https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=BhoirakeBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-02T04:30:11ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leo_(2023_Indian_film)&diff=550842Leo (2023 Indian film)2026-05-30T01:22:52Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|2023 Indian film by Lokesh Kanagaraj}}<br />
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Leo (2023 Indian film).jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]<br />
| writer = {{ubl|Lokesh Kanagaraj|[[Rathna Kumar]]|Deeraj Vaidy}}<br />
| producer = {{ubl|S. S. Lalit Kumar|Jagadish Palanisamy}}<br />
| starring = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]]<br />
* [[Sanjay Dutt]]<br />
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]<br />
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = [[Manoj Paramahamsa]]<br />
| editing = [[Philomin Raj]]<br />
| music = [[Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
| studio = [[Seven Screen Studio]]<br />
| distributor = [[#Distribution|see below]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2023|10|19|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 164 minutes<ref name="cut">{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Vijay's Leo undergoes 13 minor changes as per Censor Board's order: Gore, blood, and expletives get cut |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijays-leo-undergoes-13-changes-as-per-censor-board-gore-blood-and-expletives-get-cut-8976253/ |url-status=live |access-date=10 October 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref><br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
| budget = {{INR|250–400}} crore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo box office collection Day 9: Vijay's magic fizzles out at box office |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/leo-box-office-collection-day-9-vijay-s-magic-fizzles-out-at-box-office-123102700877_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105133112/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/leo-box-office-collection-day-9-vijay-s-magic-fizzles-out-at-box-office-123102700877_1.html |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="salary">{{Cite news |date=2023-03-23 |title='Leo' to 'Suriya 42': Five upcoming high-budget Tamil films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-to-suriya-42-five-upcoming-high-budget-tamil-films/etphotostory/98912098.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712133624/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-to-suriya-42-five-upcoming-high-budget-tamil-films/photostory/98912098.cms? |archive-date=2023-07-12 |access-date=2023-07-10 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref name="Hyena VFX" /><br />
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|595–615}} crore<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |date=5 January 2024 |title=Salaar Worldwide Box Office Update |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8249 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105090428/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8249 |archive-date=5 January 2024 |access-date=5 January 2024 |website=[[Box Office India]] |language=en |quote=It is easily the biggest Telugu film of the year but there are two films from the Tamil industry above it. Jailer is tops at 605 crore approx while Leo is second at 595 crore apprx.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-28 |title=Coolie earns ₹500 crore at box office: Where Rajinikanth starrer stands on list of highest grossing Indian films ever |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/coolie-earns-500-crore-at-box-office-where-rajinikanth-starrer-stands-on-list-of-highest-grossing-indian-films-ever-101756364511082.html |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Top 10 Kollywood Blockbusters, Box Office Hits |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/181123/leo-to-sarkar-top-10-highest-grossing-tamil-films.html |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Leo''''' (also marketed as '''''Leo: Bloody Sweet''''') is a 2023 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action thriller film]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 2023 |title=On 'Thalapathy' Vijay's 49th birthday, fans gush over star's rugged look as 1st look of action thriller 'Leo' unveiled |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/on-thalapathy-vijays-49th-birthday-fans-gush-over-stars-rugged-look-as-1st-look-of-action-thriller-leo-unveiled/articleshow/101181180.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702183135/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/on-thalapathy-vijays-49th-birthday-fans-gush-over-stars-rugged-look-as-1st-look-of-action-thriller-leo-unveiled/articleshow/101181180.cms |archive-date=2 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> directed by [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]]. Produced by [[Seven Screen Studio]], it is the third instalment in the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe]]. Partially inspired by the [[David Cronenberg]] film ''[[A History of Violence]]'', ''Leo'' stars [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] in the titular role, alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]], [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]], [[Mysskin]], [[Madonna Sebastian]], [[George Maryan]], [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]], [[Priya Anand]] and [[Mathew Thomas]]. In the film, Parthiban, an outwardly humble man, draws the attention of gangsters Antony and Harold Das who insist he is Antony's long-lost son, Leo Das.<br />
<br />
The film was officially announced in January 2023 under the tentative title ''Thalapathy 67'', as it is Vijay's 67th film as a lead actor, and the official title was announced a few days later. [[Principal photography]] commenced the same month in [[Chennai]] along with a sporadic schedule in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Kashmir]], which was again followed by another schedule held at the former location, and [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by mid-July. The film has music composed by [[Anirudh Ravichander]], cinematography handled by [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] and editing by [[Philomin Raj]].<br />
<br />
''Leo'' was released worldwide on 19 October 2023 in standard and [[IMAX]] formats to mixed reviews from critics, with praise for Vijay's performance, technical aspects and action sequences while the writing received criticism. It set several box office records for a Tamil film, emerging as the [[List of Tamil films of 2023|second highest-grossing Tamil film of 2023]],<ref name="BOI" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-14 |title='Leo' box office collection: Vijay starrer surpassed Rajinikanth's 'Jailer', becomes the highest-grossing Tamil film of 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/leo-box-office-collection-vijay-starrer-surpassed-rajinikanths-jailer-becomes-the-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-2023/articleshow/105200849.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231114104712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/leo-box-office-collection-vijay-starrer-surpassed-rajinikanths-jailer-becomes-the-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-2023/articleshow/105200849.cms |archive-date=14 November 2023 |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2023 |title='Animal' box office collection day 10: Ranbir Kapoor's film surpasses Dangal's lifetime biz in India, nears Rs 450 crore |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/animal-box-office-collection-day-10-ranbir-kapoors-film-surpasses-dangals-lifetime-biz-in-india-nears-rs-450-crore-408858-2023-12-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231211134010/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/animal-box-office-collection-day-10-ranbir-kapoors-film-surpasses-dangals-lifetime-biz-in-india-nears-rs-450-crore-408858-2023-12-11 |archive-date=11 December 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 November 2023 |title=Leo worldwide closing box office collections: Vijay starrer is the Highest grossing Tamil film of All Time |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/leo-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-vijay-starrer-is-the-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-all-time-1260510 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123104528/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/leo-worldwide-closing-box-office-collections-vijay-starrer-is-the-highest-grossing-tamil-film-of-all-time-1260510 |archive-date=23 November 2023 |access-date=11 December 2023 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en}}</ref> the [[List of Indian films of 2023|seventh highest-grossing Indian film of 2023]], [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|third highest-grossing Tamil film of all time]], the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in the overseas markets|highest-grossing Tamil film overseas]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films#Tamil Nadu gross collection|highest-grossing film in Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=Top highest grossing films in Tamil Nadu: Thalapathy Vijay starrer Leo reigns Top |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-films-in-tamil-nadu-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-leo-reigns-top-1259038 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117134013/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/top-highest-grossing-films-in-tamil-nadu-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-leo-reigns-top-1259038 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Pinkvilla |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
Parthiban "Parthi" is an outwardly humble wildlife rescuer and [[Coffeehouse|café]] proprietor living with his wife Sathya, son Siddharth "Siddhu" and daughter Mathi "Chintu" in [[Theog]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. One day, his [[Park ranger|forest ranger]] friend Joshy Andrews seeks his help in taming a [[spotted hyena]] creating chaos; Parthi tames the hyena with the help of Siddhu and adopts it subsequently, but chooses to avoid media coverage. Meanwhile, a group of merciless burglars headed by Shanmugham threaten the townsfolk and intrude Parthi's café at its closing time. When they intimidate Parthi with the lives of Chintu and his employee Shruthi, he shoots them dead. Parthi is arrested, but acquitted after the killings are concluded to be in self-defense.<br />
<br />
After surviving an assassination attempt by Shanmugham's brother-in-law, Parthi appeals for a [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-speaking police officer to protect him and his family. Napoleon, who has been promoted due to his heroics in [[Tiruchirappalli]],{{efn|As depicted in ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019).}} is assigned that position. Meanwhile, owing to the incident, Parthi's photographs appear in newspapers nationwide and draw the attention of [[Telangana]]-based [[drug lord|drug baron]] brothers Harold and Antony Das. Antony promptly leaves for Theog, having recognised Parthi to be his thought-to-be-dead son Leo; Parthi, nevertheless, fiercely denies his claims. Disbelieving Parthi, Antony meets Sathya and tells her that Parthi is his son Leo, an infamous criminal. Suspicious, Sathya and Joshy separately investigate Parthi's past. While Sathya meets Parthi's childhood friend, Joshy meets Leo's friend Hridayaraj D'Souza, a soon-to-be-executed convict, who narrates Leo's alleged past.{{Efn|The director has implied that the flashback scenes narrated by Hridayaraj may not be entirely true, making him an [[unreliable narrator]]. He said a dialogue mentioning this as the character's perspective had been recorded but ultimately excluded from the final cut as it would give away the plot twist.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj Trolled For Suggesting Leo Flashback Scenes Could Be Fake |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/lokesh-kanagaraj-trolled-for-suggesting-leo-flashback-scenes-could-be-fake-8641425.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105004558/https://www.news18.com/movies/lokesh-kanagaraj-trolled-for-suggesting-leo-flashback-scenes-could-be-fake-8641425.html |archive-date=5 November 2023 |access-date=1 March 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
In 1999, after Harold returns to India upon completing his education in Canada, he begins manufacturing and selling a stimulant drug named ''[[Datura]]'', using Antony's failing tobacco factory Das & Co as a [[front organization]]. Antony's twin children Leo and Elisa assist the brothers in their activities. Antony is also a staunch believer of [[occult]] practices and engages in [[human sacrifice]]s to succour their business. During a celebration, Antony is told by an occult priest that sacrificing one of his children will grant him enormous success; he chooses Elisa and urges Leo to cooperate, but he strongly resists and fights Antony and Harold. In the process, he sets the drugs on fire but fails to protect Elisa from getting killed by Harold. She pleads with him to abandon the business and lead a peaceful life, before dying. Leo is then shot by Antony and is presumed dead since.<br />
<br />
On hearing this, Joshy is convinced that Parthi is not Leo, while Sathya is also convinced the same. Parthi discerns that Sathya is suspecting his identity and confronts her but they eventually reconcile. Antony informs Parthi that he has kidnapped Siddhu and that he is going to be sacrificed. Parthi and Napoleon give chase to Antony and his men; Parthi successfully subdues them and kills Antony but does not find Siddhu, who is revealed to have been held captive by Harold at Das & Co.<br />
<br />
After Harold agrees to return Siddhu in exchange for Antony's corpse, Parthi takes the latter alone to Das & Co, but realises that Harold has double-crossed him by sending henchmen to murder Sathya and Chintu. While Joshy, Napoleon and the hyena protect Sathya and Chintu by killing the henchmen, Parthi fights Harold and subsequently holds him at [[Point-blank range|gunpoint]]. Harold finally agrees that Parthi is not Leo and assures no harm to him and his family. However, Parthi laughs loudly and confirms he is Leo before shooting Harold dead and rescuing Siddhu. While torching Das & Co, Parthi asserts that he has done nothing good as Leo, and that anyone who knows his identity must die or already be dead, recalling that he admitted the truth to Antony before killing him.<br />
<br />
While back in Theog, Parthi receives a phone call. The anonymous caller{{efn|Agent Vikram from ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]]'' (2022).}} tells him that he knows he is Leo and contends that destroying his family's factory will not make society drug-free, imploring him to join his mission and correctly surmises that Parthi might have recognised him by now, following which he sighs in exasperation.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{Cast listing|<br />
* [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] as Parthiban "Parthi" / Leo Das<br />
* [[Sanjay Dutt]] as Antony Das (Voice dubbed by [[P. Ravi Shankar|Pudipeddi Ravi Shankar]])<br />
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Harold Das<br />
* [[Trisha Krishnan|Trisha]] as Sathya (Voice dubbed by [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]])<br />
* [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] as Joshy Andrews<br />
* [[George Maryan]] as [[Kaithi (2019 film)|Napoleon]]<br />
* [[Mysskin]] as Shanmugam<br />
* [[Madonna Sebastian]] as Elisa Das (Voice dubbed by Smruthi K)<br />
* [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] as Hridayaraj D'Souza<br />
* [[Sandy (choreographer)|Sandy]] as a robber in Shanmugam's gang<br />
* [[Priya Anand]] as Priya Joshy <br />
* [[Mathew Thomas]] as Siddharth "Siddhu"<br />
* [[Babu Antony]] as Shekhar, Antony's henchman<br />
* Janany Kunaseelan as Shruthi<br />
* Iyal as Mathi "Chintu"<br />
* Mukhtar Khan as Bhawar Jetha, a police officer<br />
* [[Ramakrishnan (actor)|Ramakrishnan]] as Gabby, Leo's friend <br />
* [[Denzil Smith]] as the [[Magistrate]]<br />
* [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh Master]] as Dinesh<br />
* [[Madhusudhan Rao (actor)|Madhusudhan Rao]] as Shanmugam's brother-in-law<br />
* [[Vaiyapuri]] as an occult priest<br />
* Punya Elizabeth as Sathya's friend<br />
* Thavasi as Harold's henchman<br />
* Jawahar as a Veterinary Doctor<br />
* Maneksha as Jailer<br />
* [[Sachin Mani]] as Shruthi's husband<br />
* [[Shanthi (choreographer)|Shanthi]] as Shanmugam's wife<br />
* [[Santhi Mayadevi]] as Parthiban's advocate<br />
* Muthu Krishnan as Press Cameraman<br />
* Pooja Fiya as Press Reporter<br />
* [[Leela Samson]] as a public prosecutor<br />
* [[Dinesh Lamba]] as the Divisional Forest Officer<br />
* [[Anurag Kashyap]] as Daniel (cameo appearance)<br />
* [[Maya S. Krishnan]] as Vikram's aide (cameo appearance)<br />
* [[Kamal Haasan]] as [[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram]] (voice only)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
=== Development ===<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Vijay at the Nadigar Sangam Protest.jpg<br />
| image2 = Lokesh Kanagaraj at The Zee Cine Awards.jpg<br />
| footer = ''Leo'' is the second collaboration of [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] with [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] after ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021).<br />
| total_width = 250<br />
| align = right<br />
}}<br />
After the success of ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' in early 2021, it was reported that [[Lokesh Kanagaraj]] visited [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] at his residence and narrated a script which impressed him. The project was supposed to be the actor's 66th film as a leading actor; however, that position instead went to ''[[Varisu]]'' (2023).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balachandran |first=Logesh |date=10 February 2021 |title=Thalapathy Vijay to reunite with Lokesh Kanagaraj for his 66th film? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-to-reunite-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-his-66th-film-1767679-2021-02-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154029/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-to-reunite-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-his-66th-film-1767679-2021-02-10 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Reports of a potential collaboration between Lokesh and Vijay continued through February 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Before Atlee, Thalapathy Vijay to reunite with Lokesh Kanagaraj&nbsp;– Filming begins late 2022 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-atlee-thalapathy-vijay-reunite-lokesh-kanagaraj-filming-begins-late-2022-1032465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101120348/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/exclusive-atlee-thalapathy-vijay-reunite-lokesh-kanagaraj-filming-begins-late-2022-1032465 |archive-date=1 November 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=Vijay to reunite with filmmaker Lokesh Kanagaraj for 'Thalapathy 67': Report |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/vijay-to-reunite-with-filmmaker-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-thalapathy-67-report-1085295.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410073750/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/entertainment/entertainment-news/vijay-to-reunite-with-filmmaker-lokesh-kanagaraj-for-thalapathy-67-report-1085295.html |archive-date=10 April 2022 |access-date=16 February 2023 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> The following March, Lokesh confirmed there were discussions for him to direct Vijay's 67th film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 March 2022 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj confirms talks are on for Vijay's Thalapathy 67 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-talks-are-on-for-vijays-thalapathy-67/articleshow/90321646.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427115053/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-talks-are-on-for-vijays-thalapathy-67/articleshow/90321646.cms |archive-date=27 April 2022 |access-date=3 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> That May, he confirmed the project, [[Working title|tentatively titled]] ''Thalapathy 67''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2022 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj confirms Thalapathy 67 with Vijay |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/may/22/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-thalapathy-67-with-vijay-31647.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203165802/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/may/22/lokesh-kanagaraj-confirms-thalapathy-67-with-vijay-31647.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> The project was funded by S. S. Lalit Kumar's [[Seven Screen Studio]], which had distributed and co-produced ''Master''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-18 |title=Thalapathy 67 update will be out in a week: Here are other developments in Vijay-Lokesh Kanagaraj's next |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-67-update-will-be-out-in-a-week-here-are-other-developments-in-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-next-8389500/lite/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008144210/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-67-update-will-be-out-in-a-week-here-are-other-developments-in-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-next-8389500/lite/ |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=2024-08-25 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Vijay's manager, Jagadish Palanisamy, served as a co-producer. The company made a public announcement on 30 January 2023, confirming the project,<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 67 is officially announced, big updates set to drop this week |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-thalapathy-67-is-officially-announced-8413481/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154025/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-thalapathy-67-is-officially-announced-8413481/ |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> and the film's official title ''Leo'' was revealed on 3 February 2023.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Vijay's 67th film titled Leo&nbsp;– Bloody Sweet: First teaser is reminiscent of Kamal Haasan's Vikram |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-67th-film-titled-leo-8421843/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203133441/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-67th-film-titled-leo-8421843/ |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Lokesh revealed that ''Leo'' was inspired by the 2005 film ''[[A History of Violence]]'' by [[David Cronenberg]]. According to Lokesh, "It inspired me to write ''Leo''. ''A History of Violence'' left its mark on me and from that this movie was born. ''Leo'' is my tribute".<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
The film was made on an estimated budget of upto {{INR|300–400}} crore, and Vijay was reported to receive {{INRConvert|120|c}} as his remuneration.<ref name="salary" /> However, he reportedly decided to take the [[revenue sharing]] model, to benefit the film's production; as per the basis, he would receive {{INRConvert|50|c}} as an advance, and a chunk of the profits would be received as the actor's remuneration.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 December 2022 |title=Vijay to explore revenue sharing model with 'Thalapathy 67'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-to-explore-revenue-sharing-model-with-thalapathy-67/articleshow/95960001.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209063424/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-to-explore-revenue-sharing-model-with-thalapathy-67/articleshow/95960001.cms |archive-date=9 December 2022 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vijay was not in favour of making ''Leo'' a [[pan-Indian film]], as he wanted to focus on satisfying the Tamil audience. The actor, however, changed his mind after Lalit and Jagadish convinced him. Some changes were also made to the original story to help the film cater to a wider audience.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Roktim |date=20 April 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay did not want Leo to be pan-India film. Here's why he changed his mind |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-did-not-want-leo-to-be-pan-india-film-lokesh-kanagaraj-2362577-2023-04-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421024643/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-did-not-want-leo-to-be-pan-india-film-lokesh-kanagaraj-2362577-2023-04-20 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2023 |title=Vijay didn't want Leo to be a pan-Indian film, he initially said 'I want to make films for our people' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-didnt-want-leo-to-be-a-pan-indian-film-8567291/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421024643/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-didnt-want-leo-to-be-a-pan-indian-film-8567291/ |archive-date=21 April 2023 |access-date=20 April 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In August 2023, the film was reported to be a part of the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe]] (LCU), as the makers had signed a [[No Objection Certificate|no-objection certificate]] with [[Dream Warrior Pictures]] and [[Raaj Kamal Films International]], the producers of the LCU's previous instalments ''[[Kaithi (2019 film)|Kaithi]]'' (2019) and [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']] (2022) respectively.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 August 2023 |title=Confirmed! 'Leo' to be part of LCU as the makers sign a NOC with Lokesh Kanagaraj's previous films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-leo-to-be-part-of-lcu-as-the-makers-sign-a-noc-with-lokesh-kanagarajs-previous-films/articleshow/102526588.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830215045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/confirmed-leo-to-be-part-of-lcu-as-the-makers-sign-a-noc-with-lokesh-kanagarajs-previous-films/articleshow/102526588.cms |archive-date=30 August 2023 |access-date=22 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's status in the LCU was not confirmed until its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Is Vijay's Leo a part of Lokesh Kanagaraj's Cinematic Universe with Kamal Haasan, Suriya and Karthi? Here's everything you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-leo-connections-lokesh-kanagaraj-universe-8991974/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021160201/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-leo-connections-lokesh-kanagaraj-universe-8991974/ |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=24 October 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Pre-production ===<br />
It took Lokesh nearly six months for the writing and pre-production.<ref name="influence">{{Cite web |date=28 December 2022 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj on his growing influence with superstars: 'Vijay's Thalapathy 67 will be 100 per cent my film' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/lokesh-kanagaraj-vijay-thalapathy-67-8348339/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203165803/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/lokesh-kanagaraj-vijay-thalapathy-67-8348339/ |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Lokesh co-wrote the film's script along with [[Rathna Kumar]], in his third consecutive collaboration with the director,<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 July 2022 |title=Rathna Kumar to join as screenplay writer for Vijay's 'Thalapathy 67' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rathna-kumar-to-join-as-screenplay-writer-for-vijays-thalapathy-67/articleshow/92595203.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/rathna-kumar-to-join-as-screenplay-writer-for-vijays-thalapathy-67/articleshow/92595203.cms |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and Deeraj Vaidy, director of ''[[Jil Jung Juk]]'' (2016). Both of them joined the writing team in mid-August 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=29 December 2022 |title=Jil Jung Juk director Deeraj Vaidy to co-write Thalapathy 67 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/dec/29/jil-jung-juk-director-deeraj-vaidy-to-co-write-thalapathy-67-38178.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154023/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/dec/29/jil-jung-juk-director-deeraj-vaidy-to-co-write-thalapathy-67-38178.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> Lokesh said the film would be completely made in his style, unlike ''Master'' which he considered a 50% Vijay film and 50% his film.<ref name="influence" /> A [[Muhurat shot|muhurat]] puja was held on 5 December 2022 at [[AVM Studios]] in [[Chennai]] with the film's cast and crew.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2022 |title='Thalapathy 67' goes on floors after muhurat puja |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-67-goes-on-floors-after-muhurat-puja/articleshow/95999236.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154025/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-67-goes-on-floors-after-muhurat-puja/articleshow/95999236.cms |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 7 December, the team shot the promotional video for the film for nearly three days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2022 |title=Vijay Starrer Thalapathy 67 Team To Shoot First Promo On December 7: Reports |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-starrer-thalapathy-67-team-to-shoot-first-promo-on-december-7-reports-6521629.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154025/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/vijay-starrer-thalapathy-67-team-to-shoot-first-promo-on-december-7-reports-6521629.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
In mid-January 2023, [[Manoj Paramahamsa]] was announced as cinematographer, marking his first collaboration with Lokesh and third with Vijay after ''[[Nanban (2012 film)|Nanban]]'' (2012) and ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=17 January 2023 |title=Manoj Paramahamsa on board T67 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/17/manoj-paramahamsa-on-board-t67-38877.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204122746/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/17/manoj-paramahamsa-on-board-t67-38877.html |archive-date=4 February 2023 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> [[Anirudh Ravichander]] would score the music, in his third consecutive film with the director.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 January 2023 |title=Vijay, Lokesh Kanagaraj reunite for 'Thalapathy 67' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-reunite-for-thalapathy-67/article66450535.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203171626/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-reunite-for-thalapathy-67/article66450535.ece |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Lokesh further retained most of his norm technicians including editor [[Philomin Raj]], stunt choreography duo [[Anbariv]], dance choreographer [[Dinesh (choreographer)|Dinesh]] and art director N. Sathees Kumar.<ref name="announcement">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2023 |title='Thalapathy 67': The official announcement is here!; film shooting began on January 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-67-the-official-announcement-is-here-film-shooting-began-on-january-2/articleshow/97449536.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201090517/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-67-the-official-announcement-is-here-film-shooting-began-on-january-2/articleshow/97449536.cms |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=31 January 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Praveen Raja would style the costumes for Vijay, along with his regular costume designers Pallavi Singh and [[Eka Lakhani]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2022 |title='Kaithi', 'Jagame Thanthiram', and 'Mahaan' fame costume designer to style Vijay in 'Thalapathy 67' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-jagame-thanthiram-and-mahaan-fame-costume-designer-to-style-vijay-in-thalapathy-67/articleshow/95382394.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154023/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/kaithi-jagame-thanthiram-and-mahaan-fame-costume-designer-to-style-vijay-in-thalapathy-67/articleshow/95382394.cms |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Ramkumar Balasubramanian was appointed as [[executive producer]] of the film by the production house.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Thalapathy 67' goes for official announcement, production underway |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/vijays-thalapathy-67-goes-for-official-announcement-production-underway/articleshow/97490707.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201091639/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/vijays-thalapathy-67-goes-for-official-announcement-production-underway/articleshow/97490707.cms |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=13 April 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Casting ===<br />
{{Multiple image<br />
| image1 = Trisha Krishnan at PS1 pre release event (3) (cropped).jpg<br />
| image2 = Sanjay Dutt at Mumbai Airport, 2018 (cropped).jpg<br />
| footer = [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] was cast as the female lead, reuniting with Vijay 14 years since their last release, ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008). [[Sanjay Dutt]] would make his Tamil debut with this film.<br />
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<br />
Vijay would sport a grey-shaded hairstyle for his character, which was finalised after 30 different looks.<ref name="DuttJoinsShoot">{{Cite web |date=12 March 2023 |title=Vijay's look for 'Leo' revealed as Sanjay Dutt joins the shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-look-for-leo-revealed-as-sanjay-dutt-joins-the-shoot/articleshow/98577420.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-look-for-leo-revealed-as-sanjay-dutt-joins-the-shoot/articleshow/98577420.cms |archive-date=15 March 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2023 |title=Vijay tried 30 different looks before finalising his 'Leo' look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-tried-30-different-looks-before-finalising-his-leo-look/articleshow/98691528.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328171029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-tried-30-different-looks-before-finalising-his-leo-look/articleshow/98691528.cms |archive-date=28 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]] was cast as the female lead,<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Vijay and Trisha Krishnan come together for pooja ahead of Thalapathy 67 shoot, fans react 'it's been 14 years of wait' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vijay-trisha-come-together-for-pooja-ahead-of-thalapathy-67-shoot-fans-react-101675262440943.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201213149/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/vijay-trisha-come-together-for-pooja-ahead-of-thalapathy-67-shoot-fans-react-101675262440943.html |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=2 February 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> pairing opposite Vijay for the fifth time after ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004), ''[[Thirupaachi]]'' (2005), ''[[Aathi]]'' (2006) and ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2023 |title=Trisha set to share screen with Vijay after 14 years, will join cast of Thalapathy 67 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trisha-set-share-screen-vijay-after-14-years-will-join-cast-thalapathy-67-172769 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154129/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/trisha-set-share-screen-vijay-after-14-years-will-join-cast-thalapathy-67-172769 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=5 February 2023 |title=Did you know 'Leo' is not only Vijay's 67th film but also Trisha's? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-leo-is-not-only-vijays-67th-film-but-also-trishas/articleshow/97618824.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208055124/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-leo-is-not-only-vijays-67th-film-but-also-trishas/articleshow/97618824.cms |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Sanjay Dutt]] was confirmed to play one of the main antagonists, in his Tamil film debut and second South Indian film after ''[[KGF: Chapter 2]]'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title=Thalapathy 67: Sanjay Dutt to play the villain in Thalapathy Vijay's next |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/thalapathy-67-sanjay-dutt-to-play-the-villain-in-thalapathy-vijays-next-56709.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154022/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/thalapathy-67-sanjay-dutt-to-play-the-villain-in-thalapathy-vijays-next-56709.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> Dutt agreed to be a part of the project, after being impressed by the one-line narrated for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Sanjay Dutt to make Tamil debut opposite Vijay in Thalapathy 67, reveals he was convinced with just one line concept |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sanjay-dutt-to-make-tamil-debut-in-vijay-s-thalapathy-67-reveals-he-was-convinced-with-just-one-line-concept-3020578 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201212019/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-sanjay-dutt-to-make-tamil-debut-in-vijay-s-thalapathy-67-reveals-he-was-convinced-with-just-one-line-concept-3020578 |archive-date=1 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> [[Priya Anand]] also joined the film in an important role,<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2023 |title='Thalapathy 67': Sanjay Dutt, Priya Anand join Vijay-Lokesh Kanagaraj film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-67-sanjay-dutt-priya-anand-join-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-film/article66453926.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154025/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-67-sanjay-dutt-priya-anand-join-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-film/article66453926.ece |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> while [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] was also cast in an important role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2023 |title='Thalapathy 67': Arjun, Gautham Menon join Vijay-Lokesh Kanagaraj film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-67-arjun-gautham-menon-join-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-film/article66457796.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202230401/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-67-arjun-gautham-menon-join-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-film/article66457796.ece |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> He called it a "different" and "fresh" one that would justify his title "Action King".<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 February 2023 |title=Action King Arjun opens up about his role in Vijay's 'Leo' for the first time |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/action-king-arjun-opens-up-about-his-role-in-vijays-leo-for-the-first-time/articleshow/97841560.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213071034/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/action-king-arjun-opens-up-about-his-role-in-vijays-leo-for-the-first-time/articleshow/97841560.cms |archive-date=13 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Lokesh initially wanted [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] to play this role as he was impressed with the actor's performance in ''[[Mumbai Police (film)|Mumbai Police]]'', ''[[Ayyappanum Koshiyum]]'' and ''[[Lucifer (2019 Indian film)|Lucifer]]'', but he declined due to scheduling conflicts.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 October 2023 |title=Did you Know THIS Malayalam actor was Lokesh's first choice to play Harold Das in 'Leo'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/did-you-know-this-malayalam-actor-was-lokeshs-first-choice-to-play-harold-das-in-leo/articleshow/104543605.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214235009/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/did-you-know-this-malayalam-actor-was-lokeshs-first-choice-to-play-harold-das-in-leo/articleshow/104543605.cms |archive-date=14 February 2024 |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Madonna Sebastian]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 June 2023 |title=Madonna Sebastian joins the cast of 'Leo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madonna-sebastian-joins-the-cast-of-leo/articleshow/100916024.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611114859/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/madonna-sebastian-joins-the-cast-of-leo/articleshow/100916024.cms |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=11 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Mysskin]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Director Mysskin joins the cast of 'Thalapathy 67'; says nothing has changed between him and Vijay in 21 years |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-mysskin-joins-the-cast-of-thalapathy-67-says-nothing-has-changed-between-him-and-vijay-in-21-years/articleshow/97494782.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202145410/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/director-mysskin-joins-the-cast-of-thalapathy-67-says-nothing-has-changed-between-him-and-vijay-in-21-years/articleshow/97494782.cms |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sandy Master,<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title='Thalapathy 67': Mysskin, Mansoor Ali Khan, Sandy join Vijay-Lokesh Kanagaraj film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-67-mysskin-mansoor-ali-khan-sandy-join-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-film/article66455108.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202004642/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/thalapathy-67-mysskin-mansoor-ali-khan-sandy-join-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-film/article66455108.ece |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=28 December 2022 |title=Gautham Menon joins Lokesh Kanagaraj, Vijay's Thalapathy 67. Fans can't keep calm |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gautham-menon-joins-lokesh-kanagaraj-vijays-thalapathy-67-fans-cant-keep-calm-2314370-2022-12-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124112907/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/gautham-menon-joins-lokesh-kanagaraj-vijays-thalapathy-67-fans-cant-keep-calm-2314370-2022-12-28 |archive-date=24 January 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and [[Mansoor Ali Khan (actor)|Mansoor Ali Khan]] would play prominent roles.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2023 |title=Arjun Sarja, Gautham Menon, and Mansoor Ali Khan are elated to join Vijay's 'Thalapathy 67' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-sarja-gautham-menon-and-mansoor-ali-khan-are-elated-to-join-vijays-thalapathy-67/articleshow/97514271.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154116/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-sarja-gautham-menon-and-mansoor-ali-khan-are-elated-to-join-vijays-thalapathy-67/articleshow/97514271.cms |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Mathew Thomas]], would also make his Tamil debut with the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Darshan |first=Navein |date=31 January 2023 |title=Malayalam actor Mathew Thomas to make his Tamil debut with Thalapathy 67 |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/31/malayalam-actor-mathew-thomas-to-make-his-tamil-debut-with-thalapathy-67-39486.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203105646/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/31/malayalam-actor-mathew-thomas-to-make-his-tamil-debut-with-thalapathy-67-39486.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> All of their inclusion was confirmed by the production house in late-January 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2023 |title=Thalapathy 67: From Sanjay Dutt to Gautham Menon, 8 actors who are a part of Vijay-Lokesh Kanagaraj's film |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-67-from-sanjay-dutt-to-gautham-menon-meet-8-actors-who-are-a-part-of-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-film-1207770 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206230228/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/thalapathy-67-from-sanjay-dutt-to-gautham-menon-meet-8-actors-who-are-a-part-of-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-film-1207770 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> [[Manobala]] and [[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 6)|Janany Kunaseelan]] were present at the film's preliminary shooting, confirming their presence in the film;<ref name="Janany">{{Cite news |date=17 January 2023 |title=Bigg Boss Tamil 6 fame Janany makes her movie debut with actor Vijay |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-fame-janany-makes-her-movie-debut-with-actor-vijay/articleshow/97056576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123201723/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/bigg-boss-tamil-6-fame-janany-makes-her-movie-debut-with-actor-vijay/articleshow/97056576.cms |archive-date=23 January 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2023 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 67 shoot with Lokesh Kanagaraj commences. Manobala tweets and deletes later |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijays-thalapathy-67-shoot-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-commences-manobala-tweets-and-deletes-later-2316566-2023-01-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126093623/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijays-thalapathy-67-shoot-with-lokesh-kanagaraj-commences-manobala-tweets-and-deletes-later-2316566-2023-01-03 |archive-date=26 January 2023 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> the latter would make her acting debut in a feature with this film.<ref name="Janany" /> [[George Maryan]] was also featured in the muhurat puja, thereby confirming his inclusion.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 February 2023 |title=Proof that Vijay's 'Thalapathy 67' is part of Lokesh Kanagaraj's LCU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/proof-that-vijays-thalapathy-67-is-part-of-lokesh-kanagarajs-lcu/articleshow/97542153.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212110325/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/proof-that-vijays-thalapathy-67-is-part-of-lokesh-kanagarajs-lcu/articleshow/97542153.cms |archive-date=12 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Abhirami Venkatachalam]] and [[Babu Antony]] were also confirmed after participating in the film's [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2023 |title=Abhirami Venkatachalam joins the cast of 'Leo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/abhirami-venkatachalam-joins-the-cast-of-leo/articleshow/97863244.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214082241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/abhirami-venkatachalam-joins-the-cast-of-leo/articleshow/97863244.cms |archive-date=14 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2023 |title=Leo: THIS action hero is the latest to join Vijay, Lokesh Kanagaraj's film |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-this-action-hero-is-the-latest-addition-to-the-cast-of-thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-film/ce5bf03e9a828 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310114142/https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-this-action-hero-is-the-latest-addition-to-the-cast-of-thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-film/ce5bf03e9a828 |archive-date=10 March 2023 |access-date=10 March 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Manobala died on 3 May 2023 without having shot any scenes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay Pays Last Respect To His Leo Co-Star Manobala At His Residence |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijay-pays-last-respect-to-his-leo-co-star-manobala-at-his-residence-7713271.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503144657/https://www.news18.com/movies/thalapathy-vijay-pays-last-respect-to-his-leo-co-star-manobala-at-his-residence-7713271.html |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> George Maryan reprises his role from ''Kaithi'', while [[Maya S. Krishnan]] and [[Kamal Haasan]] briefly reprise their roles from ''Vikram'', the latter has a voice only role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Gopinath |date=24 October 2023 |title=A breakdown of Lokesh Kanagaraj's LCU: How the timelines of 'Kaithi', 'Vikram' and 'Leo' are interconnected |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/breaking-down-lokesh-kanagarajs-lcu-how-the-timelines-of-kaithi-vikram-and-leo-are-interconnected/article67453488.ece |access-date=25 October 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Filming ===<br />
[[File:Pahalgam Valley.jpg|thumb|''Leo'' was mainly filmed in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].]]<br />
[[Principal photography]] began with the first schedule on 2 January 2023 at EVP Film City in Chennai.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2023 |title='Thalapathy 67' shooting underway at the film city in Chennai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-67-shooting-underway-at-the-film-city-in-chennai/articleshow/96699792.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106012805/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/thalapathy-67-shooting-underway-at-the-film-city-in-chennai/articleshow/96699792.cms |archive-date=6 January 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Minor portions of the film were held at [[Kodaikanal]] in the last week of January and Mysskin shot for some of his portions there as he could not allocate dates to travel to [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], where the subsequent schedule would take place.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=2 February 2023 |title=Vijay's Thalapathy 67 with director Lokesh Kanagaraj to release on October 19? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijays-thalapathy-67-with-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-release-on-october-19-2328026-2023-01-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206051226/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vijays-thalapathy-67-with-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-to-release-on-october-19-2328026-2023-01-30 |archive-date=6 February 2023 |access-date=6 February 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The second schedule commenced in Kashmir on 1 February.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2023 |title=Kashmir schedule of Thalapathy 67 begins |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/feb/03/kashmir-schedule-of-thalapathy-67-begins-39583.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203155552/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/feb/03/kashmir-schedule-of-thalapathy-67-begins-39583.html |archive-date=3 February 2023 |access-date=4 February 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> During this schedule, footage of Vijay was leaked and went viral,<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2023 |title=Clip of Vijay from Leo sets in Kashmir leaked. Watch |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/clip-of-vijay-from-leo-sets-in-kashmir-leaked-watch-8442159/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214064212/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/clip-of-vijay-from-leo-sets-in-kashmir-leaked-watch-8442159/ |archive-date=14 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> prompting the film's official technology security partner to warn people against sharing leaked content or they would be deleted.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 February 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Leo' makers warn against sharing leaked pics & videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-makers-warn-against-sharing-leaked-pics-videos/articleshow/97854031.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214082356/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-makers-warn-against-sharing-leaked-pics-videos/articleshow/97854031.cms |archive-date=14 February 2023 |access-date=18 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Furthermore, most of the cast and crew members were prohibited from using mobile phones on the sets, to prevent leakage of stills and videos from the shoot.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 February 2023 |title='Leo' makers take serious action to prevent leakage of pictures and videos from the film's sets |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-makers-take-serious-action-to-prevent-leakage-of-pictures-and-videos-from-the-films-sets/articleshow/98293978.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302130736/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-makers-take-serious-action-to-prevent-leakage-of-pictures-and-videos-from-the-films-sets/articleshow/98293978.cms |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 27 February, Mysskin tweeted that he had completed filming his portions for the film, which included an intense stunt sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 February 2023 |title=Mysskin wraps up his schedule in Leo: 'Will never forget Vijay's love for me during the shoot' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mysskin-wraps-up-his-schedule-in-leo-will-never-forget-vijays-love-for-me-during-the-shoot-8468568/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154030/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/mysskin-wraps-up-his-schedule-in-leo-will-never-forget-vijays-love-for-me-during-the-shoot-8468568/ |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> In early March, Menon announced that he had completed filming his portions.<ref>{{Cite news |date=4 March 2023 |title=Gautham Vasudev Menon completes shooting for 'Leo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-completes-shooting-for-leo/articleshow/98408211.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154022/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/gautham-vasudev-menon-completes-shooting-for-leo/articleshow/98408211.cms |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Scenes related to the protagonist's café were shot in Sifar Café, [[Anantnag]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2026 |title=How CM Vijay's 'Leo' Turned A Kashmir Cafe Into Tamil Nadu's Favourite Tourist Stop |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/how-cm-vijay-s-leo-turned-a-kashmir-cafe-into-tamil-nadu-s-favourite-tourist-stop-1843153 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260515001050/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/how-cm-vijay-s-leo-turned-a-kashmir-cafe-into-tamil-nadu-s-favourite-tourist-stop-1843153 |archive-date=May 15, 2026 |access-date=May 15, 2026 |website=[[ABP News|ABP Live]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Manoj Paramahamsa brought an [[IMAX]]-certified RED [[Red Digital Cinema|V-Raptor]] 8K camera to shoot significant portions, a first for a Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 March 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Leo' BTS video promises a visual treat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-bts-video-promises-a-visual-treat/articleshow/98451077.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306151743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-bts-video-promises-a-visual-treat/articleshow/98451077.cms |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 11 March, Dutt started filming for his portions in the Kashmir schedule,<ref name="DuttJoinsShoot" /> and completed them within six days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 March 2023 |title=Sanjay Dutt wraps up Kashmir schedule of Vijay's 'Leo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-wraps-up-kashmir-schedule-of-vijays-leo/articleshow/98735838.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323002331/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-wraps-up-kashmir-schedule-of-vijays-leo/articleshow/98735838.cms |archive-date=23 March 2023 |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming was halted on 21 March due to a minor earthquake in the location,<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2023 |title=South Buzz: 'Leo' halts in Kashmir; Actor Chetan Kumar arrested; First look poster of 'NBK 108' revealed |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/south-buzz-leo-halts-in-kashmir-actor-chetan-kumar-arrested-first-look-poster-of-nbk-108-revealed/articleshow/98912576.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324162244/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/south-buzz-leo-halts-in-kashmir-actor-chetan-kumar-arrested-first-look-poster-of-nbk-108-revealed/articleshow/98912576.cms |archive-date=24 March 2023 |access-date=29 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but resumed soon after. Vijay shot a fight scene with only a simple, thin shirt and had to roll on ice, despite the temperature being {{Convert|-20|C}}. A sequence involving him shirtless was also filmed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 June 2023 |title=Did you know Vijay shot a scene at -20 degrees in 'Leo' shirtless? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-you-know-vijay-shot-a-scene-at-20-degrees-in-leo-shirtless/articleshow/101103483.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619224902/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/did-you-know-vijay-shot-a-scene-at-20-degrees-in-leo-shirtless/articleshow/101103483.cms |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=21 June 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The Kashmir schedule ended on 23 March.<ref name="massive respect">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2023 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj praises Leo's cast and crew as he wraps Kashmir schedule of Vijay film: 'Massive respect....' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lokesh-kanagaraj-praises-leo-cast-crew-wraps-kashmir-schedule-vijay-film-8515133/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326110406/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lokesh-kanagaraj-praises-leo-cast-crew-wraps-kashmir-schedule-vijay-film-8515133/ |archive-date=26 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> The studio shared a [[behind-the-scenes]] video of the Jammu and Kashmir schedule that day as a tribute to the crew of ''Leo'', who worked behind-the-scenes in {{Convert|-5--6|C}}. The director thanked every person from the crew for making the Jammu and Kashmir schedule happen.<ref name="massive respect" /> The team shot at [[Dal Lake]], [[Hazratbal Shrine]], [[Sonamarg]], [[Pahalgam]] and [[Srinagar]] in this schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Check the exotic locations where Vijay's blockbuster 'Leo' was filmed |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/destinations/check-the-exotic-locations-where-vijays-blockbuster-leo-was-filmed-17014661.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623164237/https://www.cnbctv18.com/travel/destinations/check-the-exotic-locations-where-vijays-blockbuster-leo-was-filmed-17014661.htm |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The third schedule was intended to begin on 29 March at Chennai,<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title='Leo': The Chennai schedule of Vijay and Lokesh Kanagaraj's film to start on March 29 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-the-chennai-schedule-of-vijay-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-to-start-on-march-29/articleshow/99055533.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329042740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-the-chennai-schedule-of-vijay-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-to-start-on-march-29/articleshow/99055533.cms |archive-date=29 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> but commenced on 5 April. A set was erected for this schedule which led to the postponement. Vijay, along with Dutt, Trisha, Arjun and Priya Anand joined the concurrent schedule,<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title=Sanjay Dutt, Trisha, Priya Anand, and others to join Vijay for the Chennai schedule of 'Leo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-trisha-priya-anand-and-others-to-join-vijay-for-the-chennai-schedule-of-leo/articleshow/99262774.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405100316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-trisha-priya-anand-and-others-to-join-vijay-for-the-chennai-schedule-of-leo/articleshow/99262774.cms |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> which was reported to go on for 17 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay resumes Leo shoot in Chennai, new update on actor's birthday in June |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-resumes-leo-shoot-in-chennai-new-update-on-actors-birthday-in-june-2355871-2023-04-05 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405041844/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-resumes-leo-shoot-in-chennai-new-update-on-actors-birthday-in-june-2355871-2023-04-05 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |access-date=5 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Some action scenes were shot with a Mocobot camera.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 April 2023 |title='Leo' film uses Mocobot camera for an action sequence! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-film-uses-mocobot-camera-for-an-action-sequence/articleshow/99761833.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425132456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-film-uses-mocobot-camera-for-an-action-sequence/articleshow/99761833.cms |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=26 April 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Trisha, Dutt and Arjun would begin filming from May.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 April 2023 |title=Sanjay Dutt and Trisha to join the sets of 'Leo' in May |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-and-trisha-to-join-the-sets-of-leo-in-may/articleshow/99815464.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427124914/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/sanjay-dutt-and-trisha-to-join-the-sets-of-leo-in-may/articleshow/99815464.cms |archive-date=27 April 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Lokesh also planned to shoot the introductory song sequence featuring at least 2000 background artists.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2023 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj takes up a huge challenge for Vijay's 'Leo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-takes-up-a-huge-challenge-for-vijays-leo/articleshow/99840695.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428140532/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-takes-up-a-huge-challenge-for-vijays-leo/articleshow/99840695.cms |archive-date=28 April 2023 |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The song was shot in early June in Chennai with 500 background artists.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2023 |title=Shooting Of Thalapahy Vijay-starrer Leo's Introduction Song Underway In Chennai |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/shooting-of-thalapahy-vijay-starrer-leos-introduction-song-underway-in-chennai-8014975.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609045726/https://www.news18.com/movies/shooting-of-thalapahy-vijay-starrer-leos-introduction-song-underway-in-chennai-8014975.html |archive-date=9 June 2023 |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> The makers spent {{INRconvert|7|c}} for shooting the song for 7 days.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2023 |title=Leo: Thalapathy Vijay's Naa Ready song budget revealed |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-thalapathy-vijays-naa-ready-song-budget-revealed/9a40a47c5a594 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230623104812/https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-thalapathy-vijays-naa-ready-song-budget-revealed/9a40a47c5a594 |archive-date=23 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Paramahamsa purchased a Komodo-X camera to shoot the action sequences in high resolution, thus becoming the first Indian film to be shot using this camera.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 June 2023 |title='Leo' becomes the first Indian film to make use of a Komodo-X camera; check out the video here |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-becomes-the-first-indian-film-to-make-use-of-a-komodo-x-camera-check-out-the-video-here/articleshow/101128932.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622003724/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-becomes-the-first-indian-film-to-make-use-of-a-komodo-x-camera-check-out-the-video-here/articleshow/101128932.cms |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In late-June, production moved to [[Talakona]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=The 'Leo' shoot moves to Talakona; Vijay's latest video from the sets goes viral |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-leo-shoot-moves-to-talakona-vijays-latest-video-from-the-sets-goes-viral/articleshow/101271877.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626183834/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/the-leo-shoot-moves-to-talakona-vijays-latest-video-from-the-sets-goes-viral/articleshow/101271877.cms |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The final schedule was shot in [[Hyderabad]] and the climax portion in [[Ramoji Film City]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 March 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Leo' climax sequence is to be shot at THIS place |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-climax-sequence-is-to-be-shot-at-this-place/articleshow/98871470.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325223319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-climax-sequence-is-to-be-shot-at-this-place/articleshow/98871470.cms |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=28 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Vijay had completed shooting for his portions by 10 July.<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 July 2023 |title='Leo': Vijay wraps shooting for Lokesh Kanagaraj's film |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-vijay-wraps-shooting-for-lokesh-kanagarajs-film/article67064002.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710133840/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-vijay-wraps-shooting-for-lokesh-kanagarajs-film/article67064002.ece |archive-date=10 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Principal photography [[Wrap (filmmaking)|wrapped]] by 14 July, with filming having lasted 125 working days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 July 2023 |title=It's a wrap for Vijay&nbsp;– Lokesh Kanagaraj's 'Leo' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-leo/article67083603.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715112828/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/its-a-wrap-for-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-leo/article67083603.ece |archive-date=15 July 2023 |access-date=15 July 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A month later, the team returned to Jammu and Kashmir for patchwork filming.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 August 2023 |title='Leo': Lokesh Kanagaraj back to Kashmir to shoot for patchwork |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-lokesh-kanagaraj-back-to-kashmir-to-shoot-for-patchwork/articleshow/102491266.cms |access-date=7 August 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230807140303/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-lokesh-kanagaraj-back-to-kashmir-to-shoot-for-patchwork/articleshow/102491266.cms|archive-date=7 August 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Post-production ===<br />
[[File:Srinivas Mohan.jpeg|thumb|145x145px|[[V. Srinivas Mohan]] is one of the visual effects supervisors of ''Leo''.]]<br />
<!-- https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-vfx-supervisor-reveals-vijay-did-not-mind-doing-the-hyena-scene-again-and-again-until-the-vfx-technicians-were-happy/articleshow/110500222.cms --><br />
In February 2023, ''[[The Times of India]]'' reported that the film would be having an "extended post-production time" due to Lokesh not wanting to compromise on the [[Computer-generated imagery|CGI]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2023 |title=Vijay and Lokesh Kanagaraj's 'Leo' to complete its shoot by THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-leo-to-complete-its-shoot-by-this-date/articleshow/98249491.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226192146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-leo-to-complete-its-shoot-by-this-date/articleshow/98249491.cms |archive-date=26 February 2023 |access-date=27 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Monesh H. and [[V. Srinivas Mohan]] are the [[visual effects supervisor]]s, while the [[Moving Picture Company]], Al Zhara VFX and SkyHigh VFX are the film's principal visual effects studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2023 |title=Bhediya, RRR CGI team roped in for Thalapathy Vijay's Leo, reveals producer |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhediya-rrr-cgi-team-roped-in-for-thalapathy-vijays-leo-reveals-producer/625ed11414974 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622044732/https://www.ottplay.com/news/bhediya-rrr-cgi-team-roped-in-for-thalapathy-vijays-leo-reveals-producer/625ed11414974 |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |website=[[OTTplay]]}}</ref> The film's [[digital intermediate]] and [[Color grading|colour grading]] works began in late August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 September 2023 |title=Will Vijay's 'Leo' gross more than Rs 1000 crore? Director Lokesh Kanagaraj answers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-vijays-leo-gross-more-than-rs-1000-crore-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-answers/articleshow/103278204.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902161247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/will-vijays-leo-gross-more-than-rs-1000-crore-director-lokesh-kanagaraj-answers/articleshow/103278204.cms |archive-date=2 September 2023 |access-date=3 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] dubbed for Trisha for the Tamil, Telugu and Kannada versions of the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2023 |title=Leo trailer: Fans thrilled as Chinmayi dubs for Trisha Krishnan in three languages |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-trailer-fans-thrilled-as-chinmayi-dubs-for-trisha-krishnan-in-three-languages/b9a93db9e4100 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006064704/https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-trailer-fans-thrilled-as-chinmayi-dubs-for-trisha-krishnan-in-three-languages/b9a93db9e4100 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> The hyena featured in the film was created through visual effects, and the action sequence featuring the hyena cost {{INRConvert|15|c}}.<ref name="Hyena VFX">{{Cite news |date=28 October 2023 |title=Did you know 'Leo' makers have spent 15 crores on the VFX of the Hyena sequence in the film? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-leo-makers-have-spent-15-crores-on-the-vfx-of-the-hyena-sequence-in-the-film/articleshow/104758475.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031181512/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-leo-makers-have-spent-15-crores-on-the-vfx-of-the-hyena-sequence-in-the-film/articleshow/104758475.cms |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Music ==<br />
{{Main|Leo (soundtrack)}}<br />
The soundtrack is composed by Anirudh Ravichander, in his fourth collaboration with Vijay after ''[[Kaththi]]'' (2014), ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' (2021), and ''[[Beast (2022 Indian film)|Beast]]'' (2022); and third collaboration with Lokesh after ''Master'' and [[Vikram (2022 film)|''Vikram'']].<ref name="announcement" /> The music rights were purchased by [[Sony Music India]] for {{INRConvert|16|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=1 February 2023 |title=Vijay, Lokesh Kanagaraj's Thalapathy 67 audio rights sold for a whopping Rs 16 crore |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lokesh-kanagaraj-vijay-and-trishas-thalapathy-67-audio-rights-sold-for-a-whopping-rs-16-crore-2329123-2023-02-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202213641/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/lokesh-kanagaraj-vijay-and-trishas-thalapathy-67-audio-rights-sold-for-a-whopping-rs-16-crore-2329123-2023-02-01 |archive-date=2 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The audio launch was to be held on 30 September 2023 at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Coimbatore)|Nehru Stadium]], but was later cancelled on 27 September 2023 due to incessant requests for passes in addition to safety constraints.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Leo' audio launch on Sep 30 cancelled |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2023/09/27/thalapathy-vijays-leo-audio-launch-on-sep-30-cancelled.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927142809/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2023/09/27/thalapathy-vijays-leo-audio-launch-on-sep-30-cancelled.html |archive-date=27 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2023 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> "[[Naa Ready]]" emerged [[Spotify]]'s most-streamed Tamil track of 2023, as per [[Spotify Wrapped|Spotify Wrapped 2023]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Tamil Tracks of 2023 |url=https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DX2jOO2ZBEzz2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203071649/https://open.spotify.com/playlist/37i9dQZF1DX2jOO2ZBEzz2 |archive-date=3 December 2023 |access-date=3 December 2023 |website=Spotify |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Marketing ==<br />
On 16 September 2023, at the [[11th South Indian International Movie Awards]], Lokesh announced that updates for the film would be released the following day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2023 |title=Waiting for Leo update? Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals reason behind the delay |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/waiting-for-leo-update-lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-reason-behind-the-delay/1d463168ff669 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917163255/https://www.ottplay.com/news/waiting-for-leo-update-lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-reason-behind-the-delay/1d463168ff669 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=17 September 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film's teaser trailer was released on 3 February 2023, revealing the film's title.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 February 2023 |title=Watch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/watch-making-video-of-vijays-leo-bloody-sweet-title-song/articleshow/97636858.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208084635/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/watch-making-video-of-vijays-leo-bloody-sweet-title-song/articleshow/97636858.cms |archive-date=8 February 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The first look poster was released on 22 June, and became the most liked first look for an Indian movie in 24 hours on [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 June 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Leo' first look poster is now the most liked first look on Twitter in 24 hours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-first-look-poster-is-now-the-most-liked-on-twitter-in-24-hours/articleshow/101208059.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230820184946/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijays-leo-first-look-poster-is-now-the-most-liked-on-twitter-in-24-hours/articleshow/101208059.cms |archive-date=20 August 2023 |access-date=17 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The Telugu poster which released on 17 September, became the fastest poster of an Indian film to reach 1 million likes on [[Instagram]] in 32 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 September 2023 |title='Leo' sets a new Instagram record; breaks 'Pushpa 2' first look poster record |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-sets-a-new-instagram-record-breaks-pushpa-2-first-look-poster-record/articleshow/103750937.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919034212/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-sets-a-new-instagram-record-breaks-pushpa-2-first-look-poster-record/articleshow/103750937.cms |archive-date=19 September 2023 |access-date=19 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's trailer, gained 1 million likes in 21 minutes, 2 million likes in 7 hours, and over 3.7 million likes in 24 hours, becoming the fastest film trailer to achieve the feat.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title='Leo' trailer shatters records to become the fastest-liked Indian film trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-trailer-shatters-records-to-become-the-fastest-liked-indian-film-trailer/articleshow/104206382.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007120520/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-trailer-shatters-records-to-become-the-fastest-liked-indian-film-trailer/articleshow/104206382.cms |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 September, the packaged drinking water company [[Bisleri]] partnered with the filmmakers to release limited-edition water bottles featuring the film's coin logo. These limited-edition bottles were made available in 500ml, 1-litre, and 2-litre SKUs to consumers across Tamil Nadu and Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 September 2023 |title=Bisleri Launches Limited Edition Bottles Featuring Thalapathy Vijay In 'Leo' |url=https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/bisleri-launches-limited-edition-bottles-featuring-thalapathy-vijay-in-leo-123093000400_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126083136/https://www.business-standard.com/content/press-releases-ani/bisleri-launches-limited-edition-bottles-featuring-thalapathy-vijay-in-leo-123093000400_1.html |archive-date=26 November 2023 |access-date=26 November 2023 |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
<br />
=== Theatrical ===<br />
''Leo'' was theatrically released on 19 October 2023 in standard and [[IMAX]] formats.<ref name="indianexpress" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=ஐமேக்ஸ் தரத்தில் லியோ! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/aug/09/imax-leo-4052210.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810044630/https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2023/aug/09/imax-leo-4052210.html |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=10 August 2023 |website=[[Dinamani]] |language=ta}}</ref> Apart from its original Tamil language, it was also released in the Telugu, Kannada, and Hindi languages.<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=13 February 2023 |title=Rajinikanth's Jailer to Thalapathy Vijay's Leo, 5 Tamil mass masala entertainers to release in 2023. On Monday Masala |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-jailer-to-thalapathy-vijay-leo-5-mass-masala-entertainers-to-release-in-2023-on-monday-masala-2334072-2023-02-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154820/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/rajinikanth-jailer-to-thalapathy-vijay-leo-5-mass-masala-entertainers-to-release-in-2023-on-monday-masala-2334072-2023-02-13 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The Telugu version's release was initially stalled due to a dispute over the title "''Leo''", which Naga Vamsi of Sithara Entertainments claimed to have already registered;<ref>{{cite web |date=17 October 2023 |title='Leo' Telugu release in trouble. Court issues order to withhold release till Oct 20 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/leo-telugu-release-in-trouble-court-issues-order-to-withhold-release-till-oct-20-2450096-2023-10-17 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023073656/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/leo-telugu-release-in-trouble-court-issues-order-to-withhold-release-till-oct-20-2450096-2023-10-17 |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> however, the issue was later resolved amicably.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=2023-10-17 |title=Naga Vamsi: Leo's Telugu release is on track! |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/Oct/17/naga-vamsi-leos-telugu-release-is-on-track-48704.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019232937/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2023/oct/17/naga-vamsi-leos-telugu-release-is-on-track-48704.html |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=2024-10-08 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
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In the United Kingdom, as with the rest of the world, the film was initially released on the same day; however, in a version which was classified 15 by the [[British Board of Film Classification]] (BBFC) for strong bloody violence, gore, threat, and sexual threat, following 2 minutes and 40 seconds of cuts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Leo' is violent and raw, strictly for people above 15: UK distributors |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-leo-british-board-of-film-classification-censor-board-under-14-years-2448108-2023-10-12 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012144747/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-leo-british-board-of-film-classification-censor-board-under-14-years-2448108-2023-10-12 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=13 October 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref><br />
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The Hindi-language version of the film, which was also released at this same point in time, was released uncut with an 18 classification by the BBFC for strong bloody [[violence]], with the original Tamil-language version of the film subsequently getting the same classification and reasoning on 30 October 2023, and being released four days later on 3 November 2023, with the marketing for this version of the film clearly denoting its uncut status.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo (18) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/leo-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0nzqy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020133943/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/leo-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmde0nzqy |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=20 October 2023 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref><br />
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''Leo'' was the first film of Vijay to be released in the IMAX format in the UK.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-13 |title=Vijay Achieves New Milestone As Leo Becomes Thalapathy's First Film To Release In IMAX |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/vijay-achieves-new-milestone-as-leo-becomes-thalapathys-first-film-to-release-in-imax-article-104399476/amp |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> It was the first Tamil film to release in [[Bangladesh]] on the same day as its worldwide release, just like in other major countries.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 October 2023 |title='Leo' will be the firstTamil film to release in Bangladesh |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-will-be-the-firsttamil-film-to-release-in-bangladesh/articleshow/104253665.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010035408/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-will-be-the-firsttamil-film-to-release-in-bangladesh/articleshow/104253665.cms |archive-date=10 October 2023 |access-date=10 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Leo'' was the first film to be released in over 999 locations and premiered on 18 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-12 |title=Leo Advance Sales Takes US Box Office By Storm, Vijay's film Overtakes Mani Ratnam's Ponniyin Selvan |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/leo-advance-sales-takes-us-box-office-by-storm-vijays-film-overtakes-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-article-104360536/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008144211/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/leo-advance-sales-takes-us-box-office-by-storm-vijays-film-overtakes-mani-ratnams-ponniyin-selvan-article-104360536/amp |archive-date=8 October 2024 |access-date=2024-08-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> It was reported that at least three versions of the film—distinct in differences in scene placement and editing for the reveal that Parthiban and Leo are the same man—existed in theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 October 2023 |title=Is Vijay's film 'Leo' released in three versions? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-vijays-film-leo-released-in-three-versions/articleshow/104622997.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024001126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/is-vijays-film-leo-released-in-three-versions/articleshow/104622997.cms |archive-date=24 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Distribution ===<br />
Sree Gokulam Movies acquired the distribution rights of the film in [[Kerala]] for {{INRConvert|15|c|year=2023}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 July 2023 |title=Sree Gokulam Movies Bags Thalapathy Vijay-starrer Leo's Distribution Rights In Kerala |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/sree-gokulam-movies-bags-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-leos-distribution-rights-in-kerala-8276149.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230709163402/https://www.news18.com/movies/sree-gokulam-movies-bags-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-leos-distribution-rights-in-kerala-8276149.html |archive-date=9 July 2023 |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref> [[S. Radha Krishna|Sithara Entertainments]] brought the distribution rights for [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2023 |title=Sithara Entertainments debuts into distribution with Thalapathy Vijay's 'LEO' |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/sithara-entertainments-debuts-into-distribution-with-thalapathy-vijays-leo-810016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719152335/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/kollywood/sithara-entertainments-debuts-into-distribution-with-thalapathy-vijays-leo-810016 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |access-date=19 July 2023 |website=[[The Hans India]]}}</ref> Phars Films acquired the overseas distribution rights and released the film themselves in the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2023 |title=Leo: Overseas theatrical rights of Thalapathy Vijay, Lokesh Kanagaraj's film sold to THIS leading distributor |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-overseas-theatrical-rights-of-thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-sold-to-this-leading-distributor/7635406712928 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621164716/https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-overseas-theatrical-rights-of-thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-sold-to-this-leading-distributor/7635406712928 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |access-date=24 August 2023 |website=[[OTT Play]]}}</ref> Ahimsa Entertainment acquired the distribution rights for the UK and 4 Seasons Creations for the rest of Europe,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Thinkal |date=8 July 2023 |title=Leo: Europe distributor reveals their plans for the release of Thalapathy Vijay's forthcoming project |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-europe-distributor-reveals-their-plans-for-the-release-of-thalapathy-vijays-forthcoming-project/da2cb30613956 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907111620/https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-europe-distributor-reveals-their-plans-for-the-release-of-thalapathy-vijays-forthcoming-project/da2cb30613956 |archive-date=7 September 2023 |access-date=7 September 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> Prathyangira Cinemas and AA Creations for North America,<ref name="Us bookings">{{Cite web |title=LEO: Thalapathy Vijay's US booking began from THIS date |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/leo-thalapathy-vijay-s-us-booking-began-from-this-date-rkn-s1iz19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001132342/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/leo-thalapathy-vijay-s-us-booking-began-from-this-date-rkn-s1iz19 |archive-date=1 October 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> Malik Streams for Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2023 |title=Leo: THIS leading firm to release Vijay and Lokesh Kanagaraj's film in Malaysia |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-this-leading-company-to-release-thalapathy-vijay-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-in-malaysia/69e2afce8e479 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814161603/https://www.ottplay.com/news/leo-this-leading-company-to-release-thalapathy-vijay-and-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-in-malaysia/69e2afce8e479 |archive-date=14 August 2023 |access-date=14 August 2023 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Pre-bookings ===<br />
Pre-bookings started in the UK on 7 September 2023, six weeks before the film's release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 August 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Leo: Bloody Sweet advance booking to start in UK on September 7; 42 days before the release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/thalapathy-vijays-leo-bloody-sweet-advance-booking-to-start-in-uk-on-september-7-42-days-before-the-release/articleshow/103100125.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828073055/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/thalapathy-vijays-leo-bloody-sweet-advance-booking-to-start-in-uk-on-september-7-42-days-before-the-release/articleshow/103100125.cms |archive-date=28 August 2023 |access-date=8 September 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Over 10,000 tickets were sold on the first day of pre-bookings with a collection of {{GBPConvert|100|k}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay Starrer Leo Records Over 10,000 Advance Booking In The UK |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/south-cinema/thalapathy-vijay-starrer-leo-records-over-10-000-advance-booking-in-the-uk-1628586 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002142915/https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/south-cinema/thalapathy-vijay-starrer-leo-records-over-10-000-advance-booking-in-the-uk-1628586 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |access-date=29 September 2023 |website=[[ABP News]]}}</ref> Pre-bookings started in the United States on 27 September 2023, three weeks before the film's release.<ref name="Us bookings" /> After the trailer was released, the premiere bookings for the film in the US crossed over {{USD|500000|2023}}.<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay starrer 'Leo': Post trailer, the USA premiere crosses $500K; could hit 1 million before the release |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/thalapathy-vijay-starrer-leo-post-trailer-the-usa-premiere-crosses-500k-could-hit-1-million-before-the-release/articleshow/104203920.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007120415/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/thalapathy-vijay-starrer-leo-post-trailer-the-usa-premiere-crosses-500k-could-hit-1-million-before-the-release/articleshow/104203920.cms |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> 32,500 tickets were sold for the film's premiere in the UK for {{INRConvert|2.5|c|year=2023}}, thus holding the record for the highest Day 1 collection in the UK for a Tamil film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 October 2023 |title='Leo': 32,500 tickets sold in the UK for day 1 of release; expects to break the record presently held by 'Pathaan' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-32500-tickets-sold-in-the-uk-for-day-1-of-release-expects-to-break-the-record-presently-held-by-pathaan/articleshow/104067603.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007182159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/leo-32500-tickets-sold-in-the-uk-for-day-1-of-release-expects-to-break-the-record-presently-held-by-pathaan/articleshow/104067603.cms |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 September 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's Leo collects Rs 2.5 crore in opening day advance booking in UK |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/thalapathy-vijays-leo-collects-rs-2-5-crore-in-opening-day-advance-booking-in-uk/articleshow/104015185.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930091940/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/box-office/thalapathy-vijays-leo-collects-rs-2-5-crore-in-opening-day-advance-booking-in-uk/articleshow/104015185.cms |archive-date=30 September 2023 |access-date=6 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Day 1 bookings in the UK crossed {{GBPConvert|320|k|year=}} 13 days before the film's release, thus holding the record for the highest Day 1 collection in the UK for an Indian film surpassing [[Pathaan (film)|''Pathaan'']].<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 October 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Leo' surpasses Shah Rukh Khan's 'Pathaan' at the UK box office, creates a new record for an Indian film |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/vijays-leo-surpasses-shah-rukh-khans-pathaan-at-the-uk-box-office-creates-a-new-record-for-an-indian-film/articleshow/104231330.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007120420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/box-office/vijays-leo-surpasses-shah-rukh-khans-pathaan-at-the-uk-box-office-creates-a-new-record-for-an-indian-film/articleshow/104231330.cms |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Home media ===<br />
According to Indian trade sources, ''Leo'' was set to become the first Tamil film to achieve a pre-release recovery of {{INRConvert|422|c}} with the sale of satellite, digital, music, and theatrical rights,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Latha |date=27 February 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay, Lokesh Kanagaraj's 'Leo' makes a whopping Rs 422 crore before release? |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagarajs-leo-makes-a-whopping-rs-422-crore-before-release-2399063-2023-06-28 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313190950/https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/leo-thalapathy-vijay-starrer-rakes-in-an-unbelievable-amount-of-413-crores-before-release/amp/ |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=4 April 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> out of which, {{INRConvert|246|c}} has been earned from the film's non-theatrical rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay-Lokesh Kanagaraj Movie 'Leo' Earns Rs 246 Crore Even Before Release |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-movie-leo-earns-rs-246-crore-even-before-release-news-259939 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154029/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/thalapathy-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-movie-leo-earns-rs-246-crore-even-before-release-news-259939 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=7 March 2023 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}</ref><br />
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The digital streaming rights were acquired by [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2023 |title=Thalapathy 67: Netflix acquires digital rights of Vijay-starrer, Sun TV gets satellite rights |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-67-netflix-acquires-digital-rights-of-vijaystarrer-101675352521431.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306154818/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/thalapathy-67-netflix-acquires-digital-rights-of-vijaystarrer-101675352521431.html |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=6 March 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The film premiered on Netflix on 24 November 2023 in India and on 28 November in the rest of the world in its original Tamil language, as well as in the Hindi, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam languages, with the Malayalam-language dub premiering on Netflix when the film released there, as opposed to premiering in theatres. An English-dubbed version of ''Leo'' was released on Netflix on 12 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2023 |title='Thalapathy' Vijay's Leo to stream on Netflix from this date |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-vijays-leo-to-stream-on-netflix-from-this-date-9034366/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121021810/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/thalapathy-vijays-leo-to-stream-on-netflix-from-this-date-9034366/ |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Aditi |date=20 November 2023 |title='Leo' OTT Release Date: Vijay-Starrer Action Thriller To Release On Netflix On This Date |url=https://www.bqprime.com/trending/leo-ott-release-date-vijay-starrer-action-to-release-on-netflix-on-this-date-bqc |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121021811/https://www.bqprime.com/trending/leo-ott-release-date-vijay-starrer-action-to-release-on-netflix-on-this-date-bqc |archive-date=21 November 2023 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=BQ Prime |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
=== Critical reception ===<br />
''Leo'' received mixed reviews from critics who praised Vijay's performance, technical aspects, action sequences while the writing received criticism.<ref name="cnbcreview">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title='Leo' gets mixed review; fans call it Thalapathy Vijay's 'best performance' |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/leo-gets-mixed-review-fans-call-it-thalapathy-vijay-best-performance-18097171.htm/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093610/https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/leo-gets-mixed-review-fans-call-it-thalapathy-vijay-best-performance-18097171.htm/amp |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[CNBC TV18]]}}</ref><ref name="weekreview">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Mixed reviews for 'Leo' as first reactions pour in: 'Unnecessary hype, full-on entertainment' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2023/10/19/mixed-reviews-for-leo-as-first-reactions-pour-in-unnecessary-hype-full-on-entertainment.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093609/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2023/10/19/mixed-reviews-for-leo-as-first-reactions-pour-in-unnecessary-hype-full-on-entertainment.amp.html |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref><ref name="htreview">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Leo first reactions are in: Vijay film gets mixed reviews on Twitter, gets compared with Rajinikanth's Jailer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-first-reactions-vijay-film-mixed-reviews-twitter-rajinikanth-jailer-101697685210542.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019093610/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-first-reactions-vijay-film-mixed-reviews-twitter-rajinikanth-jailer-101697685210542-amp.html |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> {{Rotten Tomatoes prose|score=82|count=11|average=6.7|consensus=|ref=yes |access-date=8 December 2023}}<br />
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Divya Nair of ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "Lokesh has cleverly used Vijay's angst and actions to create a picture of dual personality which works perfectly for Leo. The surprise addition in the climax sequence offers some hope and the possibility of a sequel."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo Review: Among Vijay's Best |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/leo-review/20231019.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020024536/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/leo-review/20231019.htm |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Rediff}}</ref> Janani. K of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "'Leo' is a massy commercial actioner with brilliant stunt pieces that deserve a theatrical watch."<ref>{{Cite web |last=K |first=Janani |date=19 October 2023 |title='Leo' Movie Review: Vijay delivers power-packed performance in Lokesh's actioner |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/leo-review-thalapathy-vijay-delivers-power-packed-performance-in-lokesh-kanagarajs-actioner-2450840-2023-10-19 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019090654/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/leo-review-thalapathy-vijay-delivers-power-packed-performance-in-lokesh-kanagarajs-actioner-2450840-2023-10-19 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Sridevi S of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Though the whole 'LCU' part looks forced, one can say that with ''Leo'', Lokesh has a strongest shot in his arm for the next franchise. Lokesh and Vijay's ''Leo'' is a lot 'bloody' than 'sweet'. ''Leo''<nowiki/>'s roar may not be at its peak here, but, hey! it is still a Lion!"<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Sridevi |date=19 October 2023 |title=Leo Movie Review: Lokesh rolls out a 'red' carpet to welcome Vijay to LCU |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/leo/movie-review/104545253.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019063448/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/leo/movie-review/104545253.cms |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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Suhasini Srihari of ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Leo sets up as a delight to Thalapathy fans, and Kanagaraj has deliberately played with the conclusion of the movie that leaves the audience in anticipation of a major collaboration in the future."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo movie review: The action thriller elevates Vijay's stature |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/leo-movie-review-the-action-thriller-elevates-vijays-stature-2735081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021101347/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/leo-movie-review-the-action-thriller-elevates-vijays-stature-2735081 |archive-date=21 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Leo is undoubtedly a feather in Vijay's cap, it is indeed a step back for writer-director Lokesh Kanagaraj."<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Leo is undoubtedly a feather in Vijay's cap, it is indeed a step back for writer-director Lokesh Kanagaraj |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/leo-movie-review-rating-vijay-career-best-performance-lokesh-kanagaraj-almost-misfire-8990034/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019090558/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/leo-movie-review-rating-vijay-career-best-performance-lokesh-kanagaraj-almost-misfire-8990034/ |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Himesh Mankad of ''[[Pinkvilla]]'' rated 2.5/5 stars and wrote "The film works primarily due to the fast-paced narrative, Vijay's powerful performance, and the LCU connection while the issue is in its wafer-thin plot, weak antagonist track, and routine writing".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mankad |first=Himesh |date=19 October 2023 |title=LEO Movie Review: Lokesh Kanagaraj's film works just due to Thalapathy Vijay's performance and the LCU connect |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/leo-movie-review-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-works-just-due-to-thalapathy-vijays-performance-and-the-lcu-connect-1252222 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019063448/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/reviews/leo-movie-review-lokesh-kanagarajs-film-works-just-due-to-thalapathy-vijays-performance-and-the-lcu-connect-1252222 |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[Pinkvilla]]}}</ref> Sonil Dedhia of ''[[News18]]'' rated the film 2.5/5 stars and appreciated Vijay's presence and action sequences but criticised the storyline.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dedhia |first=Sonil |date=19 October 2023 |title=Leo Review: A One-Man Show By Vijay; Actor Delivers Terrific Performance In Lokesh Kanagaraj Film |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/leo-review-vijay-sanjay-dutt-trisha-krishnan-roar-in-lokesh-kanagaraj-blockbuster-movie-8624321.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019063449/https://www.news18.com/movies/leo-review-vijay-sanjay-dutt-trisha-krishnan-roar-in-lokesh-kanagaraj-blockbuster-movie-8624321.html |archive-date=19 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[News18]]}}</ref><br />
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Priyanka Sundar of ''[[Firstpost]]'' gave 2.5/5 stars and wrote "This is an action film first and foremost, so how were the action sequences? They were definitely not seamless. Take the shot where Leo fights off a large group of people inside the factory. The idea is to give a hawk eye's view of the entire thing."<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Priyanka |date=19 October 2023 |title=Leo movie review: Yes, a DNA test would make this film obsolete, but it's about bloody violence |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/leo-movie-review-yes-a-dna-test-would-make-this-film-obsolete-but-its-about-bloody-violence-13270562.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020024535/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/leo-movie-review-yes-a-dna-test-would-make-this-film-obsolete-but-its-about-bloody-violence-13270562.html |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Bhuvanesh Chandar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' termed it as "Lokesh Kanagaraj's weakest film yet".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandar |first=Bhuvanesh |date=19 October 2023 |title='Leo' movie review: A fiery Vijay valiantly tries to keep afloat Lokesh Kanagaraj's weakest film yet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-movie-review-a-fiery-vijay-valiantly-tries-to-keep-afloat-lokesh-kanagarajs-weakest-film-yet/article67437881.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020024536/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-movie-review-a-fiery-vijay-valiantly-tries-to-keep-afloat-lokesh-kanagarajs-weakest-film-yet/article67437881.ece |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> Ranjani Krishnakumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote "Vijay's performance in emotional scenes evokes no reactions even as Lokesh Kanagaraj provides ample electrifying action scenes."<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2023 |title=Leo review: Vijay's emotionally weak action overload is held up by some crafty filmmaking |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-review-vijay-s-emotionally-weak-action-overload-is-held-up-by-some-crafty-filmmaking-101697705769795.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020030546/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-review-vijay-s-emotionally-weak-action-overload-is-held-up-by-some-crafty-filmmaking-101697705769795.html |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Internationally, Simon Abrams of ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' stated ''Leo'' is a formulaic but satisfying Indian remake of ''A History of Violence''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Abrams |first=Simon |date=20 October 2023 |title=Leo |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/leo-movie-review-2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022170656/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/leo-movie-review-2023 |archive-date=22 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> Peter Debruge of [[Variety (magazine)|''Variety'']] wrote "While not as consistently entertaining as last year's ''Vikram'', "Leo" packs enough corny-but-satisfying spectacle to have fuelled, joins ''Kaithi'' and ''Vikram'' in potentially setting up an ''[[The Expendables (franchise)|Expendables]]''-style group effort down the road."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Debruge |first=Peter |date=25 October 2023 |title='Leo: Bloody Sweet' Review: Over-the-Top Indian Blockbuster Adds Vijay Mystery Character to Lokesh Cinematic Universe |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/leo-bloody-sweet-review-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-1235767519/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231102192605/https://variety.com/2023/film/reviews/leo-bloody-sweet-review-vijay-lokesh-kanagaraj-1235767519/ |archive-date=2 November 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref><br />
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In response to the mixed reviews, particularly criticism of the writing in the post-interval portions, Lokesh said that being beholden to the film's release date meant that he did not have enough time to perfect the screenplay and that he would henceforth not announce release dates for his future projects early in their development.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 December 2023 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj reacts to the criticism about the lengthy second half of Vijay-starrer 'Leo' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-reacts-to-the-criticism-about-the-lengthy-second-half-of-vijay-starrer-leo/articleshow/106001436.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202051804/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-reacts-to-the-criticism-about-the-lengthy-second-half-of-vijay-starrer-leo/articleshow/106001436.cms |archive-date=2 February 2024 |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
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=== Box office ===<br />
''Leo'' grossed {{INRConvert|145|c}} worldwide on its opening day, which was the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films#Biggest worldwide opening day gross|highest first day gross for a Tamil film]], with over {{INRConvert|79|c}} from India.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}} The film surpassed [[Jawan (film)|''Jawan'']] to become the biggest opening for an Indian film in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Leo' surpasses SRK's 'Jawan', becomes highest grossing opener worldwide |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-leo-highest-worldwide-gross-day-1-surpasses-shah-rukh-khan-jawan-trade-2451728-2023-10-20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231117144210/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-leo-highest-worldwide-gross-day-1-surpasses-shah-rukh-khan-jawan-trade-2451728-2023-10-20 |archive-date=17 November 2023 |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The film crossed {{INRConvert|200|c}} in two days, earning {{INRConvert|122|c}} from India becoming the fastest Tamil film to reach the {{INR}}200 crore mark.{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br />
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''Leo'' debuted in third place at the worldwide box office, beating ''[[Killers of the Flower Moon (film)|Killers of the Flower Moon]]'' on its opening weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |date=23 October 2023 |title=Vijay's 'Leo' Beats Leonardo DiCaprio's 'Killers of the Flower Moon' at Weekend Global Box Office |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/news/vijay-leo-global-box-office-1235764650/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023082810/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/vijay-leo-global-box-office-1235764650/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> It grossed an estimated {{INRConvert|403|c}} worldwide from its opening weekend of four days, becoming the fastest Tamil film to reach the {{INR}}400 crore mark.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 October 2023 |title='Leo' vs Leonardo DiCaprio: The Vijay starrer beats 'Killers of the Flower Moon' at weekend global box office |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-vs-leonardo-dicaprio-the-vijay-starrer-beats-killers-of-the-flower-moon-at-weekend-global-box-office/article67451936.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023114255/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/leo-vs-leonardo-dicaprio-the-vijay-starrer-beats-killers-of-the-flower-moon-at-weekend-global-box-office/article67451936.ece |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> It also became the first Tamil film to enter the global weekend chart of [[Comscore]], emerging as the number one film of the global box-office weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=23 October 2023 |title='Killers Of The Flower Moon' Blooms With $44M Global; India's 'Leo' Sweet In Opening; 'Taylor Swift: The Eras Tour' Rises To $165M WW – International Box Office |url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/leo-bloody-sweet-killers-of-the-flower-moon-taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-global-international-box-office-1235580188/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023141437/https://deadline.com/2023/10/leo-bloody-sweet-killers-of-the-flower-moon-taylor-swift-the-eras-tour-global-international-box-office-1235580188/ |archive-date=23 October 2023 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> Vijay became the first Indian actor to have two films top the Global Weekend charts, the other being ''Master'' (2021).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Comscore Rankings |url=https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Rankings |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190919144937/https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Rankings |archive-date=19 September 2019 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=[[Comscore]] |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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The film grossed {{INRConvert|461|c}} globally in seven days, becoming the highest-grossing Tamil film in its opening week.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2023 |title=Leo box office collection day 7: Vijay's film becomes highest grossing Tamil film ever, earns over ₹461 cr worldwide |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-box-office-collection-day-7-vijay-film-earns-rs-461-crore-worldwide-101698378526645.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231027080646/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/leo-box-office-collection-day-7-vijay-film-earns-rs-461-crore-worldwide-101698378526645.html |archive-date=27 October 2023 |access-date=27 October 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> It became the fastest Tamil film to reach the {{INR}}500 crore mark in 10 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's 'Leo' unstoppable, becomes fastest Tamil film to cross Rs 500 cr milestone; likely to surpass Rajinikanth's 'Jailer' collection |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijays-leo-unstoppable-becomes-fastest-tamil-film-to-cross-rs-500-cr-milestone-likely-to-surpass-rajinikanths-jailer-collection/articleshow/104731693.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030173227/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/thalapathy-vijays-leo-unstoppable-becomes-fastest-tamil-film-to-cross-rs-500-cr-milestone-likely-to-surpass-rajinikanths-jailer-collection/articleshow/104731693.cms |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=30 October 2023 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=25 October 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay: 'Leo' Day 6 box-office: Vijay-starrer nears Rs 500 cr milestone globally, becomes actor's highest-grossing film ever |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/leo-day-6-box-office-vijay-starrer-nears-rs-500-cr-milestone-globally-becomes-actors-highest-grossing-film-ever/articleshow/104698121.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231026020227/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/leo-day-6-box-office-vijay-starrer-nears-rs-500-cr-milestone-globally-becomes-actors-highest-grossing-film-ever/articleshow/104698121.cms |archive-date=26 October 2023 |access-date=26 October 2023 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> On the film's 11th day of release, it crossed the milestone {{INR}}300 crore mark domestically and reached {{INRConvert|530|c}} globally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2023 |title='Leo' box office collection day 11: Thalapathy Vijay's film crosses Rs 300 crore mark in India |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/leo-box-office-collection-day-11-thalapathy-vijays-film-crosses-rs-300-crore-mark-in-india-403708-2023-10-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030063515/https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/leo-box-office-collection-day-11-thalapathy-vijays-film-crosses-rs-300-crore-mark-in-india-403708-2023-10-30 |archive-date=30 October 2023 |access-date=2 November 2023 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> The film crossed the {{₹}}600 crore mark at the box office worldwide in the 25 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo movie OTT release date confirm; here's when and where to watch |url=https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/leo-movie-ott-release-date-confirm-here-s-when-and-where-to-watch-123111300640_1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113125314/https://www.business-standard.com/entertainment/leo-movie-ott-release-date-confirm-here-s-when-and-where-to-watch-123111300640_1.html |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=16 November 2023 |website=Business Standard}}</ref> On the other hand, ''Box Office India'' stated that the film ended its run with {{INRConvert|595|c}} worldwide.<ref name="BOI" /> It made {{INRConvert|230|c}} from Tamil Nadu becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films#Highest-grossing films within Tamil Nadu|highest-grossing film in Tamil Nadu]].{{Citation needed|date=August 2025}}<br />
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''Leo'' emerged as the [[List of Tamil films of 2023|second highest-grossing Tamil film of 2023]] and the [[List of Indian films of 2023|sixth highest-grossing Indian film of 2023]]. It became the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in the overseas markets|highest-grossing Tamil film overseas]], the [[List of highest-grossing Tamil films|second highest-grossing Tamil film of all time]], the [[List of highest-grossing South Indian films|sixth highest-grossing South Indian film of all time]] and the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|16th highest-grossing Indian film of all time]]. ''Leo'' is the [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe#Box office performance|highest-grossing film in the franchise]] as of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Leo Box Office collection Day 12: Vijay's film collects ₹ 6.27 crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/leo-box-office-collection-day-12-thalapathy-vijays-film-worldwide-collection-to-cross-540-crore-today-11698722833620.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031111341/https://www.livemint.com/industry/leo-box-office-collection-day-12-thalapathy-vijays-film-worldwide-collection-to-cross-540-crore-today-11698722833620.html |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=Mint |language=en}}</ref><ref name="BO-day12">{{Cite web |date=31 October 2023 |title=Leo box office collection day 12: Only Rs 67 crore separate Thalapathy Vijay's blockbuster from breaking Rajinikanth-starrer Jailer's record |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/leo-box-office-collection-day-12-thalapathy-vijay-blockbuster-308-crore-domestic-537-crore-worldwide-9006836/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031111341/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/leo-box-office-collection-day-12-thalapathy-vijay-blockbuster-308-crore-domestic-537-crore-worldwide-9006836/ |archive-date=31 October 2023 |access-date=31 October 2023 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |quote=It currently stands as the second-biggest Tamil hit of the year, behind Rajinikanth's Jailer. It is also the biggest-ever film of Vijay's career, and the third-biggest Tamil hit of all time at the global box office, where it has made '''Rs 537 crore''', behind Jailer and 2.0.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=7 November 2023 |title=Leo: Bloody Sweet' Director Lokesh Kanagaraj on Vijay-Starring Hit: 'It Is My Tribute to David Cronenberg' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/vijay-leo-lokesh-kanagaraj-1235782089/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107061034/https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/vijay-leo-lokesh-kanagaraj-1235782089/ |archive-date=7 November 2023 |access-date=7 November 2023 |work=[[Variety.com|Variety]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
Following its release, Leo’s box-office performance attracted public discussion, with some theatre owners and trade observers expressing doubts over the profitability of the film in relation to the reported collections. The producers dismissed these concerns, maintaining that the announced figures were accurate and that there was no misreporting of box-office data. Media coverage framed the issue as a difference of opinion between exhibitors and the production team rather than evidence of any confirmed irregularities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leo box office controversy: Producer reacts to allegations |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/trending/box-office/story/leo-box-office-collection-day-11-thalapathy-vijays-film-crosses-rs-300-crore-mark-in-india-403708-2023-10-30 |website=Business Today}}<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
== Themes ==<br />
<br />
A central theme of ''Leo'' is identity, specifically the tension between Parthiban, a peace-loving café owner, and Leo Das, the heir to a violent crime syndicate. Critics noted that the film explores whether a person can ever truly escape their past or whether society inevitably drags them back into old roles. Lokesh Kanagaraj structures the narrative to make audiences question whether Parthi is genuinely reformed or merely repressing his violent heritage. Reviewers such as ''Firstpost'' highlighted how this duality mirrors broader questions about whether cycles of violence are inherited or chosen.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Controversies ==<br />
Following the release of the song "Naa Ready", [[Pattali Makkal Katchi]] president and MP [[Anbumani Ramadoss]] asked Vijay to stop promoting smoking scenes in the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 June 2023 |title='Vijay should keep his word and not smoke in films': MP Anbumani Ramadoss |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-should-keep-his-word-and-not-smoke-in-films-mp-anumbmani-ramadoss-8672312// |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230619220659/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/vijay-should-keep-his-word-and-not-smoke-in-films-mp-anumbmani-ramadoss-8672312/ |archive-date=19 June 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Chennai-based RTI Selvam filed an online complaint against the film with the Chennai Police Commissioner asking for action against Vijay under the [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985|Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act]]. The complaint stated that through the song, Vijay was glorifying the consumption of drugs. On 26 June 2023, Selvam submitted his complaint in person as well. A ban on the film was also demanded.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2023 |title=Police complaint against Vijay for allegedly glorifying drug use in Leo song Naa Ready, ban on film demanded |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-police-complaint-thalapathy-vijay-for-allegedly-glorifying-drug-use-in-leo-song-naa-ready-lokesh-kanagaraj-3049187 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230626073116/https://www.dnaindia.com//entertainment/report-police-complaint-thalapathy-vijay-for-allegedly-glorifying-drug-use-in-leo-song-naa-ready-lokesh-kanagaraj-3049187 |archive-date=26 June 2023 |access-date=26 June 2023 |website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref> As a result, the song was censored with less smoking scenes and some lyrics were modified under the suggestion of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC).<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2023 |title=CBFC modifies some visuals and lyrics of Naa Ready song from Leo |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/10/cbfc-modifies-some-visuals-and-lyrics-of-naa-ready-song-from-leo-47502.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230910101819/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/sep/10/cbfc-modifies-some-visuals-and-lyrics-of-naa-ready-song-from-leo-47502.html |archive-date=10 September 2023 |access-date=10 September 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
The background dancers, who were a part of the song, claimed that despite repeated requests, the makers are yet to pay them their full remuneration for their work. The production team clarified that the payment was sent to the Tamil Nadu Film, Television Dancers & Dance Directors Union (TANTTNNIS) for the registered members.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2023 |title='Leo' background dancers accuse production house of non-payment |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/10/11/leo-vijay-movie-background-dancers-accuse-production-house-non-payment.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012050547/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/10/11/leo-vijay-movie-background-dancers-accuse-production-house-non-payment.html |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=[[Onmanorama]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
After the release of the trailer, the usage of expletives by Vijay was widely criticised. Later, the CBFC sent legal notices to theatres for screening the uncertified trailer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2023 |title=Leo Trailer Cuss Word Controversy: CBFC Sends Legal Notice To Theatres For Screening 'Uncertified' Trailer |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-vijay-leo-trailer-cuss-word-controversy-cbfc-sends-legal-notice-to-theatres-for-screening-uncertified-trailer-article-104283356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012050809/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/thalapathy-vijay-leo-trailer-cuss-word-controversy-cbfc-sends-legal-notice-to-theatres-for-screening-uncertified-trailer-article-104283356 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |access-date=11 October 2023 |website=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> As a result, 43 seconds of the film were cut, with instances of gore and violence either blurred or replaced, although the runtime remained mostly unaffected.<ref name="cut" /><br />
<br />
== Future ==<br />
In early August 2023, it was reported that the film would have a sequel, marking Vijay's first venture into a sequel project. The production for the sequel was reportedly expected to start in 2025 after Lokesh completes ''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]'', ''[[Lokesh Cinematic Universe#Kaithi 2|Kaithi 2]]'' and [[Lokesh Cinematic Universe#Untitled Vikram sequel|a sequel to ''Vikram'']].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kota |first=Naresh |date=8 August 2023 |title=Thalapathy Vijay Leo could be released in two parts! |url=https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/thalapathy-vijay-leo-could-be-releasing-in-two-parts.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810044606/https://www.ntvenglish.com/movie-news/thalapathy-vijay-leo-could-be-releasing-in-two-parts.html |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=[[NTV (India)|NTV]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2023 |title=Vijay starrer 'Leo' will have two parts; the superstar to do a sequel for the first time! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-starrer-leo-will-have-two-parts-the-superstar-to-do-a-sequel-for-the-first-time/articleshow/102575410.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810044604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-starrer-leo-will-have-two-parts-the-superstar-to-do-a-sequel-for-the-first-time/articleshow/102575410.cms |archive-date=10 August 2023 |access-date=9 August 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> On 28 December, Lokesh commented about ''Leo 2'', and said it would commence soon after ''Coolie'' finishes its production.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2023 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj makes a double revelation as the director spills beans about 'Leo 2' and 'Thalaivar 171' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-makes-a-double-revelation-as-the-director-spills-beans-about-leo-2-and-thalaivar-171/articleshow/106344181.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231153251/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/lokesh-kanagaraj-makes-a-double-revelation-as-the-director-spills-beans-about-leo-2-and-thalaivar-171/articleshow/106344181.cms |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=31 December 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> However, on 2 February 2024, Vijay announced he would be shifting to politics full-time after completing two more films without mentioning ''Leo 2'', leading to netizens assuming the project was dropped.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sundar |first=Anusha |date=3 February 2024 |title=No Leo vs Rolex? Fans can't stop reacting to Vijay's political plunge and absence of his screen presence; Check reactions |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/no-leo-vs-rolex-fans-cant-stop-reacting-to-vijays-political-plunge-and-absence-of-his-screen-presence-anymore-check-reactions/f7e940a78a557 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205124705/https://www.ottplay.com/news/no-leo-vs-rolex-fans-cant-stop-reacting-to-vijays-political-plunge-and-absence-of-his-screen-presence-anymore-check-reactions/f7e940a78a557 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[OTTPlay]]}}</ref> That November, Lokesh himself questioned the project's viability.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-06 |title=Lokesh Kanagaraj reveals his plans for LCU; shares final update on 'Thalapathy' Vijay's Leo 2 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-his-plans-for-lcu-shares-final-update-on-thalapathy-vijays-leo-2-9656026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241107085619/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/lokesh-kanagaraj-reveals-his-plans-for-lcu-shares-final-update-on-thalapathy-vijays-leo-2-9656026/ |archive-date=7 November 2024 |access-date=22 November 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==In other media==<br />
Sandy Master and Janany Kunaseelan briefly reprise their roles in ''[[Karuppu (film)|Karuppu]]'' (2026), in a scene that pays homage to the café fight scene from ''Leo''. Additionally, a character resembling Parthiban makes a faceless cameo in the same scene, portrayed by an unidentified actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 18, 2026 |title=<i>Karuppu's</i> Viral Coffee Shop Scene Has Internet Asking One Question: "Was That Vijay?" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/internet-goes-crazy-over-leo-reference-in-suriya-trishas-karuppu-wonder-if-that-was-chief-minister-vijay-making-coffee-11510467 |url-status=live |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260519093144/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/internet-goes-crazy-over-leo-reference-in-suriya-trishas-karuppu-wonder-if-that-was-chief-minister-vijay-making-coffee-11510467 |archive-date=2026-05-19 |access-date=2026-05-30 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{Lokesh Cinematic Universe}}<br />
{{Lokesh Kanagaraj}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2020s gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 controversies]]<br />
[[Category:2023 crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Censored films]]<br />
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films about filicide]]<br />
[[Category:Films about human sacrifice]]<br />
[[Category:Films about patricide]]<br />
[[Category:Films about the illegal drug trade]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj]]<br />
[[Category:Films distributed by AA Films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Anirudh Ravichander]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot at Ramoji Film City]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Kodaikanal]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Srinagar]]<br />
[[Category:Films with unreliable narrators]]<br />
[[Category:Hyenas in popular culture]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian IMAX films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian neo-noir films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br />
[[Category:Live-action films based on comics]]<br />
[[Category:Midlife crisis films]]<br />
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]<br />
[[Category:Salary controversies in film]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language action thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language crime action films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Twins in Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rojavai_Killathe&diff=530798Rojavai Killathe2026-05-07T12:08:38Z<p>Bhoirake: created!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Rojavai Killathe.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Suresh Krissna]]<br />
| screenplay = Suresh Krissna<br />
| story = [[Ananthu (screenwriter)|Ananthu]]<br />
| producer = K. Sukumar<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]}}<br />
| cinematography = P. S. Prakash<br />
| editing = Gowtham Raju<br />
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]<br />
| studio = Sukumar Art Combines<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1993|12|03|ref1=}}<br />
| runtime = 140 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Rojavai Killathe''''' ({{translation|Don't pluck the rose}}) is a 1993 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romantic action film]] directed by [[Suresh Krissna]]. A remake of the 1988 [[Hindi]] film ''[[Tezaab]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barve |first=Ameya |date=11 November 2020 |title=Tezaab turns 32: Anil Kapoor dedicates viral Amul ad to Saroj Khan who made 'Ek Do teen' iconic |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/tezaab-turns-32-anil-kapoor-dedicates-viral-amul-ad-to-saroj-khan-who-made-ek-do-teen-iconic-664081 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113124740/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities/tezaab-turns-32-anil-kapoor-dedicates-viral-amul-ad-to-saroj-khan-who-made-ek-do-teen-iconic-664081 |archive-date=13 January 2021 |access-date=12 January 2021 |website=[[India TV]] |language=en}}</ref> it stars [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] with [[Tiger Prabhakar]] as the antagonist. The film was released on 3 December 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ரோஜாவை கிள்ளாதே / Rojavai Killathe (1993) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/rojavai-killathe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112104642/https://screen4screen.com/movies/rojavai-killathe |archive-date=12 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=Screen 4 Screen |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
{{more plot|date=August 2024}}<br />
Alexander is a henchman who works for a smuggler named Peter, who considers Alexander as his faithful henchman. Peter often confronts his enemy named Ayyanar and orders Alexander to kill Ayyanar's associate Anu. Alexander cannot kill her as he is in love with her and finally shoots her on the shoulder. Anu is admitted to the hospital, where Alexander decides to save her from Peter and Ayyanar.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Alexander (Duraipandi)<br />
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Anu<br />
*[[Radha Ravi]] as Ayyanar<br />
*[[Tiger Prabhakar]] as Peter<br />
*[[Goundamani]] as David<br />
*[[Senthil]] as T.V.Thandavarayan<br />
*[[Vadivelu]]<br />
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Sathasivam, Alexander's brother<br />
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]]<br />
*Arunkumar<br />
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]<br />
*[[Ra. Sankaran]] as Somanathan, Anu's father<br />
*[[Renuka (actress)|Renuka]] as Sathasivam's wife<br />
*Sharmili as David's wife<br />
*Suryakala<br />
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as a doctor<br />
*[[Nalinikanth]]<br />
*Master Robert as Naina<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]], with lyrics by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rojavai Killathe |url=https://gaana.com/album/rojavai-killathe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112104640/https://gaana.com/album/rojavai-killathe |archive-date=12 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinna Devan / Rojavai Killathey |url=https://avdigital.in/products/chinna-devan-rojavai-killathey |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112104641/https://avdigital.in/products/chinna-devan-rojavai-killathey |archive-date=12 November 2021 |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=AVDigital |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 23:33<br />
| title1 = Arthamulla Pattu<br />
| extra1 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K. S. Chithra]], Baby Sujatha<br />
| length1 = 5:02<br />
| title2 = Moodiko Moodiko<br />
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[Swarnalatha]]<br />
| length2 = 4:57<br />
| title3 = Nee Oru Pakkam<br />
| extra3 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra<br />
| length3 = 4:33<br />
| title4 = Onnachi Rendachi<br />
| extra4 = Swarnalatha<br />
| length4 = 3:57<br />
| title5 = Yamuna Nathi Karaiyil<br />
| extra5 = K. S. Chithra<br />
| length5 = 5:04<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Malini Mannath of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "Director Suresh Krishna's takings are slick and sophisticated. He has used his cinematographer Prakash to good effect. The visuals are crisp and elegant, the locations lush and inviting. But that's all there is to the film, the flashiness."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=3 December 1993 |title=Flashy, just that |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19931203&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=7 September 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=6 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "Director Suresh Krishna should have concentrated more on building up the story instead of just the stunts".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=8 January 1994 |title=Full of holes and strictly for Arjun's fans |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o95OAAAAIBAJ&pg=4539%2C2861377 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306041215/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o95OAAAAIBAJ&pg=4539,2861377 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |access-date=3 February 2021 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=25 |language=en |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br />
<br />
{{Suresh Krissna}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1990s romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:1990s vigilante films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1993 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Suresh Krissna]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian vigilante films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language romance films]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Srinath_Alnath&diff=537188Srinath Alnath2026-05-07T02:11:49Z<p>Bhoirake: adding basic entry first draft.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Srinath Alnath<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|07|18}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Madras, Tamil Nadu]], India<br />
| occupation = Politician, [[actor]], [[Film director|director]]<br />
| children = 1<br />
| father = <br />
| website =<br />
| office = [[Member of Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| predecessor = [[P. Geetha Jeevan]]<br />
| successor =<br />
| constituency = [[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]]<br />
| party = [[Tamizhaga Vetri Kazhagam]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Srinath Alnath''' (born 18 July 1973) is an [[India]]n politician. He is a member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] for the constituency of [[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]] representing the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=TN election results: Actor Srinath registers first win for Vijay's TVK<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tn-election-results-actor-srinath-registers-first-win-for-vijays-tvk/articleshow/130777770.cms|access-date=2026-05-05 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was also an actor and film director in the [[Tamil cinema]] industry prior to his political career.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
<br />
He is friend of Tamil actor [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] since college days and has worked with him in several films.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2019/oct/05/vijays-friends-sanjeev-sriman-and-srinath-join-thalpathy-64-14716.html|title=Vijay's friends Sanjeev, Sriman and Srinath join Thalpathy 64|access-date=2019-10-05|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Unseen: 'Master' actor Srinath shares Vijay's school days picture<br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/unseen-master-actor-srinath-shares-vijays-school-days-picture/articleshow/82495358.cms |access-date=2021-05-09 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
He worked as an assistant director with director [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]], who gave him a break as an actor with films like ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' (2005) and ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Jeeas-blue-eyed-boy-Srinath/articleshow/4535211.cms?referral=PM|title=Jeeva's blue-eyed boy: Srinath|work=Times of India|date=14 January 2017 }}</ref><br />
<br />
He is known for his roles in films like ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' (2008), ''[[Maasilamani]]'' (2009) and ''[[Vettaikaran (2009 film)|Vettaikkaaran]]'' (2009), turned into a director with ''[[Muthirai]]'' (2009)<br />
<ref>{{Cite news |title=When 'Muthirai' fails to impress |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2009/Jul/02/muthirai-fails-to-impress-64485.html |access-date=2012-05-16 |work=The new Indian Express}}</ref> followed by ''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]'' (2014), starring [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Review: Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham is a forgettable film |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-vallavanukku-pullum-aayudham-is-a-forgettable-film-south/20140512.htm |access-date=2014-05-12 |work=Rediff}}</ref> For his third directorial venture, ''Leg Piece'' (2025) starring [[Yogi Babu]] in the lead with an ensemble of comedy stars.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Leg Piece trailer: Yogi Babu leads a talented ensemble of comedy stars|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Feb/24/leg-piece-trailer-yogi-babu-leads-a-talented-ensemble-of-comedy-stars |access-date=2025-02-24 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]], he contested and won for [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam|TVK]] in [[Thoothukkudi Assembly constituency|Thoothukkudi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/srinath-763/|title=Srinath, THOOTHUKUDI constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit|website=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Filmography==<br />
''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''<br />
<br />
===Actor===<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|1992 || ''[[Naalaya Theerpu]]'' || Vijay's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|1996 || ''[[Maanbumigu Maanavan]]'' || Sundar ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|2001 || ''[[12B]]'' || Bolt || Also assistant director<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2002 || ''[[Yai! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke!]]'' || Ravi ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' || Postman ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|2003 || ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' || Aathi's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|2005 || ''[[Ullam Ketkumae]]'' || Pathchu ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|2006 || ''[[Vattaram]]'' || Veena's brother ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="1"|2007 || ''[[Unnale Unnale]]'' || Vaidyanathan || credited as Vaidyanathan<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="5"|2008 || ''[[Bheema]]'' || Guru ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Singakutty]]'' || Kathir's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Santosh Subramaniam]]'' || Guna ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Dhaam Dhoom]]'' || Chinnavar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mahesh, Saranya Matrum Palar]]'' || Vaidyanathan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="5" |2009 || ''[[Aadatha Aattamellam]]'' || Ashok's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Ananda Tandavam (film)|Anandha Tandavam]]'' || |||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Maasilamani]]''|| Kadhir ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Eeram]]''|| Vicky ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Vettaikaran (2009 film)|Vettaikkaaran]]''|| Valayaapathi ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2010 || ''[[Kutty (2010 film)|Kutty]]''|| Arjun's right-hand man ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthamaputhiran]]''|| David ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="4"|2011 || ''[[Vaada Poda Nanbargal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Aadu Puli]]'' || Idhayakanni's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Rowthiram]]'' || Ashok ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Mahaan Kanakku]]'' || Professor Varadharajan ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2012 || ''[[Manam Kothi Paravai]]'' || Nayar ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Etho Seithai Ennai]]'' || || <br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Karuppampatti]]'' || Anglee ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Yaaruda Mahesh]]'' || Randy ||<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="3"|2014 || ''[[Inga Enna Solluthu]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Angusam'' || Shiva's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]''|| || Also director; special appearance<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Uyire Uyire]]'' || Shiva's coworker ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''Aarambamey Attakasam'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Kaaviyyan]]'' || Bhaskar ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4|2021 || ''[[Master (2021 film)|Master]]'' || JD's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Pazhagiya Naatkal'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kaadan]]'' || Attorney ||<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Mathil]]'' || Sub-inspector ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3|2023 || ''[[Echo (2023 film)|Echo]]'' || Rajesh ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Let's Get Married (2023 film)|Let's Get Married]]'' || Deepa's husband ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''Moondram Manithan'' || Gautham ||<br />
|-<br />
|2024 || ''[[Saala (film)|Saala]]'' || Saala's friend ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3| 2025 || ''Leg Piece'' || "Pei" Murugesan ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Sumo (film)|Sumo]]'' || Kasa Kasa Asahi Sake ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Kumki 2]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2026<br />
| scope="row" style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''[[Jana Nayagan]]'' {{dagger|alt=Film has yet to be released}}<br />
| {{TableTBA}}<br />
|Post-production<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rao |first=Anisha |date=26 January 2025 |title=Thalapathy Vijay's last film titled Jana Nayagan, first look out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-thalapathy-69-titled-jana-nayagan-2670283-2025-01-26 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126071156/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/thalapathy-vijay-thalapathy-69-titled-jana-nayagan-2670283-2025-01-26 |archive-date=26 January 2025 |access-date=26 January 2025 |magazine=India Today}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Director===<br />
* ''[[Muthirai]]'' (2009)<br />
* ''[[Vallavanukku Pullum Aayudham]]'' (2014)<br />
* ''Leg Piece'' (2025)<br />
<br />
===Television===<br />
* 2007-2008: ''[[Kadhalikka Neramillai (TV series)|Kadhalikka Neramillai]]''<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|3597462}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Srinath}}<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]<br />
[[Category:1968 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu ministers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Tamil politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertha_Gyndykes_Dkhar&diff=490535Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar2026-05-04T15:12:02Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian educationist}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar<br />
| image = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Shillong]], [[Meghalaya]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| restingplace = <br />
| restingplacecoordinates =<br />
| othername = <br />
| occupation = Educationist<br />
| yearsactive = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| domesticpartner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = <br />
| website = {{URL||Official web site}}<br />
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]<br>National Award for Child Welfare<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar''' is a visually impaired Indian [[Education|educationist]], best known as the inventor of the [[braille code]] in [[Khasi language|Khasi]].<ref name="Tehelka">{{cite web | url=http://www.tehelka.com/inspirations-bertha-g-dkhar-52/ | title=Tehelka | publisher=Tehelka | work=News report | date=13 August 2011 | access-date=15 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033635/http://www.tehelka.com/inspirations-bertha-g-dkhar-52/ | archive-date=29 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Woman for Society">{{cite web | url=http://womanforsociety.com/bertha-dkhar/ | title=Woman for Society | publisher=Woman for Society | work=Web Profile | date=2014 | access-date=15 November 2014 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129041306/http://womanforsociety.com/bertha-dkhar/ | archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref> In 2010, the [[Government of India]] awarded her with the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth highest civilian award.<ref name="Padma Shri">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Shri |publisher=Padma Shri |date=2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life ==<br />
Bertha Gyndykes Dkhar was born in Shillong, Meghalaya<ref name="Highbeam">{{cite web | url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2420309481.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329042610/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P3-2420309481.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 March 2015 | title=Highbeam | publisher=Highbeam | date=13 August 2011 | access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref> as a visually-impaired child with [[retinitis pigmentosa]], a disease which causes degeneration of the retina, and lost the eyesight completely while she was in college due to which she had to abandon her studies. Without means to support herself, she sold fruits in the market for a living.<ref name="Woman for Society" /> Continuing with efforts to overcome the disability, Dkhar researched in Braille code and designed the code in [[Khasi language|Khasi]], the local language in Meghalaya.<ref name="Tehelka" /><ref name="Woman for Society" /><br />
<br />
== Work and recognition ==<br />
Bertha Dkhar is the headmistress of the ''Jyoti Sroat School'', a school run by the Bethany Society for the visually impaired children.<ref name="Jyoti Sroat">{{cite web | url=http://jyotisroat.in/who-we-are/achievements/ | title=Jyoti Sroat | publisher=Jyoti Sroat | date=2014 | access-date=15 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129090013/http://jyotisroat.in/who-we-are/achievements/ | archive-date=29 November 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref> She received the fourth highest Indian civilian award of [[Padma Shri]], when she featured in the 2010 [[Indian honours system|Indian Republic Day honours]] list.<ref name="Padma Shri" /> She is also a recipient of the national award for Child Welfare from the Government of India in 2000.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/11/stories/0211000y.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129011922/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/11/stories/0211000y.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 November 2014 | title=Title unknown | date=10 August 2000 | work=[[The Hindu]] | access-date=15 November 2014}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Braille code]]<br />
{{portal|India}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{cite web | url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/padma-awardees-2010/padma-shri-to-bertha-gyndykes-dkhar/slideshow/5748033.cms | title=Padma Shri Investiture Ceremony | publisher=Economic Times | work=News photo | date=2014 | access-date=15 November 2014}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
<br />
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature & Education}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dkhar, Bertha Gyndyke}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:People from Shillong]]<br />
[[Category:Indian blind people]]<br />
[[Category:Khasi people]]<br />
[[Category:Braille]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Women scientists from Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian women scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Women educators from Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Educators from Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Women school principals and headteachers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educational theorists]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists with disabilities]]<br />
[[Category:Blind scholars and academics]]<br />
[[Category:Blind educators]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malleshwaram&diff=515516Malleshwaram2026-05-02T02:53:23Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Neighborhood in Bengaluru, India}}<br />
{{more citations needed|date=December 2010}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Malleshwaram<br />
| native_name = <br />
| settlement_type = Neighbourhood<br />
| pushpin_map = India Bengaluru<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0031|N|77.5643|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of Namma Metro stations|Metro]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sampige Road metro station]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Bengaluru Urban district]]<br />
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage<br />
| photo1a = Mantri Central, Bangalore.jpg<br />
| photo2a = Chowdiah Memorial Hall.jpg<br />
| photo2b = Malleshwaram 1669CE Kannada Inscription.jpg<br />
| photo3a = Mantrisquarefront.jpg<br />
}}<br />
| image_caption = Mantri central, Chowdiah Memorial Hall, Mallapura 1669CE Ekoji Inscription, Mantri mall<br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 560003, 560012, 560055<br />
| registration_plate = KA-04<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| official_name = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| founder = [[H. V. Nanjundaiah]]<br />
| area_total_km2 = 3.95<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 99625<br />
| population_as_of = 2020<br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = 25196<br />
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto<br />
| area_metro_km2 = 28.6<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_metro = 487284<br />
}}<br />
'''Malleshwaram''' is a northwest neighbourhood and one of the [[Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike#Zones|zones]] of [[Greater Bengaluru Authority|Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike]] in [[Bengaluru]], India. It was planned in 1889 <ref>{{cite web | url=https://vak1969.com/2020/12/13/a-simple-narration-of-bangalores-history-over-the-last-2000-years/ | title=A simple narration of Bangalore's history over the last 2000 years | date=13 December 2020 }}</ref> after the [[History of Bangalore#Plague-Crisis of 1898|great plague of 1898]], developed as a suburb in 1892 and handed over to the city municipality in 1895.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-22|title=The plague that shook Bangalore|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/185500/plague-shook-bangalore.html|access-date=2022-03-23|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-08|title=100 years apart, a tale of Bengaluru's two pandemics|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/bengaluru-news/100-years-apart-a-tale-of-bengaluru-s-two-pandemics-101615173182005.html|access-date=2022-03-23|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> As per the 1878 Survey of India map, the area came under the village of Ranganatha Palya <ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/made-for-all-communities/article4481321.ece | title=Made for all communities | newspaper=The Hindu | date=6 March 2013 | last1=Aruni | first1=S. K. }}</ref> and was later named after the [[Kadu Malleshwara Temple]].<ref name="DNA">{{cite web|url= https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-malleswaram-retains-the-bangalore-of-yore-1673441 |title=Malleswaram retains the Bangalore of yore |work=DNA India |date=2012-04-09 |access-date=2020-12-17}}</ref> The neighbourhood houses many offices, one them being [[World Trade Center Bangalore|World Trade Center Bengaluru]]. It has two shopping malls, [[Mantri Square]] and [[Orion Mall]] (at the two ends of the locality). As an education hub, it houses the education boards of the state KSEEB and PU boards, [[Mysore Education Society Kishora Kendra School|Mysore Education Society]], Institute of Wood Science and Technology and [[Indian Institute of Science]].<br />
<br />
[[File:9th Malleshwaram Kadalekai Parishe, Bangalore (2025) 24.jpg|thumb|left|9th Malleshwaram [[Kadalekai Parishe]] (2025)]]<br />
[[File:9th Malleshwaram Kadalekai Parishe, Bangalore (2025) 145.jpg|thumb|left|9th Malleshwaram Kadalekai Parishe (2025)]]<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The earlier name of Malleshwaram was ''Mallapura'' as documented in the [[Malleshwaram (Bengaluru) Inscriptions and Herostones|Ekoji Inscription of Malleshwaram]] dated to 1669 CE located in the precincts of the famous Kadu Malleshwara temple. It records the donation of the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] chief [[Vyankoji Bhosale|Ekoji]], half brother of [[Shivaji]] who donated a village Medaraninganahalli for the upkeep of the Kadu Malleshwara temple. Medaraninganahalli was a village that was located around the IISc campus. Another undated [[Kannada]] inscription in Sampige road was documented in the supplementary Volume 9 of [[Epigraphia Carnatica|''Epigraphia carnatica'']], it mentions that the inscription was found near Jakkarayanakere which corresponds to the area around Krishna Flour Mill in Sampige Road, Malleshwaram. Much of the text published is incomplete and is a possible donatory inscription. However, the existence of Jakkarayana kere (lake) near Sampige road documented more than a century ago is established.<br />
<br />
[[H. V. Nanjundaiah]], the first Vice-Chancellor of Mysore University is credited with the building of the then suburb of Malleshwaram.<ref <br />
name="DNA" /> The neighbourhood of Malleshwaram has been host to many accomplished people: the Nobel laureate [[C.V. Raman]], scientist [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan]], badminton world champion [[Prakash Padukone]] and his daughter [[Deepika Padukone]], noted Carnatic musician [[Doraiswamy Iyengar]] and film stars [[Saroja Devi]], [[Ananth Nag]] and [[Jaggesh]] have all lived here.<br />
<br />
Malleshwaram is home to some of Bangalore's heritage cafés such as [[Central Tiffin Room Bangalore|CTR <br />
Shri Sagar]] (1920s), Janatha Hotel, Raghvendra Stores, [[New Krishna Bhavan]], Veena Stores,<ref name="bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com">Jul 31, B. M. B. / U., 2021, & Ist, 06:00. (n.d.). Malleswaram Mirror Special: Community Corner: Good old Malleswaram... Bangalore Mirror. Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/malleswaram-mirror-special-community-corner-good-old-malleswaram-/articleshow/84911233.cms</ref> Sri Raghavendra Stores, and Snehajeevi Gowdara Egg Rice Adda.<ref name="metrosaga.com">This Tiny Shop in Malleshwaram Serves Bengaluru’s Best Egg Rice And How Can You Afford To Miss It—MetroSaga. (n.d.). Retrieved April 17, 2022, from https://metrosaga.com/shop-in-malleshwaram-serves-bengalurus-best-egg-rice/</ref><br />
<br />
[[H. V. Nanjundaiah]], the first Vice-Chancellor of Mysore University is credited with the building of the then suburb of Malleshwaram.<ref name="DNA" /> The neighbourhood of Malleshwaram has been host to many accomplished people: the Nobel laureate [[C.V. Raman]], scientist [[Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan]], badminton world champion [[Prakash Padukone]] and his daughter [[Deepika Padukone]], noted Carnatic musician [[Doraiswamy Iyengar]] and film stars [[Saroja Devi]], [[Ananth Nag]] and [[Jaggesh]] have all lived here.<br />
<br />
Malleshwaram is home to some of Bangalore's heritage cafés such as [[Central Tiffin Room Bangalore|CTR Shri Sagar]] (1920s), Janatha Hotel, Raghvendra Stores, [[New Krishna Bhavan]], Veena Stores,<ref name="bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com"/> and Snehajeeevi Gowdara Egg Rice Adda.<ref name="metrosaga.com"/><br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
It is located in the North-Western part of the city and is in close proximity to [[Yeshwanthpur]], Gokula, [[Rajajinagar]], [[Sadashivanagar]], [[Seshadripuram]] and the [[Kempegowda Bus Station]]. The closest metro stations to this place are the [[Sampige Road metro station|Sampige Road metro station, Sandal Soap Factory metro station]], and [[Srirampura metro station]].<br />
<br />
== Tourist attractions ==<br />
A few tourist attractions in and around Malleshwaram are [[Kadu Malleshwara Temple|Kadu Malleshwara]] Temple, [[Orion Mall]], [[Mantri Square|Mantri Square Mall]], [[Bangalore Palace]], [[ISKCON Temple, Bangalore|ISKCON Temple]] and [[Sankey tank]].<br />
<br />
== Notable locations ==<br />
* [[Kadu Malleshwara Temple]]<br />
* [[Sri Gangamma Devi Temple]]<br />
* [[Sri Dakshinamukha Nandi Tirtha Kalyani Kshetra]]<br />
* Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Temple<br />
* Sri Sai Mandali Malleshwaram<br />
* Sri Venugopala Swamy Temple<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://www.newindianexpress.com/lifestyle/travel/2018/feb/15/bengalurus-malleswaram-where-live-gods-and-their-noble-soldiers-1773456.html |title=Bengaluru's Malleswaram: Where live gods and their noble soldiers|website=The New Indian Express|date=15 February 2018 |access-date=2020-03-02}}</ref><br />
* [[Sankey tank]]<br />
* [[Mantri Square]]<br />
* [[Malleshwaram inscriptions and hero stones]]<br />
* [[Orion Mall]]<br />
* [[Institute of Wood Science and Technology]]<br />
* [[Indian Institute of Science]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
{{Geographic Location<br />
|title = Areas of Bengaluru<br />
|Northwest = Yeshwanthpur<br />
|North = [[Yeshwanthpur]]<br />
|Northeast = [[Sadashivanagar]]<br />
|West = [[Mahalakshmi Layout]]<br />
|Centre = Malleswaram<br />
|East = [[Palace Guttahalli]]<br />
|Southwest = [[Rajajinagar]]<br />
|South = Rajajinagar<br />
|Southeast = [[Seshadripura]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Neighbourhoods of Bangalore}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in West Bengaluru]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darjeeling_Hill_Institute_of_Technology_and_Management&diff=495620Darjeeling Hill Institute of Technology and Management2026-04-26T13:18:23Z<p>Bhoirake: created a stub!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Engineering college in Takdah, Darjeeling}}<br />
{{Infobox university<br />
|name = Darjeeling Hill Institute of Technology and Management<br />
|image_name = <br />
| established = {{start date and age|27 August 2025}}<br />
|type= [[Engineering college]]<br />
| administrative_staff = <br />
| faculty =<br />
|principal = Prof. Dr. Mithun Chakraborty<br />
| director = <br />
| students = <br />
| undergrad = <br />
| postgrad = <br />
|city = [[Takdah]], [[Darjeeling district|Darjeeling]]<br />
|state = [[West Bengal]]<br />
|country = India<br />
| postcode = 734222<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|27.0374689|N|88.3603361|E|region:IN-WB_type:edu|display=title,inline}}<br />
| pushpin_map = <br />
| free_label = Approvals<br />
| free = [[AICTE]]<br />
| campus = [[urban area|Urban]]<br />
| affiliations = [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]<br />
|website = {{URL|https://dhitm.co.in/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Darjeeling Hill Institute of Technology and Management''' ('''DHITM'''), is a [[Public-Private Partnership]] (PPP) Model [[engineering]] college in [[Takdah]], [[Darjeeling district]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State's first PPP-mode engineering college starts admissions|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/siliguri/states-first-ppp-mode-engineering-college-starts-admissions-1503478869.html|publisher=The Statesman|date=30 August 2025|access-date=3 September 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==About College==<br />
This is first engineering college in [[West Bengal]] set up in [[Public-Private Partnership]] (PPP) mode, offers [[Bachelor of Technology]] courses which are affiliated to [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology]]. Its established by [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]] (GTA), managed by Orissa Child Welfare & Education Trust (OCWET) and funded by [[NHPC]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling hills get first engineering college, 78 years after Independence|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/darjeeling-hills-get-first-engineering-college-78-years-after-independence-prnt/cid/2120089|publisher=Telegraph India|date=28 August 2025|access-date=3 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling Hills set to get first engineering college on August 27|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/bengal/darjeeling-hills-set-to-get-first-engineering-college-on-august-27-624328|publisher=Millenniumpost|date=24 August 2025|access-date=3 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NHPC's green push extends to education in Darjeeling|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/siliguri/nhpcs-green-push-extends-to-education-in-darjeeling-1503478362.html|publisher=The Statesman|date=29 August 2025|access-date=3 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Darjeeling Gets First Engineering College in Takdah in PPP Mode|url=https://apacnewsnetwork.com/2025/08/darjeeling-gets-first-engineering-college-in-takdah-in-ppp-mode/|publisher=APAC News Network|access-date=3 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=दार्जिलिंग हिल इंस्टीट्यूट ऑफ टेक्नोलॉजी एंड मैनेजमेंट का अनित थापा ने किया उद्घाटन|url=https://anugamini.com/darjeeling/darjeeling-hill-institute-of-technology-and-management-inaugurated-by-anit-thapa/|publisher=Anugamini|date=28 August 2025|access-date=4 September 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Academics==<br />
This college offers [[Bachelor of Technology]] in Computer Science & Engineering, Civil Engineering, Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. Its also offers Bachelor of Hotel Management & Catering Technology<ref>{{Cite web |title=First Engineering College in Darjeeling! Check Admission, Programme & Placement Details|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/edugraph/news/darjeeling-hills-to-get-first-engineering-college-at-takdah-inauguration-ceremony-on-august-27/cid/2119758|publisher=Telegraph India|date=26 August 2025|access-date=3 September 2025 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|<br />
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]<br />
*[[Education in India]]<br />
*[[Education in West Bengal]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://dhitm.co.in/ Official Website]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology]]<br />
[[Category:Engineering colleges in West Bengal]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Darjeeling district]]<br />
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2025]]<br />
[[Category:2025 establishments in West Bengal]]<br />
<br />
{{Kolkata-university-stub}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Namo_Bharat_(trainset)&diff=520219Namo Bharat (trainset)2026-04-26T12:41:03Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian electric multiple unit train used for regional rapid train services}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox train<br />
| name = Namo Bharat<br />
| image = Namo_Bharat_Train_closeup.jpg<br />
| background = #C0C0C0<br />
| imagealt = Namo Bharat Train in Meerut<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| caption = Namo Bharat Train in [[Meerut]]<br />
| interiorimage = Delhi Meerut RRTS Interior.png<br />
| interiorimagealt = <br />
| interiorcaption = Interior of the trainset.<br />
| service = 2023–present<br />
| manufacturer = [[Alstom|Alstom Transport India Limited]]<ref name="FE_1">{{Cite web |date=8 May 2022 |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS: Made in India trainset handed over for Phase 1 project |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/railways-delhi-meerut-rrts-phase-1-trainset-2516467/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><br />
| designer = Alstom in [[Hyderabad]]<ref name="FE_1"/><br />
| assembly = Alstom in [[Savli]]<ref name="FE_1"/><br />
| ordernumber = <br />
| factory = Alstom [[Savli]] plant (formerly [[Bombardier Transportation]])<ref name="FE_1"/><br />
| family = <br />
| replaced = <br />
| yearconstruction = 8 May 2022<ref name="FE_1"/><br />
| yearservice = 20 October 2023<br />
| refurbishment = <br />
| yearscrapped = <br />
| numberconstruction = <br />
| numberbuilt = {{Wdib|P1114|fwd=ALL}}<ref name="MRG_1">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2020 |title=Bombardier Unveils Delhi - Meerut RRTS' Train Design |url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/09/25/bombardier-unveils-delhi-meerut-rrts-train-design/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=The Metro Rail Guy |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
| numberservice = 102<br />
| numberpreserved = <br />
| numberscrapped = <br />
| predecessor = <br />
| successor = <br />
| formation = 3, 6 and 9 cars per trainset<br />
| diagram = <br />
| code = <br />
| fleetnumbers = <br />
| capacity = 407 (seating) <br /> 1,061(standing)<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 May 2022 |title=First RRTS train set to be handed over on Saturday, to reach Duhai soon |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ghaziabad/first-rrts-train-set-to-be-handed-over-on-sat-to-reach-duhai-soon/articleshow/91357650.cms |access-date=29 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
| owner = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation|NCRTC]]<br />
| operator = [[Deutsche Bahn|DB RRTS Operations India Pvt. Ltd.]]<ref>{{cite press release|title=Multi-million-euro contract to operate a new regional rapid transit system in India between Delhi and Meerut|url=https://db-eco.com/en/multi-million-euro-contract-for-new-rrts-in-india/|work=[[Deutsche Bahn]]|date=4 July 2022|access-date=15 May 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
| depots = 1<br />
| lines = 1<br />
| carbody = [[List of applications of stainless steel#Passenger rail cars|stainless steel body]]<br />
| trainlength = <br />
| carlength = 22 m<ref name="MRG_1"/><br />
| width = 3.20 m<ref name="MRG_1"/><br />
| height = <br />
| lowfloor = <br />
| floorheight = <br />
| platformheight = <br />
| entrylevelorstep = <br />
| doors = Automatic<ref name="FE_1"/><br />
| art-sections = <br />
| wheeldiameter = <br />
| wheelbase = <br />
| maxspeed = {{ubl|class=nowrap|<br />
|'''Design:'''<br />
|{{convert|180|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}<ref name="FE_1"/><br />
|'''Service:'''<br />
|{{convert|160|km/h|mph|abbr=on|round=5}}<br />
}}<br />
| weight = <br />
| axleload = <br />
| steep gradient = <br />
| traction = <br />
| engine = <br />
| enginetype = <br />
| cylindercount = <br />
| cylindersize = <br />
| displacement = <br />
| traction motors = <br />
| poweroutput = <br />
| tractiveeffort = <br />
| transmission = <br />
| acceleration = {{Cvt|0.7|m/s2}}<br />
| deceleration = <br />
| aux = <br />
| powersupply = [[25 kV AC railway electrification|25 kV 50 Hz AC]]<br />
| hvac = yes<br />
| electricsystem = 25000 V AC<br />
| collectionmethod = Pantograph<br />
| uicclass = <br />
| aarwheels = <br />
| wheels driven = <br />
| bogies = <br />
| minimum curve = <br />
| brakes = <br />
| safety = [[European Train Control System|ETCS Level 2]] with [[Automatic train operation|ATO]] subsystem supported by [[Nokia]] 4.9G/[[LTE (telecommunication)|LTE]] [[Private Shared Wireless Network|private wireless network]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Nokia tests mission-critical voice and data on 4.9G private wireless network for NCRTC |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/nokia-tests-mission-critical-voice-and-data-on-4-9g-private-wireless-network-for-ncrtc/93341322 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503005619/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/nokia-tests-mission-critical-voice-and-data-on-4-9g-private-wireless-network-for-ncrtc/93341322 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=ET Telecom}}</ref><br />
| coupling = <br />
| multipleworking = <br />
| light = Light Emitting Diode<br />
| gauge = {{RailGauge|1435 mm|allk=on}}<br />
| notes = <br />
| box_width = <br />
| label_width = <br />
| seating = 2x2<ref name="FE_1"/><br />
| stocktype = EMU<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Namo Bharat''' is an Indian [[electric multiple unit|electric]] train built for [[Namo Bharat]] Regional Rapid Transit services.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 October 2023 |title=PM Modi flags off 'RapidX', India's first regional rapid rail service; all you need to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/pm-modi-flags-off-namo-bharat-indias-first-regional-rapid-train-service-402728-2023-10-20 |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref> The train was designed by the French [[rolling stock]] manufacturer [[Alstom]] at its engineering centre in [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], and was manufactured in [[Savli]], [[Gujarat]]. The train has an [[Automotive aerodynamics|aerodynamic design]] which reduces the [[Drag (physics)#Aerodynamics|drag]] when it travels. The train has a design speed of {{convert|180|km/h|abbr=on}} and is operated at a speed of {{convert|160|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name="FE_1"/><ref>{{Cite news |date=20 October 2023 |title=New Regional Rapid Transit System (RRTS) trains to be known as 'Namo Bharat' |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/new-regional-rapid-transit-system-rrts-trains-to-be-known-as-namo-bharat/articleshow/104558643.cms?from=mdr |access-date=23 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
The trainsets are running and operational on [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi Meerut RRTS]] system since 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-06 |title=55-km of RRTS Corridor Now Operational: Rapid Rail brings Meerut closer & faster to Delhi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/55-km-of-rrts-corridor-now-operational-rapid-rail-brings-meerut-closer-faster-to-delhi-9761799/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
As the [[RapidX]] service was conceived, there was a need for a new [[Higher-speed rail|semi-high-speed]] trainset, specifically built for the purpose of semi-high-speed regional rail travel.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2018 |title=Hi-speed rail to turn into metro in Meerut, to save Rs 6,300 crore |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/hi-speed-rail-to-turn-into-metro-in-meerut-to-save-6-300-crore/story-5fCW6y63HL1a6DUnLKNwWM.html |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In accordance with the [[Make in India]] initiative, the train sets were set to be locally built after the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC) opened the tenders for the same in 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patel |first=Aradhana |date=11 October 2019 |title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS Train coaches to make under 'Make in India' initiative |url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/delhi-meerut-rrts-train-coaches-to-make-under-make-in-india-initiative/ |access-date=29 May 2023 |website=Metro Rail News |language=en-US}}</ref> In early 2020, NCRTC finalised the procurement of train set, which were set to be manufactured by [[Bombardier Transportation]] in [[Savli]]. The tender was finalised for the train to have 50% of the local components as opposed to the original requirement of 75% in line with the Make in India initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/features-of-made-in-india-trainsets-for-delhi-meerut-rapid-rail-transport-system-see-photos-11589121349575.html|title=Features of Made in India trainsets for Delhi-Meerut rapid rail transport system|publisher=Livemint|date=10 May 2020}}</ref> Later in the year, the train's design was unveiled to the public. The stainless steel body of the train was designed to have a maximum speed of 180&nbsp;km/h.<ref name="FE_Design">{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/photos/business-gallery/2091862/delhi-meerut-rrts-images-of-regional-rapid-transit-system-train-interior-exterior/|title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS: Travel from Delhi to Meerut in 60 minutes on these world-class train sets; see pics|publisher=Financial Express|date=25 September 2020}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 19 October 2023, the trainset was named Namo Bharat.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=India's 1st Regional Rail Service RapidX Renamed NaMo Bharat |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indias-1st-regional-rail-service-rapidx-renamed-namo-bharat-4496772 |access-date=19 October 2023 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 20 October 2023, the trainset was officially inaugurated by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and entered service.<br />
<br />
On 21 October 2023, the trainset made its commercial debut in the Duhai - Sahibabad section.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=India's first semi high-speed regional train by Alstom – NaMo Bharat gets inaugurated, sets a new world standard in advanced signalling technology |url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2023/10/indias-first-semi-high-speed-regional-train-alstom-namo-bharat-gets-inaugurated-sets-new-world-standard-advanced-signalling-technology |access-date=23 October 2023 |website=Alstom |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Engineering==<br />
===Exterior===<br />
The train is designed to have a stainless steel body with an [[Automotive aerodynamics|aerodynamic]] nose cone to reduce the [[Drag (physics)#Aerodynamics|air drag resistance]] produced while travelling at higher speeds.<ref name="FE_1"/> The train is relatively lighter in weight thanks to its [[List of applications of stainless steel#Passenger rail cars|stainless steel body]]. For easier entry and exit, each car is equipped with six doors, three on each side, excluding the Business class which has four doors, two on each side. Each car has [[Insulated glazing|double glazed]], tempered [[safety glass]] windows.<ref name="FE_Design"/><br />
<br />
===Interior===<br />
The train has a 2x2 seating arrangement with adequate legroom for the passengers. The aisles have grab handles and poles for [[standing passenger]]s during the peak hours. Since it is built for regional rail service, it has an overhead luggage rack. When it comes to digital features the train has on-board Wi-Fi, a public announcement and display system, an infotainment display, a dynamic route map display and emergency communication facilities. For efficient consumption of energy, the trainsets include ambient lighting and temperature control systems. The train is also [[Accessibility|accessible]] with a dedicated wheelchair space. When it comes to safety, the train is equipped with a fire & smoke detector, CCTV, fire extinguisher and door status indicator along with innovative Train Control Monitoring System technology, and its predictive and condition-based monitoring features.<ref name="FE_Design"/><br />
<br />
===Technology===<br />
The trainset is equipped with a new signalling technology called "ETCS L3 hybrid technology over LTE" which helps contribute to safety, facilitating interoperability, reducing wait time and enabling efficiency. There are plans to equip the trainset with Automatic Train Operation (ATO) over Long Term Evolution (LTE) in the future to further increase network performance and capacity.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
==In service==<br />
The Namo Bharat trainset was brought into service when the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|Delhi Meerut RRTS]] ([[RapidX]]) line was inaugurated on 20 October 2023. The trainset is expected to be used in other proposed RapidX routes as well. Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the 13 kilometre long Delhi section of the Namo Bharat corridor between Ashok Nagar and Sahibabad on 5 January 2025. This connects Delhi to Meerut and reduces the travel time to 40 minutes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-05 |title=PM inaugurates Delhi section of Regional Rapid Transit System; journey to Meerut in 40 min |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/namo-bharat-corridor-delhi-section-inauguration-by-prime-minister-narendra-modi/article69063850.ece |access-date=2025-01-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* {{anl|B28 trainset}}<br />
* [[Vande Bharat (trainset)]]<br />
* [[Amrit Bharat (trainset)]]<br />
* [[Vande Bharat (sleeper trainset)]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{official website|ncrtc.in}}<br />
<br />
{{RapidX|all=yes}}<br />
{{Indian Railways}}<br />
{{Rapid transit in India}}<br />
{{High-speed rail in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Electric multiple units of India]]<br />
[[Category:Higher-speed rail]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:National Capital Region (India)]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theodore_Mascarenhas&diff=540822Theodore Mascarenhas2026-04-25T16:04:09Z<p>Bhoirake: adding initial post with sources.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Catholic bishop of Daltonganj}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Infobox Christian leader<br />
| honorific_prefix = [[The Most Reverend]]<br />
| name = Theodore Mascarenhas<br />
| title = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Daltonganj|Bishop of Daltonganj]]<br />
| church = [[Roman Catholic]]<br />
| archdiocese = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ranchi|Ranchi Archdiocese]]<br />
| province = Ranchi Province<br />
| diocese = [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Daltonganj|Diocese of Daltonganj]]<br />
| appointed = November 30, 2023<br />
| began = January 11, 2024<br />
| predecessor = [[Gabriel Kujur]]<br />
| ordination = April 24, 1988<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|11|9|df=y}}<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| other_post = Auxiliary Bishop of Ranchi<br />
| birth_place = [[Camurlim]], Goa, India<br />
| image = AED 11ème Nuit des Témoins - Théodore Mascarenhas - 4.jpg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Theodore Mascarenhas''' (born 1960) is an Indian prelate of the [[Catholic Church]] who has serves as the bishop of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Daltonganj|Diocese of Daltonganj]] since 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishop Theodore Mascarenhas [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmasct.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=2023-12-01 |title=Bishop Theodore appointed Bishop of Daltonganj |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Bishop-Theodore-appointed-Bishop-of-Daltonganj/214498 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Most Reverend Theodore Mascarenhas, Bisho of Daltonganj |url=https://www.ranchiarchdiocese.com/web/page/church_in_jharkhand/14 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.ranchiarchdiocese.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ccbi |first=Editor |date=2021-12-08 |title=Bishop Theodore Mascarenhas Appointed as Apostolic Administrator of Daltonganj |url=https://ccbi.in/bishop-theodore-mascarenhas-appointed-as-apostolic-administrator-of-daltonganj/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=CCBI |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-09 |title=Bishop Theodore Mascarenhas |url=https://mattersindia.com/tag/bishop-theodore-mascarenhas/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=Matters India |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ASIA/INDIA - Appointment of Bishop of Daltonganj - Agenzia Fides |url=https://www.fides.org/en/news/74466-ASIA_INDIA_Appointment_of_Bishop_of_Daltonganj |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.fides.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mascarenhas |first=Bishop Theodore |title=Bishop Theodore Mascarenhas, asian |url=https://www.asianage.com/columnist/bishop-theodore-mascarenhas |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.asianage.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{wikiquote}}<br />
{{commonscat}}<br />
<br />
{{India-RC-bishop-stub}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Mascarenhas, Theodore}}<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall_kingdom&diff=549570Mall kingdom2026-04-24T13:01:10Z<p>Bhoirake: new redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[Malla kingdom]]<br />
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{{Redirect category shell|<br />
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}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Music_in_Varanasi&diff=519262Music in Varanasi2026-04-20T03:25:35Z<p>Bhoirake: Created new post - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| image1 = Dia5275 Ravi Shankar.jpg <br />
| width1 = 190<br />
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| width2 = 225<br />
| alt2 = <br />
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| footer = Left: [[Ravi Shankar]] of Varanasi, the iconic [[Sitar]] player who was awarded the [[Bharat Ratna]]; right: [[Bismillah Khan]], the [[Shehnai]] maestro of [[Varanasi]], [[Vikash Maharaj]] [[Sarod]] Maestro Yash Bharati & Karmveer Awardee.<br />
}}<br />
'''Music in [[Varanasi]]''' is a tradition linked to the ancient times of the [[Puranas|Pauranic]] legends. Lord [[Shiva]], who is reported to have established this city, was credited with developing music and dance forms. Legend also attributes that Renu}, son of sage [[Vishvamitra]] and [[Mahagobind]], was the precursors of music tradition in [[Varanasi|Kashi]] (Varanasi) when nymphs ([[Apsaras]]), [[Gandharvas]] and [[Kinnaras]] were the traditional practitioners of this art form, and saint [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] and [[Vallabhacharya]] were the pioneers in spreading this music tradition in Varanasi.<ref name=Music>{{Cite web|url=http://www.varanasicity.com/varanasi-music.html|title=Varanasi Music|accessdate=30 May 2013|publisher=Varanasi City.com}}</ref> Notable musicians of Varanasi include the iconic sitar player [[Ravi Shankar]], the Shehnai maestro [[Bismillah Khan]], Sarod maestro [[Vikash Maharaj]] and singer [[Girija Devi]]. has joined the global bandwagon of UNESCO "Cities of Music" under the Creative Cities Network.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/creative-cities-map|title=Creative cities map &#124; Creative Cities Network}}</ref> Varanasi chosen in music category of creative cities network clearly signifies the rich musical heritage of this ancient city.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
{{multiple image<br />
| align = right<br />
| image1 = ShriGuruRavidasJikijai.png<br />
| width1 = 200<br />
| alt1 = <br />
| caption1 = <br />
| image2 = Gosvami Tulsidas II.jpg<br />
| width2 = 225<br />
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| footer = Left: [[Ravidas]] propounded Ravidassia religious movement; right: Gosvami [[Tulsidas]].<br />
}}<br />
Archeological finds of figurines of [[apsara]]s playing musical instruments indicate that music has long been important to Varanasi.<ref name=Music/> In medieval times, the [[Bhakti movement#Vaishnava Bhakti|Vaishnava Bhakthi movement]] swept through the country. Literature attests to the fact that the [[Kingdom of Kashi]] centering on Varanasi was a major centre for music. The noted saint musicians were [[Surdas]], [[Kabir]], [[Ravidas]], [[Meera]] and [[Tulsidas]].<ref name=Music/><br />
<br />
The music culture of devotional music permeated in Varanasi during the neo-[[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] movement when holy men singing devotional songs attracted people to the fold of the Bhakthi movement.<ref name="Maheswar1980">{{cite book|first=Neg |last=Maheswar|title=Early History of the Vaiṣṇava Faith and Movement in Assam: Śaṅkaradeva and His Times|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DcReZM-rI0MC&pg=PA276|accessdate=30 May 2013|year=1980|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0007-6|pages=276–}}</ref><br />
<br />
During the monarchic rule of [[Govind Chandra]] in the 16th century, the [[Dhrupad]] style of singing received royal patronage and led to other related forms of music such as [[Dhamar (music)|Dhamar]], [[Hori (music)|Hori]] and [[Chaturanga]]. Under Muslim rulers, the [[Nawab of Awadh]], the Nirgun singers of Kashi not only popularized the [[Asavari|Assarwari]], "Ghunghat ke pat Khol" song but also popularized the singing concerts such as festivals on the boats floating on the Ganges River. Some of the popular festivals were Jhoola, Jhoomar, Kajri, Birha, Dangal and Gulab Bari, a tradition which is continued even today. One of the singing styles made popular by Muslim artists [[Mian Ghulam Nabi Shori|Shori Miyan]], Gammu Khan and Shade Khan during this time was the [[Tappa]] form of singing.<ref name=Music/><br />
<br />
In recent times, the tutelary head, the Maharajas of Kashi of Varanasi, particularly Maharaj [[Prabhu Narayan Singh]], have patronized music. During the [[Mughal Empire|Moghal Emperor]] [[Bahadur Shah II]]'s reign, the noted musicians were Waris Ali, Akbar Ali, Nisar Khan, Sadiq Ali and Ashiq Ali Khan. Ali Mohammad and Ali Bux, the sons of Basat Khan, who were hailed as the "jewels" of the Royal court of Kashi. During this time, the local music styles which developed were the Banarasi Thumri, Dadra, Chaiti, Hori, Bhairavi, Kajri, Tarana, Ghato and many more. In addition, new forms were created such as Tirwat, Sadra, Khamsa, Lavni, Chaturang, Sargam, Ragmala, Kirtan, Qauwali, Kathagayan, Bhajan and Ramayan kirtan.<ref name=Music/> Two hundred years ago, Pandit Ram Sahai developed the [[Benares gharana]] of the [[tabla]], and within this genre, the notable musicians include [[Kishan Maharaj]], [[Samta Prasad]], [[Pandit Nanhku Maharaj]], [[Kumar Bose]], and Samar Saha.<ref name=Out2010 /> A class of musicians, ''[[gandharva]]'', train their daughters in music and dancing.<ref name="Shastri1996">{{cite book|last=Shastri|first=A.M.|title=India As Seen in the Kuttanimata of Damodara Gupta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=979BKkAiQowC&pg=PA217|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishing|isbn=978-81-208-1336-6|pages=217–}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Varanasi School of Music that has evolved is very similar to the [[Lucknow]] style ([[gharana]]) of music and has also imbued local folk traditions of ''[[chaiti]]'' and ''[[kajri]]''. This form of music spread quickly. Shankara Deva, a devotional music singer saint in his own right, was instrumental in composing [[Bhakti|Bhakthi]] songs.<ref name="Deva1995">{{cite book|author=Bigamudre C. Deva|title=Indian music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-XKAfoa8WMC&pg=PA64|accessdate=30 May 2013|date=1 January 1995|publisher=Indian Council for Cultural Relations|isbn=978-81-224-0730-3|pages=64–}}</ref> Biajis, a courtesan sect of Varanasi, are credited with maintaining and contributing to the traditions of Hindustani music and dance in Varanasi.{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Allardice|Joshi|2010|p=211}}<br />
<br />
==Notable musicians and musicologists==<br />
[[File:Girija Devi.jpg|right|thumb|[[Girija Devi]] of Varanasi, the famous classical singer of thumris]]<br />
Several of India's most talented musicians hailed/hail from Varanasi. [[Pandit]] [[Ravi Shankar]], the famous sitar player and musicologist who was given [[Bharat Ratna]], the highest civilian award of the country was a native of Varanasi.<ref name="BruynBain2010">{{cite book|first1=Pippa de |last1=Bruyn|first2=Keith |last2=Bain|first3=David|last3= Allardice|author4=Shonar Joshi|title=Frommer's India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-9cwHOcCIC&pg=PA470|accessdate=30 May 2013|date=18 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-64580-2|pages=470–}}</ref> [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]], an iconic [[Shehnai]] maestro who was also honored with the Bharat Ratna also came from Varanasi.<ref name=Music/> [[Jotin Bhattacharya]], [[Vikash Maharaj]] [[Sarod]] maestros and the disciple of Baba [[Allauddin Khan]] also come from Varanasi. [[Mian Tansen]], musician of Mughal emperor [[Akbar]]'s court, may have been born in Varanasi.<ref name="Out2010">{{cite book|title=India: Perfect Places to Stay, Eat and Explore|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUZpPim5nnQC&pg=PA262|year=2010|publisher=Time Out|isbn=978-1-84670-164-1|pages=262–}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Girija Devi]], the classical singer of [[thumri]]s (semi-classical Indian music), was born in Varanasi and she was instrumental in elevating music to a status of respectability and appreciation.<ref name="SimonMark2000">{{cite book|last1=Broughton|first1= Simon|last2=Ellingham|first2= Mark|last3=Trillo|first3= Richard|title=World Music Volume 2 Latin and North America Caribbean India Asia and: Pacific the Rough Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QzX8THIgRjUC&pg=PA91|accessdate=30 May 2013|year=2000|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-636-5|pages=91–}}</ref><br />
Notable [[musicologist]]s from Varanasi include [[Prem Lata Sharma]]<ref name="Case2000">{{cite book|last=Case|first=Margaret H.|title=Seeing Krishna: The Religious World of a Brahman Family in Vrindaban: The Religious World of a Brahman Family in Vrindaban|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zh7OoTSH5UwC&pg=PA105|date=4 April 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-535153-8|pages=105–}}</ref> and Jayadeva Singh.<ref name="KuppuswamyHariharan1979">{{cite book|last1=Kuppuswamy|first1=Gowri|last2=Hariharan|first2=Muthuswamy|title=Readings on Indian music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_QHAQAAMAAJ|year=1979|publisher=College Book House|page=xi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Musical instruments==<br />
The most notable musical instruments of Varanasi are the [[sitar]] and the shehnai.<ref name="Bhatia2008">{{cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Suresh|title=Sarnath, Varanasi and Kausambi: A Pilgrim's Guide Book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WZ4RAQAAIAAJ|year=2008|publisher=Indica Books|isbn=978-81-86569-77-1}}</ref><br />
Not only [[tabla]] (a set of two small drums which is the percussion instrument of India) but also [[sitar]] are good to buy in Varanasi. In case of [[sitar]], the wood they are made from is important to verify and consult a local artist. Instruments made of [[mango tree]] wood is inferior in quality compared to the ones made with [[teak]] or from the a herbal tree known as ''vijyasar''.<ref name="Singh2010">{{cite book|first=Sarina|last= Singh|title=Lonely Planet India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vK88ktao7pIC&pg=PA451|accessdate=31 May 2013|date=15 September 2010|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74220-347-8|pages=451–}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Festivals==<br />
Drupad Festival, a music festival of Hindustani classical music, is held for 3 days at [[Tulsi Ghat]] in March/April every year,{{Sfn|de Bruyn|Bain|Allardice|Joshi|2010|p=145}} while [[Sankat Mochan Sangeet Samaroh]] is held in April and May. Other music festivals are held during the time of religious festivals, such as [[Kartik Purnima]] (November), [[Buddha Purnima]] (May), and [[Shivaratri]] (March).<ref name=Out2010 /> There is an [[International Music Centre Ashram]] in Varanasi where classical music by budding artists is held regularly.<ref name="BruynBain2010"/><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Music Ensemble of Benares]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
*{{cite book|first1=Pippa |last1=de Bruyn|first2=Keith |last2=Bain|first3=David |last3=Allardice|first4=Shonar |last4=Joshi|title=Frommer's India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-9cwHOcCIC&pg=PA470|access-date=30 May 2013|date=18 February 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-64580-2|pages=470 ff.}}<br />
<br />
{{India topics}}<br />
{{Music of Asia}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Music of India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Varanasi| ]]<br />
[[Category:Music of Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Priyanshu_Rajawat&diff=526928Priyanshu Rajawat2026-04-17T20:56:33Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian badminton player}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox badminton player<br />
| name = Priyanshu Rajawat<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size =<br />
| caption =<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| country = India<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|2|1}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Dhar]], Madhya Pradesh, India<br />
| residence =<br />
| height = <br />
| weight =<br />
| years_active = 2019–present<br />
| handedness = Right<br />
| coach = [[Pullela Gopichand]]<br />
| event = Men's singles<br />
| career_record =<br />
| highest_ranking = 28<br />
| date_of_highest_ranking = 8 August 2023<br />
| current_ranking = 79<br />
| date_of_current_ranking = 14 April 2026<br />
| medal_templates =<br />
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}<br />
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}<br />
{{MedalCompetition | [[Thomas Cup]] }}<br />
{{MedalGold | [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Bangkok]] | Men's team }}<br />
| bwfbadminton_id = 69093<br />
| bwf_id = 095A87AF-A640-4EFC-BEF2-AB219F42BADC<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Priyanshu Rajawat''' (born 1 February 2002) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Players: Priyanshu Rajawat |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/69093/priyanshu-rajawat |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] }}</ref> He was part of the India team that won the [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|2022 Thomas Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2022 Thomas Cup & Uber Cup Squads|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/thomas-uber-cup-finals-2022-indian-squad-groups-timings-schedule/article38485091.ece}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Achievements ==<br />
=== BWF World Tour (1 title, 1 runner-up) ===<br />
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tour is divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super&nbsp;1000, Super&nbsp;750, Super&nbsp;500, Super&nbsp;300, and the BWF Tour Super&nbsp;100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Men's singles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Level<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2022 Odisha Open#Finals|2022]]<br />
| align="left" | [[Odisha Open]]<br />
| align="left" | Super 100<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Kiran George]]<br />
| align="left" | 15–21, 21–14, 18–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|-<br />
| align="center" | [[2023 Orléans Masters#Finals|2023]]<br />
| align="left" | [[Orléans Masters]]<br />
| align="left" | Super 300<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[Magnus Johannesen]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–15, 19–21, 21–16<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== BWF International Challenge/Series (4 titles, 1 runner-up) ===<br />
''Men's singles''<br />
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"<br />
! Year<br />
! Tournament<br />
! Opponent<br />
! Score<br />
! Result<br />
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"<br />
| align="center" | 2019<br />
| align="left" | [[Bahrain International (badminton)|Bahrain International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Jason Ho-Shue]]<br />
| align="left" | 16–21, 21–7, 21–12<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | [[Ukraine International (badminton)|Ukraine International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathish Kumar Karunakaran]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–17, 21–18<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2021<br />
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Raghu Mariswamy]]<br />
| align="left" | 12–21, 21–10, 21–8<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2022 (II)<br />
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Subhankar Dey]]<br />
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–11<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''<br />
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"<br />
| align="center" | 2022<br />
| align="left" | [[Bangladesh International]]<br />
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Mithun Manjunath]]<br />
| align="left" | 12–21, 21–16, 9–21<br />
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''<br />
|}<br />
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament<br />
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament<br />
<br />
== Performance timeline ==<br />
{{Performance key (badminton)}}<br />
=== National team ===<br />
* ''Junior level''<br />
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'<br />
! Team events !! 2018<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]<br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|QF]]<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]]<br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2018 BWF World Junior Championships|6th]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* ''Senior level''<br />
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'<br />
! Team events !! 2022 !! 2024<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Thomas Cup]]<br />
| bgcolor=gold | [[2022 Thomas & Uber Cup|'''G''']]<br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2024 Thomas & Uber Cup|QF]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Individual competitions ===<br />
* ''Junior level''<br />
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'<br />
|-<br />
! Event !! 2018<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2018 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|4R]]<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2018 BWF World Junior Championships|3R]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
* ''Senior level''<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; text-align:center"<br />
! Events !! 2024 !! 2025<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Badminton Asia Championships|1R]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Badminton Asia Championships|2R]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'<br />
! rowspan="2" | Tournament !! colspan="5" | [[BWF World Tour]] !! rowspan="2" | Best<br />
|- <br />
! [[2022 BWF World Tour|2022]] !! [[2023 BWF World Tour|2023]] !! [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]] !! [[2025 BWF World Tour|2025]] !! [[2026 BWF World Tour|2026]]<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Malaysia Open (badminton)|Malaysia Open]]<br />
| colspan="3" style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Malaysia Open (badminton)|1R]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('25)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[India Open]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 India Open (badminton)|1R]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 India Open (badminton)|'''2R''']]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 India Open (badminton)|1R]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Indonesia Masters|1R]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Indonesia Masters|2R]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Indonesia Masters|1R]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Thailand Masters (badminton)|Thailand Masters]]<br />
| style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Thailand Masters (badminton)|1R]]'''<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 Thailand Masters (badminton)|1R]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23, '26)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[German Open (badminton)|German Open]]<br />
| colspan="3" | A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 German Open (badminton)|2R]]'''<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('25)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Orléans Masters]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2022 Orléans Masters|2R]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=00FF00 | [[2023 Orléans Masters|'''W''']]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Orléans Masters|1R]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=00FF00 | '''W''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[All England Open Badminton Championships|All England Open]]<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 All England Open|'''1R''']]<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[2023 Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| 2023; bgcolor=F0F8FF | Q1<br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 Swiss Open (badminton)|QF]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Swiss Open (badminton)|2R]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Taipei Open (badminton)|Taipei Open]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2022 Taipei Open|2R]]'''<br />
| colspan="3" | A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('22)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Thailand Open (badminton)|Thailand Open]]<br />
| 2022; bgcolor=F0F8FF | Q2<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Thailand Open (badminton)|1R]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2025 Thailand Open (badminton)|1R]]'''<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE| '''1R''' ('23, '25)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Malaysia Masters]]<br />
| colspan="3" | A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE| '''[[2025 Malaysia Masters|1R]]'''<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE| '''1R''' ('25)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Singapore Open (badminton)|Singapore Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Singapore Open (badminton)|2R]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Singapore Open (badminton)|1R]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Singapore Open (badminton)|1R]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Indonesia Open (badminton)|Indonesia Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Indonesia Open|2R]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Indonesia Open|2R]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('23, '24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]<br />
| style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''[[2024 U.S. Open (badminton)|QF]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 U.S. Open (badminton)|1R]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | '''QF''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Canada Open]]<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2024 Canada Open|SF]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Canada Open|1R]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Japan Open (badminton)|Japan Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Japan Open|1R]]'''<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Korea Open (badminton)|Korea Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Korea Open (badminton)|2R]]'''<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Vietnam Open (badminton)|Vietnam Open]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2022 Vietnam Open|2R]]'''<br />
| colspan="3" | A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('22)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Hong Kong Open (badminton)|Hong Kong Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Hong Kong Open (badminton)|1R]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Hong Kong Open (badminton)|1R]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23, '24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[China Open (badminton)|China Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 China Open (badminton)|1R]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 China Open (badminton)|1R]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23, '24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[French Open (badminton)|French Open]]<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 French Open (badminton)|'''1R''']]<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Japan Masters (badminton)|Japan Masters]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Japan Masters|1R]]'''<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[China Masters]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 China Masters|1R]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 China Masters|1R]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('23, '24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Australian Open (badminton)|Australian Open]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2023 Australian Open (badminton)|SF]]'''<br />
| colspan="2" | A<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2022 Syed Modi International|2R]]<br />
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2023 Syed Modi International|SF]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2024 Syed Modi International|SF]]'''<br />
| bgcolor=FFEBCD | [[2025 Syed Modi International|QF]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('23, '24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Guwahati Masters]]<br />
| style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Guwahati Masters|3R]]'''<br />
| [[2025 Guwahati Masters|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''3R''' ('24)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Odisha Masters]]<br />
| bgcolor=D8BFD8 | [[2022 Odisha Open|'''F''']]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2023 Odisha Masters|2R]]<br />
| [[2024 Odisha Masters|{{Tooltip|w/d|Withdrew}}]]<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2025 Odisha Masters|3R]]<br />
| <br />
| bgcolor=D8BFD8 | '''F''' ('22)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | [[Spain Masters]]<br />
| A<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2023 Spain Masters|2R]]'''<br />
| A<br />
| 2025-26; colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH<br />
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('23)<br />
|-<br />
| align=left | '''Year-end ranking'''<br />
| 2022; | 50<br />
| 2023; | 31<br />
| 2024; | 34<br />
| 2025; | 54<br />
| 2026; | <br />
| Best; | '''28'''<br />
|-<br />
! Tournament !! 2022 !! 2023 !! 2024 !! 2025 !! 2026 !! Best<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Badminton in India]]<br />
*[[India national badminton team]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{sports links}}<br />
*{{Instagram}}<br />
<br />
{{Footer Thomas Cup Champions Badminton Team Men}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajawat, Priyanshu}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:2002 births]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tikrikilla_Assembly_constituency&diff=541307Tikrikilla Assembly constituency2026-04-16T04:37:45Z<p>Bhoirake: adding basic entry from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Meghalaya State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Tikrikilla<br />
| state = [[Meghalaya]]<br />
| district = [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Tura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tura]]<br />
| established = 1972<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| type = SLA<br />
| map_image = Tikrikilla Assembly constituency map.svg<br />
| constituency_no = 45<br />
| mla = [[Jimmy Sangma]]<br />
| party = {{Party index link|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:36080}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14873-meghalayaexcluding-ac-23/ |title=Meghalaya General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|05}}<br />
}}<br />
'''Tikrikilla''' is one of the 60 [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Meghalaya]] state in [[India]].<ref name=ceomap>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceomeghalaya.nic.in/gis-map/00-pc-map-meghalaya.pdf |title=Map of Meghalaya Parliamentary Constituencies |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |accessdate= 30 January 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[West Garo Hills district|West Garo Hills]] district and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].<br />
<br />
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
|-<br />
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Monindra Rava || {{Full party name with color|All Party Hill Leaders Conference}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Jagendranath Bantha || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Monindra Rava || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || Kapin Ch. Boro || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Monindra Rava || {{Full party name with color|Meghalaya Progressive People's Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | Mohindra Rava || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Limison Sangma || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || [[Michael T. Sangma]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Jimmy Sangma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || {{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Assembly Election 2023===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] |title=General Election to Vidhna Sabha Trends & Result MArch - 2023 |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302144159/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2023/ConstituencywiseS157.htm?ac=7 |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jimmy Sangma]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=13,218 |percentage=41.81% |change={{increase}}38.80 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Mukul Sangma |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=7,905 |percentage=25.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rahinath Barchung |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,849 |percentage=24.83% |change={{increase}}11.75 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kapin Ch. Boro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,233 |percentage=3.90% |change={{decrease}}22.02 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor Nongrum |party=Independent politician |votes=1,098 |percentage=3.47% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Julius T. Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=313 |percentage=0.99% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=298 |percentage=0.94% |change={{increase}}0.01 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,313 |percentage=16.80% |change= {{increase}}11.72 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=31,616 |percentage=87.63% |change= {{decrease}}1.76 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 36,080 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.64 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.89 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2018===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]] |title=Form 20 - Polling Station Wise Result Sheet of General Election 2018 to the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240208162439/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2018/form20.html |archive-date=8 February 2024 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jimmy Sangma]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,167 |percentage=25.92% |change={{increase}}2.36 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rahinath Barchung |party=Independent politician |votes=5,760 |percentage=20.83% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sayeedullah Nongrum |party=Independent politician |votes=5,371 |percentage=19.43% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Kapin Ch. Boro |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,615 |percentage=13.07% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Michael T. Sangma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=2,318 |percentage=8.38% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nilkamal D. Sangma |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,110 |percentage=4.01% |change={{increase}}1.29 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Augustine D. Marak |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=833 |percentage=3.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=258 |percentage=0.93% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,407 |percentage=5.09% |change= {{decrease}}2.49 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=27,649 |percentage=89.38% |change= {{decrease}}0.97 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 30,933 |ref = |change= {{increase}}24.41 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}5.21 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2013===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=Election Commission of India- State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021738/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/electionconducted/mla2013/10-Reports/10-detailed-results.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Michael T. Sangma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=6,995 |percentage=31.14% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rahinath Barchung |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,293 |percentage=23.56% |change={{increase}}6.43 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Jimmy Sangma]] |party=Independent politician |votes=4,158 |percentage=18.51% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapin Ch. Boro |party=Independent politician |votes=3,146 |percentage=14.00% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benedict Marak |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=736 |percentage=3.28% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mrinal Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=612 |percentage=2.72% |change={{decrease}}10.40 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Serazul H. Kharkongor |party=Independent politician |votes=471 |percentage=2.10% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,702 |percentage=7.58% |change= {{increase}}1.21 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,466 |percentage=90.36% |change= {{increase}}1.15 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,864 |ref = |change= {{increase}}40.18 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}4.15 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2008===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Limison Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=5,583 |percentage=35.29% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagendra Rabha |party=Independent politician |votes=4,576 |percentage=28.92% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monindra Rava |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,711 |percentage=17.13% |change={{decrease}}7.71 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mrinal Marak |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,077 |percentage=13.13% |change={{decrease}}16.12 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bidur A. Sangma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=551 |percentage=3.48% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pillarson G. Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=324 |percentage=2.05% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,007 |percentage=6.36% |change= {{increase}}1.95 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,822 |percentage=89.20% |change= {{increase}}14.65 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,737 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}12.80 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}6.03 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 2003===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohindra Rava |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,436 |percentage=29.25% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapin Ch. Boro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,767 |percentage=24.84% |change={{decrease}}10.33 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lemison Sangma |party=People's Democratic Movement (Meghalaya) |votes=3,738 |percentage=24.65% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mrinal Marak |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=2,009 |percentage=13.25% |change={{increase}}12.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pillarson G. Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=1,215 |percentage=8.01% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=669 |percentage=4.41% |change= {{decrease}}3.36 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,165 |percentage=74.55% |change= {{decrease}}0.85 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,341 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.79 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}5.91 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1998===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohindra Rava |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,618 |percentage=35.17% |change={{increase}}6.79 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nagendra Rabha |party=Independent politician |votes=3,598 |percentage=27.40% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pillarson G. Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=2,169 |percentage=16.52% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Widnald Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=1,379 |percentage=10.50% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashes Daring |party=Garo National Council |votes=1,328 |percentage=10.11% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashu M. Sangma |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=40 |percentage=0.30% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,020 |percentage=7.77% |change= {{increase}}6.47 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,132 |percentage=77.84% |change= {{decrease}}11.12 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.87 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Meghalaya Progressive People's Party |swing= {{decrease}}1.30 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1993===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Monindra Rava |party=Meghalaya Progressive People's Party |votes=4,661 |percentage=36.46% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pillarson G. Momin |party=Hill People's Union |votes=4,495 |percentage=35.16% |change={{increase}}26.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapin Ch. Boro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,627 |percentage=28.37% |change={{increase}}1.71 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=166 |percentage=1.30% |change= {{decrease}}5.95 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,783 |percentage=88.64% |change= {{increase}}2.78 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,775 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.19 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Meghalaya Progressive People's Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1988===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kapin Ch. Boro |party=Independent politician |votes=3,520 |percentage=33.91% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monindra Rava |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,768 |percentage=26.67% |change={{decrease}}18.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pillarson G. Momin |party=Independent politician |votes=2,528 |percentage=24.35% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ankhoram Rava |party=Hill People's Union |votes=848 |percentage=8.17% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ketchiner Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=716 |percentage=6.90% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=752 |percentage=7.24% |change= {{decrease}}10.78 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,380 |percentage=85.93% |change= {{increase}}6.99 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,396 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.98 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.72 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1983===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Monindra Rava |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,314 |percentage=45.63% |change={{increase}}14.93 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bipin Daring |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,005 |percentage=27.61% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pillarson G. Momin |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,068 |percentage=14.70% |change={{increase}}8.96 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rangaram Daimari |party=Independent politician |votes=483 |percentage=6.65% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Morison Daring |party=Independent politician |votes=393 |percentage=5.41% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,309 |percentage=18.02% |change= {{increase}}14.65 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,263 |percentage=80.14% |change= {{increase}}5.66 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,464 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.97 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.56 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1978===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Jagendranath Bantha |party=Independent politician |votes=2,011 |percentage=34.07% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Monindra Rava |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,812 |percentage=30.70% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dinesh Ch. Sangma |party=Independent politician |votes=1,741 |percentage=29.49% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Levisond Sangma |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=339 |percentage=5.74% |change={{decrease}}53.37 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=199 |percentage=3.37% |change= {{decrease}}14.86 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,903 |percentage=74.80% |change= {{increase}}6.50 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,304 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.20 }}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |swing= {{decrease}}25.05 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
===Assembly Election 1972===<br />
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Tikrikilla<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Monindra Rava |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=2,801 |percentage=59.12% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nurali Slam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,937 |percentage=40.88% |change= ''New''}}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=864 |percentage=18.24% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes=4,738 |percentage=69.38% |change= }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,336 |ref = |change= }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |loser= |swing= }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[West Garo Hills district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|25.92|90.15|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:West Garo Hills district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Meghalaya]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]<br />
[[Category:1972 establishments in Meghalaya]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_CFL_Premier_Division&diff=4833632025 CFL Premier Division2026-04-08T11:22:57Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|127th edition of CFL Premier Division}}<br />
{{Infobox football league season<br />
| image = <br />
| competition = [[Calcutta Football League|CFL Premier Division]]<br />
| season = [[2025–26 in Indian football|2025]]<br />
| dates = Group stage: 25 June – 6 September 2025<br>Super Six: 11–22 September 2025<br>Relegation round: 10–15 September 2025<br />
| winners = [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]] (41st title)<br />
| relegated = [[Southern Samity]]<br>[[Army Red football team|Army Red]]<br />
| matches = 174<br />
| total goals = 471<br />
| best player = <br />
| league topscorer = [[Bidyashagar Singh]] (9 goals)<br />
| best goalkeeper = <br />
| biggest home win = Suruchi Sangha 6–0 Measurers<br>(7 July 2025)<br />
| biggest away win = Measurers 1–7 [[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]<br>(27 June 2025)<br>[[BSS Sporting Club|Behala SS]] 0–6 East Bengal<br>(29 July 2025)<br />
| highest scoring = Measurers 1–7 East Bengal<br>(27 June 2025)<br>[[Southern Samity]] 2–6 [[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]<br>(21 August 2025)<br />
| longest wins = [[United SC]]<br>United Kolkata<br>(5 matches)<br />
| longest unbeaten = [[Peerless SC|Peerless]] (10 matches)<br />
| longest winless = Southern Samity (12 matches)<br />
| longest losses = <br />
| highest attendance = <br />
| lowest attendance = <br />
| attendance = <br />
| average attendance = <br />
| prevseason = [[2024–25 CFL Premier Division|2024]]<br />
| nextseason = [[2026 CFL Premier Division|2026]]<br />
| updated = 22 September 2025<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''2025 CFL Premier Division''' was the 127th overall season of the [[Calcutta Football League]] &ndash; highest [[Indian State Leagues|state-level]] [[association football|football]] division of [[West Bengal]]. The 2025-26 edition has 26 teams divided into two groups of 13 in the first phase, with top 6 qualifying for the championship round and bottom 6 heading into the relegation round.<br />
<br />
The tournament began with match between [[BSS Sporting Club]] and [[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat Milan Sangha]] in [[Bankimanjali Stadium]], [[Naihati]] on 25 June 2025 after few prolific hours of opening ceremony.<br />
[[File:Ceremony before the 2025 CFL at Naihati Stadium.jpg|thumb|Naihati stadium during CFL opening ceremony]]<br />
<br />
This year's Calcutta Premier Division is having a trophy for the champions named after legendary footballer [[P. K. Banerjee|Pradip Kumar Banerjee]].<br />
<br />
==Changes from last season==<br />
:{{down}} '''Relegated to 2025 CFL 1st Division'''<br />
*[[Eastern Railway FC]]<br />
*[[Tollygunge Agragami FC]]<br />
----<br />
:{{up}} '''Promoted to 2025 CFL Premier Division'''<br />
*[[Sribhumi FC]]<br />
*United Kolkata SC<br />
<br />
==Format==<br />
The 2025 CFL Premier Division, like the [[2024–25 CFL Premier Division]], will have twenty-six teams divided into two groups in the first phase, where each team will play twelve matches in [[Round-robin tournament|single round robin format]]. After that, top three teams from the two groups shall proceed to the championship round, where each team shall play five more matches to determine the champion. The bottom three teams from both groups will play the relegation round.<br />
<br />
Draw for the group division was done on 28th May 2025 at Calcutta Rowing Club Auditorium by [[Indian Football Association]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/mohun-bagan-and-east-bengal-are-in-group-a-in-the-kolkata-league-premier-division-prnt/cid/1607317|title=কলকাতা লিগে একই গ্রুপে দুই প্রধান|lang=bn|access-date=2025-05-29|website=Anandabazar.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Venues==<br />
* Amal Datta Krirangan, [[Dum Dum]]<br />
* [[Bankimanjali Stadium]], [[Naihati]]<br />
* Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay Stadium, [[Barrackpore]]<br />
* Bidhannagar Municipal Sports Complex, [[Bidhannagar]]<br />
* Chakdaha Stadium, [[Chakdaha]]<br />
* [[East Bengal Ground|East Bengal/Aryan Ground]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
* Eastern Ground, [[Chinsurah]]<br />
* [[Kalyani Stadium]], [[Kalyani, West Bengal|Kalyani]]<br />
* [[Kishore Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
* [[Mohammedan Sporting Ground|Mohammedan/Howrah Union Ground]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
* [[Mohun Bagan Ground|Mohun Bagan/Calcutta FC Ground]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
* Netaji Sports Complex, [[Kamalgazi]]<br />
* [[Rabindra Sarobar Stadium]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
* Uluberia Stadium, [[Howrah]]<br />
* [[Salt Lake Stadium|Vivekananda Yuba Bharati Krirangan]], [[Kolkata]]<br />
<br />
==Teams==<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:90%"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Group A<br />
!colspan=3|Group B<br />
|-<br />
!scope="col" |Team<br />
!scope="col" |Head coach<br />
!scope="col" |Captain<br />
!scope="col" |Team<br />
!scope="col" |Head coach<br />
!scope="col" |Captain<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Army Red football team|Army Red]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sudhir Mishra<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Renzong Lepcha<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]<br />
|{{flagicon|Nigeria}} Shahid Raman <br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jiten Murmu]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Biswajit Bhattacharya]] <br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Amit Chakraborty]]<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajdeep Nandy<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sandip Patra<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Souren Dutta<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Subhankar Das<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |Calcutta Police Club<br />
|scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |{{flagicon|IND}} Bijoy Ghosh<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Koushik Goala<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bino George]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aditya Patra<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Kibu Vicuna]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Bikramjit Singh]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Patham Thapa<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Koushik Sarkar]]<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |United Kolkata SC<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Yan Law]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Narayan Das (footballer)|Narayan Das]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Goutam Ghosh<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sourish Lodh Chowdhury<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;"|[[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Goutam Ghosh<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Rana Gharami]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |Measurers Club<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajib Dey<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Chattu Mondal<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Wari AC|Wari]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Swapan Biswas<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Kamran Farooque]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan SG]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Deggie Cardozo<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Suhail Bhat]]<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan Sporting]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Alison Kharsyntiew]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Samad Ali Mallick]]<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Pathachakra Club|Pathachakra]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Partha Sen<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Subhajit Mandi<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Hemanta Dora]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Donlad Diengdoh<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Kolkata Police|Police AC]]<br />
|{{flagicon |IND}} Rajesh Rajbhar<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Deep Dey<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Southern Samity]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sujata Kar]]<ref>{{cite web|title=EXCLUSIVE: প্রথম মহিলা কোচ পেল কলকাতা লিগ, ‘পুরুষ কোচদের সঙ্গে লড়তে তৈরি হচ্ছি’, বললেন সুজাতা কর|work=sangbadpratidin|url=https://sangbadpratidin.in/football/calcutta-football-league-gets-its-first-female-coach-im-ready-to-compete-with-male-coaches-says-sujata-kar|access-date=2025-06-13}}</ref> <br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Rajesh Rajbhar<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |Railway<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Amit Tudu<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sudipta Banerjee<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[United SC]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Lalkamal Bhowmick]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Tarak Hembram<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha|Suruchi Sangha]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Ranjan Bhattacharya<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Amit Tudu<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Rainbow AC|Rainbow]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Aditya Chatterjee<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sourav Dasgupta<br />
|-<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |Kalighat Sports Lovers Association<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[Jahar Das]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Bishal Chhetri<br />
!scope="row" style="text-align: left;" |[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Sayantan Das Roy<br />
|{{flagicon|IND}} Prosenjit Chakroborty<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Group stage==<br />
===Group A===<br />
<onlyinclude><br />
<!--To include this table in a page, use<br />
{{:2025 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Group A}}<br />
-->{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section= Group A<br />
|source= [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE positions below (check tiebreakers)--><br />
|team_order = EAB, SUS, CCU, PAC, PTC, MBG, BSS, KSL, GGT, MEA, KMS, RLY, ARM <br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE standings below (including date)--><br />
|update=complete <br />
|win_ARM=0 |draw_ARM=0 |loss_ARM=12 |gf_ARM=0 |ga_ARM=36 |name_ARM=[[Army Red football team|Army Red]]{{efn|Army Red didn't field their team in group stage, thus IFA gave free 3 points to all other teams of Group A with 3–0 victory.}} <br />
|win_CCU=7 |draw_CCU=4 |loss_CCU=1 |gf_CCU=21 |ga_CCU=10 |name_CCU=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]<br />
|win_BSS=5 |draw_BSS=2 |loss_BSS=5 |gf_BSS=15 |ga_BSS=21 |name_BSS=[[BSS Sporting Club|BSS]]<br />
|win_EAB=8 |draw_EAB=2 |loss_EAB=2 |gf_EAB=33 |ga_EAB=10 |name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]<br />
|win_KMS=3 |draw_KMS=3 |loss_KMS=6 |gf_KMS=12 |ga_KMS=16 |name_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]] <br />
|win_KSL=5 |draw_KSL=1 |loss_KSL=6 |gf_KSL=10 |ga_KSL=14 |name_KSL=Kalighat SLA<br />
|win_MBG=6 |draw_MBG=2 |loss_MBG=4 |gf_MBG=24 |ga_MBG=14 |name_MBG=[[Mohun Bagan SG Youth and Academy|Mohun Bagan SG]]<br />
|win_MEA=4 |draw_MEA=1 |loss_MEA=7 |gf_MEA=12 |ga_MEA=23 |name_MEA=Measurers Club<br />
|win_PTC=6 |draw_PTC=1 |loss_PTC=5 |gf_PTC=15 |ga_PTC=16 |name_PTC=[[Pathachakra Club|Pathachakra]]<br />
|win_PAC=7 |draw_PAC=3 |loss_PAC=2 |gf_PAC=24 |ga_PAC=8 |name_PAC=[[Kolkata Police|Police AC]]<br />
|win_SUS=7 |draw_SUS=4 |loss_SUS=1 |gf_SUS=27 |ga_SUS=8 |name_SUS=[[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha|Suruchi Sangha]] <br />
|win_RLY=2 |draw_RLY=3 |loss_RLY=7 |gf_RLY=7 |ga_RLY=20 |name_RLY=Railway FC<br />
|win_GGT=4 |draw_GGT=2 |loss_GGT=6 |gf_GGT=16 |ga_GGT=20 |name_GGT=[[George Telegraph SC|George Telegraph]]<br />
<br />
|adjust_points_MBG=-2<br />
|hth_MBG=Mohun Bagan were deducted 2 points as punishment for not playing match vs Measurers.<ref name=deduction>{{cite web|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/sports/football/calcutta-football-league-points-of-mohun-bagan-deducted/|title=কলকাতা লিগে দল না নামানোয় পয়েন্ট কাটা গেল মোহনবাগান-সাদার্নের, অবনমন বাঁচাতে বুধবার নামছে মহামেডান|work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]]|access-date=2025-09-09|lang=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|show_limit=5<br />
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots<br />
<br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result1=SS |result2=SS |result3=SS |result10= |result11=RL |result12=RL |result13=RL |col_SS=green1 |text_SS=[[#Super Six|Super Six]] round |col_RL=red1 |text_RL=[[#Relegation Round|Relegation round]]<br />
<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
<br />
|match_BSS_KMS=1-0<br />
|match_KSL_PAC=0-0<br />
|match_MEA_EAB=1-7<br />
|match_RLY_PTC=0-3<br />
|match_GGT_CCU=1-2<br />
<br />
|match_MBG_PAC=0-1<br />
|match_KSL_PTC=0-2<br />
|match_KMS_SUS=0-4<br />
|match_RLY_CCU=0-3<br />
|match_GGT_BSS=3-2<br />
<br />
|match_MBG_KSL=4-0<br />
|match_RLY_PAC=2-1<br />
|match_GGT_PTC=0-2<br />
|match_KMS_CCU=1-1<br />
|match_EAB_SUS=1-1<br />
<br />
|match_RLY_MBG=0-2<br />
|match_GGT_PAC=0-3<br />
|match_SUS_MEA=6-0<br />
|match_BSS_EAB=0-6<br />
|match_CCU_KSL=2-1<br />
<br />
|match_MBG_GGT=0-0<br />
|match_MEA_BSS=1-2<br />
|match_KSL_RLY=2-0<br />
|match_EAB_CCU=2-2<br />
|match_PAC_KMS=1-1<br />
<br />
|match_PTC_EAB=1-0<br />
|match_GGT_KSL=3-0<br />
|match_BSS_SUS=1-2<br />
|match_KMS_MBG=1-2<br />
|match_CCU_MEA=1-2<br />
<br />
|match_PTC_SUS=0-1<br />
|match_KMS_RLY=2-0<br />
|match_CCU_BSS=0-0<br />
|match_PAC_MEA=2-1<br />
|match_EAB_MBG=[[Kolkata Derby|3–2]]<br />
<br />
|match_KMS_PTC=0-0<br />
|match_EAB_PAC=0-2<br />
|match_PTC_MEA=1-0<br />
|match_RLY_GGT=2-2<br />
|match_KSL_KMS=2-1<br />
|match_SUS_CCU=2-2<br />
<br />
|match_EAB_KSL=1-0<br />
|match_GGT_KMS=1-2<br />
|match_RLY_EAB=0-3<br />
|match_SUS_PAC=2-2<br />
|match_BSS_PTC=2-0<br />
<br />
|match_CCU_PTC=3-1<br />
|match_KSL_MEA=1-0<br />
|match_PAC_BSS=4-1<br />
|match_MBG_SUS=1-1<br />
|match_MEA_RLY=0-0<br />
<br />
|match_BSS_MBG=2-5<br />
|match_CCU_PAC=1-0<br />
|match_SUS_KSL=0-1<br />
|match_EAB_GGT=4-0<br />
|match_MEA_MBG=3-0{{efn|Mohun Bagan didn't field their team, though players of Measurers Club were present at the ground. IFA counted it as a 3–0 victory to Measurers.}}<br />
<br />
|match_MBG_CCU=0-1<br />
|match_SUS_RLY=2-0<br />
|match_PAC_PTC=5-0<br />
|match_BSS_KSL=1-0<br />
|match_KMS_EAB=1-3<br />
<br />
|match_GGT_MEA=3-0<br />
|match_MBG_PTC=5-2<br />
|match_MEA_KMS=1-0<br />
|match_BSS_RLY=0-0<br />
|match_SUS_GGT=3-0<br />
<br />
|match_ARM_EAB=0-3<br />
|match_SUS_ARM=3-0<br />
|match_ARM_CCU=0-3<br />
|match_PAC_ARM=3-0<br />
|match_ARM_MBG=0-3<br />
|match_PTC_ARM=3-0<br />
<br />
|match_ARM_BSS=0-3<br />
|match_KSL_ARM=3-0<br />
|match_ARM_GGT=0-3<br />
|match_MEA_ARM=3-0<br />
|match_ARM_KMS=0-3<br />
|match_RLY_ARM=3-0<br />
<br />
<!--Empty match--><br />
|match_KMS_BSS=null|match_PAC_KSL=null<br />
|match_EAB_MEA=null|match_PTC_RLY=null<br />
|match_CCU_GGT=null|match_PAC_MBG=null<br />
|match_PTC_KSL=null|match_SUS_KMS=null<br />
|match_CCU_RLY=null|match_BSS_GGT=null |match_KSL_MBG=null|match_CCU_KMS=null<br />
|match_SUS_EAB=null|match_MBG_RLY=null<br />
|match_PAC_GGT=null|match_MEA_SUS=null <br />
|match_GGT_MBG=null|match_BSS_MEA=null<br />
|match_RLY_KSL=null|match_CCU_EAB=null<br />
|match_KMS_PAC=null|match_EAB_PTC=null<br />
|match_KSL_GGT=null|match_SUS_BSS=null<br />
|match_MBG_KMS=null|match_MEA_CCU=null<br />
|match_SUS_PTC=null|match_RLY_KMS=null<br />
|match_BSS_CCU=null|match_MBG_EAB=null<br />
|match_MEA_PAC=null|match_PTC_KMS=null<br />
|match_EAB_BSS=null|match_PAC_EAB=null<br />
|match_MEA_PTC=null|match_GGT_RLY=null<br />
|match_KMS_KSL=null|match_CCU_SUS=null<br />
|match_KSL_EAB=null|match_KMS_GGT=null<br />
|match_EAB_RLY=null|match_PAC_SUS=null<br />
|match_PTC_BSS=null|match_PTC_CCU=null<br />
|match_MEA_KSL=null|match_BSS_PAC=null<br />
|match_SUS_MBG=null|match_RLY_MEA=null<br />
|match_MBG_BSS=null|match_PAC_CCU=null<br />
|match_KSL_SUS=null|match_GGT_EAB=null<br />
|match_CCU_MBG=null|match_RLY_SUS=null<br />
|match_PTC_PAC=null|match_KSL_BSS=null<br />
|match_EAB_KMS=null|match_MEA_GGT=null<br />
|match_PTC_MBG=null|match_KMS_MEA=null<br />
|match_RLY_BSS=null|match_GGT_SUS=null<br />
|match_PAC_RLY=null|match_PTC_GGT=null<br />
|match_MBG_MEA=null|match_KSL_CCU=null<br />
|match_EAB_ARM=null|match_ARM_SUS=null<br />
|match_CCU_ARM=null|match_ARM_PAC=null<br />
|match_MBG_ARM=null|match_ARM_PTC=null<br />
|match_BSS_ARM=null|match_ARM_KSL=null<br />
|match_GGT_ARM=null|match_ARM_MEA=null<br />
|match_KMS_ARM=null|match_ARM_RLY=null<br />
}}{{Notelist}}</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
===Group B===<br />
<onlyinclude><br />
<!--To include this table in a page, use<br />
{{:2025 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Group B}}<br />
-->{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section= Group B<br />
|source= [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE positions below (check tiebreakers)--><br />
|team_order = UTD, DIH, UKS, BHA, PRL, RNB, SRB, KID, WAR, ARY, MDS, CPC, SOU<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE standings below (including date)--><br />
|update=complete<br />
|win_ARY=4 |draw_ARY=0 |loss_ARY=8 |gf_ARY=9 |ga_ARY=18 |name_ARY=[[Aryan FC|Aryan]]<br />
|win_CPC=1 |draw_CPC=1 |loss_CPC=10 |gf_CPC=8 |ga_CPC=28 |name_CPC=Calcutta Police Club<br />
|win_BHA=6 |draw_BHA=4 |loss_BHA=2 |gf_BHA=21 |ga_BHA=7 |name_BHA=[[Bhawanipore Club|Bhawanipore]]<br />
|win_DIH=7 |draw_DIH=4 |loss_DIH=1 |gf_DIH=16 |ga_DIH=5 |name_DIH=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<br />
|win_MDS=3 |draw_MDS=2 |loss_MDS=7 |gf_MDS=14 |ga_MDS=19 |name_MDS=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
|win_KID=5 |draw_KID=1 |loss_KID=6 |gf_KID=18 |ga_KID=26 |name_KID=[[Kidderpore SC|Kidderpore]]<br />
|win_RNB=5 |draw_RNB=5 |loss_RNB=2 |gf_RNB=22 |ga_RNB=9 |name_RNB=[[Rainbow AC|Rainbow]]<br />
|win_PRL=5 |draw_PRL=6 |loss_PRL=1 |gf_PRL=14 |ga_PRL=6 |name_PRL=[[Peerless SC|Peerless]]<br />
|win_SRB=4 |draw_SRB=6 |loss_SRB=2 |gf_SRB=19 |ga_SRB=15 |name_SRB=[[Sribhumi FC|Sribhumi]]<br />
|win_SOU=0 |draw_SOU=2 |loss_SOU=10 |gf_SOU=10 |ga_SOU=28 |name_SOU=[[Southern Samity]]<br />
|win_UKS=7 |draw_UKS=3 |loss_UKS=2 |gf_UKS=21 |ga_UKS=7 |name_UKS=United Kolkata SC<br />
|win_UTD=8 |draw_UTD=3 |loss_UTD=1 |gf_UTD=18 |ga_UTD=6 |name_UTD=[[United SC]]<br />
|win_WAR=4 |draw_WAR=1 |loss_WAR=7 |gf_WAR=10 |ga_WAR=26 |name_WAR=[[Wari AC|Wari]]<br />
<br />
|adjust_points_SOU=-2<br />
|hth_SOU=Southern Samity were deducted 2 points as punishment for not playing match vs Diamond Harbour.<ref name=deduction/><br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|show_limit=5<br />
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots<br />
<br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result1=SS |result2=SS |result3=SS |result10= |result11=RL |result12=RL |result13=RL |col_SS=green1 |text_SS=[[#Super Six|Super Six]] round |col_RL=red1 |text_RL=[[#Relegation Round|Relegation round]]<br />
<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
<br />
|match_SOU_SRB=2-2<br />
|match_CPC_UKS=0-1<br />
|match_KID_WAR=1-0<br />
|match_UTD_ARY=2-1<br />
|match_RNB_BHA=1-1<br />
<br />
|match_CPC_PRL=0-2<br />
|match_DIH_SRB=0-0<br />
|match_RNB_ARY=4-0<br />
|match_WAR_SOU=1-0<br />
|match_UTD_UKS=0-1<br />
|match_BHA_KID=5-0<br />
<br />
|match_CPC_MDS=2-2<br />
|match_SOU_BHA=0-2<br />
|match_UKS_RNB=1-0<br />
|match_KID_ARY=2-0<br />
|match_DIH_WAR=1-0<br />
|match_UTD_PRL=1-1<br />
<br />
|match_RNB_PRL=0-0<br />
|match_UTD_MDS=3-0<br />
|match_WAR_SRB=1-5<br />
|match_BHA_DIH=0–1<br />
|match_KID_UKS=0–4<br />
<br />
|match_SRB_BHA=2-2<br />
|match_UTD_CPC=2-1<br />
|match_SOU_UKS=3–4<br />
|match_KID_PRL=1–1<br />
|match_DIH_ARY=1–0<br />
<br />
|match_KID_MDS=3-2<br />
|match_BHA_WAR=3-0<br />
|match_RNB_CPC=3-0<br />
|match_PRL_SOU=2-1<br />
|match_DIH_UKS=0-0<br />
|match_ARY_SRB=0-1<br />
<br />
|match_WAR_UKS=0-5<br />
|match_PRL_SRB=4-0<br />
|match_KID_UTD=0-1<br />
|match_DIH_MDS=1-0<br />
|match_ARY_BHA=1-0<br />
<br />
|match_SOU_CPC=0-1<br />
|match_ARY_SOU=3-1<br />
|match_RNB_MDS=2-1<br />
|match_MDS_PRL=0-1<br />
|match_UTD_RNB=2-1<br />
<br />
|match_WAR_ARY=3-2<br />
|match_PRL_DIH=1-1<br />
|match_SRB_UKS=0-0<br />
|match_KID_CPC=4-2<br />
|match_SOU_MDS=1-2<br />
<br />
|match_DIH_CPC=4-0<br />
|match_WAR_PRL=1-1<br />
|match_KID_RNB=1-4<br />
|match_SOU_UTD=0-2<br />
|match_SRB_MDS=1-3<br />
|match_UKS_BHA=1-2<br />
<br />
|match_MDS_WAR=1-2<br />
|match_SOU_RNB=0-0<br />
|match_PRL_BHA=0-0<br />
|match_SRB_CPC=3-1<br />
|match_UKS_ARY=3–0<br />
<br />
|match_SOU_KID=2-6<br />
|match_SRB_UTD=1-1<br />
|match_MDS_BHA=1-2<br />
|match_ARY_PRL=1-0<br />
|match_CPC_WAR=1-2<br />
<br />
|match_PRL_UKS=1-0<br />
|match_CPC_BHA=0-4<br />
|match_DIH_UTD=0-2<br />
|match_MDS_ARY=1-0<br />
|match_UTD_WAR=2-0<br />
<br />
|match_RNB_DIH=2-2<br />
|match_DIH_KID=2-0<br />
|match_RNB_SRB=1-1<br />
|match_BHA_UTD=0-0<br />
<br />
|match_WAR_RNB=0-4<br />
|match_SOU_DIH=0-3{{efn|Southern Samity gave walkover, resulting a 0–3 victory for Diamond Harbour.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/sports/football/diamond-harbour-fc-into-the-super-six-of-cfl-bhawanipore-club-eliminated-as-southern-samity-will-not-play-their-last-match-dgtl/cid/1630718|title=খেলবে না সাদার্ন, বিনা যুদ্ধে সুপার সিক্সে অভিষেক বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়ের ডায়মন্ড হারবার! লিগ থেকে বিদায় সৃঞ্জয় বসুর ভবানীপুরের|website=anandabazar.com|access-date=2025-09-04|lang=bn}}</ref>}}<br />
|match_UKS_MDS=1-1<br />
|match_SRB_KID=3-0<br />
|match_ARY_CPC=1-0<br />
<br />
<!--Empty match--><br />
|match_SRB_SOU=null|match_UKS_CPC=null<br />
|match_WAR_KID=null|match_ARY_UTD=null<br />
|match_BHA_RNB=null|match_PRL_CPC=null<br />
|match_SRB_DIH=null|match_ARY_RNB=null<br />
|match_SOU_WAR=null|match_UKS_UTD=null<br />
|match_KID_BHA=null|match_MDS_CPC=null<br />
|match_BHA_SOU=null|match_RNB_UKS=null<br />
|match_ARY_KID=null|match_WAR_DIH=null<br />
|match_PRL_UTD=null|match_PRL_RNB=null<br />
|match_MDS_UTD=null|match_SRB_WAR=null<br />
|match_DIH_BHA=null|match_UKS_KID=null<br />
|match_BHA_SRB=null|match_CPC_UTD=null<br />
|match_UKS_SOU=null|match_PRL_KID=null<br />
|match_ARY_DIH=null|match_MDS_KID=null<br />
|match_WAR_BHA=null|match_CPC_RNB=null<br />
|match_SOU_PRL=null|match_UKS_DIH=null<br />
|match_SRB_ARY=null|match_UKS_WAR=null<br />
|match_SRB_PRL=null|match_UTD_KID=null<br />
|match_MDS_DIH=null|match_BHA_ARY=null<br />
|match_CPC_SOU=null|match_SOU_ARY=null<br />
|match_MDS_RNB=null|match_PRL_MDS=null<br />
|match_RNB_UTD=null|match_ARY_WAR=null<br />
|match_DIH_PRL=null|match_UKS_SRB=null<br />
|match_CPC_KID=null|match_MDS_SOU=null<br />
|match_CPC_DIH=null|match_PRL_WAR=null<br />
|match_RNB_KID=null|match_UTD_SOU=null<br />
|match_MDS_SRB=null|match_BHA_UKS=null<br />
|match_WAR_MDS=null|match_RNB_SOU=null<br />
|match_BHA_PRL=null|match_CPC_SRB=null<br />
|match_ARY_UKS=null|match_KID_SOU=null<br />
|match_UTD_SRB=null|match_BHA_MDS=null<br />
|match_PRL_ARY=null|match_WAR_CPC=null<br />
|match_UKS_PRL=null|match_BHA_CPC=null<br />
|match_UTD_DIH=null|match_ARY_MDS=null<br />
|match_WAR_UTD=null|match_DIH_RNB=null<br />
|match_KID_DIH=null|match_SRB_RNB=null<br />
|match_UTD_BHA=null|match_RNB_WAR=null<br />
|match_DIH_SOU=null|match_MDS_UKS=null<br />
|match_KID_SRB=null|match_CPC_ARY=null<br />
}}{{Notelist}}</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
== Super Six ==<br />
The top three teams from both groups qualified for the Super Six round with the points from the group stage being not carried over. Each team will be playing three matches against the qualified teams from the other group. Team getting highest points will be adjudged as champions.<br />
<br />
[[Indian Super League]], [[I-League 2]], [[I-League 3]] and [[Institutional League|institutional teams]] are ineligible for [[I-League 3|2026–27 I-League 3]] season. <br />
===Qualified teams===<br />
The six qualified teams for the Super Six phase from both the groups:<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:"<br />
|-<br />
! Group A !! Group B<br />
|-<br />
|[[East Bengal FC Reserves and Academy|East Bengal]]<br />
|[[United SC]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha|Suruchi Sangha]]<br />
|[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]] <br />
|-<br />
|[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]<br />
|United Kolkata SC <br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
===Standings & Fixtures===<br />
<onlyinclude><br />
<!--To include this table in a page, use<br />
{{:2025 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Super Six}}<br />
-->{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section= Super Six<br />
|source= [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]<br />
|update= complete <br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE positions below (check tiebreakers)--><br />
|team_order = EAB, UTD, SUS, DIH, UKS, CCU <br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE standings below (including date)--><br />
|win_EAB=3 |draw_EAB=0 |loss_EAB=0 |gf_EAB=8 |ga_EAB=2 |name_EAB=[[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]<sup>{{Small|([[Indian Super League|ISL]])}}</sup>|status_EAB=C<br />
|win_UTD=1 |draw_UTD=1 |loss_UTD=1 |gf_UTD=5 |ga_UTD=4 |name_UTD=[[United SC]]<sup>{{Small|([[I-League 2|IL2]])}}</sup> <br />
|win_SUS=1 |draw_SUS=1 |loss_SUS=1 |gf_SUS=5 |ga_SUS=6 |name_SUS=[[New Alipore Suruchi Sangha|Suruchi Sangha]]|status_SUS=Q<br />
|win_CCU=1 |draw_CCU=0 |loss_CCU=2 |gf_CCU=2 |ga_CCU=7 |name_CCU=[[Calcutta Customs Club|Calcutta Customs]]<br />
|win_UKS=1 |draw_UKS=0 |loss_UKS=2 |gf_UKS=5 |ga_UKS=6 |name_UKS=United Kolkata|status_UKS=Q<br />
|win_DIH=1 |draw_DIH=0 |loss_DIH=2 |gf_DIH=5 |ga_DIH=5 |name_DIH=[[Diamond Harbour FC|Diamond Harbour]]<sup>{{Small|([[I-League|IL]])}}</sup><br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|show_limit=5<br />
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result1=C<br />
|col_C=Gold<br />
|text_C=[[Champion|Champions]] <!--& Eligible for [[I-League 3]]--><br />
|result5=IL3|result3=IL3<br />
|col_IL3=#cfc<br />
|text_IL3={{nowrap|Eligible for [[I-League 3]]}}{{efn|If the top teams are already playing in national leagues, then the next highest ranked team(s) would be eligible for [[I-League 3]].}}<br />
<br />
<!--Show match--><br />
|match_EAB_UKS=3–0<br />
|match_SUS_DIH=0–4<br />
<br />
|match_CCU_UTD=0–2<br />
|match_EAB_DIH=3–1<br />
<br />
|match_UTD_SUS=2–2<br />
|match_CCU_UKS=0–5<br />
<br />
|match_DIH_CCU=0-2<br />
|match_UTD_EAB=1-2<br />
|match_UKS_SUS=0-3<br />
<br />
<!--Empty match--><br />
|match_UKS_EAB=null|match_DIH_SUS=null|<br />
|match_UTD_CCU=null|match_DIH_EAB=null<br />
|match_SUS_UTD=null|match_UKS_CCU=null<br />
|match_CCU_DIH=null|match_EAB_UTD=null<br />
|match_SUS_UKS=null|match_EAB_SUS=null |match_SUS_EAB=null|match_EAB_CCU=null |match_CCU_EAB=null|match_DIH_UTD=null<br />
|match_DIH_UKS=null|match_SUS_CCU=null<br />
|match_CCU_SUS=null|match_UKS_DIH=null<br />
|match_UKS_UTD=null|match_UTD_UKS=null<br />
|match_UTD_DIH=null<br />
}}</onlyinclude>{{Notelist}}<br />
<br />
== Relegation Round ==<br />
The bottom teams from both groups qualified for the Relegation round with the points from the group stage being carried over. The bottom 2 teams in the relegation round will be relegated to [[Calcutta Football League#Structure|First Division]].<br />
===Qualified teams===<br />
The six teams for the Relegation phase from both the groups are:<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: left; font-size:"<br />
|-<br />
! Group A !! Group B<br />
|-<br />
|[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]]<br />
|[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]] <br />
|-<br />
|Railway FC<br />
|Calcutta Police Club<br />
|-<br />
|[[Army Red football team|Army Red]]<br />
|[[Southern Samity]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Standings & Fixtures===<br />
<onlyinclude><br />
<!--To include this table in a page, use<br />
{{:2025 CFL Premier Division|transcludesection=Relegation}}<br />
-->{{#invoke:Sports table|main|style=WDL<br />
|section= Relegation<br />
|source= [https://theawayend.co/calcutta-premier-division/ The Away End]<br />
|start_date=13 September 2025<br />
<br />
<!--UPDATE positions below (check tiebreakers)--><br />
|team_order = MDS, KMS, RLY, CPC, SOU, AR<br />
|update=13 September 2025<br />
<!--UPDATE standings below (including date)--><br />
|win_AR=0 |draw_AR=0 |loss_AR=0 |gf_AR=0 |ga_AR=0 |name_AR=[[Army Red football team|Army Red]]{{efn|Army Red didn't field their team in Relegation stage, thus IFA gave free 3 points to all other teams of Group A with 3–0 victory.}} |status_AR=R<br />
|win_CPC=1 |draw_CPC=2 |loss_CPC=10 |gf_CPC=8 |ga_CPC=28 <br />
|name_CPC=Calcutta Police Club <br />
|win_SOU=0 |draw_SOU=2 |loss_SOU=12 |gf_SOU=10 |ga_SOU=34 |name_SOU=[[Southern Samity]]{{efn|Southern Samity gave walkover against Mohammedan and Kalighat MS respectively and subsequently withdrew from competition after no chance of exempting relegation; IFA cancelled all other remaining matches.}}|status_SOU=R<br />
|win_RLY=1 |draw_RLY=4 |loss_RLY=8 |gf_RLY=5 |ga_RLY=26<br />
|name_RLY=Railway FC <br />
|win_MDS=5 |draw_MDS=2 |loss_MDS=7 |gf_MDS=23 |ga_MDS=20 |name_MDS=[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]<br />
|win_KMS=4 |draw_KMS=3 |loss_KMS=6 |gf_KMS=15 |ga_KMS=16 |name_KMS=[[Kalighat Milan Sangha FC|Kalighat MS]] <br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|adjust_points_SOU=-2<br />
|hth_SOU=Southern Samity were deducted 2 points as punishment for not playing match vs Diamond Harbour.<ref name=deduction/><br />
<br />
|show_limit=5<br />
|class_rules=1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal difference; 4) goal difference; 5) number of goals scored; 6) drawing of lots<br />
<br />
<!--Table settings and rules--><br />
|res_col_header=Q<br />
|result5=R |result6=R<br />
|col_R=#fcc<br />
|text_R=Relegated to '''{{nowrap|[[Calcutta Football League#CFL 1st Division|First Division]]}}'''<br />
<br />
|solid_cell=grey<br />
|matches_style=FBR<br />
|show_matches=y<br />
<br />
|match_MDS_SOU=3-0<br />
|match_RLY_CPC=0-0<br />
<br />
|match_MDS_RLY=6-1<br />
|match_KMS_SOU=3-0<br />
<br />
|match_KMS_CPC=ABN<br />
|match_RLY_SOU=ABN<br />
<br />
|match_KMS_RLY=ABN<br />
|match_MDS_CPC=ABN<br />
<br />
|match_MDS_KMS=ABN<br />
|match_CPC_SOU=ABN<br />
<br />
<!--Empty match--><br />
|match_SOU_MDS=null|match_KMS_MDS=null<br />
|match_AR_KMS=null|match_AR_MDS=null<br />
|match_AR_SOU=null|match_AR_RLY=null<br />
|match_AR_CPC=null|match_RLY_MDS=null<br />
|match_CPC_KMS=null|match_CPC_RLY=null<br />
|match_CPC_MDS=null|match_RLY_KMS=null<br />
|match_SOU_KMS=null|match_SOU_RLY=null<br />
|match_SOU_CPC=null|match_KMS_AR=null<br />
|match_MDS_AR=null|match_SOU_AR=null |match_RLY_AR=null|match_CPC_AR=null<br />
}}</onlyinclude><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[2025 Bengal Super League]]<br />
* [[2025–26 I-League 3]]<br />
* [[2025–26 Indian State Leagues]]<br />
* [[2025–26 in Indian football]]<br />
* [[2025 IFA Shield]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Calcutta Football League}}<br />
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:2025 CFL Premier Division}}<br />
[[Category:CFL Premier Division seasons]]<br />
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football leagues]]<br />
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Third_Anglo-Mysore_War&diff=470793Third Anglo-Mysore War2026-03-28T08:12:26Z<p>Bhoirake: quick correct details to improve readability for consistency</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Conflict in India (1790–1792)}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox military conflict<br />
| conflict = Third Anglo-Mysore War<br />
| partof = the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]<br />
| image = Anglo-Mysore War 3.png<br />
| image_size = 300<br />
| caption = A map of the war theatre<br />
| date = 1790 – 18 March 1792<br />
| place = [[South India]]<br />
| result = British victory<br />
* [[Treaty of Seringapatam]]<br />
| territory = Kingdom of Mysore lost about one-half of its territory to opponents.<br />
| combatant1 = {{Tree list}}<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]]<br />
** {{flagicon image|Arakkal flag 1.png}} [[Arakkal Kingdom]]<br />
** [[Savanur State]]<br />
{{Tree list end}}<br />
{{flagcountry|Kingdom of France}}<br />
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}{{flag|Great Britain}}<br />
** {{flag|East India Company}} {{Tree list end}}<br />
{{flag|Maratha Empire}}<br>{{flag|Travancore}}<br>[[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]]<br />
| commander1 = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Tipu Sultan]]{{KIA}}<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Purnaiah]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Sipahsalar Sayyid Abdul Ghaffar Sahib|Ghaffar Sahib]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Reza Sahib]]{{POW}}<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Sipahsalar Sayyid Abdul Hamid Sahib|Hamid Sahib]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Martab Khan Sahib|Martab Sahib]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Buhadur Khan Sahib|Buhadur Sahib]]<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane |first=M.S. |title=Battles of the Honorourable East India Company |publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |year=2014 |isbn=9788131300343 |pages=177}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Badr ul-Zaman Khan Sahib|Badr ul-Zaman Sahib]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Hussein Ali Khan Sahib|Hussein Sahib]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Jemaul Beig]]{{KIA}}<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Sipahdar Syad Hamid Sahib|Sipahdar Sahib]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Sher Khan Sahib|Sher Sahib]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Martab Khan]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Hussain Ali Khan]]<br />
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|border=}} [[Kamaluddin]]<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|year=2011 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=kamaluddin&pg=PA22|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849|publisher=Routledge|page=22|isbn=978-0-415-58767-9|access-date=1 April 2018}}</ref><br />
* {{flagicon image|Arakkal flag 1.png}} [[Ali Raja]]<br />
* {{flagicon|Kingdom of France}} [[Chevalier de Lalée]] {{KIA}}<br />
}}<br />
| commander2 = {{plainlist|<br />
* {{flagicon|Great Britain}} [[Robert Abercromby of Airthrey|Robert Abercromby]]<br />
* {{flagicon|Great Britain}} [[Richard John Strachan|Richard Strachan]]<br />
* {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[William Medows]]<br />
* {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles Cornwallis]]<br />
* {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[John Little (East India Company officer)|John Little]]<br />
* {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet|John Floyd]]<br />
* {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[John Chalmers (East India Company officer)|John Chalmers]]{{POW}}<br />
* {{flagicon|East India Company}} [[James Hartley (East India Company officer)|James Hartley]]<br />
* {{flagicon|Travancore}} [[Dharma Raja]]<br />
* {{flagicon|Travancore}} [[Kesava Pillai]]{{WIA}}<br />
* {{flagicon|Travancore}} [[Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai|Vaikom Pillai]]<br />
* {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Parshuram Bhau]]<br />
* {{flagicon|Maratha Empire}} [[Hari Pant]]<br />
* [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Teige Wunt]]<br />
* [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Mahabat Jung]]<br />
* [[File:Flag of the State of Hyderabad (18th century-1900).svg|22px]] [[Renuka Das Bhalerao|Renuka Bhalerao]]<br />
}}<br />
* <br />
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Third Anglo-Mysore War}}<br />
{{Campaignbox Anglo-Mysore Wars}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Third Anglo-Mysore War''' (1790–1792) was a military conflict in [[South India|Southern India]] between the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore Sultanate]] and the [[East India Company]], [[Maratha Empire]], [[Travancore|Kingdom of Travancore]] and the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]]. It was the third of four [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]].<ref name=Naravane>{{Cite book |last=Naravane|first=M. S.|year=2014|title=Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj |location=New Delhi|publisher=A.P.H. Publishing Corporation |pages=175–178|isbn=978-81-313-0034-3}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
<br />
[[Tipu Sultan]], the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], and his father [[Hyder Ali]] before him, had previously fought twice with the forces of the British [[East India Company]]. The [[First Anglo-Mysore War]], fought in the 1760s, had ended inconclusively on both sides, with treaty provisions including promises of mutual assistance in future conflicts. British failure to support Mysore in conflicts with the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Confederacy]] and other actions supportive of Mysore's enemies led Hyder to develop a dislike for the British.{{fact|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
After the British took the French-controlled port of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]] in 1779, Hyder, who had been receiving military supplies through that port and had placed it under his protection, opened the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. This war ended with the last British–Indian treaty with an Indian ruler on equal footing, the 1784 [[Treaty of Mangalore]], which restored the ''[[status quo ante bellum]]'' under terms company officials such as [[Warren Hastings]] found extremely unfavourable for the British East India Company. Tipu, who gained control of Mysore after his father's death in December 1782, maintained an implacable hatred of the British, and declared not long after signing the 1784 treaty that he intended to continue battle with them given the opportunity.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=546}} He refused to free British prisoners taken during the war, one of the conditions of the treaty. Tipu Sultan further strengthened his alliances with [[Ali Raja|Ali Raja Bibi Junumabe II]] the Muslim ruler and the [[Mappila Muslims|Mappila Muslim]] community of a region under the [[Zamorin]] of the Calicut empire, thus expanding the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultanate of Mysore]]'s sphere of influence.{{fact|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
British General [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Charles, 2nd Earl Cornwallis]] became the [[Governor-General of India]] and [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief]] for the East India Company in 1786. While he formally abrogated agreements with the Marathas and Hyderabad that violated terms of the 1784 treaty,{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=546}} he sought informally to gain their support and that of the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], or at least their neutrality, in the event of conflict with Mysore.{{fact|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
Also, [[Pitt's India Act|Pitt's "India Act"]] came into force in 1784, which made East India Company subordinated to the British crown, making the Company's power insignificant and marking the rise of direct British imperial control in India. Thus, unlike the earlier wars, where Tipu and his father confronted the Company, Tipu would now be fighting, in effect, against the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roos |first=Dave |date=2020-10-23 |title=How the East India Company Became the World's Most Powerful Monopoly |url=https://www.history.com/articles/east-india-company-england-trade |access-date=2025-08-27 |website=HISTORY |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Events leading to war==<br />
<br />
[[File:TipuSultan1790.jpg|thumb|left|An anonymous portrait of [[Tipu Sultan]], made during the Third Anglo-Mysore War.]]<br />
<br />
In 1788, the company gained control of the [[Circar]] of [[Guntur district|Guntur]], the southernmost of the [[Northern Circars]], which the company had acquired under earlier agreements with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]]. In exchange, the company provided the Nizam with two battalions of company troops.{{sfnp|Wickwire|1980|p=127}} Both of these acts placed British troops closer to Mysore, but also guaranteed the Nizam would support the British in the event of conflict.{{sfnp|Wickwire|1980|p=128}}<br />
<br />
[[Travancore]] had been a target of Tipu for acquisition or conquest since the end of the previous war. Indirect attempts to take over the kingdom had failed in 1788, and [[Archibald Campbell (British Army officer, born 1739)|Archibald Campbell]], the [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] president at the time, had warned Tipu that an attack on Travancore would be treated as a declaration of war on the company as per the [[Treaty of Mangalore]].{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=549}} The rajah of Travancore also angered Tipu by extending fortifications along the border with Cochin into territory claimed by Mysore as belonging to its vassal state, and by purchasing from the [[Dutch East India Company]] two forts in the [[Kingdom of Cochin]], a state paying tribute to Tipu Sultan.{{fact|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
In 1789 Tipu Sultan sent forces onto the [[Malabar Coast]] to put down a rebellion. Many people fled to Travancore, a state independent of Mysore and to [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]], a state paying tribute to Tipu, in the wake of his advance.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=548}} To follow them, Tipu began in the fall of 1789 to build up troops at [[Coimbatore]] in preparation for an assault on the [[Nedumkotta]], a fortified line of defence built by [[Dharma Raja]] of Travancore to protect his domain. Cornwallis, observing this build-up, reiterated to Campbell's successor, John Holland, that an attack on Travancore should be considered a declaration of war, and met with a strong British response. Tipu, aware that Holland was not the experienced military officer that Campbell was, and that he did not have the close relationship that Campbell and Cornwallis had (both had served in North America in the [[American Revolutionary War]]), probably decided that this was an opportune time to attack.{{fact|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Early campaigns==<br />
On 29 December 1789, Tipu marched 14,000 troops from Coimbatore and [[Battle of Nedumkotta|attacked Nedumkotta]]. The first phase was a defeat for Tipu, when the Travancore forces under [[Raja Kesavadas|Kesava Pillai]] inflicted severe losses on the Tipu's forces and drove them back. While the Mysorean forces and their allies regrouped, Governor Holland, much to Cornwallis' dismay, engaged in negotiations with Tipu rather than mobilising the military. Cornwallis was on the brink of going to [[Chennai|Madras]] to take command when he received word that Holland's replacement, General [[William Medows]] was about to arrive. Medows forcibly removed Holland, and set about planning operations against Tipu while building up troops at [[Trichinopoly]].{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=550}}<br />
<br />
===Medows' campaign, 1790===<br />
{{Keralahistory}}<br />
<br />
It was May before Medows was prepared to march. In the meantime, Tipu had renewed his attack on Travancore, and successfully breached the Nedumkotta line in late April 1790, despite the heavy losses inflicted by the Tranvancorean army.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=550}} The Travancorean army made a strategic retreat to the further bank of the [[Periyar River]] and regrouped, preparing to contest the crossing of the river. The [[monsoon]] rains prevented the Mysorean army from fording the river and as Tipu received the news that the British campaign from Madras began to take shape as a significant threat, he retreated from Travancore.{{fact|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
The plan of attack developed by Medows called for a two-pronged attack, with the main thrust against the [[Coimbatore district]] and a diversionary thrust into Mysore from the northeast.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|pp=550–551}} Cornwallis was unhappy with this plan, due in part to the lateness of the season (combat being much more difficult during the monsoon season), and the lengthy supply lines from Madras that the plan entailed. However, he was willing to give Medows the opportunity for independent command.{{fact|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
Medows moved out of Trichinopoly in late May. Hampered by weather and equipment problems, his progress was slow. He met little resistance, as Tipu had withdrawn his main forces to the Mysore highlands. On 21 July, Medows entered Coimbatore unopposed, after having taken some of the smaller fortifications in the district by either abandonment or the immediate surrender of the garrison.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=552}} His only opposition consisted of 4,000 cavalry under Sayed Sahib that Tipu had detached to observe and harass his operations; most of these were eventually driven across the [[Bhavani River]] by Medows' cavalry. Further strong points in the district fell, with [[Palakkad Fort|Palghat]] and [[Dindigul Fort|Dindigul]] requiring significant action to capture.{{fact|date=November 2025}}<br />
<br />
Although the campaign was successful in gaining complete control of the Coimbatore district, Medows had to divide his forces to hold it, with the largest detachments at Coimbatore, Palghat, and [[Sathyamangalam]]. The attack from Bengal, and a third from [[Bombay]], were late in getting started when Tipu made his counterattack.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=554}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Demons Attacking Fort Defended by European Troops WDL2947.png|175px|thumb|left|Unsigned watercolor by unknown Indian artist.]]<br />
<br />
===Tipu's counterattack===<br />
On 2 September, Tipu left Srirangapatnam at the head of a 40,000-man army. Descending the mountain passes beginning on 9 September, he began to move toward Sathyamangalam. While the 2,800-man garrison there withstood an initial assault from Tipu's force on 13 September, Captain [[Sir John Floyd, 1st Baronet|John Floyd]], the garrison commander, opted to withdraw. Under cover of night, they crossed the Bhavani and headed for Coimbatore. Tipu, slowed by heavy rains, sent 15,000 cavalry in pursuit. These eventually caught up and captured much of Floyd's baggage train, and continued to pursue the weary garrison.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=554}} That evening, the full force of Tipu's army fell upon them as they camped at Cheyoor. A desperate stand by the infantry repulsed repeated assaults, and only the arrival of reinforcements sent by Medows rescued them.<br />
<br />
Tipu then embarked on a campaign of harassing the British supply and communications, while screening the movements of his main force. In early November, he successfully misled Medows, moving much of his army north to attack the smaller Bengal force. This force, about 9,000 men led by Colonel Maxwell, had reached [[Kaveripattinam, Krishnagiri|Kaveripattinam]] and strongly fortified his position.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=558}} Unable to penetrate the defences, Tipu withdrew to the south on 14 November after learning that Medows was on his trail again. Medows and Maxwell joined forces on 17 November, and pursued Tipu, who had decided to make a move toward Trichinopoly. Unable to do more than pillage the town before Medows arrived, Tipu then moved on to rampage through the [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], destroying towns and seizing supplies as he went. He ended up at the French outpost at [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]], where he attempted to interest the French in supporting his efforts against the British. As France was then in the early stages of [[French Revolution|its revolution]], these efforts were entirely unsuccessful. Medows at this point moved toward Madras, where he turned over command of his army to Lord Cornwallis.<br />
<br />
===Allied advances===<br />
[[File:Cornwallis map 1790-1.png|thumb|Map of movements in 1790-1791]]<br />
Tipu sultan had turned the wars against the British, Kerala and the Marathas into a religious war, as evidenced by his personal letters.<br />
He massacred numerous Hindus and Christians, not sparing even the women and children and destroyed numerous churches, Hindu temples and even synagogues. Tipu has been a controversial figure and criticised for his repression of Hindus and Christians.<ref name="Varghese404">{{cite book|last=Varghese|first=Alexander P.|year= 2008|title=India: History, Religion, Vision and Contribution to the World |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y7GKwhuea9kC&q=tipu&pg=PA404 |volume=I|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=404|isbn=978-81-269-0903-2}}</ref><ref name="Sanyal 2016 188">{{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Sanjeev|author-link=Sanjeev Sanyal|year=2016 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oNekDAAAQBAJ|title=The Ocean of Churn: How the Indian Ocean Shaped Human History|publisher=Penguin UK|page=188|isbn=978-93-86057-61-7}}</ref> Various sources describe the massacres,<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Menon|editor-first=A. Sreedhara |editor-link=A. Sreedhara Menon|year=1972 |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/system/files/nvli_pdfs/GR401.pdf#page=146 |title=Kerala District Gazetteers: Cannanore |location=Trivandrum|publisher=Government Press|pages=134–137|access-date=7 October 2021}}</ref><ref name="Villain or Hero">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bk5uAAAAMAAJ|title=Tipu Sultan: Villain or Hero?: An Anthology|publisher=Voice of India|year=1993|page=30|isbn=978-81-85990-08-8|access-date=15 November 2011}}</ref> imprisonment,<ref name="Moegling 1855 117">{{cite book|last=Moegling|first=H.|author-link=Hermann Mögling|year=1855|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k5ABAAAAQAAJ|title=Coorg Memoirs: An Account of Coorg and of the Coorg Mission|location=Bangalore |publisher=Wesleyan Mission Press|page=117|access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="PennyCyclopaedia494">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Tippoo Saib|encyclopedia=[[Penny Cyclopaedia|The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge]] |volume=XXIII |location=London |publisher=Charles Knight and Co.|year=1842|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Ad9PAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA494 494]}}</ref>{{sfnp|Farias|1999|p=76}} forced conversion,{{sfnp|Cariappa|1981|p=48}}<ref name="Knight85">{{cite encyclopedia|editor-last=Knight|editor-first=Charles|editor-link=Charles Knight (publisher) |title=Tippoo Saib|encyclopedia=[[English Cyclopaedia|The English Cyclopædia: A New Dictionary of Universal Knowledge]]|volume=VI|location=London|publisher=Bradbury and Evans|year=1858|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QuY-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA85 85]}}</ref><ref name="dajser2">{{cite interview|last=Sequeira|first=Jerald |url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=28|title=A Man with Mission & Vision|website=[[Daijiworld Media|daijiworld.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060510000451/http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/achievers_view.asp?a_id=28|archive-date=10 May 2006|access-date=29 February 2008}}</ref> and circumcision<ref name="Wilks545">{{cite book|last=Wilks|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Wilks|editor-last=Hammick|editor-first=Murray|editor-link=Murray Hammick|year=1989 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEvQL8wHHngC&q=coorgs&pg=PA283|title=Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the History of Mysoor|volume=II|location=New Delhi; Madras|publisher=Asian Educational Services |page=545|isbn=978-81-206-0491-9|access-date=12 February 2014}}</ref>{{sfnp|Prabhu|1999|p=213}} of Hindus ([[Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam|Kodavas of Coorg]] and [[Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam|Nairs of Malabar]]) and Christians ([[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|Catholics of Mangalore]]) and the destruction of churches<ref name="Lobo2">{{cite web|last=Lobo|first=Joe |date=3 May 2007|url=http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-chi.|title=Sarasvati's Children|website=Kinnigoli.com|publisher=Immaculate Conception Church, Kinnigoli|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140829175532/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-chi. |archive-date=2014-08-29}}</ref> and temples<ref name="Panikkassery">Panikkassery, Velayudhan. MM Publications (2007), Kottayam India{{Full citation needed|date=October 2021}}{{page needed|date=October 2021}}</ref> which are cited as evidence for his religious intolerance. He also reneged on his promises of humanely treating and releasing the prisoners of wars, e.g. in one case noted by a chronicler, he killed a local king who had submitted to him and had his body dragged through the city. Many Christian missionaries also documented his torture of local Christians and destroying their churches and temples. {{Citation needed|date=September 2022}}<br />
<br />
However, others have pointed out that Tipu's actions against the Hindus of Coorg and Malabar, and the Nairs were in consequence were due to political motives, after they had rebelled "six times" and he had forgiven them, similar to how he punished the Christians of Kanara<ref name="auto1">{{cite book |last1=Mohibbul |first1=Hasan |title=History of Tipu Sultan |date=1971 |publisher=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD |location=Calcutta |page=362 |edition=2nd}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brittlebank |first1=Kate |title=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan |date=2019 |publisher=Juggernaut |page=48}}</ref> during the Second Anglo-Mysore War after they had committed treason, rendering invaluable help to the English.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Brittlebank |first1=Kate |title=Tiger: The Life of Tipu Sultan |date=2019 |publisher=Juggernaut |page=24}}</ref> In fact, a Maratha raid had destroyed a Hindu temple at Sringeri during the war in 1791, committing sacrilege by plundering the temple and killing or wounding locals, which included locals and Brahamins, leading its Swami to plea for help from Tipu, who quickly dispatched men and funds to help restore the temple.<ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Mohibbul |first1=Hasan |title=History of Tipu Sultan |date=1971 |publisher=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD |location=Calcutta |page=361 |edition=2nd}}</ref><br />
That Tipu had appointed various Hindus to high posts at court and as officers in his army during the war stands contrary to the claims that he turned the battle into a religious war,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mohibbul |first1=Hasan |title=History of Tipu Sultan |date=1971 |publisher=THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD |location=Calcutta |page=358 |edition=2nd}}</ref> and given that Tipu had given grants to numerous temples, and never prevented Hindus from worshipping,<ref name="auto"/> funded the construction of a Gopur temple in Conjeeveram during this war, and even participated in and bore some of the costs of the local Hindu festivals which occurred during his stay.<ref name="auto"/><br />
<br />
During the summer of 1790, a Maratha army of some 30,000 under the command of Purseram Bhow, accompanied by a detachment of British troops from Bombay, began marching toward Mysore. The first several Mysorean outposts surrendered in the face of the large army, and it made steady if slow progress until it reached [[Darwar]] in September. The fort was [[Siege of Darwar|weakly and indifferently besieged]] for 29 weeks, with the garrison finally surrendering on 3 April 1791.{{sfnp|Mill|Wilson|1858|p=275}} The army then continued to advance, reaching the [[Tungabhadra River]] in early May.<br />
<br />
A second army, consisting of 25,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry under the command of Hurry Punt assisted by a detachment of British soldiers from the Madras army, left [[Poona]] in January 1791, eventually reaching [[Kurnool]] without significant opposition.{{sfnp|Duff|1921|p=202}} Hurry Punt went to confer with the Nizam, who had not crossed into Mysore in fear that Tipu's large army would overwhelm his before it could be joined to that of one of the other allies. On receiving word that Cornwallis had captured [[Bangalore]] and was moving toward the Mysorean capital, [[Seringapatam|Srirangapatnam]], Hurry Punt moved out from Kurnool, and made junction with Cornwallis on 28 May.<br />
<br />
The Nizam's army, led by Mahabat Jung, advanced to [[Koppal]], which [[Siege of Koppal|they besieged]] in October 1790. Poor-quality cannons impeded the conduct of the siege, which was not successfully concluded until April 1791.<br />
<br />
[[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|Earl Cornwallis]], portrait by [[Thomas Gainsborough]]]]<br />
<br />
===British take the Malabar Coast===<br />
British forces succeeded in taking control of the Malabar Coast late in 1790. One force under Colonel Hartley gained [[Battle of Tirurangadi|a decisive victory]] at [[History of Kozhikode|Calicut]] in December, while a second under [[Robert Abercromby of Airthrey|Robert Abercromby]] routed the Sultan [[Capture of Cannanore|at Cannanore]] a few days later.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=561}}<br />
<br />
===Nawab of Savanur===<br />
<br />
Territory associated with the Nawab of Savanur were lost to the [[Maratha Confederacy]]. Such events caused mistrust between the English and the agenda of the [[Peshwa]].<br />
<br />
==First advance on Seringapatam==<br />
{{See also|Cornwallis in India}}<br />
[[File:Cornwallis's army marching towards Malwakul.jpg|thumb|Cornwallis's army marching towards Malwakul]]<br />
Cornwallis' first goal was to take the strong point of [[Bangalore]], which would provide a base for future operations against Seringapatam. He hoped that this would stimulate the allies to step up their activity. Anticipating that Tipu would engage in a [[scorched earth|scorched-earth]] campaign in the highlands of Mysore, he made significant arrangements for provisions. To assist in the hauling of supplies and heavy armaments he also retained a significant number of elephants.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=563}}<br />
[[File:The Death of Colonel Moorehouse at the Storming of the Pettah Gate of Bangalore 7 March 1791.jpg|thumb|The Death of Colonel Moorehouse, Madrass Artillery, at the Storming of the Pettah Gate of Bangalore, 7 March 1791]]<br />
Cornwallis took over the main Company army at [[Vellore]] on 29 January 1791. A week later he marched west, as if to pass through the [[Eastern Ghats]] at that point. This prompted Tipu to abandon Pondicherry and make haste for Bangalore, where he perceived his [[harem]] to be at some risk. Although Tipu placed defences on some of the passes, Cornwallis, after a number of feints, turned sharply north, and crossed the mountains at the Muglee Pass on 21 February against no opposition.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=564}} He then continued to advance, against virtually no resistance, until he was very nearly before the gates of Bangalore on 5 March. Tipu had fortified the city and supplied the garrison, but he stayed with his main force on the outskirts of the Company positions as Cornwallis [[Siege of Bangalore|began siege operations]]. After six weeks of siege, in which the company had to repeatedly beat off attacks and skirmishes from Tipu, they successfully stormed the citadel.<br />
<br />
[[File:James Gillray - The Coming-On, of the Monsoons, or - The Retreat from Seringapatam - B1981.25.1062 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg|thumb|left|Political cartoon by [[James Gillray]], making fun of Lord Cornwallis after his 1791 retreat from [[Seringapatam]]]]<br />
After securing Bangalore, Cornwallis turned his army north to meet a supply caravan and the Nizam's army, which took place on 12 April about {{convert|80|mi|km}} north of Bangalore. Turning back toward Bangalore, Cornwallis found the Nizam's men to be noticeably unhelpful. He had hoped that the addition of native cavalry to the army would assist in offsetting Tipu's advantage in that quarter, but the Nizam's men, commanded by Teige Wunt, were interested in plunder and in living off the army's supplies instead of foraging and scouting against Tipu.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=570}}<br />
<br />
The Company then embarked on a series of operations to secure most of the area around Bangalore before moving on to Seringapatam. When Cornwallis was seeking a ford at which to cross the [[Cauvery River]], Tipu offered him battle at a ford near the village of [[Arakere, Shrirangapattana|Arakere]]. In [[Battle of Arakere|the ensuing battle]] on 15 May, Cornwallis flanked Tipu's position and drove him to retreat behind Seringapatam's walls.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=575}} Since the Marathan forces were apparently not nearby, and it seemed unlikely that Abercromby would arrive with the Malabar forces, and his army was on the verge of starvation, Cornwallis then made the difficult decision on 22 May to destroy his siege train and retreat.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=576}} Only three days later, the Maratha army arrived, Tipu having successfully prevented most of its messengers from reaching Cornwallis before then.<br />
<br />
Cornwallis' retreat to Bangalore exposed the Coimbatore district to Tipu's forces. On 11 June, 2,000 Mysorean forces [[Siege of Coimbatore|laid siege to Coimbatore]]. Lieutenant Chalmers, the garrison commander, ignored orders from Cornwallis to withdraw if attacked in force, and chose to fight, in spite of having less than 300 men and inferior gunpowder. His defence was spirited, and reinforcements from [[Palakkad Fort|Palgautcherry]] prompted him to sortie and successfully take the defenders' supply train in August. Eight thousand more Mysoreans then arrived, but Chalmers held out until 6 November. In violation of the agreed terms of surrender Chalmers and his men were taken prisoner.{{sfnp|Fortescue|1902|p=578}}<br />
<br />
==Second advance on Seringapatam==<br />
[[File:Tippu's cannon.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces at the battle of [[Seringapatam]] 1799]]<br />
[[File:The North Entrance Into The Fort Of Bangalore -with Tipu's flag flying-.jpg|thumb|The flag of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] at the entrance into the fort of [[Bangalore]].]]<br />
<br />
Following the allied retreat to Bangalore, the armies of Purseram Bhow and Teige Wunt left the grand army to pursue territorial gains in Mysore's northern territories. Purseram Bhow, desirous of recapturing the Bednore district that Tipu's father Hyder had taken in an earlier war, captured [[Capture of Hooly Honore|Hooly Honore]] and [[Capture of Shimoga|Shimoga]], although British forces attached to his army did much of the necessary work. Only the threatened arrival of a detachment from Tipu's army prevented him from laying siege to Bednore itself. Bhow did not return to the grand army until after peace negotiations began at Seringapatam.<br />
<br />
Whereas the earl's younger brother, Commodore [[William Cornwallis]], was engaged in the naval [[Battle of Tellicherry]], Charles spent the remainder of 1791 securing his supply lines to Madras. To this end he laid siege to [[Siege of Nundydroog|Nundydroog]] in November and [[Siege of Savendroog|Savendroog]] in December, both of which fell after unexpectedly modest efforts. He also ordered a massive supply operation to ensure that adequate supplies and pay for his army and those of the allies would be available. Spies were sent to infiltrate Tipu's camps, and he began to receive more reliable reports of the latter's troop strengths and disposition.{{sfnp|Wickwire|1980|p=161}}<br />
<br />
The relations between Cornwallis and the allies were difficult. The Marathan military leaders, Purseram Bhow and Hurry Punt, had to be bribed to stay with the army, and Cornwallis reported the Hyderabadi forces to be more of a hindrance than a help; one British observer wrote that they were a "disorderly rabble" and "not very creditable to the state of military discipline at Hyderabad".{{sfnp|Wickwire|1980|p=162}}<br />
<br />
On 25 January, Sir Cornwallis moved from Savendroog toward Seringapatam, while Abercromby again advanced from the Malabar Coast. While Tipu's men harassed the column, they did not impede its progress. Cornwallis established a chain of outposts to protect the supply line from Bangalore. When the massive army reached the plains before Seringapatam on 5 February, Tipu's began showering the force with rockets. Cornwallis responded with a [[night combat|night-time attack]] to dislodge Tipu from his lines. After a somewhat confused battle, Tipu's forces were flanked, and he retreated into the city, and Cornwallis [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|began siege operations]]. On 12 February, Abercromby arrived with the Bombay army, and the noose began to tighten around Tipu. By 23 February, Tipu began making overtures for peace talks, and hostilities were suspended the next day when he agreed to preliminary terms.{{sfnp|Wickwire|1980|p=170}}<br />
<br />
==Peace==<br />
[[File:Surrender of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|right|''General Lord Cornwallis Receiving Tipu Sultan's Sons as Hostages'' by [[Robert Home]], {{Circa|1793}}]]<br />
[[File:Mather-brown-lord-cornwallis-receiving-the-sons-of-tipu-as-hostages-1792.jpg|175px|thumb|left|General Lord Cornwallis receiving Tipu Sultan's sons as hostages.]]<br />
<br />
Among the preliminary terms that Cornwallis insisted on was that Tipu surrender two of his sons as hostages as a guarantee for his execution of the agreed terms. On 26 February, his two young sons were formally delivered to Cornwallis amid great ceremony and gun salutes by both sides. Cornwallis, who was not interested in significantly extending the company's territory, or in turning most of Mysore over to the [[Maratha Empire|Mahrattas]] and Hyderabad, negotiated a division of one half of Mysorean territory, to be divided by the allies, in which the company's acquisition would improve its defences. He later wrote, "If we had taken Seringapatam and killed Tippoo, [...] we must either have given that capital to the Marathas (a dangerous boon) or have set up some miserable pageant of our own, to be supported by the Company's troops and treasures, and to be plundered by its servants."{{sfnp|Wickwire|1980|p=171}} The territories taken deprived Mysore of much of its coastline; Mysore was also obligated to pay some of the allied war costs.<br />
<br />
On 18 March 1792, Tipu agreed to the terms and signed the [[Treaty of Seringapatam]], ending hostilities.{{sfnp|Wickwire|1980|p=173}}<br />
<br />
[[File:1793 Faden Wall Map of India - Geographicus - India-faden-1793.jpg|thumb|1794 map showing "The Territories ceded by Tipu Sultan to the Different Powers"]]<br />
<br />
==Consequences==<br />
A [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|fourth and final war]] was fought between the British and Mysore in 1799, in which [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|Seringapatam was taken]], and Tipu was killed in its defence. The victors, rather than partitioning the country, forced Tipu's family into exile and restored control of Mysore to the [[Wadiyar dynasty|Wadiyars]].{{sfnp|Yadav|1990|p=2837}}<br />
<br />
One notable military advance championed by Tipu Sultan was the use of mass attacks with rocket brigades, called ''cushoons'', in the army. The weapons used by the cushoons sufficiently impressed the British during the Third and Fourth Mysore Wars to inspire [[Sir William Congreve, 2nd Baronet|William Congreve]] to develop [[Congreve rocket]]s.<br />
<br />
Cornwallis was raised to the title of [[Marquess]] for his actions in the war,{{sfnp|Wickwire|1980|p=174}} while the native Indian soldiers under his command were awarded the [[Mysore Medal]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Joslin|first1=E. C.|last2=Litherland|first2=A. R.|last3=Simpkin|first3=B. T.|year=1988|title=British Battles & Medals|location=London|publisher=Spink |page=20|isbn=978-0-907605-256}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{cite book|last=Duff|first=James Grant|year=1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e_Pc4ZQMoy0C&q=hurry+punt&pg=PA199|title=A history of the Mahrattas, Volume 2|publisher=H. Milford, Oxford University Press|isbn=1-4212-2137-3}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Wickwire|first=Franklin & Mary|year=1980|title=Cornwallis: The Imperial Years|url=https://archive.org/details/cornwallisimperi0000wick|url-access=registration|location=Chapel Hill|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=0-8078-1387-7}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Fortescue|first=John William|author-link=John Fortescue (historian)|year=1902|title=A History of the British Army|volume=III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&q=cornwallis+medows+mysore&pg=PA546|location=New York|publisher=Macmillan Company}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Mill|first1=James |author-link1=James Mill|last2=Wilson|first2=Horace Hayman|author-link2=Horace Hayman Wilson|year=1858|title=The History of British India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hlQIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA275|volume=V|edition=5th|location=London|publisher=Piper, Stephenson, and Spence|oclc=3019507}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Prabhu |first=Alan Machado|year=1999|title= Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians |publisher=I.J.A. Publications |isbn=978-81-86778-25-8}}<br />
* {{cite journal|last=Yadav|first=Bhupendra|date=29 December 1990|title=Tipu Sultan: Giving 'The Devil' His Due |journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=25|issue=52 |pages=2835–2837|jstor=4397149}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Farias|first=Kranti |year=1999 |title=The Christian Impact in South Kanara |publisher=Church History Association of India}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Cariappa|first1=M. P. & Ponnamma|year=1981|title=The Coorgs and Their Origins|publisher=Aakar Books |oclc=641505186}}<br />
{{Commons category|Third Anglo-Mysore War}}<br />
<br />
{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box|title=[[Anglo-Mysore Wars]]|years=|before=[[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]|after=[[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] }}<br />
{{succession box|title=Indo-British conflicts|years=|before=[[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]|after=[[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]]}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
<br />
{{British colonial campaigns}}<br />
{{Indian Independence Movement}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Mysore War 03}}<br />
[[Category:Third Anglo-Mysore War| ]]<br />
[[Category:18th century in India]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1789]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1790]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1791]]<br />
[[Category:Conflicts in 1792]]<br />
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Great Britain]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving Hyderabad State]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving the British East India Company]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving the Kingdom of Mysore]]<br />
[[Category:Wars involving the Maratha Empire]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kirtania_Port&diff=510051Kirtania Port2026-03-23T21:08:12Z<p>Bhoirake: creating a info w/ infobox - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Proposed port in Odisha, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox port<br />
| name = Kirtania Port<br />
| type = Coastal breakwater<br />
| country = India<br />
| location = Chaumukh, [[Balasore district|Balsore]], [[Odisha]]<br />
| image = <br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = <br />
| berths = <br />
| wharfs = <br />
| piers = <br />
| employees = <br />
| leadershiptitle = <br />
| leader = <br />
| arrivals = <br />
| containervolume = <br />
| operated = Subarnarekha Port Private Limited<br />
| owner = Tata Group (51%)<br> Creative Port (49%)<ref name="thehindu-1"/><br />
| coordinates = <br />
| opened = <br />
| blankdetailstitle1 = <br />
| blankdetails1 = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:Satellite_imagery_of_Subarnarekha_river.JPG | thumb | right | Satellite view of the Subarnarekha River, where the Kirtania Port is proposed to be constructed.]]<br />
'''Kirtania Port''', also known as '''Subarnarekha Port''', is a deep-water, all-weather [[port]] proposed to be constructed at the mouth of [[Subarnarekha River]] in [[Balasore district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Potential Port Sites |url=https://ct.odisha.gov.in/commerce/directorate-ports-inland-water-transport/potential-port-sites |website=ct.odisha.gov.in |accessdate=12 February 2020 }}</ref> The foundation stone for the port was laid in 2019.<ref name="thehindu-1">{{cite web |title=Foundation stone laid for Subarnarekha port in Odisha |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/foundation-stone-laid-for-subarnarekha-port-in-odisha/article26262854.ece |website=The Hindu |accessdate=12 February 2020 |language=en-IN |date=14 February 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
For over 40 years there was only one major port in [[Odisha]], at [[Paradip]] with less major ports at [[Gopalpur-on-Sea|Gopalpur]] and [[Dhamra Port]]. That picture has changed dramatically in the past few years.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/12/14/stories/2009121451090500.htm |title = Orissa to become a State of ports | publisher = The Hindu Business Line, 14 December 2009 | accessdate = 2010-04-27 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Based on a study by [[IIT Madras]], the Government of Odisha had identified 13 locations along the state's {{convert|480|km}} coast line as suitable for setting up of ports. Thereafter, in order to facilitate the setting up of new ports with participation of private parties the state government had formulated in 2004 a separate port policy.<ref>{{cite web|url =http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/port-development-likely-to-suffer/344710/ |title = Port development likely to suffer | publisher = Business Standard, 30 December 2008 | accessdate = 2010-04-27 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Apart from the [[Port of Dhamara|Dhamra port]], which is set to be operational by mid-2010, progress has been achieved in setting up three other ports – Kirtania port at Subarnarekha mouth, [[Astaranga]] port in Puri and Chudamani port in Bhadrak. After implementation of these projects, Odisha is expected to become the vital exit point for not only the state, but other land-locked states like Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://orissakhabar.in/2009/12/10/dhamra-port-to-be-operational-by-mid-2010/ | title = Dhamra port to be operational by mid-2010 | publisher = Statesman News Service | accessdate = 2010-04-27 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101030192059/http://orissakhabar.in/2009/12/10/dhamra-port-to-be-operational-by-mid-2010/ | archivedate = 2010-10-30 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Geography==<br />
Kirtania is located at {{coord|21.561210|N|87.329280|E |source:yahoomaps_region:IN|display=inline}} at Chaumukh village.<br />
<br />
==Port development==<br />
The Government of Odisha has signed a memorandum of understanding with Chennai-based Creative Port Development Pvt. Ltd. For the development of a deep-water, all-weather project at Kirtania at the mouth of the Subarnarekha. The Kirtania Port project was being taken up on a 50-year build, own, operate, share and transfer (boost) basis. The development would include a dedicated rail cum road connection from the port to the [[National Highway 5 (India)|NH 5]] and rail network at [[Jaleswar]]. The port will have an initial capacity to handle 10 million tonnes per year.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=3556 |title = Govt sign MOU to set up port in river Subarnarekha at Kirtania |publisher = |accessdate = 2010-04-24 |archive-date = 25 July 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725020726/http://www.orissadiary.com/ShowBussinessNews.asp?id=3556 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=ltramboll>{{cite web|url = http://www.ltramboll.com/portspg.htm|title = DEVELOPMENT OF PORT AT SUBARNAREKHA|publisher = |accessdate = 2010-04-24|archive-date = 10 March 2010|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100310134704/http://www.ltramboll.com/portspg.htm|url-status = dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
The work on the proposed port has been delayed because of a legal tussle between the promoters and venture capital investors of the company. The Promoter aggrieved by their Venture partners had filed an oppression & Mismanagement case under sec 397,398 & 402 of the Companies Act 1956 in the Company Law Board(CLB). The CLB has given a verdict in favour of the promoter shareholders. The Venture Capitalist has been ordered to exit from the Promoter's Company as well as Kirtania Port Project at a price of Rs. 52.50 Crore.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/workkirtania-port-may-start-soon/364209/ |title = Work on Kirtania port may start soon | publisher = Business Standard, 18 July 009 | accessdate = 2010-04-27 }}</ref><ref name=ltramboll/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ports in Odisha}}<br />
{{Hydrography of Odisha}}<br />
{{Balasore district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Proposed ports in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Balasore district]]<br />
[[Category:Tata Group]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maniguh&diff=515966Maniguh2026-03-18T10:10:51Z<p>Bhoirake: Created a info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Maniguh<br />
| official_name = Maniguh<br />
| native_name = मणिगुह<br />
| native_name_lang = hi<br />
| other_name = Library Village Maniguh<br />
| nickname = Library Village of Uttarakhand<br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = View from Library village Maniguh 06.jpg<br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Uttarakhand#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = left<br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttarakhand, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|30.3832|N|79.0638|E|region:IN-UK_type:city|display=title}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = India<br />
| subdivision_type1 = State<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttarakhand]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = District<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rudraprayag district|Rudraprayag]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = Tehsil<br />
| subdivision_name3 = Rudraprayag<br />
| subdivision_type4 = Block<br />
| subdivision_name4 = Augustmuni<br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| elevation_m = 1628<br />
| population_total = 747<br />
| population_as_of = 2011<br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = PIN<br />
| postal_code = 246442<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| area_code = <br />
| registration_plate = UK<br />
| website = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Maniguh''' also known as '''Library Village Maniguh''' is a village in the Augustmuni block of [[Rudraprayag district]] in the Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]]. Situated in the [[Mandakini River]] valley of the [[Garhwal Himalayas|Garhwal Himalaya]], it is recognised as the '''Library Village of Uttarakhand''' due to a community library initiative launched by the Hamara Gaon Ghar Foundation on [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day 2023]].<ref name=":2"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-01-22 |title=Republic Day 2023: Uttarakhand's first theme village library ready for inauguration |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/state/uttarakhand/republic-day-2023-uttarakhands-first-theme-village-library-ready-for-inauguration/na20230122075737988988688 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-01-27 |title=Uttarakhand Library Village: रुद्रप्रयाग में उत्तराखंड के पहले 'लाइब्रेरी विलेज' का हुआ उद्घाटन |trans-title=Uttarakhand Library Village: Uttarakhand's first 'Library Village' inaugurated in Rudraprayag |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/rudraprayag/uttarakhand-first-library-village-inaugurated-in-rudraprayag/uttarakhand20230127162242692692070 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Prof Amitabha |title=IASLIC Newsletter |url=https://www.iaslic1955.org.in/fckeditor/userfiles/file/Jan_Feb%202023%20final.pdf |journal=Indian Association for Special Libraries and Information Centres |issue=January–February 2023 |pages=5}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Geography ==<br />
Maniguh is located at an elevation of 1,628 metres (5,341&nbsp;ft) amid terraced fields characteristic of the central Himalayan foothills.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elevation of Maniguh, Uttarakhand, India - MAPLOGS |url=https://elevation.maplogs.com/poi/maniguh_uttarakhand_india.559481.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Worldwide Elevation Map Finder |language=en}}</ref> It lies approximately 15&nbsp;km north of [[Rudraprayag]], 7&nbsp;km from [[Augustmuni]], and 36&nbsp;km from the [[Kedarnath]] route via Bedu Bagad, with the last 13&nbsp;km on unpaved roads.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Road access is via [[National Highway 107 (India)|National Highway 107]] and [[National Highway 7 (India)|National Highway 7]], with PIN code 246442 served by the Bhatwari post office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PinCodeArea |title=Postal Code: MANIGUH, Post Bhatwari BO (Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand) |url=https://pincodearea.in/MANIGUH-Pincode-PO-Bhatwari-BO |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=PinCodeArea |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
The total population of the village is estimated as 747 people.{{cn|date=March 2026}}<br />
<br />
== Library Village initiative ==<br />
Launched to address low literacy and out-migration, the project by Hamara Gaon Ghar Foundation, a registered company under Section 8 of the [[Companies Act 2013]], led by Suman Mishra, Bina Mishra, Rahul Rawat and Aalok Soni.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Adarsh |title=हिमालय की छांव में 17,500 किताबें! उत्तराखंड के इस गांव में सजी है ज्ञान की अनोखी दुनिया; एक बार आइए तो सही |trans-title=17,500 books nestled in the shadow of the Himalayas! This village in Uttarakhand is home to a unique world of knowledge; visit once. |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/uttarakhand/rudraprayag-maniguh-uttarakhand-1st-library-village-nestled-in-himalayas-inspires-with-knowledge-know-about-it-local18-9331480.html |work=News18 Hindi}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Narson |first=Dr. Shrigopal |date=2024-09-13 |title=देवभूमि उत्तराखंड में है एक अनूठा पुस्कालय गांव! |trans-title=There is a unique library village in Devbhoomi Uttarakhand! |url=https://chanakyamantra.com/2024/09/13/there-is-a-unique-library-village-in-devbhoomi-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Chanakya Mantra |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IndiaFilings |title=HAMARA GAON GHAR FOUNDATION {{!}} CIN U80301UR2022NPL014318 Company Details |url=https://www.indiafilings.com/search/hamara-gaon-ghar-foundation-cin-U80301UR2022NPL014318 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=IndiaFilings |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
They established a central library by January 2023, initially with over 4,000 books. The collection has since grown to more than 17,500 volumes in [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], and regional languages, covering literature, textbooks, competitive exams, science, history, children's books, [[Uttarakhand movement]] records, and rare [[Nawal Kishore Press]] manuscripts.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=उत्तराखंड का मणिगुह : पहाड़ की चोटी पर किताबों वाला गांव, खास हैं पुस्तक मंदिर |trans-title=Maniguh in Uttarakhand: A mountaintop village of books, with its special book temple. |url=https://www.gaonjunction.com/sair-sapata/uttarakhand-rudraprayag-mani-guh-village-of-books-top-of-mountain-book-temple-special |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=GaonJunction |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joshi |first=Himanshu |date=2023-04-09 |title=पुस्तकालय गांवः प्रकृति और किताबों का अनोखा मेल, गांवों की तस्वीर बदलने वाला सफल प्रयोग |trans-title=Library Village: A unique combination of nature and books, a successful experiment that changes the picture of villages |url=https://www.navjivanindia.com/opinion/library-village-a-unique-combination-of-nature-and-books-a-successful-experiment-to-change-the-picture-of-villages |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=Navjivan |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
It prioritises works by Uttarakhand authors including Lalit Mohan Thapliyal, Bhagwan Singh, Shashibhushan Dwivedi, Anisur Rahman, Khurshid Alam, and Avinash Mishra.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pimoli |first=Kamal Kishor |title=भारत का सबसे अनूठा 'लाइब्रेरी विलेज', 250 परिवार और 17 हजार से ज्यादा किताबें |trans-title=India's most unique 'Library Village', 250 families and over 17,000 books |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/rudraprayag-maniguh-village-aka-library-village-of-uttarakhand-is-situated-in-rudraprayag-8206038.html |work=News18 Hindi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-01-02 |title=उत्तराखंड में बन रहा 'लाइब्रेरी गांव', पुस्तक मंदिर में मिलेंगी ये सुविधाएं |trans-title=A 'library village' is being built in Uttarakhand, with these facilities available at the book temple. |url=https://www.aajtak.in/education/news/story/uttarakhand-library-village-pustak-mandir-for-children-maniguh-village-rudra-prayag-1607028-2023-01-02 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=AajTak |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
Eight decentralised "Book Temples" supplement the main library, alongside facilities for free computer training, internet access, smart classes with projectors, and digital literacy programs.<ref name=":2" /> Open free on working days, it attracts 10–12 children daily plus women and youth.<ref name=":1" /> Activities encompass the three-day Gaon Ghar Mahotsav cultural festival, book marathons, pine needle crafts, and beekeeping workshops.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharatvarsh |first=TV9 |date=2024-08-08 |title=पहाड़ में चीड़ के पत्तों से हो रहा कमाल, महिलाएं तैयार कर रही हैं स्पेशल राखी |trans-title=Pine leaves are doing wonders in the mountains, women are preparing special Rakhi. |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/state/uttarakhand/rakhsabandhan-speacial-rakhi-in-uttarakhand-women-making-rakhi-rudraprayag-2770056.html |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2023-08-27 |title=चीड़ की पत्तियों से कमाल कर रही मणिगुह की महिलाएं, बना रही इकोफ्रेंडली राखियां, दूसरे राज्यों में बढ़ी डिमांड |trans-title=The women of Maniguh are creating wonders with pine leaves, making eco-friendly rakhis, with demand rising in other states. |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/uttarakhand/state/dehradun/womens-mades-beautiful-rakhi-from-pine-leaves-on-raksha-bandhan/uttarakhand20230827200228987987829 |access-date=2026-03-04 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagar |first=Akash |date=2023-05-22 |title=उत्तराखण्ड में हुआ पहला पुस्तक मैराथन |trans-title=First book marathon held in Uttarakhand |url=https://www.thesundaypost.in/first-book-marathon-held-in-uttarakhand/ |access-date=2026-03-04 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Economy and tourism ==<br />
The economy relies on terraced agriculture ([[apricot]]s, [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]], [[fig]]s), livestock, and nascent tourism via homestays for trekkers and educational visitors, aimed at retaining youth.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Adarsh |title=बादलों की रजाई ओढ़े हैं उत्तराखंड के ये 5 हसीन ठिकाने! मानसून में दिखते हैं सबसे खूबसूरत.. यहां एक बार आना तो बनता है |trans-title=These 5 beautiful places in Uttarakhand are shrouded in clouds! They are at their most beautiful during the monsoon season, and a visit is a must. |url=https://hindi.news18.com/photogallery/uttarakhand/dehradun-monsoon-magic-in-uttarakhand-5-breathtaking-spots-you-must-visit-this-rainy-season-visit-once-local18-9329402.html |work=News18 Hindi}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Gaon Ghar Library, Library village Maniguh, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand.jpg|Gaon Ghar Library<br />
File:Uttarakhand's First Library village Maniguh, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand 06, Pine needle art workshop.jpg|Readers at Gaon Ghar Library<br />
File:Library village Maniguh, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand 27, Central library.jpg|Gaon Ghar Library<br />
File:Uttarakhand's First Library village Maniguh, Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand 04, Women making Pine Needle Rakhis.jpg|Women making Rakhis from Pine needles<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Rudraprayag district]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swapna_Liddle&diff=538857Swapna Liddle2026-03-16T15:59:09Z<p>Bhoirake: adding initial stub added tags.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian historian}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Swapna Liddle<br />
| education = Ph.D.<br />
| alma_mater = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen’s College]] of [[Delhi University]] (B.A.), [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (M.A. and M.Phil.), [[Jamia Millia Islamia]] (Ph.D.)<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Historian|writer|art curator|heritage conservator}}<br />
| relatives = [[Madhulika Liddle]] (sister)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Swapna Liddle''' is an Indian [[historian]], author, art curator and heritage conservator based in [[Delhi]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2017-11-03 |title=Swapna Liddle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/litfest/litfest-2017/speakers/swapna-liddle/articleshow/61118273.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-09 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-13 |title='Best works ignored, women writers never got proper literary assessment' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/best-works-ignored-women-writers-never-got-proper-literary-assessment/articleshow/97875323.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Liddle did her B.A. from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen’s College]] of [[Delhi University]], M.A. and M.Phil. at the Centre for Historical Studies of [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], and Ph.D. from [[Jamia Millia Islamia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=CHS is organising a lecture by Swapna Liddle {{!}} Welcome to Jawaharlal Nehru University |url=https://www.jnu.ac.in/content/chs-organising-lecture-swapna-liddle |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=www.jnu.ac.in}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Liddle is known for her research of history of Delhi including its architecture and buildings,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Asrar |first=Nadim |title=Delhi's Coronation Park a neglected site of India's colonial past |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/3/delhis-coronation-park-a-neglected-site-of-indias-colonial-past |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi's push to modernize threatens iconic sites, public space |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN21J3OP/ |website=Reuters}}</ref> and food.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-05-09 |title=Muzaffar Ali, Swapna Liddle, Pushpesh Pant on 'Baniya Legacy of Old Delhi- Culture & Cuisine' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/book-launches/muzaffar-ali-swapna-liddle-pushpesh-pant-on-baniya-legacy-of-old-delhi-on-culture-cuisine/articleshow/100094296.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Liddle is an art curator.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=At the King's Court |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/magazine/2023/oct/29/at-the-kings-court-2627264.html |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The New Indian Express|date=28 October 2023 }}</ref> She advocates people's participation to help preserve heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-05 |title=People's Participation Key To Preserving Heritage: Experts |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/peoples-participation-key-to-preserving-heritage-experts/articleshow/104977671.cms |access-date=2024-01-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bagchi |first=Dishha |date=2023-01-18 |title='Leave rewriting history to historians' – says Swapna Liddle at her book launch |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/leave-rewriting-history-to-historians-says-swapna-liddle-at-her-book-launch/1319505/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> Liddle was the convener of the Delhi Chapter of Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage ([[INTACH]]) previously.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Shrawan Kumar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t3jtDwAAQBAJ |title=Understanding the Indian Economy from the Post-Reforms of 1991, Volume I: History, Evolution, and Growth |date=2020-06-25 |publisher=Business Expert Press |isbn=978-1-951527-41-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Salam |first=Ziya Us |date=2023-09-01 |title=Delhi's historical stories have been brought to the pages of several coffee-table books, the latest being Shahjahanabad: Mapping a Mughal City by Swapna Liddle |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/delhis-historical-stories-have-been-brought-to-the-pages-of-several-coffee-table-books-the-latest-being-shahjahanabad-mapping-a-mughal-city-by-swapna-liddle/article67233754.ece |access-date=2024-01-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She contributed to ''The Delhi College: Traditional Elites, the Colonial State, and Education before 1857'' and edited ''Sair-Ul-Manazil''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayg |first=Mirzā Sangīn |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGMrMQAACAAJ |title=Sangin Beg Sair-Ul-Manazil |date=2017 |publisher=Tulika Books |isbn=978-93-82381-86-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Pernau |first=Margrit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tp-fAAAAMAAJ |title=The Delhi College: Traditional Elites, the Colonial State, and Education Before 1857 |date=2006-10-19 |publisher=OUP India |isbn=978-0-19-567723-2 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Books==<br />
<br />
* Shahjahanabad: Mapping a Mughal City, Chandni Chowk: The Mughal City of Old Delhi. Publisher: [[Roli Books]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Book brings alive city of Shahjahanabad using exquisite map |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/book-brings-alive-city-of-shahjahanabad-using-exquisite-map-8623049/ |access-date=2024-01-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
* The Broken Script. Publisher: [[Speaking Tiger Books]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jalil |first=Rakhshanda |date=2023-02-10 |title=Review of Swapna Liddle's The Broken Script: Tumult and change |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/broken-script-delhi-under-east-india-company-fall-of-mughal-dynasty/article66481255.ece |access-date=2024-01-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
* Chandni Chowk: The Mughal City of Old Delhi. Publisher: Speaking Tiger Books.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-16 |title=Book excerpt: This is how Delhi reacted to Aurangzeb's killing of Dara Shukoh |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/book-excerpt-this-is-how-delhi-reacted-to-aurangzeb-s-killing-of-dara-shukoh/story-63g5WvIoI9vTllDMxdNA5O.html |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> <br />
* Connaught Place and the Making of New Delhi. Publisher: Speaking Tiger Books.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-11 |title=Story of a Living City |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/story-of-a-living-city-connaught-place-book-swapna-liddle-indian-heritage-5532720/ |access-date=2024-01-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <br />
* Delhi: 14 Historic Walks. Publisher: [[Westland Books]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='14 Historic Walks of Delhi' by Swapna Liddle explores the Capital on foot |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/book-reviews/14-historic-walks-of-delhi-by-swapna-liddle-explores-the-capital-on-foot-559717 |website=Tribune India}}</ref> <br />
* Two Delhis, Old and New. Publisher: [[HarperCollins India]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=LIDDLE |first=SWAPNA |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8tkNzwEACAAJ |title=TWO DELHIS, OLD AND NEW: Box Set |date=2022 |publisher=Harpercollins India |isbn=978-93-5447-168-1 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liddle, Swapna}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian women historians]]<br />
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thoppil_Joppan&diff=541139Thoppil Joppan2026-03-03T20:37:38Z<p>Bhoirake: adding new entry from scratch</p>
<hr />
<div>{{use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{short description|2016 Malayalam film}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Thoppil Joppan<br />
| native_name = <br />
| image = Thoppil Joppan Poster.jpg<br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Johny Antony]]<br />
| producer = Noushad Alathur<br />
| writer = Nishad Koya<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mammootty]]|[[Mamta Mohandas]]|[[Andrea Jeremiah]]|[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]|[[Renji Panicker]]|Sudheer Sukumaran}}<!--Per Template:Infobox film instructions, these credits come from the poster's billing block, and if that's not useful, the on-screen starring credits.--><br />
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
| cinematography = Sunoj Velayudhan<br />
| editing = [[Ranjan Abraham]]<br />
| studio = Grande Film Corporation<br/>S N Group<br />
| distributor = Grande Film Corporation Release<br />
| released = {{Film date|2016|10|07|df=yes}}<br />
| runtime = 130 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Malayalam<br />
| budget = <!--Must be attributed to a reliable published source with an established reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb.-->{{INR}}5.5 crore<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/in-depth/yearender-good-bad-retrospect-2016/highest-grossing-malayalam-movies-of-2016.html|title=Top 10 highest grossing Mollywood movies of 2016...|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=5 December 2016}}</ref><br />
| gross = <!--Do not remove-->{{Estimation}}<!--per WT:ICTF consensus--> {{INR}}22 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thoppil-joppan-final-collection-mammootty-starrer-hit-worldwide-box-office-707041|title=Thoppil Joppan final collection: Mammootty-starrer is a hit at worldwide box office|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 December 2016|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920131709/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thoppil-joppan-final-collection-mammootty-starrer-hit-worldwide-box-office-707041|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Thoppil Joppan''''' is a 2016 Indian [[Malayalam]]-[[language]] [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Johny Antony]], starring [[Mammootty]] in the title role as a [[Kabaddi]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=തോപ്പിൽ ജോപ്പൻ|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/thoppil-joppan-malayalam-news-1.1061339|publisher=[[Mathrubhumi]]|accessdate=5 October 2016|date=14 May 2016|archive-date=6 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006034001/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/features/thoppil-joppan-malayalam-news-1.1061339|url-status=live}}</ref> The film also features [[Mamta Mohandas]], [[Andrea Jeremiah]], [[Renji Panicker]], Sudheer Sukumaran, [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]], [[Harisree Ashokan]], [[Alancier Ley Lopez]], [[Saju Navodaya]] and [[Sreejith Ravi]] among others.<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
While Joppan's friends take a bath, each of them narrates a flashback concerning Joppan. Joppan is an adept [[Kabaddi|Kabbadi]] player, and during an informal victory parade, he falls for Annie's beauty. Annie, an estate supervisor's daughter, does not initially reciprocate Joppan's feelings, but Joppan attains her love by saving her younger brother's life. Their love becomes the talk of the town and Joppan's father reprimands him. Joppan renounces his family and locals, except Annie, and assures her that he will return for her after becoming an affluent man.<br />
<br />
In the course of time, Annie grows into a woman. Abruptly, Annie's father dies and Annie is taken to Mettupalayam by her kindred. Joppan returns to town and meets his friends. The [[Mercedes-Benz]] and the cash case are the proof of his affluent status. He asks for Annie and helplessly witnesses her marriage. Broken, he finds relief in alcohol. The friends finish the flashback and take a final dip in the lake.<br />
<br />
Joppan brings back his Kabbadi team and wins many trophies. Joppan and his friends pass the time by watching ''[[Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge]]'' and drinking. The vicar, a marriage broker, Joppan's mother and friends compel him to seek a bride. He at last consents but sees a girl with modern views. Later on in the parish, amidst a downpour, Maria sneaks into Joppan's umbrella and later witnesses his street duel with [[Sub-inspector|SI]] George Thomas, a law enforcement officer. Joppan and Maria then coincidentally meet each other in different ways. Joppan discovers qualities of Annie in Maria and falls for her. However, Joppan ends up helping her to elope with Thomaskutty. His friends and family believe that Joppan has married Maria, but when they acknowledge the truth, his desperate mother implores him to attend a retreat. Thus, Joppan and his friends go to a retreat centre. There, Joppan happens to meet Annie, but later discovers that she is with her fiancé, a physically challenged person. After attending Annie's marriage, Joppan angrily comes home, but is met with his mother's order to again visit a potential bride. Reluctantly, Joppan, the broker and his friends go to the girl's home and learns that the girl is Maria. She reveals that Thomaskutty was spineless and cowardly, unlike Joppan, and has left her in the church. In the climax Joppan and Maria confirm their marriage.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Mammootty]] as Thoppil John "Joppan" Samuel <br />
* [[Mamta Mohandas]] as Dr. Maria<br />
* [[Andrea Jeremiah]] as Annie, Joppan's former lover<br />
**[[Geeta Govindam|Binny Sebastian]] as young Annie <br />
* [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]] as Marykutty, Joppan's mother<br />
* [[Renji Panicker]] as Fr. James Aanakkattil <br />
* Sudheer Sukumaran as SI George Thomas<br />
* [[Harisree Ashokan]] as Poulose<br />
* [[Alancier Ley Lopez]] as Pappichayan<br />
* [[Saju Navodaya]] as Eldho<br />
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Aravindan<br />
* [[Sohan Seenulal]] as Mathan<br />
* [[Salim Kumar]] as Fr. Issac Vaalamparambil<br />
* [[Suresh Krishna (actor)|Suresh Krishna]] as Roy, Annie's husband<br />
* [[Mohan Jose]] as Retired Police Captain Kunjappan Koshy<br />
* [[Jude Anthany Joseph]] as Thomaskutty<br />
* [[Meghanathan]] as Lazer Mash<br />
* Jaise Jose as Anto, Joppan's friend<br />
* [[Arya Rohit]] as Kunjappan's daughter <br />
* [[Reshmi Boban]] as Susamma<br />
* [[Pradeep Kottayam]] as Chellappan<br />
* [[Thesni Khan]] as Alice<br />
* [[Akshara Kishore]] as Rosy Kutty<br />
* [[Santhakumari (Malayalam actress)|Santhakumari]] as Rosy's Grandmother<br />
* [[Gokulan (actor)|Gokulan]] as Balram<br />
* Resmi Anil as Kunjumol<br />
* [[Chali Pala]] as Stephen, Divine Center Employee<br />
* Muhammed Fawaz as Fawu<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Production==<br />
<br />
The filming began in Ernakulam in April 2016. [[Amala Paul]] signed to play the lead lady. Initially [[Vedhika]] and [[Deepti Sati]] were each considered for another lead role but replaced by [[Mamta Mohandas]]. The actress announced the news via her Facebook page on May 17.<ref>{{cite news|title=Mamta Mohandas Joins Mammootty's Thoppil Joppan|url=http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/mamta-mohandas-joins-mammootty-thoppil-joppan-225513.html|accessdate=23 June 2016|archive-date=9 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509201431/http://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2016/mamta-mohandas-joins-mammootty-thoppil-joppan-225513.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later [[Andrea Jeremiah]] replaced Amala .<br />
<br />
==Music==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Thoppil Joppan<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]<br />
| cover =<br />
| alt =<br />
| caption = Album Cover for ''Thoppil Joppan''<br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2016|09|21}}<br />
| recorded = [[Varsha Vallaki Studios]]<br />
| venue =<br />
| studio =<br />
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature Film Soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=18|s=22}}<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| label = [[Satyam Audios]]<br />
| producer = [[VidyaSagar]]<br />
| prev_title = [[Uchathula Shiva]]<br />
| prev_year = 2016<br />
| next_title = [[Jomonte Suvisheshangal]]<br />
| next_year = 2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The music and background score for the film is composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], who has worked with [[Johny Antony]] in several times. The music release was coincided with an event held at Avenue Center in Kochi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Thoppil Joppan' audio launch|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/thoppil-joppan-audio-launch-mammootty-jayaram-vidyasagar-songs.html|accessdate=29 September 2016|archive-date=26 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160926002358/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/music/thoppil-joppan-audio-launch-mammootty-jayaram-vidyasagar-songs.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack album comprises six songs, with lyrics written by [[Rafeeq Ahammed]] and [[Vayalar Sarath Chandra Varma]]<br />
<br />
{{track listing<br />
| headline = Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| total_length = 18:22<br />
| title1 = Thoppil Joppan<br />
| extra1 = Niranj Suresh<br />
| length1 = 4:31<br />
| title2 = Onpathilage<br />
| extra2 = Jithin<br />
| length2 = 1:15<br />
| title3 = Poovithalai<br />
| extra3 = [[K. S. Chithra]]<br />
| length3 = 3:15<br />
| title4 = Manamilla<br />
| extra4 = Benedict Shine<br />
| length4 = 1:26<br />
| title5 = Poovithalai Njaan<br />
| extra5 = Abhirami Ajai<br />
| length5 = 4:18<br />
| title6 = Chil Chinchilamai<br />
| extra6 = [[Shweta Mohan]], [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]<br />
| length6 = 4:17<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Box office===<br />
In Kerala, the film collected {{INR}}1.40–2.06 crore on its opening day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/kerala-box-office-good-opening-for-mammootty-s-thoppil-joppan-despite-clash-with-mohanlal-s-pulimurugan-1475931553.html|title=Kerala Box Office: Good opening for Mammootty's Thoppil Joppan despite clash with Mohanlal's Pulimurugan|work=Catch News|date=8 October 2016|access-date=9 October 2016|archive-date=10 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010014410/http://www.catchnews.com/regional-cinema/kerala-box-office-good-opening-for-mammootty-s-thoppil-joppan-despite-clash-with-mohanlal-s-pulimurugan-1475931553.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/pulimurugan-box-office-mohanlal-starrer-second-to-rajinikanths-kabali-beats-kasaba-vijay-theri-3072341/|title=Pulimurugan box office: Mohanlal-starrer breaks records, second to Rajinikanth's Kabali|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=8 October 2016|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-date=9 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009141624/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/pulimurugan-box-office-mohanlal-starrer-second-to-rajinikanths-kabali-beats-kasaba-vijay-theri-3072341/|url-status=live}}</ref> By the end of its first week in theatres, the film had collected an estimated {{INR}}3.46 crore from Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thoppil-joppan-7-days-collection-mammootty-starrer-becomes-one-biggest-first-week-malayalam-699630|title=Thoppil Joppan 7 days collection: Mammootty-starrer becomes one of biggest first week Malayalam grossers|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=14 October 2016|access-date=14 October 2016|archive-date=17 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017053900/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thoppil-joppan-7-days-collection-mammootty-starrer-becomes-one-biggest-first-week-malayalam-699630|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}8.1 crore in 24 days from Kerala box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-mohanlals-pulimurugan-becomes-biggest-grosser-other-recent-movies-continue-702271|title=Kerala box office: Mohanlal's Pulimurugan becomes biggest grosser; other recent movies continue good run|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=2 November 2016|access-date=3 November 2016|archive-date=4 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001429/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/kerala-box-office-mohanlals-pulimurugan-becomes-biggest-grosser-other-recent-movies-continue-702271|url-status=live}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}4.61 lakhs in its 1st weekend from US box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/force-2-opens-better-rocky-handsome-shivaay-overseas/|title=FORCE 2 opens better than ROCKY HANDSOME and SHIVAAY in overseas|work=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=21 November 2016|access-date=3 July 2023|archive-date=26 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126221202/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-overseas/force-2-opens-better-rocky-handsome-shivaay-overseas/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film earned {{INR}}15.50 crore in Kerala and its final worldwide gross is {{INR}}22 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thoppil-joppan-final-collection-mammootty-starrer-hit-worldwide-box-office-707041|title=Thoppil Joppan final collection: Mammootty-starrer is a hit at worldwide box office|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=5 December 2016|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=20 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920131709/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/thoppil-joppan-final-collection-mammootty-starrer-hit-worldwide-box-office-707041|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/best-2016-top-14-highest-grossing-movies-malayalam-708394|title=Best Malayalam films of 2016: The Top 14 highest-grossing movies|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=29 December 2016|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=1 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001704/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/best-2016-top-14-highest-grossing-movies-malayalam-708394|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mollywood-2016-3-hits-1-flop-heres-how-mammoottys-films-performed-this-year-709486|title=Mollywood 2016|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=29 December 2016|access-date=5 November 2017|archive-date=27 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227065506/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/mollywood-2016-3-hits-1-flop-heres-how-mammoottys-films-performed-this-year-709486|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Critical===<br />
Manoj Kumar R of [[Indian Express]] rated the film three out of five and appreciated the story, performance by actors, [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]'s music and its placement in film, characterisation and comedy, saying "Almost 30 minutes into the film, I realised that I have been grinning widely and frequently breaking into a laugh. And this continued till the end of the film."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thoppil-joppan-movie-review-mammootty-shines-in-this-comedy-film-3071117/|title= Thoppil Joppan movie review: Mammootty shines in this comedy film|date= 8 October 2016|accessdate= 12 November 2017|author= Manoj Kumar R|agency= [[Indian Express]]|archive-date= 19 November 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171119043635/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/thoppil-joppan-movie-review-mammootty-shines-in-this-comedy-film-3071117/|url-status= live}}</ref> Rating three out of five, in a review for [[Malayala Manorama|Manorama Online]], Amrutha Menon P called the film "a rustic bundle of love and wine" and appreciated the comic performances by actors, music and story and concluded saying "Thoppil Joppan's climax may be predictable, but there too we find ample scope for fun."<ref>{{cite web|url= http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mammootty-thoppil-joppan-movie-review-mamtha-andrea-johny-antony.html|date= 9 October 2017|agency= [[Malayala Manorama]]|author= Amrutha Menon P|title= 'Thoppil Joppan' movie review: a rustic bundle of love and wine|access-date= 21 November 2017|archive-date= 1 December 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042314/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/mammootty-thoppil-joppan-movie-review-mamtha-andrea-johny-antony.html|url-status= live}}</ref> Calling the film "Right mix of fun, booze and romance", Aravind. K S, in a review for [[Deccan Chronicle]], also gave a rating of three out of five and concluded, saying "Like his previous Achayan roles, [[Mammootty]]’s Joppan also<br />
will be a memorable character in his career. Actors Sohan, Alencier, Mamta Mohandas, Jude Anthany Joseph and Saju have come up with good performances. Cinematographer Sunoj and music director<br />
Vidyasagar also have backed the director to come up with a clean family entertainer."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/091016/thoppil-joppan-movie-review-right-mix-of-fun-booze-and-romance.html|agency=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|title=Thoppil Joppan movie review: Right mix of fun, booze and romance|date=9 October 2017|access-date=12 November 2017|author=Aravind. KS|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201053429/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/091016/thoppil-joppan-movie-review-right-mix-of-fun-booze-and-romance.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
[[K.S.Chithra]] won the [[Asiavision Awards]] 2016 for Best Singer Female for the song "Poovithalai Njaan Naadha"<ref>{{cite news|author=Onmanorama Staff|title=Asiavision Movie Awards 2016 announced: and the winners are...|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-mohanlal.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116145545/http://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/asiavision-movie-awards-2016-nivin-pauly-manju-warrier-mohanlal.html|archivedate=16 November 2016|accessdate=16 November 2016|work=[[Malayala Manorama]]|date=16 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Johny_Antony}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2016 films]]<br />
[[Category:2016 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]<br />
[[Category:2016 romantic comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Johny Antony]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language romantic comedy films]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kallu_(film)&diff=454939Kallu (film)2026-03-03T19:07:37Z<p>Bhoirake: added info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name =Kallu<br />
| image =<br />
<br />
| caption =<br />
| director =[[M. V. Raghu]]<br />
| producer = D. Vijaya Kumar<br />A. L. Ananda Rao<br />
| writer =[[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri]] (lyrics)<br />
| story =[[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]] <br />
| screenplay =M. V. Raghu<br />
| starring =[[Sivaji Raja]]<br />[[Kallu Chidambaram|Chidambaram]]<br />[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]<br />N. J Bhikshu<br />Rajeswari<br />
| music =[[SP Balasubramanyam]]<br />
| cinematography =M. V. Raghu<br />
| editing =M. V. Raghu<br />
| studio =Mahashakthi Films<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1988}}<br />
| runtime = 132 min<br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| budget =<br />
}}<br />
'''''Kallu''''' ({{Translation|Eyes}}) is a 1988 Indian Telugu-Language ethnographic [[drama film]] based on the lives of five blind people directed by [[M. V. Raghu]], based on [[Gollapudi Maruti Rao]]'s play with the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gollapudi-maruti-rao-raghu-mv-in-city-today/article22321151.ece|title=Gollapudi Maruti Rao, Raghu M.V. in city today|date=29 December 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://moviegalleri.net/2012/07/mv-raghu-kallu-movie-25-years-celebrations-photos-stills.html?pid=270868|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141027074905/http://moviegalleri.net/2012/07/mv-raghu-kallu-movie-25-years-celebrations-photos-stills.html?pid=270868|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 October 2014|title=Picture 270868 &#124; Dasari Narayana Rao, MV Raghu at Kallu Movie 25 years Celebrations}}</ref> In 2018, the film celebrated its 30th anniversary by "Mukhi Media" in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gollapudi-maruti-rao-raghu-mv-in-city-today/article22321151.ece|title=Gollapudi Maruti Rao, Raghu M.V. in city today|date=29 December 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
The film won four state [[Nandi Awards]], and the [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Filmfare Award for Best Direction]]. It was screened in Indian panorama section of the ''[[International Film Festival of India]]'', and the ''Hyderabad Film Festival''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyderabadfilmclub.org/HIFF%202007/Film%20Festival%202007-part5.pdf|access-date=4 May 2023|website=Hyderabad Film Club|title=Film Festival 2007}}</ref> The film won thirty awards including special mention from the [[Central Board of Film Certification|CBFC]] Jury.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/09/stories/2003060900910400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031023141936/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/09/stories/2003060900910400.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=23 October 2003 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=The saga of a lensman | date=9 June 2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/tollywood-comedian-kallu-chidambaram-dead/article7780163.ece|title=Tollywood comedian Kallu Chidambaram dead|first=G. V. Prasada|last=Sarma|date=19 October 2015|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/gollapudi-maruti-rao-raghu-mv-in-city-today/article22321151.ece|title=Gollapudi Maruti Rao, Raghu M.V. in city today|date=29 December 2017|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
*[[Sivaji Raja]] as Rangadu<br />
*[[Kallu Chidambaram|Chidambaram]]<br />
*[[Gundu Hanumantha Rao]]<br />
*N. J Bhikshu<br />
*Rajeswari<br />
*[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam|SP Balasubramanyam]] (cameo)<br />
*Bhaskar Rao<br />
*Sripada Somayajulu<br />
*Kallu Krishna Rao<br />
*[[Raghunatha Reddy|Raghunantha Reddy]]<br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
;[[Nandi Awards]] - 1988<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref><br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Feature Film|Third Best Feature Film - Bronze]] - D. Vijaya Kumar & A. L. Ananda Rao <br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best First Film of a Director|Best First Film of a Director]] - [[M. V. Raghu]]<br />
* [[Nandi Award for Best Story Writer|Best Story Writer]] - [[Gollapudi Maruthi Rao]]<br />
* [[Nandi Special Jury Award|Special Jury Award]] - [[Kallu Chidambaram]]<br />
<br />
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]<br />
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu]] - [[M. V. Raghu]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1988 films]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction about disability]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Telugu-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1988 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about social issues in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian avant-garde and experimental films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about labour]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about disability in India]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language literature]]<br />
[[Category:Fictional disabled characters in film]]<br />
[[Category:Films about social realism]]<br />
[[Category:Films about poverty in India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mane_Number_13&diff=460614Mane Number 132026-03-03T12:19:13Z<p>Bhoirake: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{No plot|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{short description|Indian Kannada language horror-thriller film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Mane Number 13<br />
| image = Manne Number 13.jpg<br />
| caption = Release poster<br />
| director = Vivy Kathiresan<br />
| producer = Krishna Chaitanya<br />
| writer = Vivy Kathiresan<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| starring = [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]]<br />[[Sanjeev Karthick|Sanjeev]]<br/>[[Praveen Prem]]<br/> [[Varsha Bollamma]]<br/>Aishwarya Gowda<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = A M SHA<br />
| cinematography = Sandeep Sadashiv<br />
| editing = Castro<br />
| studio = Sri Swarnalatha Productions<br />
| distributor = [[Amazon Prime Video]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2020|11|26}}<br />
| runtime = 106 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />Tamil<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Mane Number 13''''' ({{translation|House No. 13}}) is a 2020 Indian [[horror thriller film]] directed by Vivy Kathiresan and produced by Krishna Chaitanya under the banner of Sri Swarnalatha Productions. It stars [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]], [[Sanjeev Karthick|Sanjeev]], [[Praveen Prem]], [[Varsha Bollamma]] and Aishwarya Gowda.<ref name="dna">{{Cite news |date=9 October 2020 |title='Coolie No. 1', 'Durgavati', 'Soorarai Pottru' among 9 films to release on OTT; streaming date announced |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/photo-gallery-coolie-no-1-durgavati-soorarai-pottru-among-9-films-to-release-on-ott-streaming-date-announced-2848514 |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2020 |title=Bheema Sena Nala Maharaja and Manne Number 13 to premiere on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/oct/09/bheema-sena-nala-maharaja-and-manne-number-13-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video-20703.html |access-date=10 October 2020 |work=Cinema Express}}</ref> The film was simultaneously made in Kannada and Tamil with the latter titled as '''''13aam Number Veedu'''''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 November 2020 |title=Mane Number 13 has a twist every ten minutes: Producer Krishna Chaitanya |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/nov/26/mane-number-13-is-set-to-spook-viewers-21477.html |access-date=1 April 2021 |work=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><br />
The film was released via streaming on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 26 November 2020 to negative reviews.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 October 2020 |title=Bheemasena Nalamaharaja and Manne No 13 to release online |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bheemasena-nalamaharaja-and-manne-no-13-to-release-online/articleshow/78568183.cms |access-date=10 October 2020 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
* [[Ramana (actor)|Ramana]] as Nishok<br />
* [[Sanjeev Karthick|Sanjeev]] as Aswanth<br />
* [[Praveen Prem]] as Karthick<br />
* [[Varsha Bollamma]] as Nancy<br />
* Aishwarya Gowda as Preethi<br />
* Chethan Gandarva as Ram<br />
* Sathvika Appaiah as Ahalya<br />
* [[Honnavalli Krishna]] as House Owner<br />
* Pavithra as Devil Girl<br />
* Sathya as Mimicry Shankar<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Release==<br />
The film after delay due to COVID-19 pandemic, was released on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 26 November 2020, as direct-to-video platform.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=9 October 2020 |title='Coolie No 1', 'Maara', among nine titles to premiere on Amazon Prime Video |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/coolie-no-1-maara-among-nine-titles-to-premiere-on-amazon-prime-video/article32811454.ece |access-date=10 October 2020 |work=The Hindu}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
Sowmya Rajendran reviewing for ''[[The News Minute]]'' criticized the screenplay as "series of unimaginative scares, with no effort to build the suspense or create tension". He opines that it is horror in itself that the film was made. He concludes that stream the film only if there is a compelling reason and if anyone wants some scares, "... be warned, there is no boo, only boohoo."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajendran |first=Sowmya |date=27 November 2020 |title='Mane Number 13' review: The horror lies in the fact that this film was made |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/mane-number-13-review-horror-lies-fact-film-was-made-138457 |access-date=29 November 2020 |work=The News Minute}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "Mane Number 13 can be watched of you're in the mood for some good old fashioned frights without any excessive expectations of being surprised".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Sunayana |date=27 November 2020 |title=Mane Number 13 Movie Review : A fright fest with some predictable twists |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mane-number-13/movie-review/79424287.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |quote=The film, which has been shot as a Kannada and Tamil bilingual has some scenes that seem to be just dubbed from what might be those that have been shot in Tamil and the lip sync is quite jarring}}</ref> A critic from ''[[NDTV]]'' rated the film one-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that "''Mane No 13'' is unabashedly derivative. That isn't the problem. That it chooses to make a spectacle of its penchant for puerility and snuff out any potential for intelligent and logical plot development is".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |date=27 November 2020 |title=Mane No 13 Review: Banal Horror-Thriller Is Unadulterated Hogwash |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/mane-no-13-review-banal-horror-thriller-is-unadulterated-hogwash-1-5-stars-out-of-5-2330828 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|tt13242968}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Amazon Prime Video original films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 direct-to-video films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films not released in theaters due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]<br />
[[Category:Indian horror thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 horror thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Kannada-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nelapattu_Bird_Sanctuary&diff=451393Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary2026-02-24T02:26:39Z<p>Bhoirake: Improved wording and formatting</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Bird sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox protected area<br />
| name = Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary<br />
| iucn_category = IV<br />
| image = SpotBilledPelican-Nelapattu.jpg<br />
| image_caption = Spot-billed pelicans (Pelecanus philippensis) at Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary<br />
| map = India Andhra Pradesh#India<br />
| relief = 1<br />
| mapframe = Yes<br />
| location = Tirupati district, Andhra Pradesh, India<br />
| established = 1976<br />
| area_km2 = 4.59<br />
}}[[File:SpotBilledPelican-Nelapattu.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Spot-billed pelicans (''Pelecanus philippensis'') at Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary]]<br />
<br />
'''Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary''' is a bird sanctuary in [[Tirupati district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]], near the village of [[Nelapattu]]. It has an area of 458.92 hectares. It is an important breeding site for [[spot-billed pelican]]s (''Pelecanus philippensis'').<ref>{{cite web|last=Frederick|first=Prince|title=Pelican Place|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/25/stories/2004122501810100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050208021343/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/12/25/stories/2004122501810100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 February 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2004-12-25|accessdate=1 February 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
<!-- Nelapattu village sarpanch B.Vijaya Bhaskar said that Fleming festival done every year first or second week of January Month. Before undertaking by Govt of Andhra Pradesh, the local villagers protected the birds sanctuary. It will be better Govt of Andhra pradesh to adopt the village to develop and protect birds sanctuary.<br />
--><br />
Nelapattu has two major plant communities, ''[[Barringtonia]]'' swamp forests and southern dry evergreen scrub.<br />
<br />
[[East Deccan dry evergreen forests|Southern dry evergreen scrub]] covers most of the sanctuary, including the 288 hectares of Kalluru Reserved Forest and 88 hectares of unreserved forest. The dominant tree and shrub species are ''[[Manilkara hexandra]]'', ''Maba buxifolia'', ''[[Memecylon edule]]'', ''Buchanania angustifolia'', ''Zizyphus xylopyrus'', and others.<ref name=":0">Sharma, P.K. and P. S. Rahgavaiah (2002). "Effect of Rainfall on Grey Pelican ''(Pelecanus philippensis)'' Arriving and Breeding at Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, Andhra Pradesh". ''Indian Forester'', October 2002, pp. 1101-1105.[http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue2/elephant-pdf-file/128_10_4.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091019/http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue2/elephant-pdf-file/128_10_4.pdf|date=4 March 2016}}</ref><br />
<br />
The ''Barringtonia'' swamp forests are found in the 83-ha Nelapattu tank. The predominant tree species is ''[[Barringtonia acutangula]]'' (Hijal).<ref name=":0" /> This tree also grows in uplands, but the tree species found at Nelapattu can grow in flooded conditions lasting for 5 to 7 months. The saplings can survive total submersion during the long duration of flooding.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/58789361/Rain-Water-Harvesting-by-Freshwater-Flooded-Forests Rain water harvesting by fresh water flooded forests]</ref><br />
<br />
About 189 bird species can be found at Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary, 50 of which are migratory. In addition to the [[spot-billed pelican]], it is an important breeding site for [[black-headed ibis]], [[Asian openbill]], [[black-crowned night heron]], and [[little cormorant]]. Other migratory water birds that visit the sanctuary include [[northern pintail]], [[common teal]], [[little grebe]], [[northern shoveler]], [[Eurasian coot]], [[Indian spot-billed duck]], [[grey heron]], [[Oriental darter]], [[black-winged stilt]], [[garganey]] and [[gadwall]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Birding in Chennai]]<br />
*[[Freshwater swamp forest]]<br />
*[[Ratargul Swamp Forest]]<br />
*[[Bird sanctuaries of India]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Wildlife sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Bird sanctuaries of Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:East Deccan dry evergreen forests]]<br />
[[Category:Nellore district]]<br />
[[Category:Protected areas with year of establishment missing]]<br />
{{Protected areas of Andhra Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Nellore-geo-stub}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Akbar%27s_tomb&diff=473331Akbar's tomb2026-02-23T23:12:58Z<p>Bhoirake: add structure further and fixed typos to improve readability</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Tomb of the third Mughal Emperor}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox religious building<br />
|building_name= Tomb of Akbar<br />
|image=Akbar's Tomb in Sikandra 15.jpg<br />
|caption=[[Akbar]]'s tomb of external entrance from the road, built to imitate the [[Buland Darwaza]] at [[Fatehpur Sikri]], the city Akbar founded<br />
|location={{Flagicon|India}} Sikandra, [[India]]<br />
|geo={{coord|27.22044|77.95031|format=dms|region:IN-DL_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}<br />
|religious_affiliation=[[Islam]] <br />
|rite=<br />
|province= [[Agra]]<br />
|territory=Sikandra<br />
|district=Sikandra<br />
|consecration_year=1605<br />
|status=Tomb<br />
|leadership= [[Jahangir]]<br />
|website=<br />
|architect= <br />
|architecture_type= Tomb<br />
|architecture_style= [[Mughal architecture]]<br />
|facade_direction=Four-tiered pyramid<br />
|year_completed=In 1613<br />
|construction_cost=<br />
|capacity=<br />
|length=<br />
|width=<br />
|width_nave=<br />
|height_max=100 ft<br />
|dome_quantity= <br />
|dome_height_outer=<br />
|dome_height_inner=<br />
|dome_dia_outer=<br />
|dome_dia_inner=<br />
|minaret_quantity= <br />
|minaret_height=<br />
|spire_quantity=<br />
|spire_height=<br />
|materials=[[Sandstone|Red Sandstone]] <br/> [[Marble|White Marble]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Akbar's tomb''' is the [[mausoleum]] of the third and greatest [[Mughal emperors|Mughal emperor]] [[Akbar]]. The tomb was built in 1605–1613 by his son, [[Jahangir]] and is situated on 119 acres of grounds in [[Agra|Sikandra]], a suburb of [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The buildings are constructed mainly from a deep red sandstone, enriched with features in white marble.<ref>{{cite book| last = Smith| first = Vincent Arthur| title = Akbar the Great Mogul| url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503| publisher = Oxford, Clarendon Press| year = 1917| isbn = 0895634716| page = [https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503/page/n83 58]| access-date = 13 November 2019| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170806184520/https://archive.org/details/cu31924024056503| archive-date = 6 August 2017| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Eraly| first = Abraham| title = Emperors of the Peacock Throne, The Saga of the Great Mughals| publisher = Penguin Books India| year = 2000| isbn = 0141001437| page = 136}}</ref> The tomb was plundered and largely desecrated in 1688 by [[Hindu Jat]] forces.<ref name="jats4" /><br />
<br />
==Location==<br />
It is located at Sikandra, in the suburbs of Agra, on the [[Mathura]] road old NH-2(NH-19), 8&nbsp;km west-northwest of the city center. About 1&nbsp;km away from the tomb lies the [[Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani]], Akbar's favourite wife,<ref name=farishta>{{cite book|last1=Hindu Shah|first1=Muhammad Qasim|title=Gulshan-I-Ibrahimi|volume=2|date=1595–1612|page=143|quote=Akbur, after this conquest, made a pilgrimage to Khwaja Moyin-ood-Deen Chishty at Ajmere and returned to Agra; from whence he proceeded to visit the venerable Sheikh Sulim Chishty, in the village of Seekry. As all the king's children had hitherto died, he solicited the Sheikh's prayers, who consoled him, by assuring him he would soon have a son, who would live to a good old age. Shortly after, his favourite sooltana, being then pregnant, on Wednesday the 17th of Rubbee-ool-Awul, in the year 997 was delivered of a son, who was called Sulim.|url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndiaVolume1/HistoryOfTheRiseOfTheMahomedanPowerInIndia-Volume-1/page/n579/mode/2up?q=143}}</ref> who after the death of Akbar laid a large garden around his tomb and was later buried there by her son, Jahangir.<ref name=Alaziz/><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
[[File:Akbar at his court.jpg|thumb|Mughal emperor Akbar at his court.]]<br />
<br />
Akbar I was the third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. Akbar succeeded his father, [[Humayun]], under a regent, [[Bairam Khan]], who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Chandra|first1=Satish|title=Medieval India: from Sultanate to the Mughals|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-241-1066-9|pages=111–112|edition=Revised}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Srivastava. A.l. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.131063 |title=A Short History Of The Akbar The Great |date=1957 |pages=22}}</ref> Akbar gradually enlarged the [[Mughal Empire]] to include much of the Indian subcontinent through Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance. Under Akbar, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, which tripled in size and wealth, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of an [[Indo-Persian culture]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vogel|first=Dr. J. Ph.|title=Annual Report Archaeological Survey Of India 1910-II|year=1910|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, Calcutta, India|page=94|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.207520/page/n201/mode/2up}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Smith|first=Edmund W.|title=Mughal Architecture of Fatehpur Sikri|year=1973|publisher= Indological Book |location=Delhi|volume=I|page=31}}</ref> Akbar's courts at [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], and [[Fatehpur Sikri]] attracted holy men of many faiths, poets, architects, and artisans, and become known as centres of the arts, letters, and learning.<ref>{{cite book|first=Muni|last=Lal|title=Akbar|date=1980|url=https://archive.org/details/Akbar/page/n113/mode/2up?q=Jodha+bai}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill from an attack of [[dysentery]], from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on 26 October 1605.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/akbar-the-great-348793-2016-10-27 |title=Remembering Akbar the Great: Facts about the most liberal Mughal emperor |work=India Today}}</ref><ref name="Chronicles">The Fatehpur Sikri Chronicles</ref> After Akbar's death, his son [[Jahangir]] planned and completed the construction of his father's tomb in 1605–1613. It cost 1,500,000 rupees to build and took 3 or 4 years to complete.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/tuzukijahangirio00jahauoft/page/152/mode/1up|title=The Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri; or, Memoirs of Jahangir. Translated by Alexander Rogers. Edited by Henry Beveridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Havell |first=E. B. (Ernest Binfield) |url=http://archive.org/details/historyofaryanru00have |title=The history of Aryan rule in India from the earliest times to the death of Akbar |date=1918 |publisher=New York, Frederick A. Stokes company |others=The Library of Congress |pages=463}}</ref> <br />
<br />
[[File:Akbar tomb 2.jpg|thumb|Akbar's [[cenotaph]] inside the mausoleum, the real grave as per traditions lies below it]]<br />
<br />
As Viceroy of India, [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon]] directed extensive repairs and restoration of Akbar's mausoleum, which were completed in 1905. Curzon discussed the restoration of the mausoleum and other historical buildings in Agra in connection with the passage of the [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904|Ancient Monuments Preservation Act]] in 1904, when he described the project as "an offering of reverence to the past and a gift of recovered beauty to the future". This preservation project may have discouraged veneration of the mausoleum by pilgrims and people living nearby.<ref name="loottotrophy">{{cite news |last1=Rajagopalan |first1=Mrinalini |title=From loot to trophy: the vexed history of architectural heritage in imperial India |url=https://iias.asia/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL57_2425.pdf |access-date=3 January 2019 |publisher=International Institute for Asian Studies |date=Summer 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Architecture and ornamentation==<br />
[[File:Akbar's Tomb 4.jpg|thumb|Sideway of Akbar's tomb]]<br />
The south gate is the largest, with four white [[marble]] [[chhatri]]-topped minarets, which are similar to (and pre-date) those of the [[Taj Mahal]], and is the normal point of entry to the tomb. The tomb itself is surrounded by a walled enclosure 105&nbsp;m square. The tomb building is a four-tiered pyramid, surmounted by a marble pavilion containing the false tomb. The true tomb, as in other mausoleums, is in the basement.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/22/stories/2003092200330200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031029183321/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/09/22/stories/2003092200330200.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=29 October 2003 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Fascinating monuments, timeless tales | date=22 September 2003}}</ref> <br />
<br />
The buildings are constructed mainly from a deep red [[sandstone]], enriched with features in white marble. Decorated inlaid panels of these materials and a black [[slate]] adorn the tomb and the main gatehouse. Panel designs are geometric, floral and calligraphic, and prefigure the more complex and subtle designs later incorporated in [[Tomb of I'timād-ud-Daulah|Itmad-ud-Daulah's tomb]].<ref>[http://www.archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2257 Akbar's Tomb] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619173350/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.jsp?site_id=2257 |date=2010-06-19 }} Archnet.org.</ref> There are four gateways in the tomb, which were built using red sandstone and design were inlaid using marble. The roof of the gateway has four kiosks. The magnificence of the gateway is inspired by the [[Buland Darwaza]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&dq=Akbar%27s+Tomb+Sikandra&pg=PA107 Akbar's Tomb] ''Architecture of Mughal India, Part 1,&nbsp;Volume 4'', by Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher. [[Cambridge University Press]], 1992. {{ISBN|0-521-26728-5}}. ''p. 107''.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Sikandra, Tumba de Akbar (2002) 04.jpg|thumb|A view of the garden around the tomb]]<br />
<br />
[[Mariam-uz-Zamani]], after the death of her husband, Akbar, laid a large garden around his tomb, which originally had an open ''[[Baradari (building)|baradari]]'' (pleasure pavilion) built during the reign of [[Sikander Lodi]], in 1495 AD.<ref name=Alaziz>{{cite book|last1=Aziz|first1=Al|title=Selections from the Native Newspapers Published in the United Provinces of Agra & Oudh.|date=12 August 1905|page=262|jstor=saoa.crl.25922623 |url=https://jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25922623}}</ref> After her death in May 1623, she was buried here near her husband's tomb and the baradari was converted into a fine mausoleum by her son, Jahangir.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mehta|first1=J.L.|title=Advance Study in the history of Medieval India|volume=III|publisher=Sterling Publisher Private Limited|year=1981|isbn=8120704320|quote=Bihari Mal gave rich dowry to his daughter and sent his son Bhagwan Das with a contingent of Rajput soldiers to escort his newly married sister to Agra as per Hindu custom. Akbar was deeply impressed by the highly dignified, sincere and princely conduct of his Rajput relations. He took Man Singh, the youthful son of Bhagwant Das into the royal service. Akbar was fascinated by the charm and accomplishments of his Rajput wife; he developed real love for her and raised her to the status of chief queen. She came to exercise a profound impact on the socio-cultural environment of the entire royal household and changed the lifestyle of Akbar. Salim (later Jahangir), the heir to the throne, was born of this wedlock on 30th August 1569.}}</ref> She stands as the only wife of Akbar buried closed to him.<ref name="asi">{{cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_up_mariamtomb.asp |title=Mariam's Tomb, Sikandara, Agra - Ticketed Monument - Archaeological Survey of India |publisher=Asi.nic.in |accessdate=2013-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916235001/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_up_mariamtomb.asp |archive-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
The first floor of the tomb, has cloisters on four sides having arches, and has a hall where the tombstone of Akbar lies. The hall also consist tombstones of [[Shakr-un-Nissa Begum]] and [[Aram Banu Begum]], the two daughters of Akbar.<ref>{{cite book|first=Muhammad Saleh|last=Kanbo|title=Amal e Saleh al-Mausoom Ba Shahjahan Nama (Persian) - Volume 3|pages=117}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Fazl|first=Abul|title=The Akbarnama|publisher=ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL|volume=III|location=Calcutta|pages=661|translator-last=Beveridge|translator-first=Henry|quote=One of the occurrences was the birth of Ārām Bānū Begam.* On 12 Dai, 22 December 1584, divine month, and the 19th degree of Sagittarius, and according to the calculation of the Indians, one degree and 54 minutes, that night-gleaming jewel of fortune appeared, and glorified the harem of the Shāhinshāh.}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Desecration of the tomb==<br />
On 28 March 1688, during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]], [[Jat people|Jat]]s rose in rebellion under the leadership of [[Raja Ram Jat]]. Mughal prestige suffered a blow when Jats ransacked Akbar's tomb, plundering and looting the gold, jewels, silver, and carpets.<ref name=jats4>Catherine Blanshard Asher, Catherine Ella Blanshard Asher, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0521267285 "Architecture of Mughal India - Part 1"], Cambridge University Press, Volume 4, Page 108.</ref> The grave was opened and the late king's bones were burned.<ref name=jats1>Edward James Rap; son, Sir Wolseley Haig and Sir Richard, 1937, [https://books.google.com/books?id=yoI8AAAAIAAJ "The Cambridge History of India"], Cambridge University Press, Volume 4, pp.305.</ref><ref name=jats2>Waldemar Hansen, 1986, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=812080225X "The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India"], Page 454.</ref> This successful raid followed a previous unsuccessful attempt in 1685 and resulted in an escalation of the conflict between the Mughals and the Jats.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Manucci|first=Niccolao|title=Mogul India (1653–1708): Or Storia Do Mogor|publisher=Low Price Publication|year=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dwivedi |first=Girish Chandra |title=The Jats: Their Role in the Mughal Empire |year=1989 |publisher=Arnold Publishers |isbn=978-81-7031-150-8 |pages=36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AR5uAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery><br />
File:Unknowntomb.JPG|An unknown Lodi tomb in Akbar's tomb complex<br />
File:Tumba de Akbar el Grande-Sikandra-India07.JPG|Barrel vault<br />
File:Sikandra 066.JPG|Front façade<br />
File:Sikandra 036.JPG|Circumferential gallery around the [[cenotaph]]<br />
File:Sikandra 093.JPG|View of South Gate from interior<br />
File:The Tomb of Akbar at Sikandra.jpg|The Tomb of Akbar, c. 1905<br />
File:Main entrance of Akbar's Tomb complex from inside.jpg|Main entrance of Akbar's tomb complex from inside<br />
File:Tomb ceiling detail, Tomb of Akbar the Great, Sikandra, Agra.jpg|Tomb ceiling details, Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra<br />
Image:LDAkbarTombInlay1.jpg|Inlay panels on the South Gate<br />
File:Calligraphy over the entrance to the main burial chamber at Akbar's tomb.jpg|Calligraphy over the entrance to the main burial chamber<br />
File:The true tomb of Akbar, at the basement of the tomb, Sikandra.jpg|True Tomb of Akbar, at the basement of the tomb<br />
File:Kanch Mahal, Sikandara, Agra.JPG|Kanch Mahal, built by Jehangir, as a harem quarter later used as a hunting lodge<br />
File:Inside work of Akbar's tomb.jpg|Inside work of Akbar's tomb<br />
File:Entrance Arch (inside details) of main Cenotaph.jpg|Entrance Arch (inside details) of main Cenotaph<br />
File:Akbar's Tomb 2.jpg|Akbar's tomb at basement<br />
File:The Tomb of Akbar at Secundra near Agra - DPLA - 0bafcf2dec469e29d9e049c4eb0b4c63.jpg|alt=The Tomb of Akbar at Secundra near Agra|The Tomb of Akbar at Secundra near Agra<br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Akbar]]<br />
* [[Akbarnama]]<br />
* [[Tomb of Mariam-uz-Zamani]], tomb of the chief queen consort of Akbar<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book|last= Keene|first=Henry George|author-link=Henry George Keene (1826–1915)|title=A Handbook for Visitors to Agra and Its Neighbourhood|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/ahandbookforvis00keengoog#page/n61/mode/1up|chapter=Sikandra|date=1899|edition=6|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Co.|page=43}}<br />
* {{cite book|last=Havell|first=Ernest Binfield|author-link=Ernest Binfield Havell|title=A Handbook to Agra and the Taj, Sikandra, Fatehpur-Sikri, and the Neighbourhood|year=1904|chapter=Sikandra|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924024120200#page/n133/mode/2up|publisher= Longmans, Green & Co., London}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commonscatinline}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20161028020228/http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_tktd_up_akbartomb.asp ASI's page on Akbar's tomb]<br />
* A painting of the tomb by William Purser, engraved by J Rolph, as an illustration to {{ws|[[s:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834/The Zenana|The Zenana]]}}, a poem by [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]. Page 9.<br />
<br />
{{Mughal Empire}}<br />
{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}<br />
{{Agra Division topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1613]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Agra]]<br />
[[Category:Mughal tombs]]<br />
[[Category:Mausoleums in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Persian gardens in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]<br />
[[Category:Akbar]]<br />
[[Category:1610s establishments in the Mughal Empire]]<br />
[[Category:1613 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]<br />
[[Category:Tombs in Uttar Pradesh]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1943%E2%80%9344_Ranji_Trophy&diff=4817441943–44 Ranji Trophy2026-02-21T15:40:31Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox cricket tournament<br />
| name = 1943–44 Ranji Trophy<br />
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg <br />
| imagesize = 350px<br />
| caption = The Ranji Trophy <br />
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]<br />
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]<br />
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]<br />
| fromdate = <br />
| todate = <br />
| champions = [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]<br />
| count = 1<br />
| participants = 19<br />
| matches = 18<br />
| attendance =<br />
| player of the series =<br />
| most runs = [[Vijay Merchant]] (Bombay) (553)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1943/44 / Records / Most runs |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1943-44/Batting_by_Runs.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref><br />
| most wickets = Saeed Ahmed (Western India) (28)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ranji Trophy, 1943/44 / Records / Most wickets |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1943-44/Bowling_by_Wickets.html|access-date=23 August 2014}}</ref><br />
| website =<br />
| previous_year = 1942–43<br />
| previous_tournament = 1942–43 Ranji Trophy<br />
| next_year = 1944–45<br />
| next_tournament = 1944–45 Ranji Trophy<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''1943–44 Ranji Trophy''' was the tenth season of the [[Ranji Trophy]]. [[Western India cricket team|Western India]] won their only title defeating [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in the final.<br />
<br />
This season could be considered as the arbitrary starting point of high scoring in Indian domestic cricket that would last till the end of the decade. In the final of the [[Bombay Pentangular]] in early December 1943, [[Vijay Merchant]] and [[Vijay Hazare]] scored 250* and 309. It was the prelude to Merchant setting a new Ranji and Indian first class record of 359* for [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]] against [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] between 31 December 1943, and 2 January 1944, at the [[Brabourne Stadium]] in Bombay.<br />
<br />
==Highlights==<br />
* The Bombay-Maharashtra match<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17402.html Bombay v Maharashtra, Brabourne Stadium]</ref> set several national records.<br />
:* Bombay made 735, the highest score in Indian first class cricket bettering 703 by Bengal Cyclone XI in 1942-43.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17381.html Bijapur Famine XI v Bengal Cyclone XI, 1942-43]</ref> The previous Ranji record was 675 by Maharashtra v Bombay in 1940-41<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17277.html Maharashtra v Bombay 1940-41]</ref><br />
:* Vijay Merchant's 359* was the highest individual score in India. Vijay Hazare's 316* for Maharashtra v Baroda in 1939-40 was the previous Ranji and first class record.<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17258.html Maharashtra v Baroda, 1939-40]</ref><br />
:* Merchant and [[Rusi Modi]]'s partnership of 371 was a national record for the sixth wicket. As of 2014, it is bettered only by 417 between Wridhiman Saha and Laxmi Ratan Shukla for Bengal v Assam in 2010-11<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/297/297591.html Bengal v Assam, 2010-11]</ref><br />
* Vijay Merchant's season batting average of 276.50 is the highest by any batsman scoring over 500 runs.<br />
*[[Herbert Barritt]] captained Western India to the title. He was the third Englishman to captain a Ranji winning team, after [[Albert Wensley|Bert Wensley]] of Nawanagar in 1936-37 and [[Tom Longfield]] of Bengal in 1938–39.<br />
<br />
==Zonal Matches==<br />
=== West Zone ===<br />
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap<br />
<!-- Date–Place/Team v v1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --><br />
| seed-width = 25px<br />
| team-width = 150px<br />
| score-width = 80px<br />
<!-- Round 1 --><br />
|10 Dec 1943 – Jamnagar|[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]|221 & 70/5|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''336 & 116/3d'''<br />
|11 Dec 1943 – Karachi|'''[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]'''|'''175 & 83/1'''|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|120 & 136<br />
|11 Dec 1943 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''487'''|[[Baroda cricket team|Baroda]]|297<br />
|||||<br />
<!-- Round 2 --><br />
|28 Dec 1943 – Rajkot|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''274 & 285'''|[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]|178 & 158/6<br />
|31 Dec 1943 – Bombay|'''[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]'''|'''735'''|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|298<br />
<!-- Round 3 --><br />
|15 Jan 1944 – Rajkot|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''363/4'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|255<br />
<!-- exclude matches --><br />
|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=no|skipmatch03=no|skipmatch04=yes<br />
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}<br />
<br />
===East Zone===<br />
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap<br />
<!-- Date–Place/Team 1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --><br />
| seed-width = 25px<br />
| team-width = 150px<br />
| score-width = 80px<br />
<!-- semi finals --><br />
|18 Dec 1943 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''249 & 88/8'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|159 & 261/7d<br />
|17 Dec 1943 – Indore|'''[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]'''|'''222 & 420/7d'''|[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]|116 & 227<br />
<!-- final --><br />
|7 Jan 1944 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''387 & 21/0'''|[[Holkar cricket team|Holkar]]|138 & 266<br />
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}<br />
<br />
=== North Zone ===<br />
{{Round8|style=white-space:nowrap<br />
<!-- Date–Place/Team v v1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --><br />
| seed-width = 25px<br />
| team-width = 175px<br />
| score-width = 80px<br />
<!-- Round 1 --><br />
|20 Dec 1943 – Gwalior|[[Gwalior cricket team|Gwalior]]|92 & 61|'''[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]'''|'''179 & 393'''<br />
|||||<br />
|||||<br />
|||||<br />
<!-- Round 2 --><br />
|29 Jan 1944 – New Delhi|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|84 & 103|'''[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]'''|'''388'''<br />
|||||<br />
<!-- Round 3 --><br />
|4 Mar 1944 – Patiala|[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]|326 & 104/8|'''[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]'''|'''329 & 127'''<br />
<!-- exclude matches --><br />
|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=yes|skipmatch04=yes|skipmatch05=no|skipmatch06=yes<br />
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}<br />
<br />
=== South Zone ===<br />
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap<br />
<!-- Date–Place/Team 1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --><br />
| seed-width = 25px<br />
| team-width = 175px<br />
| score-width = 80px<br />
<!-- Round 1 --><br />
|31 Dec 1943 – Nagpur|[[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]]|166 & 93|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''160 & 109'''<br />
|31 Dec 1943 – Bangalore|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|359|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''365'''<br />
<!-- Round 2 --><br />
|28 Jan 1944 – Secunderabad|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|183 & 141/2|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''349 & 191'''<br />
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}<br />
<br />
==Inter-Zonal Knockout matches==<br />
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap<br />
<!-- Date–Place/Team 1/Score 1/Team 2/Score 2 --><br />
| seed-width = 25px<br />
| team-width = 150px<br />
| score-width = 80px<br />
<!-- semi finals --><br />
|17 Mar 1944 – Rajkot|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''254 & 175/3'''|[[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]]|145 & 283<br />
|19 Feb 1944 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''235 & 266'''|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]|102 & 265<br />
<!-- final --><br />
|7 Apr 1944 – Bombay|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''433'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|234 & 176<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Final==<br />
{{Test match<br />
| date = 7-10 Apr 1944 (timeless match)<br />
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]<br />
| team2 = [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]<br />
| score-team1-inns1 = '''234 (130.2 overs)'''<br />
| runs-team1-inns1 = Asoke Chatterjee 68<br />
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shantilal Gandhi]] 6/50<br />
| score-team2-inns1 = '''433 (153.5 overs)'''<br />
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Gogumal Kishenchand|G. Kishenchand]] 111<br />
| wickets-team2-inns1 = B.K. Mitra 4/80<br />
| score-team1-inns2 = '''176 (79.2 overs)'''<br />
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Nirmal Chatterjee]] 71<br />
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Saeed Ahmed (Western India cricketer)|Saeed Ahmed]] 4/23<br />
| result = Western India won by an innings and 23 runs<br />
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]<br />
| umpires = M.G. Bhave and D.K. Naik<br />
| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/17/17423.html Scorecard]<br />
| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat<br />
| rain =<br />
| notes = The match was played on a neutral ground<br />The trophy was presented by [[Homi Mody|Sir Homi Mody]], the President of the [[Cricket Club of India]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Summary of first ten seasons==<br />
[[File:Ranji Trophy Teams 1934-35 to 1943-44.jpg|none|thumb|800px|Teams in the first ten years]]<br />
[[File:Ranji Trophy Results 1934-35 to 1943-44.jpg|none|thumb|600px|Results of the first ten years]]<br />
<br />
==Scorecards and averages==<br />
*[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1943-44.html CricketArchive]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Ranji Trophy Seasons}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:1943-44 Ranji Trophy}}<br />
[[Category:1943 in Indian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:1944 in Indian cricket]]<br />
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]<br />
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1943–44]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Noor_Hospital&diff=522442Noor Hospital2026-02-18T14:39:19Z<p>Bhoirake: new</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox hospital<br />
|name=Noor Hospital Qadian<br />
|image=Noor_Hospital_Qadian.jpg<br />
|caption=Main Building<br />
|location=Qadian<br />
|region=Gurdaspur<br />
|state=Punjab<br />
|country=India<br />
|founded=1917}}<br />
<br />
'''Noor Hospital Qadian''' is the oldest multidisciplinary hospital at city of [[Qadian]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab state]] of India.<ref>{{cite news |title=India: Noor Hospital Qadian to celebrate 100 years of service to humanity |url=https://themuslimtimes.info/2017/10/14/india-noor-hospital-qadian-to-celebrate-100-years-of-service-to-humanity/ |date=14 October 2017 |newspaper=The Muslim Times}}</ref> The hospital was established in 1917<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.alislam.org/library/book/brief-history-ahmadiyya-muslim/milestones-of-his-caliphate/|title=Milestones of his Caliphate {{!}} Islam Ahmadiyya|work=Islam Ahmadiyya|access-date=2018-01-16|language=en-US}}</ref> to cater to the needs of local residents. The hospital traces its history back to the period of [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]], the founder of the worldwide [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]] who was born in Qadian in 1835. A time when there was no hospital in Qadian he used to provide free medical assistance with great sympathy to the people of Qadian and outskirts. Noor Hospital has been named after the first [[Ahmadiyya Caliphate|khalifa]] (caliph) of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community [[Hakeem Noor-ud-Din]], he was a renowned physician of that time. Before settling in Qadian, in 1876 he was employed as the royal physician to Maharaja [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Ranbir Singh]] the ruler of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite journal|title=National Database for Indian Medical Journals|url=http://medind.nic.in/jab/t12/i1/jabt12i1p91.pdf|journal=JK-Practitioner|volume=17|archive-date=2017-09-19|access-date=2018-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170919002903/http://medind.nic.in/jab/t12/i1/jabt12i1p91.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Departments==<br />
*Department of [[Medicine|English Medicine]]<br />
*Department of [[Homeopathy|Homeopathic Medicine]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hospitals in Punjab, India]]<br />
[[Category:Hospitals established in 1917]]<br />
[[Category:1917 establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Ahmadiyya hospitals]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jayaraj_Warrier&diff=505967Jayaraj Warrier2026-02-07T23:03:57Z<p>Bhoirake: creating new data needs work - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Jayaraj Warrier<br />
| image = Jayaraj warrier.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = 1963<br />
| birth_place = [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|stand-up comedian|Ottamthullal performer}}<br />
| years_active = 1984–present<br />
| known_for = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| children = [[Indulekha Warrier]]<br />
| awards = <br />
}}<br />
'''Jayaraj Warrier''' is an Indian actor, stand-up comedian, [[Ottamthullal]] performer, and [[caricaturist]]. He appears in [[Malayalam film]]s in supporting and comedic roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2019/speakers/jayaraj-warrierjayaraj-warrier-mbifl-2019-1.3475272|title=Jayaraj Warrier|website=Mathrubhumi|date=12 January 2019 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and career==<br />
Warrier hails from [[Thrissur]], [[Kerala]]. He attended S.N. Boys High School, [[Kanimangalam]], [[Thrissur]]. He then studied at [[Chinmaya Mission College]], [[Thrissur]], and [[St. Aloysius College, Thrissur]].<ref>{{cite news |title=മെഡിക്കൽ ഷോപ്പിലെ ചെറിയ മുറിയല്ല, അരങ്ങുകളുടെ വിശാലലോകമാണ് എന്റെ തട്ടകമെന്ന് അന്ന് മനസ്സിലാക്കി: ജയരാജ് വാരിയർ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/education/career-guru/2021/09/24/ente-adya-joli-column-jayaraj-warrier-first-job-experience.html |language=ml}}</ref><br />
<br />
Warrier began his career as an amateur theater artist in 1982 after studying [[Ottamthullal]]. He was part of the Root Theater Group led by Jose Chirammel for seven years from 1984. His daughter [[Indulekha Warrier]] is also a stage performer and playback singer. She made her debut as a music composer in ''Duniyavinte Orattathu''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/indulekha-warrier-song-paatupettikkara-out-from-duniyavinte-orattathu-new-movie-1.5011467|title = ചിത്രം ദുനിയാവിന്റെ ഒരറ്റത്ത്, സംഗീതവും ആലാപനവും ഇന്ദുലേഖ വാര്യര്| date=28 August 2020 }}</ref> Head played noted roles in many stage performances such as ''Mudrarakshasam'', ''Bhomaolpadanathinte Sooryavetta'', ''Chathuppil Parkkunnavar'' and ''Shavaghoshayathra''.<br />
<br />
Warrier is also an eminent [[caricaturist]] and conducted many caricature shows inside and abroad the country. He performed a [[caricature]] show for the members in the [[Kerala Assembly]] in July 2003, which was the first time ever in the history of the Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.justdial.com/entertainment/artist/Jayaraj-Warrier/A588529 |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617173812/https://www.justdial.com/entertainment/artist/Jayaraj-Warrier/A588529 |archive-date=17 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl2019/speakers/jayaraj-warrierjayaraj-warrier-mbifl-2019-1.3475272 |title=Jayaraj Warrier |publisher=English.mathrubhumi.com |date= 12 January 2019|accessdate=2019-06-17}}</ref> In 2010, he received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] for his contributions to Drama and Caricature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.keralaculture.org/drama-a-ksna/465 |title=Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award: Drama |publisher=Department of Cultural Affairs, Government of Kerala|access-date=26 February 2023}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
=== Films ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year !! Title !! Role !! class="unsortable" | Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 1997 || ''[[Oru Yathramozhi]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2000 || ''[[Kochu Kochu Santhoshangal]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2010 || ''[[Pranchiyettan and the Saint]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2012 || ''[[Thiruvambadi Thamban]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Spirit (2012 film)|Spirit]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2013 || ''[[Housefull (2013 film)|Housefull]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Punyalan Agarbattis]]'' || Kaattalan Jose ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2014 || ''[[Onnum Mindathe]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Apothecary (film)|Apothecary]]'' || Varkkichan ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Names Unknown]]'' || Truck driver ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Mathai Kuzhappakkaranalla]]'' || Suneesh ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=3 | 2015 || ''[[Utopiayile Rajavu]]'' || Markkandeyan ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Anarkali (2015 film)|Anarkali]]'' || Chettuva Shahjahan ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)|Charlie]]'' || 'Vaattu' Jose || Cameo <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2016 || ''[[Kattumakkan]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]'' || Porinchu ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=4 | 2017 || ''[[Georgettan's Pooram]]'' || Merlin's father ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Varnyathil Aashanka]]'' || Pratheesh's uncle ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Pullikkaran Staraa]]'' || Car passenger ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Punyalan Private Limited]]'' || Thomas Kattalan ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=5 | 2018 || ''[[Aami]]'' || Sukumaran ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]'' || School teacher ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Oru Pazhaya Bomb Kadha]]'' || Patient ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Drama (2018 film)|Drama]]'' || M.R. Balachandran || <br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Pretham 2]]'' || Unni || <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[The Gambler (2019 film)|The Gambler]]'' || ||<br />
|-<br />
|| ''[[Porinju Mariam Jose]]'' || Tinto || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/specials/porinju-mariam-jose/porinju-mariam-jose-jayaraj-warrier-joshiy-1.4065484|title='നിർബന്ധിച്ചാൽ ഞാനെന്തും പറയും, എന്റെ അപ്പനും അങ്ങിനെയായിരുന്നു'|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=24 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824153202/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/specials/porinju-mariam-jose/porinju-mariam-jose-jayaraj-warrier-joshiy-1.4065484|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || Kuttikrishnan ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || ''[[Naaradan]]'' || Bhrahmav ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || ''Aaro'' || ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-25 |title=Joju George and Anumol's Aaro gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Apr/25/joju-george-and-anumols-aaro-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
{|Class="wikitable"<br />
!Date!!Show name!!Role!!Channel<br />
|-<br />
|2015||''Comedy Festival 2''||Host||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]<br />
|-<br />
|2020–present||''[[Ruchiyathra]]''||[[Talk show host|Host]]||[[Surya TV]]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb name|3646658}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Warrier, Jayaraj}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian caricaturists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian impressionists (entertainers)]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam comedians]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]<br />
[[Category:Male actors from Thrissur]]<br />
[[Category:1963 births]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biaora_tehsil&diff=491414Biaora tehsil2026-02-06T13:58:17Z<p>Bhoirake: added the info more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Biaora tehsil<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Tehsil]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| imagesize = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| image = <!-- maps and coordinates --><br />
| pushpin_map = India Madhya Pradesh#India<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_mapsize = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in [[Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|23.919394726744848|N|76.90999395931506|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --><br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flagcountry|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = Madhya Pradesh<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Rajgarh district]]<br />
| government_type = [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|Janpad Panchayat]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Council]]<br />
<!-- area -->| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| area_rural_footnotes = <br />
| area_rural_km2 = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_blank1_title = <br />
| area_blank1_km2 = <br />
| area_note = <br />
| width_mi = <br />
| elevation_min_rank = <!-- population --><br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_density_km2 = <br />
| population_density_sq_mi = <br />
| population_urban_footnotes = <br />
| population_urban = <br />
| population_density_urban_km2 = <br />
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = <br />
| population_rural_footnotes = <br />
| population_rural = <br />
| population_density_rural_km2 = <br />
| population_density_rural_sq_mi = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]<br />
<!-- time zone(s) -->| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
<!-- postal codes, area code -->| postal_code_type = Postal code (PIN)<br />
| postal_code = 465674<br />
| area_code_type = <!-- defaults to: Area code(s) --><br />
| area_code = <br />
| geocode = <br />
| registration_plate = <!-- blank fields (section 1) --><br />
| blank_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank_info_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = <br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = <!-- blank fields (section 2) --><br />
| blank_name_sec2 = <br />
| blank_info_sec2 = <!-- website, footnotes --><br />
| website = <!-- {{URL|example.com}} --><br />
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|MP-IN]]<br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Biaora tehsil''' is a tehsil in [[Rajgarh district]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is also a subdivision of the administrative and revenue division of bhopal district of Madhya Pradesh.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2325_PART_B_DCHB_RAJGARH.pdf Census of India 2011, Madhya Pradesh - District census handbook, Rajgarh]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dcmsme.gov.in/old/dips/Rajgarh.pdf|title=Brief Industrial Profile of Rajgarh District Madhya Pradesh |website=dcmsme.gov.in|access-date=24 March 2024}}</ref><br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Biaora]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Tehsils of Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Rajgarh district]]<br />
<br />
{{Bhopal-geo-stub}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mattu,_Karnataka&diff=516872Mattu, Karnataka2026-02-04T21:13:09Z<p>Bhoirake: Created a post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{More references|date=December 2017}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Mattu<br />
| other_name = Matti<br />
| nickname = <br />
| settlement_type = Village<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13|15|33|N|74|44|16|E|display=inline,title|region:IN_type:city}}<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Udupi district|Udupi]]<br />
| established_title = <!-- Established --><br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = <br />
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_rank = <br />
| area_total_km2 = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = 6000+<br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = <!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --><br />
| postal_code = <br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = udupi<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = 29-39%%<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = kapu<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
[[File:mattigulla.jpg|thumb|right|Matti Gulla]]<br />
'''Mattu''' or '''Matti''' is a village in the [[Udupi district]] of [[Karnataka]] state in [[India]] that lies on the shore of the [[Arabian Sea]]. This village can be reached from the city of [[Udupi]] by taking a right turn at [[Katapady]] on the way to [[Mangalore]].<br />
<br />
The village is famous for a particular variety of [[brinjal]] (eggplant) that is grown only in this village called [[Udupi mattu gulla|Mattu gulla]]. The brinjal grown here is light green in colour and is spherical, unlike the usual purple-coloured variety. The first brinjal harvested is offered to [[Lord Krishna]] at Krishna Matha, Udupi. The seeds for growing this type of brinjal is said to be given by Shri [[Vadiraja]] swamiji.<br />
<br />
This village is also famous for a bridge named as [[Annekatta]] which connects this tiny village to [[Katapady]]. On one side of this bridge lies Mattu village while on other side lies a bus stop because bus is the only public transport available for the people of this village other than auto rickshaw. This village lies in the midst of [[Arabian Sea]] in the west and a small river in the east side.<br />
<br />
== Demographics ==<br />
Mattu village is spread over an area of 243.62 hectares and has 547 households residing in it, as of the 2011 census.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=10 July 2021|title=Census of India 2011 Part B Udupi|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2915_PART_B_DCHB_UDUPI.pdf|website=Census of India}}</ref> It has a total population of 2,506 persons and 179 children under the age of 6 years as of 2011.<ref name=":0" /> As per the 2011 census, the sex ratio is higher for women as there are 1,241 males and 1,268 females.<ref name=":0" /> there is a glowing beach in mattu.<br />
<br />
2,163 persons are literate here, out of which 1,100 are men and 1,063 women.<ref name=":0" /> 157 persons from Scheduled Castes and 1 person from a Scheduled Tribe resides here.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.oneindia.com/2007/04/05/ktaka-researcher-to-produce-power-from-tides.html Tidal wave project]<br />
<br />
{{Settlements in Udupi district}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Villages in Udupi district]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bindu_(actress)&diff=453157Bindu (actress)2026-01-29T10:05:07Z<p>Bhoirake: formatting fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress (born 1941)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{BLP sources|date=October 2012}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bindu<br />
| image = Binduji.jpg<br />
| caption = Bindu <br />
| birth_name = Bindu Nanubhai Desai<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1941|04|17}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Valsad]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (Present-day [[Valsad]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]])<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| other_name = <br />
| occupation = [[Actress]], [[Dancer]]<br />
| years_active = 1959–2008<br />
| homepage = <br />
| spouse = Champaklal Zaveri<br />
| children = 1 (deceased)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bindu Nanubhai Desai''' (born 17 April 1941),<ref name="बिंदु की कहानी... खुद की जुबानी">{{cite web |url=https://hindi.webdunia.com/bollywood-focus/bindu-film-actress-vamp-118022100046_1.html |title=बिंदु की कहानी... खुद की जुबानी |date=21 February 2018 |website=Hindi Webdunia Dot Com |language=en |access-date=1 October 2021}}</ref> better known mononymously as '''Bindu''', is a former [[India]]n actress who was popular in the 1970s. She has acted in over 160 movies in a career that spanned four decades, receiving seven [[Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award]] nominations. She is most remembered for her role as Shabnam in {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kati Patang]]}} (1970) and for her films opposite [[Prem Chopra]].<ref name=exp>{{cite news |title=Shabnam Still Gets Fan Mail |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/shabnam-still-gets-fan-mail/720458/0 |work=The Indian Express |date=4 December 2010 |access-date=7 May 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bindu made her film debut in 1962 at age 21, starring in her first film ''[[Anpadh]]'' as Kiran. In 1969, she starred in [[Ittefaq (1969 film)|''Ittefaq'']] as Renu, and in ''[[Do Raaste]]'' as Neela. Both films were box-office hits, and Bindu received two nominations for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance in both the films. In 1972, she starred in [[Dastaan (1972 film)|''Dastaan'']] as Mala, and received her third nomination for a Filmfare award for the film. In 1973, Bindu was then cast in [[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]] as Chitra. The film was yet another box-office hit, attributing to Bindu's credibility at the time. Her performance in the movie led her to receive her fourth nomination for a Filmfare award. Then, in 1974, she starred in films [[Hawas (1974 film)|''Hawas'']] as Kamini, and in ''[[Imtihan]]'' as Rita. Both films were commercially successful, and Bindu received two more Filmfare nominations. In 1976, she then starred in [[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|''Arjun Pandit'']] as Sarla, and received her last nomination for a Filmfare Award.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Bindu was born to film producer Nanubhai Desai and Jyotsna in Hanuman Bhagda, a small village in the [[Valsad district]] in [[Gujarat]] and was raised alongside her seven siblings. Bindu's father died in 1954 when she was 13 and being the eldest daughter, the burden of earning money fell on her shoulders.<ref name="bcurry">{{cite web |title=Bindu Desai Biography |url=http://www.bollycurry.com/celeb/bindu-desai/biography/ |publisher=bollycurry.com |access-date=2 August 2010}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Aruna Irani]], [[Indra Kumar]], [[Adi Irani]] and [[Firoz Irani]] are her first cousins.{{cn|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Bindu had early successes with ''[[Do Raaste]]'' and ''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]'' in 1969, receiving her first and second nominations for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]]. Then she went on to write her success story with [[Shakti Samanta]]'s {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kati Patang]]}} (1970), where she had a sizzling [[cabaret]] dance, "Mera Naam Shabnam" to her credit; a number which is even today remembered as one of the highlights of the film.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}} <br />
<br />
Bindu's mesmerising performances in 1974 as a seductress in ''[[Imtihan]]'', and as a nymphomaniac in ''[[Hawas (1974 film)|Hawas]]'', left critics and audiences asking for more, earning two nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. With a string of hits behind her, she successfully managed to break out of the myth that married actresses usually do not go to become sex symbols, especially in the Hindi film industry. She is the third point in the 'holy trinity' of item number queens. Along with [[Helen (actress)|Helen]] and [[Aruna Irani]], Bindu defined the Bollywood 'cabaret' dance number and the role of the 'Vamp'.{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}<br />
[[File:Bollywood Hindi Film Cinema Actress Bindu by Camaal Mustafa Sikander aka Lens Naayak.jpg|thumb|Bindu in 2010]]<br />
Her acting ability was seen in films like [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]'s films, as the deglamorised role of wife to Ashok Kumar in ''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' and in {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]}}, where she won raves for playing a very sympathetic character. She received two more nominations for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. She proved to be just as convincing as the crippled woman in ''[[Chaitali (film)|Chaitali]].'' She played Mona Darling, the villain's moll in ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'', thus becoming one of her most iconic roles.<br />
<br />
She was paired opposite [[Prem Chopra]] regularly in films such as Lagan, {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kati Patang]]}}, [[Do Raaste]], [[Chhupa Rustam]], [[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]], [[Phandebaaz]], [[Tyaag (1977 film)|''Tyaag'']], [[Nafrat]], [[Gehri Chaal]] and [[Dastaan (1972 film)|''Dastaan'']] where she played an adultress, receiving her seventh nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. She even danced with Sivaji Ganesan in the Tamil film Naladhu Oru Kudumbam in 1979.She did 13 films with [[Rajesh Khanna]] from 1969 film Do Raaste to 1986 film [[Adhikar (1986 film)|''Adhikar'']].<br />
[[File:ActressBindu.jpg|thumb|Bindu in 2012]]<br />
An impending pregnancy, followed by a miscarriage, brought about a lull in her career and on the advice of her doctors she had to end her stint as the glamorous 'vamp' – dancing and all in 1983. However, she did not stay away for long and returned to the silver screen with character roles – ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'', [[Alag Alag]], ''[[Biwi Ho To Aisi]]'' and ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' and with many other such movies she managed to re-establish herself as the unmerciful and cruel mother-in-law, or the cynical aunt.<br />
<br />
In the later stages of her career, she made fewer on-screen appearances, like the ones in ''[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]'', ''Aankhen'' which highlighted her comic side, and followed with other light and funny performances in ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'', ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'', and ''[[Om Shanti Om]]''.<br />
<br />
==Awards and nominations==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Award<br />
!Film<br />
!Category<br />
!Result<br />
|-<br />
|[[17th Filmfare Awards|1970]]<br />
|rowspan="7"|[[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
|''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]''<br />
|rowspan="7"|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[18th Filmfare Awards|1971]]<br />
|''[[Do Raaste]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[20th Filmfare Awards|1973]]<br />
|''[[Dastaan (1972 film)|Dastaan]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[21st Filmfare Awards|1974]]<br />
|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]}}<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|rowspan="2"|[[22nd Filmfare Awards|1975]]<br />
|''[[Hawas (1974 film)|Hawas]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Imtihan]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[24th Filmfare Awards|1977]]<br />
|''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]''<br />
|{{nom}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Selected filmography ==<br />
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}<br />
* ''[[Anpadh]]'' (1962) as Kiran<br />
* ''[[Aya Sawan Jhoom Ke]]'' (1969)<br />
* ''Nateeja'' (1969)<br />
* ''[[Ittefaq (1969 film)|Ittefaq]]'' (1969) as Renu<br />
* ''[[Do Raaste]]'' (1969) as Neela<br />
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kati Patang]]}} (1970) as Shabnam<br />
* ''[[Preet Ki Dori]]'' (1971)<br />
* ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1971)<br />
* ''[[Dushman (1971 film)|Dushman]]'' (1971) as Special Appearance<br />
* ''[[Haseenon Ka Devata]]'' (1971)<br />
* ''[[Dastaan (1972 film)|Dastaan]]'' (1972) as Mala Sahay<br />
* ''[[Dil Ka Raja|Dil Ka Raaja]]'' (1972)<br />
* ''[[Ek Bechara]]'' (1972)<br />
* ''[[Garam Masala (1972 film)|Garam Masala]]'' (1972) as Neelima<br />
* ''[[Raja Jani]]'' (1972) as Special Appearance<br />
* ''[[Mere Jeevan Saathi (1972 film)|Mere Jeevan Saathi]]'' (1972)<br />
* ''[[Dharma (1973 film)|Dharma]]'' (1973)<br />
* ''[[Zanjeer (1973 film)|Zanjeer]]'' (1973) as Mona<br />
* ''[[Gaai Aur Gori]]'' (1973) as Mohini<br />
* ''[[Gehri Chaal]]'' (1973) as Shobha<br />
* ''[[Joshila]]'' (1973)<br />
* ''Anhonee'' (1973)<br />
* {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]}} (1973)<br />
* ''[[Suraj Aur Chanda]]'' (1973)<br />
* ''[[Hawas (1974 film)|Hawas]]'' (1974) as Kamini<br />
* ''Free Love'' (1974)<br />
* ''[[Imtihan]]'' (1974) as Rita<br />
* ''Pagli'' (1974)<br />
* ''[[Prem Nagar (1974 film)|Prem Nagar]]'' (1974)<br />
* ''[[Bangaarada Panjara]]'' (1974 Kannada film) as Reshma<br />
* ''[[Chaitali (film)|Chaitali]]'' (1975)<br />
* ''[[Dafaa 302]]'' (1975)<br />
* ''[[Jaggu]]'' (1975)<br />
* ''[[Sewak (film)|Sewak]]'' (1975)<br />
* ''[[Dhoti Lota Aur Chowpatty]]'' (1975) as Dancer<br />
*''[[Aaj Ka Mahaatma]]'' (1976)<br />
* ''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]] '' (1976)<br />
* ''[[Shankar Shambhu]]'' (1976) as Munni Bai<br />
* ''[[Shankar Dada]]'' (1976) as Bindiya<br />
* ''[[Shaque]]'' (1976) as Rosita<br />
* ''[[Dus Numbri]]'' (1976)<br />
* ''[[Nehle Pe Dehla|Nehle Peh Dehlaa]]'' (1976) Filomina<br />
* ''Thief of Baghdad'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Do Chehere]]'' (1977) as Dancer<br />
* ''[[Hira Aur Patthar]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Chakkar Pe Chakkar]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Chala Murari Hero Banne]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Chalta Purza]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Maha Badmaash]]'' (1977)<br />
* ''[[Bandie (1978 film)|Bandie]]'' (1978) as Bimala<br />
* ''[[Chor Ho To Aisa]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Des Pardes (1978 film)|Des Pardes]]'' (1978) as Sylvia<br />
* ''[[Ganga Ki Saugandh]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Besharam (1978 film)|Besharam]]'' (1978) as Manju<br />
* ''Jalan'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Trishna (1978 film)|Trishna]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Phandebaaz]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Rahu Ketu (1978 film)|Rahu Ketu]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Ram Kasam]]'' (1978)<br />
* ''[[Amar Deep (1979 film)|Amar Deep]]'' (1979) as Asha<br />
* ''[[Nallathoru Kudumbam]]'' (1979 Tamil film) as the Dancer in One and two cha cha song<br />
* ''[[Inspector Eagle]]'' (1979)<br />
* ''[[Allaudinaum Arputha Vilakkum]]'' (1979 Tamil–Malayalam bilingual) as the Dancer in a song<br />
* ''[[Khandaan (1979 film)|Khandaan]]'' (1979) as Nanda V. Shrivastav<br />
* ''[[Sarkari Mehmaan]]'' (1979)<br />
* ''[[Agreement (film)|Agreement]]'' (1980)<br />
* ''[[Jwalamukhi (1980 film)|Jwalamukhi]]'' (1980)<br />
* ''Lahu Pukarega'' (1980)<br />
* ''[[Shaan (1980 film)|Shaan]]'' (1980) as Special Appearance<br />
* ''[[Naseeb (1981 film)|Naseeb]]'' (1981) as Special Appearance<br />
* ''[[Laawaris (1981 film)|Laawaris]]'' (1981)<br />
* ''[[Prem Rog]]'' (1982)<br />
* ''[[Hero (1983 film)|Hero]]'' (1983) as Jamna<br />
* [[Divorce (1984 film)|''Divorce (1984)'']]<br />
* ''[[Paisa Yeh Paisa]]'' (1985)<br />
* ''[[Aaj Ka Daur]]'' (1985)<br />
* ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' (1986)<br />
* ''[[Hifazat (1987 film)|Hifazat]]'' (1987)<br />
* ''[[Biwi Ho To Aisi]]'' (1988)<br />
* ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]'' (1990) as Kamini<br />
* ''[[Ghar Ho To Aisa]]'' (1990)<br />
* ''[[Yeh Aag Kab Bujhegi]]'' (1991)<br />
* ''[[Honeymoon (1992 film)|Honeymoon]]'' (1992)<br />
* ''[[Shola Aur Shabnam (1992 film)|Shola Aur Shabnam]]'' (1992)<br />
* ''[[Aankhen (1993 film)|Aankhen]]'' (1993)<br />
* ''[[Aasoo Bane Angaarey]]'' (1993)<br />
* ''[[Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja (1993 film)|Roop Ki Rani Choron Ka Raja]]'' (1993)<br />
* ''[[Chhoti Bahoo]]'' (1994)<br />
* ''[[Krantiveer]]'' (1994) as Special Appearance<br />
* ''[[Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!]]'' (1994) as Bhagwanti Kashyap<br />
* ''[[Anokha Andaaz]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anokha Andaaz - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2984 |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (1995) as Shashi Mehta<br />
* ''[[Shohrat]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shohrat - Movie - - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/cast_crew.php?movieid=2787 |access-date=2025-01-11 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> (1996) as Sudha Saigal<br />
* ''[[Judwaa]]'' (1997) as Sundari Motwani<br />
* ''[[Banarasi Babu (1997 film)|Banarasi Babu]]'' (1997)<br />
* ''[[Ehsaas is Tarah]]'' (1998)<br />
* ''[[Aunty No. 1]]'' (1998)<br />
* ''[[Jaanam Samjha Karo]]'' (1999)<br />
* ''[[Pyaar Koi Khel Nahin]]'' (1999)<br />
* ''[[Sooryavansham]]'' (1999)<br />
* ''[[Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai]]'' (2002)<br />
* ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' (2004)<br />
* ''[[Om Shanti Om]]'' (2007)<br />
* ''[[Mehbooba (2008 film)|Mehbooba]]'' (2008)<br />
{{div col end}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category|Bindu (actress)}}<br />
* {{IMDb name|id=0082848|name=Bindu}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bindu}}<br />
[[Category:Actresses from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:1941 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Gujarati cinema]]<br />
[[Category:People from Valsad district]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Khamaj_(thaat)&diff=509514Khamaj (thaat)2026-01-24T10:19:07Z<p>Bhoirake: creating a entry basic info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Aspect of Hindustani music theory}}<br />
{{for|the raga of the same name|Khamaj}}<br />
{{Hindustani Classical Music}}<br />
[[File:A yogi seated in a garden.jpg|thumb|''Kamod Ragini'', North Indian or Deccani miniature painting, c.1620-40]]<br />
'''Khamaj''' ({{IAST3|Khamāj}}) is one of the ten [[thaat]]s (parent scales) of [[Hindustani music]] from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. It is also the name of a [[raga]] within this thaat.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bor |first1=Joep |last2=Rao |first2=Suvarnalata |title=The Raga Guide: A Survey of 74 Hindustani Ragas |date=1999 |publisher=Nimbus Records with Rotterdam Conservatory of Music |isbn=9780954397609 |page=3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCnoMgEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Khamaj thaat can be obtained by replacing the Shuddha Nishad of [[Bilaval (thaat)|Bilaval]] by Komal Nishad. The ragas of this thaat are full of [[Shringara]] [[Rasa (aesthetics)|Rasa]] (romantic) hence this raga is mostly rendered in the form of light classical [[thumri]]s, [[tappa]]s, [[Hori (music)|hori]]s, [[kajri]]s etc. Its pictorial descriptions in the existing texts are sensuous and even today, the raga [[Khamaj]] is considered to be a 'flirtatious' raag. There is a theory which assumes that in the past, the Khamaj scale found its way in the Ch'in music of late medieval China.{{cn|date=September 2018}}<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The parent-scale or Thaat of Khamaj, notated in [[sargam (music)|sargam]] notation, has the following structure: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Dha {{underline|Ni}} Sa'.<br />
<br />
In Western terms, assuming the tonic (Sa) to be at C, the scale would be: C D E F G A B-flat C.<br />
<br />
Khamaj thaat is thus equivalent to the [[mixolydian]] [[musical mode|mode]] in Western classical music. The [[Carnatic music]] equivalent of the Khamaj Thaat is ''[[Harikambhoji]]'', the 28th [[Melakarta]] [[raga]].<br />
<br />
==Ragas==<br />
Ragas in Khamaj thaat include:<br />
<br />
*[[Khamaj (raga)|Khamaj]]<br />
* [[Rageshree]]<br />
* [[Jhinjhoti]]<br />
* [[Desh (raga)|Desh]]<br />
* [[Sorath (raga) |Sorath]]<br />
* Manj Khamaj<br />
* [[Tilang]]<br />
* [[Gara (raga)|Gara]] <br />
* [[Tilak Kamod]]<br />
* [[Jaijaiwanti]]<br />
* Khambavati<br />
* [[Kalavati]]<br />
* Khokar<br />
* Khamboji<br />
* Champak<br />
* Deepak<br />
* Gavati<br />
* Janasammohini<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
2. https://www.parrikar.org/hindustani/khamaj/<br />
<br />
[[Category:Hindustani music theory]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piyare_Lal_Handoo&diff=451694Piyare Lal Handoo2026-01-18T06:21:59Z<p>Bhoirake: Improved article clarity and structure</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} <br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Piyare Lal Handoo<br />
| image = File:Pl Handoo.webp<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 1989<br />
| term_end = 1991<br />
| predecessor = [[Begum Akbar Jahan Abdullah]]<br />
| successor = [[Maqbool Dar|Mohammad Maqbool Dar]]<br />
| constituency = [[Anantnag (Lok Sabha constituency)|Anantnag]]<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1927|10|27}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Anantnag]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir and Jammu]], [[British Raj|British India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2001|01|27|1927|10|27}}<br />
| death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[Delhi]], India<br />
| education = M. A. LLB hons. ([[Lucknow University]])<br />
| party = [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
| spouse = Bhagwati Handoo<br />
| children = <br />
}}<br />
'''Piyare Lal Handoo''' (27 October 1927 – 27 January 2001) was an Indian politician who was a member of [[6th Lok Sabha]]. He was also a lawyer, social worker, and teacher; he was known for his participation in the Indian independence movement.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3284.htm|title=6th Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile|work=Lok Sabha|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/agra.html|title=Agra Parliamentary Constituencies|work=Elections.in|accessdate=5 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="rs">{{cite web|title=RAJYA SABHA STATISTICAL INFORMATION (1952-2013)|url= http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/rsstatis_inf52-03.pdf |publisher=Rajya Sabha Secretariat, New Delhi|accessdate= 5 September 2020|page=12 |date=2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://scoopnews.in/det.aspx?q=61626|title=NC leaders among hundreds bid final adieu to mortal remains of Mrs P. L Handoo}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Electoral performance ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1996]]||[[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||59.83%||Sarla Taploo||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||19.69%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1996 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117084805/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-JK96.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1987 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1987]]||[[Habba Kadal Assembly constituency|Habba Kadal]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||48.51%||Mushtaq Ahmad||{{party name with color|Independent politician}}||44.89%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114084427/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReport_jk_87.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1983 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1983]]||[[Pahalgam Assembly constituency|Pahalgam]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||56.77%||Mohammed Tahir||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||36.25%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117082124/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/StatisticalReport_JK_1983.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|1977]]||[[Pahalgam Assembly constituency|Pahalgam]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||{{Won}}||68.78%||Ghulam Rasool Kochah||{{party name with color|Janata Party}}||19.95%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReport_JK_77.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|access-date=15 February 2024|format=pdf}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
<br />
|}<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Handoo, Piyare Lal}}<br />
[[Category:1927 births]]<br />
[[Category:2016 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 1989–1991]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu & Kashmir National Conference politicians]]<br />
[[Category:People from Anantnag]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri Hindu people]]<br />
[[Category:Kashmiri Pandits]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1996–2002]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1987–1996]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1983–1986]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 1977–1983]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{JammuKashmir-politician-stub}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramaswamy_Ranga_Rao&diff=529169Ramaswamy Ranga Rao2026-01-11T15:12:58Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian mathematician (1939-2021)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{sources|date=May 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
'''Ramaswamy Ranga Rao''' (1935 - 27 August 2021<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title= Ramaswamy Ranga Rao|url=https://www.idref.fr/033528918 |access-date= 11 January 2026|website=IDREF |language=en}}</ref>) was a prominent [[Indian people|Indian]] [[mathematician]] who made fundamental contributions to [[statistics]], [[Lie groups]], and [[Lie algebras]] and worked as professor for most of his career in the [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]] until 2001. He finished his Ph.D. under the supervision of [[C.R. Rao]] from [[Indian Statistical Institute]]. He was one of the "famous four" <ref name="Veeravalli S. Varadarajan">{{cite web|last=[[Kalyan Bidhan Sinha]] and [[B. V. Rajarama Bhat]]|title=Veeravalli S. Varadarajan|url=https://www.math.lsu.edu/cosa/6-1-00%5Bpartha%5D.pdf|publisher=[[Louisiana State University]]}}</ref> students of Rao: (the others were [[K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)|K. R. Parthasarathy]], [[Veeravalli S. Varadarajan]], and [[S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan]]) in [[Indian Statistical Institute|ISI]] during 1956-1963.<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Ramaswamy Ranga Rao<br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1935<br />
| birth_place = [[India]]<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|8|27|1935|df=y}}<br />
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[India]]<br />
| residence = <br />
| citizenship = [[Indian people|Indian]]<br />
| ethnicity = <br />
| field = [[Mathematics]]<br />
| work_institutions = [[University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign]]<br />[[Indian Statistical Institute]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College]]<br>[[University of Madras]]<ref>{{Cite web |title= A different kind of mind|url=https://bhavana.org.in/a-different-kind-of-mind/ |access-date= |website= Bhavana .org |language=en}}</ref><br />([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]) [[Indian Statistical Institute]]<br />
| doctoral_advisor = [[C. R. Rao]]<br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| known_for = <br />
| prizes = <br />
| signature = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
<br />
After retiring in 2001, he moved to [[Chennai]] in 2015. He died on 27 August 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=In Memoriam: R. Ranga Rao |url=https://math.illinois.edu/news/2021-09-01/memoriam-r-ranga-rao |website=UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA-CHAMPAIGN College of Liberal Arts & Sciences Department of Mathematics |publisher=University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign |access-date=26 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ranga Rao |url=https://www.news-gazette.com/obituaries/archive/ranga-rao/article_a9390574-0ab0-11ec-9519-17148ba69642.html |access-date=26 September 2022 |work=The News-Gazette |date=1 September 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
Ramaswamy Ranga Rao was born in [[India]] in 1935<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title= Ramaswamy Ranga Rao|url=https://www.idref.fr/033528918 |access-date= 11 January 2026|website=IDREF |language=en}}</ref> and completed his undergraduation from [[Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College]] in Chennai where he was senior to his fellow mathematician [[K. R. Parthasarathy (probabilist)|KR Parthasarathy]] and completed his [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] from the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in Kolkata under [[CR Rao]] he was part of a group of four eminent mathematicians from [[Indian Statistical Institute|ISI]].<ref>{{Cite web |title= A different kind of mind|url=https://bhavana.org.in/a-different-kind-of-mind/ |access-date= |website= Bhavana .org |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Selected publications==<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last1 = Bhattacharya | first1 = R. N.<br />
| last2 = Ranga Rao | first2 = R.<br />
| mr = 0436272<br />
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons<br />
| title = Normal approximation and asymptotic expansions<br />
| year = 1976}}. Russian translation by V. V. Sazonov, Nauka, 1982, {{MR|0702344}}. 2nd ed., Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., 1986, {{MR|0855460}}. Chosen as a classic in the [[Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics|SIAM]] series on applied mathematics.<br />
*{{citation<br />
| last = Ranga Rao | first = R.<br />
| issue = 2<br />
| journal = Pacific Journal of Mathematics<br />
| mr = 1197062<br />
| pages = 335–371<br />
| title = On some explicit formulas in the theory of Weil representation<br />
| url = http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.pjm/1102634748<br />
| volume = 157<br />
| year = 1993}}.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, R. Ranga}}<br />
[[Category:20th-century births]]<br />
[[Category:2021 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]<br />
[[Category:University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Statistical Institute alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian mathematicians]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-mathematician-stub}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ila_Arab_Mehta&diff=454427Ila Arab Mehta2025-12-31T07:56:56Z<p>Bhoirake: minor edit</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian writer (Born: 1938)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = Ila Arab Mehta<br />
| image = Ila Arab Mehta.jpg<br />
| caption = Ila Arab Mehta in 1995<br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1938|6|16}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --><br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Novelist and short story<br />
| language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| education = <br />
| alma_mater = <br />
| home_town = <br />
| period = <br />
| notable_works = <br />
| spouse = <!-- or: | spouses = --><br />
| signature = Ila Arab Mehta autograph.svg<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ila Arab Mehta''' (born 16 June 1938) is a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] novelist and story writer from [[Gujarat]], India.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Mehta was born on 16 June 1938 at [[Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai]]) to Gujarati writer [[Gunvantrai Acharya]]. Her family belonged to [[Jamnagar]]. She completed her schooling from Jamnagar, Rajkot and Mumbai. She completed BA with Gujarati in 1958 from [[Ramnarain Ruia College]] and MA in 1960. She taught at Ruia College from 1960 to 1967 and later at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]] from 1970 to her retirement in 2000.<ref name=AGSI>{{cite book|title=અર્વાચીન ગુજરાતી સાહિત્યનો ઈતિહાસ - આધુનિક અને અનુઆધુનિક યુગ (History of Modern Gujarati Literature – Modern and Postmodern Era)|first=Prasad|last=Brahmabhatt |publisher=Parshwa Publication|location=Ahmedabad|year=2010|pages=265–266|language=gu|isbn=978-93-5108-247-7}}</ref><ref name=sa>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/meettheauthor/ila_arab_mehta.pdf|title=Meet The Author: Ila Arab Mehta|website=Sahitya Akademi, Delhi|date=26 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223130220/http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/sahitya-akademi/library/meettheauthor/ila_arab_mehta.pdf|archive-date=23 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="George1992">{{cite book|author=K. M. George|title=Modern Indian Literature, an Anthology: Surveys and poems|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1R2Pa3f7r0C&pg=PA143|year=1992|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-7201-324-0|page=143}}</ref><ref name="Dutt1999">{{cite book|author=Kartik Chandra Dutt|title=Who's who of Indian Writers, 1999: A-M|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QA1V7sICaIwC&pg=PA743|year=1999|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0873-5|pages=743–744}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Works==<br />
In her early days, Mehta wrote in ''Akhand Anand'', ''Navneet'' and ''Stree Jeevan'' magazines. She has written several novels including ''Trikonni Tran Rekhao'' (1966), ''Thijelo Akar'' (1970), ''Radha'' (1972), ''Ek Hata Diwan Bahadur'' (1976), ''Batris Laksho'' (1976), ''Varasdar'' (1978), ''Avati Kalno Sooraj'' (1979), ''Batris Putalini Vedana'' (1982), ''Ane Mrityu'' (1982), ''Dariyano Manas'' (1985), ''Vasant Chhlake'' (1987), ''Nag Pariksha'', ''Panch Pagala Prithvi Par'' (1995), ''The New Life'' (2004), ''Parpotani Aankh'' (1988), ''Zili Me Kumpal Hathelima'' (2007). ''Jaherkhabarno MAnas'' (1985), ''Shabne Naam Hotu Nathi'' (1981) are novels with different subjects.<ref name=AGSI/><ref name=sa/><ref name="Dutt1999"/> Her novel ''Vaad'' (2011) is translated in English as ''Fence'' (2015) by [[Rita Kothari]].<ref name="Desai 2015">{{cite web | last=Desai | first=S. D. | title=Who is That Across the Fence? | website=The Indian Express | date=18 July 2015 | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/who-is-that-across-the-fence/ | accessdate=23 December 2016}}</ref> Her novel ''Batris Putlini Vedna'' is a story of women's struggle against injustice done to them and their attempt to establish their own identity. It centred around Anuradha, a main protagonist of the novel, and presents her anger against male [[chauvinism]] in the same way as [[Kundanika Kapadia]]'s ''Saat Paglan Akashman'' (Seven Steps in the Sky; 1994).<ref name="DasguptaLal2007">{{cite book|author1=[[Sanjukta Dasgupta]]|author2=[[Malashri Lal]]|title=The Indian Family in Transition: Reading Literary and Cultural Texts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4r-GAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181|accessdate=26 March 2017|date=13 November 2007|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0163-5|page=181}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Ek Cigarette Ek Dhupsali'' (1981), ''Viena-Woods'' (1989), ''Bhagyarekha'' (1995), ''Balavo Balvi Balvu'' (1998), ''Yom Kippur'' (2006). ''Ila Arab Mehtano Varta Vaibhav'' (2009) are her collections of stories. She has edited ''Varsha Adaljani Shreshth Vartao'' (1991), selected stories of [[Varsha Adalja]].<ref name=AGSI/><ref name=sa/><ref name="Dutt1999"/><br />
<br />
''Mrityu Naam Parpota Mare'' (1984) is her compilation of literary works by various authors on death.<ref name=sa/><br />
<br />
Her writing is considered feminist.<ref name="Sathian 2016">{{cite web | last=Sathian | first=Sanjena | title=When a Respected Author Becomes an Accidental Feminist | website=OZY | date=2016-05-16 | url=http://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/when-a-respected-author-becomes-an-accidental-feminist/67495 | accessdate=2016-12-23}}</ref><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996"/><br />
<br />
==Awards==<br />
She has been awarded by [[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]], Maharashtra Gujarati Sahitya Akademi, and [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]].<ref name=sa/><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
She married Arab Mehta, a doctor, in 1964 and has a son, Salil and a daughter, Sonali. She lives in Mumbai. Her father [[Gunvantrai Acharya]] and her younger sister [[Varsha Adalja]] are also Gujarati writers.<ref name=sa/><ref name="NatarajanNelson1996">{{cite book|author1=Nalini Natarajan|author2=Emmanuel Sampath Nelson|title=Handbook of Twentieth-century Literatures of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA127|year=1996|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-28778-7|page=127}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Commonscatinline}}<br />
*{{Gbooks-author|Ilā Ārab Mahetā}}<br />
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Arab Mehta, Ila}}<br />
[[Category:Women writers from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]<br />
[[Category:1938 births]]<br />
[[Category:Gujarati-language Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Mumbai]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peddapalli_Lok_Sabha_constituency&diff=525043Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency2025-12-20T05:11:16Z<p>Bhoirake: stub</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Indian parliament in Telangana}}<br />
{{distinguish|Peddapalle Assembly constituency}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| type = LS<br />
| name = Peddapalli <Br>{{Small|TG-2}}<br />
|map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Andhra Pradesh/Peddapalli.map}}<br />
| map_caption = Boundary of Peddapalli Constituency in Telangana<br />
| established = 1962<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| mp = [[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]<br />
| reservation = SC<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]<br />
| state = [[Telangana]]<br />
| electors = 1,425,361<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140702210941/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/GE2014/PC_WISE_TURNOUT.htm Parliamentary Constituency wise Turnout for General Election - 2014"]</ref><br />
| assembly_cons = [[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]]<br />[[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampalli]]<br />[[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]<br />[[Dharmapuri,_Telangana_Assembly_constituency|Dharmapuri]]<br />[[Ramagundam Assembly constituency|Ramagundam]]<br />[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]<br />[[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalle]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 17 [[Lok Sabha]] (Lower House of the Parliament) constituencies in [[Telangana]] state in southern [[India]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Dalit|Scheduled castes]]<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|page=29}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
Since its inception in 1962 Peddapalli seat is a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] stronghold, various political outfits like the [[Telangana Praja Samithi]] and the [[Telugu Desam Party]] have won it during different general elections.<br />
<br />
After the formation of [[Telangana]] the [[Telangana Rashtra Samithi]] won the seat for the first time in [[2014 Indian general election|2014 General Election]].<br />
<br />
==Assembly segments ==<br />
Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency presently comprises the following [[Telangana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] segments:<ref name="ceo"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!#<br />
!Name<br />
!District<br />
!Member<br />
!colspan=2 |Party<br />
!colspan=2 |Leading<br/>{{small|(in 2024)}}<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]] (SC)<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Mancherial district|Mancherial]]<br />
|[[Gaddam Vivek Venkatswamy]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}<br />
|{{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampalli]] (SC)<br />
|[[Gaddam Vinod Kumar]]<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]<br />
|[[Kokkirala Premsagar Rao]]<br />
|-<br />
|22<br />
|[[Dharmapuri, Telangana Assembly constituency|Dharmapuri]] (SC)<br />
|[[Jagitial district|Jagitial]]<br />
|[[Adluri Laxman Kumar]]<br />
|{{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|23<br />
|[[Ramagundam Assembly constituency|Ramagundam]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Peddapalli district|Peddapalli]]<br />
|[[Makkan Singh Raj Thakur]]<br />
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|24<br />
|[[Manthani Assembly constituency|Manthani]]<br />
|[[D. Sridhar Babu]]<br />
|-<br />
|25<br />
|[[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalle]]<br />
|[[Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao]]<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Members of Parliament==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!Year<br />
!Member<br />
! colspan="2" |Party<br />
|-<br />
| colspan="4" |{{center|''1952-1962 : Constituency did not exist''}}<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[M. R. Krishna]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |V. Tulasiram<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Telangana Praja Samithi}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]<br />
|K. Rajamallu<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]<br />
|G. Bhoopathy<br />
|{{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[G. Venkat Swamy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Chellamalla Suguna Kumari]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|[[G. Venkat Swamy]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|[[G. Vivekanand|Gaddam Vivekanand]]<br />
|-<br />
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|[[Balka Suman]]<br />
| {{Full party name with color|Bharat Rashtra Samithi|rowspan=2}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|[[Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]<br />
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
<br />
=== General election, 2024 ===<br />
{{Election box begin|title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Peddapalle]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Vamsi Krishna Gaddam]]|votes=475,587|percentage=43.42|change={{increase}}7.74}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Gomase Srinivas|votes=344,223|percentage=31.43|change={{increase}}21.88}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharat Rashtra Samithi|candidate=[[Koppula Eshwar]]|votes=193,356|percentage=17.65|change={{decrease}}27.84}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Erukulla Raja Narsaiah|votes=6,799|percentage=0.62|change={{decrease}}0.33}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=5,711|percentage=0.52|change=}}<br />
<br />
{{Election box majority|votes=131,364|percentage=11.99|change={{up}}2.18}}<br />
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,095,295|percentage=67.87|change={{increase}}2.28}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link||winner = Indian National Congress<br />
|loser= Bharat Rashtra Samithi<br />
|swing=}}{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
Detailed Results at:<br />
https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/ConstituencywiseS292.htm<br />
<br />
===General election, 2019===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Peddapalle]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi<br />
|candidate = [[Venkatesh Netha Borlakunta]] <br />
|votes = 4,41,321<br />
|percentage = 45.49<br />
|change = {{decrease}}11.33<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = Agam Chandrasekhar<br />
|votes = 3,46,141<br />
|percentage = 35.68<br />
|change = {{increase}}8.11<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party<br />
|candidate = Sogala Kumar <br />
|votes = 92,606<br />
|percentage = 9.55<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = [[Independent politician|IND.]]<br />
|candidate = Kuntala Narsaiah<br />
|votes = 18,219<br />
|percentage = 1.88<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Bala Kalyan Panja<br />
|votes = 10,203<br />
|percentage = 1.05<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = None of the above<br />
|candidate = None of the above<br />
|votes = 8,971<br />
|percentage = 0.92<br />
|change = N/A<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 95,180<br />
| percentage = 9.81<br />
| change = {{decrease}}18.67<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 9,70,165<br />
| percentage = 65.59<br />
| change = {{decrease}}6.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner =Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election, 2014===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Peddapalle]]<ref>[http://www.elections.in/andhra-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/peddapalli.html Peddapalli Lok Sabha (General) Elections Result]</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
|candidate = [[Balka Suman]]<br />
|votes = 5,65,496<br />
|percentage = 56.82<br />
|change = {{increase}}27.54<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[G. Vivekanand|Gaddam Vivekanand]]<br />
|votes = 2,74,338<br />
|percentage = 27.57<br />
|change = {{decrease}}7.13<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
|candidate = Dr. Janapati Sarat Babu<br />
|votes = 63,334<br />
|percentage = 6.36<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate|<br />
|party = RP (K)<br />
|candidate = Velthuru Mallaiah<br />
|votes = 45,977<br />
|percentage = 4.62<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
|candidate = Tagaram Shankar Lal<br />
|votes = 9,449<br />
|percentage = 0.95<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 2,91,158<br />
| percentage = 28.48<br />
| change = {{increase}}23.06<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 10,22,184<br />
| percentage = 71.93<br />
| change = {{increase}}6.02<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box gain with party link<br />
| winner = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
|loser = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election, 2009===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Peddapalle]]}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Indian National Congress<br />
|candidate = [[G. Vivekanand|Gaddam Vivekanand]]<br />
|votes = 3,13,748<br />
|percentage = 34.70<br />
|change = {{decrease}}26.21<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
|candidate = Gomasa Srinivas<br />
|votes = 2,64,731<br />
|percentage = 29.28<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link|<br />
|party = Praja Rajyam Party<br />
|candidate = Arepelli David Raju <br />
|votes = 1,75,605<br />
|percentage = 19.42<br />
|change = ''New''<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 49,017<br />
| percentage = 5.42<br />
| change = {{decrease}}22.59<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 9,04,084 <br />
| percentage = 68.72<br />
| change = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner =Indian National Congress<br />
|loser = Telangana Rashtra Samithi<br />
| swing = <br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
===General election, 2004===<br />
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Peddapalli <ref name=" Election Results 2009 ">{{cite news | title= Election Results 2009|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=6 May 2014 |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2009/Stats/VOLI/25_ConstituencyWiseDetailedResult.pdf | format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link<br />
| party = Indian National Congress<br />
| candidate = [[G. Venkat Swamy]]<br />
| votes = 572,207<br />
| percentage = 60.91<br />
| change = +15.52<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Telugu Desam Party<br />
| candidate = [[Chellamalla Suguna Kumari|Suguna Kumari]]<br />
| votes = 309,072<br />
| percentage = 32.90<br />
| change = -14.34<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party<br />
| candidate = Kannam Raghu<br />
| votes = 26,554<br />
| percentage = 2.80<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Kampelli Srinivas<br />
| votes = 14,151<br />
| percentage = 1.51<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Maddela Odelu<br />
| votes = 8,829<br />
| percentage = 0.94<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link<br />
| party = Independent (politician)<br />
| candidate = Kamilla Jaya Rao<br />
| votes = 8,637<br />
| percentage = 0.92<br />
| change =<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box majority<br />
| votes = 263,135<br />
| percentage = 28.01<br />
| change = +29.86<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box turnout<br />
| votes = 939,450<br />
| percentage = 67.78<br />
| change = +0.04<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link<br />
| winner = Indian National Congress<br />
| swing = +15.52<br />
}}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==Trivia==<br />
* The Lok Sabha constituency includes three assembly constituencies from [[Adilabad district]] i.e. [[Chennur Assembly constituency|Chennur]], [[Bellampalli Assembly constituency|Bellampalli]], [[Mancherial Assembly constituency|Mancherial]]<br />
* [[G. Venkat Swamy]], former Union Minister represented the constituency in [[9th Lok Sabha|Ninth]], [[10th Lok Sabha|Tenth]], [[11th Lok Sabha|Eleventh]] and [[14th Lok Sabha|Fourteenth]] Lok Sabha respectively.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Karimnagar district]]<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Telangana}}<br />
{{Peddapalli district}}<br />
{{Jagtial district}}<br />
{{coords|18.6|79.4|display=title}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Peddapalli Lok Sabha constituency}}<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Telangana]]<br />
[[Category:Karimnagar district]]<br />
[[Category:Adilabad district]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udaipur_Solar_Observatory&diff=463656Udaipur Solar Observatory2025-12-16T08:11:05Z<p>Bhoirake: correct page for consistency and fixed typos after review</p>
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<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}<br />
{{refimprove|date=July 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox observatory<br />
|name = Udaipur Solar Observatory<br />
|image = file:USO Observatory.jpg<br />
|caption = Aerial view of the observatory in June 2022<br />
|established = 1976<br />
|coords = {{coord|24|36|16.52|N|73|40|27.08|E|display=inline,title|type:landmark_region:IN_source:dewiki}}<br />
|website = {{URL|http://www.prl.res.in/~uso/}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Udaipur Solar Observatory''' ('''USO''') is a [[solar observatory]] located in [[Udaipur]], Rajasthan, India on an island in the [[Fateh Sagar Lake]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Desai|first1=Aadil|title=Sun Spotting|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-sun-spotting-1929845|access-date=6 July 2015|work=Daily News & Analysis|date=5 December 2013}}</ref> The sky conditions at Udaipur are quite favourable for solar observations. Since the observatory is situated amidst a large mass of water, air turbulence which occurs due to ground heating by sun's rays is decreased. This improves the image quality and accuracy (average between 1-2 arc seconds).{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source or at least some source|date=June 2025}}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
The observatory was built in 1976 by [[Arvind Bhatnagar|Dr. Arvind Bhatnagar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Udaipur Solar Observatory- Solar Observatory in Udaipur, Solar Observatory Udaipur Rajasthan India|url=http://www.udaipur.org.uk/tourist-attractions/lakes-of-udaipur.html|access-date=2020-12-15|website=www.udaipur.org.uk}}</ref> following the model of the [[Big Bear Solar Observatory|Solar Observatory at Big Bear lake]] in Southern California. Later, he was joined by Dr. Ashok Ambastha in 1983 and subsequently by many others at different stages who have continued to contribute to the growth of this observatory.<br />
<br />
==Telescopes==<br />
Utilizing a variety of telescopes, USO is known for its solar observations, which include high-resolution [[Sun|solar]] chromospheric, [[magnetic field]], [[velocity]], and [[Electromagnetic spectrum|spectral]] observations, for studies pertaining to [[solar flare]]s, [[mass ejections]], and the evolution of [[solar active regions]]. USO fills the large longitudinal gap between Australia and Spain, and provides a link for continuous solar coverage in international collaborative programs, including the [[Global Oscillations Network Group]] (GONG).{{Citation needed|reason=This claim needs a reliable source|date=June 2025}} Since 1981, USO has been managed by the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, for the Department of Space, Government of India.<br />
<br />
[[File:Udaipur observatory.jpg|thumb|The observatory in December 2002 during a dry season]]<br />
<br />
===Multi Application Solar Telescope (MAST)===<br />
The Multi Application Solar Telescope (MAST) was operationalised on 4 August 2015. MAST is an off-axis Gregorian-Coude telescope with a 50&nbsp;cm aperture to be used to study the Sun's magnetic field.<ref>{{cite web|title=Multi Application Solar Telescope Operationalised at Udaipur Solar Observatory|url=http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/multi-application-solar-telescope-operationalised-udaipur-solar-observatory|website=ISRO|access-date=6 July 2015|archive-date=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160825164343/http://www.isro.gov.in/about-isro/multi-application-solar-telescope-operationalised-udaipur-solar-observatory|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Mukunth|first1=Vasudevan|title=A Telescope that Gives India a New Place in the Sun|url=http://thewire.in/2015/07/08/a-telescope-that-gives-india-a-new-place-in-the-sun/|access-date=9 July 2015|publisher=The Wire|date=8 July 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of solar telescopes]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Telescopes and Observatories in India}}<br />
{{Udaipur}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Astronomical observatories in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Udaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Udaipur]]<br />
[[Category:Solar telescopes]]<br />
[[Category:1976 establishments in Rajasthan]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1976]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_White&diff=462743Charlotte White2025-12-12T23:50:09Z<p>Bhoirake: minor edit</p>
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<div>{{Short description|American missionary (1782–1863)}}<br />
'''Charlotte White''' (July 13, 1782 – December 25, 1863), also known as '''Charlotte Atlee''' and '''Charlotte Rowe''', was the first American woman appointed as a missionary and sent to a foreign country. She was sponsored by the [[American Baptist Missionary Union|Baptist Board of Foreign Missions]] and arrived in British [[India]] in 1816. She married Joshua Rowe, an English missionary, and had three children while in India. The couple oversaw the management of several schools and a [[Hindi]]-speaking church. After Rowe's death in 1823, White continued her work without any financial assistance from missionary societies. She left India in 1826 for [[England]] and in 1829 returned to the United States where she worked as an educator.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
<br />
Charlotte "Susanna" Hazen Atlee was born in 1782 in [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]], the daughter of Judge [[William Augustus Atlee]] and Esther Bowes Sayre. Orphaned at age eleven, Charlotte Atlee was raised by her older sister, Elizabeth, in [[Massachusetts]]. She married Nathaniel Hazen White in 1803. He died in 1804 and the couple's one child died in 1805. White joined the First Baptist Church in [[Haverhill, Massachusetts]], in 1807.<ref>Barber, Edwin Atlee ''Genealogical Record of the Atlee Family'' Philadelphia: Wm. F. Fell & Co, 1884, pp. 80-81</ref><ref name="Cornelius">{{cite web |last1=Cornelius |first1=Earle |title=Researcher finds that Lancaster native Charlotte Atlee Rowe was America's first female missionary |url=https://lancasteronline.com/features/researcher-finds-that-lancaster-native-charlotte-atlee-rowe-was-america-s-first-female-missionary/article_fe0d10a0-6538-11ea-8a06-5b365d9e3ac8.html |publisher=Lancaster Online |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Missionary to India==<br />
<br />
In 1815, Charlotte White applied to become a missionary in [[Burma]] with the newly founded American [[Baptist Board for Foreign Missions]]. Her application was controversial as many members of the Board believed that only ordained males should be appointed missionaries. Wives of male missionaries were not appointed as missionaries. The Board told her it had no money to send her to Burma. She said that she would be sustained by her own resources. After a poll by the Board members, White was accepted as a missionary in a restricted appointment as a helper and companion for the wife of George Henry Hough, a missionary printer. On December 15, 1815, she departed the U.S. by ship to [[Calcutta]], [[India]].<ref>Anderson, Gerald H. ''Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions'' Grand Rapids, MI: Wm. B. Eerdman's Publishing Co., 1991, p. 727; ''Proceedings of the Baptist Convention for Missionary Purposes'', Philadelphia, 1814, pp. 65, 112</ref>{{sfn|Cornelius}} One year later the Board decided that no more single female missionaries would be appointed.<ref name="Hillman">{{cite web |last1=Hillman |first1=kathy Robinson |title=Charlotte Atlee Rowe: The Story of America's First Appointed Woman Missioanary |url=https://www.baptiststandard.com/departments/reviews/books/review-charlotte-atlee-white-rowe/ |website=Baptist Standard |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
On arrival in Calcutta in 1816, White remained only two months with the Houghs, marrying a widower with three sons, Joshua Rowe (1781-1823), a missionary with the English [[Baptist Missionary Society]] (BMS). White, now Mrs. Rowe, requested to become a missionary with the BMS, but was turned down. She accompanied her husband to Digah near [[Patna, India]]. In Digah, Mr. and Mrs. Rowe managed 10 schools and a Hindi-speaking church. Charlotte wrote a [[Hindustani language]] spelling book for children. In December 1821, ''The Reformer'' published an anonymous letter claiming that the prominent missionaries called the [[Serampore Trio]] ([[William Carey (missionary)|William Carey]], [[William Ward (missionary)|William Ward]], and [[Joshua Marshman]]) were expropriating property belonging to the Baptist Missionary Society for their own profit. In April 1823, ''The Reformer'' revealed Charlotte Rowe to be the author of the letter.<ref>''The Reformer'', Vol. 3, December 1, 1821, [https://archive.org/details/sim_reformer-and-christian_1821-12_2_24/mode/2up?view=theater], pp. 283-284; and Vol. 4, April 2, 1823, [https://archive.org/details/sim_reformer-and-christian_1823-04_4_40/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater], pp. 73-79</ref>{{sfn|Cornelius}} The "Serampore Schism" between the BMS and the Serampore missionaries lasted more than a decade.<ref name="Laird">{{cite journal |last1=Laird |first1=M. A. |title=The Contribution of the Serampore Missionaries to Education in Bengal, 1793-1837 |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |date=1968 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=92–112 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/612005 |access-date=29 November 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
Joshua and Charlotte Rowe had three children. Joshua Rowe died in 1823. Charlotte remained in Digah for three more years supervising the schools and church, receiving no salary or financial assistance from any missionary organization. Short of funds, in 1826 she left India for England with her three children. Rowe's three sons from a previous marriage remained in India. She again petitioned the British BMS to appoint her as a missionary so she could return to India with financial assistance. She was turned down, although provided money to return to the United States. In 1829 she returned to the U.S. with her children, twins Charlotte (1818-1852) and Esther (1818-1851) and son Judson (1823-?).<ref>Brackney, William H ''The A to Z of Baptists'' Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 605; ''Missionary Herald'', 1827, p. 293</ref>{{sfn|Cornelius}}<br />
<br />
==Later life==<br />
<br />
In the United States, Charlotte Rowe founded a girls school in [[Philadelphia]] and wrote articles with the pseudonym of "Honesta" for a newspaper. In the 1830s, she taught English, music, and drawing in a girls' school in [[Lowndesboro, Alabama]]. By 1850 she had moved back to her birthplace of Lancaster where she worked as Principal of Strasburg Female Seminary.<ref>Anderson, p. 727</ref> She died December 25, 1863, in [[Philadelphia]]. She was buried in the family plot in Lancaster.<ref>"Charlotte H. Rowe, https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?indiv=1&dbid=2535&h=344170&tid=&pid=&usePUB=true&_phsrc=nRu413&_phstart=successSource, accessed 2 Feb 2018</ref>{{sfn|Cornelius}}<br />
As of 2021, her grave was unmarked.{{sfn|Hillman}}<br />
<br />
In 2021, Reid S. Trulson published the first and only biography of White entitled, ''Charlotte Atlee White Rowe: The Story of America's First Appointed Woman Missionary.''<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|2}}<br />
<br />
==Relevant literature==<br />
* Trulson, Reid S. 2025. ''Charlotte Rowe's Journal.'' Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:White, Charlotte}}<br />
[[Category:Baptist missionaries from the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Baptist missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:1782 births]]<br />
[[Category:1863 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania]]<br />
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:American missionary educators]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century Baptists]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jugal_Kishore_Sharma&diff=471768Jugal Kishore Sharma2025-11-27T08:28:38Z<p>Bhoirake: minor expanded lead to improve readability and corrected details to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Jugal Kishore Sharma<br />
|image = Jugal Kishore Sharma.jpg<br />
|caption = Jugal Kishore Sharma at a press conference at [[BJP]] Office, [[Jammu]].<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|12|05|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India<br />
| residence = [[Jammu]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| constituency = [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu]]<br />
| office = [[Member of parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 26 May 2014<br />
| term_end = <br />
| predecessor = [[Madan Lal Sharma]]<br />
| successor = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]<br />
| religion = <br />
| spouse = Usha Devi<br />
| children = 2<br />
| profession = Agriculturist, Politician<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| date = 15 December<br />
| year = 2016<br />
| source = http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4720<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jugal Kishore Sharma''' (born 5 December 1962) is an Indian politician. He is a member of Lower House of Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) following the [[2014 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir]], being elected from [[Jammu (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jammu constituency]] for three consecutive times as a candidate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ourneta.com/neta/jugal-kishore/|title=Jugal Kishore|date=2019-11-27|website=Ourneta.com|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-09}}</ref> He has been re-elected as a member of Lower House of Parliament in the [[2019 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[2024 Indian general election in Jammu and Kashmir]] from Jammu constituency as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-mla-jugal-kishore-sharma-elected-as-new-jk-bjp-chief-1780601|title = MLA Jugal Kishore Sharma elected as new JK BJP chief}}</ref> He is a [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] worker.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Khajuria|first=Ravi Krishnan|date=2019-03-19|title=Centre's dole a shot in arm for Jugal Kishore Sharma, BJP's Jammu-Poonch Lok Sabha MP|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lok-sabha-elections/lok-sabha-elections-2019-centre-s-dole-a-shot-in-arm-for-jugal-kishore-sharma-bjp-s-jammu-poonch-mp/story-14sI3DIrjD6Hi6urNG6SAN.html|access-date=2020-08-09|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><br />
MLA first time in 2002 from Nagrota constituency again 2nd time in 2008 from Nagrota constituency, MP from jammu lok Sabha 3 times -2014,2019,2024(2 Time MLA & 3 Time MP), Former State president of BJP jammu £ Kashmir Unit.<br />
<br />
== Electoral performance ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Election !! Constituency !! colspan="2"|Party !! Result !! Votes % !! Opposition Candidate !! colspan="2"|Opposition Party !! Opposition vote %|| Ref<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]||[[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||53.46%||[[Raman Bhalla]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||42.93%||<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]||[[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||58.02%||[[Raman Bhalla]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||37.54%||<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]||[[Jammu Lok Sabha constituency|Jammu]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||49.34%||[[Madan Lal Sharma]]||{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}||28.87%||<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]||[[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||22.76%||M. K. Ajat Shatru||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||19.45%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225073739/https://ceojk.nic.in/pdf/10-Detailed%20Results.pdf|archive-date=25 December 2024|access-date=25 December 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]||[[Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir Assembly constituency|Nagrota, Jammu and Kashmir]]||{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}||{{Won}}||26.82%||[[Ajatshatru Singh]]||{{party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference}}||26.65%||<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2002 to the Legislative Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir |url=http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127192246/http://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/StatRep_JK_02.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{16th LS members from Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
{{17th LS members from Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
{{18th LS members from Jammu and Kashmir}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Jugal Kishore}}<br />
[[Category:Politicians from Jammu]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2002–2008]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:1962 births]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir MLAs 2008–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh members]]<br />
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banihal-Qazigund_Railway_Tunnel&diff=489597Banihal-Qazigund Railway Tunnel2025-11-25T05:36:19Z<p>Bhoirake: added basic stub basic info</p>
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<div>{{short description|Railway tunnel in India}}<br />
{{for|Road tunnel|Banihal Qazigund Road Tunnel}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox tunnel<br />
|name = Banihal-Qazigund Railway Tunnel<br />
|image = Pir panjal tunnel.jpg<br />
|caption = Qazigund Rail Tunnel <br />
|line = Jammu Tawi-Udhampur- Srinagar-Baramulla Railway Link<br />
|location = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
|coordinates = {{coord|33.5124345|75.1970923|scale:100000|format=dms|display=title}}<br />
|system =<br />
|status = Active<br />
|start = [[Banihal]]<br />
|end = [[Qazigund]]<br />
|stations =<br />
|startwork =<br />
|opened = June 2013<br />
|close =<br />
|owner = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
|operator = [[Indian Railways]]<br />
|traffic = Train<br />
|character =<br />
|construction =<br />
|length =<br />
|linelength = {{convert|11.21|km|abbr=on}} <br />
|tracklength =<br />
|notrack = [[Single track (rail)|single track]]<br />
|gauge = {{track gauge|1676 mm}} ([[Broad gauge]])<br />
|el =<br />
|speed = up to {{convert|75|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}<br />
|hielevation = <br />
|lowelevation =<br />
|height =<br />
|grade =<br />
}}<br />
{{Jammu-Baramulla line|collapse=yes}}<br />
The '''Banihal-Qazigund Railway Tunnel''' or '''Pir Panjal railway tunnel''' is an {{convert|11.215|km|mi}} long railway tunnel located in [[Pir Panjal Range]] of middle [[Himalayas]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)| Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]], south of [[Qazigund]] town. It is a part of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]].<br />
<br />
The north portal of the railway tunnel is at {{coord|33.5617942|75.1988626|scale:500000|display=inline}} and its south portal is at {{coord|33.463203|75.193992|scale:500000|display=inline}}.<br />
<br />
==Length and elevation==<br />
<br />
The average elevation of the railway tunnel is {{convert|1760|m|abbr=on}} or about {{convert|440|m|abbr=on}} below the existing road tunnel, the [[Jawahar Tunnel]], which is at elevation of about {{convert|2194|m|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://usbrl.org/aboutus.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509140742/http://usbrl.org/aboutus.php |url-status=usurped |archive-date=9 May 2011 |title= J & K Project Brief |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date= |website=usbrl.org |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}</ref> The tunnel is {{Convert|8.40|m}} wide with a height of {{Convert|7.39|m}}. There is a {{convert|3|m|ft|adj=mid|-wide|spell=in}} road along the length of the tunnel for the maintenance of railway tracks and emergency relief. It takes approximately 9 minutes and 30 seconds for the train to pass through the tunnel.<ref name="TOI">{{cite news| title=India's longest railway tunnel unveiled in Jammu & Kashmir| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indias-longest-railway-tunnel-unveiled-in-Jammu-Kashmir/articleshow/10354892.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629075419/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-14/india/30278754_1_jawahar-tunnel-tunnel-excavation-baramulla| url-status=live| archive-date=29 June 2013| work=[[The Times of India]]| date=14 October 2011| access-date=14 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Railways' Himalayan Blunder|url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ne130811RAILWAYS.asp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120919191538/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main50.asp?filename=Ne130811RAILWAYS.asp|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 September 2012|date=13 Aug 2011|publisher=[[Tehelka]] Magazine, Vol 8, Issue 32}}</ref><br />
<br />
For a short time, Banihal-Qazigund Railway Tunnel will be India's longest railway tunnel.<ref name="TOI"/> Once completed, the 11.55 km long rail tunnel between [[Senapati district|Senapati]] and [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]] districts on [[Imphal railway station|Jiribam–Imphal line]] will surpass the ''Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel'' as India's longest tunnel.<ref name=railne1>[https://assamtribune.com/north-east/imphal-4th-capital-city-in-ne-to-come-on-railway-map-within-27-months-1203016 Imphal, 4th capital city in NE, to come on railway map within 27 months], Assam Tribune, 13 Sep 2021.</ref><br />
<br />
==Progress of the project==<br />
The new [[Banihal]]-[[Qazigund]] tunnel for the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] connecting Bichleri Valley of Banihal with Qazigund area of [[Kashmir Valley]] has been constructed as a part of its [[Udhampur]]-[[Srinagar]]-[[Baramulla]] rail link project. The boring was completed in four years in October 2011, its lining and laying of rail tracks was completed in the next one year and trial run commenced on 28 December 2012. The tunnel was commissioned on 26 June 2013 and commercial runs started from 27 June 2013.<br />
<br />
The rail tunnel reduces the distance between [[Quazigund]] and Banihal by {{Convert|17|km}} (from {{Convert|35|km}} by road to {{Convert|17.5|km}} by train).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indian-railways-pir-panjal-tunnel-kashmir-valley-asia-second-longest-tunnel-125590-2012-12-27|title = Indian Railways makes history, runs train through Asia's second longest tunnel}}</ref><br />
Banihal railway station is situated at {{convert|1702|m|abbr=on}} above mean sea level. <br />
<br />
In 2025, the [[Ministry of Railways]] proposed a new 40.2 km [[Baramulla]]–[[Uri, Jammu and Kashmir|Uri]] railway line, with strategic and tourism significance, and the doubling of the 73.5 km Qazigund–Budgam line to enhance all-weather connectivity in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir.]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2025-09-04 |title=Rlys Ministry proposes Baramulla-Uri rail line, doubling Qazigund-Budgam track |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/rlys-ministry-proposes-baramulla-uri-rail-line-doubling-qazigund-budgam-track/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Gallery==<br />
<gallery widths="300" heights="300" perrow="3" mode="packed"><br />
File:KashmirVale.jpg|View towards the massive [[Pir Panjal range]] the Railway line passes through it. <br />
</gallery><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Jammu–Baramulla line]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110809052522/http://iricen.gov.in/IRICEN1/projects/824/ankurjain.pdf Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel T80 By N.A.T.M] at [[IRICEN]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Railway tunnels in India]]<br />
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Northern Railway zone|*]]<br />
[[Category:2011 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Ramban district]]<br />
[[Category:Tunnels completed in 2013]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=8th_Infantry_Division_(India)&diff=4564608th Infantry Division (India)2025-11-04T00:19:15Z<p>Bhoirake: basic adjusted details and improved wording</p>
<hr />
<div>{{for|the World War I formation|8th (Lucknow) Division}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2012}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br />
{{Infobox military unit<br />
| unit_name = 8th Indian Infantry Division<br>8th Mountain Division<br />
| image = 8 Mountain Division.png<br />
| image_size = <br />
| caption = Divisional badge<br />
| dates = 1940–1946<br>1963–present<br />
| country = {{flagicon|British Raj}} [[British Raj|British India]]<br>{{flag|India}}<br />
| allegiance = {{flag|India}}<br />
| branch = [[File:British Raj Red Ensign.svg|23px]] [[British Indian Army]]<br>{{army|India}}<br />
| type = Mountain [[Infantry]]<br />
| role = <br />
| size = [[Division (military)|Division]]<br />
| command_structure = <br />
| garrison = Khumbathang<ref name="KargilVictors">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/the-kargil-victors-8-mountain-division-forever-in-operations-529033|title=The Kargil victors: 8 Mountain division, 'Forever in Operations'|date=2013-07-21|access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref><br />
<!-- Commanders -->| current_commander = [[Major General]] Sachin Malik <br />
| notable_commanders = [[Lieutenant general|Lt General]] [[Dudley Russell]]<br/>[[General]] [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]<br/>[[General]] [[Ved Prakash Malik]]<br/>[[General]] [[Dalbir Singh Suhag]]<br/>[[General]] [[Manoj Pande]]<br />
<!-- Insignia -->| identification_symbol = <br />
| identification_symbol_2 = <!-- Culture and history --><br />
| nickname = The Clovers<br />
| patron = <br />
| motto = <br />
| colors = <br />
| march = <br />
| mascot = <br />
| battles = {{Tree list}}<br />
*[[Anglo-Iraqi War|Iraq 1941]]<br />
*[[Syria-Lebanon campaign|Syria 1941]]<br />
*[[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran|Persia 1941]]<br />
*[[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy 1943–1945]]<br />
*[[Bangladesh Liberation War|Bangladesh 1971]]<br />
** [[Battle of Sylhet]]<br />
*[[Kargil War|Kargil conflict 1999]]<br />
{{tree list/end}}<br />
| anniversaries = <br />
| decorations = <br />
| battle_honours = [[Western Desert Campaign|North Africa]]<br>[[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italy]]<br />
}}<br />
The '''8th Mountain Division''' <!--was raised as the 7th Indian Infantry [[Division (military)|division]] of the [[British Indian Army]]. It is now part-->is a [[Division (military)|division]] of the present-day [[Indian Army]] that specialises in mountain warfare.<br />
<br />
It was initially raised as the '''8th Indian Infantry Division''', an [[infantry]] division, in [[Meerut]] on 25 October 1940 under [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Charles Offley Harvey|Charles Harvey]], a British Indian Army [[Officer (armed forces)|officer]], as part of the [[Indian Army during World War II]]. It served in the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Middle East]] in the garrisoning of Iraq and then the invasion of Persia to secure the oil fields of the area for the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]]. A [[brigade]] was detached to the [[Western Desert Campaign|Western Desert]] to reinforce the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]] as it withdrew before the [[Axis powers|Axis forces]]. Following training in the Near East, the division entered the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]] landing at Taranto on mainland Italy.<br />
<br />
The division was disbanded at the end of World War II in 1946, but re-formed again in 1963 as a specialist mountain division of the Indian Army.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2013/jun16-13/h11.htm|title=Warriors of the East|date=2013-06-06|access-date=2021-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160818/http://sainiksamachar.nic.in/englisharchives/2013/jun16-13/h11.htm|archive-date=25 October 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Despite its relatively late introduction into the mainstream of battle, its members won nearly 600 awards and honours including 4 [[Victoria Cross]]es, 26 [[Distinguished Service Order|DSOs]] and 149 [[Military Cross|MCs]].<ref>Condon (1962), p.336</ref> During the war the 8th Indian Division sustained casualties totalling 2,012 dead, 8,189 wounded and 749 missing.<ref>''One More River: The Story of The Eighth Indian Division'', pp. 44–45</ref><br />
<br />
===Iraq, Syria and Iran===<br />
When originally formed, the division's main fighting formations were [[17th Indian Infantry Brigade|17th]], [[18th Indian Infantry Brigade|18th]] and [[19th Indian Infantry Brigade]]s.<br />
<br />
On 9 June 1941, 17th Brigade arrived in [[Basra]] and joined [[Iraqforce]], which had fought the [[Anglo-Iraqi War]] to secure the British-owned oilfields during May. These oilfields were perceived to be threatened when a coup d'état brought into power [[Rashid Ali al-Kaylani]] who was sympathetic to the [[Axis powers]].<ref>Compton Mackenzie, ''Eastern Epic'', p. 83</ref> By the second half of June the brigade had moved to [[Mosul]] to defend British-owned oilfields from an anticipated thrust by Axis forces south through the [[Battle of the Caucasus|Caucasus]].<br />
<br />
At the end of 1 June, 1/[[12th Frontier Force Regiment]] and 5/[[13th Frontier Force Rifles]] were detached from 17th Brigade to join two battalions from [[20th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (part of [[10th Indian Infantry Division]]) to take part in the [[Syria-Lebanon campaign]] and capture the Duck's Bill area in north east [[Syria]] and secure the Mosul to [[Aleppo]] railway.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, ''Eastern Epic'', p. 124</ref> This was achieved without a shot being fired as the [[Vichy French]] forces retired westwards.<br />
<br />
On 17 July, [[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]] [[Charles Offley Harvey|Charles Harvey]] and the divisional HQ arrived in Basra and had [[24th Indian Infantry Brigade]] (which had arrived on 16 June) assigned to the division. [[18th Indian Infantry Brigade]] arrived in Iraq on 26 July.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, pp. 125–6</ref> The British, having secured first the Iraqi oilfields and then Syria, now focused their concern on Persia (now [[Iran]]) where it had been estimated there were some 3,000 German nationals working as technicians, commercial agents and advisors.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, ''Eastern Epic'', p. 129</ref> The division first saw shots [[fired in anger]] during the [[Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran]] in August 1941 when 24th Brigade made a night-time amphibious assault across the [[Shatt al Arab]] to capture [[Abadan Refinery|the oil refinery]] at [[Abadan]] in South [[Persia]]. Meanwhile, 18th Brigade had crossed into Persia between Basra and Abadan to take [[Khorramshahr]] and became part of a three brigade advance (with ''[[Iraqforce|Hazelforce]]'') towards [[Ahwaz]], 75 miles north east of Basra. The fighting ended on 28 August when the [[Shah]] ordered his forces to cease hostilities.<ref>Compton Mackenzie, pp. 130–139</ref><br />
<br />
The 19th Indian Infantry Brigade arrived in Iraq in August, replacing 24th Brigade (which transferred to [[6th Infantry Division (India)|6th Indian Infantry Division]]), and by 17 October, 18th and 19th Brigades had concentrated at [[Kirkuk]] in northern Iraq and moved north of the oilfields where they were joined by the [[6th Lancers (Pakistan)|6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse)]] (6th DCO Lancers), the division's reconnaissance regiment.<br />
<br />
===North Africa===<br />
In June 1942 the [[18th Indian Infantry Brigade|18th Brigade]], having been rushed over to [[Western Desert Campaign|North Africa]] from Mosul, and with only two days to prepare defensive positions, was overrun by [[Erwin Rommel]]'s tanks at [[Deir el Shein]] in front of the [[Ruweisat Ridge]]. In the process, however, they gained valuable time for the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]] to organise the defences for what was to be the [[First Battle of El Alamein]], halting Rommel's advance towards Egypt. The brigade was never re-formed.<br />
<br />
===Iraq and Syria===<br />
From August 1942 the division, still a brigade short, became part of [[Paiforce]] when Persia and Iraq became a separate command under [[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Henry Maitland Wilson|Sir Henry Maitland Wilson]] in [[Baghdad]], ([[Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Edward Quinan]]'s [[Tenth Army (United Kingdom)|Tenth Army]] in Iraq and Persia having previously come under [[Middle East Command]] in [[Cairo]]). As the threat from the north faded following the Axis defeats at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|Alamein]] and [[Battle of Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] the division withdrew in October 1942 to [[Diyala Governorate|Kifri]] near Baghdad where it was joined by [[21st Indian Infantry Brigade]] and the 3rd, 52nd and 53rd Field regiments of the [[Royal Artillery]]. It spent the winter in intensive training.<br />
<br />
In January 1943 command of the 8th Indian Division passed to Major-General [[Dudley Russell]] (The Pasha), promoted after 15 months commanding the [[5th Indian Infantry Brigade]], part of the excellent "Red Eagles" [[4th Infantry Division (India)|4th Indian Infantry Division]]. The 8th Indian Division moved in March 1943 to [[Damascus]] and continued to spend much of its time training, notably in [[mountain warfare]] and [[Combined Operations|combined operations]].<br />
<br />
In June 1943 the division was selected to participate in the anticipated [[Dodecanese Campaign]] ("[[Operation Accolade]]"), and seize the Italian-occupied island of [[Rhodes]], the chief Axis stronghold in the [[Dodecanese Islands]]. After frantic preparation and having loaded the first wave of ships, the division's participation was canceled when the [[Armistice of Cassibile|Italian government surrendered]] and it was redirected to Italy which the [[German Army (Wehrmacht)|German Army]] had continued to occupy.<br />
<br />
===Italy===<br />
On 24 September 1943 the 8th Indian Division landed in [[Taranto]], to take its part in the [[Italian Campaign (World War II)|Italian Campaign]]. The division landed 21 days after the [[Allied invasion of Italy|initial invasion]], as part of [[V Corps (United Kingdom)|V Corps]], commanded by Lieutenant-General [[Charles Walter Allfrey|Charles Allfrey]], serving alongside [[4th Infantry Brigade and Headquarters North East|British 4th Armoured Brigade]] and the [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 78th Infantry Division]]. For 19 months the division was almost continuously in action, advancing through mountainous country, crossing river after river. The formation later adopted the motto "One more river".<br />
<br />
[[File:A Universal Carrier and mortar team of the Indian 6th Royal Frontier Force in Italy, 13 December 1943. NA9785.jpg|thumb|right|[[Universal Carrier]] and mortar team of the 6th Battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]], between Lanciano and Osogna on the central sector of the Eighth Army's front, 13 December 1943.]]<br />
<br />
From October 1943 to April 1944 the 8th Indian Division was part of the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] thrust by the [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]], under General [[Bernard Montgomery|Sir Bernard Law Montgomery]], up the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] front on the Eastern side of Italy. This involved opposed river crossings of the Biferno, Trigno (October 1943), [[Bernhardt Line#Advance across the Sangro|Sangro]] (November 1943) and [[Moro River Campaign|Moro]] (December 1943). The following three months proved almost as arduous for, although there was no formal offensive, the period was characterised by patrolling and vicious skirmishes in very difficult terrain and abominable winter weather, which proved to be extremely demanding, both physically and mentally, and very stressful.<br />
<br />
====Cassino====<br />
[[File:The British Army in Italy 1944 NA14957.jpg|thumb|left|Men of 'A' Company of the 5th Battalion, [[Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment]] advance along a road past an abandoned German 75mm anti-tank gun in the Rapido bridgehead, Italy, 16 May 1944.]]<br />
<br />
When the spring came the 8th Indian Division was switched in great secrecy (along with the bulk of the British Eighth Army, now commanded by Lieutenant-General [[Oliver Leese|Sir Oliver Leese]]) 60 miles west across the [[Apennine Mountains]] to concentrate as part of Lieutenant-General [[Sidney Kirkman|Sidney C. Kirkman]]s [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|British XIII Corps]], serving alongside the British [[4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|4th]] and [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|78th Infantry Division]], [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|6th Armoured Division]]s, as well as the [[1st Canadian Armoured Brigade]], along the [[Garigliano|River Garigliano]] at a part of the river better known as the [[Gari (river)|Gari]]. Their heavily opposed night crossing of the Gari in May 1944, supported by Canadian tanks (1st Canadian Armoured Brigade) with which the division had formed a particularly close fighting relationship over the previous six months, was critical to the Allies' success in this, the fourth and final [[Battle of Monte Cassino#Fourth and final battle|Battle of Monte Cassino]]. Following this, the division advanced some 240 miles in June across mountainous country, fighting many actions against rearguards and defended strongpoints. In late June they had reached [[Assisi]] and the division was rested. It was during the fighting on the Gari that [[Kamal Ram]] of the 3rd Battalion, [[8th Punjab Regiment]] was awarded his [[Victoria Cross]]. At 19 years of age, he was one of the youngest recipients of the VC during the Second World War.<br />
<br />
====Florence and the Gothic Line====<br />
[[File:King George VI is driven past cheering Indian troops on his way to a ceremony to invest Sepoy Kamal Ram with the Victoria Cross, Italy, 26 July 1944. NA17265.jpg|thumb|left|[[George VI|King George VI]] is driven past cheering Indian troops on his way to a ceremony to invest Sepoy Kamal Ram with the Victoria Cross, Italy, 26 July 1944.]]<br />
By the end of July 1944, after a few weeks out of the line, the 8th Indian Division was back in the line with [[1st Canadian Armoured Brigade]] in front of [[Florence]] pushing towards the [[Arno|River Arno]]. Florence was occupied by the [[21st Indian Infantry Brigade]] on 12 August where they had the unusual task to recover some of the world's greatest art treasures and arrange safe custody. By mid-September the division was in the mountains again, breaking through the [[Gothic Line]] and then spending two months of grim (and ultimately unsuccessful) battling in foul weather towards the plains of Northern Italy, together with the British [[History of the British 1st Division during the World Wars|1st Infantry]], [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|78th Infantry]] and [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|6th Armoured Division]]s, alongside the 1st Canadian Armoured Brigade, forming [[XIII Corps (United Kingdom)|British XIII Corps]]. XIII Corps had now become the right wing of the [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]], commanded by [[Lieutenant general (United States)|Lieutenant General]] [[Mark W. Clark]]. It was during this time that [[Thaman Gurung]] of the 1st Battalion, [[5 Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5th Royal Gurkha Rifles]] was awarded the Victoria Cross.<br />
<br />
In December 1944 the [[2nd New Zealand Division]], advancing from the Adriatic on the division's right along the [[Romagna]] plain, took [[Faenza]] and the resistance on the 8th Indian Division's front weakened as the Germans withdrew to shorten their front. In late December 1944, [[19th Indian Infantry Brigade|19th]] and 21st Brigades were rapidly switched across the Apennines to reinforce the [[92nd Infantry Division (United States)|U.S. 92nd Infantry Division]] on the Fifth Army's left flank in front of [[Lucca]]. By the time they had arrived the Germans had broken through but decisive action by Major-General [[Dudley Russell|Russell]] halted their advance and the situation was stabilised by the New Year. The 8th Indian Division then moved to [[Pisa]] for a period of rest.<br />
<br />
====Spring offensive 1945====<br />
In mid-February 1945 the division was back in the line on the Adriatic front, this time as part of [[Eighth Army (United Kingdom)|British Eighth Army]]'s [[V Corps (United Kingdom)|V Corps]], in front of the River [[Senio]]. The [[Spring 1945 offensive in Italy|main assault on the Senio]] started on 9 April. In desperate fighting two members of the division, [[Namdeo Jadav]] and [[Ali Haidar (military)|Ali Haidar]], were awarded the [[Victoria Cross]]. By 11 April the division reached and crossed the River [[Santerno]] breaking open a hole in the German line for the [[78th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)|British 78th Division]] and elements of [[56th (London) Infantry Division|British 56th Division]] to engage the enemy and defeat them in the [[Battle of the Argenta Gap|Argenta Gap]]. This opened the way to [[Ferrara]] and the [[Po River]] and for the [[6th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)|British 6th Armoured Division]] to pass through, veer left and race westward across country to link with the advancing [[United States Army North|U.S. Fifth Army]], now commanded by [[Lucian Truscott]], and complete the encirclement of the divisions of the German [[10th Army (Wehrmacht)|10th]] and [[14th Army (Wehrmacht)|14th Armies]] defending [[Bologna]]. In the aftermath of the Argenta fighting, the 8th Indian Division drove on rapidly through to Ferrara and across the Po and shortly thereafter to their last river crossing of the war, the [[Adige]].<br />
<br />
The campaign ended on 2 May 1945. The [[6th Lancers (Pakistan)|6th DCO Lancers]] marked the occasion with a special mission, sending an officer and nine men far up the road towards Austria and arranged the surrender of 11,000 men of their old enemy, the [[1st Parachute Division (Germany)|German 1st Parachute Division]].<br />
<br />
== Formation and order of battle during World War II ==<br />
<br />
'''General Officer Commanding:'''<br />
*Major-General [[Charles Offley Harvey|Charles Harvey]] (Oct 1940 – Dec 1942)<br />
*Major-General [[Dudley Russell]] (Jan 1943 – Aug 1945)<br />
*Brigadier T. S. Dobree (acting) (18 Feb – 11 March 1945)<br />
*Brigadier T. S. Dobree (acting) (3–18 Jun 1945)<br />
<br />
===Headquarters===<br />
*[[6th Duke of Connaught's Own Lancers (Watson's Horse)]] (Div Reconnaissance Reg)<br />
*[[Royal Artillery]]<br />
*Divisional artillery:<br />
:Brigadier R.V.M. Garry (Oct 1940 – Sep 1942)<br />
:Brigadier M.W. Dewing (Sep 1942 – Sep 1944)<br />
:Brigadier F.C. Bull (Sep 1944 – Jul 1945)<br />
:Brigadier T.S. Dobree (Jul 1945 – Aug 1945)<br />
**HQ<br />
**3 Field Regt, RA <br />
**[[52nd (Manchester) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery|52 (Manchester) Field Regt, RA]]<br />
**[[53rd (Bolton) Field Regiment, Royal Artillery|53 (Bolton) Field Regt, RA]]<br />
**26 Light Anti-Aircraft Regt RA<br />
**[[34 Field Regiment (India)|4 Mahratta Anti-Tank Regt]]<br />
*Indian Engineers: Sappers & Miners<br />
**7, 66 69 Field Coys. [[King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners]]<br />
**43 Field Park Coy. [[King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners]]<br />
*8 Indian Div Signals<br />
*5th Royal Battalion Machine Gun [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]]<br />
<br />
===17th Indian Infantry Brigade===<br />
Commanders:<br />
*Brigadier [[John Geoffrey Bruce]] (Nov 1940 – May 1941)<br />
*Brigadier [[Douglas Gracey]] (May 1941 – Mar 1942)<br />
*Brigadier F.A.M.B. Jenkins (Mar 1942 – Oct 1943)<br />
*Brigadier H.L. Wyndham (Oct 1943 – Nov 1943)<br />
*Brigadier [[James Scott-Elliot|J. Scott-Elliot]] (Nov 1943 – Jan 1944)<br />
*Brigadier [[Charles Hamilton Boucher|Charles Boucher]] (Feb 1944 – Jan 1945)<br />
*Brigadier P.R. Macnamara (Jan 1945 – Aug 1945)<br />
**HQ<br />
**1st Battalion, [[Royal Fusiliers]]<br />
**1st Battalion, [[12th Frontier Force Regiment]]<br />
**1st Battalion, [[5th Royal Gurkha Rifles (Frontier Force)]]<br />
**1st Battalion, [[Jaipur Infantry]], [[Indian States Forces]] (Nov 1944 to Apr 1945)<br />
<br />
===18th Indian Infantry Brigade (up to June 1942)===<br />
Commanders:<br />
*Brigadier [[Rupert Lochner]] (Oct 1940 – Aug 1942)<br />
**HQ<br />
**2/5th Battalion, [[Essex Regiment]] (from Dec 1941)<br />
**4th Battalion, [[11th Sikh Regiment]] (from Apr 1942)<br />
**2nd Battalion, [[3rd Queen Alexandra's Own Gurkha Rifles]]<br />
**1st Battalion, [[2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)|2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles]] (until Apr 1942)<br />
**3rd Battalion, [[10th Baluch Regiment]] (until Oct 1941)<br />
<br />
===19th Indian Infantry Brigade===<br />
Commanders:<br />
*Brigadier [[Charles Willbraham Watson Ford|C.W.W. Ford]] (Oct 1940 – Feb 1943)<br />
*Brigadier T.S. Dobree (Feb 1943 – Jul 1945)<br />
*Brigadier W. Sandison (Jul 1945 – Aug 1945)<br />
**HQ<br />
**1/5th Battalion, [[Essex Regiment]] (up to March 1944)<br />
**1st Battalion, [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]] (from Feb 1944)<br />
**3rd Battalion, [[8th Punjab Regiment]]<br />
**6th Battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]<br />
<br />
===21st Indian Infantry Brigade (from October 1942)===<br />
Commanders:<br />
*Brigadier [[Charles Joseph Weld|C.J. Weld]] (Sep 1940 – May 1942)<br />
*Brigadier J.J. Purves (May 1942 – Mar 1943)<br />
*Brigadier B.S. Mould (Mar 1943 – Aug 1945)<br />
**HQ<br />
**5th Battalion, [[Queen's Own Royal West Kent Regiment]] (Nov 1942 to Jun 1945)<br />
**1st Battalion, [[5th Mahratta Light Infantry]] (from Nov 1942)<br />
**3rd Battalion, [[15th Punjab Regiment]] (from Apr 1943)<br />
**1st Battalion, Jaipur Infantry, [[Indian State Forces]] (from Apr 1945)<br />
**2nd Battalion, [[8th Gurkha Rifles]] (Jun 1942 to Jan 1943)<br />
<br />
=== Support units ===<br />
*Royal Indian Army Service Corps<br />
**8 Ind Div Troops Tpt Coy<br />
**17, 19 & 21 Brigade Tpt Coys<br />
**Div Supply Units<br />
*Medical Services<br />
**I.M.S-R.A.M.C-I.M.D-I.H.C-I.A.M.C<br />
**29, 31,& 33 Indian Field Ambulances<br />
*8 Indian Div Provost Unit<br />
*Indian Army Ordnance Corps<br />
**8 Indian Div Ordnance FD Park<br />
*Indian Electrical & Mechanical Engineers<br />
**120,121 & 122 Infantry Workshop Coys<br />
**8 Indian Div Recovery Coy<br />
<br />
==Assigned brigades==<br />
All these brigades were assigned or attached to the division at some time during World War II<br />
*[[24th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<br />
*[[25th Indian Infantry Brigade]]<br />
*[[2nd Parachute Brigade (United Kingdom)|2nd British Parachute Brigade]]<br />
*[[1st Canadian Armoured Brigade]]<br />
*[[12th Infantry Brigade (United Kingdom)|12th British Infantry Brigade]]<br />
*[[21st Army Tank Brigade|21st British Army Tank Brigade]]<br />
*[[Palestine Regiment|Palestine Infantry Brigade]]/[[Jewish Brigade]]<ref>{{cite web|access-date=22 October 2009|publisher=Order of Battle|title=8 Division units|url=http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=1481&Tab=Sub|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120603184930/http://www.ordersofbattle.com/UnitData.aspx?UniX=1481&Tab=Sub|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Re-raising post-Independence ==<br />
The division was re-raised on 01 August 1963 at [[Ranchi]] with Major General [[Kunhiraman Palat Candeth|KP Candeth]] as the first General Officer Commanding (GOC). The division differs from more conventional [[infantry]] divisions in the emphasis that is placed on infantry tactics and the limited role that [[Armoured forces|armour]] can be expected to take in operations in mountainous terrain. The armour that is used may differ from that used by other infantry divisions, for example, specialised mountain guns are required in many areas where the division might be expected to operate.<br />
<br />
The division has been constantly involved in operations since its creation, earning the sobriquet '''Forever in Operations'''.<ref name="KargilVictors"/> It was initially created for operations against insurgents fighting for a separate state of [[Nagaland]] and headquartered at Zakhama (near [[Kohima]]). As part of ''Operation Orchid'', it was deployed in the hills of Nagaland, [[Manipur]], [[Mizoram]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] for counter insurgency operations. <br />
<br />
==Indo-Pakistani War of 1971==<br />
{{Main|Indo-Pakistani War of 1971}}<br />
The division took part in the liberation of [[East Pakistan]], (now [[Bangladesh]]) in the North Eastern Sector. The division was commanded by Major General [[K. V. Krishna Rao]]. The order of battle for the division was as follows<ref name="Gill 2003">{{cite book|last=Gill|first=JH|title=An Atlas Of 1971 India Pakistan War - Creation of Bangladesh|date=2003|publisher=National Defense University, Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies|page=72}}</ref> - <br />
<br />
'''8 Mountain Division''' (Major General K.V. Krishna Rao)<br />
*5 ad hoc Independent Armoured Squadron<br />
*84 [[Border Security Force|BSF]]<br />
*85 [[Border Security Force|BSF]]<br />
*93 [[Border Security Force|BSF]]<br />
*104 [[Border Security Force|BSF]]<br />
'''59 Mountain Brigade''' (Brigadier C.A. Quinn)<br />
*9 [[Brigade of The Guards|Guards]]<br />
*6 [[Rajput Regiment|Rajput]]<br />
*4/[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5 Gorkha Rifles]]<br />
*1 [[East Bengal Regiment]]<br />
'''81 Mountain Brigade''' (Brigadier Raja C.V. Apte)<br />
*3 [[Punjab Regiment (India)|Punjab]]<br />
*4 [[Kumaon Regiment|Kumaon]]<br />
*10 [[Mahar Regiment|Mahar]]<br />
*8 [[East Bengal Regiment]]<br />
*99 Mountain Regiment<br />
'''Echo Sector''' (Brigadier M.B. Wadke)<br />
*5/[[5th Gorkha Rifles (Frontier Force)|5 Gorkha Rifles]]<br />
*86 [[Border Security Force|BSF]]<br />
*3 East Bengal Regiment<br />
'''BSF Sector''' (Brigadier Kulwant Singh)<br />
*87 [[Border Security Force|BSF]]<br />
<br />
The division was to advance along the line [[Dharmanagar]]-[[Kulaura Upazila|Kulaura]]-[[Moulvibazar District|Maulvi Bazar]] securing [[Shamshernagar Airport]] and Maulvi Bazar and thereafter head for [[Sylhet]].<ref name="Leadership">{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=V. K. |title=Leadership in the Indian Army: Biographies of Twelve Soldiers |date=2005 |publisher=SAGE Publishing India |location=India |isbn=978-0761933229|page=}}</ref> The Sylhet area was surrounded on three sides by Indian territory and was defended by the 202 and 313 Pakistani brigades of 14 Division.<ref name="Gill 2003"/> The plans for the various brigades was as follows<ref name="KVK">{{cite book|last=Rao|first=KVK|title=Prepare or Perish: A Study of National Security|publisher=Lancer Publishers|date=1991|isbn=978-8172120016|page=}}</ref>-<br />
*59 Mountain Brigade - Dharmanagar - Sylhet axis<br />
*81 Mountain Brigade - to capture Shamshernagar and Maulvi Bazar and advance to Sylhet<br />
*Echo Sector - [[Jaintiapur Upazila|Jaintiapur]] - Sylhet axis<br />
*BSF Sector - [[Karimganj district|Karimganj]] - Charkai axis<br />
<br />
81 Mountain Brigade secured the Shamshernagar complex on the midday of 2 December 1971 against stiff resistance. 59 Mountain Brigade reached Kulaura on same day, but took till 6 December for it to be captured. 81 Mountain Brigade resumed its advance and secured Munshi Bazaar by 5 December. 4/5 Gorkha Rifles was air-lifted using [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8]] helicopters to the southeast of Sylhet. 81 Mountain Brigade entered Maulvi Bazar on 9 December without meeting much opposition. It secured the ferries at Saidpur and Sherpur. Having met it assigned objectives, the brigade was pulled out to [[Maharaja Bir Bikram Airport|Agartala airfield]] as corps reserve. 59 Mountain Brigade advanced towards Sylhet and captured [[Fenchuganj Upazila|Fenchuganj]] on 11 December. 5/5 Gorkha Rifles captured Chandghat, surrounding Sylhet from the north-east. From 13 December onwards, Sylhet fortress was surrounded from all directions and the garrison surrendered on 17 December.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Sukhwant|title=India's Wars Since Independence|volume=1|date=1980|publisher=Vikas|pages=157–158|isbn=978-0-7069-1057-5}}</ref><ref name=Sagat>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Randhir |date=2013 |title=A Talent for War: The Military Biography of Lt Gen Sagat Singh |publisher=Vij Books India Private Limited |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-9382652236}}</ref> Echo sector captured Jaintiapur, but got held up at Sarighat on 7 December, as the bridge there was blown off. By 10 December, Echo sector advanced up to Hemu, capturing it on the same night. It captured Chandighat on 12 December and Khadim Nagar on 15 December.<ref name="KVK"/><br />
<br />
==Relocation==<br />
The formation was moved to the state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] in March 1990 in response to [[History of the Kashmir conflict|conflict there]]. It was concentrated in the [[Kashmir Division|Kashmir valley]] and tasked for counter insurgency operations. It was put under the [[Northern Command (India)|Northern Command]] and also served as its reserve division.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malik |first=V. P. |year=2006 |title=Kargil from Surprise to Victory |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers India |isbn=978-8172236359|page=}}</ref> In addition to counter insurgency operations ''(Operation Rakshak)'', the division helped in the conduct of the [[1996 Indian general election|1996 parliamentary elections]] in [[Srinagar district|Srinagar]] and [[Baramulla district]]s. Prior to the [[Kargil War]], the division had the following brigades<ref name="Kargil: Turning the Tide">{{Cite book |title=Kargil: Turning the Tide |last=Puri |first=Mohinder |publisher=Lancer Publishers LLC |year=2016|isbn=978-8170623120|page=}}</ref>-<br />
*56 Mountain Brigade at Wusan in [[Ganderbal district]]<br />
*192 Mountain Brigade in the northern parts of the valley, including [[Sopore]]<br />
*81 Mountain Brigade <br />
*8 Mountain Artillery Brigade in [[Tangmarg]]<br />
*11 Sector [[Rashtriya Rifles]] in southern Kashmir<br />
<br />
==Kargil War (Operation Vijay)==<br />
{{Main|Kargil War}}<br />
The 8th was shifted 1 June 1999 to [[XV Corps (India)|XV Corps]] for the Kargil conflict, taking over vacant positions formerly held by 28th Mountain Division.<ref>Renaldi and Rikhye, 2011, 41</ref> The division under command of Major General Mohinder Puri moved north to take over the [[Dras]]-[[Mushkoh Valley|Mushkoh]] sector in the [[Kargil District]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/how-india-overcame-the-kargil-challenge/story-hjVYCJfSJzhtvLW2Q73x3I.html|title=How India overcame the Kargil challenge|date=2019-07-22|access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref> It augmented the beleaguered [[3rd Infantry Division (India)|3rd Infantry Division]], which was based in [[Leh]]. The soldiers had to face the twin challenges of being moved to a high altitude environment and a frigid climate, without the benefit of acclimatization and adequate winter supplies. Following initial reversals, units from the division went on to dislodge the Pakistani infiltrators and capture back Indian territories by using the strategy of preliminary artillery bombardment, followed by climbing near-vertical cliffs during night time in high altitude, multi-directional attacks with overwhelming force and close combat. Prominent battles fought by the division during the war include [[Battle of Tololing]], Battle of Point 5140, Battle of Black Rock, Battle of Point 4700, [[Battle of Tiger Hill]], Battle of Point 4875 (Gun Hill) and the capture of Twin Bumps.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/that-july-4th-260608|title=That July 4th|date=2016-07-04|access-date=2021-10-25}}</ref><br />
<br />
The brigades under the division during the Kargil war were as follows.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30208498.ece|title=Where heroes lost|date=2006-02-24|access-date=2021-10-24}}</ref> (The full order of battle (ORBAT) can be found here- ''[[Kargil order of battle]]'')<br />
<br />
*56 Mountain Brigade (Brigadier Amar Aul)<br />
*192 Mountain Brigade (Brigadier M.P.S. Bajwa)<br />
*8 Mountain Artillery Brigade (Brigadier Lakhwinder Singh)<br />
<br />
Additional brigades under the division-<br />
*[[50th Parachute Brigade (India)|50 Parachute Brigade]]<br />
*79 Mountain Brigade (XV Corps reserve) (Brigadier RK Kakkar)<br />
*121 (Independent) Infantry Brigade (Brigadier O.P. Nandrajog) <br />
<br />
[[File:Drasswarmemorial.JPG|thumb|right|[[Kargil War Memorial]] at [[Dras]] with the division's 'formation sign']]<br />
The division won the bulk of the gallantry awards during the Kargil war. Prominent among them include<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/comment/recalling-young-indias-kargil-triumph-288278|title=Recalling Young India's Kargil triumph|date=2021-07-26|access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref>-<br />
<br />
'''[[Param Vir Chakra]]'''<br />
*[[Vikram Batra|Captain Vikram Batra]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]<br />
*[[Sanjay Kumar (soldier)|Rifleman Sanjay Kumar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir Rifles|13 Jammu and Kashmir Rifles]]<br />
*[[Yogendra Singh Yadav|Grenadier Yogendra Singh Yadav]], [[The Grenadiers|18 Grenadiers]]<br />
<br />
'''[[Maha Vir Chakra]]'''<br />
*[[Rajesh Singh Adhikari| Major Rajesh Singh Adhikari]], [[The Grenadiers|18 Grenadiers]]<br />
*[[Vivek Gupta (major)|Major Vivek Gupta]], [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]]<br />
*[[Padmapani Acharya|Major Padmapani Acharya]], [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]]<br />
*[[Anuj Nayyar|Captain Anuj Nayyar]], [[Jat Regiment|17 Jat]]<br />
*[[Neikezhakuo Kenguruse|Captain Neikezhakuo Kenguruse]], [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]]<br />
*[[Balwan Singh|Lieutenant Balwan Singh]], [[The Grenadiers|18 Grenadiers]]<br />
*[[Digendra Kumar|Naik Digendra Kumar]], [[Rajputana Rifles|2 Rajputana Rifles]] <br />
*Naik Imliakum Ao, [[Naga Regiment|2 Naga]]<br />
==The present==<br />
The division is headquartered at Khumbathang, [[Ladakh]] and is now part of [[XIV Corps (India)|XIV Corps]]. It is tasked to look after the [[Line of Control]] in the Kargil sector.<ref>Renaldi and Rikhye, 2011, 107</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/kargil-revisited-22-years-later-gaps-at-strategic-level-still-exist-but-being-fixed-4007441.html|title=Kargil Revisited: 22 Years Later, Gaps at Strategic Level Still Exist but Being Fixed|date=2021-07-26|access-date=2021-10-23}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Badge ==<br />
During World War II the insignia of the division was a yellow four-leafed clover (some versions appear as three-leafed -see images) flanked on each side by a yellow three-leafed clover, their stalks forming a "V", all on a red background. The division and its members were thus referred to as "clovers".<br />
<br />
During the period the Scotsmen of the 1st Battalion, [[Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders]] served in the division, in the [[19th Indian Infantry Brigade]], the Jock soldiers fondly referred to the division insignia as "the three wee floo'ers" (the three little flowers).<br />
<br />
In its second incarnation, the formation sign of the division depicts a red dagger superimposed on two overlapping gold circles on a black background.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Anglo-Iraqi War|Operation Sabine]] (1941)<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* {{Cite book | author=Anon| title=''One More River: The Story of The Eighth Indian Division''| publisher=H.W. Smith, Times of India Press| year=1946 |location=Bombay}}<br />
* {{Cite book | author=Anon | title=The Tiger Triumphs: The Story of Three Great Divisions in Italy| publisher=HMSO | year=1946 }}<br />
* {{Cite book | first=Gregory |last=Blaxland| title=Alexander's Generals (the Italian Campaign 1944–1945)| publisher=William Kimber & Co|location=London | year=2001 | isbn=0-7183-0386-5}}<br />
*{{Cite book| first=Brigadier W.E.H.| last=Condon| title=The Frontier Force Regiment| location=Aldershot| publisher=Gale & Polden| year=1962}}<br />
*{{cite book| last=Kempton| first=Chris| title=Loyalty and Honour: The Indian Army September 1939 – August 1947. Part I: Divisions| location=Milton Keynes| publisher=Military Press| year=2003| isbn=0-85420-228-5| pages=51–63}}<br />
* {{Cite book | first=Fred |last=Majdalany | title=Cassino: Portrait of a Battle | publisher=Longmans, Green & Co Ltd. |location= London | year=1957 }}<br />
* {{Cite book | first=Compton| last=Mackenzie|author-link=Compton MacKenzie | title=Eastern Epic| publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London | year=1951 }}<br />
* {{Cite book | first=Philip| last=Mason | title=The Indian Divisions Memorial, 1939–1945, [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] | publisher=Skelton's Press| location=Wellingborough| date=9 June 1982 }}<br />
* {{Cite book | first=Douglas |last=Orgill | title=The Gothic Line (The Autumn Campaign in Italy 1944)| publisher=Heinemann|location=London | year=1967}}<br />
*{{cite book| first1=Richard A.| last1=Renaldi| first2=Ravi| last2=Rikhye| title=Indian Army Order of Battle| publisher=Orbat.com for Tiger Lily Books| isbn=978-0-9820541-7-8| year=2011}}<br />
* {{Cite book | last=Yeats-Brown | first=F | author-link=Francis Yeats-Brown | title=Martial India | publisher=Eyre and Spottiswoode | year=1945 | location=London }}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*http://www.orbat.info/cimh/divisions/Indian%208th%20Division.pdf<br />
<br />
{{Indian Divisions in World War II}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:08 Indian Infantry Division}}<br />
[[Category:Indian World War II divisions]]<br />
[[Category:Divisions of the Indian Army]]<br />
[[Category:British Indian Army divisions]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1940]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1946]]<br />
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1962]]<br />
[[Category:History of the Bengal Engineer Group]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=SVBC&diff=531461SVBC2025-10-28T12:05:17Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Multiple issues|<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2022}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=September 2025}}<br />
{{Third-party|date=September 2025}}<br />
}}<br />
{{short description|Indian television channel}}<br />
{{for|the airport|General José Antonio Anzoátegui International Airport}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox television channel<br />
| name = Sri Venkateswara Bhakti Channel<br />
| logo = SVBCTVLogo.png<br />
| logo_size = <br />
| headquarters = [[Tirupati]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.svbcttd.com/svbcContactUs.htm|title=SVBC|website=www.svbcttd.com}}</ref><br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Hindi]]<br />
| picture_format = [[16:9]] ([[576i]], [[SDTV]]) ([[1080p]], [[HDTV]])<br />
| owner = [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]<br />
| launch_date = {{Start date and age|2008|07|07|df=yes}}<br />
| website = [http://www.svbcttd.com SVBCtv]<br>[http://www.svbc.tirumala.org SVBCtv2] <br />
| sat_radio_serv_1 = <br />
| sat_radio_chan_1 = <br />
| sat_radio_serv_2 = <br />
| sat_radio_chan_2 = <br />
}}<br />
'''Sri Venkateswara Bhakthi Channel''' ('''SVBC TV''') is the pioneer devotional (bhakthi) channel of [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams|TTD]]. It is the first 24-hour [[satellite]] [[Telugu language|Telugu]] devotional channel dedicated to broadcasting [[Hindu]] devotional programs and live telecasts of poojas performed in the [[Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]] from [[Tirupati]] in [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/07/stories/2008040754380700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410215452/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/07/stories/2008040754380700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=10 April 2008 |title=SVBC Channel Launched |date= 7 April 2008|accessdate=2008-04-07 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.svbcttd.com/DOWNLOAD%20PARAMETERS.pdf|title=Audio Feeds}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.svbcttd.com/|title=SVBC|website=www.svbcttd.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/tirumala-tirupati-devasthanams-invites-karnataka-cm-for-svbc-kannada-tv-channel-launch/articleshow/86705133.cms|title=Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams invites Karnataka CM for SVBC-Kannada TV channel launch &#124; Vijayawada News - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=2 October 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
SVBC channel is available on [[Tata Sky|Tata SKY]], [[Videocon Group|Videocnon DTH]], [[Sun Direct|SUN Direct]] and many other Indian satellite TV providers.{{cn|date=September 2025}}<br />
<br />
==Notes==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410215452/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/07/stories/2008040754380700.htm The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh News : Bhakti channel to test launch today]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090325104002/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/10/stories/2008111059080300.htm The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh / Vijayawada News : SVBC to launch three more channels]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222321/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article92713.ece All set for 1st anniversary fete of SV BC]<br />
*[https://archive.siasat.com/news/svbc-channel-serials-win-11-nandi-awards-88129/ SVBC channel serials win 11 Nandi awards]<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130324013945/http://www.livetvbuffer.com/2012/10/svbc-bhakthi-tv-telugu-channel-live.html TTD SVBC Channel online]<br />
{{Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala}}{{Tirupati topics}}<br />
{{Telugu Language Television}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:svbc Tv Sri Venkateswara Bhakthi Channel}}<br />
[[Category:Religious television channels in India]]<br />
[[Category:Telugu-language television channels]]<br />
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2008]]<br />
[[Category:Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams]]<br />
[[Category:Television stations in Andhra Pradesh]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kathmandu_Connection&diff=475920Kathmandu Connection2025-10-18T05:40:18Z<p>Bhoirake: cleanup details additionally and updated info for accuracy</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian 2021 web-series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Kathmandu Connection Poster.JPG<br />
| runtime =<br />
| director = Sachin Pathak <ref>{{cite news |author=Scroll Staff |title='Connection' trailer: Web series revisits 1993 bomb blasts in Mumbai |url=https://scroll.in/reel/989516/kathmandu-connection-trailer-web-series-revisits-1993-bomb-blasts-in-mumbai |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref><br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Amit Sial]]|[[Aksha Pardasany]]|[[Anshumaan Pushkar]]|[[Gopal Datt]]|[[Umar Sharif]]}}<br />
| writer = Siddharth Mishra<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| cinematography = <br />
| editor = Nikhil Parihar<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|04|23|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|2022|12|23|df=y}}<br />
| company = Jar Pictures<br />
| producer = Ajay G Rai<br />
| num_seasons = 2<br />
| num_episodes = 12<br />
| related = <br />
| genre = {{ubl|Crime<br />Thriller}}<br />
| network = [[SonyLIV]]<br />
| composer = Sneha Khanwalkar<br />
| based_on = <br />
}}<br />
'''''Kathmandu Connection''''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] web series directed by Sachin Pathak, starring [[Amit Sial]], [[Aksha Pardasany]], and [[Anshumaan Pushkar]] in the lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Keshri|first=Shweta|date=14 March 2021|title=SonyLiv unveils the teaser of Kathmandu Connection|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/binge-watch/story/sonyliv-unveils-the-teaser-of-kathmandu-connection-1779253-2021-03-14|access-date=2021-04-02|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Iyengar|first=Shriram|date=2 April 2021|title=Kathmandu Connection trailer: Mysterious trail from three cases leads back to the mountains of Nepal|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/apr/2/29311|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622125140/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2021/apr/2/29311|url-status=live|archive-date=22 June 2023|access-date=2021-04-02|website=Cinestaan}}</ref> While the first season of this show that was released was inspired by events from the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Bombay blasts]], the second edition depicts the events of the infamous [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|IC 814 hijacking]] case from December 1999. Kathmandu Connection season 1 premiered on 23 April 2021,<ref>{{cite news|date=2 April 2021|title=Streaming in April 2021: Ajeeb Daastans, The Big Bull, Joji and more|language=en|work=The Indian Express|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/streaming-in-april-2021-the-big-bull-nomadland-the-disciple-and-more-7254207/|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> exclusively on [[SonyLIV]]. The teaser for season 2 was released on 13 December 2022, and the show is premiered on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kathmandu Connection Season 2: Here's when and where to watch |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/kathmandu-connection-season-2-heres-when-and-where-to-watch/articleshow/96298502.cms |access-date=24 December 2022 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
=== Season 1 ===<br />
Kathmandu Connection's story commences with the investigation of the [[1993 Bombay bombings|1993 Bombay Blasts]]. The investigation progresses to unravel new clues with the mysterious murder of the investigating officer; the kidnapping of a hotelier and the stalking of a journalist. The mystery lies in the connection these three different cases share with [[Kathmandu]], the capital of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Kathmandu Connection' Trailer Video:Zakir Hussain, Gopal Datt, and Akanksha Pandey starer 'Kathmandu Connection' Official Trailer Video|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/web-series/mx-play/hindi/kathmandu-connection-trailer-videozakir-hussain-gopal-datt-and-akanksha-pandey-starrer-kathmandu-connection-official-trailer-video/videoshow/82124521.cms|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> production Designer Ajay Sharma.<br />
<br />
=== Season 2 ===<br />
<br />
The story begins with the infamous [[Indian Airlines Flight 814|hijacking of IS-814]] as it takes off from Kathmandu. As the investigation opens, a risk of a bigger international conspiracy is discovered. Investigating agencies are deployed to curb the possibility of the threat. On the other hand, a dreaded criminal is on the run and he joins hands with the mastermind of the conspiracy. All possibilities of a dreadful connection are traced back to Kathmandu. How will the chase conclude?<br />
<br />
====Episodic Synopsis====<br />
<br />
;Episode 1<br />
IC 814 is hijacked, and the state is brought down to compromise with the terrorists. Shivani Bhatnagar tracks this major conspiracy. Sunny is serving his jail term while ex-police officer Samarth lives his life in obscurity. Major revelations are made, disclosing Wajid as the key player.<br />
<br />
;Episode 2 <br />
Shivani gets closer to unraveling the grand scheme of things as she encounters Ashraf Baig, the slain Mirza's son. Sunny survives a major attack in jail. India and Pakistan agreed to hold bilateral talks. Wajid meets with the terrorist Masood and his associates to plan a larger attack.<br />
<br />
;Episode 3<br />
Shivani is in trouble and is in Wajid's clutches. Sunny escapes prison and reaches Nepal for her rescue. Meanwhile, DSP Shravan ties up Samarth to nab the fleeing Sunny.<br />
<br />
;Episode 4<br />
In Nepal, Sunny is frantically looking for Shivani, while Shravan and Samarth are tailing Sunny. Sunny finds her, but a big scuffle takes place, followed by a major mishap.<br />
<br />
;Episode 5 <br />
India and Pakistan prepare for the bilateral talks, and all the intelligence agencies are on their toes to avoid any mishaps. Wajid seizes the opportunity and uses a dejected Sunny to carry out his risky scheme. A team of R&AW agents led by Tasneem who are investigating the case joins forces with Samarth and his team.<br />
<br />
;Episode 6 <br />
The peace talks finally take place in Delhi under tight security. With great difficulty, Samarth and his team, with the help of R&AW agents, prevented the major conspiracy, resulting in a positive end to the summit. The state restores Samarth to his position with full honours. Samarth's alliance with Sunny is finally revealed. Wajid's more sinister plan, however, will be revealed soon.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Amit Sial]] as [[Superintendent of police (India)|DCP]] Samarth Kaushik<ref>{{cite news |title=Kathmandu Connection actor Amit Sial: Prefer to go a bit unrehearsed on set |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/web-series/article/love-sex-aur-dhoka-actor-amit-sial-prefer-to-go-a-bit-unrehearsed-on-set-23167094 |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=Mid Day |date=6 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Aksha Pardasany]] as Shivani Bhatnagar<ref>{{cite news |last1=Team |first1=Tellychakkar |title=Kathmandu Connection: Here is what actress Aksha Pardasany has to say about her character in this thriller |url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/digital/kathmandu-connection-here-what-actress-aksha-pardasany-has-say-about-her-character-thriller |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=Tellychakkar.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
*[[Anshumaan Pushkar]] as Sunny<br />
*[[Anurag Arora]] as Shravan Mishra<br />
*[[Gopal Datt]] as Hitesh, CBI officer<ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Gopal Dutt, who will next be seen in Kathmandu Connection, talks about the show |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/gopal-dutt-who-will-next-be-seen-in-kathmandu-connection-talks-about-the-show-237652 |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><br />
*Vikram Singh Sodha as Trilok Kumar<br />
*Sanjiv Chopra as DGP Madan Sharma<br />
*[[Archna Sharma]] as Sushmita Kaushik.<br />
*[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Mirza Baig<br />
*[[Prashant Kumar Narayanan]] as Wajid<br />
* [[Harleen Sethi]] as Tasneem<br />
* Umar Sharif as Ashraf Baig<br />
* [[Gurpreet Bedi]] as Maya<br />
* [[Ashok Pathak]] as Fazlu<br />
* Rajeev Ranjan as ACP Ranjan Kumar<br />
<br />
== Release ==<br />
Kathmandu Connection Season 1 was released on 23 April 2021.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jain |first=Arushi |title=Streaming in April 2021: Ajeeb Daastans, The Big Bull, Joji and more |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/streaming-in-april-2021-the-big-bull-nomadland-the-disciple-and-more-7254207/ |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=1 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
The Season 2 released on 23 December 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last=Mani |first=Sudarsanan |title=As we wait for Loki, The Mandalorian, Marvel's Secret Invasion, here is what to watch on Christmas weekend |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/entertainment/as-we-wait-for-loki-the-mandalorian-marvels-secret-invasion-here-is-what-to-watch-on-christmas-weekend-15474641.htm |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=[[CNBC TV18]] |date=21 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Critical reception==<br />
=== Season 1 ===<br />
Kathmandu Connection received mixed reviews from the critics. Arcchika Khurana from ''[[The Times of India]]'' stated the writing of the series does go out of track and takes the generic route. However, she further added that keeping the loopholes aside certain aspects of the series will keep the viewers hooked on it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kathmandu Connection Season 1 Review: A well-attempted cop thriller inspired by real-life events |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/kathmandu-connection/season-1/seasonreview/82124530.cms}}</ref> Arushi Jain from ''[[The Indian Express]]'' appreciated the overall plot and the directors attention to details in the series, she further applauded the talented cast.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kathmandu Connection review: Amit Sial show reaches the finishing line, but half-heartedly |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kathmandu-connection-review-amit-sial-gopal-dutt-spy-thriller-sonyliv-7291251/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=28 April 2021}}</ref> Poulomi Das from ''[[Firstpost]]'' stated in her critical review that the series has all the ingredients for a crime thriller but unfortunately it builds up to nothing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kathmandu Connection review: Ample action, shootouts, and conspiracies add up to vacuous purposelessness in SonyLIV series |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/kathmandu-connection-review-ample-action-shootouts-and-conspiracies-add-up-to-vacuous-purposelessness-in-sonyliv-series-9557291.html |website=Firstpost |date=23 April 2021}}</ref>''[[Scroll.in]]'' wrote that the principal cast gave solid performances and an unfussy direction kept the series in the right track.<ref>{{cite web |author=Scroll Staff |title='Kathmandu Connection' review: The cops-and-gangsters formula gets a welcome twist |url=https://scroll.in/reel/993039/kathmandu-connection-review-the-cops-and-gangsters-formula-gets-a-welcome-twist |website=Scroll.in|date=23 April 2021 }}</ref> Subhash K Jha gave a rating of 3/5 and wrote "Kathmandu Connection keeps you glued till the end". ''The Pioneer'' stated "the show seamlessly blends plot so as to keep you hooked". Malishka praised actors and stated "super performances, a gripping plot and a nuanced story".<ref>{{cite news |title=Kathmandu Connection Review: The Web Series Keeps You Glued Till The End |url=https://www.spotboye.com/just-binge/binge-reviews/kathmandu-connection-review-the-web-series-keeps-you-glued-till-the-end/608029607ffe97055c2b4b08 |access-date=1 May 2021 |work=Spotboye |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Season 2 ===<br />
Archika Khurana for ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote "The way Harleen Sethi is dressed like a 90s heroine makes her look even more stunning. She was, however, unable to provide depth to her character Tasneem, an intelligence officer."<ref>{{cite news |last=Khurana |first=Archika |title=Kathmandu Connection Season 2 Review: Strong performances and unpredictable twists make it a thrilling sequel |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/hindi/kathmandu-connection/kathmandu-connection-season-2/seasonreview/96375333.cms |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 December 2022}}{{rating|3|5}}</ref> Yatamanyu Narain for ''[[CNN-News18|News18]]'' wrote "So Kathmandu Connection 2 might not be as imaginative as {{sic|i|t's}} first season but it takes you to a more sinister zone. It boasts of a gripping story which is set in place with choppy but mostly consistent style of story-telling. It's a decent watch owing to the enthralling performances by the actors, eargasmic background score, unpredictable twists and bends and how it assimilates real-life events into a fictional setup."<ref>{{cite news |last=Narain |first=Yatamanyu |title=Kathmandu Connection 2 Review: Amit Sial's Crime-Thriller Takes a Dark Turn This Season |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kathmandu-connection-2-review-amit-sials-crime-thriller-takes-a-dark-turn-this-season-6676429.html |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=[[CNN-News18|News18]] |date=23 December 2022 |language=en}}{{rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Moumita Bhattacharjee for ''Latestly'' wrote "There is nothing novel left in this subplot even if you inject great performances and story structure. Whether you intend it or not, it ends up as 'been there seen that'. Kathmandu Connection suffers from that Deja Vu effect a lot."<ref>{{cite news |last=Bhattacharjee |first=Moumita |title=Kathmandu Connection Season 2 Review: Amit Sial's Thriller is Pacier This Time But Treads on Familiar Grounds (LatestLY Exclusive) {{!}} 📺 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/tv/kathmandu-connection-season-2-review-amit-sials-thriller-picks-up-pace-this-time-round-but-treads-on-oft-seen-plot-4619173.html |access-date=23 December 2022 |work=LatestLY |date=23 December 2022 |language=en}}{{rating|2|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|id=14240568|title=Kathmandu Connection}}<br />
*Know more about [https://webseries.sonyliv.com/kathmandu-connection Kathmandu Connection Cast & Plot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518135755/https://webseries.sonyliv.com/kathmandu-connection/ |date=18 May 2021 }}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian web series]]<br />
[[Category:Culture of Kathmandu]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Singai_Govindarasu&diff=536035Singai Govindarasu2025-10-04T04:28:50Z<p>Bhoirake: adding new post w/ infobox.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Singai Govindarasu<br />
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start = 1991<br />
| term_end = 1996<br />
| constituency = [[Singanallur Assembly constituency]]<br />
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br />
|children = [[Singai G. Ramachandran]] (Son)<br />
}}<br />
'''Singai Govindarasu''' was an Indian politician who served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Singanallur Assembly constituency]] as an [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate from 1991 to 1996.<ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-03-21 |title=AIADMK Announces Second List of Lok Sabha Nominees |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-polls-aiadmk-announces-second-list-of-candidates/article67975277.ece |access-date=2024-03-24 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. N. M. |date=2016-03-22 |title=Jayalalithaa appoints IIM graduate to head party IT team ahead of polls |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-appoints-iim-graduate-head-party-it-team-ahead-polls-40616 |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Govindarasu, Singai}}<br />
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1991–1996]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
<br />
{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gulbarga_Tur_Dal&diff=501361Gulbarga Tur Dal2025-10-02T05:12:41Z<p>Bhoirake: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Type of Pigeon pea variety from Karnataka, India}}<br />
{{Infobox geographical indication<br />
| name = Gulbarga Tur Dal<br/>(ಕಲಬುರಗಿ ತೊಗರಿ ಬೇಳೆ)<br />
| image = Gulbarga Tur Dal (Unsplit).jpg<br />
| alt = Gulbarga Tur Dal (Unsplit)<br />
| caption = Gulbarga Tur Dal (Unsplit)<br />
| alternative names = 'Kalaburagi Togari Bele', 'Gulyal', 'Chaple' or 'Bennur local'<br />
| description = Pigeon pea variety cultivated in Karnataka, India<br />
| type = Pigeon pea<br />
| area = Kalaburagi district <br />
| country = [[India]]<br />
| registered = 14 August 2019<br />
| material = <br />
| official website ={{URL|https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/593|ipindia.gov.in}}}}<br />
<br />
'''Gulbarga Tur Dal''' is a variety of [[pigeon pea]] cultivated in the [[State of India|Indian state]] of [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Vishwanath |title=GI-tagged Kalaburgi tur producers seek separate MSP for the pulses variety |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/gi-tagged-kalaburgi-tur-producers-seek-separate-msp-for-the-pulses-variety/article68528928.ece |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=BusinessLine |date=15 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Muzammil |first1=Mohammad |last2=Khan |first2=Abid Ali |last3=Hasan |first3=Faisal |title=Ergonomics for Improved Productivity: Proceedings of HWWE 2017 Volume 2 |date=13 December 2021 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-16-2229-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcpUEAAAQBAJ&dq=Gulbarga+Tur+Dal&pg=PA105 |access-date=12 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It is a common and widely cultivated crop in talukas of [[Aland, Karnataka|Aland]], [[Chincholi]], [[Kalaburagi|Kalaburagi (Gulbarga)]], [[Afzalpur]], [[Chittapur]], [[Sedam]] and [[Jewargi]] located in [[Kalaburagi district]] along with [[Shorapur]], Shahpur and [[Yadgir]] talukas of [[Yadgir district]]. Both districts fall under [[Kalaburagi division]]. Kalaburagi district (formerly Gulbarga) accounts for 60% of Karnataka's total tur dal production, with Karnataka being the largest tur dal producer in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tur prices may rise as dry spell hits production |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/tur-prices-may-rise-as-dry-spell-hits-production-3307359 |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Kalaburagi district cultivates red gram in 3.7&nbsp;lakh hectares of land, which accounts for nearly 41% of the total 9&nbsp;lakh hectares of red gram cultivation in Karnataka.<ref name="thehindu">{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=GI tag for 'Gulbarga Tur Dal' in a month |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/gi-tag-for-gulbarga-tur-dal-in-a-month/article22414507.ece |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=10 January 2018 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tur dal industry in soup: Over 300 mills shut down in Kalaburagi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/tur-dal-industry-in-soup-over-300-mills-shut-down-in-kalaburagi/articleshow/65030109.cms |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=The Times of India |date=18 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Lalitha |first1=S. |title=Postal department to release special covers on 42 GI tags of Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2021/Aug/29/postal-department-to-release-special-covers-on-42-gi-tags-ofkarnataka-2351334.html |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=29 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Under its [[Geographical Indications in India|Geographical Indication]] tag, it is referred to as "'Gulbarga Tur Dal".<ref>{{cite web |title=Details {{!}} Geographical Indications {{!}} Intellectual Property India |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GirPublic/Application/Details/593 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=12 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Name== <br />
Gulbarga Tur Dal is a prized agricultural produce in Kalaburagi and Yadgir districts falling under Kalaburagi division (formerly known as Gulbarga) and so named after it.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Niharika Sahoo |title=Geographical Indication Protection in India: The Evolving Paradigm |date=13 September 2022 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=978-981-19-4296-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BdiIEAAAQBAJ&dq=Gulbarga+Tur+Dal&pg=PA216 |access-date=12 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref> It is called "Kalaburagi Togari Bele" in the state language of [[Kannada]] with Togari meaning Pigeon pea and Bele meaning lentil. Locally it is known as 'Gulyal', 'Chaple' or 'Bennur local'.<ref name="ipindia"/><br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
The local Tur Dal from Kalaburagi is unique compared to other varieties cultivated in Karnataka. It has a distinct taste, aroma, lesser cooking period, and higher shelf life quality. This is due to the richness of calcium and potassium in the soils of the region, along with high milling qualities.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Reddy |first1=K. N. |title=Finally, Kalaburagi’s red gram gets GI tag, farmers to benefit |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/270819/finally-kalaburagis-red-gram-gets-gi-tag-farmers-to-benefit.html |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=www.deccanchronicle.com |date=27 August 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The district's climatic conditions are relatively warm and dry, with less annual rainfall.<ref>{{cite news |title=Farmers start sowing Kharif crops in Kalaburagi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bengaluru/farmers-start-sowing-kharif-crops-in-kalaburagi/story-8uFg7a4INZW7Gc4ytdNgEP.html |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=Hindustan Times |date=24 June 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Heavy rains wash away Kalaburagi farmers' hopes of good tur yield |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/heavy-rains-wash-away-kalaburagi-farmers-hopes-of-good-tur-yield-3201958 |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Despite this, the region's highly fertile [[Black Cotton Soils|black cotton soils]] are suitable for redgram cultivation.<ref>{{cite news |title=Heavy losses |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30158955.ece |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=Frontline - The Hindu |publisher=THG PUBLISHING PVT LTD |date=3 April 1998 |language=en}}</ref> Gulbarga district is known as the 'Tur Bowl of Karnataka' due to its prominent tur dal production.<ref>{{cite news |title='Bhima Pulse' set for brand boost with own processing units in Kalaburagi |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bhima-pulse-set-for-brand-boost-with-own-processing-units-in-kalaburagi-3115083 |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The quality Tur Dal from this region is distributed and marketed to other regions and states of India.<br />
<br />
Kalaburagi has around 250 dal mills, with capacities to process 10 to 15 tonnes of Tur per day.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buradikatti |first1=Kumar |title=To avoid GST, dal and rice traders give up registered trademarks |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/to-avoid-gst-dal-and-rice-traders-give-up-registered-trademarks/article19286895.ece |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=15 July 2017 |language=en-IN}}</ref> The physical characteristics of Gulbarga Tur Dal include an orange-yellow color, pleasant aroma during and after cooking, and a fine texture when cooked. The split dal is attractive, with clear edges that are not broken.<ref name="thehindu"/><br />
<br />
==Geographical indication==<br />
It was awarded the [[List of geographical indications in India|Geographical Indication]] (GI) status tag from the [[Geographical Indication Registry (India)|Geographical Indications Registry]], under the [[Government of India|Union Government of India]], on 14 August 2019 and is valid until 25 September 2027.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gulbarga Tur Dal |url=https://search.ipindia.gov.in/GIRPublic/Application/Details/593 |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=13 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Express News |title=Karnataka: Speed Post to deliver GI-tagged tur dal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/31/karnataka-speed-post-to-deliver-gi-tagged-tur-dal |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=The New Indian Express |date=31 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS) & Karnataka Togari Abhivrudhi Mandali Limited from [[Kalaburagi]], proposed the GI registration of 'Gulbarga Tur Dal.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Para |first1=Praveen B. |title=Gulbarga tur dal gets GI tag |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/gulbarga-tur-dal-gets-gi-tag/article29249037.ece |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2019 |language=en-IN}}</ref> After filing the application in September 2017, the Tur Dal was granted the GI tag in 2019 by the Geographical Indication Registry in [[Chennai]], making the name "Gulbarga Tur Dal" exclusive to the Tur Dal cultivated in the region. It thus became the second Pigeon pea variety from India after [[Navapur Tur Dal]] of Maharashtra and the 49th type of goods from Karnataka to earn the GI tag.<ref name="ipindia">{{cite web |title=Gulbarga Tur Dal |url=https://ipindia.gov.in/writereaddata/Portal/IPOJournal/1_4733_1/Journal_120.pdf |website=Intellectual Property India |access-date=12 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=With GI recognition for 'Gulbarga tur', new brand name can't tag along |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/with-gi-recognition-for-gulbarga-tur-new-brand-name-cant-tag-along-1091325.html |access-date=12 January 2025 |work=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The GI tag protects the Tur Dal from illegal selling and marketing, and gives it legal protection and a unique identity.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Navapur Tur Dal]]<br />
* [[Borsuri Tur Dal]]<br />
* [[Uttarakhand Pahari Toor Dal]]<br />
* [[Attappady Thuvara]]<br />
* [[Tandur Redgram]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]<br />
[[Category:Karnataka cuisine]]<br />
[[Category:Economy of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:GI Tagged Pigeon pea varieties of India]]<br />
[[Category:Agriculture in Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Kalaburagi district]]<br />
[[Category:Geographical indications in Karnataka]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Highway_79_(India,_old_numbering)&diff=521047National Highway 79 (India, old numbering)2025-09-23T21:22:40Z<p>Bhoirake: redirect</p>
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<div>#REDIRECT [[National Highway 8 (India, old numbering)]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R with history}}<br />
}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuranganilmuttam_Valeeswarar_Temple&diff=511236Kuranganilmuttam Valeeswarar Temple2025-09-05T14:33:30Z<p>Bhoirake: creating a place w/ refs - done</p>
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<div>[[File:Kuranganilmuttamvalisvarartemple.jpg|thumb|Main entrance]] <br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}<br />
{{short description|Hindu temple in India}}<br />
'''Kuranganilmuttam Valeeswarar Temple'''<ref name="dinamalar">{{Cite web<br />
|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1003<br />
|title= Valeeswarar Temple<br />
|work=Dinamalar temples<br />
|accessdate=16 April 2019<br />
}}</ref><br />
<ref name="ta.wikipedia.org">[[:ta:குரங்கணில்முட்டம் வாலீஸ்வரர் கோயில்]]</ref> is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Kuranganilmuttam in [[Tiruvannamalai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The presiding deity is [[Shiva]]. He is called as Valeeswarar. His consort is known as Irayarvalai Ammai.<ref name="dm">[https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=1003 Sri Valeeswarar Temple]</ref><br />
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== Significance ==<br />
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalams]] – [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Sambandar]].<ref name="dm"/> Here shiva was worshipped by [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]], [[Indra]] in the form of Anil (Squirrel) and [[Yama]] in the form of Muttam (Crow) so the place is called as "KuranganilMuttam". Since vali worshipped here, lord shiva is called as Vaaleeswarar. Parvati is called as Iraiyaarvalaiyammai. <br />
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== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shiva temples in Tiruvannamalai district]]<br />
[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]<br />
<br />
{{TamilNadu-hindu-temple-stub}}</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Diocese_of_Gwalior&diff=497249Diocese of Gwalior2025-09-03T07:42:12Z<p>Bhoirake: created new bio!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Roman Catholic diocese in Madhya Pradesh, India}}<br />
{{more footnotes needed|date=July 2019}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Infobox diocese<br />
|jurisdiction = Diocese <br />
|name = Gwalior <br />
|latin = Dioecesis Gwaliorensis<br />
|country = {{flag|India}}<br />
|metropolitan = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Bhopal]] <br />
|province = [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Bhopal]]<br />
|rite = [[Latin Church|Latin Rite]]<br />
|cathedral = Cathedral of St John the Baptist in [[Gwalior]]<br />
|cocathedral = <br />
|area_km2 = 33,583 <br />
|population = 6,010,000<br />
|population_as_of = 2013<br />
|catholics = 4,900<br />
|catholics_percent= 0.1<br />
|pope = {{Incumbent pope}}<br />
|bishop = Joseph Thykkattil<br />
|metro_archbishop = Leo Cornelio<br />
|coadjutor = <br />
|auxiliary_bishops= <br />
|map = Map of Roman Catholic Diocese of Gwailor.png<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Roman Catholic Diocese of Gwalior''' ({{langx|la| Gwalioren(sis)}}) is a [[diocese]] located in the city of [[Gwalior]] in the [[ecclesiastical province]] of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bhopal|Bhopal]] in India.<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
There had always been a large number of Christians in the service of Raja [[Scindia]] at [[Gwalior State]]. In its heyday the Catholic community was reckoned to be one thousand strong. They were scattered in three main camps under the command of three Christian officers.'(Vannini Fr. Fulgentius ofm cap. : Hindustan – Tibet Mission) They were the Lashkar camp, called by the Indians Kampoo, commanded by [[Jean Baptiste Filose|Colonel Filose]]; then Sikander Kampoo, commanded by colonel Alexander; thirdly, the Jacob Camp commanded by colonel Jacob. Colonel Filose and Colonel Alexander were Catholics, but Colonel Jacob was an [[Armenians|Armenian]].<br />
<br />
Due to political disturbance and the [[Napoleonic Wars]], the missionaries coming to India were reduced to 12 in 1770, 8 in 1800 and from 1817 to 1822 there were only three missionaries working at different places. Fr. Angelo of Caraglio was working at [[Agra]], [[Sardhana]] and [[Gwalior]] between the years 1817–1822. With this we can trace that Gwalior was a visiting station from 1817; but from the letter of John Baptist Filose to the Capuchin fathers working at Surat, requesting them to send a chaplain to Gwalior, we can conclude that Gwalior had a visiting chaplain even before 1803 (ibid p.&nbsp;272).<br />
<br />
It seems that due to lack of missionaries, people who were willing to become Christians were baptized without sufficient instruction to the catholic faith. Therefore, missionaries coming after them had a difficult time. There was another group of Christians who had come from Goa in search of employment in the Scindia dominion.<br />
<br />
The present church of St. John the Baptist was built by John Baptist Filose, roundabout the year 1828. Fr. Constant Fernandez, a Goan Diocesan Priest was the first residing chaplain of Lashkar and he laboured from 1832 to 1844. He was succeeded in August 1844 by Fr. [[Anastasius Hartmann]], a Swiss [[Order of Friars Minor Capuchin|Capuchin]]. He worked 18 months at Gwalior. During his stay he opened a school for the education of poor children, established an industrial centre for the employment of young girls and widows, provided the station with a burial ground and education uplift of his flock. His whole idea was to make the Christians better, to get them to lead a real Catholic life.<br />
<br />
He was appointed Bishop of Derne and First Vicar Apostolic of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Patna|Patna]] on 30 September 1845. It was during this year that Agra Mission was divided into two separate Vicariates: Agra and Patna. Before this the whole of North India, known as the prefecture Apostolic of Tibet & Hindustan, was constituted into the Vicariate Apostolic of Agra, in 1820.<br />
<br />
The list of the Chaplains at Gwalior is rather long. There have been 33 Chaplains from 1832 till it was dismembered from the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Agra|Agra Archdiocese]] (established in 1886) and added the diocese of Jhansi on 5 July 1954. The priests who were involved as parish priests at Gwalior were Fr. Roger ofm Cap., Fr. M. Joseph, Fr. Alphonse C., Fr. Abraham Palakudy, Fr. Joseph, Palakudy and Fr. John C. Kedari, Fr. P. Martin, Fr. Eugene.<br />
Six districts of M.P. cover within the diocese of Gwalior. They are Bhind, Datia, Gwalior, Morena, Sheopur and Shivpuri.<br />
<br />
==Leadership==<br />
* [[Bishop]]s of Gwalior ([[Latin Church|Latin Rite]])<br />
** Bishop Joseph Kaithathara (9 February 1999 – 18 October 2016)<br />
** Bishop [[Thomas Thennatt]] (18 October 2016 – 14 December 2018)<br />
** Bishop Joseph Thykkattil (31 May 2019 – present)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ccbi.in/fr-joseph-thykkattil-appointed-as-bishop-of-gwalior/|title = Fr Joseph Thykkattil Appointed as Bishop of Gwalior – CCBI| date=31 May 2019 }}</ref><br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/gwal0.htm GCatholic.org] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dgwal.html Catholic Hierarchy] [[Wikipedia:SPS|{{sup|[''self-published'']}}]]<br />
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nHeavVk-VsU Video of St. John's Cathedral of Gwalior]<br />
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{{coord|26.2054|N|78.1582|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Gwalior}}<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses in India]]<br />
[[Category:Christian organizations established in 1999]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic dioceses and prelatures established in the 20th century]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Madhya Pradesh]]<br />
[[Category:Gwalior]]<br />
[[Category:1999 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ek_Chutki_Aasman&diff=470091Ek Chutki Aasman2025-08-26T03:00:42Z<p>Bhoirake: update intro as per guidelines per standard format</p>
<hr />
<div>{{unreliable sources|date=July 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image =<br />
| caption = <br />
| runtime = 24 minutes<br />
| creator = <br />
| story = Preeti Mamgain<br />
| screenplay = Paushali Ganguli<br />
| director = <br />
| company = [[Sphere Origins]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| editor = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| network = [[Sahara One]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=y|2010|8|23}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=y|2010|12|16}}<br />
| num_episodes = 68 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Ek Chutki Aasman''''' ({{Translation|''A pinch of sky''}}) is an Indian soap opera which aired on [[Sahara One]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmibeat.com/television/news/2010/saharaone-ek-chutki-aasman-190810.html |title=Sahara One comes up with Ek Chutki Aasman |last=Prasad Keshri |first=Kalyani |date=19 August 2010 |website=Filmi Beat |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
This story is about a seven-year-old girl named Chutki. She brings happiness everywhere she goes. The story takes a turn when she goes to Mumbai to try find her mother but gets lost.<ref>{{cite web<br />
|url=https://www.tellychakkar.com/shows/ek-chutki-aasman |title=Ek Chutki Aasman |website=Telly Chakkar |access-date=25 May 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Chhavi Mittal]] as Himangi Agashe<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.hindustantimes.com/tv/it-s-just-not-her-cup-of-tea/story-QN8g0tv5JiAdedR0VEdhDJ.html |title=It's just not her 'cup of tea' |date=22 October 2010 |website=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 May 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />
* [[Rajesh Shringarpure]] as Ganesh<br />
* Deiptimaan Chowdhury as Arjun<br />
* Roshni Parekh as Chutki<br />
* Seerat Ain Alam as Sonali<br />
* Pritish Roy as Bablya<br />
* Amar Sharma as Anjali's Husband<br />
* Smriti Mohan as Anjali<br />
* Manav Sohal as Ramakant<br />
* Rajeev Bharadwaj as Aaji's Elder Son<br />
* Alok Narula<br />
* Rajeev Aryan as Advocate<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Sahara One Programmes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br />
[[Category:Sahara One original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atul_Chokshi&diff=488296Atul Chokshi2025-07-26T06:11:43Z<p>Bhoirake: added first info w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian materials scientist (born 1958)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Atul Chokshi<br />
| image = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1958|5|24}}<br />
| birth_place = India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| fields = {{ublist | [[Materials science]] | [[Metallurgy]] }}<br />
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[University of California, San Diego]] | [[Indian Institute of Science]] }}<br />
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[IIT Madras]] | [[University of Southern California]] | [[University of California, Davis]] }}<br />
| doctoral_advisor = <br />
| doctoral_students = <br />
| known_for = Studies on high temperature deformation and failure of ceramic materials<br />
| awards = {{ublist|1998&nbsp;Swarnajayanti Presidential Young Scientist Award | 2000&nbsp;Materials Research Society of India Medal | 2001&nbsp;[[Indian Institute of Metals|IIM]] Metallurgist of the Year Award | 2003&nbsp;[[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | 2004&nbsp;Citation Laureate Award | 2006&nbsp;[[Indian Institute of Metals|IIM]] G. D. Birla Award | 2008&nbsp;IITM Distinguished Alumnus Award }}<br />
}}<br />
'''Atul Harish Chokshi''' (born 1958) is an Indian materials scientist, metallurgical engineer and a professor at the Department of Materials Engineering of the [[Indian Institute of Science]].<ref name="People">{{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~www/faculty/ |title=People |date=2017 |publisher=Department of Materials Engineering, IISc |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121042339/http://materials.iisc.ernet.in/~www/faculty/ |archive-date=21 January 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> He is known for his studies on ''high temperature deformation and failure of ceramic materials''<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{Cite web |url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=435 |title=Brief Profile of the Awardee |date=2017 |publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize}}</ref> and is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies viz. the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]],<ref name="NASI fellows">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C |title=NASI fellows |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315111634/http://nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=C |archive-date=2016-03-15 }}</ref> [[Indian Academy of Sciences]],<ref name="Fellow profile">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Chokshi,_Prof._Atul_Harish |title=Fellow profile |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> and [[Indian National Science Academy]]<ref name="Indian fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P04-1353 |title=Indian fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145313/https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P04-1353 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as well as the [[Indian National Academy of Engineering]].<ref name="INAE fellows">{{Cite web |url=https://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |title=INAE fellows |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Academy of Engineers |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403030936/http://inae.in/search-of-fellows/ |archive-date=3 April 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 2003.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=12 November 2016}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Long link - please select award year to see details}}<br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
[[File:FacultyHall-IISc.jpg|thumb|235px|left|Indian Institute of Science]]<br />
Atul Chokshi, born on 24 March 1958, gained his bachelor's degree (BTech) in metallurgical engineering from the [[Indian Institute of Technology, Madras]] in 1980 and went to the US for higher studies.<ref name="Faculty profile">{{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ac.in/faculty/atul-h-chokshi/ |title=Faculty profile |date=2017 |publisher=Department of Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Science}}</ref> Joining the [[University of Southern California]], he earned a master's degree (MS) in 1981, and followed it up with a PhD in 1984. He continued at the university for his post-doctoral work during 1984–1986 and did further researches at [[University of California, Davis]] from 1986 to 1988.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> That year, he moved to the [[University of California, San Diego]] to take up the position of a faculty and served the university until 1994 when he returned to India to join the [[Indian Institute of Science]] as an associate professor at the Department of Materials Engineering where he holds the position of a professor.<ref name="Atul H. Chokshi on IISc">{{Cite web |url=http://materials.iisc.ac.in/faculty/atul-h-chokshi/ |title=Atul H. Chokshi on IISc |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Science}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legacy ==<br />
[[File:Creep in cardboard.jpg|thumb|right|235px|Creep on the underside of a cardboard box due to applied stress]]<br />
Focusing his researches on the engineering mechanical properties of materials, Chokshi has worked on ceramic materials which has assisted in a wider understanding of how the material behaves in high temperature and the role of interfaces in the process.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee" /> He is known to be one of the pioneers of research on the mechanical behavior of [[nanomaterials]] and his work elucidated the [[deformation mechanisms]] leading to [[superplasticity]].<ref name="Citations: 2008 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients">{{Cite web |url=http://alumni.iitm.ac.in/citations-2008-distinguished-alumnus-awards-recipients/ |title=Citations: 2008 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients |date=2017 |publisher=IIT Madras}}</ref> His work covered [[cavitation]] failure, superimposition of hydrostatic pressure and [[Creep (deformation)|creep]] of materials such as [[alumina]], [[ceramics]], ceramic composites and [[magnesium alloys]]. He has documented his researches in over 135 articles<ref name="Author record">{{Cite web |url=http://sciencecentral.info/index.php/browse/index/all?sortOrderId=&recordsPage=1366 |title=Author record |date=2017 |publisher=Science Central }}{{Dead link|date=June 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and the online article repository of the Indian Academy of Sciences has listed 115 of them.<ref name="Browse by Fellow">{{Cite web |url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/view/fellows/Chokshi=3AAtul_Harish=3A=3A.html |title=Browse by Fellow |date=2016 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences}}</ref>{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Articles'' section}}<br />
<br />
Chokshi was one of the scientists who reported the [[Strengthening mechanisms of materials|strengthening]] in nanometals and contributed to the establishment of a creep and [[tensile testing]] laboratory for examining superplasticity in ceramics at the University of California, San Diego.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He was also instrumental in setting up a similar laboratory at the Indian Institute of Science with facilities for [[electro sinter forging]] for ceramics and [[electrophoretic deposition]] for nanocrystalline metals.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He served as a member of the International Advisory Boards of the 1997,<ref name="ICSAM-1997">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icsam.info/1997.html |title=ICSAM-1997 |date=2017 |publisher=International Conference on Superplasticity in Advanced Materials}}</ref> 2000<ref name="ICSAM-2000">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icsam.info/2000.html |title=ICSAM-2000 |date=2017 |publisher=International Conference on Superplasticity in Advanced Materials}}</ref> and 2003 editions of the International Conference on Superplasticity in Advanced Materials (ICSAM)<ref name="ICSAM-2003">{{Cite web |url=http://www.icsam.info/2003.html |title=ICSAM-2003 |date=2017 |publisher=International Conference on Superplasticity in Advanced Materials}}</ref> and has also served as a visiting faculty at a number of universities in the US, Europe and Japan.<ref name="Distinguished Alumni">{{Cite web |url=https://mme.iitm.ac.in/?page_id=128 |title=Distinguished Alumni |date=2017 |publisher=Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IIT Madras}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and honors ==<br />
Chokshi received the Swarnajayanti Young Scientist Award from the [[President of India]] in 1998<ref name="Citations: 2008 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients" /> and two years later, the Materials Research Society of India awarded him the MRSI Medal for the year 2000.<ref name="MRSI Medal Winners 2000">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/awardshonours.php |title=MRSI Medal Winners 2000 |date=2017 |publisher=Materials Research Society of India}}</ref> The year 2001 brought him two honors, the Metallurgist of the Year Award of the [[Indian Institute of Metals]]<ref name="Metallurgist of the Year Award">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1466501852.pdf |title=Metallurgist of the Year Award |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Metals |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202042539/http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1466501852.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> as well as the elected fellowship of the National Academy of Sciences, India.<ref name="NASI Year Book 2015">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |title=NASI Year Book 2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences, India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806211716/http://www.nasi.org.in/Year%20Book%202015.pdf |archive-date=2015-08-06 }}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards in 2003.<ref name="Engineering Sciences">{{Cite web|url=http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |title=Engineering Sciences |date=2016 |publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211647/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/Engineering_SCIENCES.htm |archive-date=2015-09-23 }}</ref> In 2004, he received the ''Citation Laureate Award'' of Thomson Scientific<ref name="Thomson Citation Laureate award for 7 scientists ">{{Cite web |url=http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct112004/c10.asp |title=Thomson Citation Laureate award for 7 scientists |date=11 October 2004 |publisher=Deccan Herald |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202035508/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct112004/c10.asp |archive-date=2 February 2017 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and was elected as a fellow by the Indian National Academy of Engineering<ref name="INAE fellows" /> and the Indian National Science Academy;<ref name="INSA Year Book 2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |title=INSA Year Book 2016 |date=2016 |publisher=Indian National Science Academy |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104001952/http://www.insaindia.res.in/pdf/YearBook_2016.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> he became a fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, the next year.<ref name="Fellow profile" /> The Indian Institute of Metals honored him again in 2006 with the G. D. Birla Award<ref name="IIM Honors">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1466502228.pdf |title=IIM Honors |date=2017 |publisher=Indian Institute of Metals |access-date=30 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231060431/http://www.iim-india.net/uploads/award/1466502228.pdf |archive-date=31 December 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and his alma mater, the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras selected him for the Distinguished Alumnus Award in 2008.<ref name="Citations: 2008 Distinguished Alumnus Awards Recipients" /> Choshi, a life member of the Materials Research Society of India,<ref name="MRSI Life member">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mrsi.org.in/member-details.php |title=MRSI Life member |date=2017 |publisher=Materials Research Society of India}}</ref> has been listed among the 100 material scientists with the highest number of citations.<ref name="Distinguished Alumni" /><ref name="Research Contribution of Prof Atul H. Chokshi to Materials Science: A Scientometric Study">{{Cite journal |author1=Parvathamma, N. |author2=Banu, Nazneen |author3=Kauser, Shireen |title=Research Contribution of Prof Atul H. Chokshi to Materials Science: A Scientometric Study |journal=DESIDOC Journal of Library & Information Technology |date=September 2013|volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=378–384 |doi=10.14429/djlit.33.5102 |doi-broken-date=26 July 2025 |doi-access=free }}</ref><br />
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== Selected bibliography ==<br />
* {{Cite journal |author1=Prasad, M. J. N. V. |author2=Chokshi, A. H. |title=On the exothermic peak during annealing of electrodeposited nanocrystalline nickel |journal=Scripta Materialia |date=2011 |volume=64 |issue=6 |pages=544–547 |doi=10.1016/j.scriptamat.2010.11.038}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kini, Maya |author2=Chokshi, Atul H. |title=The influence of titania on creep in superplastic zirconia |journal= Journal of the American Ceramic Society |date=2010 |volume=93 |issue=6 |pages=1725–1731 |doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.03617.x}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Chokshi, Atul Harish |title=Unusual stress and grain size dependence for creep in nanocrystalline materials |journal=Scripta Materialia |date=2009 |volume=61 |issue=1 |pages=96–99 |doi=10.1016/j.scriptamat.2009.03.009}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Chokshi, Atul Harish |title=Triple junction limited grain growth in nanomaterials |journal=Scripta Materialia |date=2008 |volume=59 |issue=7 |pages=726–729 |doi=10.1016/j.scriptamat.2008.06.009}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |author1=Kottada, R. S. |author2=Chokshi, A. H. |title=Grain boundary sliding during diffusion and dislocation creep in a Mg-0.7 Pct Al alloy |journal=Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A |date=2007 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1743–1749 |doi=10.1007/s11661-007-9190-x|bibcode=2007MMTA...38.1743K |s2cid=135523198 }}<br />
* {{Cite journal |last=Chokshi, Atul Harish |title=Cavity nucleation and growth in superplasticity |journal=Materials Science and Engineering: A |date=2005 |volume=410–411 |pages=95–99 |doi=10.1016/j.msea.2005.08.069}}<br />
* {{Cite journal |author1=Satapathy, L. N. |author2=Chokshi, Atul H. |title=Effect of spinel second phase on high temperature deformation in alumina |journal=Materials Science Forum |date=2004 |volume=447-448 |pages=341–346 |doi=10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.447-448.341|s2cid=137398972 }}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Nanoceramic]]<br />
{{portal|India|Engineering}}<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist|group=note}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/it-is-an-ivory-tower-literally/article2445674.ece |title=It is an ivory tower, literally |last=Divya Gandhi |date=12 September 2011 |publisher=The Hindu |work=News report}}<br />
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{{SSBPST recipients in Engineering Science}}<br />
{{Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of Karnataka}}<br />
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{{authority control}}<br />
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Chokshi, Atul}}<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Engineering Science]]<br />
[[Category:1958 births]]<br />
[[Category:Indian materials scientists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian metallurgists]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Madras alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Science]]<br />
[[Category:University of Southern California alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of California, Davis alumni]]<br />
[[Category:University of California, San Diego faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Sciences, India]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Academy of Engineering]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Bengaluru]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vinayakas&diff=470564Vinayakas2025-07-12T15:35:31Z<p>Bhoirake: added structure for accuracy and cleaned formatting as per guidelines</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Group of four demons in Hindu mythology}}<br />
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}<br />
<br />
The '''{{IAST|Vināyakas}}''' were a group of four troublesome demons who created obstacles and difficulties in [[Hindu mythology]],<ref>''Aitareya Brāhmana'', I, 21.</ref> but who were easily propitiated.<ref>Bhandarkar. Vaisnavism, Saivism and other Minor Sects. pp. 147–48.</ref><br />
One theory of the origin of [[Ganesha]] is that he gradually came to prominence in connection with the {{IAST|Vināyakas}}.<ref>{{harvp|Thapan|1997|loc=''passim''}}</ref><br />
<br />
In Puranic literature of a much later period the group of four Vināyakas was merged into one definite god named Vināyaka whom [[Rudra]] appointed as the "Leader of the Ganas" (Ganapati).<ref name="Heras_28">{{harvp|Heras|1972|p=28}}</ref> This Vināyaka-Ganapati is associated with another god called Dantin, "the one with the tusk," who is said to possess a twisted trunk ({{IAST|vakratuṇḍa}}) and who holds a corn-sheaf, a sugar cane, and a club.<ref>Taittiriya Aranyaka, X, 1, 5.</ref> This description of Dantin is so characteristic of the Puranic Ganapati that Heras says "we cannot resist to accept his full identification with this Vedic Dantin."<ref name="Heras_28" /> The name Vināyaka is a common name for Ganesha both in the {{IAST|Purāṇas}} and in Buddhist Tantras.<ref>{{harvp|Thapan|1997|p=20}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the Smrti of Yājñavalkya, written in the 6th century, Vināyaka is definitely mentioned as a demon who had been exalted to the rank of a deva.<ref>Bhandarkar, op. cit., p. 148; citation by {{harvp|Heras|1972|p=28}}.</ref> He is clearly described as elephant-headed by the 8th century.<ref>{{harvp|Heras|1972|p=29}}</ref><br />
<br />
== The Mānava-Gṛhyasūtra ==<br />
The Vināyakas in their original demonic role are mentioned only in a limited number of Brahmanical texts that are essentially within only one school of the Vedas, the '''[[Yajurveda|Kṛṣṇa Yajur Veda]]'''.<ref>{{harvp|Thapan|1997|p=18}}</ref><br />
The Vināyakas are first mentioned in the ''[[Kalpa (Vedanga)#Grhya Sutras|Mānava-Gṛhyasūtras]]'' where they appear as four demonic creatures.<ref>{{harvp|Thapan|1997|p=26}}</ref> Dating for the ''Mānava-Gṛhyasūtra'' is only tentative, but P. V. Kane assigns it to a period prior to 600–300 BCE and considers that they had attained a position of authority in the 2nd century BCE. S. Bhattachrji dates them between 600 and 200 BCE. Macdonell dates them between 500 and 200 BCE.<ref>{{harvp|Thapan|1997|p=27}}. Chapter III of Thapan's book on the development of Ganesha is based on the ''Mānava-Gṛhyasūtra''. Citations to P. V. Kane, [[Sukumari Bhattacharji]], and Arthur A. Macdonell are given in Thapan.</ref><br />
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Thapan concludes that the period reflected in the Vināyaka section of the ''Mānava-Gṛhyasūtra'' must have been between the end of the 3rd and early 2nd century BCE. She based this conclusion in part on the fact that in the ''Mānava-Gṛhyasūtra'' the Vināyakas are associated with various other beings, including three of the four Buddhist ''[[Lokapala|lokpālas]]'' (guardians of the quarters), as well as the deities [[Shiva|Mahādeva]] and [[Mahasena (deity)|Mahāsena]]. Mahādeva and Mahāsena were popular gods during the [[Aśokan]] period, a time when the spread of Buddhism must have posed a challenge to adherents of the Vedic tradition. Thapan says that this association implies that "not only was Buddhism viewed inimically by the ''brāmaņa'' authors of this text..., but so were Mahādeva and Mahāsena."<ref>{{harvp|Thapan|1997|pp=26–27}}</ref><br />
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== The Mahābhārata ==<br />
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The Vināyakas are also mentioned in the ''[[Mahabharata|Mahābhārata]]'' where their role shows a distinct change in two different age strata of that epic.<ref>{{harvp|Thapan|1997|pp=27–28}}</ref><br />
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*In the Śānti Parva they are depicted as evil beings and are mentioned along with ''[[bhoot (ghost)|bhūtas]]'' and ''piśācas''. These passages may date shortly after the composition of the ''{{IAST|Mānava Gṛhya Sūtras}}''.<br />
*In the Anuśāsana Parva they lose their evil characterization and are worshipped as the {{IAST|Gaṇeśvara-Vināyakas}}, part of the {{IAST|Rudragaṇa}} contingent. These passages are certainly dated as belonging to the first one or two centuries CE. A passage in the Sabhā Parva which mentions a being named Danti belongs to the same period. Danti appears to be synonymous with the Mahākāya (One having a huge body) who is named along with the {{IAST|Gaṇeśvara-Vināyakas}} as part of Śiva's entourage in the Anuśāsana Parva.<br />
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Thapan notes that almost all of the references to the Vināyakas, Danti, and their related beings do not appear in the main body of the critical edition of the Mahābhārata, but are only mentioned in the Appendices. This means that the traditions associated with these figures were limited to only a few versions which must have been found in only specific regions.<br />
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== Notes ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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=== References ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Brown |first=Robert L. |year=1991 |title=Ganesh: Studies of an Asian God |publisher=State University of New York |location=Albany, NY |isbn=0-7914-0657-1 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Heras |first=H. |year=1972 |title=The Problem of Ganapati |publisher=Indological Book House |location=Delhi }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Martin-Dubost |first=Paul |year=1997 |title=Gaņeśa: The Enchanter of the Three Worlds |publisher=Project for Indian Cultural Studies |location=Mumbai |isbn=81-900184-3-4 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Nagar |first=Shanti Lal |year=1992 |title=The Cult of Vinayaka |publisher=Intellectual Publishing House |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7076-044-3 }}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Thapan |first=Anita Raina |year=1997 |title=Understanding Gaņapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult |publisher=Manohar Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7304-195-4 }}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
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{{Ganesha}}<br />
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[[Category:Ganesha]]<br />
[[Category:Demons in Hinduism]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddha_statue_of_Vasudeva_I&diff=492453Buddha statue of Vasudeva I2025-07-01T22:02:30Z<p>Bhoirake: created new entry!</p>
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<div>{{Short description|2nd century Buddha statue}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=300|caption_align=center<br />
| align = right<br />
| direction =vertical<br />
| header=Buddha statue of Vasudeva I<br>(220 CE)<br />
| image1 = Buddha statue of Vasudeva I.jpg<br />
| caption1 = Buddha statue of [[Vasudeva I]], {{Circa|220 CE}}, [[Mathura Museum]].<br />
| image2 = Inscription Maharaja Devaputra Vasudeva Year 93.jpg<br />
| caption2 = Buddha statue pedestal inscription "In the 93rd year" of "Great King, son of God, Vasudeva" ([[File:Gupta_ashoka_m.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_h.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_raa.jpg|10px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_j.svg|12px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg|18px]]</sub> [[File:Gupta_ashoka_d.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg|12px]]<sub>[[File:Gupta ashoka pu.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta ashoka tr.jpg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_sya.svg|18px]]</sub> [[File:Gupta allahabad vaa.jpg|11px]][[File:Gupta allahabad su.jpg|14px]][[File:Gupta ashoka de.svg|12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_v.svg|12px]] ''Mahārājasya Devaputrasya Vāsudeva'', from the start of the first line). [[Mathura Museum]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds |url=https://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=1335&search=1&index=161976&searchstring=maharaja |website=vmis.in}}</ref><br />
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}}<br />
The '''Buddha statue of Vasudeva I''' is a fragment of a statue of the Buddha, belonging to the [[art of Mathura]], and bearing an inscription in the name of the [[Kushan Empire]] emperor [[Vasudeva I]] (191–232 CE).<br />
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The inscription on the base of a Buddha statue states: "In the 93rd year of Maharaja Devaputra Vasudeva...", corresponding to {{Circa|171 CE}}, or more probably 220 CE, with the more recent definition of the Kanishka era as starting in 127 CE (127+93=220).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=R.C. |title=The Splendour of Mathura Art and Museum |date=1994 |publisher=D. K. Printworld Pvt. Ltd. |page=140 |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/splendour-of-mathura-art-and-museum-IDD114/}}</ref> The complete inscription reads:<br />
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{{quote|In the 93rd year of Maharaja Devaputra Vasudeva, in the 4th month of Hemanta as on the 25th day, an image of the Buddha, who has full grasp of knowledge and whose faith cannot be shaken, was set up along with a parasol by a Buddhist monk who was Kayastha (?) after paying due respect to his father Sarvanandi, mother Jivsri and Arya Dhana.|Inscription on the Buddha statue of Vasudeva I.<ref>{{cite web |title=Collections-Virtual Museum of Images and Sounds |url=https://vmis.in/ArchiveCategories/collection_gallery_zoom?id=1335&search=1&index=161976&searchstring=maharaja |website=vmis.in}}</ref>}}<br />
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The relatively peaceful reign of Vasudeva is marked by an important artistic production, in particular in the area of statuary.<ref name="KR202">{{cite book |last1=Rezakhani |first1=Khodadad |title=From the Kushans to the Western Turks |date=2017 |page=202 |url=https://www.academia.edu/32671225|url-access=registration |language=en}}</ref> Several Buddhist statues are dated to the reign of Vasudeva, and are important markers for the chronology of [[Buddhist art]].<ref name="PC">{{cite book|last1=Rhi|first1=Juhyung|title=Problems of Chronology in Gandharan. Positioning Gandharan Buddhas in Chronology|date=2017|publisher=Archaeopress Archaeology|location=Oxford|pages=35–51|url=http://www.carc.ox.ac.uk/PublicFiles/media/Final%20e-version%20Problems%20of%20Chronology%20in%20Gandharan%20Art.pdf}}{{free access}}</ref> A partially preserved Sakyamuni statue, also from Mathura, has the date "Year 94", although without mentioning Vasudeva specifically.<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Archaeology, 1994-1995 |page=100, Plate XLVI |url=http://nmma.nic.in/nmma/nmma_doc/Indian%20Archaeology%20Review/Indian%20Archaeology%201994-95%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref> <br />
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The statue, located in the [[Mathura Museum]], is an important example of the [[art of Mathura]].<br />
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==See also==<br />
* [[Kushan art]]<br />
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==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
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{{Mathura Museum}}<br />
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[[Category:Mathura art]]<br />
[[Category:Kushan art]]<br />
[[Category:Buddha statues in India]]</div>Bhoirakehttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geography_of_Gujarat&diff=471303Geography of Gujarat2025-05-15T19:28:32Z<p>Bhoirake: further updated information after review also for consistency</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --><br />
{{rewrite|date=June 2022}}<br />
'''Gujarat''' is a [[State (polity)|state]] located in western India. Its north-western border, which is also the international border, is adjacent to [[Pakistan]]. [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]] are the states located in its north and north-east respectively. Maharashtra is to its south. The [[Arabian Sea]] forms its western-southern boundary. Dadar and Nagar-Haveli are on its southern border.<br />
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The capital of this state is Gandhinagar. Gandhinagar is located near Ahmedabad, the major commercial centre of the state. The area of Gujarat is 196,024 km.<br />
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It has the India's longest coastline of 1214 km and also has one of the largest salt deserts in the world with an area of 7500 Sq. km.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-27 |title=GUJARAT - |url=https://pincodeofmylocation.co.in/india/gujarat/ |access-date=2023-10-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref><br />
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The [[geography]] of [[Gujarat]] state of India includes following:[[File:India Gujarat physical.svg|thumb|300px|Physical map of Gujarat]]<br />
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==Mountain ranges==<br />
*[[Vindhya]] <br />
*[[Western Ghats]]<br />
*[[Satpura range]] <br />
*[[Tripura hills]]<br />
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==Hills==<br />
[[File:Gujarat Satellite Imagery 2012.jpg|thumb|Satellite image of Gujarat]]<br />
*[[Chotila]] <br />
*[[Pavagadh Hill|Pavagadh]] <br />
*[[Palitana]] <br />
*[[Saputara]]<br />
*[[Girnar]]<br />
*[[Bardo]]<br />
*[[Ambaji#Gabbar Hill|Gabbar]]<br />
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==Rivers==<br />
{{Main|List of rivers of Gujarat}}<br />
*[[Narmada River|Narmada]] <br />
*[[Tapi River, India|Tapi]] <br />
*[[Mahi River|Mahi]] <br />
*[[Sabarmati River|Sabarmati]] <br />
*[[West Banas River|West Banas]] <br />
*[[Shetrunji River|Shetrunji]]<br />
*[[Bhadar River|Bhadar]]<br />
*[[Aji River (Gujarat)|Aji]] <br />
*[[River Ghela|Ghela]] <br />
*[[Rukmavati River|Rukmavati]] <br />
*[[Vishwamitri River|Vishwamitri]] <br />
*[[Daman Ganga River|Damanganga]]<br />
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==Ecoregions==<br />
According to the [[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]], Gujarat covers portions of five [[terrestrial ecoregion]]s:<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Washington, DC: Island Press.</ref><br />
* The [[Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves]] are found in tidal areas bordering the [[Gulf of Kutch]] and [[Gulf of Khambat]], as well as in the [[Indus River Delta]] of neighboring [[Sind]] province of Pakistan.<br />
[[File:Rann of Kutch - White Desert.jpg|320x240px|thumbnail|right|Rann of Kutch]]<br />
* [[Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests]] cover the eastern portion of the state, extending into adjacent portions of [[Rajasthan]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]], with a pocket on the peak of [[Girnar]] in the central [[Kathiawar]]. The natural vegetation is a [[dry deciduous forest]] with trees up to 25 meters in height, with areas of thorn scrub. The vegetation has been much altered by centuries of intensive agriculture and grazing. <br />
* The [[North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests]] cover the [[Western Ghats]] range in the extreme southeastern portion of Gujarat. The natural vegetation are diverse multistoried rain forests with trees of up to 45 meters in height, along with understory herbs, shrubs and trees, [[liana]]s, and [[epiphyte]]s.<br />
* [[Northwestern thorn scrub forests]] cover the Kathiawar Peninsula and the upland portion of [[Kutch District]], extending north into Rajasthan. The natural vegetation is open thorn scrub.<br />
* The [[Rann of Kutch]] is a large seasonal salt marsh in the northwestern portion of Gujarat.<br />
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==Beaches==<br />
'''[[Umbharat Beach]]''' - [[Jalalpore]] Ubharat Beach is situated on the coastline of the state of Gujarat and is one of the finest beaches of India in [[Navsari District]] of [[Gujarat]] . It comes into Jalalpore Taluka. It is located on the coast of the Gulf of Khambhat, Arabian Sea of Indian Ocean at a distance of 34&nbsp;km from Jalalpore. and 33&nbsp;km away from Navsari City, in Navsari District. It is 40&nbsp;km away from the city of [[Surat]].<br />
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'''[[Dandi Beach]]''' - Jalalpore Dandi Beach is situated on the coastline of the state of Gujarat and is one of the finest beaches of India in [[Navsari District]] of [[Gujarat]] . It comes into Jalalpore Taluka. It is located on the coast of the Gulf of Khambhat, Arabian Sea of Indian Ocean at a distance of 15&nbsp;km from Jalalpore. and 31&nbsp;km and 22&nbsp;km away from Bilimora and Navsari City of Navsari District. It is 49&nbsp;km away from the city of [[Surat]].<br />
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'''[[Ahmedpur Mandvi Beach]]''' - Ahmedpur Mandvi Beach is situated on the coastline of the state of Gujarat and is one of the finest beaches in India. It is in [[Ahmedpur Mandvi]], close to Diu Union Territory.<br />
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'''Mandvi Beach - Kutch''' - Mandvi Wind Farms Beach and Wind-mills, which line the horizon of Mandvi, offer views from the Mandvi sea-beach. The Wind mills projects running in this beach was Asia's 1st Wind-Mills Projects in 1983.<br />
[[File:Mandvi Beach.jpg|320x240px|thumbnail|right|Mandvi Beach, Kutch]]<br />
'''Chorwad Beach''' - [[Chorwad]] Beach of Gujarat is another beach situated on the west coast of India. It is situated at a distance of 66&nbsp;km from Junagadh. Chorwad has a high potential of attracting both domestic as well as international tourists.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} The beach consists of rocky hills and presents an opportunity for boat rides.<br />
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'''Diu Beach''' - [[Diu, India|Diu]] beach is situated on the island of Diu, off the Saurashtra coast Diu has a small population, and is connected to the mainland of Gujarat via a causeway.<br />
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'''Gopnath Beach''' - [[Gopnath]] Beach is situated in the Bhavnagar district of Gujarat. It comes into Talaja Taluka. It is located on the coast of the Gulf of Kambhat, at a distance of 75&nbsp;km from the city of Bhavnagar. and 22&nbsp;km. away from Talaja. The Fort of the King of Gohilvad is situated in Gopnath.<br />
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Kutch Mandvi Beach&nbsp;— Kutch Mandvi is an important beach in Gujarat, situated at Mandvi. Mandvi is the historic port town of Maharao of Kutch, located at a distance of 75&nbsp;km from Bhuj. Kutch Mandvi was once inhabited by the Maharao of Kutch and was an important seaport.<br />
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'''Umbergam Beach''' - [[Umargam]] is about 6&nbsp;km from Umargam Road railway station on Mumbai-Surat rail section. This region was a part of Thane district prior to the creation of Gujarat in 1960.<br />
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Umargam is situated on the southern bank of Nargol creek. It was a small village about two centuries ago, serving as a transit point for exporting marine produce from the fishing port Nargol on the Northern Bank of the creek.<br />
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'''Madhavpur Beach''' - [[Madhavpur Ghed]] Beach is on Porbandar-Veraval Highway and residing in Porbadar.<br />
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==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Geography of India by state or territory}}<br />
{{Geography of India}}<br />
{{Gujarat}}<br />
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[[Category:Geography of Gujarat| ]]</div>Bhoirake