode/2up Internet archive]. Pal is discussing a similar sculpture in [[Kolkata]], that he describes as "not as well known as the famous fifth-century image preserved in the Sarnath museum..."</ref> and is described by Denise Leidy as "justifiably one of the most famous representations of the Buddha in Asian art",<ref>Leidy, Denise Patry, ''The Art of Buddhism: An Introduction to Its History and Meaning'', p. 50, 2009, Shambhala Publications, ISBN 9781590306703</ref> and by Robert E. Fisher as "the most famous Gupta [Buddha] image".<ref>Fisher, 55</ref>

==Description==
The sculpture depicts the Buddha giving the famous "[[Sermon in the Deer Park]]" at Sarnath, where the Buddha initiated his teachings, which are recorded on the Pali ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]''. In this sculpture, the Buddha is seated in the ''[[padmāsana]]'' posture (or "lotus position"),<ref>Huntington, p. 89</ref><ref name="US534">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Upinder |title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century |date=2008 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=978-81-317-1120-0 |page=534 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA534 |language=en}}</ref> with his hands in the ''[[Mudra#Dharmachakra_Pravartana_Mudrā|dharmachakra pravartana mudra]]'', literally the ''mudra'' of "turning the wheel of [[dharma]]", by means of teaching.<ref>Huntington, 89</ref><ref name="US534"/> He is delivering the first sermon to the five disciples shown, at a much smaller scale, below, with the ''[[dharmachakra]]'' in the centre.<ref name="US534"/> The wheel is flanked by [[couchant]] deer, symbolizing the deer park (Mrigadava) at Sarnath, where the event took place.<ref name="DRS70"/><ref>Huntington, p. 89</ref>

The five disciples were [[Kaundinya]], [[Assaji]], Bhaddiya, Vappa and Mahanama, all of them [[Brahmin]]s who had known Siddharth in the past. They are known as the ''Pañca bhadravaggiyā'' monks.<ref name="DRS70">{{cite book |last1=Sahni |first1=Daya Ram |title=Catalogue of the Museum of Archaeology at Sarnath |date=1914 |publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing |location=Calcutta |pages=Sculpture B(b) 181, pages 70-71 |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/catalogue-museum-archaeology-sarnath |language=en}}</ref> In addition to the five, there is a kneeling woman and a child. The throne has mythical beasts, a [[makara]] and a [[vyala]] (shardula), on each side, as required by convention. On both sides of the circular ornate [[Halo (religious iconography)|halo]], there is a flying [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]] bearing a tray of flowers.<ref name="DRS70"/>

Sarnath is intimately connected to the ''dharmachakra'', a wheel symbol in Buddhism. The [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] originally supported a large ''dharmachakra'' (thus the lions served as the support for the ''dharmachakra''). During the excavations, the broken stone ''dharmachakra'' was found.<ref>Huntington, pp. 89-91</ref>

The Dharmachakra Jina Vihar is another example of the importance of the ''dharmachakra'' at Sarnath. In a mid-12th-century inscription attributed to Queen Kumaradevi (consort of [[Govindachandra (Gahadavala dynasty)|Govindachandra]]), she takes credit for the construction of a [[Vihāra|living quarters for monks]].{{sfn|Konow|1908|pp=319-28}} It is widely asserted that the structure referred to in the Kumaradevi inscription is the Dharmachakra Jina Vihar, but the evidence for this is inconclusive. Whatever the case, it is likely to be among the last structures to be built at Sarnath prior to its destruction in 1194.{{sfn|Asher|2020|pp=6-8}} The inscription is currently maintained at the Sarnath Museum.<ref name=ASI2013>{{cite web|author=Archaeological Survey of India|authorlink=Archaeological Survey of India|title=Accession Number: 33 (Kumaradevi inscription)|work=Archaeological Museum Sarnath|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] - Sarnath Circle|location=Sarnath, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh|year=2013|url=http://www.sarnathmuseumasi.org/gallery/Gallery2%20Acc%20No%2033.html|accessdate=2 January 2023}}</ref>

==Appreciation==
[[File:Buddha in Sarnath.jpg|thumb|1905, Excavation at Sarnath, with the [[Lion Capital of Ashoka]] (centre) and the Dharma-chakra-pravartana Buddha sculpture (right)]]

Of the hundreds of Buddha images produced by the Sarnath School, arguably the best known is this ''Dharmachakrapravartana'' image, showing the First Sermon preached at the Deer Park in Sarnath. John Huntington has analyzed this sculpture in detail. He wrote "Nowhere in the whole of Buddhist art is there a more clearly and specifically articulated vision of the event than this image... The image is also highly nuanced and to the aware observer has a vastly complex [[Buddhology|Buddhological]] message, to be read on several levels."<ref>Huntington, p. 89</ref>

One of the most well-known Buddha images from ancient South Asia, according to Catherine Becker, this Gupta period representation of the Buddha turning the wheel of dharma in the deer park at Sarnath is a canonical example of the "golden age" of Gupta sculpture.<ref>Catherine Becker, Shifting Stones, Shaping the Past: Sculpture from the Buddhist Stupas of Andhra Pradesh, Oxford University Press, 2014, p. 156</ref>

According to Robert E. Fisher, "we are confronted with a figure of great spiritual bearing, far removed from the earlier, heavy ''[[yaksha]]''-derived images. Now attention is directed to the meaning of the faith, instead of to the person of the Buddha. His form is highly abstracted, extraneous details are eliminated and our attention is drawn to the focused gaze and to the face and hands, areas surrounded by smooth unadorned surfaces. These combine to convey a meaning extending beyond the episode of the First Sermon, and on to the transcendent dimensions of [[Mahayana]] Buddhism. The transcendent effect equals that found in the colossal images at [[Kanheri]] and [[Buddhas of Bamiyan|Bamiyan]], but without recourse to overpowering size".<ref>Fisher, 55-56</ref>

Krishna Dev, formerly and latterly, [[David Berry Knapp]], the mayor of [[Rajneeshpuram]], Oregon, described the sculpture as follows: "This outstanding image radiates the Master's adamant resolve and strength, combined with complete equanimity, compassion and tender grace. The inspired artist of this masterpiece has caught the moment when the great teacher who had achieved Supreme Enlightenment after six years of strenuous exertion, felt overwhelmed with compassion for the suffering humanity and condescended to turn the Wheel of Law... The momentous events of the First Sermon and the founding of the Buddhist Sangha are immortalised in this unique sculpture ... Combining elemental strength with tender grace and subtle delicacy with transcendental sublimation, this luminous image indeed constitutes a masterpiece of the Indian, nay World art, enshrining the noble teachings of Lord Buddha."<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=H4fXAAAAMAAJ&dq=sarnath+buddha+image+dharma+chakra&pg=PA131 Dharmachakra Pravartana Image of Buddha at Sarnath, Krishna Deva, The Maha Bodhi Centenary Volume. 1891 - 1991 p. 131-132]</ref>

[[Radha Kumud Mookerji]], born 1884, nationalist historian of India, wrote originally in 1947: "The Sarnath seated image of the Buddha in the act of his preaching the first sermon is considered as one of the masterpieces of Indian art, and of its Gupta style marked by its symbolism."<ref name="mookerji">{{citation|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|year=1973|edition=5|orig-year=1947|page=142|publisher=Motilal Banarasidas|location=Delhi|title=The Gupta Empire|isbn=9788120800892 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC&pg=PA142}}</ref>

==Replica at the Mulagandhakuti Vihara==
{{see also|Maha_Bodhi_Society#Mulagandha_Kuty_Vihara_in_Sarnath}}

[[File:A Buddhist temple at Sarnath.jpg|thumb|Mulagandhakuti Vihara]]
[[File:Mulgandha Kuti Vihar, Beneras (Idol of Lord Buddha 1).JPG|thumb|The replica at the Mulgandha Kuti Vihar]]
After the excavations, a new temple was commissioned by the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] for construction in 1931. The frescoes on the walls were painted by the noted Japanese painter, Kosetsu Nosu.<ref>[http://www.chitralekha.org/articles/kosetsu-nosu/kosetsu-nosu-japanese-artist-who-painted-sarnath Kosetsu Nosu: The Japanese Artist who Painted at Sarnath, Satyasri Ukil, 2010]</ref> The focal point of the temple is a gilded replica of the famous sculpture of the Buddha in the Dharmachakra Pravartana mudra. [[Anagarika Dharmapala]], the founder of the [[Maha Bodhi Society]] actively guided the construction of the temple.

==Replicas of the Sarnath Buddha==
The image is sometimes referred to as simply as the Sarnath Buddha. This is one of the most reproduced Buddha images. Other images probably influenced by it include:

* Birla Mandir Delhi Buddha Vihar, inaugurated by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in 1939.
* On one face of the [[Rajgir]] Vishwa Shanti Stupa
* India gifted a 16-feet high Buddha statue to Sri Lanka to be installed at the sacred Sri Dalada Maligawa temple at Kandy in 2010.<ref>India to gift Buddha statue to Lanka, Sutirtho Patranobis, Hindustan Times, Colombo, December 21, 2010]</ref>
* Replica at the Luoyang [[White Horse Temple]] within the Sanchi stupa replica (Yindufodian)<ref>[https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/buddha-in-china-from-indu-sanchi-stupa-replica-promised-by-atal-nears-completion/cid/515779. Buddha in China, from 'Indu' - Sanchi stupa replica promised by Atal nears completion, ASHIS CHAKRABARTI, The Telegraph 31.12.08]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
* Replica at the [[Palelai Buddhist Temple]] in Singapore
* Replica at the [[Poh Ern Shih Temple]] in Singapore
* Ancient sandstone replica found at an [[Udupi]] suburb<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mangalorean.com/miniature-sculpture-of-saranath-buddha-unearthed/ |title=Miniature Sculpture Of Saranath Buddha Unearthed, May 25, 2021 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231175959/https://www.mangalorean.com/miniature-sculpture-of-saranath-buddha-unearthed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> in 2021.

Small as well as large replicas in wood, marble, bronze, terracotta and plaster are widely reproduced and sold in India and overseas using the term "Sarnath Buddha".

==Gallery of replicas and similar works==
<gallery>

File:Budha statue in a Budha Vihar near Birla Mandir Delhi1.JPG|Budhha Vihar in Birla Mandir Complex Delhi
File:Rajgir - 050 Teaching Dhamma (9242022575).jpg|[[Rajgir]] Vishwa Shanti Stupa
File:Poh Ern Shih-Sarnath Buddha.jpg|Poh Ern Shih (Singapore) Sarnath Buddha copy
File:Yindufodian (5).png|[[White Horse Temple]] Indian hall (Yindufodian), [[Luoyang]], China
File:Buddha from Sarnath.jpg|A different Sarnath Dharmachakra Pravartana Buddha of same period, [[British Museum]]
File:Phra Buddha Mettapanyanath 09.jpg|Phra Buddha Mettapanyanath (10 feet high), [[Wat Khung Taphao]], Thailand
File:LK-kandy-zahntempel-buddh-mus.jpg|[[International Buddhist Museum]] at [[Kandy]], Sri Lanka
File:WLA lacma Buddha Shakyamuni or the Jina Buddha Vairochana Kashmir.jpg|Buddha Shakyamuni or Vairochana [[Kashmir]]
File:QC Harrington4 tango7174.jpg|Monastery of Tam Bao Son, Quebec, Canada.
File:Sermon in the Deer Park depicted at Wat Chedi Liem-KayEss-1.jpeg|Modern Thai depiction
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book|last=Asher|first=Frederick M.|title=Sarnath: A Critical History of the Place Where Buddhism Began|publisher=Getty Research Institute|location=Los Angeles|year=2020|isbn=978-1606066164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JMHEDwAAQBAJ}}
* Fisher, Robert E., ''Buddhist art and architecture'', 1993, Thames & Hudson, {{ISBN|0500202656}}
*[https://huntingtonarchive.org/resources/downloads/jchArticles/5_48%20Sarnath%20Buddhas.pdf John Huntington, "Understanding the 5th Century Buddhas of Sarnath: A Newly Identified Mudra and a New Comprehension of the Dharmachakra Mudra", p. 89], ''[[Orientations]]'', March 2009
*{{cite journal|last=Konow|first=Sten|author-link=Sten Konow|title=Sarnath Inscription of Kumaradevi|journal=Epigraphica Indica|volume=9|issue=51|pages=319–28|year=1908|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.48794/page/n431/mode/2up}}

{{Sarnath Museum}}
{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Varanasi}}

[[Category:Sarnath]]
[[Category:Buddha statues in India]]
[[Category:5th-century sculptures]]
[[Category:Gupta art]]
[[Category:Stone Buddha statues]]

Sonajharia Minz

2026-02-08T12:13:20Z

Bhushana: made a entry

{{Short description|Indian academic and researcher (born 1962)}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Sonajharia Minz
| birth_date = December 1962
| birth_place = [[Ranchi district|Ranchi]], [[Jharkhand]]
| image =
| father = [[Nirmal Minz]]
| mother = Paracleta Minz
| occupation = {{hlist|Mathematician|computer scientist|researcher|activist}}
| nationality =
| education = {{hlist|[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] ({{small|M.Phil. & Ph.D. in Computer Science}}) [[Women's Christian College, Chennai|Women's Christian College]] ({{small|B.Sc in Mathematics}}) [[Madras Christian College]] ({{small|M.Sc in Mathematics}})}}
}}
'''Sonajharia Minz''' (born 1962) is an Indian academic, mathematician, computer scientist, researcher and tribal rights activist. She served as the Vice-Chancellor of [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]] from May 2020 to June 2023.<ref>{{cite book | last=Natu | first=S.A. | title=Psychology and Gender: An Advanced Reader | publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] | year=2023 | isbn=978-1-000-99094-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMvVEAAAQBAJ |page=101|quote=..in May 2020, Sonajharia Minz, professor at Delhi's Jawaharlal Nehru Univer-sity (JNU), was appointed vice chancellor of Sido Kanhu Murmu University in Dumka, Jharkhand.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last=Pillai | first=Geetha Sunil | title=Rejected by English Medium School at 5, Dr. Sonajharia Minz Becomes India's First Tribal UNESCO Co-Chair | website=The Mooknayak | date=17 June 2025 | url=https://en.themooknayak.com/tribal-news/rejected-by-english-medium-school-at-5-dr-sonajharia-minz-becomes-indias-first-tribal-unesco-co-chair | access-date=5 July 2025|quote=After successfully completing her tenure as VC in June 2023, she returned to her home institution, JNU’s School of Computer and Systems Sciences.}}</ref> She is currently a professor at the School of Computer and Systems Sciences, [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] and serves as the UNESCO Co-Chair in Transforming Indigenous Knowledge Research Governance (IKRG) and Rematriation to advance Indigenous rights, knowledge systems, and self-determination.<ref>{{cite web | website=Jawaharlal Nehru University | title=Sonajharia Minz | date=5 July 2025 | url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/sonaminz | ref={{sfnref|Sonajharia Minz|2025}} | access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Vincent | first=Pheroze L. | title=Digital cache on tribal languages in the works, says UNESCO co-chair Sonajharia Minz | website=[[Telegraph India]] | date=22 June 2025 | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/digital-cache-on-tribal-languages-in-the-works-says-unesco-co-chair-sonajharia-minz-prnt/cid/2109102 | access-date=5 July 2025|quote=Sonajharia Minz — a JNU professor who was recently appointed Unesco co-chair in Transforming Indigenous Knowledge Research Governance and Rematriation..}}</ref>

==Early life==
Born in December 1962, Sonajharia hails from [[Oraon people|Oraon]] tribe, and from [[Gumla district]] in [[Jharkhand]]. She is the oldest of the four daughters of Paracleta Minz and Late Dr. [[Nirmal Minz]], a social ideologue and activist. Having been nurtured to fight the odds to prove as equal with the best and to go beyond, she completed her schooling in [[Ranchi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=My teacher once asked how could I be good in Sanskrit: Tribal woman scholar who's now a V-C|url=https://theprint.in/india/education/my-teacher-once-asked-how-could-i-be-good-in-sanskrit-tribal-woman-scholar-whos-now-a-v-c/431786/|last=Sharma|first=Kritika|date=2020-05-29|website=ThePrint|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> Her interest in athletics and games were founded in school which played a role in shaping her determination on the face of odds. She completed her Pre University Course (PUC) from Jyoti Nivas College, Bangalore and graduated in mathematics from [[Women's Christian College, Chennai]]. She continued to do MSc in mathematics from [[Madras Christian College]], Chennai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sonajharia Minz Becomes The Second Tribeswoman To Be Elected As A VC|url=https://www.femina.in/trending/achievers/sonajharia-minz-becomes-the-second-tribeswoman-to-be-elected-as-a-vc-159729.html|website=femina.in|language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref>

==Academic career==
After completing M.Phil. [[computer science]] from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), New Delhi, Minz worked as the assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science, [[Barkatullah University]] of [[Bhopal]] since May 1990. She joined the Department of Computer Science, [[Madurai Kamaraj University]] in March 1991. In January 1992, Minz became assistant professor in the School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University. She earned her PhD in computer science from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU), New Delhi in 1997.<ref>{{cite web | last=Barik | first=Satyasundar | title=My selection should not be viewed from a ghettoisation perspective: Sonajharia Minz | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=11 July 2020 | url-access=subscription|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/my-selection-should-not-be-viewed-from-a-ghettoisation-perspective-sonajharia-minz/article32041971.ece | access-date=5 July 2025|quote=Minz got a mathematics degree from Women’s Christian College, Chennai, then an MSc from Madras Christian College, and went on to complete her M.Phil and Ph.D. in computer science from JNU. She was a professor at JNU’s School of Computer and Systems Science for 28 years before taking charge as SKMU’s VC.}}</ref>

Minz was appointed in the post of associate professor in 1997 and was promoted to be professor at the School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University in 2005. Her areas of research include artificial intelligence, machine learning, soft computing (rough set theory, granular computing), data mining and geospatial analytics. She has supervised several doctoral research and master's research and has published research papers in international and national journals, and has presented research papers in conferences, international and national, of high repute.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tribal woman's appointment as vice chancellor hailed|url=http://mattersindia.com/2020/05/tribal-womans-appointment-as-vice-chancellor-hailed/|last=|first=|date=28 May 2020|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=1 June 2020}}</ref>

Raised with the sensitivity about the plight of the tribal communities in Central India, having faced discriminatory treatment at a very young age at school, she engaged in matters of the constitutional provisions and rights of the marginalized and underprivileged students, [[dalit]], [[adivasi]], people with disabilities, women and minorities, informally as well as in her formal capacity of advisor and later, chief advisor, Equal Opportunity Office (EOO), Jawaharlal Nehru University. She was a member of Gender Sensitization and Committee Against Sexual Harassment (GSCASH).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dalit and tribal rights activist call for withdrawal of CAA in Budget session|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/dalit-and-tribal-rights-activist-call-for-withdrawal-of-caa-in-budget-session|website=National Herald|date=16 January 2020 |language=en|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> Minz assumed many administrative roles in JNU such as warden, proctor, provost, member of Executive Council and Academic Council of JNU. Minz was dean of School of Computer and Systems Sciences during 2009 - 2011.<ref>{{cite news | last=Sarkar | first=Urvashi | title=JNU Academic Council meeting adjourned | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=20 March 2010 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/JNU-Academic-Council-meeting-adjourned/article16578323.ece | access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref> In 2018, she was elected president of the Jawaharlal Nehru University Teachers' Association (JNUTA), securing 344 out of 597 votes.<ref>{{cite news | title=JNUTA gets new president | website=[[The Hindu]] | date=1 February 2018 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/jnuta-gets-new-president/article22626370.ece | access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title=Left panel sweeps JNU teachers’ polls | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=2 February 2018 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/left-panel-sweeps-jnu-teachers-polls/articleshow/62747624.cms | access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref>

On 27 May 2020, the [[Governor of Jharkhand]], [[Draupadi Murmu]] appointed her as the vice-chancellor to the [[Sido Kanhu Murmu University]] in [[Dumka]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Assumed to be Maid, Rebuked for Topping Class: New V-C of SKMU Recalls Racial, Caste Discrimination|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/assumed-to-be-maid-rebuked-for-topping-in-maths-new-v-c-of-skmu-recalls-racial-caste-based-discrimination-2645921.html|date=2020-05-31|website=News18|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Jharkhand: Professor Sonajharia Minz appointed as Vice-Chancellor of Sido Kanhu Murmu University|url=https://newsd.in/jharkhand-professor-sonajharia-minz-appointed-as-vice-chancellor-of-sido-kanhu-murmu-university/|date=2020-05-28|website=Newsd.in: Latest News Today, Breaking News from India & World|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-01}}</ref> With her commitment to mainstream tribal languages, art and culture, new programmes such as Santal Culture Studies, certificate courses on tribal design, art and craft were offered in Sido Kanhu Murmu University, Dumka, Jharkhand. In 2022 at the Barcelona UNESCO Higher Education Conference, she participated in a session on Role of Tribal/Indigenous Knowledge in Higher Education.

After successful completion of her term as vice chancellor, Sido Kanhu Murmu University, Dumka, Jharkhand, in June 2023, Sonajharia Minz returned to her parent institution, School of Computer and Systems Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

== Recognition and awards ==
In June 2025, Minz was appointed Co-Chairholder of UNESCO Chair in Transforming Indigenous Knowledge Research Governance and Rematriation for a four-year term to advance Indigenous rights, knowledge systems, and self-determination. The position is jointly held with Dr. Amy Parent from [[Simon Fraser University]], Canada.<ref>{{cite web | title=Will work to better indigenous rights and knowledge system: Minz | website=[[The Times of India]] | date=15 June 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/will-work-to-better-indigenous-rights-and-knowledge-system-minz/articleshow/121866050.cms | access-date=5 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Pandikattu |first=Kuruvilla |title=Dr. Sonajharia Minz appointed UNESCO Co-Chair |website=Light of Truth |date=July 2025 |url=https://lightoftruth.in/valaranvalarthan/finadsmslr/ |access-date=11 September 2025}}</ref>

== Selected publications ==
* {{cite journal | last=Ali Mohammed Al-Yarimi | first=Fuad | last2=Minz | first2=Sonajharia | title=Data Privacy in Data Engineering, the Privacy Preserving Models and Techniques in Data Mining and Data Publishing: Contemporary Affirmation of the Recent Literature | journal=International Journal of Computer Applications | publisher=Foundation of Computer Science | volume=60 | issue=3 | date=18 December 2012 | issn=0975-8887 | doi=10.5120/9676-4103 | doi-access=free | pages=40–47}}
* {{cite book | last=Abughali | first=Ibrahim K. A. | last2=Minz | first2=Sonajharia | title=Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence | chapter=Binarizing Change for Fast Trend Similarity Based Clustering of Time Series Data | publisher=Springer International Publishing | publication-place=Cham | volume=9124 | date=2015 | isbn=978-3-319-19940-5 | doi=10.1007/978-3-319-19941-2_25 | doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal | last=Kumar | first=Vinesh | last2=Minz | first2=Sonajharia | title=CCRA: channel criticality based resource allocation in cognitive radio networks | journal=International Journal of Communication Systems | volume=30 | issue=4 | date=10 March 2017 | issn=1074-5351 | doi=10.1002/dac.3012 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/dac.3012| url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book | title=Information, Communication and Computing Technology: Third International Conference, ICICCT 2018, New Delhi, India, May 12, 2018, Revised Selected Papers | publisher=Springer Singapore | publication-place=Singapore | volume=835 | date=2019 | isbn=978-981-13-5991-0 | doi=10.1007/978-981-13-5992-7 | url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-981-13-5992-7}}
* {{cite journal | last=Raj | first=Aditya | last2=Minz | first2=Sonajharia | last3=Choudhury | first3=Tanupriya | title=Spatial clustering-based parametric change footprint pattern analysis in Landsat images | journal=International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology | volume=21 | issue=6 | date=2024 | issn=1735-1472 | doi=10.1007/s13762-023-05369-8 | pages=5777–5794 | url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13762-023-05369-8| url-access=subscription }}
* {{cite book | last=Minz | first=Nirmal | last2=Minz | first2=Sonajharia | title=Pearls of Indigenous Wisdom: Selected Essays from Lifetime Contributions by Bishop Dr. Nirmal Minz, an Adivasi Intellectual | publisher=Indian Social Institute & Christian Institute for the Study of Religion and Society, Bangalore | date=2007 | isbn=978-81-89762-17-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Pearls_of_Indigenous_Wisdom.html?id=8QlUPgAACAAJ}}

== External links ==
* {{cite news | last=Minz | first=Sonajharia | title=What freedom means to me as a tribal woman in academia | website=[[The Indian Express]] | date=17 August 2023 | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/what-freedom-means-to-me-as-a-tribal-woman-in-academia-8895813/}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Minz, Sonajharia}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:People from Gumla district]]
[[Category:Adivasi women]]
[[Category:Adivasi activists]]
[[Category:Activists from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:Indian women scholars]]
[[Category:Indian women academics]]
[[Category:Indian women mathematicians]]
[[Category:Indian women computer scientists]]
[[Category:Indian academic administrators]]
[[Category:Women's Christian College, Chennai alumni]]
[[Category:Madras Christian College alumni]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women mathematicians]]
[[Category:Jyoti Nivas College]]

Aritra Dutta Banik

2026-02-06T05:48:21Z

Bhushana: reworked lead and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Bengali film actor|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aritra Dutta Banik
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 10 November 1999
| birth_place = [[Sodepur]], [[North 24 Parganas]], [[West Bengal]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| alma_mater = [[Jadavpur University]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/aritra-dutta-banik-067755130|title=Aritra Dutta Banik|accessdate=26 November 2019}}</ref>
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Film Editor]], [[Colourist]], [[Legal Researcher]]
| known_for =
}}

'''Aritra Dutta Banik''' ({{langx|bn|অরিত্র দত্ত বণিক}}) is a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] [[actor]] who has made several on-screen appearances since 2003. He made his debut in the [[Bengali language|Bengali]] megaserial ''Tithir Atithi'', which was aired on [[ETV Bangla]] from 2003 to 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Aritra Dutta Banik - Tollywood's wonder kid|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081114/jsp/entertainment/story_10107433.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142100/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081114/jsp/entertainment/story_10107433.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|accessdate=14 April 2013|newspaper=Telegraph India}}</ref> He drew public attention for the first time during [[Mithun Chakraborty]]'s dance [[reality show]], ''[[Dance Bangla Dance|Dance Bangla Dance Junior]]'' (2007), in which, he anchored the show along with [[Tathoi Deb]]. Since then, he has appeared in numerous Bengali films.

==Career==
Aritra made his first appearance with the Bengali megaserial ''Tithir Atithi'' which was aired on [[ETV Bangla]] from 2003 to 2009. He gained publicity for the first time as he anchored the show ''[[Dance Bangla Dance|Dance Bangla Dance Junior]]'' in [[Zee Bangla]] in 2007. After that, he got a chance to act in the 2008 Bengali movie ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'' along with actors [[Rahul Banerjee (actor)|Rahul Banerjee]] and [[Priyanka Sarkar]]. It was his first silver screen appearance. Since then, he has been cast in a number of Bengali films. He has also featured in a lot of television serials and reality shows.

==Filmography==
Aritra has appeared in the following [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali films]] since 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=Aritra Dutta Banik films|url=http://www.gomolo.com/aritro-movies-list-filmography/47708|accessdate=14 April 2013|publisher=www.gomolo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305140444/http://www.gomolo.com/aritro-movies-list-filmography/47708|archive-date=5 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Director !! Language !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Kranti (2006 film)|Kranti]]'' || Little jeet || [[Riingo Banerjee]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] || Debut film
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Chirodini Tumi Je Amar]]'' || Pancha, works at Garage with Krishna || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || [[Bengali language|Bengali]] ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Paran Jai Jaliya Re]]'' || Raj's cousin, Chote Mian || [[Rabi Kinagi]] || Bengali ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Challenge (2009 film)|Challenge]]'' || Boy in Tea Stall || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || Bengali ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Handa and Bhonda]]'' || Sayan || [[Subhankar Chattopadhyay]]|| Bengali ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Wanted (2010 film)|Wanted]]'' || || [[Rabi Kinagi]] || Bengali ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Le Chakka]]'' ||Special Appearance || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || Bengali ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Hello Memsaheb]]'' || Tinga || [[Nandita Roy]], [[Shiboprosad Mukherjee]]|| Bengali ||
|-
|2012 || ''[[Idiot (2012 film)|Idiot]]'' || Himself || Ashok Pati || Bengali ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Khokababu]]'' || Circuit || Shankar Aiyya || Bengali ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Le Halua Le]]'' || Boy in Tea Stall || [[Raja Chanda]] || Bengali ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Loveria]]'' || Bablu || [[Raja Chanda]] || Bengali ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Kanamachi]]'' || || [[Raj Chakraborty]] || Bengali ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Khiladi (2013 film)]]'' ||Nitai || [[Ashok Pati]]|| Bengali ||
|-
|2019 || ''[[Teko (film)]]'' || UNKNOWN ||Abhimanyu Mukherjee || Bengali
|-
| 2023|| ''Borfi'' || || Souvik Dey || Bengali ||
|-
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Serial/Show !! Role !! Channel !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2003 - 2009 || ''Tithir Atithi'' || || [[ETV Bangla]] || First appearance
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Dance Bangla Dance|Dance Bangla Dance Junior]]'' || Himself || [[Zee Bangla]] || Anchor
|-
| 2008 || ''Sukh - Thikana Baikunthapur'' || || Zee Bangla ||
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Dadagiri Unlimited]]'' || Himself || Zee Bangla || Contestant
|-
| 2009 || ''Ei Ghar Ei Sangsar'' || || Zee Bangla ||
|-
| 2013 || ''Jhalak Dikhla Jaa'' || Himself || ETV Bangla || Contestant
|-
| 2016 || ''Dugga Dugga'' || || [[Star Jalsa]] ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3366888}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banik, Aritra Dutta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Bengali male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from West Bengal]]
[[Category:B. T. Road Government Sponsored H. S. School alumni]]
[[Category:1999 births]]

Bhalessa

2026-02-06T00:21:44Z

Bhushana: added some info w/ sources.

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhalessa
| type = Region
| native_name =
| image_skyline = Religious_Heritage_Bhalessa.jpg
| caption = Clockwise: Jama Masjid Akhyarpur, Shiv Mandir Gandoh and Jama Masjid Gandoh
| pushpin_map = India Jammu and Kashmir#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jammu and Kashmir
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Administrative divisions|Division]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jammu Division|Jammu]]
| subdivision_type3 = Region
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chenab Valley]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Districts of Jammu and Kashmir|District]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Doda district|Doda]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| demographics_type1 = Language
| demographics_name1 =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Urdu, English
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Bhalessi dialect|Bhalessi]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]], [[Gujari language|Gojri]], [[Bhadarwahi language|Bhaderwahi]]
| coordinates = {{coord|33.03|N|75.90|E|display=inline,title}}
| area_total_km2 =
| population_demonym =
| population_total = 71,889<ref name="pop"/>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec1 =
| blank_info_sec1 =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 182207
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|www.bhalessa.com}}
| population_footnotes =
| official_name =
}}
'''Bhalessa''' is a geographical area within [[Doda district]] in the [[Jammu region]] of India-administered Kashmir.<ref name="pop">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=5420|title=CensusIndia.Gov.In Data|access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> It consists of the [[Bunjwah]] and Bhalessa Valleys, and comprises the three [[Tehsil]]s of [[Kahara, Jammu and Kashmir|Kahara]], [[Chilly Pingal]] and [[Gandoh]].

==Name==
The name is written {{Lang|ur|بھلیسہ}} in [[Urdu]], {{Lang|hi|भलेसा}} in [[Hindi]], and {{Lang|bhd|𑚡𑚥𑚲𑚨𑚭}} in the [[Takri script]].

The area is known as ''Bhales'' ({{IPA|/bʱəˈles/}}) to outsiders, but inhabitants of the region use a variety of names, including ''Bhalessa'' ({{IPA|/bʱəˈlesɑ/}}), ''Bhalesh'' ({{IPA|/bʱəˈleʃ/}}, with variant {{IPA|/bʱəˈleiʃ/}}), and ''Bhal'' ({{IPA|/ˈbʱɑl/}}).<ref>{{cite book| last = Varma| first = Siddheshwar| year = 1948| title = The Bhalesī dialect| series = Monograph series (Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal)| volume = 4| place = Calcutta}}</ref>

The etymology of the name remains unknown. It has been suggested that it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] word for 'good' ({{IAST|bhalla-}})<ref>{{harvtxt|Varma|1948|p=2}} makes this suggestion but then goes on to throw doubts on the plausibility of such an etymology.</ref> or from the name of the 16th-century queen, Queen Bhalla of [[Bhadarwar, Himachal Pradesh|Bhadarwah]].<ref name="kmw-20122">{{Cite web|last=Malik|first=Sadaket|date=29 October 2012|title=Bhalessa cultural history|url=https://kashmirmediawatch.com/bhalessa-cultural-history/|access-date=25 July 2020|work=Kashmir Media Watch}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=August 2020|reason=we need to cite directly the scholarly source used by the author of this web page}}

== Geography ==
The Bhalessa region consists of two valleys: Bonjwah and Bhalessa. Bonjwah contains multiple streams, while Bhalessa contains the Kalgoni stream.<ref name="kmw-20122"/> The two valleys unite near [[Donadi]] and the streams merge into the [[Chenab river]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chenab River {{!}} river, Asia|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Chenab-River|access-date=7 August 2020|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>

The area is easily accessible from Churaha Wazarat of Chamba through passes such as Padri Gali and Mehlwar. To the north, it is flanked by the mountains of [[Kishtwar]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=District Kishtwar, Government of Jammu & Kashmir {{!}} Land of Saffron, Sapphire & Shrines {{!}} India|url=https://kishtwar.nic.in/|access-date=7 August 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>

Bhalessa contains various geographical hamlets, such as Neeli, Jitota, Pingal, Chilli, Nanota, and Basnota. Some other areas include [[Bhal Padri|Bal Padri]], Kanthi Dhar, Soin Bhagar, Naglotan,<ref name="tct"/> Goha Dhar, Jawali meadows, Ghasheer Top, Makan and Chashool, Ghati Dhar, Mehal Dhar, Damote Dhar, Lakhan, Kehan Dhar, Mashood Dhar, Mihaad Dhar, Bach Dhar, Nagni Dhar, Talaie, Dhosa Meadows, Rohari Meadows, Lamhote Meadows, Kota Top, Pangas Top Gwalo, Dhanaso Dhar, and Dulchi Dhar.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

==Culture==
Тhe official language in the Bhalessa region is [[Urdu]], which is used for administrative purposes. The main spoken language of the sub-district is [[Bhalessi dialect|Bhalessi]]. Other spoken languages include [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Gujari language|Gujari]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Kaul|first=Pritam Krishen|title=Pahāṛi and Other Tribal Dialects of Jammu|publisher=Eastern Book Linkers|year=2006|isbn=8178541017|volume=1|place=Delhi|page=73}}</ref>

During the winter, the nomadic people of the [[Gurjar|Gujjar]] and [[Bakarwal]]s come down to the plain and barren areas of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. During the summer, they go deep into the mountainous valley of Bhalessa with their cattle where they produce milk, cheese, and ghee. During marriage celebrations, the Gujjars perform their folk dances.<ref name="kmw-2012">{{Cite news|last=Malik|first=Sadaket|date=29 October 2012|title=Bhalessa cultural history|publisher=Kashmir Media Watch|url=https://kashmirmediawatch.com/bhalessa-cultural-history/|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>

Traditional industries such as [[Beekeeping in India|beekeeping]], sheep cattle rearing, handloom weaving, blanket making, and ghee production contribute to the cultural economy of Bhalessa.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

==Transport==
The route to Bhalessa from its nearest airport in [[Jammu]] goes through [[Batote]] via [[National Highway 144 (India)|National Highway 144]], the [[Chenani-Nashri Tunnel]], and [[National Highway 244 (India)|National Highway 244]] (known as [[Batote]] – [[Kishtwar]] National Highway), which later leads to [[Thathri]], which is just {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=}} away from [[Kishtwar]]. To reach Bhalessa, it is necessary to leave the National Highway by a link road known as Thathri-[[Gandoh]]-Khilotran road.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jai Valley {{!}} District Doda {{!}} India|url=https://doda.nic.in/tourist-place/jai-valley/|access-date=8 August 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>

Concerns are often raised about the state of the roads in the region,<ref>{{Cite web|last=interalia|title=The deadly roads of Chenab Valley|url=https://thekashmirimages.com/2019/04/27/the-deadly-roads-of-chenab-valley/|access-date=21 September 2020|website=Kashmir Images Newspaper|date=27 April 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref> particularly the Thathri–Kilhotran Road, which as of July 2020 was still incomplete even after decades of construction.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Thathri-Kilotran-Soti road|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/thathri-kilotran-soti-road/|date=15 July 2020| publisher= The Daily Excelsior|access-date=8 August 2020}}</ref>

==Tourism==
Bhalessa has been a source of attraction for trackers and tourists.<ref name="tct">{{Cite web|title=A separate tourism development authority for Bhalessa|url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2020/07/21/a-separate-tourism-development-authority-for-bhalessa/|date=21 July 2020|publisher=The Chenab Times|access-date=25 July 2020}}</ref>

The area consists of green uplands, like [[Bhal Padri]], which can be a source of attraction for tourism. As of 2020, the inhabitants of the Bhalessa region are demanding a Hill District status and a Tourism Development Authority in order to exhibit tourism potential and for administrative convenience.<ref name="tct" /> As of July 2020, two potential spots have been identified for the creation of tourism assets in Block Changa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=19 July 2020|title=Tourism infrastructure set to take a leap in Bhalessa|publisher=India Education Diary|url=https://indiaeducationdiary.in/tourism-infrastructure-set-to-take-a-leap-in-bhalessa/|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117203007/https://indiaeducationdiary.in/tourism-infrastructure-set-to-take-a-leap-in-bhalessa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The people of Bhalessa are represented at various levels, in sports, education, politics, civil services, and other diverse fields. Bhalessa is known for interfaith harmony, and religious communities continue to live in peace during turmoil.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}
-there is a tallest mountain, (2415sq. ft)
that is "Gasher top" it shows a beautiful view of two states (J&K and Himachal Pradesh)

==Politics and administration==
Bhalessa has a Sub-Divisional Headquarter located at Gandoh that is controlled by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sub-Division Magistrate (SDM) Inaugurated Medical store at Doda district|url=http://www.thenewsnow.co.in/newsdet.aspx?q=37078/|date=9 January 2017|publisher=The News Now|access-date=7 August 2020}}</ref>

Bhalessa consists of three [[tehsil]]s: Gandoh, Chilly Pingal and Kahara.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tehsils in Doda|url=https://doda.nic.in/tehsil/|access-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> There have been demands for a Hill District Status for these tehsils,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=73010/|title=Residents of Bhalessa demanding hill district status - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir|website=www.scoopnews.in}}</ref> as well as for the creation of a separate Tourism Development Authority<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tourism Development Authority|date=21 July 2020 |url=https://thechenabtimes.com/2020/07/21/a-separate-tourism-development-authority-for-bhalessa/}}</ref> and the post of Additional Deputy Commissioner (ADC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhalessa Student protests, demands creation of the post of ADC for their area|url=https://scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=72539/|date=7 November 2017|publisher=Scoop News| access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref>

According to political listings, Bhalessa is listed in the Bhaderwah constituency and Inderwal constituency. Notable politicians include:
*[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], a [[Indian National Congress|congress]] leader from the Soti village of Bhalessa. He was the winning candidate in 2006 from the Bhaderwah constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ghulam Nabi Azad retains Bhaderwah seat|url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/india/ghulam-nabi-azad-retains-bhaderwah-seat/story-2apmVSaLeIuGZQPcuhk8KJ.html|date=28 December 2008|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]|access-date=3 August 2020}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> He was also the [[Minister of Health and Family Welfare (India)|Minister of Health and Family Welfare]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/political-leaders/ghulam-nabi-azad.html/|title=Ghulam Nabi Azad Biography - About family, political life, awards won, history|website=Elections in India}}</ref> As of 2020, he serves as the leader of the opposition in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ghulam Nabi Azad named Leader of Congress in Rajya Sabha |url=https://news.biharprabha.com/2014/06/ghulam-nabi-azad-named-leader-of-congress-in-rajya-sabha/|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|access-date=9 June 2014}}</ref>
He also served as the Chief Minister of erstwhile state of Jammu and Kashmir from 2005 to 2008. On 26 September 2022, Azad announced his own political party as Democratic Progressive Azad Party.
*Mohd Sharief Niaz, a [[Indian National Congress|congress]] leader from Changa village in Bhalessa. He contested the 2009 assembly elections from the Bhaderwah constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohammed Sharief Niaz Man awakened Bhalessa |work=The India Post | Breaking News from India |date=5 July 2011 |url=https://www.theindiapost.com/nation/jammu/mohammed-sharief-niaz-man-awakened-bhalessa/ |access-date=3 August 2020 |archive-date=20 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120093229/https://www.theindiapost.com/nation/jammu/mohammed-sharief-niaz-man-awakened-bhalessa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Daleep Singh Parihar]], a [[Bhartiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader from Batara village in Bhalessa. He is the former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] candidate from the Bhaderwah constituency.

==Education==
There is a college in Kilhotran under the name of Government Degree College Kilhotran. Schools in Bhalessa work to impart education in rural villages.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government Degree College Khilotran Gandoh Bhalessa|url=https://vymaps.com/IN/Government-Degree-College-Kilhotran-Gandoh-Bhalessa-Jammu-kashmir-India-1584869238251270/|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>

Bhalessa also has a Government Industrial Training Institute (ITI) to give technical training to young people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Directorate of Skills Development, Jammu and Kashmir|url=https://www.jkdte.org/iti_trg_inst.htm|publisher=Government of Jammu and Kashmir|access-date=3 August 2020|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214215830/http://www.jkdte.org/iti_trg_inst.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

There is an unprecedented growth of [[madrasa]] education in the area. The madrasas in Bhalessa include Jamia Gani tul uloom and Asrar ul Uloom.<ref>Sadaket Malik {{Cite web|title=Madrasah movement in Bhalessa Hamlet|url=http://www.jammu-kashmir.com/letters/letters2010_Bhalessa_Madrasah.html|date=4 January 2007|website=www.jammu-kashmir.com|access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref> Jamia Gani tul uloom is the largest seminary madrasa in the Jammu province.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COVID-19: Madrasa management offers hostel building for quarantine facility in J&K's Doda|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/04/covid-19-madrasa-management-offers-hostel-building-for-quarantine-facility-in-jks-doda-2125699.html/|date=4 April 2020|publisher=[[New Indian Express]]|access-date=6 August 2020}}</ref> The Jamia was founded by [[Ghulam Qadir Ganipuri|Alhaj Ghulam Qadir Ganipuri]].

==Notable people==
* [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], politician
* [[Mithun Manhas]], cricketer<ref>{{Cite news| title=Mithun Manhas appointed Chief coach of Delhi|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/sports/mithun-manhas-appointed-chief-coach-of-delhi/|date=5 September 2018|publisher=The Greater Kashmir|access-date=4 July 2020}}</ref>
* [[Chain Singh]], Olympian, shooter, Asian games medalist.<ref>{{Cite news| title=Asian Games medallist Chain Singh from J&K felicitated|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Asian-Games-medallist-Chain-Singh-from-JK-felicitated/articleshow/44857379.cms|date=17 October 2014|work=The Times of India|access-date=4 August 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Chenab Valley]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Doda district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jammu and Kashmir]]

National Register of Citizens for Assam

2026-02-02T12:17:42Z

Bhushana: small edit

{{short description|Indian citizenship database originally by Assam state}}
{{about|the system implemented in Assam|the system intended for all of India|National Register of Citizens}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}

The '''National Register of Citizens for Assam''' is a [[National Register of Citizens|registry (NRC)]] meant to be maintained by the [[Government of India]] for the state of [[Assam]]. It is expected to contain the names and certain relevant information for the identification of genuine [[Indian people|Indian]] citizens in the state. The register for Assam was first prepared after the [[1951 Census of India]]. Since then it was not updated until the major "updation exercise" conducted during 2013–2019, which caused numerous difficulties. In 2019, the government also declared its intention of creating such a registry [[National Register of Citizens|for the whole of India]], leading to [[CAA-NRC Protests|major protests]] all over the country.<ref>
{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-register-of-citizens-in-assam-issue-of-illegal-foreigners-continues-to-be-a-major-political-one/articleshow/47657561.cms |title=National Register of Citizens in Assam: Issue of illegal foreigners continues to be a major political one |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=14 June 2015 |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G.}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/assam-overhaul-of-national-register-of-citizens-sparks-controversy/story-O082SAiZUXEc9ZRWfpsvDO.html |title=Assam: Overhaul of National Register of Citizens sparks controversy |date=29 June 2015}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/national-register-of-citizens-in-assam-issue-of-illegal-foreigners-continues-to-be-a-major-political-one/articleshow/47657561.cms |title=National Register of Citizens in Assam: Issue of illegal foreigners continues to be a major political one - The Economic Times |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=2015-06-14 |accessdate=2015-09-05 |newspaper=The Economic Times |last1=Seetharaman |first1=G. }}
</ref>

After the independence of India, the Indian parliament passed the ''Immigration (Expulsion from Assam) Act'' of 1950 due to the concern that Assam was getting indundated with migrants from East Bengal, which had then become part of Pakistan.{{efn|According to Kanchan Gupta, the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] government of Bengal had encouraged such migration during 1940–1946, when there was no popular government in Assam. After the partition of India, these patterns of migration continued. {{harv|Gupta, Beyond the poll rhetoric|2019|p=5}}}} The first National Register of Citizens was prepared in 1951 in order to implement the Act.<ref>
[https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-assam-the-accord-the-discord-by-sangeeta-barooah-pisharoty/story-kySmPIGUqYwrnZg3YQb3QK.html Review: Assam: The Accord, The Discord by Sangeeta Barooah Pisharoty], Hindustan Times, 13 December 2019.
</ref>{{sfnp|Gupta, Beyond the poll rhetoric|2019|pp=4–5}} However, nothing was accomplished because [[The Foreigners Act, 1946|The Foreigners Act of 1946]] did not treat Pakistanis as "foreigners" and they could come and go as they pleased.{{sfnp|Gupta, Beyond the poll rhetoric|2019|p=5}}

The process of updating Assam's part of NRC started in 2013 when the [[Supreme Court of India]] passed an order for it to be updated. Since then, the Supreme Court (bench of [[Ranjan Gogoi]] and [[Rohinton Fali Nariman]]) monitored it continuously. The entire process was conducted by Prateek Hajela,<ref>
{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/who-is-prateek-hajela-whos-making-the-headlines-in-assam/article24483668.ece |title=Who is Prateek Hajela, who's making the headlines in Assam? |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2018-07-21 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2019-07-09 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}
</ref> an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], who has been designated as the State Coordinator of National Registration, Assam.

The final updated NRC for Assam, published 31 August 2019, contained 31 million names out of 33 million population.<ref name="India Today 2019">
[https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/nrc-final-list-how-and-where-to-check-your-name-on-assam-national-register-of-citizens-1593695-2019-08-31 NRC final list: How and where to check your name on Assam's National Register of Citizens], India Today, 31 August 2019.
</ref> It left out about 1.9 million applicants, who seem to be divided roughly equally between Bengali Hindus, Bengali Muslims and other Hindus from various parts of India.<ref>
[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/five-lakh-bengali-hindu-nrc-rejects-will-get-citizenship/articleshow/72465093.cms ‘Five lakh Bengali Hindu NRC rejects will get citizenship], The Times of India, 11 December 2019.
</ref><ref>
{{citation |first1=K. V. |last1=Thomas |title=The Politics of NRC and its Pan-Indian Dimensions |publisher=Centre for Public Policy Research |date=6 December 2019 |url=https://www.cppr.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/The-Politics-of-NRC-and-its-Pan-Indian-Dimensions.pdf |pages=6–7}}
</ref><ref>
Sanjoy Hazarika, [https://www.thehinducentre.com/the-arena/current-issues/article29724344.ece Assam's Tangled Web of Citizenship and the Importance of a Consensus], The Hindu Centre for Politics and Public Policy, 18 October 2019.
</ref>{{efn|Multiple sources report that roughly 0.7 million excluded applicants were Muslim. Citizens for Justice and Peace quoted figures from the Intelligence Branch of the Assam government to the effect that fewer than 0.5 million Muslims were of East Bengal origin.<ref>
Zamser Ali, [https://cjp.org.in/bangladeshi-bogeyman-myth-exposed-in-assam/ Bangladeshi bogeyman myth EXPOSED in Assam!], Citizens for Justice and Peace, 17 September 2019.
</ref> A BJP internal survey of the excluded applicants counted 504,800 Bengali Hindus.<ref>
[https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/swing-between-hope-despair-in-assam/cid/1726282 Swing between hope & despair], The Telegraph, 13 December 2019.
</ref>}}

In December 2022, audit by the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India]] revealed several irregularities in the National Register of Citizens in Assam, such as, exclusion of several indigenous people of Assam, irregularities in utilization of funds in the process and choosing software for the task. The project cost increased from Rs 288.18 crore in 2014 to Rs 1,602.66 crore by March 2022.<ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title=CAG flags irregularities in Assam's NRC exercise |url=https://scroll.in/latest/1040532/cag-flags-irregularities-in-assams-nrc-exercise |access-date=2022-12-25 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=2022-12-25}}</ref>

The Government of Bangladesh has indicated that Bangladesh is prepared to take back any of its citizens residing in India if evidence is offered.<ref>[https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/will-take-back-b-deshi-citizens-staying-in-india-illegally-if-evidence-provided-dhaka-official-1629105-2019-12-17 Will take back Bangladeshi citizens staying in India illegally if evidence provided: Dhaka official], India Today, 17 December 2019.</ref>

==Background==

During the 19th and 20th centuries, [[Colonial Assam]] (1826–1947) witnessed intermittent migration of populace from rest of the provinces of [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]] in the aftermath of the [[Treaty of Yandabo|Yandabo treaty]] (signed on 24 February 1826) which brought the region under the control of British. The liberal colonial authorities encouraged the migration of peasants from Bengal to Assam in search of fertile lands.{{sfn|White Paper on Foreigners Issue|2012}} As early as 1931, C.S. Mullan, the Census Superintendent in his census report stated:

{{blockquote|''Probably the most important event in the province during the last 25 years- an event, moreover, which seems likely to alter permanently the whole feature of Assam and to destroy the whole structure of Assamese culture and civilization has been the invasion of a vast horde of land-hungry immigrant, mostly Muslims, from the districts of East Bengal.''<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/religion-data-spotlight-on-assam-accord-after-30-years/story-UfUxBTwtmp5mu6iJgLmyiP.html|title=Religion data spotlight on Assam Accord after 30 years|date=2015-08-26|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-08-13|language=en}}</ref>}}

=== After 1950===
This migration surged, especially that of [[Hindu]] Bengali people, from [[East Pakistan]] (presently [[Bangladesh]] since 1971) after India's independence and subsequent partition into two separate countries namely the secular [[India]] and [[Muslim]] [[Pakistan]]. Following the [[Partition of India]], Pakistan consisted of two isolated landmasses, [[Pakistan]] to the west of India and [[East Pakistan]], to the East. Demarcation was loose and without any robust physical barrier or fencing between East Pakistan and India.

Post Partition, East Pakistan suffered from political turmoil and witnessed civil unrest which finally led to a civil war and separation of East Pakistan from Pakistan and a new country [[Bangladesh]] came into being consisting of all the geographical area of erstwhile East Pakistan. There occurred mass exodus of population from the war-torn regions into the Indian side and most of these refugees never returned. Excerpts from the [[White paper|White Paper]] on Foreigners' Issue published by the Home and Political Department, Government of Assam on 20 October 2012 – Chapter 1, Historical Perspective, .section 1.2 reads:{{sfn|White Paper on Foreigners Issue|2012}}

{{blockquote|''Following Partition and communal riots in the subcontinent, Assam initially saw an influx of refugees and other migrants from East Pakistan. The number of such migrants other than refugees was initially reported by the State Government to be between 1,50,000 and 2,00,000 but later estimated to be around 5,00,000.''{{sfn|White Paper on Foreigners Issue|2012|loc=Chapter 1}}}}

Even after the end of civil war and the formation of Bangladesh, migration continued, though illegally. The Government of India already had in its stock of statutes, the '''Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam) Act, 1950'''. This act came into effect from 1 March 1950 which mandated expulsion of illegal immigrants from the state of Assam.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/documents/actsandordinences/assam_(the_immigrants_expulsuion_from-assam)_Act%20_1950.htm |title=The Immigrants (Expulsion from Assam) Act 1950 |website=www.satp.org |access-date=2018-08-13}}</ref> To identify illegal immigrants, the National Register of Citizens was prepared for the first time in Assam during the conduct of 1951 Census.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/explained-in-brief-what-is-assams-national-register-of-citizens-updation-and-how-it-will-impact-illegal-immigrants/997223/ |title=In-brief: What is Assam's National Register of Citizens updation and how it will impact illegal immigrants |date=2018-01-01 |work=The Financial Express |access-date=2018-08-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> It was carried out under a directive of the [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] (MHA) by recording particulars of every single person enumerated during that Census. Practical implementation of the act was difficult and the measures taken under this act proved ineffective largely due to the vast stretch of the open border between the countries and illegal immigrants pushed out of India at one point of it could easily infiltrate again at some other unmanned point. The issue of illegal infiltration was becoming formidable problem in the state of Assam as migrants enjoyed political patronage.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/aditi-phadnis-assam-s-ethnic-mess-105110501007_1.html |title = Aditi Phadnis: Assam's ethnic mess|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 5 November 2005|last1 = Phadnis|first1 = Aditi}}</ref> The Registrar General of Census in his report on [[1961 Census of India|1961 Census]] assessed 2,20,691 infiltrators to have entered Assam.<ref>[https://www.sci.gov.in/jonew/judis/42194.pdf Writ Petition (Civil) No. 562 OF 2012: Assam Sanmilita Mahasangha & Ors. Versus Union of India & Ors.], The Supreme Court of India, 17 December 2014</ref>

In the year 1965, the government of India took up with the government of Assam to expedite completion of the National Register of Citizens and to issue National Identity Cards on the basis of this register to Indian citizens towards the identification of illegal immigrants. But in 1966 the Central Government dropped the proposal to issue identity cards in consultation with the Government of Assam, having found the project impracticable.

In a notification issued by the Government of India in the year 1976, the State government was instructed not to deport persons coming from Bangladesh to India prior to March 1971. Thus between 1948 and 1971, there were large scale migrations from Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) to Assam.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://scroll.in/article/664077/bengali-muslims-who-migrated-to-assam-in-1871-are-not-illegal-bangladeshis |title=Bengali Muslims who migrated to Assam in 1871 are not 'illegal Bangladeshis' |last1=Deka |first1=Dr. Kaustubh |work=Scroll.in |access-date=2018-08-16 |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Assam Accord 1985 ===
{{main|Assam Accord}}
Given this continuing influx of illegal migrants from Bangladesh into Assam, suddenly a group of student leaders in 1979 came out in fierce protest demanding detention, disenfranchisement and deportation of illegal immigrants from Assam.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://thefearlessindian.in/must-read-nrc-india-paradigm-shift-vote-bank-politics-india-indians/amp/ |title=Must Read: NRC For India— A Paradigm Shift from Vote Bank Politics to "India for Indians" - The Fearless Indian |date=2018-08-14 |work=The Fearless Indian |access-date=2018-08-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> They cited unexplained surge of electors in the voter lists for the assembly constituencies in certain pockets of the state, specially in those under then undivided [[Darrang]] District of Assam & elsewhere in the districts of lower & central Assam, for which they suspected large scale entry of names of foreigners or illegal migrants in those lists. The events quickly developed into a mass movement which came to be known as [[Assam Movement|Assam Agitation]] or [[Assam Movement]] led by [[All Assam Students Union|All Assam Students’ Union (AASU)]] and All Assam Gana Sangram Parishad (AAGSP) and lasted 6 years.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/information-services/martyrs-of-assam-agitation |title=Martyrs of Assam Agitation |last= |first= |date= |publisher=Government of Assam |website= |access-date=}}</ref> The movement culminated in the signing of a landmark Memorandum of Settlement (MoS) - the [[Assam Accord]], between the agitating parties & the Union of India on 15 August 1985,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/et-explains/from-assam-accord-to-nrc-discord-a-timeline/articleshow/65237816.cms |title=From Assam Accord to NRC discord: A timeline |date=2018-08-02 |work=The Economic Times |access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref> at the behest of then Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] in New Delhi.

The Accord ended the agitation<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/32-years-after-it-was-signed-separate-office-set-up-to-implement-assam-accord/story-Vh2JBFlzapjIIVyMbchQeI.html |title=32 years after it was signed, separate office set up to implement Assam Accord |date=2017-12-10 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=2018-08-20 |language=en}}</ref> but could not end the illegal migration. Further it had a negotiated defect which called for 1 January 1966 to be the precise date based on which the detection illegal immigrants in Assam would take place and thus ironically allowing [[Indian citizenship]] for all persons coming to the territorial limits of the present-day state of Assam from "Specified Territory" ([[East Pakistan]], presently [[Bangladesh]] since 1971) prior to that date.

=== Other New Acts ===
Along with the Accord came a new '''Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983''' which described a controversial procedure to detect illegal immigrants and their expulsion from the state of Assam. Indian Citizenship Act, 1955 was accordingly amended almost immediately to incorporate provisions by dint of the accord. The act further specified that all persons who came to Assam between to 1 January 1966 (inclusive) and up to 24 March 1971 (midnight) shall be detected in accordance with the provisions of the '''Foreigners Act, 1946''' and the '''Foreigners (Tribunals) Order, 1964.''' The name of foreigners so detected would be deleted from the Electoral Rolls in force. Such persons will be required to register themselves before the Registration Officers of the respective districts in accordance with the provisions of the Registration of Foreigners Act, 1939 and the Registration of Foreigners Rules, 1939. Foreigners who came to Assam on or after 25 March 1971 shall continue to be detected, deleted and expelled in accordance with law.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://assamaccord.assam.gov.in/portlets/assam-accord-and-its-clauses |title=Assam Accord and its Clauses |last= |first= |date= |website=Government of Assam |access-date=}}</ref>

===Pilot Project 2010===
The process of detecting and expelling immigrants suffered from problems for a considerable amount of time. The first attempt of systematically detecting foreigners by updating the National Register in Assam was through a Pilot Project which was started in 2 circles (referred to as Tehsil in some states), one in [[Kamrup district|Kamrup]] district and another in [[Barpeta]] district in the year 2010, which had to be aborted within 4 weeks amidst a huge law and order problem involving a mob attack on the Office of the IAS Commissioner, Barpeta that resulted in police firing killing 4 persons.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/national-register-of-citizens-to-be-updated-in-assam/article4520748.ece |title=National Register of Citizens to be updated in Assam |date=2013-03-18 |work=The Hindu |access-date=2018-08-20 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> For a long time, since the bitter experience in the pilot project, NRC update was considered almost an impossible task by the government agencies.

=== Role of the Supreme Court ===
However, the task was again finally taken up at the behest of the [[Supreme Court of India]]’s order in the year 2013 in regards to two writ petitions filed by Assam Public Works and Assam Sanmilita Mahasangha & Ors.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/couple-who-set-nrc-ball-rolling/cid/1456542 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806132432/https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/couple-who-set-nrc-ball-rolling/cid/1456542 |archive-date=6 Aug 2020 |title=Couple who set NRC ball rolling |work=The Telegraph |access-date=2020-12-12 |language=en}}</ref> wherein the Supreme Court, headed by the bench of Justice [[Ranjan Gogoi]] and Justice [[Rohinton Fali Nariman]], mandated the Union Government and the State Government to complete the updation of NRC, in accordance with [[Indian nationality law|Citizenship Act, 1955]] and Citizenship Rules, 2003,<ref>[http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/legalmodule/Citizenship%20(Amendment)%20Act%202003.pdf The Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2003] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918125117/http://www.india-eu-migration.eu/media/legalmodule/Citizenship%20(Amendment)%20Act%202003.pdf |date=18 September 2017 }}, Government of India, published at india-eu-migration.eu</ref> in all parts of Assam. Pursuant to the directive of the apex Court, the Registrar General of India via its notification ''Number S.O. 3591 E dated 6 December 2013'' notified commencing of NRC updation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nrcassam.nic.in/pdf/not11.pdf |title=Ministry of Home Affairs Order, 6 December 2013 |last= |first= |date=5 December 2013 |publisher=Gazette of India |website=NRC Assam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/all-you-need-to-know-about-nrc/cid/1438361 |title=All you need to know about NRC |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |access-date=2019-07-02}}</ref>

Since then, the Supreme Court of India has been closely monitoring the process and holding regular hearings on representations made to it by various interested parties and stakeholders. To make the process of NRC update smooth, the Supreme Court in its order dated 21 July 2015 passed the following directions:

{{blockquote|''We expect all authorities to act faithfully and diligently to carry out their assigned tasks to ensure smooth preparation of NRC and publication thereof within the schedule fixed by us. This is in reiteration of the mandate contained in Article 144{{efn|In reference to Article 144 of the Constitution of India, all authorities, civil and judicial, in the territory of India shall act in aid of the Supreme Court. Article 142 of the Constitution of India further stipulates that the Supreme Court in the exercise of its jurisdiction may pass such decree or make such order as is necessary for doing complete justice in any cause or matter pending before it, and any decree so passed or order so made shall be enforceable throughout the territory of India in such manner as may be prescribed by or under any law made by Parliament and, until provision in that behalf is so made, in such manner as the President may by order prescribe and subject to the provisions of any law made in this behalf by Parliament, the Supreme Court shall, as respects the whole of the territory of India, have all and every power to make any order for the purpose of securing the attendance of any person, the discovery or production of any documents, or the investigation or punishment of any contempt of itself.}} of the Constitution of India. It is not necessary for us to emphasise that any person found to be creating any obstruction or hindrance, in any manner, in the preparation of the NRC would be subjected to such orders as this Court would pass in such eventualities.''|sign=|source=}}

== Final NRC ==

===Methodology===
The mechanism adopted to update the NRC 1951 has been developed from scratch because there is no precedence of such a mammoth task ever undertaken in India or elsewhere that involved identification of genuine citizens and detection of illegal immigrants using technology since it involved data of over 3 crore people and over 6.6 crore documents. The guidelines under which NRC Update has been taken up is as follows –

The process of NRC update is divided into the following phases:

# Publication of Legacy Data
# Distribution & Receipt of Application Form
# Verification Process
# Publication of Part Draft NRC
# Complete Publication of Draft NRC
# Receipt and Disposal of Claims & Objections
# Publication of Final NRC

===Publication of Final NRC===
The Final NRC has been published on 31 August 2019 after completion of all the statutory works as per various standard operating procedures. As per a press release<ref>{{Cite web| title=Publication of Final NRC on 31st August, 2019 | url=https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-363869.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903210821/https://www.livelaw.in/pdf_upload/pdf_upload-363869.pdf | archive-date=2019-09-03}}</ref> by the SCNRC, a total of 3,30,27,661 persons applied to the registering authority through 68,37,660 application forms and out of which 3,11,21,004 persons were found eligible for inclusion of their names in the final NRC leaving out 19,06,657 persons, who were not included and shall have to approach a Foreigners' Tribunal with an appeal against non-inclusion if they so desire.

===Controversy on Final NRC===
As soon as the final NRC was published on 31 August 2019 at 10 AM on completion of the updating the NRC,1951 at all the local, tehsil & district level offices created for the purpose, controversy regarding its correctness set in and even some lawmakers openly came out criticizing the document.

A sitting M.L.A of Assam belonging to the political party [[All India United Democratic Front]] (AIUDF) representing the [[Scheduled Caste]]-reserved constituency of [[Abhayapuri South (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abhayapuri South]] in lower Assam, having found himself out of the NRC, reportedly expressed that thousands of genuine Indians, especially Bengali Hindus, have been left out of final NRC, and as many illegal foreigners have made into the final list.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/north-east-india/assam-nrc-mlas-faulty-genuine-citizens-out-5957268/ | title=Across Assam, chorus rises among MLAs: NRC is faulty, many genuine citizens out| date=2 September 2019}}</ref>

The Assam [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works]] (APW), the original petitioner in the Supreme Court which led to the update of the National Register of Citizens six years ago, said the final NRC turned out to be a 'flawed document' because its prayer for re-verification of the draft list was rejected by the apex court. The NGO also wondered whether the [[software]] used in the update exercise was capable of handling so much data.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/assam-nrc-final-list-original-petitioner-in-sc-says-document-is-flawed-as-apex-court-rejected-reverification-plea-7260851.html |title = Assam NRC final list: Original petitioner in SC says document is 'flawed' as apex court rejected reverification plea|date = 31 August 2019}}</ref>

Widespread [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|protests]] erupted against the Citizenship Amendment Act, 2019 when read with NRC, across India.The allegation ranged from the Act when applied through the lens of NRC being against the [[Constitution of India]] and being discriminatory to Muslims. However, protests in the North Eastern State of India were concerning the effect of the Act and the register eroding the identity of north eastern India by allowing naturalizing of illegal immigrants.

== Eligibility Criteria ==
''[[National Register of Citizens]]'' has listed the following classes of persons as being eligible to be included in the NRC:<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/what-is-nrc-here-is-what-you-need-to-know-1552817-2019-06-20|title=What is NRC?|newspaper=India Today |date=20 June 2019}}</ref>
* Persons whose names appear in the NRC, 1951
* Persons whose names appear in any of the Electoral Rolls up to 24 March (midnight), 1971.
* Descendants of the above persons.
* Persons who came to Assam on or after 1 January 1966 but before 25 March 1971 and registered themselves in accordance with the rules made by the Central Government with the Foreigners Registration Regional Officer (FRRO) and who have not been declared as illegal migrants or foreigners by the competent authority.
* People who are original inhabitants of Assam and their children and descendants who are citizens of India provided their citizenship is ascertained beyond a reasonable doubt by the registering authority.
*[[D voter|‘D’ voters]] can apply for inclusion of their names in the updated NRC. However, their names will be finally included only when the appropriate Foreigner Tribunal declares them as non-foreigners.
* Persons who can provide any one of the documents issued up to midnight of 24 March 1971 as mentioned in the list of documents admissible for citizenship.
* All Indian Citizens including their children and descendants who have moved to Assam post 24 March 1971 would be eligible for inclusion in the updated NRC on adducing satisfactory proof of residence in any part of the country (outside Assam) as on 24 March 1971.
* All members of the Tea Tribes shall be covered under ‘Original inhabitants of Assam’ category provided for under Clause 3(3) of the Schedule of The Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003.
* All such original inhabitants shall be included on the basis of proof to the satisfaction of the Registering Authority. On the establishment of the citizenship of such persons beyond a reasonable doubt, their names shall be in the updated NRC.

==Updating the NRC==
The NRC is updated as per the provisions The Citizenship Act, 1955<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiancitizenshiponline.nic.in/citizenshipact1.htm|title=Extracts from the Citizenship Act, 1955: 8-003a|website=indiancitizenshiponline.nic.in|publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|access-date=2019-07-03}}</ref> and The Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003 (As amended by 1. G. S. R. 803(E), dated 9 November 2009 (with effect from 9/11/2009.), Ministry of Home Affairs (Office of Registrar General, India), Order No. S.O. 596(E), dated 15 March 2010, published in [[the Gazette of India]], Extra, Part II. No. 504 S.3(ii), dated 16 March 2010 p. 1.). As per the two statutes, the eligibility status would be ascertained based on the NRC, 1951, Electoral Rolls up to 1971 and in their absence the admissible documents up to 24 March (midnight) 1971.

Updating the National Register of Citizens (NRC) in the state of Assam is the most extensive citizen-engaging exercise undertaken in any Indian state, perhaps the first of its kind even globally, that touches the lives of every resident of the state. Once the Registrar General of India appointed Prateek Hajela as the State Coordinator for the project:

* '''Setting up of an Innovative Technical Mechanism''': NRC update project in Assam required new systems for residents’ data collection, processing and management of the data so collected, document scanning, verification and digitizing. Development of over twenty large custom software applications, over 2500 digitization hubs and a state of art Data Centre, and extensive manpower involvement (involving over 30,000 government officers and 10,000 contractual/ outsourced staff) was set up to take on the process of the NRC update.
* '''Setting up of NRC Seva Kendras (NSK):''' In order to aid and assist the public in enrolling themselves in the NRC update process [[Information and communications technology]] (ICT) enabled Help Desks named NRC Seva Kendras (NSKs) were set up across the state. NRC Seva Kendras (NSK) were set up in each district of Assam; each NSK covering an approximate of 2,500 households[b]. NSK acts as the epicentre for all the NRC activities starting from assisting the public in searching the Legacy Data, distribution of Application Form, receipt of Application Form, carrying out all the data entry work, displaying of Draft NRC and so on. Each NSK is equipped with sophisticated software for Legacy Data Search in three languages, namely English, Assamese and Bengali & besides that, adequate hardware such as computers, scanners, & furniture are made available for public convenience.
* '''Publication of Legacy Data:''' To claim eligibility for inclusion in NRC the applicants had to prove their residence in Assam (or in any part of the country) up to 24 March 1971. As per statutory requirement, the NRC authorities had to publish copies of NRC 1951 and Electoral Rolls of all years up to 24 March 1971 (collectively named as '''Legacy Data'''). Easy accessibility of these documents was the key to ensure effective public engagement in the process. About 6.26 lakh pages of such old documents were available across the state, but most of those were in poor condition as can be seen in the image of Original NRC 1951.  It would not have been possible for the public to search for their names in the heaps of dilapidated documents. To address this concern, NRC authority decided to digitize and develop the legacy data and make it available in an easily searchable format. 2.01 crore records were digitized and were assigned a Unique "Legacy Data Code" from 6.26 lakh pages of such legacy documents. All these pages were then converted into images through photographic scanning and assigned unique image IDs and linked to the 2.01 crore records for preserving the database, establishing the unique identity of records and producing true copies of Legacy Data for publication. The data was [[Transliteration|transliterated]] to make it search enabled in Assamese, English, and Bengali. Out of the total 8 crore words found in the Legacy Database, an "Assam Data Dictionary" was prepared with 24 lakhs unique words. 25 GB of SQL database and 240 GB image files were installed in a short span of 10 days in 5000 laptops spread over 2500 NRC Seva Kendras (NSKs) specially set up for free search and issue of Legacy Data. The legacy database was also made available on the public domain through NRC Website. Issue of 77 lakh Legacy Data Codes in NSKs and 68 lakh through the web in a period of 6 months proved to be the game-changer in NRC update. Out of 68.23 lakh Application Forms received from the public, 95% of applicants submitted Legacy Data as supporting documents to prove their claim for inclusion in NRC. This indicates to the indispensability of Legacy Data development exercise which set the ball rolling for NRC update

=== Documents to be furnished ===
Two sets of documents had to be furnished by the applicants for inclusion in the updated NRC. They are -

*'''List A Documents:''' For inclusion of names of any person in updated NRC, the applicants must produce any one of the following List A documents issued before 24 March (midnight), 1971 where the name of self or ancestor appears (to prove residence in Assam up to 24 March (midnight), 1971) - 1951 NRC, Electoral Roll(s) up to 24 March (midnight), 1971, Land & Tenancy Records, Citizenship Certificate, Permanent Residential Certificate, Refugee Registration Certificate
*'''List B Documents:''' If any of the documents of List A is not of the applicant himself/herself but that of an ancestor, namely, father or mother or grandfather or grandmother or great-grandfather or great-grandmother (and so on) the applicant then have to submit List B documents to establish relationship with such ancestor, i.e., father or mother or grandfather or grandmother or great-grandfather or great-grandmother, etc. whose name appears in List A. Such documents shall have to be legally acceptable document which clearly proves such relationship. The applicants must produce any one of the following List B to establish the linkage: Birth Certificate, Land document, Board/University Certificate, Bank/LIC/Post Office records, Any other legally acceptable document.

===Distribution and Receipt of Application Process===
For the convenient update of NRC, the application process was facilitated to the public in both online and offline modes.
*Offline: People opting for the offline mode had to visit their nearest NSK for filling up and submission of their application forms. The NSKs received applications from 9 AM till 6 PM, sometimes till late hours depending on the footfall of the public. Every applicant received a photocopy of his/her entire form submitted along with an acknowledgment receipt containing a unique Application Receipt Number (ARN) issued against the form.
*Online: For the Online mode of application, NRC online form was made available to the public. People opting for online mode had the option of submitting the form via their smartphones and tablet devices as well, in addition to accessing the form via a desktop/Laptop. The online process was also made convenient for applicants who lacked access to stable internet connection; preventing them from going through with the online application process uninterrupted. This was done by integrating an innovative offline-online facility of form receipt, which allowed offline filling up of Form and online submission as and when network connectivity is available.

Distribution and Receipt of Application Form took off initially on 9 May 2015 with a trial run of the NRC Application Receipt Software at Chandrapur 3 NSK under Chandrapur circle of [[Kamrup Metropolitan]]. Soon after, the Application Receipt phase was launched in May 2015 and the online submission facility was launched on 22 June 2015. Application Forms were distributed house to house by government functionaries in the entire state and could be collected by the applicants from the NRC Seva Kendra's (NSKs) in case it was lost or damaged.

The guidelines of form fill up were made available in the form of instruction sheets distributed during the Community Awareness Meetings, video tutorials were developed and made available online as well as distributed in the form of CDs in each district at the capacity building meetings, toll free helpline numbers were made available.

The NRC Seva Kendras (NSKs) served as the Application Receipt Centres.

The online receipt of application forms allowed the user to submit their registration details online, submit their NRC Application Forms online and finally generate their Acknowledgement Receipt Number on successful submission of the forms online.

A first of its kind combination of the online and offline facility was introduced for benefit of the rural public. The application was introduced at a later stage and could be accessed through any Government-authorized Common Service Center (CSC)/Arunoday Kendra. The Common Services Centres are being operated by the Village Level Entrepreneurs (VLE) who ensure the percolation of the National e-Governance Plan at the grass-root level. In total 1148 SAHAJ Arunoday Kendras have been rolled out so far in the State of Assam, out of mandated 2833 Centres to July 2009), Cyber Cafes, any friend or internet access point for uploading photos and supporting documents. The e-form was made available at the NRC Assam website www.nrcassam.nic.in  from 6 August 2015 onwards, through which anyone could download the e-form or copy in pen drives from the CSCs. One could easily fill up the e-form online or offline as per their convenience from literally anywhere.

The last date of receipt of the Application Form was 31 August 2019.

===Verification Process===
The sole objective of the verification process is to ensure that no ineligible person gets entry into the updated NRC and that no genuine person is left out form the NRC. The verification process consists of the following steps:

* '''Office Verification'''
* '''DOCSMEN - Document Segregation and Meta-Data Entry'''
* '''Field Verification'''{{Efn|VTR serves two purposes – first by making the job of Verification Teams easy by providing pre populated data related to applicants systematically in one page where the Teams   have to record the result only in "Yes"/"No" format. Additionally, the VTR also indicated the fields in which the applicants have not provided full detail in their Forms so that the Verifying Officers can complete those during field verification. The second purpose served by VTRs is to allow quality checking of the first round of application form data digitization done by operators. As VTRs are taken to field for the recording of results, the VTRs get a chance to correct any digitization error and take the second opinion on the spelling of names, surnames, etc. directly from the applicants.|name=|group=}}
* '''Family Tree Matching Technique'''

Final eligibility for the inclusion of names is determined only if the results of all the three verification process -field verification, office verification, and Family Tree Matching- are found positive. As mandated in the Citizenship Rules, 2003 all cases, after ascertaining final eligibility at LRCR level, is referred to the DRCR for his/her approval before publishing the Part Draft NRC and Complete Draft NRC.

Verification of Family Tree commenced on 15 February 2018 in Assam. Applicants whose family tree details mismatch with other members of the family will be called for family tree verification. Mismatches arising due to giving nicknames in family tree details, name/ surname changes due to marriage, missing out names of all family members due to lack of knowledge or ignorance, etc.,  will be corrected during these proceedings.

Applicants will receive '''Letter of Information (LOI)''' delivered at their households by NRC field level functionaries. Details of date, time and venue will be mentioned in the '''LOI'''. However, those who receive this letter should not think their application is considered doubtful or will lead to exclusion from NRC. It is an opportunity to ensure the Legacy of each genuine citizen is protected from being misused by any unauthorized person to wrongfully enter NRC.

A few applicants whose names are already included in Part Draft NRC may also receive an LOI. In such cases, they need to appear and testify to stop people from misusing their Legacy Data mischievously.

===Publication of Part Draft NRC===
The first part of draft NRC, known as the Part Draft NRC has been published on expiry of midnight of 31 December 2017 by the Office of the State Coordinator of National Registrar (Assam) in all the villages/wards where the Application Forms were issued and received. The total number of people included in the Part Draft NRC is 19010932 members out of 3.29 crore applicants.

Following facilities were made available for the general public to check their name in the Part Draft NRC:

* Visiting Designated NSK (1 January 2018 to 31 January 2018)
* Online Publication on the website (until 5 February 2018)
* Toll-Free Helpline Facility
* Pre-registration SMS Service
* On-Demand SMS Service

A total of 19010932 names of applicants have been included in the Part Draft NRC out of a total of 3.29 crore applicants. The names of remaining applicants will be included in the Final Draft NRC if found eligible after the entire verification process is completed. Also, names of applicants who submitted GP Secretary Certificates haven't featured in the Part Draft NRC as their verification was on hold until the ruling of the Supreme Court on 5 December 2017; stating that GP Secretary certificates can be used as a valid identity document for claiming citizenship. Therefore, verification of applicants who submitted GP Secretary Certificates has been resumed after the publication of Part Draft NRC; and if found eligible, will be included in the Final Draft NRC in Assam.

===Complete Publication of Draft NRC===
The Complete Draft NRC was published on 30 July 2018 consisting of names of all those persons who have been found eligible after the entire verification process was completed.

===Receipt and disposal of Claims and Objections===
Applicants who did not find their place in the Final Draft NRC could once again furnish any of the 15 admissible documents to prove their eligibility. They could either submit the same documents that they had submitted during the application or can submit any fresh documents.
The process of filing Claims and Objections began from 25 September 2018 amidst all anxiety for some and amidst all eagerness for others. Applicants had to fill up the Claim Form and submit to the NRC Seva Kendras where they have applied earlier during the Application Phase. The process of submitting Claims and Objections began from 25 September 2018 and continued till 31 December 2018 as per the Supreme Court's order. The disposal of claims and objections was then carried out with the objective that the process of claims and objections is fair and transparent and provides a reasonable opportunity to all concerned.

===Publicity Measures Undertaken to Empower the Public about NRC===
Considering the sensitivity of the matter and the magnitude of the project, it was important to reach out to the public in a meticulous way and ensure complete public awareness. For this, a strategic information dissemination and communication plan was adopted. A 360 degree IEC and media campaign was designed and implemented for generating awareness and dissemination of information to target audience across Assam/India/Globally through the following platforms: Community Level Meetings (CLMs), Leaflets, Video Tutorials, Field Level Speakers (FLS), Print Media, Electronic Media, Social Media, NRC Website.

===Grievance Redressal Mechanism===
For active public participation, a one-stop Grievance Redressal System was developed and implemented through which the complaints/grievances related to NRC can be addressed.

==Innovative Use of Technology: Barriers and Strategies==
Extensive use of IT was developed and deployed to use in the NRC process. Some of the major breakthroughs in IT usage are listed below:
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
!Barriers
!Strategies
|-
|The first and the biggest barrier was that there was no precedence until the date of any other project that was to decide the future of the state - its residents in terms of the status of "citizen".
|Several brainstorming sessions were undertaken with stakeholders for suggestions, consultations with IT pundits, the launching of pilot exercises of various processes and implementation of sophisticated software to gauge the magnanimity of the exercise and volume of transaction that is required to be done in due course of time.
|-
|Tracing linkage of all residents up to the cut-off date of 24 March (midnight), 1971 has been the biggest challenge.
|The tracing of linkage was made possible by digitisation and development of Legacy Data and publishing the Legacy Data to make it available to the people of Assam.
|-
|Application Form Submission by the public in place of the house to house enumeration and building capacity of the public to correctly fill up the form.
|Facility for offline/online submission of Form and extensive capacity building exercise to enable public to fill up the form on their own. To know more.
|-
|Verification of documents with the backend for establishing authenticity
|Development of sophisticated customised software known as "DOCSMEN – Document Segregation and Meta-Data Entry" used for slicing and segregating about 6.6 crore documents..
|-
|Ensuring that the Legacy Data easily made available by NRC Authorities is not misused
|In order to ensure that the Legacy Data is not misused by any impostor to claim inclusion in NRC, an innovative Family Tree Matching Technique is used.
|-
|Vetting of each case by the Deputy Commissioner/District Registrar of Citizen Registration (DRCR)
|As the law provides for the DRCR to vet each and every case before publishing the NRC, software has been prepared to make this provision implementable. The verification process being multi-stage, poses a requirement for developing a complete performance report card to display the performance of each applicant across parameters such as house to house verification, document backend verification, family tree match result, matching of photo submitted in the form with the actual person etc. to enable taking the final call on his/her eligibility for inclusion. The Local Verification Officer designated as local Registrar also need to capture the verification results received from various issuing authorities. Consequently, the software has been developed for generating Combined Verification Report and recording the final recommendation of the local Registrar based on one's performance across parameters. As per statutory requirement of taking the final decision on the eligibility of applicants by the Deputy Commissioner/District Collector designated as District Registrar, the recommendation of the Local Verifying Officers designated as Local Registrars are required to be referred to the District Registrar.
|-
|Setting up of state-of-the-art Data Center at office premise of the State Coordinator, NRC at Guwahati.
|A state-of-the-art Data Center was established in the office premise of the State Coordinator, NRC at Guwahati. Some of the highlights of the Data Center were:

* In-Box Fluid Solution (Rittal from Germany)
* Only installation in India and 2nd globally
* 11 Blade Servers, 3 Rack Servers (40 TB) – in High Availability Mode
* Automatic temperature control, CCTV and inbuilt Security Alarm System
* Fire Proof, Oracle OVM (Virtual Machine Manager) 26 Virtual Machines
* Virtual Tape Library
* Hyper V installed
* 50 MBPS main link from BSNL and redundancy from Trans Virtual
|-
|Proper connectivity had to be ensured from NRC Data Center to field offices like CRCR and DRCR and also to the System Integrator Data Entry Centre (SIDEC)
|A huge volume of data has been transmitted from state to field (district/circle/NSK level) and again from the field to state. Various medium of data transmission has been used such as third-party media (pen drive/hard disk), FTP (File Transfer Protocol), internet/MPLS. NRC project has put Assam State Wide Area Network (ASWAN) and NICNET to its maximum use for the purpose of sending documents to districts and circles for verification and for uploading the results of verification to the central server. ASWAN connectivity is utilized to connect 114 circles to State Data Center and for remaining 43 circles, services of BSNL have been procured. NICNET connectivity at district offices was leveraged to connect to the State Data Centre. In the process, the existing infrastructure and efficiency of ASWAN and NICNET have been strengthened. Data synchronization of from remote areas to [[state data centre]] can be counted amongst the record-setting accomplishments of the project.
|}

Without extensive IT deployment and development of bespoke solutions like digitized legacy data development, document segregation and metadata entry, micromanagement and business development tools for daily appraisal of the performance of 2500 centres (NSK), 157 Tehsil offices and all districts, implementation of this Supreme Court-monitored project would not have been possible within short timelines. No other IT project of this scale has been implemented in Assam that covered 100% households in the state.

== Creation of additional Foreigners' Tribunals ==
On 30 May 2019, the [[Government of India]] passed a Foreigners' (Tribunals) Amendment Order 2019, which allows all states & UTs within the union of India to constitute their own [[Foreigners' Tribunals]], earlier unique to the state of Assam only, to address the question of citizenship of a person. The amendment empowers district magistrates in all states and union territories to set up Foreigners' Tribunals to detect foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/new-mha-order-allows-creation-of-foreigners-tribunals-gives-it-power-to-regulate-its-own-procedure-2179731.html|title=New MHA Order Allows Creation of Foreigners Tribunals, Gives Them Power to 'Regulate Own Procedure'|website=News18|date=10 June 2019}}</ref> Following the Amendment, the provincial [[Government of Assam]] has initiated the process of establishing 400 additional Foreigners' Tribunals out of which 200 are made functional since beginning of September 2019.

==Construction of Detention Camps==
{{see also|Assam Detention Centre}}
The Government of the state is also set to construct ten more detention camps besides six already in place in anticipation of the possible requirement to house a large number of illegal foreigners who may be declared as such by the Foreigners' Tribunals. The first such new exclusive detention camp is under construction in the district of [[Goalpara]] in lower Assam at cost of around Rs 460 million and a capacity to hold 3000 persons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/assam-seeks-10-more-detention-centres-to-hold-illegal-foreigners/story-fHtbCWAQQRWR0op8XM7QuM.html|title=Assam seeks 10 more detention centres to hold 'illegal foreigners'|date=15 June 2019}}</ref>

== Support for NRC Assam ==
[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI (M)]] supported NRC Assam, and welcomed<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/pleased-with-nrc-outcome-assam-cpm/cid/1702388|title=Pleased with NRC outcome: Assam CPM|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> the publication of the final list that excluded nearly two million people. CPM Assam secretary Deben Bhattacharya was of the opinion that "NRC has seen the light of the day because of the hard labour of 52,000 employees and patience of the people of Assam. We urge the government to provide the 3,11,21,004 people whose names have been included in the list with identity cards as soon as possible. The party justified NRC Assam; "the updating of the NRC in Assam came about in specific historical and political circumstances".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cpim.org/pressbriefs/nrc-assam-ensure-justice-excluded|title=NRC in Assam: Ensure Justice for Excluded|date=2019-08-31|website=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> The government should also consider ways to scrutinise the names left out in the draft NRC but included in the final one because of human error".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/north-east/pleased-with-nrc-outcome-assam-cpm/cid/1702388|title=Pleased with NRC outcome: Assam CPM|website=www.telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref> CPI (M) also extended support for conducting NRC in Tripura.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecitizen.in/index.php/en/NewsDetail/index/2/15209/CPI-M-Supports-SC-On-National-Register-of-Citizens-for-Tripura|title=CPI-M Supports SC On National Register of Citizens for Tripura|last1=ranjan|first1=ribhu|website=The Citizen|date=9 October 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-06}}</ref>

==Impact of NRC over women==
NRC in Assam has affected women a lot and put them on disadvantaged footing by asking them to establish their link to parental home as lacs of minor girls, married before attaining the age of eighteen, failed to establish proof of residency. The identity of most women is associated with husbands in India. The National Family Health Survey data reveals that in char dominated districts of Assam, nearly half of the women get married before the age of eighteen. When women are married off before attaining the age an adult, they cannot get enlisted in the voters list from their parental house. In absence of other documents like educational certificates and marksheets (due to illiteracy), it removes any legal link to their parental home. This forces them to opt for panchayat certificates to prove linkage with parents only to get such documents to be rejected.<ref>[https://ssrn.com/abstract=3665733 Malik, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Future of Citizenship Laws in India With Special Reference to Implementation of NRC in Assam (July 31, 2020). Journal of Legal Studies and Research, Volume 6 Issue 4 – August 2020, ISSN: 2455-2437]</ref>

==See also==
* [[Citizenship Amendment Bill 2016]]
* [[The Foreigners Act, 1946]]
* [[Indian nationality law]]
* [[Illegal Migrants (Determination by Tribunal) Act, 1983]]
* [[Illegal immigration to India]]
* [[Refugees in India]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{Citation |title=White Paper on Foreigners Issue |publisher=Government of Assam |date=2012 |url=http://onlineedistrict.amtron.in/web/home-and-political-department/white-paper |ref={{sfnref|White Paper on Foreigners Issue|2012}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Kanchan |last1=Gupta |title=Beyond the poll rhetoric of BJP's contentious Citizenship Amendment Bill |publisher=Observer Research Foundation |date=2019 |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/beyond-poll-rhetoric-bjps-contentious-citizenship-amendment-bill-50499/ |ref={{sfnref|Gupta, Beyond the poll rhetoric|2019}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Alok Prasanna |last1=Kumar |title=National Register of Citizens and the Supreme Court |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=53 |number=29 |date=21 July 2018 |url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2018/29/law-and-society/national-register-citizens-and-supreme.html}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ranjan |first1=Amit |title=National Register of Citizen Update: History and its impact |journal=Asian Ethnicity |year=2019 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=1–17 |doi=10.1080/14631369.2019.1629274 |s2cid=198727392 |ref={{sfnref|Ranjan, National Regisgter of Citizen Update|2019}}}}
* {{citation |first1=Myron |last1=Weiner |title=The Political Demography of Assam's Anti-Immigrant Movement |journal=Population and Development Review |volume=9 |pages=279–292 |number=2 |date=June 1983 |publisher=Population Council |jstor=1973053 |ref={{sfnref|Weiner, Political Demography of Assam's Movement|1983}}|doi=10.2307/1973053 }}
*Malik, Shahnawaz Ahmed, Future of Citizenship Laws in India With Special Reference to Implementation of NRC in Assam (July 31, 2020). Journal of Legal Studies and Research, Volume 6 Issue 4 – August 2020, ISSN: 2455-2437, [https://ssrn.com/abstract=3665733 Available at SSRN]
*Assam NRC (National Register of Citizens), A Study of Defects and Solutions on National Register of Citizens (NRC) of Assam, [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZyRzQEACAAJ By Geeta Sharma, Pawan Kumar Sharma, Minu Sharma] · 2020

==External links==
*[https://www.newsnation.in/india-news/assam-nrc-2019-final-list-tomorrow-steps-to-check-your-names-on-national-register-of-citizens-article-235903.html Assam NRC 2019 Final List Tomorrow: Here Are The Steps To Check Your Names]
*To know more about the process of how to fill up the application form, see the video at [http://nrcassam.nic.in/videos.html Office of the State Coordinator of National Registration (NRC), Assam] which was made available for the applicants.
* Rohini Mohan, [https://www.vice.com/en/article/worse-than-a-death-sentence-inside-indias-sham-trials-that-could-strip-millions-of-citizenship/ Inside India’s Sham Trials That Could Strip Millions of Citizenship], VICE News, 29 July 2019. ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIYp8FWPABM Talk at Bangalore International Centre], via YouTube, 19 November 2019).

{{Immigration to India|state=expanded}}

[[Category:Indian nationality law]]
[[Category:Society of India]]
[[Category:Illegal immigration to India]]
[[Category:Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:2010s in Assam]]
[[Category:2020s in Assam]]

Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana

2026-01-22T06:53:43Z

Bhushana: minor corrected intro to improve readability and fixed typos

{{Short description|Urban planning scheme in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Notability|Organizations|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox project
| abbreviation =HRIDAY
| logo =
| image =
| caption = HRIDAY Scheme
| motto =
| country = India
| primeminister = Narendra Modi
| key_people =
| launched = {{Start date and age|2015|1|21|df=y}}
| budget = ₹5 billion (US$ 63,000,000)
| current_status = active
| website =
}}
'''National Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana''' ('''HRIDAY''') was launched on 21 January 2015 with the aim of bringing together urban planning, economic growth and heritage conservation in an inclusive manner to preserve the heritage character of each Heritage City.

The Scheme shall support development of core heritage infrastructure projects including revitalization of linked urban infrastructure for heritage assets such as monuments, Ghats, temples etc. along with reviving certain intangible assets. These initiatives shall include development of sanitation facilities, roads, public transportation & parking, citizen services, information kiosks etc.

With a duration of four years (completing in November 2018) and a total outlay of ₹5 billion (US$ 63,000,000), the Scheme is set to be implemented in 13 identified Cities namely, [[Ajmer]], [[Amaravathi, Palnadu district|Amaravati]], [[Amritsar]], [[Badami]], [[Dwarka]], [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Kanchipuram]], [[Mathura]], [[Puri]], [[Varanasi]], [[Velankanni]], [[Vellore]] and [[Warangal]].<ref>{{citation |title=HRIDAY to revive 7 heritage cities |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/HRIDAY-to-revive-7-heritage-cities/articleshow/45329405.cms |work=[[Times of India]] |date=1 December 2014}}</ref> scheme ended in 2019 merged into [https://tourism.gov.in/prashad-scheme PRASHAD scheme]

== Objectives ==
The objectives of the scheme are:<ref>{{cite web|title=HRIDAY Guidelines|url=https://mohua.gov.in/cms/hariday.php|website=Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India}}</ref>

* Planning, development and implementation of heritage-sensitive infrastructure
* Service Delivery and infrastructure provisioning in the core areas of the historic city
* Preserve and revitalise heritage wherein tourists can connect directly with city's unique character
* Develop and document a heritage asset inventory of cities – natural, cultural, living and built heritage as a basis for urban planning, growth, service provision and delivery
* Implementation and enhancement of basic services delivery with focus on sanitation services like public conveniences, toilets, water taps, street lights, with use of latest technologies in improving tourist facilities/amenities.
* Local capacity enhancement for inclusive heritage-based industry

==Funding==
HRIDAY is a central sector scheme, where 100% funding will be provided by Government of India. INR 500 Crores have been allocated to the scheme, under the following heads:<ref>{{cite web|title=Guidelines of HRIDAY scheme|url=http://moud.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moud/files/Guidelines%20HRIDAY.pdf|website=Ministry of Urban Development Official Website|access-date=4 May 2015|archive-date=13 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113145019/http://moud.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moud/files/Guidelines%20HRIDAY.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+ HRIDAY funding scheme
|-
! Budget Components !! Allocation (%) !! Funds Allocated (₹ Crore)
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Project Implementation || 85 || 400 + 25
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | City PMU Establishment || 3 || 15
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Administrative and Operating Expenses || 1 || 5
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Information, Education and Communication || 4 || 20
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | DPRs and HMP preparation || 4 || 20
|-
| style="text-align:left;" | Capacity Development || 3 || 15
|-
|}

The scheme would be implemented in a mission mode. Each city has been granted a specific amount of fund, based on its population and size. The funding is as follows:<ref>{{cite web|title=Heritage City Development Scheme (HRIDAY) launched : Centre to fund entire expenditure|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114843|website=Press Information Bureau, Govt. of India Official Website}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ HRIDAY funding by city
|-
! S.No !! City !! State !! Funds (₹ Crore)
|-
| 1 || [[Ajmer]] || [[Rajasthan]] || style="text-align: right;" | 40.04
|-
| 2 || [[Amaravati]] || [[Andhra Pradesh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 22.26
|-
| 3 || [[Amritsar]] || [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] || style="text-align: right;" | 69.31
|-
| 4 || [[Badami]] || [[Karnataka]] || style="text-align: right;" | 22.26
|-
| 5 || [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]] || [[Gujarat]] || style="text-align: right;" | 22.26
|-
| 6 || [[Gaya, India|Gaya]] || [[Bihar]] || style="text-align: right;" | 40.04
|-
| 7 || [[Kanchipuram]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align: right;" | 23.04
|-
| 8 || [[Mathura]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 40.04
|-
| 9 || [[Puri]] || [[Odisha]] || style="text-align: right;" | 22.54
|-
| 10 || [[Varanasi]] || [[Uttar Pradesh]] || style="text-align: right;" | 89.31
|-
| 11 || [[Velankanni]] || [[Tamil Nadu]] || style="text-align: right;" | 22.26
|-
| 12 || [[Warangal]] || [[Telangana]] || style="text-align: right;" | 40.54
|-
|}

==References==
"Updated Guidelines of HRIDAY scheme"- (PDF) given on cmyojanaadda Website official
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|https://mohua.gov.in/cms/hariday.php}}

{{Government Schemes in India}}

[[Category:Urban planning in India]]
[[Category:Urban renewal]]
[[Category:2015 in India]]
[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]
[[Category:Government schemes in India]]

Wilhelm Schlich

2026-01-10T18:15:35Z

Bhushana: made new pg - done

{{Short description|German-born English scholar and forestry administrator}}
[[File:Sir William Schlich01.jpg|thumb|Sir William Schlich in ca 1910]]

'''Sir Wilhelm Philipp Daniel Schlich''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCIE|FRS|FLS}} (28 February 1840 in [[Flonheim]] – 28 September 1925 in [[Oxford]]), also known as '''William Schlich''', was a [[Germany|German]]-born [[forester]] who worked extensively in India for the British administration. As a professor at [[Royal Indian Engineering College|Cooper's Hill]], he influenced colonial forestry across the British colonies. His major work was a five volume ''Manual of Forestry'' (1889–96).

==Biography==
{{more citations needed|section|date=February 2017}}
[[File:Sir William Schlich07.jpg|thumb|Schlich, in the middle of the seated row, with students from the forestry school at Oxford, on a visit to the forests of Saxony in 1892]]
William was born to Daniel Schlich and Charlotte Frank. Both parents came from [[Hesse|Hessian]] families and Daniel was a Lutheran pastor or ''Kirchenrat''. His early education was at Flonheim and then at Langgöns and other schools in Hesse where the family moved. Schlich attended the Gymnasium in [[Darmstadt]] (1851).

In 1855, he entered the [[University of Giessen]], where he studied under [[Gustav Heyer (forester)|Gustav Heyer]] (1826-1883). Graduating in 1862, he joined the Hesse forestry service and was appointed ''Oberförster'' in Homberg in 1865. He received a doctoral degree in 1867 from Giessen. The Austro-Prussian War of 1866 forced him to move, and, on Heyer's recommendation, he entered the British Imperial [[Indian Forest Service]]. Arriving in India in February 1867, his first posting was in Burma. He was promoted and worked in [[Sindh]] and later [[Bengal]], becoming Conservator of Forests in 1871, and Inspector-General of Forests in 1883, succeeding his mentor [[Dietrich Brandis]]. He developed forest management and education programmes and spent 19 years in India, helping to establish the journal ''[[Indian Forester]]'' in 1874 (becoming its first honorary editor) and the school at [[Dehradun]] in 1877.<ref name=odnb>{{cite ODNB|author=Troup, R. S. (revised by Andrew Grout)|chapter=Schlich, Sir William Philipp Daniel (1840–1925)|title= Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|year=2004|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/35970}}</ref>

In 1885 Schlich moved to England to take up the pioneering post of Professor of Forestry at the [[Royal Indian Engineering College]] at Cooper's Hill, near [[Egham]], Surrey, the first formal forestry course in England. He became a British citizen in 1886. In 1905, upon the closure of the college at Cooper's Hill, he moved to [[Oxford]], to found Oxford's forestry programme.<ref>Burley, Jeffery, et al. 2009. "A History of Forestry at Oxford", ''British Scholar'', Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 236-61; accessed 6 May 2012.</ref> He retired on 1 January 1920 and lived on at Oxford where he died on 28 September 1925 from a bronchial infection. He is buried at Wolvercote.<ref name=odnb/>

Schlich was a colleague and mentor of [[Gifford Pinchot]]. He was made a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in 1901, awarded the [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Indian Empire]] in 1909 and was an Honorary Fellow of [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]].<ref name=odnb/>

Following Schlich’s death in 1925, a fund was raised by Oxford to establish an award in his name. After awards were given in several countries, the [[Society of American Foresters]] (SAF) permanently adopted the award to recognize outstanding contributions to the field of forestry.<ref>[https://foresthistory.org/january-29-1935-and-the-schlich-award-goes-to/ January 29, 1935: And the Schlich Award Goes to...]. [[Forest History Society]]. Retrieved on January 1, 2021.</ref> SAF presented the first Sir William Schlich Memorial Award to [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] in 1935 and the second Schlich Memorial Award to [[Gifford Pinchot]] in 1940.

==Works==
Schlich was the author of the five-volume ''Manual of Forestry'' (1889–96) published serially in three editions. The first two volumes were on [[silviculture]], the others dealing with [[forest management]], [[forest protection]], and [[forest utilisation]]. His ''Manual'' became the standard and enduring textbook for forestry students. In 1904 he published ''Forestry in the United Kingdom''.<ref name=eb>{{Cite EB1922|wstitle=Schlich, Sir William}}</ref> Other publications were ''The Outlook of the World's Timber Supply'' and ''Afforestation in Great Britain and Ireland''.<ref>{{Cite Americana|wstitle=Schlich, William|year=1920}}</ref><ref name=odnb/>

==Personal life==
Schlich married Mary Margaret Smith in 1874. She was English, the daughter of the lexicographer [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Sir William Smith]]. In 1874 he changed the spelling of his name from Wilhelm to William. The marriage produced one son who died early and one daughter, Gertrude. Following the death of his first wife in 1878, he married Adèle Emilie Mathilde Marsily, member of an Antwerp family originally from Italy. They had a son and three daughters.<ref>{{cite book|author=Searle, Humphrey| title=Quadrille with a Raven|year=1985| publisher=Riverrun|isbn=9780714539607|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/searle/prologue.htm}}</ref><ref name=odnb/> He is buried in [[Wolvercote Cemetery]], Oxford. The composer [[Humphrey Searle]] was his grandson.

==See also==
* [[List of members of German student corps]]

===References===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikisource|works=or}}
*[http://www.foresthistory.org/Publications/FHT/FHTSpring2000/awardsteen.pdf The First American Forestry Award - Harold K. Steen] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185607/http://www.foresthistory.org/Publications/FHT/FHTSpring2000/awardsteen.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}
*[http://www.musicweb-international.com/searle/prologue.htm ''Memoirs'' by Humphrey Searle, Schlich's grandson]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=_8SoOQRU2xsC&dq=Wilhelm+Schlich&pg=PA148 Empire Forestry and the Origins of Environmentalism - Greg Barton, Gregory Allen]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schlich, William}}
[[Category:1840 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Burials at Wolvercote Cemetery]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Linnean Society of London]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Forestry academics]]
[[Category:Imperial Forestry Service officers]]
[[Category:British foresters]]
[[Category:German foresters]]
[[Category:Fellows of St John's College, Oxford]]
[[Category:University of Giessen alumni]]
[[Category:British Lutherans]]
[[Category:German Lutherans]]
[[Category:German emigrants to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:German fellows of the Royal Society]]

All India Catholic Union

2025-12-16T10:52:41Z

Bhushana: further improve section further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian Catholics}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{ infobox religious group
| group = All India Catholic Union
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| image =
| image_caption =
| population =
| founder =
| regions =
| tablehdr =
| region1 = India
| pop1 = 16 million<ref name=MilliG200410/>
| ref1 =
| region2 =
| pop2 =
| ref2 =
| region3 =
| pop3 =
| ref3 =
| religions = [[Catholic Church]]
| scriptures =
| languages =
| related-c =
| notes =
| website = [http://aicu.in/ aicu.in]
}}
{{Christianity}}
The '''All India Catholic Union''' ('''AICU''') represents almost 16 million [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] in India: followers of the [[Latin Church]], the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro-Malabar Catholics]] and the [[Syro-Malankara Catholic Church|Syro-Malankara Catholics]]. It has 120 diocese and district units.<ref name=MilliG200410/> The AICU was established in 1930.

==History==
Plans for an organised union of Catholic laity were discussed at the All India Catholic Conference in 1919.
<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.cjponline.org/SBArrest/AICU%20protest.pdf¨
|publisher=Citizens for Justice and Peace
|title=ALL INDIA CATHOLIC UNION
|access-date=5 March 2012
}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
The All India Catholic League was formed in 1930 (with [[C. J. Varkey, Chunkath]] as Secretary<ref>[http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/c_j_varkey.html C. J. Varkey, Chunkath] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606161624/http://cs.nyu.edu/kandathi/c_j_varkey.html |date=6 June 2012 }}</ref>) and sponsored the All India Catholic Congress at [[Pune]] in 1934.
The body was named the Catholic Union of India in 1944, with Professor M. Ratnaswamy of [[Anna Malai University]] as the first National President.
The Catholic Union of India was registered at Chennai in 1966, and later changed its name to the All India Catholic Union.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://aicuindia.org/history.html
|title = History
|publisher = All India Catholic Union
|access-date = 8 April 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120209211034/http://aicuindia.org/history.html
|archive-date = 9 February 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

On 30 October 1945, the [[All India Conference of Indian Christians]] (AICIC), which had both Protestant and Catholic members, formed a joint committee with the Catholic Union of India that passed a resolution stating that, "in the future constitution of India, the profession, practice and propagation of religion should be guaranteed and that a change of religion should not involve any civil or political disability."<ref name="Thomas1974">{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Abraham Vazhayil |title=Christians in Secular India |date=1974 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press |isbn=978-0-8386-1021-3 |page=106-110 |language=en}}</ref> This joint committee enabled the Christians in India to stand united, and in front of the British Parliamentary Delegation "the committee members unanimously supported the move for independence and expressed complete confidence in the future of the community in India."<ref name="Thomas1974"/> The office for this joint committee was opened in [[Delhi]], in which the Vice-Chancellor of [[Andhra University]] M. Rahnasamy served as President and B.L. Rallia Ram of [[Lahore]] served as General Secretary.<ref name="Thomas1974"/> Six members of the joint committee were elected to the [[Constituent Assembly of India|Minorities Committee of the Constituent Assembly of India]].<ref name="Thomas1974"/> In its meeting on 16 April 1947 and 17 April 1947, the joint committee of the All India Conference of Indian Christians and All India Catholic Union prepared a 13 point memorandum that was sent to the Constituent Assembly, which asked for [[religious freedom]] for both organisations and individuals; this came to be reflected in the Constitution of India.<ref name="Thomas1974"/>

Following the partition of India, the Catholic Union of India granted independence to its branches in Sind and Baluchistan in its Second Annual General Meeting in Bangalore in October 1947, which was presided by Ruthnasamy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Partition Affects Catholic Union Of India |publisher=Indian Daily Mail |date=21 November 1947 |location=Bangalore |language=en |quote=A resolution that, in view of the partition of India into two separate Dominions and the result of the Catholic Associations of Sind and Baluchistan--the only associations, in Pakistan affiliated to the Catholic Union--to sever its connection with the Union, the jurisdiction and activities of the Union be confined to the Dominion of India and necessary amendments be made in the Constitution was passed at the Second Annual General Meeting of the Catholic Union of India held at St. Joseph's College Hall, Civil Area, last week. Mr. Ruthnasamy, President of the Union was in the chair.}}</ref>

==Presidents of the All India Catholic Union==
Presidents of the Union have included Prof. M. Ratnaswamy, Madras,
Chev. A. Soares, Bombay,
Chev. J. C. Rayon, Bangalore,
Chev. D. V. D. Monte, Madras,
Chev. G. S. Reddy, Hyderabad,
Mr. George Menezes, Bombay (1986–90),
Mr. [[Chhotebhai]], Kanpur (1990–94),
Mr. [[Peter Marbaniang]], Shillong (1994–96),
Mr. [[Norbert D'Souza]], Pune (1996–2000),
Dr. [[Maria Emilia Menezes]] (2000–2004)<ref name=selfofficebearers/>

==Dayal presidency==

[[John Dayal]] was elected president of the Union on 20 September 2004, succeeding Dr [[Maria Emilia Menezes]].<ref name=MilliG200410/>
In 2005 Dayal expressed concern that [[Ekal Vidyalaya]] ("single teacher") schools run by the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS) Hindu nationalist organisation were spreading hatred towards members of the Christian minority.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://in.christiantoday.com/articles/aicu-president-suspects-hindu-charitable-trust-of-forming-antichristian-schools-for-indian-tribals/156.htm
|work=Christian Today
|title=AICU president suspects Hindu charitable trust of forming anti–Christian schools for Indian tribals
|author=Jacob Chaterjee
|date=19 July 2005
|access-date=5 March 2012
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824032549/http://in.christiantoday.com/articles/aicu-president-suspects-hindu-charitable-trust-of-forming-antichristian-schools-for-indian-tribals/156.htm
|archive-date=24 August 2013
|url-status=dead
}}
</ref>
In May 2006 the union called on State and Central governments to take urgent action to protect the Christian community following escalating violence in states controlled by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and allied parties, including armed demonstrations by the RSS.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/407/47/
|title = Hyderabad Meeting of Catholic Union Working committee demands security, economic development for Christians in India
|date = 8 May 2006
|publisher = All India Christian Council
|access-date = 5 March 2012
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110509103443/http://indianchristians.in/news/content/view/407/47/
|archive-date = 9 May 2011
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

In December 2007 the AICU petitioned Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's to intervene and stop the attacks that were being made against Christians in the [[Phulbani]] area of [[Orissa, India|Orissa]].
According to their memo: "The official apathy, the police indifference and the freedom allowed to marauding bands of Hindutva fanatics and armed thugs in Gujarat has been repeated in Orissa in what is a planned conspiracy against the church and our faith". The AICU said that recent attacks could not have occurred "without the complicity of the official machinery and the backing of powerful political groups".<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/27/stories/2007122760461000.htm
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227233904/http://www.hindu.com/2007/12/27/stories/2007122760461000.htm
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=27 December 2007
|title=Catholic forum's plea to Manmohan
|date=27 December 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]
|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>

==Denis presidency==

Dr. [[Remy Denis]] became president in 2008.<ref name=selfofficebearers/>
Denis has taken a somewhat radical position in saying that the clergy should confine itself to ministering to the spiritual needs of the people. Administration of the material goods of the church should be left entirely to the laity.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.cbcisite.com/cbcinews4092.htm
|work = Catholic Bishops' Conference of India
|title = Modern Pastoral Challenges
|date = 3 November 2009
|author = Averthanus L. D'Souza
|access-date = 8 April 2012
|url-status = usurped
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100305172834/http://www.cbcisite.com/cbcinews4092.htm
|archive-date = 5 March 2010
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
At a seminar in Goa in August 2009, former Union minister [[Eduardo Faleiro]] said that church property should be brought under the ambit of state laws, as was the case with other religions. This was endorsed by Remy Denis and other liberals. However John Dayal, representing the conservatives in the AICU, opposed any change. He said that the "Christian situation" was radically and materially different from that of the Hindu, Muslim and Sikh religions, and existing laws were sufficient.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/17952/conservatives-oppose-call-church-assets.html
|title=Conservatives oppose call for Church assets reforms
|author=Devika Sequeira
|work=Deccan Herald
|date=5 August 2009|access-date=8 April 2012}}</ref>

In February 2012 the AICU announced that it had started planning for a Laity Synod, to be held later in the year. This would be the first time such an event had been arranged in India. It would give the lay members an opportunity to think about their role in the church and the future of the church.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/goa/31026404_1_church-vatican-faith
|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103080614/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-05/goa/31026404_1_church-vatican-faith
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=3 January 2013
|title=Catholic Union to announce dates of first Laity Synod soon
|date=5 February 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]
|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
According to Remy Denis "The Second Vatican Council called for the empowerment of the laity. But after 50 years, there is not much to show".
It was hoped that the synod would help find ways for the laity to become more involved in management of the financial and temporal affairs of the church.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.anglicanjournal.com/nc/other/news-items/archive/2011/05/article/indias-catholics-plan-first-synod-for-lay-people-9780//abp/167.html
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130117165709/http://www.anglicanjournal.com/nc/other/news-items/archive/2011/05/article/indias-catholics-plan-first-synod-for-lay-people-9780//abp/167.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 17 January 2013
|work = Anglican Journal
|title = India's Catholics plan first synod for lay people
|author = ANTO AKKARA
|date = 24 May 2011
|access-date = 8 April 2012
}}</ref>

==References==
<references>
<ref name=MilliG200410>{{cite web
|url=http://www.milligazette.com/Archives/2004/01-15Oct04-Print-Edition/011510200489.htm
|work=The Milli Gazette
|date=1–15 Oct 2004
|title=John Dayal elected All India Catholic Union National president
|access-date=5 March 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=selfofficebearers>{{cite web
|url = http://aicuindia.org/officebearers.html
|publisher = All India Catholic Union
|title = Office Bearers
|access-date = 8 April 2012
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20121220120901/http://aicuindia.org/officebearers.html
|archive-date = 20 December 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
</references>

== External links ==
*[http://aicu.in/ All India Catholic Union]
{{Christianity in Kerala}}
{{Authority Control}}
[[Category:Catholic lay organisations]]
[[Category:Catholicism in India]]
[[Category:Christian organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1930]]
[[Category:1930 establishments in India]]

List of constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly

2025-12-15T18:43:48Z

Bhushana: revised

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox legislature
| name = Puducherry Legislative Assembly
| native_name = Assemblée législative de Pondichéry
| transcription_name =
| legislature = [[15th Puducherry Assembly]]
| coa_pic = Emblem of the Government of Puducherry.png
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| body =
| houses =
| term_limits = 5 years
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1963|07|01|df=yes}}
| preceded_by = [[Puducherry Representative Assembly]]
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post]]
| last_election1 = [[2021 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|6 April 2021]]
| session_room =
| session_res = 200px
| next_election1 = [[2026 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Puducherry Legislative Assembly
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
[[File:Puducherry-Assembly-Constituencies-1-30-all-constituencies.png|thumb|right|Map of Assembly constituencies in Puducherry|alt=Map of Assembly constituencies in Puducherry]]

The [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]] is the [[unicameral]] legislature of the Indian [[States and union territories of India|union territory]] (UT) of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]], which comprises four districts: [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]], [[Karikal district|Karaikal]], [[Mahe district|Mahé]] and [[Yanam district|Yanam]]. The legislative assembly has 33 seats, of which 5 are reserved for candidates from [[scheduled castes]] and 3 members are nominated by the [[Government of India]]. 30 out of 33 Members are elected directly by the people on the basis of universal adult franchise.

== History ==

In terms of the provisions of the Government of Union Territories Act, 1963 the normal tenure of the Assembly is five years, unless sooner dissolved. There are 16 Committees in the Assembly.

Parliamentary and assembly constituencies of Puducherry were redesigned by [[Delimitation Commission of India]] based on data obtained in [[2001 census of India]].<ref name = delimit>{{Cite web | title = Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies in the UT of Pondicherry on the basis of 2001 Census | publisher = [[Election Commission of India]] | url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Pondicherry/Final_Order_Pondicherry.pdf | date = 30 March 2005 | access-date = 25 January 2013 }}</ref> On '''4 January 2008''', the Cabinet Committee on Political Affairs (CCPA) decided to implement the order from the Delimitation Commission.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Delimitation_process_now_gets_CCPA_nod/articleshow/2673204.cms|title=Delimitation process now gets CCPA nod|year=2008|author=Sunil Gatade|newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref> In addition, three members can be nominated to the assembly by the central government.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-06|title=Centre can nominate 3 MLAs to Puducherry Assembly: SC|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/centre-empowered-nominate-3-706779.html|access-date=2021-11-29|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref>

=== After 1963 Delimitation ===

As per The Union Territories Act, 1963, thirty members would be elected through direct suffrage.<ref>Grover, Verinder, and Ranjana Arora. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=NzxuAAAAMAAJ Encyclopaedia of India and Her States]''. Vol. 10. New Delhi [India]: Deep & Deep, 1996. p. 11</ref><ref name="eci">Election Commission of India. ''[http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1964/StatReport_PY_64.pdf STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 1964 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF PONDICHERRY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127205343/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1964/StatReport_PY_64.pdf |date=27 January 2013 }}''</ref>
Before the Elections to constitute the '''[[First Pondicherry Legislative Assembly]]''' were held in August 1964, the constituencies were delimited by the Delimitation Commission (as per Delimitation Commission Act, 1962) and the entire territory was divided into 30 single-member constituencies-21 for Pondicherry region, 6 for Karaikal region, 2 for Mahe region and 1 for Yanam region. Out of these 5 seats were reserved for [[Scheduled Castes]],<ref name="eci"/> four in Pondicherry region and one in Karaikal region.<ref name="ref2004">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DFqbAAAAMAAJ |title=Cabinet Responsibility to Legislature |page=464 |author= G.C. Malhotra |publisher=Metropolitan Book Co. Pvt. Ltd. |year=2004 |isbn=9788120004009}}</ref>{{rp|965}} <ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.e.1964.864/page/n3/mode/2up?q=PONDICHERRY+TERRITORY|title=Delimitation Commission Notification |author=The Gazette of India |date=11 March 1964 |publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

=== Before delimitation of 2008 ===

The Puducherry Legislative Assembly has 30 constituencies. Out of them 21 constituencies belong to [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]], [[Karaikal]] has 6 in number, [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] has 2 in number and [[Yanam]] has a single constituency.

[[Puducherry district|Puducherry]] was divided among these 21 assembly constituencies: Muthialpet, Cassicade, Raj Bhavan, Bussy, Oupalam, Orleampeth, Nellithope, Modeliarpeth, Ariankuppam, Embalom ([[Scheduled castes|SC]]), Nettapakkam, Kuruvinatham, Bahour ([[Scheduled castes|SC]]), Thirubuvanai ([[Scheduled castes|SC]]), Mannadipeth, Ossudu ([[Scheduled castes|SC]]), Villenour, Ozhukarai, Thattanchavady, Reddiarpalayam and Lawspet.

Area under [[Karaikal district]] was divided among the following 6 assembly constituencies: Cotchery, Karaikal, Karaikal South, Neravy-Grand Alde, Tirunallar and Neduncadu ([[Scheduled castes|SC]]).

Assembly constituencies of Mahé and Palloor were from [[Mahe district|Mahé district]]. The [[Yanam district]] formed a single assembly constituency, i.e. Yanam.

=== After delimitation of 2008 ===

Post delimitation, the Puducherry parliamentary constituencies is divided among 30 elected assembly constituencies, as before. Now, Yanam and Mahé districts form a single constituency each, viz [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]] and [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahé]], respectively.<ref name=delimit/> The area under Karaikal district forms 5 assembly constituencies, viz [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]], [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]], [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]], [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]] and [[Neravy T R Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T R Pattinam]].<ref name=delimit/> The area under the Puducherry district forms 23 assembly constituencies, viz [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]], [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]], [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]], [[Mangalam Assembly constituency|Mangalam]], [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]], [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]], [[Kadirkamam Assembly constituency|Kadirkamam]], [[Indira Nagar Assembly constituency|Indira Nagar]], [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]], [[Kamaraj Nagar Assembly constituency|Kamaraj Nagar]], [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]], [[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]], [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]], [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]], [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]], [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]], [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]], [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]], [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]], [[Manavely Assembly constituency|Manavely]], [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]], [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] and [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]].<ref name=delimit/>

The constituencies of Thirubuvanai, Ossudu, Embalam, Nettapakkam and Nedungadu are reserved for candidates from [[Scheduled castes|SC]].<ref name=delimit/>

== Constituencies ==
[[File:Wahlkreise zur Vidhan Sabha von Puducherry.svg|thumb|upright|Map of [[Puducherry Legislative Assembly|PY Assembly]] constituencies]]
[[File:Puducherry Electoral Constituencies Map.svg|thumb|Constituency map]]

Following is the list of the constituencies of the '''[[Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]''' since the delimitation of legislative assembly constituencies in 2008. Out of the 30 elected constituencies, 23 belong to [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]], [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]] has 5 constituencies, while [[Mahe district|Mahe]] and [[Yanam district|Yanam]] have a single constituency each. The constituencies of [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]], [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]], [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]], [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]] and [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]] are reserved for candidates of the [[Scheduled Castes]] (SC).<ref name=delimitb>{{Cite web|title=Schedule XXII Puducherry Table A - Assembly Constituencies|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/nri/puducherry_Delimitation.pdf|access-date=2011-05-13}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/puducherry-elections-2016/assemblyelections2016results/state-puducherry.cms PUDUCHERRY ELECTIONS 2016 RESULTS]</ref>
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Constituencies of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly
! {{tooltip|#|Constituency number}}
! Name
! Reservation
! [[List of districts of Puducherry|District]]
! [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha#Puducherry (1)|Lok Sabha constituency]]
! Electors (2021)<ref name="electors2021">{{Cite web |url=https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/rolls/ac.htm |title=Integrated Electoral Rolls of 2021, published on 20th January, 2021 - Assembly Constituency-wise Electors |website=ceopuducherry.py.gov.in |date=20 January 2021 |access-date= 7 March 2021 |url-status=live |archive-date=7 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210307080229/https://ceopuducherry.py.gov.in/rolls/ac.htm}}</ref>{{update after|2026|4}}
|-
| 1
| [[Mannadipet Assembly constituency|Mannadipet]]
| None
| rowspan="23" | [[Puducherry district|Puducherry]]
| rowspan=30| [[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:32324}}
|-
| 2
| [[Thirubuvanai Assembly constituency|Thirubuvanai]]
| rowspan="2" |SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:32908}}
|-
| 3
| [[Ossudu Assembly constituency|Ossudu]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:32176}}
|-
| 4
| [[Mangalam Assembly constituency|Mangalam]]
| rowspan="17" |None
| align=right | {{formatnum:38004}}
|-
| 5
| [[Villianur Assembly constituency|Villianur]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:42329}}
|-
| 6
| [[Ozhukarai Assembly constituency|Ozhukarai]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:41890}}
|-
| 7
| [[Kadirkamam Assembly constituency|Kadirkamam]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:34471}}
|-
| 8
| [[Indira Nagar Assembly constituency|Indira Nagar]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:35492}}
|-
| 9
| [[Thattanchavady Assembly constituency|Thattanchavady]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:30483}}
|-
| 10
| [[Kamaraj Nagar Assembly constituency|Kamaraj Nagar]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:37491}}
|-
| 11
| [[Lawspet Assembly constituency|Lawspet]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:32359}}
|-
| 12
| [[Kalapet Assembly constituency|Kalapet]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:34547}}
|-
| 13
| [[Muthialpet Assembly constituency|Muthialpet]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:29924}}
|-
| 14
| [[Raj Bhavan Assembly constituency|Raj Bhavan]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:26349}}
|-
| 15
| [[Oupalam Assembly constituency|Oupalam]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:27913}}
|-
| 16
| [[Orleampeth Assembly constituency|Orleampeth]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:24723}}
|-
| 17
| [[Nellithope Assembly constituency|Nellithope]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:33609}}
|-
| 18
| [[Mudaliarpet Assembly constituency|Mudaliarpet]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:35597}}
|-
| 19
| [[Ariankuppam Assembly constituency|Ariankuppam]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:39001}}
|-
| 20
| [[Manavely Assembly constituency|Manavely]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:34509}}
|-
| 21
| [[Embalam Assembly constituency|Embalam]]
| rowspan="2" |SC
| align=right | {{formatnum:34810}}
|-
| 22
| [[Nettapakkam Assembly constituency|Nettapakkam]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:32707}}
|-
| 23
| [[Bahour Assembly constituency|Bahour]]
|None
| align=right | {{formatnum:29762}}
|-
| 24
| [[Nedungadu Assembly constituency|Nedungadu]]
|SC
| rowspan="5" | [[Karaikal district|Karaikal]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:31494}}
|-
| 25
| [[Thirunallar Assembly constituency|Thirunallar]]
| rowspan=6 |None
| align=right | {{formatnum:31204}}
|-
| 26
| [[Karaikal North Assembly constituency|Karaikal North]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:35598}}
|-
| 27
| [[Karaikal South Assembly constituency|Karaikal South]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:31891}}
|-
| 28
| [[Neravy T. R. Pattinam Assembly constituency|Neravy T. R. Pattinam]]
| align="right" | {{formatnum:31277}}
|-
| 29
| [[Mahe Assembly constituency|Mahe]]
| [[Mahe district|Mahe]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:31092}}
|-
| 30
| [[Yanam Assembly constituency|Yanam]]
| [[Yanam district|Yanam]]
| align=right | {{formatnum:37747}}
|-
|}

== See also ==

* [[List of chief ministers of Puducherry]]
* [[List of speakers of the Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Puducherry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Constituencies of Puducherry Legislative Assembly}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Puducherry|*]]
[[Category:Puducherry-related lists]]
[[Category:Lists of constituencies of legislative assemblies of Indian states|Puducherry]]
[[Category:Puducherry Legislative Assembly]]

Domingos Torrado

2025-12-10T01:41:52Z

Bhushana: Created a info

{{Short description|Roman Catholic prelate (1555–1612)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = Most Reverend
| name = Domingos Torrado da Trinidade
| title = Titular Bishop of ''Fisicula'' Auxiliary Bishop of Goa
| other_names =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese = [[Archdiocese of Goa]]
| diocese =
| see =
| term = 1605–1612
| predecessor =
| successor =

| ordination =
| ordained_by =
| consecration = 13 Apr 1608
| consecrated_by = [[Alexeu de Jesu de Meneses]]
| cardinal =
| created_cardinal_by =
| rank =

| birth_date = {{birth year|1555}}
| birth_place = [[Elvas]], Portugal
| death_date = {{dda|1612|12|30|1555}}
| death_place = [[Goa]]
| previous_post =
| nationality =
| religion =
| ethnicity =
}}

'''Domingos Torrado, [[Order of Saint Augustine|O.S.A.]]''' (1555–1612) was a Roman Catholic prelate who was named as Titular Bishop of ''Fisicula'' (1605–1612).<ref name=HierarchiaIV-Fisicula>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/hierarchiacathol04eubeuoft/page/188/mode/2up?view=theaterview=theater|last1=Gauchat|first1=Patritius (Patrice)|title=Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi | volume=IV|pages=188|date=1935|publisher=Libraria Regensbergiana|location=Münster|isbn=}} ''(in Latin)''</ref> He is also known as '''Domingos Terrado''' or '''Domingos da Trinidade'''.

==Biography==
Domingos Torrado da Trinidade was born in [[Elvas]], Portugal<ref name=Boletim>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMxAAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Torrado%22&pg=PA460|first=|last=|authorlink=|title=Boletim da Sociedade de Geographia de Lisboa|pages=460 |publisher=|date=Jan 1893|isbn=|language=Portuguese}}</ref> in 1555 and ordained a priest in the [[Order of Saint Augustine]].<ref name=CathHierDomTorr>{{cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|title=Bishop Domingos Torrado, O.S.A. † |website=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/btorrdd.html |accessdate=January 7, 2022}} [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|{{sup|{{small|[''self-published'']}}}}]]</ref>
He served as vicar general of his congregation.<ref name=Boletim/>
He traveled to Asia where he founded a [[convent]] in [[Colombo]].<ref name=Boletim/>
On 7 Feb 1605, he was appointed during the papacy of [[Pope Clement VIII]] as [[Titular Bishop]] of ''Fiscula'' and [[auxiliary Bishop]] of the [[Archdiocese of Goa]]<ref name=HierarchiaIV-Fisicula /><ref name=CathHierDomTorr /> (some sources name him as titular bishop of ''Salé'').<ref name=Boletim/>
On 13 Apr 1608, he was consecrated bishop by [[Alexeu de Jesu de Meneses]], [[Archbishop of Goa]].<ref name=CathHierDomTorr />
In 1610, de Meneses returned to Europe and Torrado served as administrator of the Archdiocese.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lJFAAAAYAAJ&dq=%22Domingos+da+Trindade%22&pg=PA482|first=Lady Isabel|last=Burton|authorlink=|title=Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel|pages=412 |publisher=Franklin Classics|date=October 12, 2018|isbn= 978-0342604609}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC&dq=domingos+torrado+da+trindade&pg=PA471|first=Stephen|last=Neill|authorlink=|title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707|pages=471 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=January 29, 2004|isbn=9780521548854}}</ref>
On 21 January 1612, [[Pope Paul V]] separated the east coast of Africa (from the [[Cape Guardafui|Cape of Guardafui]] in the north to the [[Cape of Good Hope]] in the south) from the territory of the Archdiocese of Goa creating a separate ecclesiastical territory (''[[prelature nullius]]'') and named Torrado as the first [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maputo|Administrator of the Prelature of Mozambique]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kenny, O.P.|first1=Joseph|title=The Catholic Church in Tropical Africa 1445-1850|date=1982|publisher=Ibadan University Press & Dominican Publications|url=http://www.dhspriory.org/kenny/ccta/DefaultCCTA.htm|accessdate=9 September 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207035006/http://www.dhspriory.org/kenny/ccta/DefaultCCTA.htm|archivedate=7 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.scielo.org.za/pdf/she/v39n2/19.pdf|first=Júlio André |last=Vilanculos|authorlink=|title=The role played by Church and State in the democratisation process in Mozambique, 1975-2004 |pages= |publisher=Department of Church History and Church Polity, [[University of Pretoria]]|date=|isbn=|quote=The second missionary expedition in Mozambique began in January 1612 after the papal bull was issued by Pope Paulo V, who elevated Mozambique to a “Prelature Nullius”. Prelature Nullius means a certain area of Roman Catholic Church that is functioning without a Prelate/Bishop. In such a situation, the Pope chooses an Administrator to run the activities of the Church.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_UQW4RSs4sC&dq=%22Domingos+Terrado%22&pg=PA363|first=George McCall |last=Theal|authorlink=|title=The Beginning of South African History|pages=363 |publisher= Wentworth Press|date=March 7, 2019|isbn= 978-0530428659}}</ref>
He never succeeded as Administrator of Mozambique as he died on 30 Dec 1612 in [[Goa]].<ref name=HierarchiaIV-Fisicula /><ref name=CathHierDomTorr />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links and additional sources==
* {{cite web|last=Cheney |first=David M.|title=Fisicula (Titular See) Fisiculensis Suppressed |website=[[Catholic-Hierarchy.org]]|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2f42.html|accessdate=January 10, 2022}} [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|{{sup|{{small|[''self-published'']}}}}]]
* {{cite web|last=Chow |first=Gabriel|title=Bishops who are not Ordinaries: Bishop Domingos Torrado, O.E.S.A.|website=GCatholic.org|url=http://www.gcatholic.org/hierarchy/data/bishops-TI.htm#58087|accessdate=January 10, 2022}} [[Wikipedia:Verifiability#Reliable sources|{{sup|{{small|[''self-published'']}}}}]]

{{s-start}}
{{s-rel|ca}}
{{succession box
| title = [[Titular Bishop]] of ''Fisicula''
| years = 1605–1612
| before =
| after = }}
{{succession box
| title = Auxiliary Bishop of Goa
| years = 1605–1612
| before =
| after = }}
{{succession box
| title = [[Bishop of Goa|Administrator of Goa]]
| years = 1612
| before =
| after = }}
{{succession box
| title = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Maputo|Administrator-Elect of the Prelature of Mozambique]]
| years = 1612
| before =
| after = }}
{{s-end}}

{{Subject bar |portal1= Biography |portal2= Catholicism |portal3= India |portal4=Portugal}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Torrado da Trinidade, Domingos}}
[[Category:17th-century Roman Catholic bishops in India]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Clement VIII]]
[[Category:Bishops appointed by Pope Paul V]]
[[Category:1612 deaths]]
[[Category:1555 births]]
[[Category:Augustinian bishops]]
[[Category:People from Elvas]]

Dhokal Singh

2025-11-13T21:40:05Z

Bhushana: Created a bio

{{short description|Raja of Panna (1785–1798)}}
{{infobox royalty
| title = [[Raja]]
| succession = [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]]
| reign = {{circa|1785}} – {{circa|1798}}
| predecessor = [[Anirudh Singh Ju Deo|Anirudh Singh]]
| successor = [[Kishor Singh]]
| death_date = {{circa|1798}}
| issue = [[Kishor Singh]]
| full name = Dhokal Singh Ju Deo
| house = [[Panna State|Panna]]
| father = [[Hindupat Singh]]
| dynasty = [[Bundela]]
}}
'''Dhokal Singh''' was the [[Raja]] of [[Panna State|Panna]] from 1785 until his death in 1798.
==Biography==
He was the youngest of three sons of [[Hindupat Singh]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=T |first=J. P. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Juvenile_History_of_Charkhari/eTSy_conpsQC |title=“A” Juvenile History of Charkhari |date=1886 |publisher=Babus Ganés Das & Company, Booksellers |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> After the death of his brother, [[Anirudh Singh Ju Deo|Anirudh Singh]] in 1779, he was installed on the throne of [[Panna State|Panna]] by [[Beni Singh]] and Khemraj in 1785.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Vadivelu |first=A. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Ruling_Chiefs_Nobles_and_Zamindars_o/LfoxAQAAMAAJ? |title=The Ruling Chiefs, Nobles and Zamindars of India |date=1915 |publisher=G.C. Loganadham |pages=305 |language=en}}</ref> They installed him because he was a minor, which allowed them to wield power during his minority.<ref name=":0" /> Following this, a struggle for the throne of [[Panna State|Panna]] ensued between him and his brother, Sarnet Singh.<ref name=":1" /> In the course of this conflict, a battle took place at Gathewara, where his benefactor, [[Beni Singh]], was killed by the forces of Arjun Singh, who was aiding Sarnet.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> When [[Mahadaji Shinde|Mahadji Scindia]] sent Laxman Hari Newalkar to collect arrears due from [[Panna State|Panna]], he dispatched his [[Dewan|Diwan]], [[Rajdhar Singh]], who defeated Newalkar in November 1790.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathod |first=N. G. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Great_Maratha_Mahadaji_Scindia/uPq640stHJ0C |title=The Great Maratha Mahadaji Scindia |date=1994 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-85431-52-9 |pages=117 |language=en}}</ref> During his reign, the whole of [[Bundelkhand]] fell prey to Himmat Bahadur and [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]], a grandson of [[Bajirao I|Bajirao Peshwa]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali]] asserted his suzerainty over all rulers of the region and defeated him in his campaign, forcing Singh to flee to Kalinjar.<ref name=":1" /> He later received a sanad from [[Ali Bahadur I|Ali Bahadur]].<ref name=":1" />

He died in 1798, and his son, [[Kishor Singh]], succeeded him on the throne of [[Panna State|Panna]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Pradesh (India) |first=Madhya |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Madhya_Pradesh_Panna/ok9DAAAAYAAJ |title=Madhya Pradesh: Panna |date=1994 |publisher=Government Central Press |pages=68–70 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Dhokal}}
[[Category:1798 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajas of Panna]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:People from British India]]

Howrah Planetarium and Astronomical Research Centre

2025-10-21T06:50:55Z

Bhushana:

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox museum
|name = '''Howrah Planetarium and Astronomical Research Centre'''
| native_name = '''হাওড়া তারামণ্ডল ও জ্যোতির্বিজ্ঞান গবেষণা কেন্দ্র'''
| native_name_lang = bn
|image = Howrah Planetarium & Astronomical Research Centre - Howrah 2023-05-25 7260.jpg
|image_upright =
|caption =
|map_type =
|map_caption =
|coordinates = {{coord|22.5822313|88.331262|display=inline}}
|established = {{start date and age|2022|12|02|df=y}}
|dissolved =
|location = Sarat Sadan, [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
|type = Planetarium museum
|visitors =
|director =
|curator =
| owner = [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]]
|publictransit = [[Howrah railway station]],
{{Bulleted list|{{ric|Kolkata Metro|green}} '''[[Howrah Maidan metro station]]'''}}
|website =
}}
'''Howrah Planetarium and Astronomical Research Centre''' commonly known as '''Howrah Planetarium''' is a [[planetarium]] in [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]],<ref name="telegraphindia"/> that offers [[virtual tour]]s of the night sky and cosmic shows in a specially perforated hemispherical dome.<ref name="fddb">{{cite web |title=Howrah Planetarium & Astronomical Research Centre |url=https://www.fddb.org/domes/howrah-planetarium-astronomical-research-centre/ |website=fddb.org |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> It is West Bengal's first 3D planetarium.<ref name="anandabazar"/><ref name="indiatimes">{{cite news |title=Howrah gets country's 1st 3D planetarium |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/howrah-gets-countrys-1st-3d-planetarium/articleshow/95927229.cms |website=The Times of India |date=2 December 2022 |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="millenniumpost">{{cite news |title=India's 1st 3D planetarium inaugurated in Howrah |url=
https://www.millenniumpost.in/kolkata/indias-1st-3d-planetarium-inaugurated-in-howrah-500980 |access-date=15 December 2022 |website=millenniumpost |date=3 December 2022}}</ref><ref name="getbengal">{{cite web |title=First 3D Planetarium of India coming up in Howrah this December |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/first-3d-planetarium-of-india-coming-up-in-howrah-this-december |website=getbengal.com |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref> This '[[4K resolution|4K]]' Planetarium is built on screening technology. A total of Rs 14 crores was spent on the construction of the planetarium or ''Taramandal''.<ref name="bartamanpatrika">{{cite news |title=আজ খুলছে হাওড়ার থ্রি ডি তারামণ্ডল |url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=12&nID=417680&P=1 |access-date=16 December 2022 |publisher=www.bartamanpatrika.com |date=2 December 2022 |language=bn}}</ref> The planetarium conducts three shows every afternoon in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]] and Hindi.

== History ==
=== Background ===
[[Howrah]] and [[Kolkata]] are twin cities. The [[Hooghly River]] (a tributary of the [[Ganges]]) flows between the two cities, and the two cities are separated from each other by this river course with an average width of 500 meters. But despite the proximity of the two cities, while Kolkata has multiple entertainment options, [[Howrah]] is almost deprived. Howrah city does not have any state-of-the-art government theater except Sharat Sadan in [[Howrah|Howrah Maidan]] area and Rabindra Bhavan in [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]], built during the Left regime. They were also dilapidated due to lack of maintenance. After the [[Trinamool Congress]] came to power in Howrah municipality in 2015, then mayor Rathin Chakraborty took up the plan to renovate Sarat Sadan. On the other hand, after the merger of [[Bally Municipality]] with Howrah, the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation|Municipal Authority]] also started the renovation of the Rabindra Bhavan.<ref name="Anandabazar">{{cite news |title='গ্রহের ফের', মহাকাশ দেখার সাধ অপূর্ণই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/kolkata/howrah-planetarium-will-not-be-opened-in-this-winter-1.1093349 |access-date=16 December 2022 |agency=Anandabazar |publisher=www.anandabazar.com |language=bn}}</ref>

In 2015, Along with the renovation of Sarat Sadan, a plan was taken up to build another Planetarium technologically superior to the [[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata|Birla Planetarium]] in Kolkata.<ref name="Anandabazar"/>

=== Construction ===
The construction of "Howrah Planetarium and Astronomical Research Centre" was started in 2015 at a cost of Rs 14 crore with some land at Sarat Sadan theater premises.<ref name="Anandabazar"/>

=== Financial crisis and delay ===
A decision was taken to install a projection device from a specialist firm in [[France]] at the Planetarium. But, problems arose in this work, for which the work of planetarium was stopped for a long time. The problem was mainly the financial cost of setting up the instrument and the Term of contract with that company to maintain the planetarium.<ref name="Anandabazar"/>

Even after 10 months of completion of the work, the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]] failed to pay the contractor. The company's receivable amounts from the Howrah Municipal Corporation were more than Rs.3.50 crores.<ref name="Anandabazar"/> As a result, the inauguration of planetarium was delayed.<ref name="Anandabazar"/> planetarium was inaugurated in October 2022, but due to technical problems it could not be opened for visitors.<ref name="Anandabazar1">{{cite news |title=হাওড়ায় দেশের প্রথম থ্রি-ডি তারামণ্ডল, মহাকাশ চেনাবে ডিসেম্বরের প্রথম সপ্তাহ থেকেই |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/west-bengal/howrah-hooghly/planetarium-is-ready-for-audience-in-howrah-dgtld/cid/1387056 |access-date=16 December 2022 |agency=Anandabazar |publisher=www.anandabazar.com |date=25 November 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

=== Inauguration ===
The Howrah Planetarium and Astronomical Research Centre was officially inaugurated in October 2022 by the Minister of Public Works and Urban Development, [[Firhad Hakim]].<ref name="anandabazar"/> It opened to public on 2 December 2022.

== Description ==
The planetarium is built on Sarat Sadan, [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]].<ref name="telegraphindia"/> The dome of the planetarium is 10 meters in diameter<ref name="telegraphindia">{{cite news |author1=Kinsuk Basu |title=Howrah gets its own planetarium |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/news/howrah-gets-its-own-planetarium/cid/1900476 |access-date=16 December 2022 |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=2 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref> and the seating capacity 96 people. The structure was built in collaboration with the [[Howrah Municipal Corporation]] and a French company, and the planetarium displays night sky views for visitors through 3D projectors.<ref name="getbengal" />

== Features ==
A total of 3 shows are conducted a day in this planetarium to introduce visitors to the [[Solar System]]. Visitors can also learn about important space discoveries and related information. Each show at planetarium is conducted for 25 minutes. Shows are available here in [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]] and [[Hindi]].<ref name="anandabazar">{{cite web |title=দেশের প্রথম থ্রি-ডি তারামণ্ডলের দরজা খুলল হাওড়ায়, ১৪ কোটির প্রেক্ষাগৃহে টিকিটের দাম কত? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/photogallery/howrah-opens-first-3d-planetarium-in-the-country-dgtld-photogallery/cid/1388735?slide=13 |website=www.anandabazar.com |access-date=15 December 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Birla Planetarium, Kolkata]]
* [[Indian Astronomical Observatory#Astrotourism|Astrotourism in India]]
* [[List of planetariums]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Planetaria in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Howrah]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Howrah]]
[[Category:Education in Howrah]]

G. A. Menon

2025-10-02T03:15:34Z

Bhushana: basic improve page per standard format for consistency

{{Short description|Indian businessman (1935–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=January 2021}}

'''Goplala Achutha''' "'''G. A"''' '''Menon''' (1931–2003) was a US-based [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]] from [[Kerala]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=4 December 2003 |title=IT entrepreneur G.A. Menon dead |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050322202337/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/04/stories/2003120401320200.htm |archive-date=22 March 2005 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Business Line|location=Chennai |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Born in [[North Paravur]] in [[Kerala]], India, Menon studied at Government Higher Secondary School in North Paravur. He majored in [[mathematics]] at [[Madras University]] and went to [[Harvard Business School]].

== Career ==
Menon's first job was as a [[statistician]] for the Thackersey Mooljee Group, a Mumbai-based company which oversaw [[Textile manufacturing|textile mills]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Baisley |first=Sarah |date=23 December 2003 |title=Toonz Animation Chairman Menon Dies |url=https://www.awn.com/news/toonz-animation-chairman-menon-dies |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Animation World Network |language=en}}</ref>

Following his graduation, he became a Systems Manager with [[IBM]] in India. When IBM closed down in India in 1978, he moved to Singapore where he joined the Chandaria Group. As an employee of Chandaria Group, he set up Multi Tech Systems, which merged with [[Venture Corporation|Venture Manufacturing Singapore Ltd]] in 1989. Menon continued to be the Chairman of Venture Corporation until his death.

After becoming a successful entrepreneur, he returned to Kerala with a proposal to set up a Rs 6,000-crore [[petrochemical]] complex at [[Kasaragod Town|Kasaragod]], which was unsuccessful. Subsequently, he set up the two [[Technopark, Kerala|Technopark]] companies: [[UST Global]] and [[Toonz India Ltd|Toonz Animation]].<ref name=":0" /> Other Indian companies he was involved in were Dexcel Electronic Designs in Bangalore and Customer Line in [[Kochi]].

He was also the founder and chairman of US-based Magnecomp International. The company was a manufacturer of the suspension assembly, a component used in the [[Disk read-and-write head|read/write heads]] of [[computer]] [[hard disk drive]]s.

== Personal life ==
Menon, his wife, and son moved to [[Beverly Hills, California|Beverly Hills]], [[California]], in 1988.<ref name=":1" />

== Death and legacy ==
Menon died in 2003 of [[Heart failure|cardiac failure]] while on an airplane flying from Singapore to Los Angeles.<ref name=":0" />

Toonz Animation gives an annual [[scholarship]] in Menon's name to young aspiring animators in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-10 |title=G.A.Menon Memorial Creative Future Scholarship 2018-2019 |url=https://www.scholarshipsinindia.com/g-a-menon-memorial-creative-future-scholarship.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Scholarships in India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2021 |title=Toonz Academy to offer GA Menon scholarshsip |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/2021/mar/18/toonz-academy-to-offerg-a-menon-scholarshsip-2277922.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, G. A.}}
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Harvard Business School alumni]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]

T. Damodaran

2025-09-02T11:35:12Z

Bhushana:

{{Short description|Indian screenwriter}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox person
| name = T. Damodaran
| image = T_damodaran.jpg
| caption = Damodaran in 2010
| birth_date = 15 October 1935
| birth_place = [[Kozhikode|Calicut]], [[British Raj|India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|03|28|1935|09|15|df=yes}}
| death_place = Kozhikode, [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| occupation = Screenwriter
| years_active = 1975–2012
| spouse = {{marriage|Pushpa|1968|2011|end=died}}
| children = [[Deedi Damodaran]] Simna Damodaran Rashmi Damodaran
}}

'''T. Damodaran''' (15 October 1935 – 28 March 2012) was a screenwriter who predominantly worked in [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=262080 |title=Mathrubhumi Latest News തിരക്കഥാകൃത്ത് ടി ദാമോദരന്‍ അന്തരിച്ചു |website=www.mathrubhumi.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328062121/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=262080 |archive-date=2012-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = Author of blockbusters |url = http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/02/23/stories/2007022300410100.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070228132646/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2007/02/23/stories/2007022300410100.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 28 February 2007|date = 23 February 2007|work = [[The Hindu]] |accessdate = 25 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Cris |date=2020-10-30 |title=Kerala lawyer's videos critiquing caste, inclusivity in Malayalam cinema are viral |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/kerala-lawyer-s-videos-critiquing-caste-inclusivity-malayalam-cinema-are-viral-136540 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==Life==
Damodaran wrote the screenplays of films such as ''[[Angadi (film)|Angaadi]]'' (1980)'', [[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]'' (1981)'', [[John Jaffer Janardhanan]]'' (1982)'', [[Ee Nadu]]'' (1982)'', [[Iniyengilum]]'' (1983)'', [[Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove|Ithiri Poove Chuvanna Poove]]'' (1984)'', [[Vartha|Vaartha]]'' (1986)'', [[Aavanazhi|Avanazhi]]'' (1986)'', [[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' (1988)'', [[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]'' (1988)'', [[Arhatha]]'' (1990)'', [[Inspector Balram]]'' (1990)'', [[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]'' (1991)'', [[Adhwaytham]]'' (1992)'', [[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]]'' (1993) and ''[[Kaalapani]]'' (1996) among which the latter won four [[National Film Awards]] and seven [[Kerala State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Pop Culture India! |last=Kasbekar |first=Asha |year=2006 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1-85109-636-7 |page=234 }}</ref>

As a writer and producer, he frequently collaborated with the directors [[I. V. Sasi]] and [[Priyadarshan]].{{citation needed|date= September 2022}} He also penned for the film ''[[Unaroo]]'' with director [[Maniratnam]].

Damodaran was married to Pushpa, who died in 2011. Their eldest daughter, [[Deedi Damodaran]], is also a screenwriter of [[Malayalam cinema]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/23/stories/2009102350910300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028030509/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/23/stories/2009102350910300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 October 2009|title=Scripting her success |date=23 October 2009|work=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=23 October 2009}}</ref> She made her debut with the film ''Gulmohar''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/prempchand/deedi-damodaran-presentation|title=Deedi damodaran|date=24 January 2009|publisher=slideshare.net|accessdate=23 October 2009}}</ref> Damodaran died of a massive [[heart attack]] at his home in Kozhikode on 28 March 2012, aged 76.

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year !! Title !! Director
|-
| 2006|| ''[[Yes Your Honour]]''|| [[V. M. Vinu]]
|-
| 2006|| ''[[Balram vs. Tharadas|Balram vs. Taradas]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Sradha]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Megham]]''|| [[Priyadarshan]]
|-
| 1999|| ''[[Stalin Sivadas|Stalin Shivadas]]''|| [[T. S. Suresh Babu]]
|-
| 1996|| ''[[Mahathma]]''|| [[Shaji Kailas]]
|-
| 1996|| ''[[Kaalapani|Kalapani]]''|| [[Priyadarshan]]
|-
| 1995|| ''[[Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Ana|Kaattile Thadi Thevarude Aana]]''|| Haridas
|-
| 1994|| ''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1993|| ''[[Janam (1993 film)|Janam]]''|| [[Viji Thampi]]
|-
| 1993|| ''[[Jackpot (1993 film)|Jackpot]]''|| Joemon
|-
| 1992|| ''[[Adhwaytham|Advaitham]]''|| [[Priyadarshan]]
|-
| 1991|| ''[[Abhimanyu (1991 film)|Abhimanyu]]''|| [[Priyadarshan]]
|-
| 1991|| ''[[Inspector Balram]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1990 ||''[[Aanaval Mothiram]]''||[[G. S. Vijayan]]
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Arhatha]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Aryan (1988 film)|Aryan]]''|| [[Priyadarshan]]
|-
| 1988 || ''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Abkari]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Naalkavala|Nalkavala]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Ithrayum Kaalam]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Vrutham]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Adiverukal]]''|| P. Anil
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Aavanazhi|Avanazhi]]''||[[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Vartha|Vaartha]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1985|| ''[[Angadikkappurathu|Angadikkappurath]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove|Ithiri Poove Chuvanna Poove]]'' || [[Bharathan]]
|-
| 1984 || ''[[Unaroo]]'' || [[Manirathnam]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Himam]]'' || [[Joshiy]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Kattathe Kilikkoodu]]'' || [[Bharathan]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[America America (1983 film)|America America]]'' || [[I.V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Iniyengilum|Iniyenkilum]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1983 || ''[[Nanayam]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Innallenkil Naale]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Ee Nadu]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1982 || ''[[John Jaffer Janardhanan]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1982 || ''[[Thadaakam|Thadakam]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Thushaaram|Thusharam]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]''|| [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1981 || ''[[Hamsa Geetham]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Kaantha Valayam|Kanthavalayam]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Jayan|Meen]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1980 || ''[[Angadi (film)|Angaadi]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1979 || ''[[Aarattu (1979 film)|Aarattu]]'' || [[I. V. Sasi]]
|-
| 1976 || [[Ammini Ammaavan|''Ammini Ammavan'']] || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
|-
| 1975 || ''[[Love Marriage (1975 film)|Love Marriage]]'' || [[Hariharan (director)|Hariharan]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=0845785|name=T. Damodaran}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Damodaran, T.}}
[[Category:Malayalam-language writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:1930s births]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kerala]]

V. Lakshmikumaran

2025-09-01T13:24:10Z

Bhushana: made bio - done

{{Short description|Indian lawyer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V Lakshmikumaran
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = V Lakshmikumaran
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Lawyer
| organization = Lakshmikumaran & Sridharan Attorneys
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| spouse = Malathi Lakshmikumran
| children = 2
| relatives =
| website = {{URL|lakshmisri.com}}
}}
'''V. Lakshmikumaran''' is a former [[Indian Revenue Service]] officer and lawyer specialising in taxation and trade disputes. He currently serves as a Distinguished Fellow in [[NITI Aayog]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=NITI Aayog Appoints Four Distinguished Fellows under Fellowship Guidelines |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1977116 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> and as a legal adviser to [[Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)|Ministry of Commerce, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Officer Details old bkp |url=https://commerce.gov.in/officer-details-old_bkp/ }}</ref> He is the founder and managing partner of Delhi headquartered law firm Lakshmikumaran & Sridharan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lakshmi Kumaran & Sridharan - Legallypedia |url=https://www.legallyindia.com/wiki/Lakshmi_Kumaran_&_Sridharan |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=www.legallyindia.com}}</ref> He co-founded the firm in the year 1985 with his brother V. Sridharan who is now a designated [[senior counsel|senior advocate]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bombay HC designates bumper crop of 15 senior counsel, V Sridharan, Anand Grover, but no women (again) |url=https://www.legallyindia.com/the-bench-and-the-bar/bombay-hc-designates-bumper-crop-of-15-senior-counsel-no-women-again-20110909-2316 |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=www.legallyindia.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

==Education==
He is a [[Master of Mathematics|M.Sc. (Mathematics)]] and a LL.B. graduate from [[University of Madras]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=V Lakshmikumaran > Lakshmikumaran & Sridharan > New Delhi > India {{!}} Lawyer Profile |url=https://www.legal500.com/firms/31702-lakshmikumaran-sridharan/32299-new-delhi-india/lawyers/612847-v-lakshmikumaran/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=www.legal500.com}}</ref>

==Career==
He has advised the Indian government on [[Free Trade Agreements]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Indian Trade Lawyers and the Building of State Trade-Related Legal Capacity | url=https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1540&context=faculty_scholarship | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716104155/https://scholarship.law.uci.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1540&context=faculty_scholarship | archive-date=2021-07-16}}</ref> and represented Indian government before [[Dispute settlement in the World Trade Organization|WTO Dispute Settlement Body]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=Equalizing Access to the WTO: How Indian Trade Lawyers Build State Capacity | url=https://wtochairs.org/sites/default/files/Book%20Chapter%20%28Indian%20Trade%20Lawyers%29%20Cambridge%20University%20Press_0.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607133155/https://wtochairs.org/sites/default/files/Book%20Chapter%20(Indian%20Trade%20Lawyers)%20Cambridge%20University%20Press_0.pdf | archive-date=2024-06-07}}</ref>

He advises clients in all areas of taxation, including International Taxation and Transfer Pricing, [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|Goods and Services Tax]], Customs, Excise, Service Tax, [[Value-added taxation in India|Value Added Tax (VAT)]], Foreign Trade Policy, [[Special economic zone|Special Economic Zones]], offering consulting, advisory, litigation and compliance services. He has also successfully represented clients from many countries in several anti-dumping, subsidy and trade investigations initiated by India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NITI Aayog Appoints Four Distinguished Fellows under Fellowship Guidelines |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1977116 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lakshmikumaran, V}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Tax lawyers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Hukam Singh (Rajasthan politician)

2025-08-27T17:46:28Z

Bhushana: Creating New Biography - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{About|politician from Rajasthan|others|Hukam Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Hukam Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{infobox royalty
| name = Hukam Singh
| birth_date = {{birth date|1927|02|14|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|03|17|1927|02|14|df=yes}}
| issue = {{ubl|Jitendra Singh|Divya Kumari}}
| house = {{flagicon image|Jaisalmer_Flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]
| father = [[Jawahir Singh]]
| mother = Kalyan Kanwar
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| dynasty = [[Bhati]]
| module = {{Infobox person | embed=yes
| education = [[Mayo College]]
| alma_mater = [[Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University|Agra University]]
}}
{{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1957
| term_end = 1967
| constituency = [[Jaisalmer Assembly constituency|Jaisalmer]]
| predecessor = Hadvant Singh
| successor = B. Singh
| office1 = District Chief of [[Jaisalmer]]
| term_start1 = 1959
| term_end1 = 1969
}}
}}
'''Hukam Singh''' (14 February 1927 – 17 March 2024) was an Indian politician who served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from [[Jaisalmer Assembly constituency|Jaisalmer]] from 1957 to 1967.

== Early life, family, and education ==
He was born on 14 February 1927 to [[Jawahir Singh]], the [[Maharawal]] of [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]], and his wife, Kalyan Kanwar.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=N. k |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35970 |title=Report Of The Administration Of The Jaisalmer State (1934) |date=1934 |pages=1}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Not Available |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127533 |title=Rajputana And Ajmer List Of Ruling Princes, Chiefs And Leading Personages |date=1931 |pages=86|edition=six }}</ref> His mother was the granddaughter of [[Ram Singh Bundi|Ram Singh]], the [[Maharaja|Maharao Raja]] of [[Bundi State|Bundi]].<ref name=":0" /> Like his father and brother, Singh was educated at [[Ajmer]]’s [[Mayo College]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Somānī |first=Rāmavallabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QRwAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Jaisalmer |date=1990 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7056-070-8 |pages=99 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Rajputana (Agency) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8aZCAAAAIAAJ |title=List of Ruling Princes, Chiefs and Leading Personages |date=1938 |publisher=Manager of Publications |pages=89 |language=en}}</ref> He subsequently attended [[Agra University]], from which he graduated with a [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[Sanskrit]].<ref name=":1" />

He married, in 1948, Girdhar Kumari, a daughter of Virbhadra Singh of [[Dungarpur state|Dungarpur]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Soszynski |first=Henry |title=JAISALMER |url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaisalmer.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718093208/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/j/jaisalmer.html |archive-date=2017-07-18 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=members.iinet.net.au}}</ref> By her, he had a son, Jitendra Singh, and a daughter, Divya Kumari.<ref name=":2" /> He played an important role in the merger of [[Jaisalmer]] with the [[Rajasthan Union]] to form [[Greater Rajasthan]].<ref name=":1" />

== Political career ==
He served as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for [[Jaisalmer Assembly constituency|Jaisalmer]] for two consecutive terms from 1957 to 1967.<ref name=":1" /> He wielded considerable influence over the people of [[Jaisalmer]]—so much so that even [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders were unable to oppose him effectively.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Link/4NcxAQAAIAAJ |title=Link: Indian Newsmagazine |date=1964 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref> Recognising his influence, [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] leaders approached Singh and invited him to join the party, which he did during the [[1962 Indian general election]].<ref name=":3" /> From 1959 to 1969, he served as District Chief of [[Jaisalmer]], during which time he laid the foundation for the prompt resolution of local issues and the development of the region.<ref name=":1" /> He also donated his honorarium to establish a collection of rare and unique books in the District Council Library.<ref name=":1" />

== Death ==
He died at his residence, Mandir Palace, on 17 March 2024.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2024-03-17 |title=Maharaj Hukam Singh, Member of Former Jaisalmer Royal Family, Dies at 97 |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/maharaj-hukam-singh-member-of-former-jaisalmer-royal-family-dies-at-97-enn24031703671 |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-19 |title=Erstwhile Jaisalmer royal family member Hukum Singh cremated |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/erstwhile-jaisalmer-royal-family-member-hukum-singh-cremated-residents-bid-tearful-adieu/articleshow/108599697.cms |access-date=2025-06-16 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Hukam}}
[[Category: 1927 births]]
[[Category: 2024 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Jaisalmer]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1957–1962]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Mayo College alumni]]
[[Category:Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar University alumni]]

Kher ministry (Bombay State)

2025-08-24T03:56:08Z

Bhushana: Creating Post

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''[[B. G. Kher]]''' was the first [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]] of [[Bombay State]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://pibmumbai.gov.in/scripts/detail.asp?releaseId=E2011FR24 |title=75 Years of Maharashtra Legislature |language=en |website=[[Press Information Bureau]], Mumbai |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref> He had been the Prime Minister of the [[Bombay Presidency]] since 1946.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mls.org.in/pdf2020/Margadarshika%20Parishishta-%20Chief%20Minister%20list.pdf |title=Chief Ministers (1937 to 2019) |website=[[Maharashtra Legislature]] |language=mr |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref> The Presidency, on [[India]]'s [[Indian independence movement|independence]] on [[Independence Day (India)|15 August 1947]] became the Bombay State. Kher served until [[1952 Bombay Legislative Assembly election|1952 Bombay legislative elections]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Party to B. G. Kher |newspaper=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |date=13 April 1952 |pages=11 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.14336/page/27/mode/2up |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref> His government was succeeded by [[Desai ministry (Bombay State)|that of]] [[Morarji Desai]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Cabinet of 9 for Bombay? - High Command Gives Free Hand to Morarji |newspaper=[[The Bombay Chronicle]] |date=20 April 1952 |pages=13 |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.granth.14337/page/12/mode/2up |access-date=3 September 2022}}</ref>

==List of ministers==
{{Expand list|date=September 2022}}
{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| minister1 = [[B. G. Kher]]
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 21 April 1952
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Home Revenue
| minister1 = [[Morarji Desai]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1158.htm |title=6th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - Desai, Shri Morarji R |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]/[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 21 April 1952
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Labour Housing
| minister1 = [[Gulzarilal Nanda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/886.htm |title=Fifth Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - Nanda, Shri Gulzarilal |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]/[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>
| minister1_termstart = 15 August 1947
| minister1_termend = 1950
| minister1_party = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Cabinet table end}}

===Parliamentary secretaries===
* [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/1454.htm |title=7th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile - Chavan, Shri Yeshwantrao |website=loksabhaph.nic.in |publisher=[[Lok Sabha]]/[[National Informatics Centre]] |access-date=7 September 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra state government ministries}}

[[Category:Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:1947 in India|K]]
[[Category:Maharashtra ministries|K]]
[[Category:Indian ministries established in 1947]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 1952]]
[[Category:Bombay State]]

2014 Pro Kabaddi League

2025-07-23T15:38:35Z

Bhushana: added new post and citations

{{Short description|1st Season of Pro Kabaddi League }}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox tournament|name=Pro Kabaddi League – 2014 Season 1|start_date={{start date|2014|07|26|df=y}}|end_date={{end date|2014|08|31|df=y}}|administrator=Mashal Sports|tournament_format=[[Round-robin tournament|Double round robin]] and [[Page playoff system|playoffs]]|host=India|champion=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] (1st title)|teams=[[#Stadium and locations|8]]|matches=60|best_player=|stat1_label=Most raid points|stat2_label=Most tackle points|stat3_label=Most successful raid|stat2={{flagicon|IND}} [[Manjeet Chhillar]] (51) {{flagicon|IND}} [[Surender Nada]] (51)|stat1={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anup Kumar (kabaddi)|Anup Kumar]] (169)|stat3={{flagicon|IND}} [[Anup Kumar (kabaddi)|Anup Kumar]] (123)|website={{URL|prokabaddi.com}}|previous=|next=[[2015 Pro Kabaddi League season|2015]]|tournament_name=|participants=|image=Prokabaddi season1.png|caption=Le panga}}
{{Pro Kabaddi League seasons}}

The '''2014 Pro Kabaddi League''' was the first season of [[Pro Kabaddi League]]. The duration of the season was from 26 July 2014 to 31 August 2014. There was double round robin matches along with two semi finals, third place and final games. 56 games were to be played in first round and 4 in play off stage making total of 60 games. 8 teams took part in first edition. First game was played on July 26 between [[U Mumba]] and [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] and the final was played on August 31 at [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]. [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] beat [[U Mumba]] by 35–24 to win the inaugural [[Pro Kabaddi League]].<ref name="Results">{{cite web|title=Season 1, results|url=http://www.prokabaddi.com/season1-results|accessdate=19 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721172008/http://www.prokabaddi.com/season1-results|archive-date=21 July 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

==Player auction==
The first signing and auction of players for the 8 teams was held on 20 May 2014<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite web|author =|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/more-sports/others/Pro-Kabaddi-league-fixes-players-auction-on-May-20/articleshow/35268222.cms |title=Pro Kabaddi league fixes players' auction on May 20 - The Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2014-05-17 |accessdate=2014-05-26}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]]. India's national kabaddi captain [[Rakesh Kumar (kabaddi)|Rakesh Kumar]] was the priciest among the players bought for {{INR}}12.80 lakh by [[Patna]] franchise. Sports Authority of India's [[Deepak Niwas Hooda]] was bought by Vizag franchise for {{INR}}12.90 lakh.<ref name="indiatimes1"/> Mostafa Noudehi was the highest paid overseas player bought for {{INR}}6.6 lakh by Pune franchise.<ref>{{cite news|author =|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/rakesh-kumar-gets-the-highest-bid/article6030474.ece |title=Rakesh Kumar gets the highest bid |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=2014-05-21 |accessdate=2014-05-26}}</ref>

==Franchises==
{{location map+ |India3
|float=right
|width=300
|alt=Locations of the 2014 Pro Kabaddi teams
|caption=Locations of the 2014 Pro Kabaddi teams
|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.966666 |long=77.566666 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bengaluru]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.97500 |long=72.82583 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Mumbai]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.47361 |long=73.79778 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Pune]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.56972 |long=88.36972 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Kolkata]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=26.93 |long=75.82 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Jaipur]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=25.61 |long=85.14 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Patna]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=17.69 |long=83.22 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Vizag]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.61 |long=77.23 |label= <div style="font-size:80%;">[[Delhi]]</div>|position=left}}
}}

===Stadium and locations===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Team
! Location
! Stadium<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prokabaddi.com/venues/bengaluru |title=Official Website for the Pro Kabaddi League |publisher=ProKabaddi.com |date=2014-03-09 |accessdate=2014-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523072711/http://prokabaddi.com/venues/bengaluru |archive-date=2014-05-23 |url-status=dead |df= }}</ref>
|-
| [[Bengal Warriors]]
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]]
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| [[Bengaluru]]
| [[Kanteerava Indoor Stadium]]
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi]]
| [[Delhi]]
| [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]]
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| [[Jaipur]]
| [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]]
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]]
| [[Patna]]
| [[Patliputra Sports Complex]]
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| [[Pune]]
| [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]]
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]]
| [[Visakhapatnam]]
| Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
| [[Mumbai]]
| [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|}

===Personnel===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left;"
|-
! Team
! Owner(s)<ref name="business-standard1">{{cite web|author = |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/pro-kabaddi-league-auction-sees-big-spends-on-national-players-114052001192_1.html |title=Pro Kabaddi League auction sees big spends on national players |publisher=Business Standard |date=2014-05-21 |accessdate=2014-05-26}}</ref>
! Captain
! Head coach
|-
| [[Bengal Warriors]]
| [[Future Group]]
| [[Nilesh Shinde]]
| Raj Narain Sharma
|-
| [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
| Kosmik Global Media
| [[Manjit Chillar|Manjeet Chillar]]
| Randhir Singh
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi]]
| DO IT Sports Management
| Jasmer Singh
| Arjun Singh
|-
| [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
| [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| Navneet Gautam
| Kasinathan Baskaran
|-
| [[Patna Pirates]]
| Rajesh Shah
| [[Rakesh Kumar (kabaddi)|Rakesh Kumar]]
| R S Khokhar
|-
| [[Puneri Paltan]]
| Insurekot Sports
| [[Wazir Singh]]
| Ramphal Kaushik
|-
| [[Telugu Titans]]
| Veera Sports
| [[Rajaguru Subramanian]]
| J Udayakumar
|-
| [[U Mumba]]
| Unilazer Sports
| [[Anup Kumar (Kabaddi player)|Anup Kumar]]
| Ravi Shetty
|}

==Points table==
{{2014 Pro Kabaddi League season points table}}

==Match schedule==
===Leg 1: [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]===
{{kabaddiresult
|date=26 July 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[U Mumba]]
|score= 45 - 31
|team2=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|match = 1
|result=[[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/1-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=26 July 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[Dabang Delhi]]
|score= 28 - 47
|team2=[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|match = 2
|result=[[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/2-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=27 July 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 40 - 37
|team2=[[Puneri Paltan]]
|match = 3
|result=[[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/3-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=27 July 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[U Mumba]]
|score= 36 - 25
|team2=[[Bengal Warriors]]
|match = 4
|result=[[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/4-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=28 July 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Puneri Paltan]]
|score= 31 - 35
|team2=[[Dabang Delhi]]
|match = 5
|result=[[Dabang Delhi]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/5-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=28 July 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[U Mumba]]
|score= 35 - 35
|team2=[[Telugu Titans]]
|match = 6
|result=Match Tied
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/6-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=29 July 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[U Mumba]]
|score= 36 - 33
|team2=[[Patna Pirates]]
|match = 7
|result=[[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/7-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----

===Leg 2: [[Netaji Indoor Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]===
{{kabaddiresult
|date=30 July 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Bengal Warriors]]
|score= 30 - 46
|team2=[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|match = 8
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/8-scorecard Scorecard]
|result=[[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=31 July 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 46 - 32
|team2=[[Telugu Titans]]
|match = 9
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/9-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=31 July 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[Bengal Warriors]]
|score= 42 - 40
|team2=[[Dabang Delhi]]
|match = 10
|result=[[Bengal Warriors]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/10-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=1 August 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 35 - 38
|team2=[[Patna Pirates]]
|result=[[Patna Pirates]] won
|match = 11
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/11-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=1 August 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[Bengal Warriors]]
|score= 38 - 35
|team2=[[Puneri Paltan]]
|result=[[Bengal Warriors]] won
|match = 12
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/12-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=2 August 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 18 - 40
|team2=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match = 13
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/13-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=2 August 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[Bengal Warriors]]
|score= 29 - 38
|team2=[[U Mumba]]
|result=[[U Mumba]] won
|match = 14
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/14-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

----

===Leg 3: [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]], [[New Delhi]]===
{{kabaddiresult
|date=3 August 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Dabang Delhi]]
|score= 35 - 39
|team2=[[Telugu Titans]]
|result = [[Telugu Titans]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/15-scorecard Scorecard]
|match = 15
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/16-scorecard Scorecard]
|date=3 August 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[Puneri Paltan]]
|score= 33 - 31
|team2=[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result = [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|match = 16
}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date=4 August 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[U Mumba]]
|score= 44 - 28
|team2=[[Puneri Paltan]]
|result = [[U Mumba]] won
|match = 17
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/17-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=4 August 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[Dabang Delhi]]
|score= 31 - 36
|team2=[[Patna Pirates]]
|result = [[Patna Pirates]] won
|match = 18
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/18-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date=5 August 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 34 - 45
|team2=[[U Mumba]]
|result = [[U Mumba]] won
|match = 19
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/19-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=5 August 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[Dabang Delhi]]
|score= 31 - 40
|team2=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result = [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match = 20
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/20-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date=6 August 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Dabang Delhi]]
|score= 46 - 36
|team2=[[Bengal Warriors]]
|result = [[Dabang Delhi]] won
|match = 21
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/21-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----

===Leg 4: [[Patliputra Sports Complex]], [[Patna]]===
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 7 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 35 - 27
|team2= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result=[[Patna Pirates]] won
|match=22
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/22-scorecard Scorecard]
}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date= 8 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score= 40 - 35
|team2= [[Telugu Titans]]
|result=[[Bengal Warriors]] won
|match=23
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/23-scorecard Scorecard]

}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date= 8 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 37 - 37
|team2= [[U Mumba]]
|result=Match Tied
|match=24
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/24-scorecard Scorecard]

}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date= 9 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 29 - 49
|team2= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match=25
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/25-scorecard Scorecard]

}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date= 9 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 30 - 30
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result= Match Tied
|match=26
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/26-scorecard Scorecard]

}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date= 10 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 39 - 23
|team2= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match=27
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/27-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 10 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 35 - 37
|team2= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result=[[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|match=28
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/28-scorecard Scorecard]
}}
----

===Leg 5: [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]===
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 12 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score= 36 - 42
|team2= [[Telugu Titans]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|match=29
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/29-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 13 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[U Mumba]]
|score= 30 - 33
|team2= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result= [[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|match=30
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/30-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 13 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score= 40 - 30
|team2= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= [[Puneri Paltan]] won
|match=31
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/31-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 14 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 27 - 29
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result=[[Dabang Delhi]] won
|match=32
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/32-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 14 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score= 23 - 50
|team2= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match=33
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/33-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 15 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score= 36 - 27
|team2= [[U Mumba]]
|result=[[Dabang Delhi]] won
|match=34
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/34-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 15 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score= 31 - 37
|team2= [[Patna Pirates]]
|result=[[Patna Pirates]] won
|match=35
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/35-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
----

===Leg 6: Rajiv Gandhi Indoor Stadium, [[Vizag]]===
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 16 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 28 - 28
|team2= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result=Match Tied
|match=36
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/36-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 16 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score= 33 - 41
|team2= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match=37
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/37-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 17 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 30 - 52
|team2= [[Patna Pirates]]
|result=[[Patna Pirates]] won
|match=38
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/38-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 17 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 44 - 43
|team2= [[U Mumba]]
|result=[[Telugu Titans]] won
|match=39
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/39-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 18 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 28 - 30
|team2= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result=[[Bengal Warriors]] won
|match=40
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/40-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 18 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 60 - 24
|team2= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result=[[Telugu Titans]] won
|match=41
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/41-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 19 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 45 - 26
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result=[[Telugu Titans]] won
|match=42
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/42-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
----

===Leg 7:[[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]===
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 20 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 36 - 31
|team2= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match=43
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/43-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 21 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|score= 32 - 36
|team2= [[Patna Pirates]]
|result=[[Patna Pirates]] won
|match=44
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/44-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 21 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 31 - 31
|team2= [[U Mumba]]
|result=Match Tied
|match=45
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/45-scorecard Scorecard]

}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date= 22 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Telugu Titans]]
|score= 34 - 34
|team2= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result= Match Tied
|match=46
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/46-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 22 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 41 - 31
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match=47
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/47-scorecard Scorecard]

}}

{{kabaddiresult
|date= 23 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 29 - 32
|team2= [[Telugu Titans]]
|result=[[Telugu Titans]] won
|match=48
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/48-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 23 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 33 - 27
|team2= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match=49
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/49-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
----

===Leg 8:[[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bengaluru]]===
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 24 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 37 - 24
|team2= [[Bengal Warriors]]
|result=[[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|match=50
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/50-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 24 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[U Mumba]]
|score= 37 - 30
|team2= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|result=[[U Mumba]] won
|match=51
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/51-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 25 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Dabang Delhi]]
|score= 45 - 22
|team2= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|result=[[Dabang Delhi]] won
|match=52
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/52-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 25 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 31 - 33
|team2= [[Patna Pirates]]
|result=[[Patna Pirates]] won
|match=53
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/53-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 26 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 27 - 26
|team2= [[Telugu Titans]]
|result=[[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|match=54
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/54-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 27 Aug 2014
|time= 8:00 PM
|team1= [[Puneri Paltan]]
|score= 35 - 36
|team2= [[U Mumba]]
|result=[[U Mumba]] won
|match=55
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/55-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
{{kabaddiresult
|date= 27 Aug 2014
|time= 9:00 PM
|team1= [[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|score= 30 - 29
|team2= [[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|result=[[Bengaluru Bulls]] won
|match=56
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/56-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
----

==Playoff stage==
All matches were played in [[Mumbai]]

'''Semi-Final 1'''
----
{{kabaddiresult|bg=#eaecf0
|date=29 August 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 38 - 18
|team2=[[Patna Pirates]]
|stadium=[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match=57
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/57-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
----
'''Semi-Final 2'''
----
{{kabaddiresult|bg=#eaecf0
|date=29 August 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[U Mumba]]
|score= 27 - 23
|team2=[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|stadium=[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|result=[[U Mumba]] won
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/58-scorecard Scorecard]

|match=58
}}
----
'''3/4 Place'''
----
{{kabaddiresult|bg=#eaecf0
|date=31 August 2014
|time=08:00 PM
|team1=[[Patna Pirates]]
|score= 29 - 22
|team2=[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|stadium=[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|result=[[Patna Pirates]] won
|match=59
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/59-scorecard Scorecard]

}}
----
'''FINAL'''
----
{{kabaddiresult|bg=#eaecf0
|date=31 August 2014
|time=09:00 PM
|team1=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|score= 35 - 24
|team2=[[U Mumba]]
|stadium=[[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Indoor Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
|result=[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]] won
|match=60
|report=[https://www.prokabaddi.com/matchcentre/60-scorecard Scorecard]

}}

==Statistics==
===Top 5 Raiders===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="text-align: center; width: 20px" | No.
!style="text-align: center; width: 150px" | Player
!style="text-align: center; width: 180px" | Team
!Matches
!style="text-align: center; width: 40px" | Points
|-
|1
|[[Anup Kumar (kabaddi)|Anup Kumar]]
|[[U Mumba]]
|16
|155
|-
|2
|[[Rahul Chaudhari]]
|[[Telugu Titans]]
|14
|151
|-
|3
|[[Maninder Singh (kabaddi)|Maninder Singh]]
|[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
|16
|130
|-
|4
|[[Ajay Thakur]]
|[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|15
|122
|-
| rowspan="2" |5
|Kashiling Adake
| rowspan="2" |[[Dabang Delhi]]
| rowspan="2" |14
| rowspan="2" |113
|-
|[[Surjeet Narwal]]
|}

===Top 5 Defenders===
{|class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!style="text-align: center; width: 20px" | No.
!style="text-align: center; width: 150px" | Player
!style="text-align: center; width: 180px" | Team
!Matches
!style="text-align: center; width: 40px" | Points
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1
| [[Manjeet Chillar]]
|[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
|16
| rowspan="2" |51
|-
| [[Surender Nada]]
| [[U Mumba]]
|15
|-
| 3
| [[Dharmaraj Cheralathan]]
|[[Bengaluru Bulls]]
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|[[Rohit Rana]]
|[[Jaipur Pink Panthers]]
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|[[Jasmer Singh Gulia]]
|[[Dabang Delhi]]
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==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pro Kabaddi League}}

[[Category:Pro Kabaddi League seasons]]
[[Category:2014 in Indian sport]]

Gananatya

2025-07-11T18:34:06Z

Bhushana:

{{short description|Indian theatre group}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Italic title}}
{{ infobox theatre group
| name = Gananatya Sangha
| image =
| imagesize = 150px
| caption =
| ArtisticDirector =
| formed =
| location = Kolkata, India
| disbanded =
| members =
| notable =
| homepage =
| genre =
}}
'''''Gananatya''''', or ''Gananatya Sangha'', which started the '''Gananatya Andolan''' (People's Theatre Movement), were a radical theatre group which attempted to bring [[social]] and [[political]] [[theater]] to rural villages in [[Bengal]] during the [[British Raj|colonial rule in India]] in the 1930s and 1940s.<ref>''Theatre and politics: a study of group theatre movement of Bengal, 1948-1987'', by Kuntal Mukhopadhyay. Pub. Bibhasa, 1999. {{ISBN|8187337044}}. ''Page 50''.</ref><ref>''Encyclopaedia of Indian literature'', Volume 6. by Amaresh Datta, Mohan Lal. [[Sahitya Akademi]], 1994. ''Page 4823''.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Bengali theatre}}

[[Category:Theatrical organisations in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Bengal]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre groups]]

{{india-theat-stub}}