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Rakhi Sawant filmography

2026-05-08T17:02:10Z

Bhatti21:

{{Short description|List of films featuring Rakhi Sawant}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
The following is the filmography of Indian actress '''[[Rakhi Sawant]]'''.

==Films==
===Acting===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
!Notes
|-
| 1997
| ''[[Agnichakra]]''
|Ruhi Sawant
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dharni |first1=Aishwarya |title=Watch: Clip From Rakhi Sawant's Debut Film Agnichakra Goes Viral, Netizens Say She Did Not Need Surgery |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/clip-from-rakhi-sawants-debut-film-agnichakra-goes-viral-608114.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |publisher=India Times |date=5 July 2023}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |1999
|''Dil Ka Sauda''
| Rambha
|
|-
|''[[Chudail No. 1]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2000
| ''[[Kurukshetra (2000 film)|Kurukshetra]]''
| Geeta
|<ref name="Fpost">{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Vinamra |title=Tracing the controversial, dramatic, dazzling Rakhi Sawant's journey as she turns 44 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/tracing-the-controversial-dramatic-dazzling-rakhi-sawants-journey-as-she-turns-44-11697211.html |access-date=29 March 2024 |publisher=Firstpost |date=25 November 2022}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Joru Ka Ghulam (2000 film)|Joru Ka Ghulam]]''
| Chandni
|<ref name="Fpost"/>
|-
| ''[[Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain]]''
|
|<ref name="Fpost"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2001
| ''[[Ehsaas: The Feeling]]''
|Maria
|
|-
| ''[[6 Teens]]''
| Nandini
|Telugu film
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2002
| ''Badmaash No.1''
|
|
|-
| ''Gautam Govinda''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Na Tum Jaano Na Hum]]''
| Disco Shanti
|
|-
| rowspan="7" | 2003
| ''[[Dum (2003 Hindi film)|Dum]]''
|Maid
|
|-
| ''[[Chura Liyaa Hai Tumne]]''
| Sheena
|<ref name="Fpost"/>
|-
| ''[[Om (2003 film)|Om]]''
| Celina
|<ref>{{cite web |last=Ganapati |first=Priya |date=22 March 2003 |title=Om cuts like a knife |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/mar/22om.htm |website=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| ''Bad Boys''
|
|
|-
| ''[[2 October (film)|2 October]]''
|
|
|-
| ''Patth''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Waah! Tera Kya Kehna]]''
|Dancer
|
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2004
| ''[[Gambeeram]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Paisa Vasool (2004 film)|Paisa Vasool]]''
| Dilkhush
|
|-
| ''[[Masti (2004 film)|Masti]]''
| Ms. Saxena
|
|-
| ''[[Main Hoon Na]]''
| Mini
|<ref name="Fpost"/>
|-
| ''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]''
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005
| ''[[Mumbai Xpress]]''
|
|
|-
| ''[[Khamoshh... Khauff Ki Raat]]''
| Kashmira
|<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=Subhash K. |author-link=Subhash K. Jha |date=18 April 2005 |title='Khamoshh...' a jumbled murder mystery |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/khamoshh-a-jumbled-murder-mystery/story-m8U7yYPkZON15RhYFR99rI.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |location=Mumbai |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007
| ''[[Shootout at Lokhandwala]]''
| Pooja Bedi
|
|-
| ''[[Journey Bombay to Goa: Laughter Unlimited]]''
| Deepa Kutti
|
|-
| ''[[Buddha Mar Gaya]]''
| Kim / Vishkanya
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2008
| ''[[Gumnaam – The Mystery]]''
| Ria's friend
|
|-
|''Dhoom Dadakka''
| Rambha
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Dil Bole Hadippa!]]''
| Shanno Amritsari
|
|-
| 2010
|''Mungilal Rocks''
|
|
|-
| 2011
|''[[Mere Brother Ki Dulhan]]''
| Herself (voice)
|
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Mumbai Can Dance Saala]]''
|
|
|-
| 2016
|''[[Ek Kahani Julie Ki]]''
| Julie
|<ref name="DPakistan"/>
|-
| 2019
| ''Upeksha''
|
|<ref name="DPakistan">{{cite news |last1=Fatima |first1=Noor |title=Rakhi Sawant converts to Islam, changes name to Fatima |url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/13-Jan-2023/rakhi-sawant-converts-to-islam-changes-name-to-fatima |access-date=29 March 2024 |publisher=Daily Pakistan |date=13 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Mast Mein Rehne Ka]]''
| Sana Bimli
|
|}

===Dance numbers===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Notes
|-
| 2000 || ''[[En Sakhiye]]'' ||
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Yeh Raaste Hain Pyaar Ke]]'' || "Bam Bhole Bam Bhole" ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Aanch]]'' || "Hai Re Umariya 16 baras Ki" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2004 || ''[[Saatchya Aat Gharat]]'' || "Hil Pori Hila" ||
|-
| ''[[Paisa Vasool (2004 film)|Paisa Vasool]]'' || "Maine Saiyan Ki Demand" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2005 || ''[[Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena (film)|Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena]]'' || "Ankhiya Na Maar Mere Yaar Mundiya" ||
|-
| ''The Powerful Man'' || "Chikna Badan" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006 || ''Hot Money'' || "Daulat Hai Karishma" ||
|-
| ''[[Malamaal Weekly]]'' || "Kismat Se Chalti Hai" ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Geleya]]'' || "Nanna Stylu Berene" ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2008 || ''[[Krazzy 4]]''|| "Dekhta Hai Tu Kya" ||
|-
| ''[[1920 (film)|1920]]'' || "Jab Das Jaaye Bichua" ||
|-
| ''[[Abdul Karim Telgi|Mudrank – The Stamp]]'' || "Mohabbat Kya Hoti Hain" || <ref name="Fpost"/>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Muthirai]]'' || "Night Is Still Young"
|-
| ''[[Drona (2009 film)|Drona]]'' || "Sayya Re Sayya Re" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Horn 'Ok' Pleassss]]'' || "Nathani Utaro" ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/this-is-the-song-which-sparked-controversy-between-nana-patekar-and-tanushree-dutta/1364127 |title=This is the song which sparked controversy between Nana Patekar and Tanushree Dutta - Free Press Journal |date=27 September 2018 |access-date=16 October 2018 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001658/http://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/this-is-the-song-which-sparked-controversy-between-nana-patekar-and-tanushree-dutta/1364127 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/home/nana-patekar-gives-it-back-to-tanushree_433377.html |title=Nana Patekar gives it back to Tanushree |work=Zee News |date=29 March 2008 |access-date=18 October 2018 |archive-date=18 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018122617/http://zeenews.india.com/home/nana-patekar-gives-it-back-to-tanushree_433377.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Marega Salaa]]'' || "Sehra Sehra Tujhpe Dil" ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''Gahraee'' || "Meri Jawani AK47" ||
|-
| ''[[Loot (2011 film)|Loot]]'' || "Jawani Ki Bank Loot Le" ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2012 || ''[[Rakhtbeej]]'' || "Latto Ghuma Re Chora" ||
|-
| ''Om Shanti'' || "Chonnara Dil Thame Dekhle Rakhi" ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64416112-om-shanti-2012-bangla-movie-music-feat-sizzling-rakhi-sawant-item-number-launch-kol |title=Unable to select database |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=21 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224217/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/64416112-om-shanti-2012-bangla-movie-music-feat-sizzling-rakhi-sawant-item-number-launch-kol |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Valentine's Night]]'' || "Gaye Re Gaye Saand Paani Mein" ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Katta Tanal Dupatta Par'' || "Peela Jawaniya Ke Juice" ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[God Father (2017 film)|God Father]]'' || "Chuti Kholila Sampu Basiba" ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Sabse Bada Champion]]'' || "Laga Navratan Tel" || <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/rakhi-sawant-will-soon-be-seen-in-a-bhojpuri-item-song/articleshow/68083037.cms |title=Rakhi Sawant will soon be seen in a Bhojpuri item song |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=25 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425003345/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/rakhi-sawant-will-soon-be-seen-in-a-bhojpuri-item-song/articleshow/68083037.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== Television ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year !! Title !! Role
|-
| 2006−2007
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 1)|Bigg Boss 1]]''
| Evicted (4th place)
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2007
| ''Comedy Ka Badsshah — Hasega India''
| Judge alongside [[Raju Srivastav]]
|-
| ''[[Nach Baliye 3]]''
| Runner-up
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2008
|''Yeh Hai Jalwa''
| Winner
|-
| ''The Rakhi Sawant Showz''
| Host
|-
| ''[[Chota Packet Bada Dhamaka]]''
| Judge
|-
|''Jalwa Four 2 Ka 1''
|Contestant
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2009
| ''Arre Deewano Mujhe Pehchano''
| Contestant
|-
| ''[[Rakhi Ka Swayamwar]]''
| Leading Lady
|-
| ''[[Pati Patni Aur Woh (TV series)|Pati, Patni Aur Woh]]''
| Participant with Elesh Parujanwala
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010
| ''[[Zara Nachke Dikha|Zara Nachke Dikha 2]]''
| Winner
|-
| ''[[Rakhi ka Insaaf]]''
| Host
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2011
| ''Maa Exchange''
| Participant along with [[Jaya Sawant]]
|-
| ''Jubilee Comedy Circus''
| Winner
|-
| ''Bigg Toss''
| Contestant
|-
| ''[[Ghazab Desh Ki Ajab Kahaaniyan]]''
| Host
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2013
| ''[[Welcome - Baazi Mehmaan-Nawaazi ki]]''
| Weekly contestant
|-
| ''[[Comedy Circus Ke Mahabali]]''
| Contestant<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131019220928/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-26/tv/40205930_1_vinay-pathak-shakeel-text-message Rakhi Sawant and Vinay Pathak in Comedy Circus – The Times of India]. ''The Times of India''. (26 June 2013). Retrieved 28 November 2016.</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''Box Cricket League - Season 1''
| Contestant<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/ |title=Box Cricket League Teams: BCL 2014 Team Details With TV Actors & Names of Celebrities |work=india.com |access-date=14 December 2014 |date=13 December 2014 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224202357/https://www.india.com/showbiz/box-cricket-league-teams-bcl-2014-team-details-with-tv-actors-names-of-celebrities-221217/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2018
| ''Box Cricket League - Season 3''
| Contestant<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/bigg-boss-11-contestant-bandgi-kalra-and-rakhi-sawant-to-be-seen-in-box-cricket-league-together-goa-sharks-puneesh-sharma-valentines-day/197559 |title=Bigg Boss 11 fame Bandgi Kalra and Rakhi Sawant to be seen on the small screen together soon |date=11 February 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630214156/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/telly-talk/gossip/article/bigg-boss-11-contestant-bandgi-kalra-and-rakhi-sawant-to-be-seen-in-box-cricket-league-together-goa-sharks-puneesh-sharma-valentines-day/197559 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://m.mid-day.com/articles/check-out-rakhi-sawant-and-arshi-khans-dance-for-the-bcl-umpire/19227163 |title=Check out Rakhi Sawant and Arshi Khan's dance for the BCL umpire! |date=21 March 2018}}</ref>
|-
| ''Juzzbaatt - Namkeen Se Sangeen Tak''
| Guest (along with [[Arshi Khan]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Rakhi Sawant says 'sorry' to Sunny Leone on Rajeev Khandelwal's 'Juzz Baatt' |url=http://zeenews.india.com/television/rakhi-sawant-says-sorry-to-sunny-leone-on-rajeev-khandelwals-juzz-baatt-2113549.html |website=zeenews.india.com |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-date=21 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621194059/http://zeenews.india.com/television/rakhi-sawant-says-sorry-to-sunny-leone-on-rajeev-khandelwals-juzz-baatt-2113549.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2019
|''[[Manmohini (TV series)|Manmohini]]''
|Chakua Chudail
|-
|''[[Khatra Khatra Khatra]]''
|Guest
|-
| ''Box Cricket League - Season 4''
| Host
|-
|2020−2021
|''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 14)|Bigg Boss 14]]''
| Challenger 4th runner-up <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2020 |title=Vikas Gupta to Rakhi Sawant: Former Bigg Boss contestants to set foot in Bigg Boss 14 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vikas-gupta-to-rakhi-sawant-former-bigg-boss-contestants-to-set-foot-in-bigg-boss-14/photostory/79487449.cms |access-date=4 December 2020 |website=The Times of India |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202122427/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vikas-gupta-to-rakhi-sawant-former-bigg-boss-contestants-to-set-foot-in-bigg-boss-14/photostory/79487449.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5"| 2021
|''[[Maddam Sir]]''
| rowspan="5" |Begum Chorni
|-
|''[[Hero – Gayab Mode On]]''
|-
|''[[Wagle Ki Duniya – Nayi Peedhi Naye Kissey]]''
|-
|''[[Tera Yaar Hoon Main]]''
|-
|''[[Ziddi Dil Maane Na]]''
|-
| rowspan="1"| 2021–2022
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 15)|Bigg Boss 15]]''
| Wild Card Entrant
|-
|2022–2023
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi (season 4)|Bigg Boss Marathi 4]]''
| Challenger 4th runner-up
|-
|2024
|''[[India's Got Latent]]''
|Guest judge<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-09 |title=Rakhi Sawant breaks chair and storms off stage in a fiery outburst on Samay Raina’s show; netizens react |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rakhi-sawant-breaks-chair-and-storms-off-stage-in-a-fiery-outburst-on-samay-rainas-show-netizens-react/articleshow/114068549.cms |access-date=2026-05-08 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Reality Ranis of the Jungle]]''
| Guest
|-
|2026
|''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 6]]''
| WildCard Entrant<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-08 |title=Bigg Boss Marathi 6: राखी सावंतची धमाकेदार एन्ट्री! 'असा' आहे गेमप्लॅन, रितेश देशमुखबद्दल म्हणाली, "सर हा शो..." |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/television/bigg-boss-marathi-6-first-wild-card-contestants-rakhi-sawant-shares-her-opinion-before-entry-sva-00-5700414/ |access-date= |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>Evicted on Day 91 (7th Place)
|}

===Other television appearances===
* 2003: ''Carry On Shekhar''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUuO11uq4FI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911024138/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUuO11uq4FI |archive-date=11 September 2018 |url-status=dead |title=Sizzling Rakhi Sawant! The "Mohabbat hai mirchi" girl! |via=YouTube}}</ref> ([[SAB TV]])
* 2006: ''[[Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai]]''
* 2007: ''Let's Talk...''
* 2007: ''Aap Ki Adalat''
* 2007: ''[[Baa Bahoo Aur Baby|Baa Bahoo Aur Baby (Season 1)]]''
* 2007: ''[[Koffee with Karan|Koffee with Karan (Season 2)]]''<ref name="Fpost"/>
* 2008: ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 2)|Bigg Boss 2]]''
* 2008: ''[[10 Ka Dum|10 Ka Dum (season 1)]]''
* 2009: ''[[Nach Baliye#Nach Baliye 4|Nach Baliye 4]]''
* 2009: ''[[Boogie Woogie (Indian TV series)|Boogie Woogie]]''(later in 2011)
* 2009: ''[[Perfect Bride|Lux Perfect Bride]]''
* 2010: ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)|Bigg Boss 4]]''
* 2010: ''[[Jubilee Comedy Circus]]''
* 2011: ''[[Comedy Circus 3 Ka Tadka]]''
* 2011: ''[[Ratan Ka Rishta]]''
* 2011: ''Sheela, Shagun and Meenakshi''
* 2011: ''Shaadi 3 Crore Ki''
* 2012: ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 5)|Bigg Boss 5]]''
* 2012: ''All Most Famous''
* 2012: ''[[Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa (season 5)|Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jhalakdikhlajaa5.blogspot.in/2012/06/rakhi-sawant-and-ravi-kissens.html |access-date=16 June 2012 |title=Rakhi Sawant dances on Jhalak Dihla Ja |date=June 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* 2012: ''[[Bigg Boss (Hindi season 6)|Bigg Boss 6]]''
* 2012: ''[[Movers & Shakers Masala Markey]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hngnW8aue14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306200527/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hngnW8aue14 |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead |title=Shekhar Interviews Rakhi Sawan |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* 2014: [[Comedy Nights with Kapil]]
*2015: ''[[Comedy Classes]]''
*2015: ''[[Chidiya Ghar]]''
*2016: ''[[Comedy Nights Bachao]]''<ref name="Comedy Nights Bachao (CNB) 11th June 2016 Episode Rakhi Sawant, Alok Nath, Aarti Chabria, Gaia Mother Sofia, Shefali Zariwala Promo Video">{{cite web |author1=Nitish Bhardwaj |title=Comedy Nights Bachao (CNB) 11th June 2016 Episode Rakhi Sawant, Alok Nath, Aarti Chabria, Gaia Mother Sofia, Shefali Zariwala Promo Video |url=http://www.filmiindia.com/comedy-nights-bachao-cnb-11th-june-2016-episode-rakhi-sawant-alok-nath-aarti-chabria-gaia-mother-nun-sofia-hayat-shefali-zariwala-promo-video/ |website=Filmi India |access-date=12 June 2016 |date=10 June 2016 |archive-date=14 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160614203706/http://www.filmiindia.com/comedy-nights-bachao-cnb-11th-june-2016-episode-rakhi-sawant-alok-nath-aarti-chabria-gaia-mother-nun-sofia-hayat-shefali-zariwala-promo-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*2017: ''[[Bhaag Bakool Bhaag]]'' as ''Twinkle Maa''<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rakhi-sawant-to-be-seen-on-bhaag-bakool-bhaag/articleshow/60412759.cms |title=Rakhi Sawant to be seen on Bhaag Bakool Bhaag |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 November 2017 |archive-date=25 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171125114706/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/rakhi-sawant-to-be-seen-on-bhaag-bakool-bhaag/articleshow/60412759.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
*2019: ''[[Kanala Khada]]'' as Guest
*2021: ''[[Indian Idol 12]]'' as Guest
*2021: ''[[Bigg Boss OTT (Hindi TV series)|Bigg Boss OTT]]'' as Guest
*2021: ''[[Bigg Boss 15]]'' as Guest
*2024: ''[[Bigg Boss Marathi season 5]]'' as Guest

==Music videos==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="text-align:center;"
! Year
! Song
! Album
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2003 || Jhoomka Gira Re Remix || Sweet Honey Mix || Hindi ||
|-
| 2004 || "Pardesiya Yeh Sach Hai Piya Remix" || Miss Spicy Mix || Hindi ||
|-
| 2004|| Buddha Mil Gaya || Pin Up Doll || Hindi ||
|-
| 2005 || Honthon Mein Aisi Baat || Pardesia 2 || Hindi ||
|-
| 2007 || "Haadsa" || Haadsaa The Groovy Mix || Hindi ||
|-
| 2008 || "Tu Dissda" || Nigght Birds - Say Tu Dissda || Hindi ||
|-
| 2009 || "Bhoot" || Jhagde || Hindi ||
|-
| 2010 || "Jhagde" || Jhagde || Hindi ||
|-
| 2019 || "Chappan Churi" || Chappan Chur || Hindi || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/photos-rakhi-sawant-shoots-for-item-number-chappan-churi/21186186 |title=Photos: Rakhi Sawant shoots for item number Chappan Churi! |date=20 June 2019 |access-date=21 June 2019 |archive-date=21 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621054645/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/photos-rakhi-sawant-shoots-for-item-number-chappan-churi/21186186 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || "Dream Mein Entry" Dance Cover || "Dream Mein Entry" Dance Cover || Hindi || <ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Grace Cyril |date=18 June 2021 |title=Rakhi Sawant's song Dream Mein Entry out. Don't miss her killer moves |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/rakhi-sawant-s-song-dream-mein-entry-out-don-t-miss-her-killer-moves-1816461-2021-06-18 |access-date=15 July 2021 |magazine=India Today |language=en |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715131528/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/celebrity/story/rakhi-sawant-s-song-dream-mein-entry-out-don-t-miss-her-killer-moves-1816461-2021-06-18 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| "Lockdown" || Lockdown || Hindi || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aatma Music & Ganesh Acharya join hands for their upcoming 10 music videos |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/aatma-music-amp-ganesh-acharya-join-hands-for-their-upcoming-10-music-videos20220404142121/ |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728163755/https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/aatma-music-amp-ganesh-acharya-join-hands-for-their-upcoming-10-music-videos20220404142121/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1179156}}



[[Category:Indian filmographies]]
[[Category:Actress filmographies]]

Syed Ali Imam

2026-05-07T19:32:57Z

Bhatti21: adding some bio initial version!

{{Short description|Indian politician (1869–1932)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Sir Syed Ali Imam
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]]
| image = Anees Fatimah (née Karim), Lady Imam; Sir Saiyid Ali Imam.jpg
| caption = With his wife [[Anees Fatima]] in 1921
| birth_date = 11 February 1869
| birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|31 October 1932|11 February 1869}}
| death_place = [[Ranchi]], Bihar and Orissa Province, British India
| spouse = Mariam [[Anees Fatima]]
| resting_place = Kokar Chowk
| children = Syed [[Jafar Imam]]
| relatives = [[Imdad Imam Asar|Syed Imdad Imam]] (Father) [[Khuda Bakhsh|Sir Khuda Bakhsh]] (Uncle) Syed Abdul Hasan [[Khan Sahib]] (Uncle) [[Syed Sultan Ahmed|Sir Sultan Ahmed]](cousin), [[Syed Hasan Imam]] (brother) [[Asif Ahmed (scientist)|Asif Ahmed]] (Great Great Grandson)
}}
'''Sir Syed Ali Imam''', [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (11 February 1869 – 31 October 1932), also known as '''Sir Saiyid Ali Imam''', was an Indian [[barrister]] and [[Resistance movement|freedom fighter]] who was the first Indian to represent India at the [[Round Table Conferences (India)|round table of 1929.]]

He served as Prime Minister of [[Hyderabad State]] from 1919 to 1922.<ref name="npg" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2013-04-20 |title=Eighty years after death, nobody cares for 'architect of Bihar' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/327239/eighty-years-death-nobody-cares.html |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}} {{Cite web |last=inn |first=Indigo Books & Music |title=India, A Collection Of Notes And Minutes By Sir Syed Ali Imam, 1910-1915 |url=https://www.chapters.indigo.ca/en-ca/books/india-a-collection-of-notes/9781177275651-item.html |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=indigo.ca |language=en}}</ref> He was one of the founders of [[Bihar|Modern Bihar]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Nikhat |date=2022-09-29 |title=Remembering Lady Anees Imam, One of the Founders of Modern Bihar |url=http://twocircles.net/2022sep29/447062.html |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Biography==

Syed Ali Imam was born on 11 February 1869, in Karai Parsari village, near Fatuha, Bihar. He was the son of Nawab Syed Imdad Imam Bin Syed Wahiduddin Khan Bahadur and the brother of [[Syed Hasan Imam]].<ref name="heritagetimes">{{Cite web |last=Ahamed |first=Syed Naseer |date=2018-10-30 |title=Syed Ali Imam : Who stated that nationalism cannot be achieved by division and separation. |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/syed-ali-imam/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sir Syed Ali Imam {{!}} Mpositive.in |url=https://www.mpositive.in/tag/sir-syed-ali-imam/ |access-date=2022-06-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> In 1887, he went to London to study law and was called to the English bar by the [[Middle Temple]]. He returned to India in 1890. He was a member of the Bihar District Board. In 1909, he was appointed to the [[British Bengal Legislative Council|Bengal Legislative Council]].<ref name="heritagetimes" />

In 1917, Imam was appointed a [[Judge|Justice]] of the [[Patna High Court]]. Later, he worked as the [[Chief minister (India)|Chief Minister]] of the [[Hyderabad State]]. After that, he resumed private practice in 1920 and joined the [[Indian independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Imam |first=Syed Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jQEHAAACAAJ |title=Speech of Mr. Syed Ali Imam, Bar-at-Law, President of the All-India Muslim League, Amritsar Session, 1908 |date=1908 |publisher=Panch Kory Mittra at the Indian Press |language=en}}</ref> Imam served as President of [[Indian Union Muslim League|Muslim League]]. He was [[knight]]ed in 1908.<ref name="npg">{{Cite web |title=Sir Saiyid Ali Imam |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp61573/sir-saiyid-ali-imam |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=National Portrait Gallery |language=en}}</ref> He became the second Indian to hold the post of law member of the government of India, assuming the position after [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Satyendra P. Sinha]] resigned in November 1910.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wolpert |first=Stanley |year=1984 |title=Jinnah of Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=30 |isbn=978-0-19-503412-7}}</ref> He was responsible for convincing the board to move the capital city of [[Kolkata]] to Delhi.<ref name=":1" /> he was married to [[Anees Fatima]].<ref name=":2" />

Imam spoke several languages and was a good orator. On 17 October 1932, He died in Ranchi and was buried at Kokar Chowk in Hazaribagh road.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली को राजधानी बनाने का सर अली इमाम ने दिया था प्रस्ताव |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/ranchi-mazar-of-sir-ali-imam-18275193.html |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-02 |title=इंग्लैंड की रोज मैरी से हुआ था इमाम को प्यार फिर बनवाई मरियम मंजिल |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/SPL-BIHEL-FLASH-bihar-imam-had-fall-in-love-with-england-lady-rose-marry-5129595-PHO.html |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=एक खामोश मोहब्बत की दास्तान है इमाम कोठी |url=https://www.inextlive.com/jharkhand/ranchi/special-story-of-imam-kothi-201302130033 |access-date=2022-06-23 |website=inextlive |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of prime ministers of Hyderabad State]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{NPG name|61573|Sir Saiyid Ali Imam}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Imam, Syed Ali}}
[[Category:1869 births]]
[[Category:1932 deaths]]
[[Category:Politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Indian barristers]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:Members of the Middle Temple]]
[[Category:Judges of the Patna High Court]]
[[Category:Lawyers from British India]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Hyderabad State]]

Nandigram Assembly constituency

2026-05-07T06:57:14Z

Bhatti21: starting initial stub needs work

{{About|the assembly constituency in West Bengal, India|its namesake community development block|Nandigram I|its another namesake community development block|Nandigram II|}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nandigram
| type = SLA
| incumbent_image = Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Nandigram.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Nandigram Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
| constituency_no = 210
| established = 1951
| electors = 267,608
| reservation = General
| abolished =
}}

'''Nandigram Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], No. 210 Nandigram Assembly constituency is composed of the following: [[Nandigram I]] and [[Nandigram II]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date= 6 August 2015| work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

Nandigram Assembly constituency is part of No. 30 [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name=delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
===1951 to 1967 (Nandigram North and Nandigram South) ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"ìÍĦĤĠčw
|-
! Election Year!!Constituency!!Name of M.L.A.!!Party affiliation
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]||Nandigram North||Subodh Chandra Maity||Indian National Congress<ref name=vidhansabha1952>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_WestBengal.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1951, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, Assembly Constituency No. 176 |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Nandigram South||Prabir Chandra Jana||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1952/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]||Nandigram North||Subodh Chandra Maity||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_WB_1957.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1957, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 129|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Nandigram South||[[Bhupal Chandra Panda]]||[[Communist Party of India]]<ref name=vidhansabha1957/>
|-
|rowspan=2|[[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]||Nandigram North||Subodh Chandra Maity||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_WB_1962.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1962, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 127|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
|Nandigram South||Prabir Chandra Jana||[[Indian National Congress]]<ref name=vidhansabha1962/>
|}

===1967 to present (as Nandigram)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|rowspan=4|[[Bhupal Chandra Panda]]<ref name=vidhansabha1967>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20report%20WB1967.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1967, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 146|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]<ref name=vidhansabha1969>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/StatReport_WB_69.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1969, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 146|publisher= Election Commission |access-date = 2 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<ref name=vidhansabha1971>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_WB_71.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1971, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 144|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name=vidhansabha1972>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_WB_72.pdf |title =General Elections, India, 1972, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 144|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Prabir Jana<ref name=vidhansabha1977>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportWestBengal77.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1977, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]]<ref name=vidhansabha1982>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1982/StatisticalReportWestBengal82.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1982, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| rowspan=2|Sakti Bal<ref name=vidhansabha1987>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1987/StatisticalReportWestBengal87.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1987, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<ref name=vidhansabha1991>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-West%20Bengal91.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 1991, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| Debi Sankar Panda<ref name=vidhansabha1996>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-WB96.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 1996, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<ref name=vidhansabha2001>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/StatRept_WB_2001.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2001, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|rowspan=2| [[Sheikh Mohammad Illias]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<ref name="indianexpress.com">{{cite news |url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/cpi-mla-from-nandigram-resigns-over-bribery-charge/359842/ |title = CPI MLA from Nandigram resigns over bribery charge |publisher = The Indian Express, 11 September 2008| access-date=2010-12-10 }}</ref><ref name=vidhansabha2006>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_WB_2006.pdf |title = General Elections, India, 2006, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No 154|publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 3 December 2014}}</ref>
|-
| [[2009 elections in India|2009 (By-election)]]
| rowspan=2| [[Firoja Bibi|Phiroja Bibi]]
| {{Full party name with color|Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<ref name=vidhansabha2011>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2011/stat_WB_May2011.pdf|title = General Elections, India, 2011, to the Legislative Assembly of West Bengal | work= Constituency-wise Data, AC No |publisher= Election Commission | access-date = 6 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan=3 |[[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan=3 | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2026]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|-
|}

==Election results==

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Nandigram}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Suvendu Adhikari]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=127,301{{formatnum:}}|percentage=50.37|change={{increase}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Pabitra Kar|party=Trinamool Congress|votes=117,636{{formatnum:}}|percentage=46.55|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shanti Giri|party=Communist Party of India|votes={{formatnum:2,997}}|percentage=1.19|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ali Md Sabe Miraj Khan|party=Indian Secular Front|votes={{formatnum:1,898}}|percentage=0.75|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the above|None of the above]]|party=None of the above (India)|votes={{formatnum:919}}|percentage=0.36|change={{decrease}}}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sekh Jariatul Hossain|party=Indian National Congress|votes={{formatnum:794}}|percentage=0.31|change=''New''}}
{{Election box majority||votes={{formatnum:9665}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes={{formatnum:252722}}|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = BJP
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
{{Main|2021 Nandigram Assembly election}}

In the 2021 elections, [[Suvendu Adhikari]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] defeated his nearest rival and incumbent chief minister [[Mamata Banerjee]] of [[Trinamool Congress|TMC]].{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nandigram]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=Nandigram: After Hours of Confusion, BJP's Suvendu Adhikari Emerges Winner|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari|work=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|access-date=2021-05-02|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Election Result 2021 LIVE: Nandigram MLA Election Result & Vote Share|url=https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|work=Oneindia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Assembly Election Results 2021 LIVE - Nandigram Vidhan Sabha Election Results|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/nandigram-west-bengal-election-result-2021|work=Times Now}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=210|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/UploadFiles/AE2021/Form20/210_Form20.pdf|work=Chief Electoral Officer, West Bengal|access-date=2021-11-17}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|votes = {{formatnum:110764}}
|percentage = 48.49
|change = {{increase}}43.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Mamata Banerjee]]|votes={{formatnum:108808}}|percentage=47.64|change={{decrease}}19.56}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Minakshi Mukherjee]]|votes={{formatnum:6267}}|percentage=2.74|change={{decrease}}23.96}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes={{formatnum:1090}}|percentage=0.48|change={{decrease}}0.15}}
{{Election box majority|votes={{formatnum:1956}}|percentage=0.85|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes={{formatnum:228467}}|percentage=88.55|change={{increase}}1.58}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Trinamool Congress
|swing =31.33
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
In the 2016 elections, [[Suvendu Adhikari]] of [[Trinamool Congress]] defeated his nearest rival Abdul Kabir Sekh of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nandigram]]<ref name="Nandigram" /><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=210| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164924/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=210| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Nandigram| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-01 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Nandigram |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-01 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf |archive-date = 2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
|votes = 134,623
|percentage = 67.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Abdul Kabir Sekh|votes=53,393|percentage=26.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bijon Kumar Das|votes=10,713|percentage=5.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=Bappaditya Nayak|votes=828|percentage=0.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Navshakti Party|candidate=Ram Mohan Maity|votes=717|percentage=0.40|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the Above|votes=1278|percentage=0.63|change=''N/A''}}
{{Election box majority|votes=81,230|percentage=40.60|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=2,01,659|percentage=86.97|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =7.32
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2011===
In the 2011 elections, [[Firoja Bibi]] of Trinamool Congress defeated her nearest rival Paramananda Bharati of CPI.

{{Election box begin|title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Nandigram]]<ref name="Nandigram">{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm|title=Nandigram|work=Assembly Elections May 2011 Results|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=2011-05-17|archive-date=16 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050812/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=210|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519164924/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=210|url-status=usurped|archive-date=19 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work=Nandigram|publisher=Empowering India|access-date=2011-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf|title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011|work=Nandigram|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date =2011-05-01|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030612/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_4th_phase.pdf|archive-date=2011-09-12}}</ref> }}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate=[[Firoja Bibi]]|votes=103,300|percentage=61.21|change=+2.93}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Paramananda Bharati|votes=59,660|percentage=35.35|change=-4.00}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Bijan Kumar Das|votes=5,813|percentage=1.72|change=}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = PDCI
|candidate = Mehedi Masud Sekh
|votes = 2,898
|percentage = 1.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|votes=43,640|percentage=25.42|change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=1,71,671|percentage=87.93|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =3.47
}}
{{Election box end}}

====2009 by-election====
The bypoll to the Nandigram Occurred On 5 January 2009 Due To Resignation of the sitting MLA of CPI Md. Iliyas Sk.
{{Election box begin | title=Bye election, 2009: Nandigram<ref name=vidhansabha2011by>{{cite web| url = http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/current-affairs/mamata-banerjee-wins-assembly-bypoll_591641.html | title = Mamata Banerjee wins assembly bypoll | access-date = 28 September 2011 | publisher = PTI, 28 September 2011 }}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Firoja Bibi]]
|votes = 93,022
|percentage = 58.28
|change = +12.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Paramananda Bharati
|votes = 53,473
|percentage = 39.35
|change = -13.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Bijan Kumar Das
|votes = 9,813
|percentage = 1.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 39,549
|percentage = 23.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,53,407
|percentage = 84.75
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India
|swing = 25.77
}}
{{Election box end}}
. Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages taken together, as well as the CPI vote percentage, in 2006. Data for comparison not available for the 2009 by-election.

===2006===
* [[Sheikh Mohammad Illias]] (CPI): 69,376 votes<ref name="resultuniversity.com">{{Cite web|url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/nandigram-west-bengal-assembly-constituency|title=Nandigram Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency|website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>
* Sk Supian (AITC): 64,553
* Anwar Ali (Congress): 4,943 votes

===1996===
* Debisankar Panda (Congress): 61,885 votes<ref name="resultuniversity.com"/>
* Sakti Bal (CPI): 61747
* Joydeb Satpati (BJP): 1,508 votes

===1977–2009===
In the bye election, necessitated by the resignation of the sitting MLA [[Sheikh Mohammad Illias]] on corruption charges, held in January 2009 in the background of [[Nandigram violence]], Firoja Bibi of [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]] defeated Paramananda Bharati of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]].<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901091322.htm |title = State By-Elections 2009 – Trinamool Congress wins Nandigram bypoll |publisher = The Hindu, 9 January 2009 |access-date = 2010-12-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100615053836/http://hinduonnet.com/thehindu/holnus/000200901091322.htm |archive-date = 15 June 2010 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref name="indianexpress.com"/>

In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and 2001 state assembly elections, [[Sheikh Mohammad Illias]] of CPI won the 206 Nandigram assembly seat defeating his nearest rivals Sk. Supian of Trinamool Congress in 2006 and Sunil Baran Maiti of Trinamool Congress in 2001. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners are being mentioned. Debisankar Panda of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] defeated Sakti Bal of CPI in 1996. Sakti Bal of CPI defeated Debi Sankar Panda of Congress in 1991 and 1987. Bhupal Chandra Panda of CPI defeated Ramesh Chandra Gharai of Congress in 1982. Prabir Jana of [[Janata Party]] defeated [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]] of CPI in 1977.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp206.htm |title = 206 – Nandigram Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-07}}</ref>

===1967–1972===
[[Bhupal Chandra Panda]] of CPI won in 1972, 1971, 1969 and 1967. Prior to that Nandigram had two seats, Nandigram North and Nandigram South.<ref name=archive>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

===1951–1962 Nandigram North===
Subodh Chandra Maity of Congress won in [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]], [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]] and in [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]].<ref name=archive/>

===1951–1962 Nandigram South===
Prabir Chandra Jana of Congress won in 1962. [[Bhupal Chandra Panda]] of CPI won in 1957. In independent India's first election in 1951, Prabir Chandra Jana of Congress won the Nandigram South seat.<ref name=archive/>

==See also==
* [[2021 Nandigram controversy]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{West Bengal elections}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Mamata Banerjee]]

Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation

2026-05-05T11:53:20Z

Bhatti21: Started New Pg

{{Short description|Delhi High Court civil defamation case}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation
| image_upright = 0.33
| full name = ANI Media Pvt. Ltd. v Wikimedia Foundation Inc & Ors.<ref>{{cite web |title=CS(OS) 524/2024 |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/court/judegment_orders?pno=1220662 |website=[[Delhi High Court]] |access-date=12 October 2024 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906084430/https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/court/judegment_orders?pno=1220662 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| court = [[Delhi High Court]]
| judges = {{ubl|Navin Chawla|[[Manmohan (judge)|Manmohan Malhotra]]|[[Tushar Rao Gedela]]|Jyoti Singh|[[A. S. Oka|Abhay Shreeniwas Oka]]|[[Ujjal Bhuyan]]}}
| keywords = {{hlist|[[Defamation#India|Civil defamation]]}}
| caption = Emblem of India
}}

'''''Asian News International v. Wikimedia Foundation''''' (CS(OS) 524/2024) is an ongoing [[Defamation#India|civil defamation]] case in India.

ANI Media Private Limited, the parent company of news agency [[Asian News International]] (ANI), filed a {{INR|2 [[crore]]|link=yes}} (approximately US$240,000) defamation suit against the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (WMF) in 2024 over the description of ANI in the [[English Wikipedia]] article about the news agency.

A judge in the case warned that the court could order the [[government of India]] to block Wikipedia in the country. Critics have characterised the judge's order directing WMF to release the identities of the editors who made the edits as censorship and a threat to the flow of information.<ref name="Shah-2024" /><ref name="Lobo-2024">{{Cite web |last=Lobo |first=Simone |date=10 October 2024 |title=ANI case: How Delhi HC's Wikipedia ban threat affects India |url=https://www.medianama.com/2024/10/223-video-delhi-hc-action-wikipedia-ani-defamation-lawsuit-affect-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919042704/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-case-wikipedia-india-challenge-freedom-speech-information-9572234/ |archive-date=2024-09-19 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[MediaNama]] |language=en-US}}</ref>

Following a [[Delhi High Court]] warning in October 2024 that the article may violate ''[[sub judice]]'' rules and a subsequent takedown order, the WMF suspended access to the English Wikipedia article "''Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation''",{{efn|The article title used "vs." before being moved to the title (as of February 2026) with "v." in November 2025.|name=versus}} blocking it from view for both readers and editors of the online encyclopedia.<ref name="DeepSuspension"/> Access was restored in May 2025 after a WMF appeal and a [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] decision in its favour.

== Background ==
The [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (WMF) is the nonprofit organisation that supports [[Wikipedia]], a free [[online encyclopedia]] in [[List of Wikipedias|multiple languages]], and multiple other similar projects.<ref name="Hafner-2006" /> Each project is independent and largely self-governed; the WMF exerts limited authority over any project, and typically remains uninvolved with content policy.<ref name="Outlook India-2024">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=Delhi HC Issues Notice To Wikipedia After ANI's Plea |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/delhi-hc-issues-notice-to-wikipedia-over-allowing-defamatory-edits-to-ani-page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914224521/https://www.outlookindia.com/national/delhi-hc-issues-notice-to-wikipedia-over-allowing-defamatory-edits-to-ani-page |archive-date=2024-09-14 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[Outlook India]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Newslaundry-2024">{{cite AV media |date=18 September 2024 |title=Explained: What's ANI vs Wikipedia legal battle all about? |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgW2Xkz21Wc |work=[[Newslaundry]] |via=YouTube |access-date=10 October 2024 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923055511/https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=gtslJZ5CT76-4tZv&v=rgW2Xkz21Wc |url-status=live }}</ref> The presence of [[Wikipedia in India]] includes Wikipedia's interaction with India's media environment, the people who edit Wikipedia, and Wikipedia's popularity among readers.<ref name="Gautam 2011">{{cite book |last1=Gautam |first1=John |editor1-last=Lovink |editor1-first=Geert |editor1-link=Geert Lovink |editor2-last=Tkacz |editor2-first=Nathaniel |editor2-link=Nathaniel Tkacz |title=Critical point of view : a Wikipedia reader |url=https://networkcultures.org/blog/publication/critical-point-of-view-a-wikipedia-reader/ |date=2011 |publisher=Institute of Network Cultures |isbn=978-90-78146-13-1 |pages=283–287 |chapter=Wikipedia in India: Past, Present, Future |access-date=16 October 2024 |archive-date=12 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240912061303/https://networkcultures.org/blog/publication/critical-point-of-view-a-wikipedia-reader/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Wikipedia is created and maintained completely by volunteer "editors", a term for anyone who contributes to an article. Hundreds of thousands of such editors exist worldwide, and most can make changes to most articles on the website. A smaller number of editors make enough edits that they are allowed to edit nearly any article.<ref name="Hafner-2006">{{cite news |last1=Hafner |first1=Katie |date=17 June 2006 |title=Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212184025/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html |archive-date=12 December 2022 |access-date=5 December 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Editors are pseudonymous, except those who voluntarily disclose their identities.<ref name="Newslaundry-2024" /> Wikipedia articles generally are protected if the article is experiencing a high level of vandalism or an [[edit war]], a series of back-and-forth reversions between two or more versions by two or more editors. In 2020, the article about news agency [[Asian News International]] was edited to include content from new sources discussing the agency's record, and an edit war ensued—involving new editors making the same changes to remove the new additions—and the article was eventually protected.<ref name="DeepSuit" /><ref name="Newslaundry-2024" />

In India, a [[Defamation#India|defamation case]] can be filed under either [[criminal law]] or [[Civil law (common law)|civil law]], or both.<ref name="SwamyDefamation">{{cite news |last=Swamy |first=Subramanian |date=21 September 2004 |title=Defamation litigation: a survivor's kit |url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/21/stories/2004092103551000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722120816/http://www.hindu.com/2004/09/21/stories/2004092103551000.htm |archive-date=22 July 2013 |access-date=28 November 2013 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> According to the [[Constitution of India]], the [[Fundamental Rights in India#Right to freedom|fundamental right to free speech (Article 19)]] is subject to "reasonable restrictions".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vishwanath |first=Apurva |date=9 November 2022 |title=First amendment to Constitution challenged: What happened in SC in 1950 that provoked Nehru to amend Article 19(2)? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/first-amendment-to-constitution-challenged-supreme-court-8252509/ |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=2 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240702092218/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/first-amendment-to-constitution-challenged-supreme-court-8252509/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Safe harbor (law)|Safe Harbour]] clause of [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Information Technology Act (IT Act), 2000]], comparable to [[Section 230]] of [[Communications Act of 1934]] in the United States, exempts online platforms from any legal liability for third-party content generated by its users and hosted by the platform, subject to several conditions.<ref name="Khan-2024">{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Khadija |date=10 July 2024 |title=Why has ANI slapped a defamation case against Wikipedia? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/why-has-ani-slapped-a-defamation-case-against-wikipedia-9443391/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906040401/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-law/why-has-ani-slapped-a-defamation-case-against-wikipedia-9443391/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTV-2023">{{cite web |title=Explained: 'Safe Harbour' Clause And Why Government Wants It Gone |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-may-remove-safe-harbour-provision-in-it-act-2000-what-is-the-clause-3848752 |website=[[NDTV]] |date=2023-03-10 |access-date=2024-10-17 |archive-date=27 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927121711/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/government-may-remove-safe-harbour-provision-in-it-act-2000-what-is-the-clause-3848752 |url-status=live }}</ref> In February 2021, the incumbent [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) government introduced amendments to the IT Act, imposing stricter obligations on [[intermediaries]], including requiring them to proactively monitor content for illegal or harmful activity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Abhishek Nath Tripathi & Narayan |date=2021-06-08 |title=Intermediary Status: Socially Available, Legally Endangered |url=https://www.livelaw.in/law-firms/law-firm-articles-/intermediary-status-information-technology-intermediary-guidelines-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-175377 |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624052117/https://livelaw.in/law-firms/law-firm-articles-/intermediary-status-information-technology-intermediary-guidelines-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-175377 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-27 |title=Explained: Social media and safe harbour |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/intermediary-guidelines-digital-media-ethics-code-facebook-twitter-instagram-7331820/ |access-date=2024-10-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122102341/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/intermediary-guidelines-digital-media-ethics-code-facebook-twitter-instagram-7331820/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Court case ==
=== Defamation suit ===
The case was filed in July 2024 before Justice Navin Chawla in the [[Delhi High Court]] as ''ANI Media Pvt. Ltd. v Wikimedia Foundation Inc & Ors.''<ref name="Thapliyal-2024">{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2024-07-09 |title=ANI Files Rs 2 Crore Defamation Suit Against Wikipedia Before Delhi High Court, Summons Issued |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-ani-wikipedia-defamation-262700 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[LiveLaw]] |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709082832/https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-ani-wikipedia-defamation-262700 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Outlook India-2024" /><ref name="Lobo-2024" /><ref name="Parasnis-2024">{{Cite web |last=Parasnis |first=Sharveya |date=10 July 2024 |title=ANI Sues Wikipedia for Defamation, Demands INR 2 Crore |url=https://www.medianama.com/2024/07/223-ani-sues-wikipedia-defamation-demands-rs-2-crore/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[MediaNama]] |language=en-US |archive-date=10 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240910220042/https://www.medianama.com/2024/07/223-ani-sues-wikipedia-defamation-demands-rs-2-crore/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Khan-2024" /> At the time of the suit's filing, the Wikipedia article about [[Asian News International]] (ANI) said the news agency had "been accused of having served as a [[propaganda]] tool for the incumbent [[Government of India|central government]], distributing materials from a vast network of [[Fake news in India#Fake news against Pakistan|fake news websites]], and misreporting events on multiple occasions".<ref name="HinduCaution">{{Cite news |date=5 September 2024 |title=Delhi High Court cautions Wikipedia for non-compliance of order |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-high-court-cautions-wikipedia-for-non-compliance-of-order/article68610761.ece |url-access=registration |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=14 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240914011253/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/delhi-high-court-cautions-wikipedia-for-non-compliance-of-order/article68610761.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hinduvolunteereditors">{{Cite news |last=Deep |first=Aroon |date=12 July 2024 |title=Content determined by volunteer editors, says Wikipedia parent |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/wikipedia-parent-responds-ani-defamation-suit-says-content-by-volunteer-editors/article68395472.ece |url-access=registration |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923133852/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/wikipedia-parent-responds-ani-defamation-suit-says-content-by-volunteer-editors/article68395472.ece |archive-date=2024-09-23 |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref name="Khan-2024" /><ref name="Parasnis-2024" />

The filing accused Wikipedia of publishing "false and defamatory content with the malicious intent of tarnishing the news agency's reputation, and aimed to discredit its goodwill".<ref name="Newslaundry-2024" /> It also complained that Wikipedia had "closed" the article about ANI for editing except by Wikipedia's "own editors", citing this as evidence of defamation with malicious intent and evidence that WMF was using its "officials" to "actively participate" in controlling content.<ref name="Outlook India-2024" /><ref name="Thapliyal-2024" /><ref name="Parasnis-2024" /><ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Abhinav |date=2024-09-05 |title='Please don't work in India if...': Indian court reprimands Wikipedia for not obeying orders |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/please-dont-work-in-india-indian-court-schools-wikipedia-for-not-obeying-orders-756220 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[WION]] |language=en-us |archive-date=5 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240905175145/https://www.wionews.com/india-news/please-dont-work-in-india-indian-court-schools-wikipedia-for-not-obeying-orders-756220 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Deccan Herald-2024">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=News agency ANI files Rs 2 crore defamation suit against Wikipedia in Delhi High Court |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/companies/news-agency-ani-files-rs-2-crore-defamation-suit-against-wikipedia-in-delhi-high-court-3098159#google_vignette |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906165138/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/companies/news-agency-ani-files-rs-2-crore-defamation-suit-against-wikipedia-in-delhi-high-court-3098159#google_vignette |archive-date=6 September 2024 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref>

ANI asked for {{INR|2 [[crore]]|link=yes}} (approximately US$240,000) in damages and an [[injunction]] against Wikipedia "making, publishing, or circulating allegedly false, misleading, and defamatory content against ANI".<ref name="Thapliyal-2024" /><ref name="Newslaundry-2024" /> It also argued that Wikipedia is a significant social media "intermediary" within the definition of [[Information Technology Act, 2000|Information Technology Act (IT Act), 2000]], and must therefore comply with the requirements of the Act, including taking down any content that the government or its agencies deem violative, or be personally liable for content published under its platform.<ref name="Khan-2024" />

=== Defamation suit proceedings ===
Chawla issued a summons to WMF and set a hearing date of 20 August 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2024 |title=ANI files defamation suit against Wikipedia, seeks Rs 2 cr in damages |url=https://www.siasat.com/ani-files-defamation-suit-against-wikipedia-seeks-rs-2-cr-in-damages-3058599/ |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[The Siasat Daily]] |language=en |archive-date=9 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709090900/https://www.siasat.com/ani-files-defamation-suit-against-wikipedia-seeks-rs-2-cr-in-damages-3058599/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Deccan Herald-2024" /> On 20 August, Chawla ordered WMF to disclose identifying details of three editors who had worked on the Wikipedia article about ANI—also defendants in the lawsuit—within two weeks, so that ANI can pursue legal action against them as individuals.<ref name="HinduCaution" /><ref name="Shah-2024">{{Cite web |last=Shah |first=Nishant |date=17 September 2024 |title=Why the case against Wikipedia in India is a challenge to freedom of speech and information |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-case-wikipedia-india-challenge-freedom-speech-information-9572234/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240919042704/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/why-case-wikipedia-india-challenge-freedom-speech-information-9572234/ |archive-date=2024-09-19 |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="The Economic Times-2024">{{cite news |title=Delhi HC issues contempt notice to Wikipedia, warns of blocking website in country |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-hc-issues-contempt-notice-to-wikipedia-warns-of-blocking-website-in-country/articleshow/113115162.cms?from=mdr |date=2024-09-06 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=10 October 2024 |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=6 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006011434/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/delhi-hc-issues-contempt-notice-to-wikipedia-warns-of-blocking-website-in-country/articleshow/113115162.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 5 September 2024, ANI asked the court to hold WMF in [[Contempt of court in India|contempt]] when the identifying details were not released.<ref name="HinduCaution" /><ref name="Newslaundry-2024" /> Chawla complied and warned WMF that the court could order the government of India to block Wikipedia in the country, saying: "We will not take it any more. If you don't like India, please don't work in India... We will close your business transactions here."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Krishna |first=Yadav |date=5 September 2024 |title=Delhi HC warns Wikipedia over ANI defamation case, issues contempt notice |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-hc-warns-wikipedia-over-ani-defamation-case-issues-contempt-notice-11725517336837.html |url-status=live |archive-date=2024-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927070017/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/delhi-hc-warns-wikipedia-over-ani-defamation-case-issues-contempt-notice-11725517336837.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]}}</ref><ref name="HinduVS">{{Cite news |date=12 September 2024 |title=ANI vs Wikipedia: The free encyclopedia's impact on India and more |url=https://www.thehindu.com/data/ani-vs-wikipedia-free-encyclopedias-impact-on-india-despite-high-court-defamation-suit/article68630349.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010070232/https://www.thehindu.com/data/ani-vs-wikipedia-free-encyclopedias-impact-on-india-despite-high-court-defamation-suit/article68630349.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DeepSuit">{{Cite news |last=Deep |first=Aroon |date=10 September 2024 |title=On ANI's defamation suit against Wikipedia {{!}} Explained |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/ani-defamation-suit-against-wikipedia/article68627535.ece |url-access=registration |access-date=10 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=5 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241005022343/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/ani-defamation-suit-against-wikipedia/article68627535.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> He further ordered that an "authorised representative" of WMF appear in person at the next hearing, which was scheduled for 25 October 2024.<ref name="HinduCaution" /><ref name="The Economic Times-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jha |first=Prashant |date=5 September 2024 |title="Will ask government to block you": Delhi High Court issues contempt of court notice to Wikipedia |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/will-ask-government-to-block-wikipedia-delhi-high-court-contempt-court-notice |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 October 2024 |website=[[Bar and Bench]] |language=en}}</ref> In response, Wikimedia emphasised that the information in the article was supported by multiple reliable secondary sources and their delay stemmed from being based in a foreign country.<ref name="HinduCaution" /><ref name="Bhalla-2024">{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Vineet |date=2024-10-19 |title=Why Delhi HC is angry with Wikipedia for calling ANI a 'government propaganda tool' |url=https://scroll.in/article/1074580/why-delhi-hc-is-angry-with-wikipedia-for-calling-ani-a-government-propaganda-tool |access-date=2024-10-19 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref>

Days later, the WMF appealed Chawla's order, petitioning that the Court must find the accusation of defamation to be [[prima facie]] true before asking for disclosure.<ref name="Bhalla-2024" /> On 14 October, a bench comprising justices [[Manmohan (judge)|Manmohan Malhotra]] and [[Tushar Rao Gedela]] heard the appeal; they said that Wikipedia's portrayal of ANI was potentially defamatory and therefore must be defended by the editors in question.<ref name="HinduVS" /><ref name="Ahsan-2024" /> They also called Wikipedia's refusal to divulge the identifying details "extremely disturbing" and warned that WMF would lose its safe harbour protection under the IT Act if it chose to defend the allegations of defamation.<ref name="Bhalla-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Bhavini |date=14 October 2024 |title=Delhi High Court slams Wikipedia for refusal to divulge identity of those who edited ANI's page |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/delhi-high-court-slams-wikipedia-refusal-divulge-identity-those-edited-ani-page |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[Bar and Bench]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ahsan-2024">{{cite web |title=ANI versus Wikipedia: What is at stake? |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/ani-versus-wikipedia-what-is-at-stake |website=[[Bar and Bench]] |date=2024-10-20 |last1=Ahsan |first1=Sofi |access-date=2024-10-20 |language=en}}</ref>

On 28{{nbsp}}October, the Wikimedia Foundation agreed to the court's request to disclose the identifying information of online users involved in editing the ANI page.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rahman |first=Shaikh Azizur |date=2024-11-03 |title=Wikipedia embroiled in legal battle in India |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/wikipedia-embroiled-in-legal-battle-in-india/7849693.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110041949/https://www.voanews.com/a/wikipedia-embroiled-in-legal-battle-in-india/7849693.html |archive-date=10 November 2024 |access-date=2024-11-10 |website=[[Voice of America]] |language=en}}</ref> An arrangement was reached in the High Court on 11{{nbsp}}November to have the Foundation serving the summons papers to the involved users as an intermediary while disclosing the email identities of the users under sealed cover to the judge, which would still protect the individuals' privacy for the time being.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Bhavini |date=2024-11-11 |title=Delhi High Court allows Wikipedia to serve summons on users in ANI's defamation suit |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/delhi-high-court-allows-wikipedia-serve-summons-users-ani-defamation-suit |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=[[Bar and Bench]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Srivastava |first1=Bhavini |date=2024-11-14 |title=Delhi High Court issues summons to Wikipedia users in ANI's defamation suit |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-high-court-issues-summons-wikipedia-users-ani-defamation-suit |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=[[Bar and Bench]] |language=en}}</ref>

On 2{{nbsp}}April 2025, the Delhi High Court granted the [[interim injunction]] in favour of ANI and ordered the Wikimedia Foundation to remove the allegedly defamatory content, remove the article's protected status, and "restrain the platform's users and administrators from publishing anything defamatory against the news agency".<ref name="LiveLawRemoval">{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2025-04-02 |title=Delhi High Court Orders Removal Of Allegedly Defamatory Description Of ANI On Its Wikipedia Page |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-ani-defamatory-wikipedia-page-removal-288188 |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=[[Live Law]] |language=en}}</ref> An appeal of the order was denied on 8 April by a division bench, though it slightly revised the order.<ref name="HinduOrder">{{cite news |title=Remove defamatory content about ANI, Delhi HC tells Wikipedia |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/remove-defamatory-content-about-ani-delhi-hc-tells-wikipedia/article69427896.ece |date=2025-04-08 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=10 April 2025 |language=en-IN |archive-date=9 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250409204048/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/remove-defamatory-content-about-ani-delhi-hc-tells-wikipedia/article69427896.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The Foundation subsequently filed an appeal before the [[Supreme Court of India]] over the 2 April and 8 April orders. The Supreme Court heard the case on 17 April, and decided to set aside the 2 April and 8 April orders as they were "broadly worded" and could not be implemented. In the same decision, ANI was granted a relief to refile the interim application before a single-judge back in the high court.<ref>{{cite web |title='Broadly Worded': Supreme Court Quashes HC Order Asking Wikipedia to Remove Content on ANI |url=https://thewire.in/law/broadly-worded-supreme-court-quashes-hc-order-asking-wikipedia-to-remove-content-on-ani |website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]] |date=2025-04-17 |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref> On 8 May, the Foundation withdrew its appeal with the division bench after the Supreme Court's decision.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wikipedia withdraws appeal against ANI in Delhi High Court after Supreme Court relief |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/wikipedia-withdraws-appeal-against-ani-delhi-high-court-after-supreme-court-relief |website=[[Bar and Bench]] |date=2025-05-08 |last1=Srivastava |first1=Bhavini |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref>

On 9 May 2025, after ANI had filed a fresh application for interim relief pursuant to the Supreme Court order, the second proceeding was heard in front of Justice Jyoti Singh. The case was adjourned to be heard on 7 July after WMF's senior advocate Akhil Sibal requested more time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Second round of ANI vs. Wikipedia begins before Delhi High Court |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/second-round-of-ani-vs-wikipedia-begins-before-delhi-high-court |website=[[Bar and Bench]] |date=2025-05-09 |last1=Srivastava |first1=Bhavini |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref> The next hearing is on 27 April 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=Court Order of 28 March 2026 |url=https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/app/showlogo/1774864944_d45e1a81d6c0204f_742_5242024.pdf/2026 |website=High Court of Delhi |access-date=16 April 2026}}</ref>

== Lawsuit article's takedown proceedings ==
[[File:English Wikipedia screenshot - Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation - suspended access.png|thumb|Message displayed to users on the [[English Wikipedia]] when access to the lawsuit article was suspended|upright=1.6]]
On 14 October 2024, the judges further objected to the creation of the Wikipedia article "''Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation''",{{efn|name=versus}} about the defamation case, alleging interference with "a [[sub-judice]] matter" and taking particular umbrage at the article's mention of criticism of Chawla's order.<ref name="Bhalla-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2024-10-14 |title=Delhi High Court Takes Exception To Wikipedia Page On Pending Defamation Suit By ANI, Says Majesty Of Court Is Over And Above Anyone |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/delhi-high-court-wikipedia-ani-defamation-cant-threaten-judge-272349 |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=[[LiveLaw]] |language=en}}</ref> Later that week, the court passed an order directing all "pages on Wikipedia pertaining to the single judge [Chawla] as well as discussion of the observations of division bench [Manmohan and Gedela]" to be "taken down or deleted within 36 hours".<ref name="ThapliyalPrima">{{Cite news |last=Thapliyal |first=Nupur |date=2024-10-16 |title='Prima Facie Contemptuous': Delhi High Court Orders Take Down Of Wikipedia Page On Pending Defamation Suit By ANI |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/delhi-high-court/prima-facie-contemptuous-delhi-high-court-orders-deletion-of-wikipedia-page-on-pending-defamation-suit-by-ani-272578 |url-access=subscription |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[LiveLaw]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ANI vs Wikipedia defamation case: Delhi High Court orders Wikimedia to take down ANI page within 36 hours |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/ani-vs-wikipedia-defamation-case-delhi-high-court-orders-wikimedia-to-take-down-ani-page-within-36-hours/article68759850.ece |access-date=16 October 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 October 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Delhi High Court orders Wikipedia to take down page on ongoing case filed by ANI |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/delhi-high-court-orders-wikipedia-take-down-page-ongoing-case-filed-by-ani |website=[[Bar and Bench]] |date=2024-10-16 |last1=Srivastava |first1=Bhavini |url-access=subscription |access-date=17 October 2024}}</ref> On 18 October, ANI asked the court to seek contempt proceedings against the WMF for not taking down the article since the 36-hour deadline had not been met.<ref name="KakkarContempt">{{cite news |last1=Kakkar |first1=Shruti |date=18 October 2024 |title=ANI asks HC to initate contempt case against Wikipedia, says 36 hr deadline over |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ani-asks-hc-to-initate-contempt-case-against-wikipedia-says-36-hr-deadline-over-101729248084461.html |access-date=18 October 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> As a result, on 21 October, the WMF removed access to the article, blocking it from view for both readers and editors, after a Delhi High Court warning that the article may violate ''[[sub judice]]'' rules.<ref name="DeepSuspension">{{Cite news |last=Deep |first=Aroon |date=2024-10-21 |title=Wikipedia suspends page on the ongoing defamation lawsuit filed by ANI against Wikimedia Foundation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/wikipedia-suspends-access-to-ani-defamation-case-page-following-delhi-hc-order/article68778075.ece |access-date=2025-05-09 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 17{{nbsp}}March 2025, a two-judge bench consisting of [[A. S. Oka]] and [[Ujjal Bhuyan]] of the Supreme Court of India reviewed a plea filed by WMF against the article takedown order by the Delhi High Court. They noted the matter involved freedom of media and questioned the High Court on why it was "so touchy" about the subject.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamal |first1=Ummar |date=2025-03-17 |title=Courts have to be tolerant: Supreme Court on Delhi HC's takedown order against Wikipedia in ANI case |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/courts-have-to-tolerant-supreme-court-delhi-hc-takedown-order-against-wikipedia-ani-case |access-date=17 March 2025 |website=[[Bar and Bench]]}}</ref> The panel questioned the Delhi High Court's decision, saying that judges and courts should be more tolerant of criticism; requiring the removal of content because of criticism may not be correct. The judges also said the order was about press freedom broadly and that it was "ironical" that ANI, an organisation reliant on press freedom, is trying to censor Wikipedia.<ref>{{cite web |date=2025-03-18 |title=SC slams Delhi HC order directing Wikipedia to remove ANI defamation case page |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/sc-slams-delhi-hc-order-directing-wikipedia-to-remove-ani-defamation-case-page |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415204717/https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/sc-slams-delhi-hc-order-directing-wikipedia-to-remove-ani-defamation-case-page |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=Supreme Court questions legality of Delhi HC's order directing removal of Wikipedia page on ANI defamation suit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2025/Mar/17/supreme-court-questions-legality-of-delhi-hcs-order-directing-removal-of-wikipedia-page-on-ani-defamation-suit |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times 18 March 2025">{{cite news |last1=Anand |first1=Utkarsh |title=Courts should not gag criticism, says top court |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/courts-should-not-gag-criticism-says-top-court-101742238671552.html |access-date=24 May 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=18 March 2025 |language=en-us}}</ref> On 9 May 2025, the Supreme Court set aside the Delhi High Court's decision to take down the article about the defamation case<ref>{{cite news |title=Win for Wikipedia as Supreme Court quashes Delhi High Court's order to takedown page on ANI v Wiki case |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/supreme-court-delhi-high-court-takedown-ani-wikipedia-page |date=2025-05-09 |work=[[Bar and Bench]] |last1=Roy |first1=Debayan |access-date=2025-05-09 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chaturvedi |first=Arpan |date=9 May 2025 |title=India Supreme Court reverses content takedown order against Wikipedia operator |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/india-supreme-court-reverses-content-takedown-order-against-wikipedia-operator-2025-05-09/ |work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> and access to the article was restored shortly after.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation: Difference between revisions |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_News_International_v._Wikimedia_Foundation&diff=prev&oldid=1289636649 |access-date=2025-05-10 |website=[[English Wikipedia]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Analysis and comment==
According to Indian media watchdog ''[[Newslaundry]]'', the sentence ANI objects to has "clear citations that lead to the primary source of information", including to ''[[The Caravan]]'', [[The Ken]], [[BBC News]], [[EU DisinfoLab]], ''[[Politico]]'', and ''[[The Diplomat (magazine)|The Diplomat]]''. ''Newslaundry'' and journalist [[Nikhil Pahwa]] pointed out that none of the media organisations used as sources were included in ANI's complaint.<ref name="Newslaundry-2024" /><ref name="Lobo-2024" /> According to ''[[The Indian Express]]'', the lawsuit is an attempt to hold the WMF liable for edits to Wikipedia.<ref name="Khan-2024" />

Software Freedom Law Center, India, a member-affiliate of the [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange]], said the suit was an attempt at stifling free speech.<ref name="NDTV-2023" /> Nishant Shah, professor of Global Media at the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] and faculty associate at the [[Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society]], wrote that Chawla's decision to order the release of personally identifying information seemed to be "a challenge to freedom of speech and information" and would result in the censorship of "any form of critical information that powerful organisations do not like".<ref name="Shah-2024" /> Pahwa called it censorship that threatened to "stifle the flow of information and knowledge".<ref name="Lobo-2024" /> Multiple lawyers have also critiqued Manmohan and Gedela's order to take down the page on the litigation, disagreeing with the allegations of interfering with judicial proceedings and noting similar coverage by mainstream media.<ref name="Bhalla-2024" /> Tanveer Hasan, director of the [[Centre for Internet and Society (India)|Centre for Internet and Society]], called the proceedings an "assault on the freedom of speech under the guise of technological regulation".<ref name="Bhalla-2024" />

Regarding the Supreme Court's 9 May judgement, a legal researcher commenting in ''[[The Indian Express]]'' said "the ''Wikipedia v ANI'' decision is not merely a win for one online platform, it draws a line in the sand. The Supreme Court has reminded lower courts and litigants alike that judicial power must be exercised with restraint, especially in matters concerning speech."<ref name="The Indian Express 12 May 2025">{{cite news |last1=Kartikeya |first1=Kumar |title=Drawing a line in the sand: SC judgment reaffirms right to free speech |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/free-speech-freedom-of-expresion-wikipedia-case-9997614/lite/ |access-date=13 May 2025 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=12 May 2025 |language=en}}</ref> An [[editorial]] in ''[[The Hindu]]'' agreed with the Supreme Court decision, calling the original High Court decision "an error". The editorial said that Wikipedia's editing processes "have ensured a significant degree of reliability" despite the large size of the project, and that judicial intervention could stifle open discussion and reduce the "free flow of information".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-04-18 |title=A welcome move: On Wikipedia and Supreme Court order |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/a-welcome-move-on-wikipedia-and-supreme-court-order/article69465732.ece |access-date=2025-11-27 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Abraham Weintraub–Wikipedia controversy]], regarding a Brazilian minister's suit of the WMF regarding his Wikipedia article
* [[Censorship of Wikipedia]]
* [[Internet censorship in India]]
* [[Litigation involving the Wikimedia Foundation]]
* [[Pierre-sur-Haute military radio station]], the French Wikipedia version of which was deleted due to pressure from French authorities in 2013

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Sister project auto}}

* [https://delhihighcourt.nic.in/app/case-type-status-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 Case status] at the [[Delhi High Court]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250110111055/https://dhcappl.nic.in/dhcorderportal/GetOrder.do?ID=nac%2F2024%2F484271011724248111320_25845_5242024.pdf Order of 20 August 2024 by Delhi High Court], directing WMF to disclose identities of Wikipedia editors
* [[:File:October 16 2024 ANI v Wikimedia order.pdf|16 October 2024 order to take down this article]]
* English Wikipedia community response and discussions:
** {{srlink|Wikipedia:Community response to Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation|Wikipedia:Community response to ''Asian News International vs. Wikimedia Foundation''}}
** {{srlink|Wikipedia:2024 open letter to the Wikimedia Foundation}}
** {{srlink|Wikipedia:ANI vs. WMF Delhi court}}

{{Wikipedia}}
{{Portal bar|Law|India|Wikipedia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Censorship of Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Delhi High Court]]
[[Category:Freedom of information in India]]
[[Category:Freedom of speech in India]]
[[Category:History of Wikipedia]]
[[Category:Information technology in India]]
[[Category:Internet censorship in India]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases]]
[[Category:Wikimedia Foundation litigation]]
[[Category:Wikipedia content]]
[[Category:Wikipedia controversies]]

Colaba State

2026-05-03T06:26:29Z

Bhatti21: started new data.

{{Short description|Former Maratha principality}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox Former Country
| conventional_long_name = Colaba State
| common_name = Angria's Colaba
| era = [[Early modern period#Indian empires|Early modern]]
| government_type = [[Military dictatorship|Military Regime]]
| leader_name1 =
| year_start = 1698
| status = State within the [[Maratha Confederacy]] (1698–1818) [[Protectorate]] of the [[East India Company]] (1818–1839)
| year_end = 1839
| p1 = Maratha Empire
| flag_p1 = Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg
| p2 = Janjira State{{!}}Siddis of Janjira
| flag_p2 = Flag of Janjira.svg
| s1 = Company rule in India{{!}}British India
| flag_s1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg
| image_map =
| image =
| image_map_alt =
| image_map_caption =
| capital = [[Alibag|Kolaba]]
| common_languages =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| title_leader = [[Admiral|Sarkhel]]
| year_leader1 = 1689 – 1729 (first)
| leader1 = [[Kanhoji Angre|Kanhoji I]]
| year_leader2 = 1839 (last)
| leader2 = Kanhoji II
| today = [[India]]
| demonym =
| area_km2 =
| area_rank =
}}
'''Colaba State''', also known as [[Alibag|Culaba]] State or Angria's Colaba<ref name="appeal">{{cite book | author=East India Company |title=An Appeal to British Justice and Honour. The treatment of the protected native states of India by the Government of the East India Company, illustrated in the case of the State or Principality of Colaba, commonly called Angria's Colaba, near Bombay, in the East Indies |date=1841 |publisher=Smith, Elder&Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6pUWmpnSMYC&q=Colaba+State |language=en}}</ref> was a Kingdom and later [[princely state]] in [[India]]. It was founded by the famous [[Maratha Navy]] admiral [[Kanhoji Angre]] in 1698.<ref name="g">{{cite web |title=Maratha Period- Kolaba district |url=https://gazetteers.maharashtra.gov.in/cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/KOLABA/his_maratha_period.html |website=Maharashtra Cultural gov. |publisher=Directorate Of Printing And Stationery Maharashtra State, Bombay.}}</ref> The ruling family of the state, the Angre, were skilled seafarers who controlled the western coast of [[India]] from the late 17th century- to the first half of the 18th century, until British forces and those of the Maratha [[Peshwa]] [[Balaji Baji Rao]] destroyed the major portion of their navy in the [[Battle of Vijaydurg]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Prof A. R. |title=The Marathas |date=1 July 2008 |publisher=Diamond Publications |isbn=978-81-8483-073-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ&dq=Angre+family+kolaba&pg=PT162 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Sambhaji Angre Samadhi - Front.jpg|150px|thumb|Tomb of Sambhaji Angre]]

===Angre Family===
[[Kanhoji Angre]] was a highly successful [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] captain and rose through the ranks to become Grand Admiral of the [[Maratha Navy]] in 1707. [[Alibag|Colaba]] was one of his major bases of [[privateer]]ing operations. In 1713, Kanhoji Angre started to grow increasingly independent, hence an army was sent against Kanhoji headed by the [[Peshwa]] [[Bahiroji Pingale]]. [[Bahiroji Pingale]] was thoroughly defeated by Kanhoji in this battle and was taken prisoner. After the defeat of the [[Peshwa]], Kanhoji was planning to march on [[Satara (city)|Satara]] ruled by [[Shahu I|Chhatrapati Shahu]]. [[Balaji Vishwanath Bhatt]] negotiated with the latter for the release of [[Bahiroji Pingale]] and gave 26 Forts to Kanhoji, thus the Colaba State came into existence.<ref name="archive">{{cite book |last1=Pawar |first1=a g |title=Maratha History Seminar Papers |date=1971 |page= 279 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.127046/page/n269/mode/2up?q=Angre}}</ref><ref name="cam">{{cite book |last1=Gordon |first1=Stewart |title=The Marathas 1600-1818 |date=16 September 1993 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26883-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C&q=New+Cambridge+History+of+India:+The+Marathas,+1600-1818 |language=en}}</ref>

The state was then successively ruled by the sons of Kanhoji: Sekhoji Angre (1729–1733), Sambhaji Angre (1733–1742), [[Tulaji Angre]] (1743–1756) and Manaji Angre I (1733–1758). All of them were skilled seamen, however, the division of the Angre coastal territory into north and south under Manaji (at [[Alibag|Kolaba]]) and Sambhaji (at [[Vijaydurg Fort|Vijaydurg]]) respectively, greatly reduced the family's power. [[Tulaji Angre]], according to many scholars, even surpassed the achievements of Kanhoji in capturing vessels and exercising influence on almost the whole west coast of India.<ref name="hamai">{{cite web |title=The Gazetteers Department - RATNAGIRI |url=http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/RATNAGIRI/places_Harnai.html |date=14 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114041058/http://maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/RATNAGIRI/places_Harnai.html |archive-date=2008-01-14 }}</ref><ref name="pi">{{cite book |last1=Saletore |first1=Rajaram Narayan |title=Indian Pirates |date=1978 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PVMMoChwY4C&q=Tulaji |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mh">{{cite web |title=The Legacy of the Angre's on the Western Coast of India – Maritime History Society |date=April 2022 |url=https://www.mhsindia.org/the-legacy-of-the-angres-on-the-western-coast-of-india/#more-3924}}</ref> However, he alienated himself from the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] [[Peshwa]], [[Balaji Baji Rao]] which led to his capture by the [[East India Company]] and [[Peshwa]]'s forces at the [[Battle of Vijaydurg]] in 1756.<ref name="battle">Naravane, M. S.; Battles of the Honorary East India Company: Making of the Raj, op cit page 103, New Delhi, 2006</ref><ref name="ma">{{cite book |title=History of the Mahrattas Vol.I |pages=364 |url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/ebooks/history-mahrattas-voli |language=en}}</ref><ref name="sah">{{cite book |title=Tulaji Angre Ek Vijaydurg - तुळाजी आंग्रे एक विजयदुर्ग By Prof. S. S. Puranik - Buy Marathi Books Online At Sahyadri Books, Tulaji Angre |url=https://sahyadribooks.com/tulaji-angre-ek-vijaydurg/}}</ref> The battle led to the destruction of a major portion of the Angre navy and significantly reduced their influence. Manaji Angre I continued to loyally serve the [[Peshwa]] and ruled well, increasing the revenue of his kingdom, until his death in 1758.<ref name="down">{{cite book |title=Downfall of Angre's Navy, Or, A Contemporary Narrative of the Siege of Gheria (Vijayadurga) |date=1967 |publisher=Mumbai Marathi Granthsangrahalaya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=410_AAAAMAAJ&q=angre+family |language=en}}</ref> He was succeeded by his son Raghuji Angre as ruler of [[Alibag|Kolaba]], who had a successful reign.

===Angres of Kolaba===
As mentioned above, Raghuji Angre succeeded his father Manaji Angre as ruler of Kolaba in 1758. In the same year, the [[Janjira State|Siddis of Janjira]] attacked the kingdom, destroyed many temples and burnt many villages, however Raghuji drove them out with the [[Peshwa]]'s aid. Subsequently, he attacked the [[Underi]] fort, took it after a severe struggle on 28 January 1759 and presented it to the [[Peshwa]] as a gift for his help against the [[Janjira State|Siddis of Janjira]]. The [[Padmadurg|Padmadurg fort]] was also captured. Janjira would have been captured as well, if not for [[Sadashivrao Bhau]] being recalled to the north.<ref name="g"/> Raghuji continued to server the [[Peshwa]] loyally but he was accused of attacking English ships as well. After him, none of the Angres ever practiced [[privateer]]ing.<ref name="pi"/> The kingdom was prosperous and the people lived well during his rule. [[James Forbes (artist)|James Forbes]], a sea captain of the [[East India Company]], visited Raghuji Angre in 1770 and described that the country was fertile and prosperous, and he was treated with lavish hospitality.<ref name="cam"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Forbes |first1=James |title=Oriental Memoirs: A Narrative of Seventeen Years Residence in India |date=1834 |publisher=Richard Bentley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r2IOAAAAQAAJ&q=Oriental+Memoirs |language=en}}</ref>

Raghuji's death in 1793 led to a succession crisis in Kolaba. His infant son Manaji Angre II was placed on the throne under the protection of Jai Singh Angre, the [[karbhari]] (an illegitimate son of Raghuji Angre), without the approval of the [[Peshwa]] (prime minister).<ref name="pi"/><ref name="dhabu">{{cite book |last1=Dhabu |first1=Damodar Gopal |title=Kulabkar Angre |publisher=Shivsamarth Prakashan |isbn=978-8194085928 |page=254 |language=Marathi}}</ref> Anandibai Bhonsle, the wife of the late king, hatched a plot to kill Jai Singh Angre as she envied his influence. The plot was thwarted, and Anandibai along with her family members was banished from [[Alibag|Kolaba]]. Subsequently, Anandibai raised an army, besieged the [[Kolaba Fort|Kolaba fort]] and imprisoned Jai Singh. After the tides turned back and forth multiple times, Jai Singh Angre sought the help of Baburao Angre, the ''wazir'' (prime minister) and brother-in-law of [[Daulat Rao Scindia]], the king of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]].

Baburao Angre was a member of the Angre family, and he secretly wanted to take Kolaba for himself. Baburao Angre set out for [[Alibag|Kolaba]], and after a number of victories against different members of the Angre family, became the ruler of Kolaba. Baburao died in 1813, and for a year after his death the state was managed by his widow. Then Manaji Angre II proclaimed himself chief and his claim was recognized by the [[Peshwa]], who received the island of [[Khanderi]] and twenty villages in return for his support. These villages were restored to the Angres in 1818, a few days before the out-break of hostilities between the [[Peshwa]] and the [[Company rule in India|English]] in the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]]. This political instability caused the yearly revenue fell to about Rs. 3,00,000. Manaji Angre II died in 1817 after a turbulent reign.<ref name="g"/>

During the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]], after the capture of [[Visapur Fort|Visapur]] and [[Lohagad]] fort near the top of the [[Bhor Ghat]] mountain pass, Lieutenant-Colonel David Prother, on 17 March 1818, made arrangements for the capture of all places of strength in Kolaba. [[Tala, Raigad|Tala]] and [[Ghosale gad|Ghosala]] fell almost without resistance, and the British troops marched from [[Indapur]] to [[Mahad]]. Major Hall was sent to [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]] with 200 Europeans and 200 sepoys, after a stubborn siege of eleven days, the fort was surrendered by the Marathas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Kolaba District |url=https://archive.org/stream/dli.csl.3270/3270_djvu.txt |publisher=Bombay, Government Press |access-date=5 January 2023 |date=1883}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Manaji was succeeded by his son Raghuji Angre II, who was fourteen years old at the time. During Raghuji's minority the State was managed by his late father's minister Vinayak Parashuram Biwalkar.<ref name="silver">{{cite web |title=Silver Rupee of Maratha Confederacy |url=https://www.mintageworld.com/media/detail/6748-silver-rupee-of-maratha-confederacy/ |website=Mintage World |language=en |date=5 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Maharashtra State Gazetteers: Sangli |date=1964 |publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Maharashtra State |page=116 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=91BuAAAAMAAJ&q=Vinayak+Parashuram+Bivalkar |language=en}}</ref> On reaching manhood, Raghuji was unable to free himself from the influence of [[karbhari]] Biwalkar, who had won the support of all officers and ruined the finances by extravagant expenditure.
In June 1822, the relations between the Kolaba state and the [[Company rule in India|British Government]] were fixed by a treaty under which the British supremacy was recognized, [[jagir]]dars and [[Inamdar (feudal title)|inamdars]] were guaranteed the possession of their lands, and provision was made for the relations of the ruler's family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aitchison |first1=C. U. |last2=Talbot |first2=A. C. |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sunnuds Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries (Volume IV) |date=10 September 2019 |publisher=Alpha Editions |isbn=978-93-5386-651-8 |pages=499–502 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-dO-yQEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

It was said by the local people that Raghuji's rule under the influence of Biwalkar "was marked by great cruelty and oppression". Years after his rule, it was remembered as the rule of "Angarak" or [[Mars]] (the planet of evil influence in [[Hindu astrology]]).<ref name="mumbai">{{cite book |last1=State) |first1=Bombay (India |title=Gazetteer |date=1883 |publisher=Government Central Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKJg1dQsk7oC&dq=Vinayak+Parashuram+Bivalkar&pg=PA156 |language=en}}</ref> Raghuji Angre II died on 26 December 1838. He left three widows, of whom Yashodabai was pregnant with the late ruler's child. Mr. Courtenay was sent to Kolaba to prevent a succession crisis of any sort, and reported on 29 January 1839 to the government that Yashodabai had given birth to a son. Before the recognition of Raghuji's posthumous son the succession to the Kolaba State was claimed by [[Sambhajirao Angre I|Sambhajirao Angre]], the prime minister of [[Jankoji Rao Scindia II]] and Baburao Angre's nephew. [[Sambhajirao Angre I|Sambhajirao Angre]]'s claim was supported by the resident of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]], but was rejected by the Bombay Government.

===Annexation===
Yashodabai's son was recognized as ruler with the regal name Kanhoji Angre II on 6 February 1839. Vinayak Parshuram Biwalkar, the [[karbhari]], was to manage the affairs of state. However, Kanhoji II died shortly after on 21 March 1839 and with his death the legitimate line of the Angre family became extinct.<ref name="mumbai"/> The [[Kolaba Fort|fort of Kolaba]] had to be handed over to the English in the same year. Raghuji II's widows applied for leave to adopt an heir. But in 1840, the state was annexed on the grounds of the [[Doctrine of lapse]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sharma |first1=Yogesh |title=Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India |date=2010 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-00-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FTTGWSme30YC&dq=angre+family&pg=PA66 |language=en}}</ref> and that small princely states like Kolaba had only stood in the way of progress in the region. All personal property of the Angres was distributed among the surviving members of the family and the three widows of Raghuji Angre II got annual pensions.<ref name="mumbai"/><ref name="g"/>

==Gwalior branch==
[[File:Children of Chandrojirao Angre, c.1938.jpg|150 px|thumb|Children of Chandroji Angre]]
[[File:Sri Daulat Rao Sediya with his maternal uncle Sambaji and brother-in-law Hindura (6124578553).jpg|150 px|thumb|Daulat Rao Scindia with his maternal uncle Sambhajirao Angre and brother-in-law Hindu Rao]]
There was a branch family of the Angres at [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] which had served the [[Scindia]] rulers of [[Gwalior State|Gwalior]] as prime ministers and other influential positions for over two centuries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malgonkar |first1=Manohar |title=Last Maharani of Gwalior, The: An Autobiography |date=1 January 1987 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-1924-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oPP4CxyH4QQC&dq=Sambhaji+Rao+Angre&pg=PA92 |language=en}}</ref> At times they tried to claim the throne of Kolaba for themselves, but failed.<ref name="g"/> [[Chandroji Angre|Chandrojirao Angre]], its descendant, distinguished himself as the champion of Hinduism and was popularly called "Dharmvir". [[Chandroji Angre|Chandrojirao Angre]]'s son [[Sambhaji Angre]] was an influential politician and strong supporter of [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]], and was involved in a legal fight against [[Madhavrao Scindia]] over property issues and the will of the late [[Vijaya Raje Scindia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Angre, master of palace intrigue |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/angre-master-of-palace-intrigue/cid/604522 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

==Coins==
The only coins that were struck by the Angre government were the Alibag-Kolaba or "old Alibag rupee" the Janjira-Kolaba or "new Alibag rupee" (issued by the influential [[karbhari]] Vinayak Parshuram Biwalkar),<ref name="silver"/> and the Alibag copper pice.<ref name="archive2">{{cite book |title=Gazetteer Of The Bombay Presidency Vol Xi 1883 |date=1883 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281424/page/n105/mode/2up?q=Angria}}</ref> The old Alibag-Kolaba rupee was the first in circulation and bore a Persian inscription. The new Janjira-Kolaba rupee had on both sides the word "[[Shri|sri]]" accompanied by a small drilled hole.<ref name="silver"/><ref name="archive2"/>

==List of rulers==
*[[Kanhoji Angre|Kanhoji I Angre]] (1698–1729)
*Sekhoji Angre (1729–1733)
*Sambhaji Angre (1733–1742)
*Manaji I Angre (1733–1758), jointly with Sambhaji Angre (1733–1742) and then [[Tulaji Angre]] (1742–1755)
*Raghuji I Angre (1758–1793)
*Manaji II Angre (1793-c.1798), first reign
*Baburao Angre (c. 1798–1813)
*Manaji II Angre (1813–1817), second reign
*Raghuji II Angre (1817-26 December 1838)
*Kanhoji II Angre (6 February 1839 – 21 March 1839)

==See also==
{{commons category|Angre Family}}
*[[Kanhoji Angre]]
*[[Tulaji Angre]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Princely states of Maharashtra]]

Neru (film)

2026-04-27T19:30:49Z

Bhatti21: added some article nd citations!

{{short description|2023 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Neru
| image = Neru film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Santhi Mayadevi]]|Jeethu Joseph}}
| producer = [[Antony Perumbavoor]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mohanlal]]|[[Priyamani]]}}
| cinematography = [[Satheesh Kurup]]
| editing = V. S. Vinayak
| music = Vishnu Shyam
| studio = [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]
| distributor = Aashirvad Cinemas
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|12|21}}
| runtime = 152 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross = {{INR | 86 crore}}<ref name="an">{{Cite web |last=honey |title=മഞ്ഞുമ്മല്‍ ബോയ്സും, പ്രേമലുവും കുതിച്ച് കയറി; പിന്നിലേക്ക് പോയത് മമ്മൂട്ടിയുടെയും ലാലിന്‍റെയും ഹിറ്റുകള്‍.! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/mammootty-mohanlal-hits-out-from-5-highest-grossing-malayalam-films-list-after-entry-of-manjummel-boys-and-premalu-vvk-sabyh3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240204062449/https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/mohanlal-starrer-neru-overseas-collection-report-out-earns-more-than-32-4-crore-hrk-s7pq9q |archive-date=4 February 2024 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ml}}</ref><ref name="toi" />
}}

'''''Neru''''' ({{IPA|ml|n̪eːɾə|pron}}; {{Translation|Truth}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[courtroom drama]] film directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]], who co-wrote the screenplay with [[Santhi Mayadevi]]. It was produced by [[Antony Perumbavoor]] under [[Aashirvad Cinemas]]. The film stars [[Mohanlal]], [[Anaswara Rajan]], [[Priyamani]], [[Santhi Mayadevi]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Jagadish]] and Sankar Induchoodan.

The project was officially announced on 13 July 2023 under the working title ''Production No. 33'', marking Joseph's fifth collaboration with Mohanlal with the title revealed on 12 August 2023. [[Principal photography]] took place between August and October 2023 in [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. The film's music was composed by Vishnu Shyam, while the cinematography and editing were handled by [[Satheesh Kurup]] and V. S. Vinayak.

''Neru'' was theatrically released on 21 December 2023 and received positive reviews from critics who praised the cast performances (particularly Mohanlal, Rajan and Siddique), screenplay, and direction. Neru was noted as the comeback of Mohanlal after a series of unsuccessful films. The film was a commercial success grossing {{INR}}86 crore worldwide, emerging as the [[List of Malayalam films of 2023|second highest grossing Malayalam film of the year]],<ref name="toi">{{Cite news |date=2024-01-18 |title='Neru' box office collections day 27: Mohanlal's film dominates overseas; mints more than Rs 32 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/neru-box-office-collections-mohanlals-film-dominates-overseas/articleshow/106949938.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> and one of the [[List of highest-grossing Malayalam films|highest-grossing Malayalam films of all time]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=nithya |title='നേര്' നാളെ ഒടിടിയിൽ; കേരളത്തിലെ എക്കാലത്തെലും വലിയ 93 ആമത്തെ ഹിറ്റ്, പരാജിതൻ 2018 ! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mohanlal-movie-neru-ott-streaming-from-jan-23rd-on-disney-plus-hotstar-nrn-s7n7y3 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Sara, a [[blindness|blind]] girl, is [[raped]] while she is alone at home. The police are unable to identify the offender due to Sara's blindness. Sara sculpts a statue of her rapist and based on the similarities, they arrest Michael, the son of Christopher Joseph, a Mumbai-based rich businessman. Michael's parents hire Advocate Rajashekhar, a renowned defense [[lawyer]]. Due to the [[Prosecutor|Public Prosecutor]] unreliability, alongside Rajashekhar's twisting questioning tactics, Michael is granted bail, an unforeseen situation in a case like this. While Sara's family receive a settlement offer, they decide to fight the case.

[[Inspector|CI]] Paul Varghese, the investigating officer, recommend Vijayamohan as the special public prosecutor, since no other lawyers will take up the job owing to Rajashekhar's influence. However, Vijayamohan no longer practices law due to an incident with Rajashekar a few years earlier: Vijayamohan was a junior to Rajashekar along with the latter's daughter Poornima, whom he got close to. Unhappy with their relationship, Rajashekar committed foul play that resulted in Vijayamohan getting [[Restraining order|debarred]] from practising law for 5 years. Initially reluctant to take up the case, Vijayamohan changes his mind after meeting Sara.

As the trial begins, Rajashekar uses many underhanded tactics such as [[character assassination]] of Sara's parents; her father, Muhammed, was married previously and left his first family for Sara's mother, Parveen. He tries to accuse Muhammed as the culprit by claiming that his story was fabricated as a way of trapping Michael and his family due to their wealth. Vijayamohan's key [[witness]], Sara's neighbor and Michael's friend Vinod, whom Michael had stayed with on the day of the incident, changes their version of events, making the case hard to believe. Additionally, no [[semen sample]] was found due to Michael using a [[condom]], leaving no scientific evidence or eyewitness to link him to Sara's assault, causing the case to be open-and-closed.

Rajashekar argues that at the time of the incident, Michael was with his friends at a party in a different location. [[CCTV]] footage proves his alibi, shocking Vijayamohan. However, Vijayamohan discovers that the footage was edited by Rajashekar and that Michael had left his phone in the car of his driver to make it seem like he was there. Vijayamohan proves in the court that the footage was faked and Rajashekar won many cases by presenting false evidences. The [[judge]] [[Restraining order|debars]] Rajashekar and Poornima takes the position as the defense lawyer. Media activists make the case go viral, leading to Michael's [[fiancée]] breaking off their [[engagement]]. Enraged, Michael shows up at Sara's house again and threatens her to withdraw the case.

Sara's family, however, continue to fight the case. Witnesses who claimed to be with Michael at the time of the crime are disproven by Vijayamohan due to errors in their story. Towards the end, Vijayamohan proves that Micheal's alibi was fake. He also reveals that Michael had committed rape before in [[Mumbai]] but the case went [[Cold case|cold]] and he was not punished for it. Vijayamohan is still not convinced that this case can be won, as Sara has to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty and the current eyewitnesses cannot do so. The sculpture, which was Sara's way of ‘sight’, is discredited, due to her father also being a skilled sculptor and possibly its creator. Vijayamohan convinces the judge to allow Sara to create a sculpture based on a random person in the [[courtroom]] to prove her skills.

Despite Poornima's objections, the judge allows Sara to create a sculpture in the court as the court is creating a history. Poornima takes the chance to select the subject as Rajashekar, who tries unnerving Sara so that the sculpture is messed up. Ultimately, Sara manages to create a sculpture that is an exact replica of Rajashekar, which shocks everyone in the court. Michael is found guilty of rape and sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] as well as paying a fine. Vijayamohan regains his reputation. After winning the case, Sara touches Vijayamohan's face in gratitude, implying that she is going to make a sculpture and a replica of him. She walks out of the courtroom with no cover, refusing to be anonymous and gaining respect from the media around her (who refuse to film her) and the world.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mohanlal]] as [[Advocate]] Vijayamohan, Sara's [[special prosecutor]]
* [[Anaswara Rajan]] as Sara Mohammed, a blind [[sculptor]] artist
* [[Priyamani]] as [[Advocate]] Poornima, Rajasekharan's daughter
* [[Santhi Mayadevi]] as Adv. Ahaana John, Vijayamohan's assistant
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Advocate]] Rajasekharan, Michael's defense lawyer and Poornima's father
* [[Jagadish]] as Mohammed, Sara's father
* [[Sreedhanya]] as Parveen Mohammed, Sara's mother
* Sankar Induchoodan as Michael Joseph
* [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]] as Thumba Police Station [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Paul Varghese
* Abraham Jacob as Christopher Joseph, Michael's father
* Sabitta George as Ancy Joseph, Michael's mother
* Haritha G. Nair as Adv. Aswathy Nair, Vijayamohan's junior
* Mathew Varghese as Judge Raghavendra Chakrapani
* Prashant Nair as [[Inspector|CI]] Martin Joseph, Rajashekhar's Assistant
* Reshma Anil as Seema, Mohammed's housemaid
* [[Krishna Prabha]] as Dr. Beena Nair
* [[Kalesh Ramanand]] as Vinod, Michael's friend
* [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandhu]] as [[Public Prosecutor]] Adv. Sajan Varghese
* [[Dinesh Prabhakar]] as Robin, Michael's driver
* Arfaz Ayub as James, Michael's friend
* [[Harikrishnan (Malayalam actor)|Harikrishnan]] as Jayachandran, Michael's friend
* [[Aditi Ravi]] as Nikhila, Jayachandran's wife
* Poojappura Radhakrishnan as Vijayamohan's clerk
* [[Rajesh Hebbar]] as Resort Manager
* [[Antony Perumbavoor]] as Mohammed's neighbour
* [[Suresh Pillai]] as Senior Advocate's clerk}}

==Production==
===Development===
{{Quote box
|quote = I asked Shanti to write down in order as to how the legal procedures would unfold for such a case. But once she wrote it, I realised that it would be ideal for a series but there are different sets of challenges when you package it for a film. Also, there is a risk of monotony that can creep into the narrative. So the challenge was to keep it engaging and play to the gallery a bit without taking away the authenticity.
| sstyle=text-align:right
| source = Jeethu Joseph about the challenges in writing.<ref name="MoneyControl"/>
| align = right
| width = 40%
}}
On 13 July 2023, producer [[Antony Perumbavoor]] officially announced an untitled film directed by [[Jeethu Joseph]] starring [[Mohanlal]]. The project, under the [[working title]] ''Production No.33'', signifies the 33rd production of [[Aashirvad Cinemas]], with filming scheduled to commence in August that year.<ref>{{cite news|author=ETimes.in|title=Mohanlal and Jeethu Joseph to collaborate for Production No. 33|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-and-jeethu-joseph-to-collaborate-for-production-no-33/articleshow/101720829.cms|access-date=26 November 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 July 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126093000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-and-jeethu-joseph-to-collaborate-for-production-no-33/articleshow/101720829.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> It was reported that Mohanlal would complete his work in a single short schedule before the commencement of the filming of [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]]'s ''[[L2: Empuraan]]'', which was postponed due to Prithviraj's leg injury, allowing Mohanlal to work in ''Neru''.<ref>{{cite news|author=Team Newsable|title=Malayalam superstar Mohanlal to star in Jeethu Joseph's next film; read details|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/malayalam-superstar-mohanlal-to-star-in-jeethu-joseph-s-next-film-read-details-rba-rxqefy|access-date=26 November 2023|work=[[Asianet News]]|date=13 July 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126093000/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/malayalam-superstar-mohanlal-to-star-in-jeethu-joseph-s-next-film-read-details-rba-rxqefy|url-status=live}}</ref>

The title was officially revealed on 12 August 2023 with a [[Moster (motion movie poster)|moster]] featuring the tagline "seeking justice," along with the title presented in [[Braille]] inscription. ''Neru'' marks the fifth collaboration between Mohanlal and Joseph. The screenplay was co-written by [[Santhi Mayadevi]] and Joseph, with the former having previously collaborated with the latter as an actress in ''[[Drishyam 2]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chakraborty|first=Saikat|title=Mohanlal teams up with Drishyam director Jeethu Joseph for legal drama Neru|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mohanlal-teams-up-with-drishyam-director-jeethu-joseph-for-legal-drama-neru/cid/1958941|access-date=26 November 2023|work=[[Telegraph India]]|date=14 August 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126092959/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/mohanlal-teams-up-with-drishyam-director-jeethu-joseph-for-legal-drama-neru/cid/1958941|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="firstlook">{{cite news|author=ETimes.in|title=Mohanlal and Jeethu Joseph team up for 'Neru'; here's the first look poster|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-and-jeethu-joseph-team-up-for-neru-heres-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/102681540.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2023|access-date=24 November 2023|archive-date=24 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124125318/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-and-jeethu-joseph-team-up-for-neru-heres-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/102681540.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeethu conceived the story several years ago. Santhi, a practicing lawyer, was initially hired by Jeethu to assist him in writing the court scenes in ''Drishyam 2''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prajith|first=P.|title='ദൃശ്യം 2-ന്റെ സമയത്ത് കേട്ട കഥ, കോർട്ട് റൂം ഡ്രാമയാണ്, സസ്പെൻസും ട്വിസ്റ്റും പ്രതീക്ഷിക്കരുത്'|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/jeethu-joseph-antony-perumbavoor-and-mohanlal-about-neru-movie-1.9162772|access-date=20 December 2023|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|date=17 December 2023|language=ml|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220212637/https://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/music/jeethu-joseph-antony-perumbavoor-and-mohanlal-about-neru-movie-1.9162772|url-status=live}}</ref> Impressed by her contributions, he invited her to co-write ''Neru''.<ref name="MoneyControl">{{cite web|last=Menon|first=Neelima|title=Jeethu Joseph: 'Mohanlal's fans are used to larger-than-life characters of the actor'|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/jeethu-joseph-mohanlals-fans-are-used-to-larger-than-life-characters-of-the-actor-11904391.html|publisher=[[Moneycontrol.com]]|access-date=20 December 2023|date=14 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220005159/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/jeethu-joseph-mohanlals-fans-are-used-to-larger-than-life-characters-of-the-actor-11904391.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Jeethu shared the story with her on the sets of ''Drishyam 2''. She characterized the genre of the film as a "courtroom drama". Santhi explained that they approached the courtroom scenes in a more realistic manner, deviating from the dramatic courtrooms typically portrayed in films.<ref name="interview">{{cite web|last=നായർ|first=ഗ്രീഷ്മ എസ്.|title='ലിയോയിലേക്ക് വിളിച്ചത് വീൽ ചെയറിലിരിക്കുമ്പോൾ'; മമ്മൂട്ടി മുതൽ വിജയ് വരെയുള്ളവരുടെ വക്കീലായി ശാന്തി മായാദേവി|url=https://www.thefourthnews.in/entertainment/santhi-mayadevi-actress-who-played-lawyer-role-in-vijay-movie-leo-talk-about-the-film-experience|publisher=The Fourth|access-date=4 December 2023|language=ml|date=19 October 2023|archive-date=4 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204110609/https://www.thefourthnews.in/entertainment/santhi-mayadevi-actress-who-played-lawyer-role-in-vijay-movie-leo-talk-about-the-film-experience|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Jeethu, his intention was to make an authentic courtroom drama that incorporates all technical procedures while maintaining a balance between dramatic elements and procedural tone. He said he was careful not to "stretch" the film with excessive realism. His objective was to offer a real courtroom experience to the majority of the audience who may not have encountered such a setting in real life.<ref name="MoneyControl"/>

===Casting===
Mohanlal was cast as a lawyer.<ref>{{cite news|author=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|title=Mohanlal looks serious in legal robes in latest 'Neru' poster|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1143224|access-date=26 November 2023|work=[[Daiji World]]|date=25 November 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126101526/https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1143224|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Priyamani]] was cast in an important role.<ref>{{cite news|last=Prakash|first=B. V. S.|title=Priyamani doing courtroom drama with Mohan Lal|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/250923/after-jawan-priyamani-signs-mohan-lals-neru.html|access-date=26 November 2023|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=25 September 2023|archive-date=16 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216124407/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/250923/after-jawan-priyamani-signs-mohan-lals-neru.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She joined the sets in September 2023.<ref>{{cite web|last=Goud|first=Priyanka|title=After Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan, Priyamani bags her next with a big superstar; Details inside|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/after-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-priyamani-bags-her-next-with-a-big-superstar-details-inside-1242857|publisher=[[Pinkvilla]]|access-date=26 November 2023|date=13 September 2023|archive-date=7 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007025323/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/south/after-shah-rukh-khans-jawan-priyamani-bags-her-next-with-a-big-superstar-details-inside-1242857|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Anaswara Rajan]] was cast as Sara, a [[Blind artists|blind sculptor]], around whom the story unfolds.<ref>{{cite web|last=Manu|first=Hridyambika A.|title=Neru – Anaswara Rajan is a visually-challenged sculptor in Mohanlal-Jeethu Joseph's film? Find out here...|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/neru-anaswara-rajan-is-a-blind-sculpture-artist-in-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-film-find-out-here/a3de780a16371|publisher=[[OTT Play]]|access-date=21 December 2023|date=6 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221094109/https://www.ottplay.com/news/neru-anaswara-rajan-is-a-blind-sculpture-artist-in-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-film-find-out-here/a3de780a16371|url-status=live}}</ref> Santhi Mayadevi, who initially had no plans to act in her own screenplay, eventually took on a role in the film at the invitation of Jeethu.<ref name="interview"/> The cast also consists of [[Jagadish]], [[K. B. Ganesh Kumar]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Aditi Ravi]], [[Nandu (Malayalam actor)|Nandhu]], [[Dinesh Prabhakar]], Sankar Induchoodan, Mathew Varghese, [[Kalesh Ramanand]], Ramadevi, [[Sreedhanya]], Kalabhavan Jinto, Reshmi Anil, and Prashant Nair.<ref name="MMshoot"/>

===Filming===
[[Principal photography]] commenced on 17 August 2023, coinciding with the commencement of the [[Malayalam calendar|Malayalam month]] of [[Chingam]], considered an auspicious day. It began with a customary [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] function held at the Freemasons Club in [[Vazhuthacaud]], Kerala. Subsequent filming took place in and around [[Thiruvananthapuram]].<ref>{{cite news |author1=Entertainment desk |title=ജിത്തു ജോസഫ് മോഹന്‍ലാല്‍ ടീം വീണ്ടും; ആശിർവ്വാദ് സിനിമാസിന്റെ നേരിന് പൊന്നിൻ ചിങ്ങത്തില്‍ തുടക്കം; ഏറെ കാലത്തിനു ശേഷം ലാല്‍ സിനിമയുടെ ഷൂട്ടിംഗ് തിരുവനന്തപുരത്ത് |url=https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-movie-neru-shooting-in-thiruvananthapuram-635958-2023-08-17 |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[India Today Malayalam]] |date=17 August 2023 |language=ml |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125202156/https://malayalam.indiatoday.in/cinema/story/mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-movie-neru-shooting-in-thiruvananthapuram-635958-2023-08-17 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Local News Desk|title=Mohanlal-Jeethu Joseph's Upcoming Film Neru Goes On Floors|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-upcoming-film-neru-goes-on-floors-8541400.html|access-date=25 November 2023|work=[[CNN-News18]]|date=17 August 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126101525/https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-upcoming-film-neru-goes-on-floors-8541400.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohanlal joined the sets in [[Chitranjali Studio]] in early September.<ref name="MMshoot">{{cite news |title=Mohanlal begins shooting for Jeethu Joseph's 'Neru' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/09/04/mohanlal-shooting-jeethu-joseph-malayalam-movie-neru.html |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[OnManorama]] |date=4 September 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104122450/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/09/04/mohanlal-shooting-jeethu-joseph-malayalam-movie-neru.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Filming was wrapped on 4 October 2023. [[Satheesh Kurup]] handled the cinematography.<ref>{{cite news |author1=ETimes.in |title=It's a wrap for Mohanlal-Jeethu Joseph's 'Neru' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-neru/articleshow/104202329.cms |access-date=25 November 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 October 2023 |archive-date=25 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125203421/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/its-a-wrap-for-mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-neru/articleshow/104202329.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The costumes were designed by Jeethu's wife Linta Jeethu.<ref name="firstlook"/>

== Music ==
The film's music was composed by Vishnu Shyam with lyrics written by [[Vinayak Sasikumar]].<ref name="firstlook"/> A pre-release single, "Roohe", was released on 19 December 2023, sung by [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]] along with a chorus by Shyam and Cathy Jeethu. ''[[The Times of India]]'' called it an "evocative composition" that showcases the "emotional ambiance of the narrative" which "further cemented the film's genre as an emotional drama".<ref>{{cite news|author=ETimes.in|title=Mohanlal's 'Neru' strikes emotional chords with the release of the track 'Roohe'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-neru-strikes-emotional-chords-with-the-release-of-the-track-roohe/articleshow/106118635.cms|access-date=20 December 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=19 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220014831/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlals-neru-strikes-emotional-chords-with-the-release-of-the-track-roohe/articleshow/106118635.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The soundtrack was released, two days later, which includes themes from the film and the trailer.<ref name="iTunes">{{cite web |title=Neru (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|website=Apple Music |date=2023-12-21 |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/neru-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-single/1721893690 |access-date=2024-12-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Neru (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref name="iTunes" />
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 08:00
| all_writing = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| title1 = Roohe
| length1 = 03:11
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| title2 = Neru Theme
| length2 = 02:43
| extra2 =
| title3 = Neru Trailer Theme
| length3 = 02:20
| extra3 =
}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Neru'' was released in theatres worldwide on 21 December 2023.<ref>{{cite news|author=ETimes.in|title=Mohanlal-Jeethu Joseph's film 'Neru' gets a release date|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-film-neru-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/104919640.cms|access-date=25 November 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 November 2023|archive-date=25 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231125203423/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mohanlal-jeethu-josephs-film-neru-gets-a-release-date/articleshow/104919640.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the media, the slot, initially reserved for Mohanlal's directorial debut, ''[[Barroz]]'', was reassigned to ''Neru'' due to delays in post-production.<ref>{{cite web|author=Team OTTplay|title=Confirmed! Mohanlal's Neru will clash with Salaar and Dunki after all|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/confirmed-mohanlals-neru-will-clash-with-salaar-and-dunki-after-all/63365f2d6b198|publisher=[[OTTPlay]]|access-date=26 November 2023|date=2 November 2023|archive-date=26 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126093001/https://www.ottplay.com/news/confirmed-mohanlals-neru-will-clash-with-salaar-and-dunki-after-all/63365f2d6b198|url-status=live}}</ref> The film competed with other major Christmas releases, such as ''[[Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom]]'', ''[[Dunki (film)|Dunki]]'', and ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]''.<ref>{{cite news|author=ETimes.in|title=Christmas 2023: From 'Salaar' to 'Neru,' dive into the holiday movie extravaganza|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/christmas-2023-from-salaar-to-neru-dive-into-the-holiday-movie-extravaganza/photostory/105994850.cms|access-date=20 December 2023|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=14 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220212638/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/christmas-2023-from-salaar-to-neru-dive-into-the-holiday-movie-extravaganza/photostory/105994850.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media===
The streaming rights of the film were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Krishna|first=Gayathri|title=Mohanlal could only watch Jailer and Joaquin Phoenix's Napoleon this year; here is why|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-could-only-watch-jailer-and-joaquin-phoenixs-napolean-this-year-here-is-why/6bac78d581283|publisher=[[OTT Play]]|access-date=20 December 2023|date=16 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220212640/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-could-only-watch-jailer-and-joaquin-phoenixs-napolean-this-year-here-is-why/6bac78d581283|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was premiered on Disney+ Hotstar from 23 January 2024.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=23 January 2024 |title=Mohanlal's Neru is now streaming on this OTT platform |url=https://www.123telugu.com/mnews/mohanlals-neru-is-now-streaming-on-this-ott-platform.html |website=123telugu.com|date=23 January 2024 }}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''Neru'' received positive reviews from critics.

Anna Mathews of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave 4.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that Mohanlal's and Siddique's David-Goliath battle "keeps viewers on the edge of their seats and emotional for the full 152-minute duration of the film. You will barely take your eyes off the screen" and noted that the film merits from its realistic story, "nonetheless, it is no less massy, and will appeal to all audiences". She also praised the cast, particularly Mohanlal's "superb subdued performance".<ref>{{cite news|last=Mathews|first=Anna|date=21 December 2023|title=Neru: Seeking Justice Movie Review : Mohanlal-Jeethu combo delivers superb legal drama|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/neru-seeking-justice/movie-review/106180305.cms|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221113032/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movie-reviews/neru-seeking-justice/movie-review/106180305.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Sajin Shrijith of ''The New Indian Express'' rated 3.5 out of 5 stars, describing it a "sensitive, insightful legal drama with an unwavering focus", acknowledging the makers for ensuring "Mohanlal's presence doesn't take the limelight away from Anaswara and the issues addressed". He singled out the performances of Mohanlal, Anaswara and Siddique, and praised the makers for exploring "various intricacies of the legal system" and its call for increased sensitivity from the public.<ref>{{cite news|last=Shrijith|first=Sajin|title='Neru' film review: Sensitive, insightful legal drama with an unwavering focus|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/dec/22/neru-film-review-sensitive-insightful-legal-drama-with-an-unwavering-focus-2643870.html|access-date=22 December 2023|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=22 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222131459/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2023/dec/22/neru-film-review-sensitive-insightful-legal-drama-with-an-unwavering-focus-2643870.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Sowmya Rajendran of ''[[Moneycontrol]]'' stated that "the screenplay is so fast-paced and the performances so superlative that ''Neru'' is almost always riveting even when it takes cinematic liberties".<ref>{{cite web|last=Rajendran|first=Sowmya|title=Neru review: Jeethu Joseph and Mohanlal are back with a satisfying courtroom drama|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/entertainment/neru-review-jeethu-joseph-mohanlal-are-back-11942901.html|publisher=[[Moneycontrol]]|access-date=22 December 2023|date=22 December 2023}}</ref> K. Janani of ''[[India Today]]'' gave 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Neru'' is a riveting courtroom drama that holds your attention throughout. And to have Mohanlal belting out dialogues on consent, women's rights and victim-shaming makes this film a worthy addition to the long list of women empowerment films."<ref>{{cite news|last=Janani|first=K.|date=21 December 2023|title=Neru Movie Review: Mohanlal delivers compelling courtroom drama with few misses|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/neru-movie-review-mohanlal-delivers-compelling-courtroom-drama-with-few-misses-2478841-2023-12-21|work=[[India Today]]|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221195527/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/neru-movie-review-mohanlal-delivers-compelling-courtroom-drama-with-few-misses-2478841-2023-12-21|url-status=live}}</ref> S. R. Praveen of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said the film "almost delivers a cathartic high" and that "Mohanlal is back to form with an understated performance, while Jeethu Joseph has found his mojo in this mostly riveting legal drama".<ref>{{cite news|last=Praveen|first=S. R.|title='Neru' movie review: Jeethu Joseph and Mohanlal's courtroom drama almost delivers a cathartic high|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/neru-movie-review-jeethu-joseph-and-mohanlals-courtroom-drama-almost-delivers-a-cathartic-high/article67661846.ece|access-date=22 December 2023|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=21 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221135645/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/neru-movie-review-jeethu-joseph-and-mohanlals-courtroom-drama-almost-delivers-a-cathartic-high/article67661846.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Nirmal Narayanan of ''[[International Business Times|International Business Times India]]'' commented that "''Neru'' is not a fully-fledged commercial entertainer. But it is an emotional courtroom drama which will make you thrill until the credit starts rolling". He particularly praised the acting of Mohanlal and Anaswara, and the background score.<ref>{{cite news|last=Narayanan|first=Nirmal|title=Neru Malayalam movie review: Mohanlal and Anaswara Rajan shines in courtroom drama|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/neru-malayalam-movie-review-mohanlal-anaswara-rajan-shines-courtroom-drama-864845|access-date=22 December 2023|work=[[International Business Times]]|date=21 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222131459/https://www.ibtimes.co.in/neru-malayalam-movie-review-mohanlal-anaswara-rajan-shines-courtroom-drama-864845|url-status=live}}</ref> Pavithra A. of ''[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]'' called it an "engaging courtroom drama" and concluded that "Jeethu Joseph's touch is evident throughout the film, reminding me of ''Drishyam'' and its sequel". She praised Mohanlal, Anaswara, and Siddique and rated 3 out of 5 stars.<ref>{{cite news|last=A.|first=Pavithra|title='Neru' review: An engaging courtroom drama|url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/12/21/neru-review-an-engaging-courtroom-drama.html|access-date=22 December 2023|work=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=22 December 2023|archive-date=21 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221145444/https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2023/12/21/neru-review-an-engaging-courtroom-drama.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rating 3 out of 5 stars, Cris from ''[[The News Minute]]'' described it a "poignant court drama" and added that "despite its amateurish setting, ''Neru'' becomes an important film with a few careful arguments, strongly worded and delivered by its key actors, from Mohanlal to Anaswara Rajan".<ref>{{cite news|author=Cris|title=Neru review: Mohanlal is no-nonsense in Jeethu Joseph's poignant court drama|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/neru-review-mohanlal-is-no-nonsense-in-jeethu-josephs-poignant-court-drama|access-date=22 December 2023|work=[[The News Minute]]|date=21 December 2023|archive-date=22 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222131459/https://www.thenewsminute.com/kerala/neru-review-mohanlal-is-no-nonsense-in-jeethu-josephs-poignant-court-drama|url-status=live}}</ref>

Swathi P. Ajith of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' wrote, "''Neru'' is undeniably a satisfying and enjoyable watch, marking a successful return for Mohanlal in more serious roles. Witnessing Mohanlal portraying a lawyer and participating in thrilling courtroom debates for the case is truly refreshing."<ref>{{Cite web |last=P. Ajith |first=Swathi |date=21 December 2023 |title='Neru': Mohanlal's courtroom drama explores the emotional turmoil of legal battles {{!}} Movie review |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/12/21/neru-malayalam-movie-review-mohanlal-jeethu-joseph.html |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=Onmanorama |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221195528/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2023/12/21/neru-malayalam-movie-review-mohanlal-jeethu-joseph.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Anandu Suresh of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote that Mohanlal's performance makes the "150-minute runtime feel less prolonged. By fully immersing himself in the narrative and the filmmaker’s vision, Mohanlal avoids letting his star persona become a burden to the story. He adeptly portrays the role of Vijayamohan with precision, balancing the character’s vulnerability and abilities without overshadowing Vijayamohan’s ordinary nature".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suresh |first=Anandu |date=21 December 2023 |title=Neru movie review: Mohanlal has started his journey back |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/neru-movie-review-mohanlal-has-started-his-journey-back-9077471/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |access-date=21 December 2023 |archive-date=21 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231221195527/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/neru-movie-review-mohanlal-has-started-his-journey-back-9077471/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Netizens pointed out that the film has similarities with the plot and climax scenes of ''[[Sketch Artist II: Hands That See]],'' and that this is an inspired remake of it.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Is Mohanlal starrer 'Neru' strangely similar to the Hollywood movie 'Sketch Artist II'? |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/12/31/neru-mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-movie-inspiration-sketch-artist-hollywood-movie0.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231110742/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/12/31/neru-mohanlal-jeethu-joseph-movie-inspiration-sketch-artist-hollywood-movie0.html |archive-date=31 December 2023 |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=OnManorama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohanlal's Neru inspired by a Courteney Cox film? Netizens left baffled by this Hollywood thriller's resemblances to Jeethu Joseph's superhit |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlals-neru-inspired-by-a-courteney-cox-film-netizens-left-baffled-by-this-hollywood-thrillers-resemblances-to-jeethu-josephs-superhit/7b72642340443 |access-date= |website=OTTPlay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-29 |title=Neru: Is Mohanlal's Legal Drama Inspired By a Courteney Cox Television Film? Here's What We Know! (Watch Video) {{!}} 🎥 LatestLY |url=https://www.latestly.com/entertainment/south/neru-is-mohanlals-legal-drama-inspired-by-a-courteney-cox-television-film-heres-what-we-know-watch-video-5658820.html |access-date= |website=LatestLY |language=en}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Neru'' collected {{INR}}30 crore worldwide in 5 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |title='Neru' box office collection: This Mohanlal-starrer crosses Rs 30 crore worldwide |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2023/12/26/neru-mohanlal-movie-total-gross-collection-rs-30-crore-worldwide.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.onmanorama.com}}</ref> It reached the {{INR}}50 crore mark within 8 days of its release.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-30 |title=Mohanlal's Neru Enters Rs 50-Crore Club In Just 8 Days |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/mohanlals-neru-enters-rs-50-crore-club-in-just-8-days-8722601.html |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> The film crossed {{INR}}60 crore globally in 11 days.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Web Desk |date=2023-12-31 |title=നേര്: 11 ദിവസം 60 കോടി; ഇത് മോഹൻലാലിന്റെ വമ്പൻ തിരിച്ചുവരവ് |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/movies/mohanlals-neru-crosses-60-crore-rupees-box-office-report-241268 |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> The film grossed {{INR}}75.25 crore on its 15th day with an overseas collection of {{INR}}29.50 crore and a domestic gross of {{INR}}45.75 crore.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-07 |title='Neru' box office collections day 15: Mohanlal starrer mints more than Rs 38 crores |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/neru-box-office-collections-day-15-mohanlal-starrer-mints-more-than-rs-38-crores/articleshow/106609466.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-14 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film reached the {{INR}}80 crore mark in 18 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=നൂറു കോടി ക്ലബ്ബിലേക്ക് 'നേര്'; ഇതുവരെ നേടിയത് 80 കോടി |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2024/01/08/neru-enters-80-crore-club-within-its-third-week.html |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=www.manoramaonline.com}}</ref> The film has grossed {{INR}}84.50 crore worldwide by collecting {{INR}}51.50 crore from India and {{INR}}33 crore from overseas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=honey |title=നേട്ടമുണ്ടാക്കുന്ന നേര്, വിദേശത്ത് മോഹൻലാല്‍ ചിത്രം നേടിയതിന്റെ കണക്കുകള്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/box-office/mohanlal-starrer-neru-overseas-collection-report-out-earns-more-than-33-crore-hrk-s773ql |access-date=2024-01-14 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref> In its final theatrical run, ''Neru'' grossed {{INR}}86 crore worldwide.<ref name="an" /><ref name="toi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=nithya |title='നേര്' നാളെ ഒടിടിയിൽ; കേരളത്തിലെ എക്കാലത്തെലും നാലാമത്തെ ഹിറ്റ്, അജയ്യനായി 2018 ! |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/mohanlal-movie-neru-ott-streaming-from-jan-23rd-on-disney-plus-hotstar-nrn-s7n7y3 |access-date=2024-02-08 |website=Asianet News Network Pvt Ltd |language=ml}}</ref>

==Plagiarism allegations ==
The allegations arose when Deepu K Unni filed a case with the [[Kerala High Court|Kerala HC]],<ref name=":0" /> alleging that [[Jeethu Joseph]] and Santhi Mayadevi had plagiarized the script that he had written. Deepu claimed that he had met Jeethu and Santhi and had narrated the story to him.<ref name="MoneyControl" />

There were reports that ''Neru'' bears a resemblance to the film [[Sketch Artist II: Hands That See|''Sketch Artist II: Hands That See'']], directed by [[Jack Sholder]],<ref name=":1" />
and that it draws inspiration from [[Believe Me: The Abduction of Lisa McVey]], directed by [[Jim Donovan (director)|Jim Donovan]].

==Sequels and spin-offs==
In a pre-release promotional discussion in December 2023, Mohanlal, Jeethu, Santhi, and Antony disclosed that potential sequels to ''Neru'' may occur if the first film proves successful at the box-office. These sequels would explore additional cases handled by Advocate Vijayamohan.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author=[[Aashirvad Cinemas]]|title=Truth Unveiled – With The Cast Of Neru {{!}} Mohanlal {{!}} Jeethu Joseph {{!}} Antony Perumbavoor {{!}} Anaswara|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVuyYA8KkCY&ab_channel=AashirvadCinemas|publisher=YouTube|access-date=20 December 2023|date=17 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220212637/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VVuyYA8KkCY&ab_channel=AashirvadCinemas|url-status=live}}</ref> Mohanlal also mentioned the possibility of spin-offs centered around other characters.<ref>{{cite web|last=Menon|first=Akhila|title=Mohanlal confirms Neru spin-off – 5 Malayalam film franchises that brought back famous characters to the silver screen|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-confirms-neru-spin-off-5-malayalam-film-franchises-that-brought-back-famous-characters-to-the-silver-screen/45a5711ac8215|publisher=[[OTT Play]]|access-date=20 December 2023|date=17 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220212638/https://www.ottplay.com/news/mohanlal-confirms-neru-spin-off-5-malayalam-film-franchises-that-brought-back-famous-characters-to-the-silver-screen/45a5711ac8215|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result !! Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3"| [[69th Filmfare Awards South]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film]]
| ''Neru''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3"| <ref>{{Cite web|title=Full list of Winners of the 69th SOBHA Filmfare Awards South (Malayalam) 2024|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/full-list-of-winners-of-the-69th-sobha-filmfare-awards-south-malayalam-2024_-67629.html|website=filmfare.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director]]
| [[Jeethu Joseph]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam|Best Supporting Actress]]
| [[Anaswara Rajan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[12th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress]]
| [[Anaswara Rajan]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Film – Malayalam|Best Film]]
| ''Neru''
| rowspan="5" {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" | <ref>{{Cite web|title=SIIMA Awards 2024 full list of nominees: Dasara, Jailer, Kaatera, 2018 top the list|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/others/siima-awards-2024-full-list-of-nominees-dasara-jailer-kaatera-2018-top-the-list-101721228225405.html|website=hindustantimes.com}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Director – Malayalam|Best Director]]
| [[Jeethu Joseph]]
|-
| [[SIIMA for Best Actor – Malayalam|Best Actor]]
| [[Mohanlal]]
|-
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role
| [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
|-
| Best Lyricist
| [[Vinayak Sasikumar]] – "Roohe"
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{Jeethu Joseph}}
{{Aashirvad Cinemas}}

[[Category:Aashirvad Cinemas films]]
[[Category:Indian courtroom films]]
[[Category:Indian legal drama films]]
[[Category:Films about lawyers]]
[[Category:Films about blind people in India]]
[[Category:Films about rape in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:Films directed by Jeethu Joseph]]

Krishna Kanth

2026-04-25T10:16:05Z

Bhatti21:

{{Short description|Telugu lyricist}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=January 2024}}
{{Notability|date=May 2024}}{{prose|date=June 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
'''Krishna Kanth''' is an Indian lyricist who works in [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.<ref name="KK DC">{{Cite web |title=Words for the contemporary listener |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/krishna-kanth-who-has-penned-the-lyrics-for-maate-vinadhuga-from-taxiwaala-discusses-writing-for-telugu-cinema/article25525916.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091054/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/tollywood/210216/new-lyricist-on-the-block.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2023 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{{Infobox person
| name = Krishna Kanth
| birth_place = [[Suryapet]], [[Telangana]]
| occupation = Lyricist
| years_active = 2012–present
}}

== Personal life ==

Krishna Kanth hails from [[Suryapet]], [[Telangana]].<ref name = "KK DC" />

==Discography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! scope="col" style="width: 250px;" | Title
! scope="col" style="width: 200px;" | Composer
! class = "unsortable" | Song(s)
! class = "unsortable" | Ref(s)
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2012 || ''[[Andala Rakshasi]]'' || [[Radhan]] || "Ne Ninnu Chera", "Vennante" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2pAVF1q5XzPoDy2yINgOjg | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Andala Rakshasi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611142921/https://open.spotify.com/album/2pAVF1q5XzPoDy2yINgOjg }}</ref>
|-
| ''Cinemakeldham Randi'' || Shravan || "Sala Sala", "Dochey", "Chindeyyraa", "Okkasaari" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiancine.ma/BEAA/info | website = indiancine.ma | title = Cinemakeldham Randi | access-date = 25 March 2024 | url-status = live | archive-date = 25 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240325102950/https://indiancine.ma/BEAA/info}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "5" | 2013 || ''Eyy'' || Shravan || "Eyy", "Nee Venakale", "Koke", "Nee Venakale Remix" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/090ju0lX8DaY8To8XXKavB | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Eyy | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611142920/https://open.spotify.com/album/090ju0lX8DaY8To8XXKavB }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Alias Janaki]]'' || Shravan || "Aranyamantha" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/44EvH7Pio8GlObfHJo92YZ | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Alias Janaki | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611143419/https://open.spotify.com/album/44EvH7Pio8GlObfHJo92YZ }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kamina (film)|Kamina]]'' || Agastya || "Aata Paata" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2MW8xd289AaZG6i9FinCX7 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Kamina | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611145442/https://open.spotify.com/album/2MW8xd289AaZG6i9FinCX7 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prema Ishq Kaadhal]]'' || Shravan || "Tulle Tulle", "Tulle Tulle - Remix Version" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0Rl19vaibNaG5hAulfbqUO | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Prema Ishq Kaadhal (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611145438/https://open.spotify.com/album/0Rl19vaibNaG5hAulfbqUO }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Second Hand (2013 film)|Second Hand]]'' || Ravi Chandra || "Jo Tera Hi Ho Mera Hai" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/6kVIIhTumFteiVDmafaert | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Second Hand | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611145439/https://open.spotify.com/album/6kVIIhTumFteiVDmafaert }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "6" | 2015 || ''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]'' || [[Ghibran]] || "Yemaiyindhi Vela" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/40ZD30C0U15IPhgdPKeFh4 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Jil | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611155611/https://open.spotify.com/album/40ZD30C0U15IPhgdPKeFh4 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Dohchay]]'' || [[Sunny M.R.|Sunny M. R.]] || "Nacchite Ye Panaina", "Raanaa", "He Is Mr. Mosagadu" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2G7TmQiXWpaKXxIkOvK6kW | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Dohchay | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611154939/https://open.spotify.com/album/2G7TmQiXWpaKXxIkOvK6kW }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mosagallaku Mosagadu (2015 film)|Mosagallaku Mosagaadu]]'' || Manikanth Kadri || "Naavaadai" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/4TAbcjR5NCglgxqy8O2Ifp | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Mosagallaku Mosagaadu | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611154937/https://open.spotify.com/album/4TAbcjR5NCglgxqy8O2Ifp }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Asura (2015 film)|Asura]]'' || [[Sai Karthik]] || "Peru Theliyani", "Sukumaara" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2U2ypPNJFW6L6QjhfZlA50 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Asura | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611160122/https://open.spotify.com/album/2U2ypPNJFW6L6QjhfZlA50 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kumari 21F|Kumari 21 F]]'' || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || "Baby U Gonna Miss Me" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0j9Vp2crMI3DB942oviGvc | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Kumari 21 F | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611160122/https://open.spotify.com/album/0j9Vp2crMI3DB942oviGvc }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhale Manchi Roju]]'' || [[Sunny M.R.|Sunny M. R.]] || "Ningi Needera", "Mila Mila", "Evari Roopo", "Vareva Ore Maccha", "Bhale Manchi Roju" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2JtkcHqsUWgS1UBQvHtoEj | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Bhale Manchi Roju | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611160123/https://open.spotify.com/album/2JtkcHqsUWgS1UBQvHtoEj }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 2016 || ''[[Soggade Chinni Nayana]]'' || [[Anup Rubens]] || "Addhira Banna" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0dT8cdBHjA4UaTQbu8fT8u | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Soggade Chinni Nayana | access-date = 11 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 11 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230611162423/https://open.spotify.com/album/0dT8cdBHjA4UaTQbu8fT8u }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Krishna Gaadi Veera Prema Gaadha|Krishnagadi Veera Prema Gaadha]]'' || [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] || "Rara Ravera", "Nuvvante Na Navvu", "Krishnagadi Veera Prema Gaadha", "Ulikipadaku Ulikipadaku", "Aa Seetha Devainaa" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2VRXANJqnWPcFlZVAbO1PK | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Krishnagadi Veera Prema Gaadha | access-date = 18 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230618055239/https://open.spotify.com/album/2VRXANJqnWPcFlZVAbO1PK }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Guntur Talkies]]'' || [[Sricharan Pakala]] || "Oo Suvarna" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2KDn9dNFVNiQZRfNBeKyb9 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Guntur Talkies | access-date = 18 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230618055243/https://open.spotify.com/album/2KDn9dNFVNiQZRfNBeKyb9 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gentleman (2016 film)|Gentleman]]'' || [[Mani Sharma]] || "Dintaka Dintaka", "Saturday Night Fever" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/5pDP183RRSwga8C5XNtRCL | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Gentleman | access-date = 18 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230618055238/https://open.spotify.com/album/5pDP183RRSwga8C5XNtRCL }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "13" | 2017 || ''[[Mister (film)|Mister]]'' || [[Mickey J. Meyer]] || "Kanulake Teliyani", "Kadile Lokam Mottham", "Sayyori Sayyori", "Jhoomore Jhoomore" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/4rb61afIfMMr5GHKMh0ea4 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Mister | access-date = 18 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230618151049/https://open.spotify.com/album/4rb61afIfMMr5GHKMh0ea4 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Radha (2017 film)|Radha]]'' || [[Radhan]] || "Kaakki Chokka" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/1jmY85fgQp1zXKTwGJoLla | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Radha | access-date = 18 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230618151050/https://open.spotify.com/album/1jmY85fgQp1zXKTwGJoLla }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Darsakudu|Darshakudu]]'' || [[Sai Karthik]] || "Aakasam Dinchi" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2O40m41uO5hDK5GqSMIgQ3 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Darshakudu | access-date = 18 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230618151048/https://open.spotify.com/album/2O40m41uO5hDK5GqSMIgQ3 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lie (film)|LIE]]'' || [[Mani Sharma]] || "Miss Sunshine", "Laggam Time", "Freedom" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/5qpZDTqwLtGVwWlSz8TcHV | website = [[Spotify]] | title = LIE | access-date = 20 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 20 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230720144818/https://open.spotify.com/album/5qpZDTqwLtGVwWlSz8TcHV }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kathalo Rajakumari|Kadhalo Rajakumari]]'' || [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] || "Nallani Kanulalo", "Ye Piduguki", "Manase Thalupe", "Marala Raaa" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kadhalo-rajakumari/KXs,sTvn9m0_ | website = [[JioSaavn]] | title = Kadhalo Rajakumari | date = 7 July 2017 | access-date = 18 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230618154646/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/kadhalo-rajakumari/KXs,sTvn9m0_ }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mahanubhavudu]]'' || [[Thaman S]] || "Mahanubhavudu", "Kiss Me Baby", "Rendu Kallu", "Kiss Me Baby - Extra Bit" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/3yHE6lJWpLm1LTXNmSLfwC | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Mahanubhavudu | access-date = 18 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230618154646/https://open.spotify.com/album/3yHE6lJWpLm1LTXNmSLfwC }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Next Nuvve]]'' || [[Sai Karthik]] || "Ala Meda Mida" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/12K79LD48hiM3QKbE4pNrI | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Next Nuvve | access-date = 18 June 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 June 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230618154645/https://open.spotify.com/album/12K79LD48hiM3QKbE4pNrI }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[PSV Garuda Vega|PSV Garudavega]]'' || [[Sricharan Pakala]] || "Premale" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/1vZRDJKxBV3QxJ8RTjiZI5 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = PSV Garudavega (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 2 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230704052059/https://open.spotify.com/album/1vZRDJKxBV3QxJ8RTjiZI5 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[London Babulu]]'' || [[K (composer)|K]] || "Babu Jabu Vachera", "Ekkada Ekkada", "Nightu Nine", "Thirigi Thirigi", "Paapam Pilladevaro" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/4WcUwPJWFESWAFDpH3kRkw | website = [[Spotify]] | title = London Babulu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 2 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 22 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190122125839/https://open.spotify.com/album/4WcUwPJWFESWAFDpH3kRkw }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Balakrishnudu]]'' || [[Mani Sharma]] || "Entha Varalaina" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/6styXxEbzOhsPPVkZZEO6j | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Balakrishnudu | access-date = 2 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 1 January 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200101152034/https://open.spotify.com/album/6styXxEbzOhsPPVkZZEO6j }}</ref>
|-
| ''June 1:43'' || Shravan || "Friendship", "Ninnu Chudaganey", "Nelavanka", "Maradala", "Rara Macha" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2l1xkdOMpNQwrG8WmQ9d6n | website = [[Spotify]] | title = June 1:43 | access-date = 2 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 7 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190507191714/https://open.spotify.com/album/2l1xkdOMpNQwrG8WmQ9d6n }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jawaan]]'' || [[Thaman S]] || "Intiki Okkadu Kavale", "Aunanaa Kaadanaa" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/6yEtQXqcYzU1KXTdAJ1w8e | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Jawaan | access-date = 2 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 2 June 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220602135050/https://open.spotify.com/album/6yEtQXqcYzU1KXTdAJ1w8e }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Malli Raava]]'' || Shravan Bharadwaj || "MalliRaava", "Chinuku", "Welcome Back to Love", "Ennadu", "Adugasale", "Chinuku - Reprise", "MalliRaava - Reprise", "Telsi Telsi" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/3KVVqkb5BL1bRvn1fy9v7G | website = [[Spotify]] | title = MalliRaava (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 2 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230704052135/https://open.spotify.com/album/3KVVqkb5BL1bRvn1fy9v7G }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "7" | 2018 || ''[[Thaanaa Serndha Koottam|Gang]]'' || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] || "Chitike" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/3pwZQnllCyKhoEeRHnTQdB | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Gang (Telugu) (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 2 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 13 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190113090235/https://open.spotify.com/album/3pwZQnllCyKhoEeRHnTQdB }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Awe (film)|Awe]]'' || Mark K. Robin || "Theme Of Awe" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/6TKAhXyu2u5DTcXVy0xhQi | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Theme of Awe (From "Awe") | access-date = 2 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230704052059/https://open.spotify.com/album/6TKAhXyu2u5DTcXVy0xhQi }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chal Mohan Ranga]]'' || [[Thaman S]] || "Ga Gha Megha" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/54wYCHVoW2LZ6mJ9udB206 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Chal Mohan Ranga | access-date = 2 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 7 May 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220507181827/https://open.spotify.com/album/54wYCHVoW2LZ6mJ9udB206 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Krishnarjuna Yudham]]'' || [[Hiphop Tamizha]] || "Thaaney Vachhindhanaa" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/thaaney-vachhindhanaa/HwIzSRtZc0k | website = [[JioSaavn]] | title = Thaaney Vachhindhanaa | access-date = 25 March 2024 | url-status = live | archive-date = 25 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240325104718/https://www.jiosaavn.com/song/thaaney-vachhindhanaa/HwIzSRtZc0k}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Ee Nagaraniki Emaindhi]]'' || [[Vivek Sagar]] || "Aagi Aagi" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/4MkKodjpwHZ6sjA0q5pyr4 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Ee Nagaraniki Emaindi | access-date = 6 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 29 June 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210629103256/https://open.spotify.com/album/4MkKodjpwHZ6sjA0q5pyr4 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Taxiwaala]]'' || [[Jakes Bejoy]] || "Maate Vinadhuga", "Ladies And Gentlemen", "Crazy Car", "Neeve Neeve", "Maate Vinadhuga - Official Remix" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/287bcBsBqqod9rNEsITpJN | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Taxiwaala | access-date = 5 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190504142839/https://open.spotify.com/album/287bcBsBqqod9rNEsITpJN }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Padi Padi Leche Manasu]]'' || [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] || "Padi Padi Leche", "Kallolam", "Hrudhayam Jaripe", "Emai Poyave", "O My Lovely Lalana", "Urike Cheli Chilaka" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/5yaWNdlJB8FoxwbngILePz | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Padi Padi Leche Manasu | access-date = 6 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 3 May 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190503183535/https://open.spotify.com/album/5yaWNdlJB8FoxwbngILePz }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "4" | 2019 || ''[[Jersey (2019 film)|Jersey]]'' || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] || All songs ||
|-
|| ''[[Dear Comrade]]'' || [[Justin Prabhakaran]] || "Yetu Pone" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2Dm5RqMxec1kI17G2awogs | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Dear Comrade | access-date = 20 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 August 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190818014522/https://open.spotify.com/album/2Dm5RqMxec1kI17G2awogs }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Saaho]]'' || [[Guru Randhawa]] || "Ye Chota Nuvvunna" || rowspan = "2" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/1mZYQfcWj83VOe1v7wpYMr | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Saaho | access-date = 6 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 2020-01-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200102094013/https://open.spotify.com/album/1mZYQfcWj83VOe1v7wpYMr }}</ref>
|-
| [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy|Shankar-Ehsaan-Loy]] || "Baby Won't You Tell Me"
|-
| rowspan = "2" | 2020 || ''[[HIT: The First Case]]'' || [[Vivek Sagar]] || "Poraatame", "Ventaade Gaayam" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/6gpS0sLgROMwGQ2TcNmF8c | website = [[Spotify]] | title = HIt (Original motion picture soundtrack) | access-date = 17 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 31 October 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201031071656/https://open.spotify.com/album/6gpS0sLgROMwGQ2TcNmF8c }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[V (2020 film)|V]]'' || [[Amit Trivedi]] || "Baby Touch Me Now" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0LZ7Syqm3P0rk1obKwMGI2 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = V | access-date = 3 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 14 July 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220714015500/https://open.spotify.com/album/0LZ7Syqm3P0rk1obKwMGI2 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "3" | 2021 || ''[[Paagal]]'' || [[Radhan]] || "Ee Single Chinnode", "Aagave Nuvvagave" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/6zBVl8SjdVihStRSilxToe | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Paagal | access-date = 20 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 20 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230720144211/https://open.spotify.com/album/6zBVl8SjdVihStRSilxToe }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Gamanam (2021 film)|Gamanam]]'' || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || "Entha Entha Choosinaa", "Song Of Life", "Chithrala Jagamidi Lera" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/7xiga9ZHkHBAyco08MvHii | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Gamanam | access-date = 3 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 13 December 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211213132033/https://open.spotify.com/album/7xiga9ZHkHBAyco08MvHii }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Shyam Singha Roy]]'' || [[Mickey J. Meyer]] || "Rise of Shyam", "Edo Edo" ||
|-
| rowspan = "9" | 2022 || ''[[Radhe Shyam]]'' || [[Justin Prabhakaran]] || "Sanchari", "Nagumomu Thaarale", "Ee Raathale", "Ninnele" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0oqXFsTVJInCqJJJAn7wel | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Radhe Shyam | access-date = 3 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 13 March 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220313003129/https://open.spotify.com/album/0oqXFsTVJInCqJJJAn7wel }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vikram (2022 film)|Vikram Hitlist]]'' || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] || "Porata Simham" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2xfHm4julom1Ip3QwpHXFZ | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Vikram Hitlist (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 20 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 7 July 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220707145421/https://open.spotify.com/album/2xfHm4julom1Ip3QwpHXFZ }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Sita Ramam]]'' || [[Vishal Chandrashekhar]] || "Inthandham", "Oh Prema", "Yevarini Adaganu", "Tharali Tharali", "Ninnati Theepi" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/5d0eh1FoU7tOYEnHLohjjv | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Sita Ramam (Telugu) [Extended Version] (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 3 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 22 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220922075803/https://open.spotify.com/album/5d0eh1FoU7tOYEnHLohjjv }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Macherla Niyojakavargam]]'' || Mahati Swara Sagar || "Adirindey", "Pori Superoo" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0vmPeQ5LGcxcgPtt3JJ6ZP | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Macherla Niyojakavargam | access-date = 28 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 28 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230728144505/https://open.spotify.com/album/0vmPeQ5LGcxcgPtt3JJ6ZP}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oke Oka Jeevitham]]'' || [[Jakes Bejoy]] || "Okate Kadhaa" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/56audzLaEYZu9aEPuer3k3 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Sita Ramam (Telugu) [Extended Version] (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 6 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 6 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230706171435/https://open.spotify.com/album/56audzLaEYZu9aEPuer3k3 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Vendhu Thanindhathu Kaadu|The Life of Muthu]]'' || [[A. R. Rahman]] || "Ninne Thaladanne", "Malle Poovu" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/72dzyOkLrt83l7G3znCn97 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = The Life of Muthu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 3 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230704052059/https://open.spotify.com/album/72dzyOkLrt83l7G3znCn97 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Urvasivo Rakshasivo]]'' || [[Achu Rajamani|Achu]] || "Kalisunte" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/4UOaieH1w94I6yB4G1c9K1 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Urvasivo Rakshasivo | access-date = 17 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 14 May 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230514101427/https://open.spotify.com/album/4UOaieH1w94I6yB4G1c9K1 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[HIT: The Second Case]]'' || [[M. M. Srilekha]] || "Urike Urike" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/7r8A3HBoG7OvQUEBjecUe1 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Urike Urike (From "Hit 2") | access-date = 17 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 16 March 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230316081743/https://open.spotify.com/album/7r8A3HBoG7OvQUEBjecUe1 }}</ref>
|-
| Suresh Bobbili || "Poratame 2" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2kqcAcUM7vO6y6Rj3tqxBr | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Poratame 2 (From "Hit 2") | access-date = 17 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 17 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230717082237/https://open.spotify.com/album/2kqcAcUM7vO6y6Rj3tqxBr }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "16" | 2023 || ''[[Kalyanam Kamaneeyam (film)|Kalyanam Kamaneeyam]]'' || Shravan Bharadwaj || "Oh Manasa", "Ho Egire", "Ayyo Ento", "Wedding Anthem (Promotional Song)", "Tension Tension", "Lokam Motham" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0r7tE7bLKQxaKHOzEYaBUH | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Kalyanam Kamaneeyam | access-date = 3 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230704052100/https://open.spotify.com/album/0r7tE7bLKQxaKHOzEYaBUH }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Virupaksha (film)|Virupaksha]]'' || [[B. Ajaneesh Loknath]] || "Nachavule Nachavule", "Ragile Jwaale" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/7vQjNbwpLh0RNmFihCMiVa | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Virupaksha (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 3 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230704052100/https://open.spotify.com/album/7vQjNbwpLh0RNmFihCMiVa }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Takkar (2023 film)|Takkar]]'' || [[Nivas K. Prasanna]] || "Rainbow Chivarey", "Nuvvo Sagam", "Pedhavulu Veedi Maunam", "Kayyaale", "Oopirey" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2cdCBTWoE3qACwegzwbBHt | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Takkar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 3 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230704052101/https://open.spotify.com/album/2cdCBTWoE3qACwegzwbBHt }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Samajavaragamana (film)|Samajavaragamana]]'' || [[Gopi Sundar]] || "Humsafar" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0vYWeWvhip93WkwleOx566 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Samajavaragamana | access-date = 3 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 4 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230704052601/https://open.spotify.com/album/0vYWeWvhip93WkwleOx566 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Bhaag Saale]]'' || [[Kaala Bhairava]] || "Kootha Ramp" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/5vrjYTLKekh4Bv6jWyyQFt | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Bhaag Saale | access-date = 10 July 2023 | url-status = live | archive-date = 10 July 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230710172150/https://open.spotify.com/album/5vrjYTLKekh4Bv6jWyyQFt}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Rangabali (film)|Rangabali]]'' || Pawan Ch || "Kala Kantu Unte" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/3R0KN0LOhFLGQAALamWSY0 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Rangabali | access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jailer (2023 Tamil film)|Jailer]]'' || [[Anirudh Ravichander]] || "Bandhamele" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/gr/album/jailer-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1701988754 | website = [[Apple Music]] | title = Jailer (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 18 March 2024 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240318162234/https://music.apple.com/gr/album/jailer-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1701988754}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[King of Kotha]]'' || [[Jakes Bejoy]] || "Hallaa Machaare" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/gr/album/king-of-kotha-telugu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1703990988 | website = [[Apple Music]] | title = Jailer (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 18 March 2024 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240318163455/https://music.apple.com/gr/album/king-of-kotha-telugu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1703990988}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mama Mascheendra|Maama Mascheendra]]'' || [[Chaitan Bharadwaj]] || "Gaalullona" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/gr/album/maama-mascheendra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1711257943 | website = [[Apple Music]] | title = Maama Mascheendra (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP | access-date = 18 March 2024 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240318162906/https://music.apple.com/gr/album/maama-mascheendra-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1711257943}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan = "2" | ''[[Chithha|Chinna]]'' || [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]] || "Kaalamedho", "Neeve Swasave" || rowspan = "2" | <ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/in/album/chinna-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1711051278 | website = [[Apple Music]] | title = Chinna (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 19 March 2024 | url-status = live | archive-date = 19 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240319163219/https://music.apple.com/in/album/chinna-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1711051278}}</ref>
|-
| [[Santhosh Narayanan]] || "Needhele"
|-
| ''[[Tiger Nageswara Rao]]'' || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || "Samarale Sariovna" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/3I1ali7c084WyDAtaH4EzW | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Tiger Nageswara Rao (Telugu) | access-date = 13 October 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Breathe'' || Mark K Robin || "Epudepudoo", "Nelakannaa Mundhe" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/4kMLQZxZ3cncJt4RjPCreo | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Breathe (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 7 April 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Hi Nanna]]'' || [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] || "Ammaadi", "Adigaa", "Idhe Idhe", "Chedhu Nijam" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/gr/album/hi-nanna-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1721188515 | website = [[Apple Music]] | title = Hi Nanna (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 18 March 2024 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240318161108/https://music.apple.com/gr/album/hi-nanna-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1721188515}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Extra Ordinary Man]]'' || [[Harris Jayaraj]] || "Danger Pilla" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/gr/album/extra-ordinary-man-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1720740497 | website = [[Apple Music]] | title = Extra Ordinary Man (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP | access-date = 18 March 2024 | url-status = live | archive-date = 18 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240318161945/https://music.apple.com/gr/album/extra-ordinary-man-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1720740497}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Salaar: Part 1 – Ceasefire]]'' || [[Ravi Basrur]] || "Sooreede", "Prathi Gaadhalo", "Vinaraa", "Aaru Sethulunnaa" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/in/album/salaar-cease-fire-telugu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1724206007 | website = [[Apple Music]] | title = Salaar Cease Fire - Telugu (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 19 March 2024 | url-status = live | archive-date = 19 March 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240319161849/https://music.apple.com/in/album/salaar-cease-fire-telugu-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1724206007}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="15" | 2024 || ''[[Saindhav]]'' || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] || "Lekka Maaruddi" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/6Sy6df2X9U15vigNTwd5nO | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Saindhav (Telugu) | access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Eagle (2024 film)|Eagle]]'' || Davzand || "Gallanthe", "Hey Garuda" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0hbuJWwihevOKQI0LKG9YV | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Eagle (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 7 April 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Om Bheem Bush]]'' || [[Sunny M.R.]] || "Dil Dhadke", "Neeli Moha Megham", "Thaalajaalane", "Anuvanuvuu", "The Wedding Song", "Oka Kalalaa" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/5Bf9d0EGx9J7m0xHA9Q3Tr | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Om Bheem Bush | access-date = 13 October 2024 | archive-date = 11 May 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240511095114/https://open.spotify.com/album/5Bf9d0EGx9J7m0xHA9Q3Tr | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prathinidhi 2]]'' || [[Mahati Swara Sagar]] || "Journalist Anthem", "Apudo Ipudo", "Rajuvayyoo" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/5LVv5xN6IIlhKHlmEE60U7 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Pratinidhi 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Manamey]]'' || [[Hesham Abdul Wahab]] || "Oh Manamey" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/2aj78D2jBeddhoWMm73HFZ | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Manmey (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kalki 2898 AD]]'' || [[Santhosh Narayanan]] || "Keshava Madhava (Telugu)" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/7FVfeI4Xa5CgRYKv82goj7 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Kalki 2898 AD (Telugu) | access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Amaran (2024 film)|Amaran]]'' (D) || [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] || "Azadi", "Usure Usure", "Vaane Vaane", "Amara Samara", "Kalave" ||
|-
| ''[[Committee Kurrollu]]'' || [[Anudeep Dev]] || "Aa Rojulu Malli Raavu" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/0XzMCOHyDzksrTMkUOgecu | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Committee Kurrollu | access-date = 13 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Veeranjaneyulu Viharayatra]]''
|RH Vikram
|"O Malupe"
|
|-
| ''[[Double iSmart]]'' || [[Mani Sharma]] || "Mother Song" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/64mcApZWlS2VgKfFRUsLY0 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Double ISMART (Telugu) | access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Saripodhaa Sanivaaram]]'' || [[Jakes Bejoy]]|| "Sa Ri Ma Pa", "Malupero" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/7JKtsiV6oNgr4wGMHpAW0Q | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Saripodhaa Sanivaaram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) | access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Aho Vikramaarka]]''|| [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]] || "Salma" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/748ODHaGVkElXl2KF7ziZj | website = [[Spotify]] | title = Aho Vikramaarka (Telugu) | access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[ARM_(film)|ARM]]'' (D) || [[Dhibu Ninan Thomas]] || "Chimma Cheekatlo", "Ambaraala Veedhilo", "Kaarchichhu", "Chilake" || <ref>{{cite web | url = https://open.spotify.com/album/48xKbCjTCQbQWBoM1dGhK7 | website = [[Spotify]] | title = ARM (Telugu)[Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] | access-date = 20 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Roti Kapda Romance]]''
|Harshavardhan Rameshwar
|"Galeez", "Oh My Friend"
|
|-
|[[Fear (2024 film)|''Fear'']]
|[[Anup Rubens]]
|"Mabbullo Thega Vugelaa", "Fear Title Song"
|
|-
| rowspan="11" |2025
|''[[Neeli Megha Shyama]]''
|Shravan Bharadwaj
|"Neeli Meghamanthata"
|
|-
|''[[14 Days Girlfriend Intlo]]''
|Mark K. Robin
|"Manase"
|
|-
|''[[Dear Uma]]''
|[[Radhan]]
|"Nee Guruthulo"
|
|-
|''[[HIT: The Third Case]]''
|[[Mickey J. Meyer]]
|"Prema Velluva", "Abki Baar Arjun Sarkaar", "Poratame 3.0"
|
|-
|''[[Chaurya Paatham]]''
|Davzand
|"Okkasariga"
|
|-
|''[[Meghalu Cheppina Prema Katha]]''
|[[Justin Prabhakaran]]
|"Saage Nade"
|
|-
|''[[Kingdom (2025 film)|Kingdom]]''
| rowspan="2" |[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|"Hridayam Lopala", "Anna Antene", "Ragile Ragile"
|
|-
|''[[Coolie (2025 film)|Coolie]]''
|"[[Monica (Coolie song)|Monica]]", "Oopirive"
|
|-
|''[[War 2 (film)|War 2]]''
|[[Pritam]]
|"Salam Anali" (Telugu dubbed)
|
|-
|''[[Telusu Kada]]''
|[[Thaman S.]]
|"Mallika Gandha"
|
|-
|''[[Kaantha]]'' - (D)
|Jhanu Chanthar
|"Pasi Manase", "Ammadive"
|
|-
| rowspan="10" | 2025
|''[[Vidaamuyarchi]]''
| [[Anirudh Ravichander]]
| "Pattudala"
|
|-
| ''[[L2: Empuraan]]''
| [[Deepak Dev]]
| "Azrael"
|
|-
| ''[[Robinhood (2025 film)|Robinhood]]''
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| "One More Time"
|
|-
| ''[[Good Bad Ugly]]''
| [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]
| "OG Sambavam"
|
|-
| ''Veeraraju 1991''
| Gagan Baderiya
| "Oore Oogaliley"
|
|-
| ''[[Mirai (2025 film)|Mirai]]''
| Gowra Hari
| "Vibe Undi"
|
|-
| ''[[Gatha Vaibhava]]''
| Judah Sandhy
| "Varnamaala"
|
|-
| ''[[Andhra King Taluka]]''
| [[Vivek–Mervin]]
| "Chinni Gundelo"
|
|-
| ''[[Champion (2025 film)|Champion]]''
| [[Mickey J. Meyer]]
| "I Am a Champion"
|
|-
| ''[[Love OTP]]''
| Anand Raja Vikram
| "Nachesavule"
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2026 || ''[[Mrithyunjay]]''
| [[Kaala Bhairava]]
| "Ee Zindagi", "Kanneere Raadha"
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqSoX4QEs_zxBO05ps2YHf7-i2CY2HSCS|title=Mrithyunjay - Official Playlist|website=YouTube|access-date=30 March 2026}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Bad Boy Karthik]]''
|[[Harris Jayaraj]]
|"Andhamaina Figaru Nuvvaa"
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDB name|6536381}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu-language lyricists]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Geetha Vazhachal

2026-04-22T06:58:55Z

Bhatti21: started a data

{{Short description|Adivasi social activist}}
'''Geetha Vazhachal''' is the first woman to become a chieftain of the [[Kadar people|Kadar tribal community]] in Vazhachal, [[Kerala]], India. She is an [[Anganwadi]] teacher, [[social activist]], and ''moopathi'' (chieftain) of the Kadar community who had been working for the upliftment of the Kadars in the [[Western Ghats]] region.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |last=Thimbath |first=Saumesh |date=2016-11-10 |title=A leader of tribes |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/kochi/2016/Nov/09/a-leader-of-tribes-1536769.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name="keralamuseum">{{Cite web |last=Ashok |first=Rajarajeswari |date=January 11, 2024 |title=A Insider's View on Kadar Community Life in Vazhachal |url=https://keralamuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/A-Insiders-View-on-Kadar-Community-Life-in-Vazhachal-.pdf |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=JANAL archives}}</ref> She played a prominent role in resisting displacement and [[land rights]] violations by state development projects such as the [[Athirappilly]] Hydroelectric Power Project.<ref name="thehindu"/> She led her community to claim Community Forest Rights under the [[The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006|Forest Rights Act of 2006]], which granted them the power to approve or reject projects within their territory.<ref name="mathrubhumi">{{Cite web |date=2023-06-05 |title=വാഴച്ചാൽ ഊരിന്റെ മൂപ്പത്തി, കാട് കാക്കുന്ന ഗീത ആയിരങ്ങളുടെ പ്രതീക്ഷയാണ് |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/world-environment-day-2023/vazhachal-tribal-village-leader-geetha-world-environment-day-2023-1.8616973 |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and background ==
Born in [[Vazhachal]], by the [[Chalakudy River]] in the [[Thrissur district]], Geetha comes from the Kadar community. Her father's family originally hailed from [[Parambikulam]] and her mother from Vazhachal.<ref name="keralamuseum"/> She went to school in [[Pariyaram]] at a convent boarding school,<ref name="keralamuseum2"/> and was the first from her colony to pass class 10.<ref name="thehindu">{{Cite news |date=2016-11-10 |title=Geetha Vazhachal talks about being a tribal chieftain and the impact of the Athirapally Hydel Power Project on the lives of the tribals |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/At-the-head-of-a-struggle/article16441798.ece |access-date=2025-09-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She was on vacation at home when she heard about the imminent Athirappilly Hydroelectric Power Project and decided to do something about it. Having spend time with environmentalists like Madhav Gadgil<ref>{{Cite web |last=MVD |date=2025-03-20 |title=How Gadgil's words empowered a movement |url=https://english.metrovaartha.com/news/kerala/how-gadgils-words-empowered-a-movement |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Metrovaartha- En |language=en}}</ref> and elders in the Kadar community made her determined to speak up for her people legally.

== Social work ==
Geetha began her career as a teacher in the local Anganwadi at the age of 17. She was a member of the Vana Samrakshana Samiti, a community forest management programme functioning under the Forest Development Agency.<ref name="keralamuseum"/><ref name="keralamuseum2">{{Cite web |last=Antony |first=Teena |date=January 9, 2024 |title=From Fishing to the BlackBoard: Educational Experiences of Kadars at Vazhachal |url=https://keralamuseum.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/From-Fishing-to-the-Black-Board_Educational-Experiences-of-Kadars-at-Vazhachal.pdf |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=JANAL archives}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kuttencherry |first1=Antony J |last2=Arunachalam |first2=P |date=2020 |title=ROLE OF TRIBAL VANA SAMRAKSHANA SAMITHI (VSS) MEMBERS IN BUILDING FOREST PROTECTION AND ECO-TOURISM AT VAZHACHAL ECO-TOURISM AREA IN THRISSUR DISTRICT OF KERALA |journal=EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=267–277 |via=eprajournal.com}}</ref> She promoted education and founded a library for the local children.<ref name="keralamuseum2"/>

== Environmental activism ==
Geetha has been leading the struggle to protect the Vazhachal region, especially the Chalakudy River and the surrounding forest. Geetha's advocacy came to national prominence through her opposition to the Athirappilly Hydroelectric Power Project proposed on the Chalakudy River.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TwoCircles.net |date=2017-03-22 |title=We have been displaced thrice, will not allow it again: Geetha, leader of Adivasi resistance against Athirapally dam |url=https://twocircles.net/2017mar22/406643.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=TwoCircles.net |language=en-US}}</ref> The project threatened to displace numerous Kadar families and submerge over a hundred hectares of pristine forest. She worked to raise awareness, mobilise the community, and engage with legal and governmental channels.<ref name="keralamuseum" />

During her tenure, settlements of the Kadar community in Thrissur collectively secured Community Forest Rights (CFR), a measure that contributed to the protection of their ancestral lands from development projects.<ref name="mathrubhumi"/>

== Recognition ==
She is the recipient of P.V. Thampy Memorial Endowment Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2016-11-02 |title=P V Thampy award for tribal activist Geetha Vazhachal |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2016/Nov/02/p-v-thampy-award-for-tribal-activist-geetha-vazhachal-1534040.html |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-18 |title=Tribal leader conferred the 2016 Karma Award |url=https://www.lhrgroup.in/tribal-leader-conferred-the-2016-karma-award/ |access-date=2025-09-14 |website=Leena Group |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vazhachal, Geetha}}
[[Category:Activists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Environmentalism in India]]
[[Category:Adivasi women]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Shravya Rao

2026-04-22T02:57:07Z

Bhatti21: adding new bio w/ refs

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shravya Rao
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2013-present
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| parents = [[Om Prakash Rao]] [[Rekha Das]]
}}
'''Shravya Rao''' is an Indian actress who works in Kannada and Telugu-language films.

== Personal life and career ==
She is the daughter of director [[Om Prakash Rao]] and actress [[Rekha Das]]. She decided against appearing in one her father's directorial and decided to go through auditions. She debuted with ''[[Loosegalu]]'' (2013) and then appeared in ''[[Rose (2014 film)|Rose]]'' (2014) opposite [[Ajay Rao]] in the role of a Brahmin girl.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2013/May/14/it-is-a-sweet-challenge-on-my-dad-shravya-477152.html|title=It is a sweet challenge on my dad: Shravya|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=14 May 2013|access-date=29 October 2024|work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ajai-rao-and-shravya-caught-smooching/articleshow/37318792.cms|title=Ajai Rao and Shravya caught smooching|date=27 June 2014|work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/im-not-in-the-film-industry-because-of-my-dad-shravya/articleshow/37629672.cms|title=I'm not in the film industry because of my dad: Shravya|date=3 July 2014|work= The Times of India}}</ref> Regarding her performance in the film, a critic wrote that "Shravya steals the shows with her brilliant portrayal of Ammu".<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/rose/movie-review/37943272.cms|title=ROSE MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=4 July 2014}}</ref> She then starred in ''[[Katte (film)|Katte]]'' (2015) directed by her father and portrayed the role of a [[girl next door]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Father-daughter duo to work together |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/father-daughter-duo-to-work-together-news-kannada-oh5jwKjefbddb.html |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316152444/http://www.sify.com/movies/father-daughter-duo-to-work-together-news-kannada-oh5jwKjefbddb.html |archivedate=16 March 2018 }}</ref><ref name="K">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/katte/movie-review/46815188.cms|title=Katte Movie Review|date=3 April 2015|first= G S |last=Kumar|work=The Times of India |access-date=29 October 2024}}</ref>

She made her Telugu debut with ''Vanavillu'' (2017).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/sandalwood/190717/resolute-raod-to-success.html|title=Resolute 'Raod' to success|first=Shashiprasad|last=SM|date=19 July 2017|website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> At the request of her father, she starred in ''[[Huccha 2]]'', which was directed by him.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vaishali-replaces-shravya-in-huccha-2/articleshow/21955275.cms?from=mdr |title=Vaishali replaces Shravya in Huccha 2 |date=22 August 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=6 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106131223/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/vaishali-replaces-shravya-in-huccha-2/articleshow/21955275.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=6 November 2023}}</ref> Regarding her performance in the film, a critic noted that she was "cute".<ref name="H">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/huccha-2/movie-review/63644034.cms |title=Huccha 2 Movie Review |date=6 April 2018|work=[[The Times of India]]|language=en|access-date=29 October 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224144925/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/huccha-2/movie-review/63644034.cms |archive-date=24 February 2023}}</ref> She changed her name to Saathvika Rao in 2023 for the film ''Athi I Love You''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/regional-cinema/actress-shravya-rao-changes-her-name-to-saathvika-rao-7713889.html|title=Actress Shravya Rao Changes Her Name To Saathvika Rao|website=News18}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Loosegalu]]'' || || rowspan="5" | [[Kannada]] || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/loosegalu/movie-review/21402088.cms|title=Loosegalu Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Loosegalu|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Rose (2014 film)|Rose]]'' || Amrutha || <ref name="R"/>
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Katte (film)|Katte]]'' || Sandhya || <ref name="K"/>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''Whatsupp Love'' || || Special appearance
|-
| ''Possible'' || Madhu ||
|-
| 2017 || ''Vanavillu'' || Shravya || [[Telugu language|Telugu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2018 || ''[[Huccha 2]]'' || Kushi || rowspan="2" | Kannada || <ref name="H"/>
|-
|''Nanjundi Kalyana'' || Vindhya ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2019 || ''Natana'' || Janaki || Telugu ||
|-
| ''[[Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya]]'' || Aishwarya || rowspan="3" | Kannada || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/yada-yada-hi-dharmasya/movie-review/68631900.cms|title=Yada Yada Hi Dharmasya Movie Review|work=The Times of India|date=29 March 2019|first=Vinay|last=Lokesh|access-date=28 October 2024}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2023 || ''Athi I Love You'' || Athira ||
|-
| ''[[Mayanagari]]'' || Mallika || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/kannada-movie-mayanagari-review-a-plot-with-one-twist-too-many/articleshow/106032954.cms|title=Mayanagari (Kannada) Movie Review: A plot with one twist too many|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|11089608}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Shravya}}
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Vikram Bansiwal

2026-04-22T02:19:15Z

Bhatti21: adding some details from scratch

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{BLP sources|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Vikram Bansiwal
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 3 December 2023
| term_end =
| successor =
| predecessor = [[Mamta Bhupesh]]
| constituency = [[Sikrai Assembly constituency|Sikrai]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| constituency2 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|06|25}}
| birth_place = Aluda Sikrai, [[Dausa district]], Rajasthan
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| parents = Jiyalal Bansiwal (father) Kaushalya Devi (mother)
| party = [[Bhartiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Rajasthan]]
| occupation =
| profession = Business
| education = Bachelor of Arts
| other_party =
}}

'''Vikram Bansiwal''' (born 25 June 1980) is an Indian politician Currently Serving as a Member of the [[16th Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Sikrai Assembly constituency]]. He is member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/sikrai-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470702-2023-12-03 |publisher=[[India Today]] |title=Sikrai Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Vikram Bansiwal wins Sikrai with 91040 votes |date=3 December 2023 |access-date=22 December 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bansiwal, Vikram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Rajasthan-BJP-politician-stub}}

S. Angara

2026-04-21T02:50:29Z

Bhatti21: added the entry first draft!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image = File:S Angara Sullia.jpg
| office1 = Minister of Ports & Inland Transport [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start1 = 21 January 2021
| term_end1 = 13 May 2023
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
| predecessor1 = [[Kota Srinivas Poojary]]
| office2 = Minister of Fisheries [[Government of Karnataka]]
| term_start2 = 21 January 2021
| term_end2 = 13 May 2023
| predecessor2 = [[Kota Srinivas Poojary]]
| 1blankname2 = [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata2 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] [[Basavaraj Bommai]]
| office3 = Member of [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Sullia (Karnataka Assembly constituency)|Sullia]]
| term_start3 = 1994
| term_end3 = 2023
| predecessor3 = K. Kushala
| birth_date = {{Birth_date and age|1964|07|01|df=y}}<ref>myneta</ref><ref>Entranceundia</ref>
| birth_place = [[Amaramudnooru]]<ref>myneta</ref><ref>Entranceundia</ref>
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| children =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater =
| profession =
| sibling =
| website =
}}
'''Sullia Angara''' is an [[Indian people|Indian]] [[politician]] who is the Ex Minister of state for Fisheries, Ports and Inland Transport Department of Karnataka from January 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/karnataka-cabinet-expansion-six-time-sullia-mla-s-angara-finally-gets-nod/articleshow/80247388.cms|title = S Angara: Six-time Sullia MLA S Angara finally gets nod | Mangaluru News - Times of India| newspaper=The Times of India | date=13 January 2021 }}</ref> He is a six term member of the [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]] from Sullia Assembly constituency from the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/karnataka/assembly-constituencies/sullia.html | title=Sitting and previous MLAs from Sullia Assembly Constituency | work=elections.in | accessdate=30 May 2016}}</ref> He is currently minister for second time from 4 August 2021.

==Early life==
Angara was born in Dasanakaje House, [[Amaramudnooru|Amaramudnoor]] Village, [[Sullia taluk|Sullia Taluk]]. His early education was completed in Chokkadi High School.<ref>https://myneta.info/karnataka2013/candidate.php?candidate_id=593, Personal Profile of MLA</ref>

==Political career==
He represented the Sullia constituency from 1994 to 2023.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://myneta.info/karnataka2013/index.php?action=affidavitComparison&myneta_folder2=karnatka2008&id1=593&id2=1721 | title=Karnataka 2013 ANGARA.S (Winner) SULLIA | work=myneta.info | accessdate=30 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/182819/assns-seek-cabinet-berth-angara.html | title=Assns seek cabinet berth for Angara | date=10 August 2011 | newspaper=Deccan Herald | accessdate=22 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka election results 2013 S Angara, sitting BJP MLA from Sullia |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/speednewsshow/19953461.cms |accessdate=30 May 2016 |work=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> He was made a minister of fisheries and ports in 2021. He threatened to resign from politics after denial of ticket from the BJP, but soon professed to work for the party candidate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-15 |title=Karnataka: S Angara takes U-turn on retirement; to work for party candidate in Sullia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/angara-takes-u-turn-on-retirement-to-work-for-party-candidate-in-sullia/articleshow/99507071.cms |access-date=2024-07-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== External links ==
* [http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/members.htm Karnataka Legislative Assembly]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:S., Angara}}
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2004–2007]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Dum aloo

2026-04-19T03:06:28Z

Bhatti21: started stub.

{{short description|Kashmiri fried potato curry}}
{{Copied to Wikibooks Cookbook}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name = Dum aloo
| image = File:Kashmiri_Dum_aloo.jpeg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Dum aloo
| alternate_name = Aloor dum
| place_of_origin = [[Kashmir]]
| region = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Bhojpuri Region]] of [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] of [[India]]
| creator =
| course = Main
| type =
| served =
| main_ingredient = [[Potato]], [[Indian spices]], [[ginger]], [[garlic]], [[onion]], [[herbs]]
| variations =
| calories =
| other =
| national_cuisine = [[Indian cuisine|India]], [[Pakistani cuisine|Pakistan]], [[Bangladeshi cuisine|Bangladesh]]
| alt =
}}

'''Dum aloo''' (also spelled as '''dam aloo''' {{langx|engvar=in|hi| दम आलू|translit=dam ālū}}), '''dum olav''' ({{langx|engvar=in|ks|دَمہٕ اولَو|translit=damü ōlav}}), '''aaloo dam''' ([[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]: 𑂄𑂪𑂳 𑂠𑂧''',''' [[Romanization|romanised]]: ālō dam) '''aloor''' '''dom''' ({{langx|engvar=in|bn|আলুর দম|translit=ālūr dam}}) or '''aloo dum''' ({{langx|engvar=in|or|ଆଳୁ ଦମ|translit=ālū dam}}) is a potato-based [[Curry|curry dish]].

==Etymology==
The word ''dum'' translates to steam-cooked or slow-cooked, while ''aloo'' means potato, so ''dum aloo'' essentially means "steam-cooked potatoes". Note that "steam-cooked" refers to a technique where the potatoes are cooked while sitting in a steaming sauce; they are not "steamed" above boiling water, for example.<ref name=":0" />

==Cuisine==
''Dum aloo'' is a part of the traditional [[Kashmiri Pandit]] [[Kashmiri cuisine|cuisine]], from the [[Kashmir Valley]], in the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/beyond-wazwan-a-peek-into-the-cuisine-of-kashmiri-pandits-1275847 |title=Beyond Wazwan: A Peek into the Cuisine of Kashmiri Pandits |access-date=2016-12-21 |archive-date=2016-12-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221233759/http://food.ndtv.com/opinions/beyond-wazwan-a-peek-into-the-cuisine-of-kashmiri-pandits-1275847 |url-status=dead |first=Shivangana |last=Vasudeva |date=2016-02-16 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rollingpin.me/single-post/2015/10/02/The-Dum-Aloo-trail-from-Kashmir-to-Kolkata |title=The Dum Aloo trail from Kashmir to Kolkata |first=Sunaina Dhir |last=Shivpuri |date=2015-10-02 }}</ref>

''Dum aloo'' is cooked widely in [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Indian Slow Cooker:Getting to Know the Basics of Slow Cooked Indian Kitchen Delicacies |first=Martha |last=Stone |year=2015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KywYBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP16 |page=16 }}</ref>

''Dum aloo'' also has [[Varanasi|Banarasi]] and Bengali variations.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Punjabi|first=Camellia|title=The Great Curries of India|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=1995|pages=148}}</ref>

== Preparation==
The potatoes, usually smaller ones, are first skinned and [[deep fried]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Favourite Traditional Indian Dum Aloo|publisher=Books on Demand|year=2021|isbn=9783753401720|pages=17}}</ref>

Kashmiri dum aloo sauce is made with yogurt or [[Khoa|khoya]], and often includes a cashew nut paste.<ref name=":2" /> The Banarasi variation sauce is typically more aromatic and is made from tomatoes and onions.<ref name=":1" />

Spices such as red chilies, garlic, ginger, cardamom, and fennel, along with other herbs, are added to the sauce.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Sanjeev|title=Desi Aloo|publisher=Popular Prakashan Pvt. Limited|year=2009|pages=61}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Dalal|first=Tarla|title=Moghlai Khana|publisher=Sanjay & Company|year=2007|pages=49}}</ref>

The potatoes are cooked slowly at low flame in the sauce, and can be garnished with coriander.<ref>{{cite web|title='Dama Oluv'|url=http://www.koausa.org/Cookbook/91.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120518011632/http://www.koausa.org/Cookbook/91.html|archive-date=2012-05-18}}
</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stone|first=Martha|title=Indian Slow Cooker: Getting to Know the Basics of Slow Cooked Indian Kitchen Delicacies|publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform|year=2015|isbn=9781506142395}}</ref>

''Dum aloo'' is often paired and served with naan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Manali|title=Vegetarian Indian Cooking with Your Instant Pot|publisher=Page Street Publishing|year=2018|isbn=9781624146459|pages=67}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
* [[List of potato dishes]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibiliography==

==External links==

{{Bangladeshi dishes}}
{{Indian Dishes}}
{{Pakistani dishes}}

[[Category:Kashmiri cuisine]]
[[Category:Indian cuisine]]
[[Category:Potato dishes]]
[[Category:Curry dishes]]
[[Category:Deep fried foods]]
[[Category:Bengali cuisine]]
[[Category:Cuisine of Odisha]]
[[Category:Pakistani cuisine]]

{{india-cuisine-stub}}

Krishna-class training ship

2026-04-09T14:44:39Z

Bhatti21: started new data

{{Short description|Class of future Indian Navy training ships}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = L&T cadet training ship.png
| image_caption = L&T cadet training ship
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/class overview
| name = ''Krishna''-class
| builders = [[Kattupalli Shipyard]], [[Chennai]], India
| operators = [[Indian Navy]]
| class_before = [[INS Tir (A86)|''Tir''-class]]
| class_after =
| subclasses =
| built_range = 2024-
| in_service_range =
| in_commission_range =
| total_ships_building = 3
| total_ships_planned = 3
| total_ships_completed =
| cost = *{{INRConvert|3108.09|c|year=2023|lk=on}} for three ships (FY 2023)
*{{INRConvert|1036|c|year=2023|lk=on}} per ship (FY 2023)
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| type = Cadet Training Ship (CTS)
| tonnage =
| displacement = {{Convert|4700|t|LT|0|lk=on}}
| length = {{Convert|122|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{Convert|18|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught =
| depth =
| hold_depth =
| decks =
| deck_clearance =
| power =
| propulsion = *2 × [[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] C280-12 diesel engines
*Twin shaft with a controllable pitch propeller
| speed = *{{Convert|20|kn|lk=in}} (Maximum)
*{{Convert|15|kn|lk=in}} (Cruise)
| range = {{Convert|12070|km|NM|abbr=on}} at cruising speed
| endurance = 60 days
| boats =
| troops =
| complement = 20 officers, 150 sailors, and 200 cadets
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *2 × [[I band (NATO)|I-Band]] commercial navigation radars
*Combat Management System (CMS)
*Data link systems
| EW =
| armament = *1 × [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] [[Naval artillery|naval gun]] with [[fire-control system]]
*2 × [[AK-630|AK-630M]] [[CIWS]] with EON-51 FCS
*12.7 mm guns with FCS
*2 × [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
| notes =
| aircraft_facilities = 2 × Naval Utility Helicopters (NUH) with one in deck
}}
}}'''''Krishna''-class training ship''' is a series of three [[training ship|cadet training ship]]s (CDTs) under construction for the [[Indian Navy]] by [[L&T Shipbuilding]] in [[Kattupalli Shipyard]] near [[Chennai]], [[India]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=Union Cabinet approves contract signing with L&T for three Cadet Training Ships, worth over Rs 3,100 crore, under Buy (Indian-IDDM) category |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1903441 |publisher=PIB India}}</ref>

== Design ==
The L&T-class training vessels have a length of 122 meters and a beam of 18 meters with a displacement of around 4,700 tonnes and a design speed of over 20 knots. These vessels will have an endurance of 60 days. The ship has a range of 12,070 km at 15 knots. The ship can accommodate 20 officers, 150 sailors, and 200 cadets. The training vessels will have three classrooms with space for 70 cadets each, a chart house, and special training bridges for cadets. The CTS will feature a quick-reaction team room, magazines and weaponry supplies, and distinct spaces for mechanical and aircraft. Additionally, they will have logistical areas like quarter-decks, boat decks, accommodation ladders, and galleys. The ships will have an automatic "Helo landing and traversing system" for on-board helicopter operations. Armaments include [[OTO Melara 76 mm]] [[Naval artillery|naval gun]], 2 [[AK-630]] [[CIWS]] (with EON-51 FCS) and [[12.7 mm NATO|12.7 mm]] calibre machine guns equipped with each Fire Control System. The vessels are based on an L&T's in-house design.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Cadet Training Ships, India |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/projects/cadet-training-ships-india/ |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Naval Technology |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CADET TRAINING SHIPS BROCHURE L&T |url=https://corpwebstorage.blob.core.windows.net/media/47828/cadet-training-ships.pdf |website=lntshipbuilding.com}}</ref>

The CIWS will be partnered with EON-51 FCS, an [[Electro-optical targeting system|electro optical]] fire-control system capable of search, detection and classification of targets by employing devices like [[Electro-optical sensor|Electro Optical]] and [[Thermal imager|Thermal Imagers]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2025 |title=Aatmanirbhar Bharat: MoD inks Rs 642 crore contract with BEL for 28 EON-51 systems for Indian Navy |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2101000 |access-date=11 February 2025 |website=Press Information Bureau}}</ref>

Following the basic training, these ships will support the at-sea training of officer cadets, including female cadets, to fulfil the future requirements of the Indian Navy. In an effort to improve diplomatic ties, the ships would also train cadets from friendly nations. The ships can also be used for evacuation of people and Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HADR).<ref name=":1" />

== Construction history ==
On 7 March 2023, the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] awarded the contract for three Cadet Training Ships to [[Larsen & Toubro]]. The cost of the project amounts to {{INRConvert|3108.09|c|lk=on|year=2023}}. Under the Buy (Indian-IDDM) Category, L&T will design, develop, and manufacture these ships indigenously. As per the contract, the delivery of the ships will commence from 2026.<ref name=":1" />

The main contractor is L&T Defence, while the ships will be built in the facilities of L&T Shipbuilding. [[Bharat Electronics]] signed a {{INRConvert|8.47|b|lk=on|year=2024}} contract with L&T in March 2024 to supply 14 types of communications and electronic warfare systems for the cadet training ships.<ref name=":2" />

On 25 February 2024, the keel of the first Cadet Training ship was laid. The ceremony was presided by [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] [[Ravi Kumar Dhingra]], [[Flag Officer Commanding Tamil Nadu & Puducherry Naval Area|Flag Officer Tamil Nadu and Puducherry Area]] and presence of other important officers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=KEEL LAYING OF CADET TRAINING SHIP |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2010359 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

On 20 April 2024, steel cutting ceremony of the third ship was held in [[Kattupalli Shipyard]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=STEEL CUTTING OF THIRD CADET TRAINING SHIP AT M/S L&T SHIPYARD, KATTUPALLI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2018331 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>

On 3 June 2024, the keel of the second ship was laid. The ceremony was presided by Rear Admiral Sandeep Mehta, Controller of Warship Production and Acquisition (ACWP&A). The Head Shipbuilding Business, L&T, RAdm G K Harish (retd.) was also present along with other officers from Navy and L&T.<ref name=":3" />

On 8 February 2025, MoD placed an order for 28 BEL EON-51 FCS, worth {{INRConvert|642|c|lk=|year=2025}}, to complement [[AK-630]]s onboard 3 cadet training ships and 11 [[Next-Generation Offshore Patrol Vessel|NGOPVs]].<ref name=":4" />

The first ship, christened Krishna, was launched on 17 February 2026.<ref name=":5">{{Cite press release |title=Launch of first Cadet Training Ship - Krishna at M/s L&T, Kattupalli, Chennai |date=2026-02-17 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2228944&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=2026-02-17}}</ref>

== Ships in class ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Name
!Yard Number
!Pennant Number
!Keel Laid
!Launched
!Commissioned
!Home Port
!Status
|-
|''Krishna''
|Y-18003
|
|29 February 2024<ref name=":0" />
|17 February 2026<ref name=":5" />
|
|
|Launched
|-
|Vessel 2
|Y-18004
|
|3 June 2024<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=KEEL LAYING OF THE SECOND CADET TRAINING SHIP (YARD-18004) AT M/S L&T SHIPYARD, KATTUPALLI |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2022624 |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
|
|
|
| rowspan="2" |Under Construction
|-
|Vessel 3
|Y-18005
|
|30 December 2024<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2024 |title=KEEL LAYING OF THIRD CADET TRAINING SHIP (YARD 18005) |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088960 |website=PIB}}</ref>
|
|
|
|}

== See also ==

* [[INS Tir (A86)]]
* [[Future of the Indian Navy]]
* [[List of active Indian Navy ships#Training vessels|Training ships of the Indian Navy]]

== References ==
<references responsive="0"></references>

{{Indian Navy}}

[[Category:Training ships]]
[[Category:Larsen & Toubro]]

Anil Chakma

2026-04-04T11:44:51Z

Bhatti21: Started A Post

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Anil Chakma
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Pecharthal, [[Tripura]], India
| death_date = {{Death date|2025|5|31}}
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| order =
| office = Member of [[Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
| status =
| term_start = 1993
| term_end = 2003
| alongside =
| monarch =
| president =
| governor_general =
| taoiseach =
| chancellor =
| governor =
| deputy =
| lieutenant =
| vicechair =
| succeeding =
| constituency = [[Pencharthal Assembly constituency|Pencharthal]]
| majority =
| predecessor = Sushil Kumar Chakma
| successor = [[Arun Kumar Chakma]]
| prior_term =
}}

'''Anil Chakma''' was an Indian politician and a member of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). He was a member of the Tripura Legislative Assembly for two consecutive terms from 1993 to 2003 representing the [[Pencharthal Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1993 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1993-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tripura Assembly Election Results in 1998 |url=https://www.elections.in/tripura/assembly-constituencies/1998-election-results.html |website=www.elections.in |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chakma, Anil}}
[[Category:Chakma people]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhists]]
[[Category:People from North Tripura district]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from Tripura]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1993–1998]]
[[Category:Tripura MLAs 1998–2003]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]

{{CPIndiaMarxist-politician-stub}}
{{Tripura-politician-stub}}

Aaley Mohammad Iqbal

2026-04-01T02:21:02Z

Bhatti21: Started New Pg

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Aaley Mohammad Iqbal
| image = Aaley Mohammad Iqbal.jpg
| caption =
| constituency = [[Matia Mahal (Delhi Assembly constituency)|Matia Mahal]]
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the]] [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 8 February 2025
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[List of Mayors of Delhi|Deputy Mayor of Delhi]]
| 1blankname1 = Mayor
| 1namedata1 = [[Shelly Oberoi]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| successor1 = Ravinder Bharadwaj
| term_start1 = 22 February 2023
| term_end1 = 14 November 2024
| constituency1 = Ward no. 76
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|3|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Delhi]], India
| father = [[Shoaib Iqbal]]
| alma_mater =
| party = [[Aam Aadmi Party]]
| other_party = [[All India Forward Bloc]]
}}

'''Aaley Mohammad Iqbal''' (born 14 March 1990) is a politician from Old Delhi. He is serving as a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Matia Mahal Assembly constituency]] since 8 February [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-08 |title=Matia Mahal, Delhi Assembly Election Results 2025 Highlights: AAP's Aaley Mohammed Iqbal wins Matia Mahal with 58120 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/matia-mahal-delhi-assembly-election-results-2025-live-updates-aap-bjp-congress-daelb-2676390-2025-02-08 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He had also served as the [[Deputy Mayor]] of [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|Delhi Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-22 |title=AAP's Aaley Mohammad Iqbal is Delhi's new deputy mayor |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/aaps-aaley-mohammad-iqbal-is-delhis-new-deputy-mayor/articleshow/98154756.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-02-22 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> He is the elected councillor from Chandni Mahal Ward of Matia Mahal Assembly constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=MCD Result: चांदनी महल में AAP की चली झाड़ू, आले मोहम्मद बने सबसे अधिक मार्जिन से जीतने वाले उम्मीदवार |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/delhi-ncr/delhi-mcd-election-result-chandni-mahal-ward-no-76-natije-aap-ale-mohammad-wins-mcd-chunav-5013785.html |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> He has been elected for the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] thrice, in 2012, 2017 and 2022.

He is also the President of the All India [[Crossminton]] Organization.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All India Crossminton Organisation AICO |url=http://www.indiancrossminton.org/founder-co.php |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.indiancrossminton.org}}</ref>

Aaley is the 1st term youngest councilor of [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi|MCD]] at the age of 22 on independent ticket.<ref name="dc">{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/239570/young-blood-can-they-deliver.html#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=16771177803030&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F239570%2Fyoung-blood-can-they-deliver.html|title=Young blood, but can they deliver?|website=www.deccanherald.com|date=4 April 2012|access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
He is the son of [[Shoaib Iqbal]], former Member of the Delhi Legislative Assembly from [[Matia Mahal Assembly constituency|Matia Mahal]].

==Political career==
At the age of 22, Iqbal made his debut in MCD by winning 2012 election as [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] candidate from Turkman Gate.<ref name="dc"/> He was the chairman of the City Sadar Paharganj Zone.

In 2017, he was elected 2nd-term councilor of [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Aaley Mohd, Delhi’s new deputy mayor, is first Muslim to hold post since 1977 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/kejriwal-not-play-muslim-card-aaley-mohd-iqbal-aap-for-delhi-dy-mayor-post-8342916/ |website=The Indian Express |language=en |date=25 December 2022}}</ref>

In the 2022 Delhi MCD elections, Iqbal won for a third time with the highest margin and became the Deputy Mayor of Delhi.<ref name="AAP's Aaley Mohammad Iqbal becomes new deputy mayor of Delhi">{{cite news |title=AAP's Aaley Mohammad Iqbal becomes new deputy mayor of Delhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/story/delhi-mayor-election-aaley-mohammad-iqbal-deputy-mayor-aap-shelly-oberoi-wins-2338139-2023-02-22 |access-date=11 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311091329/https://www.indiatoday.in/cities/story/delhi-mayor-election-aaley-mohammad-iqbal-deputy-mayor-aap-shelly-oberoi-wins-2338139-2023-02-22 |archive-date=11 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref> He defeated Mohammad Hamid of INC by a margin of 17134 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Delhi MCD Results: AAP Wins in Chandni Chowk, Chaukhandi Nagar, Chandani Mahal; Congress Bags Chauhan Banger & BJP Gets Burari |url=https://www.india.com/news/delhi/live-delhi-mcd-election-result-2022-burari-chandani-mahal-chandni-chowk-chauhan-banger-chaukhandi-nagar-win-loss-bjp-aap-congress-latest-updates-round-wise-counting-of-votes-list-of-winners-5784889/ |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref>

He was also a member of [[All India Congress Committee]].

Hs was nominated for the post of Deputy Mayor of MCD by Aam Aadmi Party PAC.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |date=2022-12-23 |title=जानें कौन हैं आले मोहम्मद, जिन्हें AAP ने बनाया दिल्ली नगर निगम का डिप्टी मेयर कैंडिडेट |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/delhi-ncr/mcd-mayor-election-who-is-aaley-muhammad-iqbal-aap-deputy-mayor-candidate-for-delhi-municipal-corporation-2289296 |access-date=2022-12-24 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref> On 22 February 2023, Aaley won the election for the [[Deputy Mayor]] post. He received 31 more votes than his only rival of the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]-Kamal Bagri. In total he had received 147 votes against his rival Kamal Bagri's 116.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 February 2023 |title=Aaley Muhammad Iqbal Becomes Deputy Mayor Of Delhi; Know About The AAP Leader |website=www.english.jagran.com |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/india/aaley-muhammad-iqbal-becomes-deputy-mayor-of-delhi-know-about-the-aap-leader-10066234 |access-date=23 February 2023}}</ref> Elections are held for Delhi's mayoral posts at the end of every financial year. Deputy mayor Aaley Mohammad Iqbal of the Aam Aadmi Party won unopposed for the second term on 26 April 2023 and he served till November 2024.

He was elected as a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Matia Mahal Assembly constituency]] in [[2025 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2025 Assembly Elections]].<ref name="In Delhi Assembly polls, AAP’s Aaley Iqbal records highest margin — from Matia Mahal seat">{{cite news |title=In Delhi Assembly polls, AAP’s Aaley Iqbal records highest margin — from Matia Mahal seat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/in-delhi-assembly-polls-aaps-aaley-iqbal-records-highest-margin-from-matia-mahal-seat-9825564/ |access-date=11 March 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |date=9 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250311090828/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/in-delhi-assembly-polls-aaps-aaley-iqbal-records-highest-margin-from-matia-mahal-seat-9825564/ |archive-date=11 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Election Results 2025: Top 5 highest and lowest victory margins in BJP vs AAP contest">{{cite news|title=Delhi Election Results 2025: Top 5 highest and lowest victory margins in BJP vs AAP contest|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-election-results-2025-top-5-highest-and-lowest-victory-margins-in-bjp-vs-aap-contest/articleshow/118068915.cms|accessdate=20 March 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=8 February 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250320074649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-election-results-2025-top-5-highest-and-lowest-victory-margins-in-bjp-vs-aap-contest/articleshow/118068915.cms|archivedate=20 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iqbal, Aaley}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Delhi]]
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]

Jokatte railway station

2026-03-31T17:03:01Z

Bhatti21:

{{Short description|Railway station in Karnataka, India}}
[[File:Jokatterailwaystation.jpg|thumb|right|Jokatte railway station, Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka]]
'''Jokatte railway station (JOKT)''' is in [[Dakshina Kannada district]] of [[Karnataka]] state, India. It was commissioned in January 2017 at the cost of Rupees Fifty crores.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mangaluru/southern-railway-commissions-its-95th-railway-station-at-jokatte/articleshow/56876612.cms|title=Southern Railway commissions its 95th railway station at Jokatte|publisher=Times of India|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> It comes under Palakkad division of Southern railway zone under Indian Railways.It was conceived by K.H.Muniappa under UPA rule in 2012 and construction began in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=439026|title=New railway station at Jokatte, close to Mangaluru airport, ready to function|publisher=Daiji World|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> Jokatte railway station is four kilometre away from [[Mangaluru International Airport]]. It was constructed to ease train traffic on [[Panambur]] to Mangaluru Junction railway station.There has been demand to rename the railway station as Pejawara railway station as it near to Pejawara matha one of the Ashta matha's established by Shri Madhva Acharya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kenjaru-villagers-bat-for-pejawara-rly-station-801566.html|title=Kenjaru villagers bat for 'Pejawara Rly Station'
|publisher=Deccan Herald, English daily newspaper|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/demand-to-rename-jokatte-railway-station/article23350176.ece|title=Demand to rename Jokatte railway station|publisher=The Hindu, English daily newspaper|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref> The branch of another Ashta mathas of Udupi following Tulu Shivalli Madhva tradition [[Krishnapura Matha]] has a branch known as Mudai Matha/Moodai Math/Bailu Pejavara Mata beside Jokatte railway station which houses two Vrundavana's of Shri Vidyamurthi Teertharu 27th swamiji and Shri Vidya vallabha Theertaru 28th swamiji (yatigalu) in the lineage of Krishnapur matha.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://madhwayati.blogspot.com/2019/02/vidyavallabha-teertharu-bailupejavara.html|title=vidyavallabha teertharu bailupejavara matha krishnapura mutt yati 28 bhadrapada shukla saptami ವಿದ್ಯಾವಲ್ಲಭ ತೀರ್ಥರು|publisher=madhwayati.blogspot.com|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

The union budget of 2024 has allocated Rupees fifty crores for doubling of railway tracks including signalling and telecommunications between Jokatte and [[Thokur railway station]] which are 1.98 kilometre apart. Thokur railway station is the southern most railway station under of Konkan Railway Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/union-budget-allocates-55-crore-for-mangaluru-railway-region-of-southern-railway/article67801017.ece|title=Union Budget allocates ₹55 crore for Mangaluru Railway Region of Southern Railway|publisher=The Hindu, English daily newspaper|access-date=26 February 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|12.9595|74.8533|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Dakshina Kannada district]]

{{Karnataka-railstation-stub}}

Ranchi–Kamakhya Express

2026-03-29T18:52:27Z

Bhatti21:

{{Short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox rail service
| name = Ranchi – Kamakhya Express
| logo = Ministry of Railways India.svg
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| locale =
| first = {{start date and age|6 February 2002}}
| last =
| operator = [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone|Northeast Frontier Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}} (RNC)
| stops = 25
| end = {{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}} (KYQ)
| distance = {{convert|1191|km|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 27 hours
| frequency = Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper 3 Tier, Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Yes
| observation = [[LHB coach]]
| entertainment = No
| baggage = Available
| otherfacilities =
| stock = 2
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm}}
| el =
| trainnumber = 15661 / 15662
| speed = {{cvt|44|km/h}}
| map =
| map_state =
}}

The 15561/15562 '''Ranchi–Kamakhya Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|express]] train belonging to [[Northeast Frontier Railway zone]] that runs between the city [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Junction]] of [[Jharkhand]] and [[Kamakhya Junction railway station|Kamakhya Junction]] of [[Assam]] in [[India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160915183957/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160915/jsp/frontpage/story_108287.jsp#.WL6hN_mGPIU Train selfie claims athlete]</ref><ref>[http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/dhanbad-junior-state-level-athlete-dies-after-hitting-pole-on-moving-train-3031235/ Junior state-level athlete dies after hitting pole on moving train]</ref>

It operates as train number 15561 from [[Ranchi Junction railway station|Ranchi Junction]] to [[Kamakhya Junction railway station|Kamakhya Junction]] and as train number 15562 in the reverse direction, serving the states of [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[West Bengal]] and [[Jharkhand]].

== Service==

The 15661/Ranchi–Kamakhya Express has an average speed of 44 km/h and covers 1191 km in 27 hrs. 15662/Kamakhya–Ranchi Express has an average speed of 45 km/h and covers 1191 km in 26 hrs 25 mins.

== Route and halts ==

The important halts of the train are :

'''JHARKHAND'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Ranchi Junction}}''' (Starts)
# {{stnlnk|Muri Junction}}
# {{stnlnk|Bokaro Steel City}}
# [[Chandrapura]]
# [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad]]
# [[Pakur railway station]]

'''WEST BENGAL'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Durgapur}}'''
# {{stnlnk|Siuri}}
# {{stnlnk|Sainthia Junction}}
# '''{{stnlnk|Rampurhat Junction}}'''
# [[New Farakka Junction railway station|New Farakka Junction]]
# '''{{stnlnk|Malda Town}}'''
# '''{{stnlnk|New Jalpaiguri Junction}}'''
# '''{{stnlnk|Siliguri Junction}}'''
# [[New Mal Junction railway station|Malbazar Junction]]
# [[Binnaguri Junction]]
# [[Hasimara Railway Station]]
# '''{{stnlnk|Alipurduar Junction}}'''

'''BIHAR'''
# [[Barsoi Junction railway station|Barsoi]]
# [[Kishanganj railway station|Kishanganj]]

'''ASSAM'''
# {{stnlnk|Kokrajhar}}
# '''{{stnlnk|New Bongaigaon}}'''
# [[Goalpara]]
# '''{{stnlnk|Kamakhya Junction}}''' (Ends)
Note: Bold letters indicates Major Railway Stations/Major Cities.

== Traction==

Ranchi Kamakhya Express is hauled by an [[Electric Loco Shed, Asansol|Asansol Electric Loco Shed]]-based [[WAG-5]]/[[WAP-4]] or [[Electric Loco Shed, Howrah|Howrah Electric Loco Shed]]-based [[WAP-4]] from {{rws|Ranchi}} to {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}}, From {{rws|New Jalpaiguri}} to {{rws|Kamakhya}} the train is hauled by [[Diesel Loco Shed, Siliguri|Siliguri Diesel Loco Shed]]-based [[WDM-3A]]/[[WDP-4D]]/[[WDP-4]] Locomotive .

==Coach composition==

The train consists of 22 coaches:

* 1 AC II Tier coach
* 10 Sleeper coaches
* 4 General coaches
* 2 Second-class Luggage/parcel van

The train doesn't have Pantry Car Coach, but On board Catering services and E-Catering Services are available.
==See also==
*[[New Jalpaiguri–Ranchi Weekly Express]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/ranchi-kamakhya-express-15661/37/384/547 15661/Ranchi - Kamakhya Express] India Rail Info
*[https://indiarailinfo.com/train/kamakhya-ranchi-express-15662/7906/547/384 15662/Kamakhya - Ranchi Express] India Rail Info

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranchi-Kamakhya Express}}
[[Category:Transport in Ranchi]]
[[Category:Transport in Guwahati]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Assam]]
[[Category:Rail transport in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jharkhand]]

{{India-express-train-stub}}

Yashoda - Goshta Shyamchya Aaichi

2026-03-26T12:25:40Z

Bhatti21: adding initial info v1!

{{Short description|2023 Indiam Marathi historical TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Yashoda - Gosht Shyamachya Aaichi Zee Marathi.jpg
| image_size =
| company = Piccolo Films
| last_aired = {{End date|2023|08|19|df=y}}
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|02|13|df=y}}
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| num_episodes = 165
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| editor =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| writer =
| producer = Viren Pradhan
| country = India
| director = Ganesh Rasane
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| genre = [[Historical]]
| caption =
| location =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
}}

'''''Yashoda – Goshta Shyamchya Aaichi''''' ({{translation| ''Yashoda – Tale of Shyam's Mother''}}) is an Indian [[Marathi-language]] historical television series which aired on [[Zee Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marathi TV show Yashoda-Goshta Shyamchya Aaichi is all set to premiere soon - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/marathi-tv-show-yashoda-goshta-shyamchya-aaichi-is-all-set-to-premiere-soon/articleshow/97025028.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> It stars Varada Deodhar, Sarthak Ketkar and [[Rohini Hattangadi]] in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=खास लोकाग्रहास्तव झी मराठीवरील या मालिकेचे होणार संध्याकाळी होणार पुन्हा प्रक्षेपण|url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/yashoda-goshta-shyamchya-aaichi-will-be-re-broadcasted-in-the-evening-on-zee-marathi-a-a592/amp/|access-date=2023-04-25|website=[[Lokmat]]|language=mr}}</ref> It premiered from 13 February 2023 along with ''[[Lavangi Mirchi]]'' in the afternoon slot under the segment Aapli Dupar, Zee Marathi Dupar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=बयोचा 'श्यामची आई' होण्याचा प्रवास होणार सुरू; 'या' दिवशी रंगणार विवाह विशेष भाग|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/yashoda-marathi-serial-latest-update-know-details-1175126|access-date=2023-05-12|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref> It was produced by Viren Pradhan and directed by Ganesh Rasane under the banner of Piccolo Films.<ref>{{Cite web|title=आता दुपारही होणार मनोरंजनात्मक; 'यशोदा-गोष्ट श्यामच्या आईची' ते 'लवंगी मिरची'; या मालिका येणार प्रेक्षकांच्या भेटीस|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/marathi-serial-now-even-afternoon-will-be-entertaining-yashoda-goshta-shyamchya-aaichi-this-marathi-series-will-come-to-the-audience-1147382/amp|access-date=2023-02-01|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The interesting story of Yashoda, [[Sane Guruji]]'s mother, a deeply traditional yet independent woman, who brought him up to be a man of unshakeable principles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Director Virendra Pradhan reacts to trolls targetting him for Yashoda Goshta Shyamchya Aaichi's abrupt end: TRP is the main reason, but it's a fact that there are no viewers - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/director-virendra-pradhan-reacts-to-trolls-targetting-him-for-yashoda-goshta-shyamchya-aaichis-abrupt-end-trp-is-the-main-reason-but-its-a-fact-that-there-are-no-viewers/articleshow/102831106.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2023-08-18}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Varada Deodhar as Bayo Parchure / Yashoda Sadashiv Sane
* Sarthak Ketkar as Sadashiv Sane

=== Recurring ===
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as Rukmini Parchure<ref>{{Cite web|title=Veteran actress Rohini Hattangadi to play a pivotal role in the upcoming TV show Yashoda - Goshta Shyamchya Aai Chi - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/veteran-actress-rohini-hattangadi-to-play-a-pivotal-role-in-the-upcoming-tv-show-yashoda-goshta-shyamchya-aai-chi/articleshow/97580170.cms|access-date=2023-02-03|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* [[Nayana Apte Joshi]] as Kaveri Sane
* [[Abhijeet Chavan]] as [[Pralhad Keshav Atre]]
* Mrunmayee Gondhalekar as Radha Parchure
* Vishakh Mhamankar as Narayan Parchure
* Sai Aditi Tushar as Uma Parchure-Jog
* Tarka Pednekar as Godavari Sane
* Mohit Vaidya as Raghunath Sane
* Sarthak Sawant as Damodar Sane
* Harshad Shete as Nilkanth Sane
* Arun Pandarkar as Prabhakar
* Rutuja Chipade as Narmada Parchure
* Rugvedi Pradhan as Sulochana Sane
* Srujan Deshpande as Balkrishna Abhyankar
* Ovi Karmarkar as Sakhu
* Shruti Puranik as Subhadra Parchure
* Arjun Waingankar as Ganpat Parchure
* Ishaan Padhye as Mahadev Parchure
* Gururaj Avadhani
* Srushti Pagare
* Anil Gawas
* Ashok Samel
* Swanand Joshi
* Dinesh Kanade

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/yashoda-goshta-shyamchya-aaichi/0-6-4z5295607 ''Yashoda - Goshta Shyamchya Aaichi''] at [[ZEE5]]

[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]

List of mosques in Telangana

2026-03-26T08:09:27Z

Bhatti21: starting new details w/ infobox - done

{{Short description|Prominent mosques in Telangana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2019}}
[[File:Golconda,_tombe_qutb_shahi,_moschea_grande_01.jpg|thumb|alt=A very richly decorated mosque building, situated within a garden. The point-of-view is from the south-east, and it can be seen that the eastern facade of the mosque has five arched entrances and is elaborately decorated, as are the minarets. The southern wall is more plain, and is devoid of openings, except for a small window.|Mosque at the [[Qutb Shahi tombs]]]]
This is a '''list of mosques in Telangana''', that date from the 14th century. The earliest mosques in the region were built during the short-lived reign of the [[Delhi Sultanate]], established after the [[Siege of Warangal (1323)|defeat]] of the [[Kakatiya dynasty|Kakatiya]] kingdom. These were often built with the ruins of desecrated Hindu temples, such as the [[Deval Masjid]].

The majority of mosques are located in the Telangana capital city of [[Hyderabad]].

== History ==
In 1518, [[Quli Qutb Shah|Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] established the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]] and rebuilt the fortress of [[Golconda]]. He also commissioned the [[Jama Mosque, Golconda|Jama Mosque]], which is the oldest surviving mosque in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aoYgAAAAMAAJ |title=History of the Qutb Shāhī Dynasty |date=1974 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |pages=46 |language=en}}</ref> Successive Qutb Shahi rulers would patronize the construction of several elaborate mosques built in the [[Qutb Shahi architecture|distinctive style]] that evolved during this period.

[[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] established the city of Hyderabad in 1591, which would grow to encompass Golconda. He built the [[Charminar]] as the centerpiece of the city, as well as the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]], which is the largest mosque in the city with a capacity to accommodate 10,000 worshippers.{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=36–41}} The 17th-century [[Toli Masjid]] shows Hindu influences in its ornamentation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |date=1918 |title=Annual Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/22689.pdf |pages=3–5 |location=Calcutta |publisher=Baptist Mission Press}}</ref> Other mosques dating back to the Qutb Shahi period include the mosques at [[Khairatabad Mosque|Khairatabad]], [[Hayat Bakshi Mosque|Hayatnagar]], and [[Musheerabad Mosque|Musheerabad]].

After a brief [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]] ruled modern-day Telangana between 1724 and 1948. Some of the mosques from this period, such as the [[Afzal Gunj Masjid|Afzal Gunj mosque]] and [[Chowk Ke Masjid]] were reminiscent of the Qutb Shahi style.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jayyusi |first1=Salma K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nY2DqJNPmioC |title=The City in the Islamic World, Volume 94/1 & 94/2 |last2=Holod |first2=Renata |last3=Petruccioli |first3=Attilio |last4=Raymond |first4=Andre |date=2008 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-16240-2 |pages=593, 611–613 |language=en |author-link=Salma Khadra Jayyusi}}</ref> Later mosques showed more cosmopolitan influences, such as the [[Spanish Mosque]], drawing from [[Moorish architecture|Moorish]] architecture.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopalan |first=Madhumita |date=2016-09-24 |title=The Spanish mosque: Moorish architecture in the heart of Hyderabad |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/spanish-mosque-moorish-architecture-heart-hyderabad-50366 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=The News Minute |language=en}}</ref>

==List of mosques==
{{Dynamic list}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+{{sronly|Mosques}}
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Image
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Coordinates
!Location
! scope="col" | Established
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Afzal Gunj Masjid]]
|[[File:Afzal Gunj Mosque, Hyderabad.png|alt=A black and white image of a mosque with three arched entrances, flanked by two minarets on the sides.|224x224px]]
|{{coord|17|22|27.6|N|78|28|31.6|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1866
|{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=56}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Campbell |first=Arthur Claude |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.venugopal.416 |title=Glimpses of the Nizams Dominions |year=1898 |pages=216}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Azizia Masjid, Hyderabad|Azizia Masjid]]
|[[File:Azizia Masjid Mehdipatnam.jpg|alt=A white multi-storied building with one minaret, with a busy street in the foreground.|200px]]
|{{coord|17|23|45.5|N|78|26|33.5|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1966
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Ali |date=2012-08-12 |title=Masjid-e-Azizia: more than a place of worship |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/masjid-e-azizia-more-place-worship-336138/ |access-date=2023-08-06 |website=The Siasat Daily – Archive |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Chowk Ke Masjid]]
|
|{{coord|17|21|42.7|N|78|28|12.8|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
||1817
|{{sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=107}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=55}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Hayat Bakshi Mosque|Hayat Bakshi Mosque, Hayathnagar]]
|[[File:Hayat Bakshi Mosque, Hayathnagar (cropped).png|alt=A mosque with five arched entrances, flanked by two minarets. The facade is white, and the minarets are brown. In the foreground are steps leading up to the mosque, with shrubs on either side.|200px]]
|{{coord|17|19|34.1|N|78|35|56.4|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|17th century
|{{sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=55–58}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=48}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Qutb Shahi tombs|Hayat Bakshi Mosque, Qutb Shahi tombs]]
|[[File:Golconda, tombe qutb shahi, moschea grande 02.jpg|alt=A very richly decorated mosque building, with five arched entrances, flanked by two minarets. The building is situated within a garden, and some flowering shrubs are seen in the foreground|200px]]
|{{coord|17|23|49.2|N|78|23|47.7|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1666
|{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=166-168}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Jama Mosque, Golconda]]
|
|{{coord|17|23|03.2|N|78|24|13.4|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1518
|{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=110-112}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Jama Masjid, Hyderabad]]
|[[File:Juma Masjid, Hyderabad.png|200px|alt=Black-and-white image of a building with arched entrances. Two people are seen entering through one of the entrances.]]
|{{coord|17|21|44.3|N|78|28|30.3|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1597-98
|{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=26–29}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=40}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Kali Masjid, Hyderabad|Kali Masjid]]
|
|{{coord|17|21|52.14|N|78|29|9.84|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1702
|{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=96–98}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=54}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Khairatabad Mosque]]
|[[File:Masjid Khairatabad 01.jpg|alt=A richly decorated mosque is seen situated on top of a platform, with a fight of steps leads to it. The mosque is flanked by two minarets. One of the minarets is whitewashed, while the rest of the mosque is cream-colored. There are two white buildings, with arched entrances and windows on the ground level, on either side of the flight of steps. Two small trees are also seen in the foreground.|200px]]
|{{coord|17|24|30.9|N|78|27|47.8|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1626
|{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=57-58}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=49}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Kulsum Begum Mosque]]
|[[File:Kulsum Begum Mosque, Hyderabad.jpg|alt=A black and white image of a small mosque amidst thick trees. The mosque is richly decorated with two large minarets in the front, and some smaller minarets and a dome only partially visible at the rear.|200px]]
|{{coord|17|22|31.0|N|78|26|35.5|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|17th century
|{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=144–146}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=47}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Masjid-e-Raheem Khan]]
|
|{{coord|17| 22| 29.29|N|78| 26|30.42|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1643
|{{sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=44}}{{sfn|Bilgrami|1927|pp=53-55}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Masjid E Qutub Shahi Langer Houz|Masjid E Qutub Shahi, Langer Houz]]
|
|{{coord|17|22|43.2|N|78|25|04.5|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Aihik |date=2019-12-26 |title=Heritage mosque in frail shape due to financial crisis |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2019/dec/26/heritage-mosque-in-frail-shape-due-to-financial-crisis-2080963.html |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Masjid Uppal Kalan]]
|[[File:Mosque in Hyderabad.jpg|alt=The foreground consists of a street and a small shop, a vehicle, and some people are visible. The background is a cream-colored mosque on a white platform, partially hidden by a tree.|200px]]
|{{coord|17|24|6.96|N|78|33|57.90|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1660s
|{{sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=51}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]]
|[[File:Mecca Masjid Hyderabad.JPG|alt=A large brown stone mosque with five arched entrances, with a courtyard in front. A projection extends from the left side of the mosque. People are seen in the courtyard, and birds flying are also visible.|200px]]
|{{coord|17|21|37.9|N|78|28|23.8|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1693
|{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|p=36–41}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=41}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Mian Mishk Mosque]]
|
|{{coord|17|22|09.0|N|78|27|28.1|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|17th century
|{{sfn|Bilgrami|1927|pp=78-88}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=42}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Mirpet Mosque]]
|[[File:Mirpet Mosque in Mirpet, Hyderabad, built by Mir Mu'min Astarabadi in 1610.png|alt=|200x200px]]
|
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1610
|
|-
!scope="row"|[[Musheerabad Masjid]]
|[[File:Musheerabad Masjid.jpg|alt=A black and white image of a mosque with five arched entryways, flanked by two minarets on the sides. A fountain is seen in front of the mosque|200px]]
|{{coord|17|25|05.6|N|78|29|50.9|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1560
|{{sfn|Bilgrami|1927|pp=93–94}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=52}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Premamati Mosque]]
|[[File:Premamati Mosque, Hyderabad.png|alt=A black and white image of a building with five arched entrances|200x200px]]
|{{coord|17|22|46.2|N|78|22|47.3|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1560
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayeem |first=M. A. |title=The Heritage of the Qutb Shahis of Golconda and Hyderabad |year=2006 |pages=175 |author-link=M. A. Nayeem}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Yazdani |first=Ghulam |author-link=Ghulam Yazdani |year=1926 |title=Report of the Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness The Nizam's Dominions |url=https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/15317.pdf |publisher=Baptist Mission Press |location=Calcutta}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Saidabad Mosque]]
|[[File:Saidabad Mosque.png|alt=Black-and-white close-up of three arched entrances, with the central arch fully visible and two partially visible on either side. Above the arches, a parapet runs across the image.|200px]]
| {{coord|17|21|38.4|N|78|30|29.6|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1605
|{{sfn|Bilgrami|1927|pp=31–32}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[Secretariat Mosque]]
|
|{{coord|17|24|35.43|N|78|28|5.28|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|2023
|<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2023-08-25 |title=Governor and CM inaugurate temple, masjid and church constructed in the Secretariat complex |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/governor-and-cm-inaugurate-temple-masjid-and-church-constructed-in-the-secretariat-complex/article67234866.ece |access-date=2024-12-10 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Shahi Masjid]]
|[[File:Shahi Masjid Hyderabad 1952.jpg|alt=A white mosque with three domes, flanked by two minarets on the sides. Trees are seen in the background.|200px]]
|{{coord|17|24|2.0|N|78|28|8.0|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1933
|{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=59}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Moin |first=Ather |date=October 3, 2019 |title=Hyderabad: Century-old Shahi Masjid under threat |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/031019/hyderabad-century-old-shahi-masjid-under-threat.html |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Shaikpet Mosque and Sarai]]'' (partial ruinous state)
|[[File:Mosque and sarai in Shaikpet (1).jpg|200px]]
|{{coord|17.406308709429457|78.39657671317416|region:IN-TE_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|{{AH|1043|link=yes}}
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sherwani |first=Haroon Khan |author-link=Haroon Khan Sherwani |title=History of The Qutb Shāhī Dynasty |date=1976 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |pages=545–546}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Spanish Mosque]]
|[[File:Spanish Mosque Hyderabad.jpg|alt=A building with church-like pyramidal spires|200px]]
|{{coord|17|26|37.7|N|78|28|21.4|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1906
|{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=57}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhavani |first=Divya Kala |date=2018-08-16 |title=Hyderabad's Spanish mosque: A serene place of worship and acceptance |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/spanish-mosque-hyderabad-a-serene-place-of-worship-and-acceptance-visit-my-mosque/article24703946.ece |access-date=2023-07-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row"|[[Toli Masjid]]
|[[File:Toli Masjid in Hyderabad.jpg|alt=A very richly decorated mosque building, with five arched entrances, flanked by two minarets|199x199px]]
|{{coord|17|22|28.6|N|78|26|20.0|E|display=inline}}
|[[Hyderabad]]
|1671
|{{Sfn|Bilgrami|1927|pp=65-67}}{{Sfn|Khalidi|2009|p=43}}
|-
!scope="row"|''[[Deval Masjid]]'' (partial ruinous state)
|[[File:Indranarayana Swamy Temple built by the Rashtrakuta King this also called Hundred Pillars Temple at Bodan Nizamabad.jpg|alt=Ruins of a stone mosque|200px]]
|{{coord|18.6635|77.8854|region:IN-TE|format=dms|display=inline}}
|[[Bodhan]], [[Nizamabad district]]
|{{circa|12th century}} {{small|(as a [[Hindu temple|temple]])}}
|<ref>{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard M. |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWNHYID4WqAC&q=deval+masjid |title=Sultans of the South: Arts of India's Deccan Courts, 1323-1687 |year=2011 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=978-1-58839-438-5 |editor-last=Haidar |editor-first=Navina Najat |pages=180–183 |language=en |chapter=Muhammad bin Tughluq and Temples of the Deccan, 1321-26 |editor-last2=Sardar |editor-first2=Marika}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{stack|{{Portal|Hyderabad|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |last1=Khalidi |first1=Omar |url=https://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf |title=A Guide to Architecture in Hyderabad, Deccan, India |year=2009 |author-link=Omar Khalidi |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313131458/https://libraries.mit.edu/img/libs/rotch/HyderabadGuide_2009.pdf |archive-date=2020-03-13 |url-status=dead}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bilgrami |first=Syed Ali Asgar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.63136/page/n5/mode/2up |title=Landmarks of the Deccan |publisher=Government Central Press |year=1927}}
{{Hyderabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mosques in Hyderabad}}
[[Category:Lists of mosques in India|Telangana]]
[[Category:Mosques in Telangana| ]]
[[Category:Lists of buildings and structures in Telangana|Mosques]]

Apar Industries

2026-03-25T20:56:50Z

Bhatti21: Started A Info

{{Short description|Indian multinational conglomerate}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Apar Industries Limited
| logo =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN = INE372A01015
| industry = Electrical conductors, wires and cables, oils and lubricants, polymers
| founded = {{Start year and age|1958}}
| founder = [[Dharmsinh Desai]]
| headquarters =
| key_people = {{ubl|Dharmsinh Desai (ex-chairman)|Kushal Desai (chairman and managing director)|Chaitanya Desai (managing director)}}
| products =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| num_employees =
| website = {{URL|http://www.apar.com}}
| location =
| area_served = 140+ countries
}}

'''APAR Industries Limited''' ({{BSE|532259}}, {{NSE|APARINDS}}) is an Indian industrial company<ref>{{Cite web |title=APAR IND. Ltd |url=https://www.nirmalbang.com/Upload/Apar%20Ind.pdf |website=Nirmal Bang}}</ref> headquartered in [[Mumbai|Mumbai, India]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Financial Statement Analysis: Case Study of Apar Industries |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/372461135_Financial_Statement_Analysis_Case_Study_of_Apar_Industries |website=Research Gate}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Balaji |first=Madhu |date=2024-03-29 |title=Apar Industries to establish its subsidiary in Saudi Arabia |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/markets/stock-markets/apar-industries-to-establish-its-subsidiary-in-saudi-arabia/article68005637.ece |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APR: Apar Industries Ltd Stock Price Quote - Natl India - Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/APR:IN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220812132358/https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/APR:IN |archive-date=2022-08-12 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Bloomberg.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apar Industries Ltd. (532259) Stock Price Today |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/in/xbom/532259 |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=WSJ |language=en}}</ref> Founded in 1958 by [[Dharmsinh Desai|Dharamsinh D. Desai]], the company operates across industries including electrical conductors, cables, transformer oils, lubricants, telecom infrastructure, and automotive components.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compounder moving up the value chain |url=https://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/data/market-reports/equity-brokertips/2025-01/17367543880.36620100.pdf |website=Nuvama}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuvama initiates coverage on Apar Industries with Rs 12,700 target, calls it a compounder |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nuvama-initiates-coverage-on-apar-industries-with-rs-12700-target-calls-it-a-compounder/articleshow/117205144.cms?from=mdr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113140800/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/nuvama-initiates-coverage-on-apar-industries-with-rs-12700-target-calls-it-a-compounder/articleshow/117205144.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=2025-01-13 |access-date=2025-10-30 |website=The Economic Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Paul |first=Sidhanth |title=APAR Industries: The Pickaxes and Tools Fueling Power Sector Growth |url=https://premium.capitalmind.in/2024/05/apar-industries-analysis/ |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=Capitalmind |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fit for a king! |url=https://www.idbidirect.in/IDBIAdmin/Pdf/APR-MVN-170317_Retail-18-March-2017-423932045.pdf |website=Analyst report - IDBI}}</ref> It has been publicly listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and the [[National Stock Exchange of India]] since 2004.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Fortune India 500 Ranking {{!}} Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-listing?query=Apar&year=2023 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fortune India 500 Ranking {{!}} Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/fortune-500/company-listing?query=Apar&year=2024 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Apar Industries Q2 Results Live: Profit Rise by 11.47% YOY |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/company-results/apar-industries-q2-results-live-profit-rise-by-11-47-yoy-11730265979309.html |website=mint|date=30 October 2024 |author1=Livemint }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=2023-07-18 |title=Financial Statement Analysis: Case Study of Apar Industries |journal=Asian Journal of Management Cases |language=EN |article-number=09728201231169131 |doi=10.1177/09728201231169131 |issn=0972-8201}}</ref>

== History ==
APAR Industries was incorporated in 1958 as Power Cables Pvt. Ltd. during India's [[History of India (1947–present)|post-independence]] electrification drive,<ref name=":0" /> initially manufacturing power transmission conductors with capital under ₹1 lakh.<ref name=":0" /> In 1968, the company launched its transformer oil, branded as POWEROIL, through a collaboration with U.S.-based Sunoil.<ref name=":0" />

The company expanded into the electrical and telecom cables market in 2008 by acquiring Uniflex Cables.<ref>{{Cite news |title=APAR Industries Ltd |url=http://bsmedia.business-standard.com/_media/bs/data/market-reports/equity-brokertips/apar_190111_03.pdf |work=Nirmal Bang}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2024-10-02 |title=The Transformer At Apar |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/long-reads/the-transformer-at-apar/118609 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-05-30 |title=We have a proposal in place for merging Uniflex into Apar Industries: Kushal Desai, MD, Apar Industries |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/interviews/we-have-a-proposal-in-place-for-merging-uniflex-into-apar-industries-kushal-desai-md-apar-industries/articleshow/8648520.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-28 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> In 2007–08, Apar entered a licensing agreement with Italy's [[Eni|Eni S.p.A.]] to produce and distribute automotive and industrial lubricants under the Eni brand in India. In 2022, actor [[Sonu Sood]] was appointed brand ambassador for its cable and wire products.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apar signs MoU with ENI of Italy |url=https://www.autocarpro.in/news-national/apar-signs-mou-eni-italy-1116 |access-date=2025-01-28 |website=Autocar Professional |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Reporter |first=BS |title=Apar to launch AGIP lubricants - Video |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/apar-to-launch-agip-lubricants-video-107120500032_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806084914/http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/apar-to-launch-agip-lubricants-video-107120500032_1.html |archive-date=2017-08-06 |access-date=2025-01-28 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Apar Industries in pact with Italy's ENI |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/business/autos-transportation/apar-industries-in-pact-with-italys-eni-idUSBMB000036/ |website=reuters |date=5 December 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Anupama |date=2024-09-03 |title=Apar Industries renews endorsement deal with actor Sonu Sood |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/apar-industries-renews-endorsement-deal-with-actor-sonu-sood/article68600471.ece |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== Operations ==
Its Conductor Division produces high-temperature, low-sag (HTLS) conductors and supplies conductors for railway electrification, including projects in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Apar Industries shares tank 20% on disappointing December quarter results |url=https://www.business-standard.com/markets/news/apar-industries-tanks-20-on-disappointing-december-quarter-results-125012800594_1.html}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> The division has also developed and installed optical ground wire (OPGW) for telecommunications. As of 2024, the company reported having supplied conductors for over 35,000 kilometers of line globally and OPGW for over 10,000 route kilometers.<ref name=":0" />

The company's Transformer Oil business began production in 1968, making it one of the earliest producers in India. The division manufactures a range of products, including white oils and petroleum jelly, under the POWEROIL brand. According to company statements, it holds a significant share of the domestic market for transformer oils and has production facilities in India and the United Arab Emirates.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" />

APAR's Cables Division was established following the acquisition of Uniflex Cables in 2008.<ref name=":1" /> It operates plants in Gujarat that produce high-tension and rubber cables.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ksheerasagar |first1=A. |date=7 November 2024 |title=Nomura initiates coverage on CG Power, GE Vernova and Apar Industries with 'buy' rating, sees up to 49% upside |url=https://www.livemint.com/market/stock-market-news/nomura-initiates-coverage-on-cg-power-ge-vernova-and-apar-industries-with-buy-rating-sees-up-to-49-upside-11730960805066.html |website=Mint}}</ref> A portion of its production is exported to markets in the Middle East and Africa.<ref name=":1" /> In 2023, the division was recognized with an award at the India Wind Energy Leadership Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.ETBrandEquity.com |title=Apar Industries honours electricians with latest ad - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/apar-industries-honours-electricians-with-latest-ad/115168737 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=ETBrandEquity.com |language=en}}</ref>

Other divisions include a Telecom Division, which focuses on connectivity infrastructure for networks and data centers, and ARKOS, a Singapore-based subsidiary launched in 2018 that manufactures batteries and tires for electric vehicles.<ref name=":0" />

== CSR ==

=== Healthcare ===

* Dharmsinh Desai Methodist Memorial Hospital (DDMM)<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |title=CSR |url=https://apar.com/csr/ |access-date=2025-02-26 |website=Apar |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Mobile Medical Unit (MMU)<ref name=":6" />

=== Education ===

* Dharmsinh Desai University (DDU)<ref name=":6" />
* [[Dr. N.D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research, Nadiad|Dr. N. D. Desai Faculty of Medical Science and Research]]<ref name=":6" />
* Govardhan Skill Center (GSC)<ref name=":6" />
* Sister Nivedita School on Wheels<ref name=":6" />

=== Gender Equality ===

* Adruta Children Home<ref name=":6" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Conglomerate companies of India]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Privately held companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1958]]
[[Category:1958 establishments in India]]

Kasom Khullen

2026-03-23T00:26:40Z

Bhatti21: started a entry

{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=October 2017}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=October 2017}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
[[File:The village .jpg|thumb|Kasom Khullen]]

'''Kasom Khullen''' village is located in the northeastern state of I[[India|ndia]]. The village is 64  km drive from the heart of [[Imphal]], Manipur. It is an administrative headquarter of the Kasom Sub Division (consisting 80 villages )in the southern region of [[Kamjong district]].

Kasom Khullen is inhabited by the [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] tribe. Although the village has distinct dialect of its own, the village folks are also fluent in tangkhul dialect, Meitei lon (Manipuri) and Hindi. The younger generations are multilingual I.e Hindi, English, Manipuri, Tangkhul, Kabui etc due to exposure to other culture.

Kasom Khullen has unique history of culture and tradition, widely known for its folk dances among the tangkhul Naga tribes as shown in the table below.

The Kasom khullen village is believed to be 525 years old village. The inhabitants have been living there since 1497 AD. But the current household is 250 due to migration of the villagers and establishment of new villages such as kasom somrei village, kasom risophung village, lungtoram village, kasom khunuo village and Yeasom village. The families are joint family and patrilocal. During the pre-Christian era, the people worshipped “Arih Lungzing” or “Bukati Bukatangpe”; they were believed to be the creators of heaven and earth. However, with the advent of Christianity, the people started converting to Christianity in 1940. The village officially adopted [[Christianity]] in the year 1947, but the cultural traditions of the village are still preserved through its folk music, dances, and festivals.

The main religion is Christianity. The Roman Catholic Church and the Baptist church coexist peacefully. The Roman Catholic Church is located in the southern part of the village. Their missionary includes education, leadership training to youth, spirituality etc. The RC church runs Good shepherd high school(estd 2001), boarding for both boys and girls, Sisters convent, Fathers convent as part of their missionary. The serenity and tranquility provides a good environment for education which caters the need of students from both the local and the neighbouring villages.

On the other hand, majority of the population are Baptist. The Baptist church stands tall in the mid of the village which provides a Panoramic view of the village.

The kasom khullen has Government higher secondary school. It has teachers’ quarters, separate Boys and girls hostel. The school has good performance in both HSLC (class X) and HSSLC (class XII) with over 90 percent pass percentage. However the infrastructure is in sorry state due to poor maintenance by the concerned authority.

'''STATISTICS'''

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Literacy rate : 88.53% (Male literacy rate : 95.16%, Female literacy rate : 81.57%)

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Schools : 4 no’s. ( Govt higher sec.school, Leimaroi Christian English high school, Good shepherd high school, SSA primary school)

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Church : 2 no’s. ( Roman Catholic Church, Baptist Church)

==Occupation==
The main occupation of the village is agriculture, practicing [[Jhum cultivation]]. The people are simple and have a great work ethic, even though the majority of the population is literate. Fishing and hunting also play an important role in the daily livelihood of the village. Almost every household in the village is equipped with the necessary tools and weapons for it. However the occupation is evolving from Jhum to agripreneur, horticulture, food processing and apiary. The young graduates have taken up new occupation such as bureaucrats, bankers, counsellors, accountants, teachers, military, theologian etc.

==Festivals==
Throughout the ages, the village has been taking an active part in preserving the unique culture of the [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] tribe. Apart from the various festivals of the [[Tangkhul Naga people|Tangkhul Naga]] tribe, the village also has its own, notably the Ramtho Phanit and Reiko festivals. Ramtho Phanit is the festival which marks the beginning of the agricultural year. Reiko is the festival that is observed whenever the village leads a successful expedition against the enemies in the past. It is observed till this day whenever the village brings laurels and is victorious in Sporting events.

'''(REIKO FESTIVAL)'''

The word ‘Reiko’ is a colossal wooden drum carved out of ‘the biggest of the biggest tree’ with chisel and axe in the forest. Reiko festival is a celebration of bringing the finished wooden drum from the thick forest to the village. It is believed that cutting down a big tree which is an abode of a deity (pre Christian era) brings bad luck to the villagers. So to appease the deity of the chosen tree, the village shaman( local priest)made a sacrifice of meat and local wine. After the ritual and sacrifice, the male members of the village chopped down the tree and carved artistically into a traditional drum. It takes a month or two to complete the whole process.
On completion the village chief (king aka headman) ordered the village folks, young to old, male to female, to participate and bring it to the village.
The Reiko is strapped with lots of bamboo and ropes. The Bamboos are used to lift up and carry the Reiko on shoulder ( men ) and the ropes to pull or drag (for women and children) into the village. The celebration begins with the village chief(headman) and his assistant(khupou) seated on top of the reiko. With the command of the khupou everyone lifted up the Reiko and moved in unison.
The villagers carry on till the destination is reached. The Reiko is placed near the community ground or hall where everyone could see and rejoice it.
This colossal drum has multipurpose in ancient time. It is used for celebration, sounding alarm during enemies attacks, emergency, sending messages to neighbouring villages etc.

On this Reiko festival, the villagers make merry, perform various folk dances and dine together. It symbolised the solidarity and strong communal bond. It is an insignia of cultural heritage of our ancestors, preserved and conserved till today.

The cultural heritage of kasom khullen is still celebrated but on rare occasion.

==Folk dances==
Kasom Khullen is famous for its unique folk dances. The following is the list of events in which the village participated in folk dances:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Dates and events !! Venue
|-
| 15 June- 8 Sept, 1973. [[International Folkloric Festival]].(Participated as India's representative - 3rd Position) || [[Tunisia]], [[Romania]], [[Malta]], [[Spain]], [[Bulgaria]]
|-
| 26 January 1960. [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day Celebration, India]] || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 1976. [[All India Congress Committee]] Seminar || [[Guwahati]]
|-
| 26 Jan 1977. [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day Celebration, India]] || [[Delhi]]
|-
| 1990. Naga's Convention || [[Kohima]]
|-
| 1994. State level Youth Festival, Manipur (3rd Position) || Khuman Lampak, [[Imphal]]
|-
| Oct. 1998. Gen Conference, All Naga Students' Association Manipur || [[Chandel district|Chandel District Headquarters]]
|-
| Nov.1999 [[National Games of India]] || [[Khuman Lampak Main Stadium]] [[Imphal]]
|-
| Oct. 2003. 20th Gen Conf. Of Naga Students' Federation || Ngalang, [[Dimapur]]
|-
| 26 Jan.2010. [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day Celebration, India]] || [[Ukhrul]]
|}

==References==
<ref>[https://villageinfo.in/manipur/ukhrul/ukhrul-south/kasom-khullen.html?_e_pi_=7%2CPAGE_ID10%2C5647938424] {{dead link|date=October 2017}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cioff.org/events-festival.cfm/en/91/Bulgaria-VELIKO_TARNOVO_International_Folklore_Festival_|title=CIOFF - International Council of Organizations of Folklore Festivals and Folk Arts - VELIKO TARNOVO International Folklore Festival|website=Cioff.org|accessdate=5 October 2017}}</ref>
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|24.680|94.271|display=title}}

[[Category:Villages in Ukhrul district]]

{{Manipur-geo-stub}}

Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhajjar

2026-03-21T14:28:10Z

Bhatti21: started a bio

{{Short description|College in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date = June 2020}}
{{Infobox college
| name = Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhajjar
| undergrad = 300+
| website = {{URL|http://www.crssietjhajjar.ac.in}}
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], AICTE, MDU, NEW DELHI, HSBTE, Haryana
| other_names = CRSSIET Jhajjar
| campus = Semi-urban
| country = India
| state = [[Haryana]]
| city = [[Jhajjar]]
| postgrad = 0
| students = 300+
| native_name =
| faculty = 20+
| staff =
| endowment =
| director = Dr Shailendra Kumar
| chairman = HR Government
| type = [[Public university|Public]] [[Government agency]]
| coordinates = {{coord|28.55|N|76.70|E|type:edu|format=dms|display = inline,title}}
| established = 2017
| image =
}}
The '''Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhajjar''' ([[Hindi]] : चौधरी रणबीर सिंह राजकीय अभियांत्रिकी एवं प्रौद्योगिकी संस्थान, झज्जर, abbreviated '''CRSSIET''') is a public [[government]] [[engineering]] institution in [[Jhajjar]]. It is one of the four engineering colleges run by the [[Government of Haryana]], the others being Ch. Devi Lal State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Sirsa, [[State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari|Rao Bijender Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Rewari]], and [[State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Nilokheri]].

==History==
Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhajjar is a State Government Engineering College in Haryana. The college was Established in 2017, This college is named after the former Ranbir Singh Hooda, was an Indian Independence activist and a Politician from Haryana. He Belonged to Haryana and was a Minister in The Individual Punjab and Haryana.

==Recognition==
Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering and Technology, Jhajjar affiliated to Maharishi Dayanand University is approved by All India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi and the Department of Technical Education, Govt. of Haryana.

==Admission==
Admission in B.Tech. first year is given to students on the basis of their ranks in Joint Entrance Examination-Main. Admission in second year though B.Tech. Lateral Entry scheme is done on basis of B.E./B.Tech. Lateral Engineering Entrance Test exam conducted by Haryana State Technical Education Society.

== Academic programs ==
Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering & Technology, Jhajjar awards [[undergraduate]] [[B.Tech]] in various engineering fields in a four-year [[engineering]] programme.

{| class="wikitable"
! !! Discipline !!Intake !!Full Time\Part Time
|-
| 1 ||[[Computer Science & Engineering]] || 60|| Full Time
|-
|2
|Computer Science and Engineering (AI & ML)
|30
|Full Time
|-
| 3 ||[[Civil engineering]]|| 60|| Full Time
|-
| 4 ||[[Electronics and Communication engineering]]|| 60|| Full Time
|-
| 5 ||[[Mechanical engineering]]|| 60|| Full Time
|-
| 6 ||[[Electrical engineering]]
|| 60|| Full Time
|}

==Campus==
The institute is in Jhajjar, district Jhajjar, Haryana. It spreads over {{cvt|40|acre}}. The site has a strategic location in that it is {{cvt|72|km}} from National Capital New Delhi (Railway Station) and {{cvt|7|km}} from Jhajjar city on Jhajjar-Gurugram State Highway. It is well connected by road and railway having Jhajjar railway station. The campus is also close to other educational, training and research institutions such as the Govt. Polytechnic Jhajjar, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, and Maharishi Dayanand University. The institute is in close proximity to various industrial townships.

==Associated institutions==
* [[All India Council for Technical Education]]
* [[List of institutions of higher education in Haryana]]
* [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*http://crssietjhajjar.ac.in/
*http://crssietjhajjar.ac.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/Final-B.Tech-Prospectus-2018-19.pdf
*https://crssiet.weebly.com/
*https://www.tutorialsinc.tech/

==External links==
*http://techadmissionshry.gov.in/
*http://hstes.org.in/
*https://web.archive.org/web/20171116150415/http://techeduhry.nic.in/
*http://www.mdurohtak.ac.in/
*http://www.aicte-india.org/
*https://www.softstimulatorsinc.com/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ch. Ranbir Singh State Institute of Engineering and Technology Jhajjar}}
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Haryana]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]

Nanak Bheel

2026-03-15T02:44:19Z

Bhatti21: starting new post v1

{{Short description|Indian freedom fighter (1890–1922)}}
{{POV|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Shaheed]]
| name = Nanak Bheel
| image = [[File:Nanak Bheel.jpg|200 px|Statue of Martyr Nanak Bheel]]
| caption = Statue of Nanak Bheel
| native_name = नानक भील
| native_name_lang = hi
| birth_date = {{Birth date text |1890|}}
| birth_place = [[Bundi State]], [[Rajasthan]]
| death_date = {{Death date|df=yes|1922|06|13|}}
| death_place = [[Bundi State]], [[Rajasthan]]
| death_cause = [[Murder]]
| monuments = Shaheed Nanak Bheel Smarak, Bundi
| movement = [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–1922)|Non-cooperation movement]]
| father =
}}

'''Nanak Bheel''' (1890 — 1922) was an Indian freedom fighter from the [[Bundi district]] in the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]]. He played a pivotal role in Indian Independence movement in Bundi during British colonial rule in India and lost his life for the cause.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=बूंदी |first=सलीम अली |date=2022-08-11 |title=Independence Day: बूंदी के इस क्रांतिकारी ने अंग्रेजों के छुड़वाए थे पसीने, अंग्रेज हुक्मरान की गोली से हुए थे शहीद |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/india-independence-day-2022-rajasthan-bundi-revolutionary-shaheed-nanak-bhil-british-martyred-bullet-of-the-british-ruler-ann-2189403 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Girijāśaṅkara |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVluAAAAMAAJ&q=Nanak+Bheel |title=Sources on Social and Economic History of Rajasthan, 17th-20th Century A.D. |date=2005 |publisher=Vikas Prakashan |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ram |first1=Pema |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-QsAAAAMAAJ&q=Nanak+Bheel |title=Agrarian Movement in Rajasthan, 1913-1947 A.D. |last2=Pemārāma |date=1986 |publisher=Panchsheel Prakashan |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and revolutionary beginnings ==
He was born in the village of ''Dhaneshwar'' in [[Bundi district]] (previously known as [[Bundi State]]) in the state of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]], though specific details about his date of birth and family background are scarce. He belonged to the [[Bhil|Bheel]] community, an indigenous ethnic group primarily found in [[Rajasthan]] and [[Gujarat]]. Inspired by the fervour of the independence movement led by figures such as [[Govindgiri|Govind Guru]], and [[Vijay Singh Pathik]], he became actively involved in revolutionary activities at a young age.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mahotsav |first=Amrit |title=Amar Shahid Nanak Bheel |url=https://amritmahotsav.nic.in/district-reopsitory-detail.htm?8013 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, Ministry of Culture, [[Government of India]] |language=English}}</ref>

== Role in the freedom struggle ==
He emerged as a prominent figure in the [[Indian independence movement]], actively participating in various protests and movements against [[British colonial rule]]. In the [[Bundi district]], he organised and led protests, demonstrating leadership and dedication to the cause of freedom. He fearlessly confronted the injustices perpetrated by colonial authorities and local landlords.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ltd |first=Nasadiya Tech Pvt |title=Read Hindi story {{!}} नानक जी भील « दिनेश कुमार कीर {{!}} प्रतिलिपि |url=https://hindi.pratilipi.com/read/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%95-%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2-yrfvw2adsyq4-18q656430r67872 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=hindi.pratilipi.com |language=hi}}</ref>

== Murder ==
On 13 June 1922, Nanak Bhil, was addressing a public meeting organised in the village of [[Dabi, India|Dabi]] in [[Bundi district]] for the purpose of freedom from slavery and ending the princely and [[British Raj|British colonial]] atrocities, grazing tax, exploitation and oppression. The British officers opened fire on this public meeting. The shots created panic but Nanak Bheel continued his address and was hit by three bullets to his chest.<ref name=":0" />

== Legacy ==
In memory of the life of Nanak Bhil, a tribal development fair is organised by the district administration in [[Dabi, India|Dabi]] in his memory. Here the administration has built a memorial for him in which his statue has been installed.<ref>{{Cite news |title=डाबी में 13 जून को भरेगा नानक भील का मेला |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bundi/news/meeting-to-make-the-fair-of-nanak-bhil-grand-131369469.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=बूंदी में अमर शहीद नानक भील की पुण्यतिथि पर पहुंचे मंत्री अशोक चांदना, कहा... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/bundi/minister-ashok-chandna-arrived-on-the-death-anniversary-of-amar-shaheed-nanak-bhil-in-bundi-said/1219130 |access-date=2024-03-16 |website=[[Zee News]] |language=hi}}</ref> He is remembered at this place every year on the anniversary of his deaths, with a large number of people including tribal leaders from [[Rajasthan]] attending events in his honour.<ref>{{Cite news |title=अमर शहीद नानक भील स्मारक के लिए निशुल्क पट्टा जारी |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/bundi/dabi/news/free-lease-issued-for-amar-shaheed-nanak-bhil-memorial-131261207.html |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]]}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Vijay Singh Pathik]]
* [[Ram Kalyan Sharma]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bheel, Nanak}}
[[Category:1890 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:People from Bundi district]]
[[Category:People murdered in India]]
[[Category:People shot dead by law enforcement officers in India]]

Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega

2026-03-14T05:22:43Z

Bhatti21:

{{short description|2000 film by Raj Kanwar}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega
| image = Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega (2000 film) poster.jpg
| caption = Movie poster for ''Har Dil Jo Pyaar Karega''
| director = [[Raj Kanwar]]
| producer = [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| writer = [[Rumi Jaffery]]
| story = [[Priyadarshan]]
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]''|Priyadarshan}}
| starring = [[Salman Khan]] [[Preity Zinta]] [[Rani Mukerji]] [[Paresh Rawal]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Anu Malik]] '''Background Score:''' [[Surinder Sodhi]]
| cinematography = W. B. Rao
| editing = Sanjay Verma
| distributor = [[Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|2000|08|04|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|13 [[crore]]}}<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=720|title=Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|32.45 crore}}<ref name="auto"/>
}}

'''''Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega''''' ({{Translation|Every heart that loves}}) is a 2000 Indian Hindi-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Raj Kanwar]], produced by [[Sajid Nadiadwala]], written by Rumi Jaffrey, and edited by Sanjay Verma. The film stars [[Salman Khan]], [[Preity Zinta]] and [[Rani Mukerji]] in lead roles. The film is a remake of the [[Malayalam]] film ''[[Chandralekha (1997 film)|Chandralekha]]'' (1997) which itself was inspired by the 1995 American film ''[[While You Were Sleeping (film)|While You Were Sleeping]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maithutty |first1=Fahir |title=20 years since Priyadharshan's 'Chandralekha': A textbook on how to adapt a film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/20-years-priyadharshans-chandralekha-textbook-how-adapt-film-68029 |access-date=12 March 2021 |work=The News Minute |date=7 September 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

''Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega'' was the third consecutive hit between Khan and Nadiadwala's collaboration after ''[[Jeet (1996 film)|Jeet]]'' (1996) and ''[[Judwaa]]'' (1997) as well as one of the year's top-earnings films with a gross of {{INR|965.5 million}} worldwide. The film entered the top 10 chart in the UK.<ref>{{cite news |title=Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega enters UK Top 10 |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/dresscircle/dresscirclestory55.shtml |access-date=1 August 2020 |date=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010210071250/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/dresscircle/dresscirclestory55.shtml |archive-date=10 February 2001|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

At the [[46th Filmfare Awards]], ''Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega'' received 2 nominations – [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] (Mukerji) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] ([[Preeti & Pinky]] for "Piya Piya").

== Plot ==

Raj is a singer trying to make his way in the big city of [[Mumbai]]. He rescues a young woman who has fallen in front of a train and stays with her when she is rushed to a hospital. Pooja Oberoi, the daughter of a wealthy family, survives but falls into a coma. Her family rushes to the hospital and, finding Raj there, assumes that he is Pooja's husband, Romi, with whom she had eloped to marry and whom they had never met. Since Pooja's father has a higher chance of a heart attack, Raj lies and says he is Romi.

As the family gets to know the pretend Romi, Pooja's best friend, Jahnvi starts spending a lot of time with him. They both fall in love with each other, who is regarded as a second daughter by Pooja's family. Then Pooja revives from her coma and complicates matters by falling for Raj. In a conversation, Pooja and Jahnvi both reveal that they both love Raj using signs (hand up) but Jahnvi realises that Pooja loves Raj resulting in her putting her hand down. Raj and Jahnvi put their relationship to an end. On the day of their engagement, Jahnvi unknowingly takes Pooja's cell phone (her and Pooja's cellphone look the same). Knowing that Raj will never marry Pooja if she's there, she decides to leave. When Jahnvi's cell phone rings, Pooja picks it up and it ends up being Raj's best friend who pleads with Jahnvi to break this wedding and come back to Raj. Pooja then reveals to everyone about Raj and Jahnvi and Raj and Jahnvi are once reunited. Pooja chooses Rahul to marry her.

==Cast==
*[[Salman Khan]] as Raj Sharma "Raju" / Romi
*[[Preity Zinta]] as Jahnvi Verma
*[[Rani Mukerji]] as Pooja Oberoi
*[[Rajeev Verma]] as Bharat Oberoi, Pooja's father.
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Goverdhan Verma, Jahnvi's father.
*[[Neeraj Vora]] as Abdul
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Kamlesh , Abdul's uncle
*[[Satish Shah]] as Mahesh Hirwani
*[[Kamini Kaushal]] as Biji
*[[Vinay Pathak]] as Monty
*[[Razak Khan]] as Dance Mater Godbole
*[[Shahrukh Khan]] as Rahul Khanna (special appearance)
*[[Sana Saeed]] as Anjali Khanna (special appearance)
*[[Anu Malik]] as himself (special appearance)
*[[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]] as himself (special appearance)

==Music==
{{Infobox album|
| name = Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Anu Malik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 09 June 2000
| recorded = 2000
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 44:22
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Anu Malik]]
| prev_title = [[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]
| prev_year = 2000
| next_title = [[Aaghaaz]]
| next_year = 2000
}}
The music of the film was composed by [[Anu Malik]]. According to the Indian trade website ''[[Box Office India]]'', the film's soundtrack album sold 2.2 million units and was one of the highest-selling soundtracks of the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Music Hits 2000–2009 (Figures in Units)|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080215081557/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5&PHPSESSID=108b9056cd4ca14236f9c6119d34dcce|archive-date=15 February 2008|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> "Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega", "Piya Piya", "Ek Garam Chai Ki Pyali Ho" and "Aisa Pehli Baar Hua Hai Satrah Athrah Saalon Mein" garnered special popularity, and the soundtrack album was positively received. ''[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]]'' rated the soundtrack album number one for the third week of August 2000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Music Ratings: Film Albums (Hindi) |url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000811/mratings.htm |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816040607/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000811/mratings.htm |archive-date=16 August 2000}}</ref> As of 2020, fans are petitioning for all the songs to be on [[TikTok]].

Interestingly, the movie featured a special appearance by Anu Malik and Sameer who were to compose Raj's album in the movie.

{{track listing|
|extra_column=Singer(s)
|headline = Track-List
|total_length=47:30
|all_writing = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
|title1=Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega|extra1=[[Alka Yagnik]], [[Udit Narayan]]|length1= 6:04
|title2=Dil Dil Deewana|extra2=Alka Yagnik, Udit Narayan|length2=5:55
|title3=Aisa Pehli Baar Hua Hai|extra3=[[Sonu Nigam]]|length3=6:47
|title4=Piya Piya|extra4=[[Preeti & Pinky]], Prashant|length4=5:40
|title5=Ek Garam Chai Ki Pyali Ho|extra5=[[Anu Malik]]|length5=5:40
|title6=Sahiba Sahiba|extra6=[[KK (singer)|KK]]| length6=2:42
|title7=Sahiba Sahiba|note7= Version 2|extra7=KK| length7=1:33
|title8=Aate Jaate Jo Milta Hai|extra8=Alka Yagnik, Sonu Nigam|length8=6:12
|title9=Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega|note9= Sad Version|extra9=Alka Yagnik| length9=3:49
|title10=Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega Woh Gaana Gaaye Ga|note10= Happy Version|extra10=Udit Narayan, Kumar Sanu| length10=3:49
}}

==Critical reception==
The film was generally well received by the critics, with the performances of the three leads receiving particular praise.<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Har Dil Jo Pyaar Karega: Movie Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6588/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081001011210/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/review/6588/index.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=1 October 2008|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=14 June 2010}}</ref>

Film journal ''[[Screen India|Screen]]'' praised the performances of Khan and Zinta and wrote, "The director deserves to be commended for his efforts to spring a few surprises in the film and extract better performances from the lead players."<ref>{{cite journal|journal=[[Screen India|Screen]]|date=11 August 2000|archive-date=16 August 2000|title=Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega – Salman, Preity excel|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816035607/http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000811/freview.htm|url=http://www.expressindia.com/screen/20000811/freview.htm|access-date=2012-01-07|author=Nair, Padmaraj}}</ref> Aparajita Saha of ''[[Rediff]]'' wrote that the film is "guaranteed to give audiences everywhere that mushy, gooey, everything-is-all-right-with-the-world sensation they crave."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Saha |first1=Aparajita |title=Candy for the eye |url=https://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/aug/05har.htm |website=Rediff |access-date=1 May 2020 |date=7 August 2000}}</ref> Vinayak Chakravorty of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' praised Zinta and noted Kanwar for his "treatment is frothy in the romantic first half and sensibly balanced in the mushy second."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakravorty |first1=Vinayak |author1-link=Vinayak Chakravorty |title=Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega |url=http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewshdjpk.shtml |access-date=27 February 2022 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010820231851/http://www.go4i.com/cinema/reviews/bollywood/reviewshdjpk.shtml |archive-date=20 August 2001}}</ref>

[[Dinesh Raheja]] of ''[[India Today]]'' wrote, "a fluorescent feel-good film, with everything from the psychedelic sets to the multitude of outfits being as colourful as a candy wrapper."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Raheja |first1=Dinesh |author-link1=Dinesh Raheja |title=Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega: Eye Candy |url=http://movies.india-today.com/reviews/reviewhardil.shtml |access-date=9 May 2020 |work=India Today|date=2000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222061027/http://movies.india-today.com/reviews/reviewhardil.shtml |archive-date=22 February 2001}}</ref> Madhur Mittal of ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' was particularly fond of the "devastating, delightful, delicious duo" of Zinta and Mukherji", noting their comic timing.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mittal |first1=Madhur |title=Delightful duo |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000813/spectrum/bolly.htm |access-date=22 May 2020 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=13 August 2000}}</ref>

== Awards ==
;<nowiki>Aashirwad Awards:</nowiki>
* Best Actress – [[Rani Mukerji]]
;[[46th Filmfare Awards]]<nowiki>:</nowiki>
'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – Rani Mukerji
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – [[Preeti & Pinky]] for "Piya Piya"

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0250415}}
{{Sajid Nadiadwala}}

{{Portal|India|Film|Bollywood}}

[[Category:2000 films]]
[[Category:2000 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic musical films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Films scored by Surinder Sodhi]]
[[Category:Hindi remakes of Malayalam films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Kanwar]]
[[Category:Nadiadwala Grandson Entertainment films]]

Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega

2026-03-14T05:22:43Z

Bhatti21:

Mysore State

2026-03-13T06:36:05Z

Bhatti21:

{{Short description|Indian state from 1950 to 1956; predecessor of Karnataka}}
{{About|the state of the Indian Union|the kingdom which preceded it|Kingdom of Mysore|the current state of India|Karnataka (state)|the city|Mysore}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox former subdivision
| native_name =
| conventional_long_name = Mysore State
| common_name = Mysore State then now Karnataka state
| nation = [[India]]
| status_text = [[States and union territories of India|State of India]]
| era =
| title_leader = [[Rajpramukh]]
| year_leader1 = 1950–1956
| leader1 = [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
| year_start = 1950
| date_start = 26 January
| event_start = Integration of [[Kingdom of Mysore]] into the [[Dominion of India|Indian Union]]
| year_end = 1973
| date_end = 1 November
| event_end = Renamed [[Karnataka State]]
| event1 =
| date_event1 =
| p1 = Kingdom of Mysore
| s1 = Karnataka
| flag =
| image_flag =
| image_coat = Seal of Karnataka.svg
| image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Mysore in India (1951).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Mysore State, 1951|
[[File:Karnataka in India (claims hatched).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Mysore state, 1956|default=2}}
| image_map_caption =
| stat_area1 =
| stat_year1 =
| stat_pop1 =
| footnotes =
| today = [[India]]
| capital = [[Bangalore]]
| image_map2 =
| image_map2_caption =
}}
'''Mysore State''', colloquially '''Old Mysore''', was a political territory within the [[Dominion of India]] and the subsequent [[India|Republic of India]] from 1950 until 1956. The state was formed by renaming the [[Kingdom of Mysore]], and [[Bangalore]] replaced [[Mysore]] as the state's capital when [[Parliament of India|Parliament]] passed the [[States Reorganisation Act, 1956|States Reorganisation Act]] in 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-01 |title=Indian states since 1947 |url=http://worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html |access-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701103006/http://worldstatesmen.org/India_states.html |archive-date=1 July 2014 }}</ref> Mysore State was considerably enlarged when it became a linguistically homogeneous [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-speaking state within the Republic of India by incorporating territories from [[Andhra State|Andhra]], [[Bombay State|Bombay]], [[Coorg State|Coorg]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad]], and [[Madras State|Madras]] States, as well as other petty fiefdoms. It was subsequently renamed [[Karnataka]] in 1973.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 1, 2017 |title=Rajyotsava: The hows and whys of Karnataka |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/the-hows-and-whys-of-karnataka/articleshow/61376851.cms |access-date=2024-12-13 |newspaper=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
The [[Kingdom of Mysore]] was one of the three largest [[princely state]]s in [[British Raj|British India]]. Upon [[Indian independence movement|India's independence]] from Britain in 1947, Maharaja [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]] signed the [[instrument of accession]], with the Union of India on 9 August 1947. The territories of the erstwhile princely state of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] were then reconstituted into a state within the Union, on 26 January 1950, with its administrative integration into the Indian Union.<ref>{{cite book|title=Political and administrative integration of princely states By S. N. Sadasivan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kWptYbzpXE8C&pg=PA26|isbn=978-81-7099-968-3|last1=Sadasivan|first1=S. N.|year=2005| publisher=Mittal Publications }}</ref>

In 1953 during the formation of [[Andhra State|Andhra]], the [[Bellary district|Bellary]] district was transferred from [[Madras State|Madras]] to Mysore.

=== Reorganisation ===

In 1956, the [[Government of India]] effected a comprehensive re-organisation of provincial boundaries, based upon the principle of shared language. As a result of the [[States Reorganisation Act]] on 1 November 1956, the Kannada-speaking districts of [[Belgaum district|Belgaum]] (exclusing [[Chandgad]]), [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]], [[Dharwad district|Dharwad]], and [[Uttara Kannada|North Canara]] were transferred from [[Bombay State|Bombay]] to Mysore.<ref name="sorg1956">{{cite web
|url = http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/
|title = States Reorganization Act 1956
|access-date = 1 July 2008
|publisher = Commonwealth Legal Information Institute
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110725190538/http://www.commonlii.org/in/legis/num_act/sra1956250/
|archive-date = 25 July 2011
}}</ref> [[South Canara]] was transferred from [[Madras State|Madras]]; and [[Koppal district|Koppal]], [[Raichur district|Raichur]], [[Kalaburagi district|Kalaburagi]] and [[Bidar district]]s from [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad]]. Also, the small [[Coorg State]] was merged, becoming a district in Mysore.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM3LjKo8Uo8C&pg=PA383|title=Karnataka Government and Politics|first=Harish|last=Ramaswamy|date=1 June 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-397-7|via=Google Books}}</ref> The state was renamed [[Karnataka]] on 1 November 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ninan|first=Prem Paul|date=2005-11-01|title=History in the making|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111458/http://archive.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/images/Rajyotsava12352120051031.asp|archive-date=2015-12-22|access-date=2020-07-31|website=Deccan Herald}}</ref>
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:Karnataka 1956 Reorg.svg|Map of [[South India|southern India]] before the reorganisation of 1956 with the blue outline of the expanded Mysore State (after 1956)
</gallery>
==Maharaja of Mysore==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Portrait
! Name
!colspan=2| Term of office
!scope=col|Duration
! Selected former office(s)
|- align=center
| 1
| [[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]
! [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
| 15 August 1947
| 25 January 1950
| {{age in years and days|1947|08|15|1950|01|25}}
| [[Maharaja of Mysore|Yuvaraja of Mysore]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
|}

==Rajpramukh of Mysore==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Portrait
! Name
!colspan=2| Term of office
!scope=col|Duration
! Selected former office(s)
|- align=center
| 1
| [[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]
! [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
| 26 January 1950
| 31 October 1956
| {{age in years and days|1950|01|26|1956|10|31}}
| [[Maharaja of Mysore]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
|}

==Governors of Mysore==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No
! Portrait
! Name
!colspan=2| Term of office
!scope=col|Duration
! Selected former/latter office(s)
|- align=center
| 1
| [[File:Court portrait of Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar of Mysore.jpg|100px]]
! [[Jayachamarajendra Wadiyar]]
| 1 November 1956
| 4 May 1964
| {{age in years and days|1956|11|01|1964|05|4}}
| [[Maharaja of Mysore]], [[Rajpramukh]] of Mysore
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 2
| [[File:General Satyawant Mallana Srinagesh.jpg|100px]]
! [[S. M. Shrinagesh]]
| 4 May 1964
| 2 April 1965
|{{age in years and days|1964|05|04|1965|04|2}}
| [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 3
| [[File:VV Giri 1974 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|100px]]
! [[V. V. Giri]]
| 2 April 1965
| 13 May 1967
|{{age in years and days|1965|04|02|1967|05|13}}
| Fourth [[President of India]], Third [[Vice President of India]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 4
|[[File:Gopal Swarup Pathak1.jpg|100px]]
! [[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]
| 13 May 1967
| 30 August 1969
|{{age in years and days|1967|05|13|1969|08|30}}
|Fourth [[Vice President of India|Vice-president of India]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| -
|{{dash}}
! [[A. R. Somanath Iyer|Justice A. R. Somanath Iyer]] {{nobold|(Acting)}}
| 30 August 1969
| 23 October 1969
|{{age in years and days|1969|8|30|1969|10|23}}
|Chief Justice of [[Karnataka High Court]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 5
| [[File:Dharma Vir, ICS.jpg|100px]]
! [[Dharma Vira]]
| 23 October 1970
| 1 February 1972
|{{age in years and days|1970|10|23|1972|02|1}}
|Governor of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Haryana]], and [[West Bengal]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
| 6
| [[File:Mohan Lal Sukhadia 1988 stamp of India.jpg|100px]]
! [[Mohanlal Sukhadia]]
| 1 February 1972
| 31 October 1976
|{{age in years and days|1972|02|01|1976|10|31}}
|Chief Minister of [[Rajasthan]], Governor of [[United Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"
|}

== Prime ministers of Mysore ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" | #{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
!Portrait
! scope="col" | Name
!Constituency
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Term<ref name=":0" /> {{small|(tenure length)}}
! scope="col" | [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]<ref name=":1" /> {{small|([[Elections in Karnataka|election]])}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 1
| [[File:K. C. Reddy.jpg|100px]]
| [[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]]
| [[Kolar District|Kolar]]
| 25 October 1947
| 26 January 1950
| {{age in years and days|1947|10|25|1950|1|26}}
| Not established yet
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|}

==Chief ministers of Mysore==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! scope="col" | #{{efn|A parenthetical number indicates that the incumbent has previously held office.}}
!Portrait
! scope="col" | Name
!Constituency
! colspan="3" scope="col" | Term<ref name=":0">[http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/previouscms.htm Chief Ministers of Karnataka since 1947]. [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161206052419/http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/previouscms.htm Archived] on 6 December 2016.</ref> {{small|(tenure length)}}
! scope="col" | [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Assembly]]<ref name=":1">[http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/assemblies.htm Assemblies from 1952]. Karnataka Legislative Assembly. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161206052916/http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/review/assemblies.htm Archived] on 6 December 2016.</ref> {{small|([[Elections in Karnataka|election]])}}
! colspan="2" scope="col" | Party{{efn|This column only names the chief minister's party. The state government he headed may have been a complex coalition of several parties and independents; these are not listed here.}}
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 1
|[[File:K. C. Reddy.jpg|78x78px]]
| [[K. Chengalaraya Reddy]]
| [[N/A]]
| 26 January 1950
| 30 March 1952
|{{age in years and days|1950|1|26|1952|3|30}}
| Not established yet
| rowspan="3" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 2
|[[File:Kengal Hanumanthaiah.gif|99x99px]]
| [[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]
| [[Ramanagara Assembly constituency|Ramanagara]]
| 30 March 1952
|19 August 1956
|{{age in years and days|1952|3|30|1956|8|19}}
| rowspan="2" | 1st ([[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952 election]]) ''continued...''
|- style="height: 60px;"
| 3
|
| [[Kadidal Manjappa]]
| [[Tirthahalli Assembly constituency|Tirthahalli]]
| 19 August 1956
|31 October 1956
|{{age in years and days|1956|8|19|1956|10|31}}
|-
! colspan="10" | Chief Minister of Mysore (following the state's reorganisation){{efn|On [[Karnataka Rajyotsava|1 November 1956]], via the [[States Reorganisation Act]], Mysore State was [[Unification of Karnataka|significantly expanded]] along linguistic lines. The [[Kannada]]-speaking districts of [[Bombay State|Bombay]], [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad]] and [[Madras State|Madras]] states, as well as the entirety of [[Coorg State|Coorg]], were added to it.<ref name=renaming>M. S. Prabhakara. "[https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/New-names-for-old/article14802447.ece New names for old]". ''The Hindu''. 24 July 2007.</ref>}}
|-style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | 4
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Siddavanahalli_Nijalingappa_stamp_(cropped).jpg|95x95px]]
| [[S. Nijalingappa]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Molakalmuru Assembly constituency|Molakalmuru]]
| rowspan="2" | 1 November 1956
| rowspan="2" |16 May 1958
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|1956|10|31|1958|5|16}}
| {{small|''...continued''}} 1st {{small|([[1952 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1952]])}}
| rowspan="6" | [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="6" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|- style="text-align:center"
|
| rowspan="2" | 2nd {{small|([[1957 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1957]])}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 5
|[[File:Basappa_Danappa_Jatti,_5th_Vice_President_of_India.jpg|94x94px]]
| [[B. D. Jatti]]
|[[Jamkhandi Assembly constituency|Jamkhandi]]
| 16 May 1958
|14 March 1962
|{{age in years and days|1958|5|16|1962|3|14}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 6
|
| [[S. R. Kanthi]]
|[[Hungund Assembly constituency|Hungud]]
| 14 March 1962
|21 June 1962
|{{age in years and days|1962|3|14|1962|6|21}}
| rowspan="2" | 3rd {{small|([[1962 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1962]])}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| rowspan="2" | (4)
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Siddavanahalli_Nijalingappa_stamp_(cropped).jpg|95x95px]]
| [[S. Nijalingappa]]
|[[Bagalkot Assembly constituency|Bagalkot]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Third Karnataka Legislative Assembly |url=http://kla.kar.nic.in/assembly/member/3assemblymemberslist.htm|access-date=2021-11-06|website=Karnataka Legislature}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" | 21 June 1962
| rowspan="2" |29 May 1968
| rowspan="2" |{{age in years and days|1962|6|21|1968|5|29}}
|- style="text-align:center"
|
|[[Shiggaon Assembly constituency|Shiggaon]]
| rowspan="2" | 4th {{small|([[1967 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1967]])}}
|- style="text-align:center"
| 7
|
| [[Veerendra Patil]]
|[[Chincholi Assembly constituency|Chincholi]]
| 29 May 1968
|18 March 1971
|{{age in years and days|1968|5|29|1971|3|18}}
| [[Indian National Congress (O)]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (O)}}" |
|- style="text-align:center"
| –
|[[File:Emblem_of_India.svg|120x120px]]
| scope="row" | ''Vacant''{{efn|name=PR|[[President's rule#Karnataka|President's rule]] may be imposed when the "government in a state is not able to function as per the Constitution", which often happens because no party or coalition has a majority in the assembly. When President's_rule#Karnataka|President's rule is in force in a state, its council of ministers stands dissolved. The office of the chief minister thus lies vacant, and the administration is taken over by the governor, who functions on behalf of the central government. At times, the legislative assembly also stands dissolved.<ref>Amberish K. Diwanji. "[http://www.rediff.co.in/news/2005/mar/15spec1.htm A dummy's guide to President's_rule#Karnataka|President's rule]". [[Rediff.com]]. 15 March 2005. Retrieved on 3 March 2013.</ref>}} ([[President's rule#Karnataka|President's rule]])
| N/A
| 19 March 1971
| 20 March 1972
|{{age in years and days|1971|3|19|1972|3|20}}
| ''Dissolved''
| ''N/A''
|
|- style="text-align: center;"
|8
|[[File:Devaraj_Urs_(cropped).JPG|108x108px]]
|[[D. Devaraj Urs]]{{Efn|On 1 November 1973, via the Mysore State (Alteration of Name) Act, Mysore State was renamed as ''Karnataka''.<ref name=renaming/> Thus, Devaraj Urs was Chief Minister of Mysore between 20 March 1972 and 31 October 1973, and Chief Minister of Karnataka after that.}}
|[[Hunasuru Assembly constituency|Hunsur]]
|20 March 1972
|31 December 1977
|{{Age in years and days|20 March 1972|31 December 1977}}
|5th
{{small|([[1972 Mysore Legislative Assembly election|1972]])}}
|[[Indian National Congress (R)]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (R)}}" |
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Bombay State]]
* [[Political integration of India]]

== Note ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|12.30|N|76.65|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}
{{States of India on 26 January 1950}}
{{Mysore topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1947 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1973 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Mysore State| ]]
[[Category:Former states and territories of India]]
[[Category:History of Karnataka (1947–present)]]
[[Category:1960 disestablishments in India]]

Khuda Kasam (1981 film)

2026-03-07T18:25:59Z

Bhatti21: general cleaned up intro for accuracy additionally and added references

{{More citations needed|date=March 2026}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Khuda Kasam
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[Lekh Tandon]]
| producer = Baldev Pushkarna
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Abrar Alvi]]
| story = [[Lekh Tandon]]
| based_on =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Vinod Khanna]] [[Tina Munim]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = [[:en:Jehangir_Choudhary|Jehangir Choudhary]]
| editing = Prabhakar Supare
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1981|10|09|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Khuda Kasam''''' is a 1981 Indian Hindi-language film directed by [[Lekh Tandon]] and produced by Baldev Pushkarna. The film stars [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Tina Munim]] in lead roles, along with [[Pran (actor)|Pran]], [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]], [[Madan Puri]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Nazneen]], [[Kamini Kaushal]] in pivotal roles. [[Dharmendra]] was in a special appearance here. The music was composed by [[Laxmikant-Pyarelal]].

==Cast==
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Sumer Singh
* [[Tina Munim]] as Tina
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Ranveer Singh / Girdharilal
* [[Ajit Khan|Ajit]] as Raizada Hukamchand
* [[Madan Puri]] as Kishanlal
* [[Shakti Kapoor]] as Khanna
* [[Nazneen]] as Geeta Singh
* [[Kamini Kaushal]] as Nirmala Singh
* [[Dharmendra]] as Maharaja Bhunam
* [[Jalal Agha]] as Pancham
* [[Chandrashekhar Dubey|C.S. Dubey]] as Pandit
* [[Chandrashekhar (actor)|Chandrashekhar]] as Inspector
* [[Surendra Pal]] as Chouhan, World Airways Representative
* [[Zaheera|Zahira]] as Lathika
* [[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Hotel Customer

==Songs==
Lyrics: [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]

{|class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer
!Ref.
|-
| "Are Re Re Sambhalo"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|
|-
| "Aap Ne Yeh Kya Keh Diya, Ke Hone Laga"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|
|-
| "Kachchi Kali Gulab Ki"
| Asha Bhosle (with [[Mohammed Rafi|Rafi]])
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=February 7, 2019 |title=Rose Day 2019: Gulabi to Gulabo, 10 Bollywood songs featuring 'ROSE' |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2176497736/fulltext/F5C4DA703AD64429PQ/1 |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=Free Press Journal |via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 September 2023 |title=The most recorded voice Asha Bhosle with most recorded composers Laxmikant-Pyarelal |url=https://newsindiatimes.com/most-recorded-voice-asha-bhosle-most-recorded-composers-laxmikant-pyarelal/ |access-date=2026-03-07 |work=News India Times}}</ref>
|-
| "Pyar Ne Di Awaaz"
| Asha Bhosle
|
|-
| "Zara Thehar Jao"
| [[Suman Kalyanpur]]
|
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|id=0359552}}

[[Category:1981 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1981 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines

2026-03-06T13:45:31Z

Bhatti21:

{{Short description|Illegal executions in the Philippines}}
{{update|date=September 2017}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Philippine English|date=November 2022}}
[[File:Stop the Killings mobilization against Tarlac shooting by a policeman December 21, 2020 2.jpg|thumb|''Stop the Killings'' in the Philippines banner.]]
[[File:223National Day of Protest Mendiola San Miguel, Manila 38.jpg|thumb|269px|A reenactment of an [[extrajudicial killing]] during the 'National Day of Protest' on September 21, 2017, on the 45th Anniversary of the Proclamation of Martial Law]]
[[File:Northbay_Boulevard_South_Kaunlaran_Navotas_(Metro_Manila;_2023-08-16)_E911a_09.jpg|thumb|right|125px| On August 2, 2023, Jerhode Baltazar was shot (mistaken for a murderer) by [[Navotas]] cops<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guinto |first=Joel |date=10 August 2023 |title=Philippines: Six officers suspended after shooting teen in Manila |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-66458543 |access-date=7 April 2025 |work=BBC News}}</ref>]]
'''Extrajudicial killings and forced disappearances in the Philippines''' are illegal [[execution]]s{{snd}}unlawful or felonious killings{{snd}}and [[forced disappearance]]s in the [[Philippines]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071111154519/http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592 radiopinoyusa.com, U.N. RAPPORTEUR: PHILIPPINE MILITARY IMPLICATED IN EXTRA-JUDICIAL MURDERS AND POLITICAL KILLINGS] (archived from [http://www.radiopinoyusa.com/radiopinoy_news.php?id=NEWS-00592 the original] on November 11, 2007)</ref> These are forms of [[extrajudicial punishment]], and include extrajudicial executions, [[summary execution]]s, [[arbitrary arrest and detention]]s, and failed prosecutions due to political activities of leading political, trade union members, dissident or social figures, left-wing political parties, non-governmental organizations, political journalists, outspoken clergy, anti-mining activists, agricultural reform activists, members of organizations that are alleged as allied or legal fronts of the communist movement (such as the "Bayan group") or [[Red-baiting|claimed supporters]] of the NPA and its political wing, the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] (CPP).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/1.htm#_Toc170279547|title=Scared Silent: Impunity for Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines: I. Summary|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/|title=Scared Silent|access-date=March 15, 2015|archive-date=November 28, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128145828/https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607//|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other frequent targets are ancestral land rights defenders, Indigenous rights activists, environmentalists,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |title=Almost four environmental defenders a week killed in 2017 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/feb/02/almost-four-environmental-defenders-a-week-killed-in-2017 |access-date=May 6, 2022 |agency=The Guardian |date=February 2, 2018}}</ref> and human rights workers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pierson |first1=David |title=Philippine human rights workers are being systematically killed in a growing war on dissent |url=https://www.latimes.com/world-nation/story/2020-08-27/philippines-zara-alvarez-human-rights |access-date=May 6, 2022 |agency=LA Times |date=August 27, 2020}}</ref>

Extrajudicial killings are most commonly referred to as '''"salvaging'''" in [[Philippine English]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.waywordradio.org/salvage/ |title= Salvage|date= July 14, 2004|publisher=A Way with Words |access-date= October 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.usip.org/publications/2007/03/14/extrajudicial-killings-in-the-philippines-strategies-end-the-violence|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150903052655/http://www.usip.org/publications/2007/03/14/extrajudicial-killings-in-the-philippines-strategies-end-the-violence|url-status= dead|archive-date= September 3, 2015|title= Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines: Strategies to End the Violence|author = G. Eugene Martin|publisher=United States Institute of Peace |access-date= October 28, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.humanrightsphilippines.net/2013/07/ozamiz-gang-incident-shows-salvaging-still-a-practice-among-cops-soldiers/|title= Ozamiz gang incident shows "salvaging" still a practice among cops, soldiers|author= Teddy Casiño|publisher= International Coalition for Human Rights in the Philippines|access-date= October 28, 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115530/http://www.humanrightsphilippines.net/2013/07/ozamiz-gang-incident-shows-salvaging-still-a-practice-among-cops-soldiers/|archive-date= September 24, 2015|url-status= dead}}</ref> The word is believed to be a direct [[Anglicization]] of [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] ''[[wikt:salbahe|salbahe]]'' ("cruel", "barbaric"), from [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ''[[wikt:salvaje|salvaje]]'' ("wild", "savage").<ref>{{cite web |url= http://main.tfdp.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=30 |title= On Salvaging |author= Nathan Ela |publisher= Task Force Detainees of the Philippines |access-date= October 28, 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160122174237/http://main.tfdp.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=30 |archive-date= January 22, 2016 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

EJKs that occurred during the administration of [[Rodrigo Duterte]], at the sub-national level, are more likely to occur in provinces that have high population densities, stronger state capacities, and those that are more affluent in terms of economic development. It is also found that higher rates of EJKs are correlated with provinces that have severe drug affectation rates, and those areas where Duterte's vote share in the 2016 elections are highest, indicating the presence of vertical accountability.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12142-018-0535-1 | doi=10.1007/s12142-018-0535-1 | title=Examining the Determinants of Extra-Judicial Killings in the Philippines at the Subnational Level: The Role of Penal Populism and Vertical Accountability | date=2019 | last1=Tusalem | first1=Rollin F. | journal=Human Rights Review | volume=20 | pages=67–101 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Nature==
Philippine extrajudicial killings are politically motivated murders committed by government officers, punished by local and [[international law]] or [[Treaty|convention]]. They include assassinations; deaths due to strafing or indiscriminate firing; massacre; [[summary execution]] is done if the victim becomes passive before the moment of death (i.e., abduction leading to death); assassination means forthwith or instant killing while [[Wiktionary:massacre|massacre]] is akin to [[genocide]] or mass extermination; thus, killings occurred in many regions or places throughout the Philippines in different times – 136 killings in Southern Tagalog region were recorded by human rights group [[Karapatan]] from 2001 to May 19, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/publications/summit/Summit%20Papers/ta%C3%B1ada%20-%20ending%20extrajudicial%20killings.pdf|title=www.supremecourt.gov.ph, ENDING EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLINGS AND ENFORCED DISAPPEARANCES: REFRAMING THE NATIONAL SECURITY PARADIGM AND PUTTING HUMAN RIGHTS AT THE HEART OF THE PROCESS - WIGBERTO E. TAÑADA|access-date=July 20, 2017}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061029200814/http://www.bayan.ph/downloads/primer%20on%20political%20killings.pdf A Primer on Killings of Activists, bY BAYAN] (archived from [http://www.bayan.ph/downloads/primer%20on%20political%20killings.pdf the original] on October 29, 2006)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|title=Breaking News, World News & Multimedia|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref>

=== Desaparecidos ===
[[File:Exterior_of_the_Baclaran_Church_24.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Bantayog Ng Mga Desaparecido at [[Baclaran Church]]]]
A [[forced disappearance]] (desaparecidos), on the other hand, as form of [[extrajudicial punishment]] is perpetrated by government officers, when any of its public officers abducts an individual, to vanish from public view, resulting to murder or plain [[Sequestration (law)|sequestration]]. The victim is first kidnapped, then illegally detained in [[concentration camps]], often tortured, and finally executed and the corpse hidden. International human rights groups have described the Philippines as a hotspot for enforced disappearances.<ref name=":3" /> According to Karapatan, there have been 1,900 cases of enforced disappearances in the Philippines since the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos Sr.<ref name=":3" />

In [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and Portuguese, "disappeared people" are called ''desaparecidos'', a term which specifically refers to the mostly [[South America]]n victims of [[state terrorism]] during the 1970s and the 1980s, in particular concerning [[Operation Condor]]. In the [[International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance]], "Enforced disappearance" is defined in Article 2 of the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]] as "the arrest, detention, abduction or any other form of deprivation of liberty by agents of the State or by persons or groups of persons acting with the authorization, support or acquiescence of the State, followed by a refusal to acknowledge the deprivation of liberty or by concealment of the fate or whereabouts of the disappeared person, which place such a person outside the protection of the law."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/WelcomePage.aspx|title=redirect page|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Countries/AsiaRegion/Pages/PHIndex.aspx|title=OHCHR - Philippines Homepage|website=www.ohchr.org|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref>

Even if Philippine Republic Act No. 7438<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1992/ra_7438_1992.html|title=R.A. 7438|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> provides for the rights of persons arrested, detained, it does not punish acts of enforced disappearances. Thus, on August 27,{{vague|year?|date=January 2024}} [[Bayan Muna]] (People First), [[Gabriela Women's Party]] (GWP), and [[Anakpawis]] (Toiling Masses) filed House Bill 223, later promulgated as Republic Act No. 10353{{snd}}"An act defining and penalizing the crime of enforced or involuntary disappearance." In June 2007, Sen. [[Jinggoy Estrada]] filed Senate Bill No. 2405{{snd}}"An Act Penalizing the Commission of Acts of Torture and Involuntary Disappearance of Persons Arrested, Detained or Under Custodial Investigation, and Granting Jurisdiction to the Commission on Human Rights to Conduct Preliminary Investigation for Violation of the Custodial Rights of the Accused, Amending for this Purpose Sections 2, 3 and 4 of RA 7438, and for Other Purposes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/philippines.html|title=Comparative Criminology - Asia - Philippines|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518034026/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/philippines.html|archive-date=May 18, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://bulatlat.com/2007/08/bill-criminalizing-enforced-disappearances-be-filed-gov-t-asked-ratify-international-convent|title=Unable to select database|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151229142657/http://bulatlat.com/2007/08/bill-criminalizing-enforced-disappearances-be-filed-gov-t-asked-ratify-international-convent|archive-date=December 29, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=85174|title=newsinfo.inquirer.net, 131 solons sign bill vs enforced, involuntary disappearances|access-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605025843/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=85174|archive-date=June 5, 2009}}</ref> Relatives of desaparecidos have called on the Philippine government to ratify the [[International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance|International Convention for the Protection of All Persons Against Enforced Disappearance]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Gutoman |first=Dominic |date=2025-08-30 |title=The long-overdue ratification of UN convention on enforced disappearance in PH |url=https://www.bulatlat.com/2025/08/30/the-long-overdue-ratification-of-un-convention-on-enforced-disappearance-in-ph/ |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=Bulatlat |language=en-US}}</ref>

Relatives and Philippine human rights groups commemorate the disappeared on International Day of the Disappeared on August 30 every year.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bolledo |first=Jairo |date=2022-08-30 |title=Rappler Recap: Rights groups remember desaparecidos on Int'l Day of the Disappeared |url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/recap-human-rights-groups-remember-desaperacidos-international-day-disappeared/ |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Almario |first=Anjo |date=August 8, 2023 |title=Families of desaparecidos demand justice |url=https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/8/28/families-of-desaparecidos-demand-justice.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230906000730/https://www.cnnphilippines.com/news/2023/8/28/families-of-desaparecidos-demand-justice.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 6, 2023 |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
{{expand section|with=more details about post-Marcos administration|date=April 2024}}

===Marcos regime===
{{See also|Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship}}
In 1995, 10,000 Filipinos won a U.S. class-suit against the [[Ferdinand Marcos]] estate. The charges were filed by victims or their surviving relatives for torture, execution and disappearances.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.scotsman.com/international.cfm?id=1344412006 |title=No hero's resting place as Imelda Marcos finds site for husband's grave |author=Hrvoje Hranjski |work=The Scotsman |date=September 12, 2006 |access-date=November 19, 2007}}</ref> Human rights groups placed the number of victims of extrajudicial killings under martial law<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/121365-torture-martial-law-marcos-regime|title=Worse than death: Torture methods during martial law|date=February 23, 2016 |access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> at 1,500 and over 800 abductions. [[Karapatan]], a local human rights group's records, show 759 involuntarily disappeared, their bodies never found. Military historian [[Alfred W. McCoy|Alfred McCoy]] in his book ''Closer than Brothers: Manhood at the Philippine Military Academy'' and in his speech "Dark Legacy" cites 3,257 extrajudicial killings, 35,000 torture victims, and 70,000 incarcerated during the Marcos years.<ref name="hartford-hwp.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/54a/062.html|title=Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-32/6-32-power.htm |title=Marcos Kin, Allies Still within Corridors of Power |work=Bulatalat |author=Alexander Martin Remollino |date=September 17, 2006 |access-date=November 19, 2007}}</ref> In 2006, the newspaper ''Bulatlat'' placed the number of victims of arbitrary arrest and detention at 120,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bulatlat.com/news/6-32/6-32-specter.htm |title=The Specter of Martial Law |work=Bulatalat |author=Benjie Oliveros |date=September 17, 2006 |access-date=November 19, 2007}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080105131654/http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2809885 scotsman.com, No hero's resting place as Imelda Marcos finds site for husband's grave] (archived from [http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2809885 the original] on January 5, 2008)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indybay.org/newsitems/2007/10/01/18450919.php|title=Memoirs of Martial Law in the Philippines : Indybay|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

The [[New People's Army]] (NPA) groups known as "Sparrow Units" were active in the mid-1980s, killing government officials, police personnel, military members, and anyone else they targeted for elimination. They were also part of an NPA operation called "Agaw Armas" ([[Filipino language|Filipino]] for "Seizing Weapons"), where they raided government armories as well as stealing weapons from slain military and police personnel. A low level civil war with [[Muslims]] in the south, [[Al-Qaeda]] sympathizers and [[communist]] insurgents has led to a general break down of [[Law and order (politics)|law and order]]. The [[Politics of the Philippines#National Government of the Philippines|Philippine government]] has promised to curb the killings, but is itself implicated in many of the killings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pinoyhr.net/|title=Supporters of Marijuana Legalization|website=Supporters of Marijuana Legalization|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060107160314/http://www.philippinerevolution.net/index.shtml philippinerevolution.net, website, CCP] (archived from [http://www.philippinerevolution.net/index.shtml the original] on January 7, 2006)</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070105153252/http://www.philippinerevolution.net/npa/index.shtml philippinerevolution.net, website NPA] (archived from [http://www.philippinerevolution.net/npa/index.shtml the original] on January 5, 2007)</ref>

Since 1975, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) has been deeply involved in politics. Because of the armed conflict, the military continued its campaign versus the New People's Army of the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] (CPP). Since 1969 it aimed to establish a Marxist regime with armed rebellion against the government.

===Arroyo administration===
According to University of the Philippines professor Roland Tolentino, under President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]], left-wing nongovernmental organizations were critical of her administration. Members of these organizations who were [[Red-baiting|red-tagged]] as members of the CPP and NPA were targeted in a series of political killings.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bartolome|first=Jessica|date=October 5, 2021|title=UP professors: Red-tagging happened during Marcos, Arroyo administrations|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/670243/up-professors-red-tagging-happened-during-marcos-arroyo-administrations/story/|access-date=November 15, 2021|website=GMA News Online|language=en}}</ref> In September 2007, [[Human Rights Watch]] investigated extrajudicial murders in the Philippines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hurights.or.jp/asia-pacific/048/05.html|title=Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions In the Philippines, 2001-2006 - ヒューライツ大阪|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pcij.org/blog/wp-docs/karapatan_2007_hr_report.pdf www.pcij.org, Karapatan’s 2007 human rights report] {{dead link|date=January 2013}}</ref>

Three major investigation groups were commissioned and their final reports were submitted and published:

*a) The Gloria Macapagal Arroyo government-appointed bodies: Task Force Usig created by Arroyo in August. As a special police body, it was assigned to solve 10 cases of killings. It claimed having solved 21 cases, by initiating court cases, but only 12 suspects were arrested.<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/3.htm#_ftn30|title=Scared Silent: Impunity for Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines: III. Recent Military Relations with Government and Civil Society|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>
* b) The Melo Commission, chaired by Supreme Court Associate Justice Jose Melo, with members National Bureau of Investigation Director Nestor Mantaring, Chief State Prosecutor Jovencito Zuño, Bishop Juan de dios Pueblos, and Nelia Torres Gonzales. Its final report states: "There is no official or sanctioned policy on the part of the military or its civilian superiors to resort to what other countries euphemistically call "alternative procedures"{{snd}}meaning illegal executions. However, there is certainly evidence pointing the finger of suspicion at some elements and personalities in the armed forces, in particular General [[Jovito Palparan]], as responsible for an undetermined number of killings, by allowing, tolerating, and even encouraging the killings." (Melo Commission report, p. 53)<ref name="hrw.org"/>
* c) [[Philip Alston]], the [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on Extrajudicial Executions, February 12 to 21, 2007.

==Remedies==
===Malacañang's peace summit and Puno's killings summit===

Because of the magnitude of Philippine killings and desaparecidos, 22nd [[Chief Justice]] [[Reynato Puno]] of the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]] called a National Consultative Summit on extrajudicial killings on July 16 and 17, 2007, at the [[Manila Hotel]]. Participants included representatives from government (including the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]], the PNP, [[Commission on Human Rights (Philippines)]], media, academia, [[civil society]], and other stakeholders. On the other hand, the [[Malacañang]]-sponsored "Mindanao Peace and Security Summit", July 8–10, 2007, in [[Cagayan de Oro]], concentrated on the anti-terror law, or the Human Security Act (HSA) of 2007, to make it more acceptable to the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=75094|title=Inquirer.net, SC slates summit on extrajudicial killings|access-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708181922/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=75094|archive-date=July 8, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/49959/SC-slates-summit-on-extrajudicial-killings|title=SC slates summit on extrajudicial killings|work=GMA News Online|date=July 6, 2007 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

At the July 16 summit, Reynato Puno stated that the Commission on Human Rights reported the number of victims at 403 from 2001 to May 31, 2007. [[Karapatan]] reported 863 deaths<ref>{{cite web |url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/talkofthetown/view_article.php?article_id=78036 |title=Inquirer Opinion - Inquirer Opinion |access-date=March 15, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605022710/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/talkofthetown/view_article.php?article_id=78036 |archive-date=June 5, 2009 }}</ref> until 2007, and more than 900 as of May 2008, and most of them were members of left-wing groups. Karapatan gave a breakdown of its figures on human rights violations: 7,442 victims of forced evacuations or displacement, 5,459 victims of indiscriminate firing of weapons, and 3,042 victims of food and economic blockade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080513-136383/96-cases-of-right-violations-recorded----Karapatan|title=96 cases of right violations recorded -- Karapatan - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731195420/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080513-136383/96-cases-of-right-violations-recorded----Karapatan|archive-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref> The rights group Desparecidos reported as of May 15, 2008, 194 victims of enforced disappearances under the Arroyo administration, with the latest abduction of National Democratic Front political consultant for Cagayan Valley, activist Randy Felix Malayao, 39, a volunteer worker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/96170/Activist-is-194th-victim-of-enforced-disappearances---group|title=Activist is 194th victim of 'enforced disappearances' - group|work=GMA News Online|date=May 19, 2008 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

Counsels for the Defense of Liberties (CODAL), Philippines, a lawyers’ organization stated that since 2001, 26 lawyers and 10 judges were killed due to their professions. 755 civilians had been killed extrajudicially, while 359 survived attacks. 184 persons were still missing.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070718131001/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/july/16/yehey/top_stories/20070716top6.html manilatimes.net, SPECIAL REPORT Extrajudicial killings, Even lawyers, court officials weren’t spared] (archived from [http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2007/july/16/yehey/top_stories/20070716top6.html the original] on July 18, 2007)</ref>

Bishop Deogracias Iñiguez stated that on the [[Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines|CBCP]]/[[Catholic Church]]'s count, the number of victims of extrajudicial killings is 778. Survivors of "political assassinations" reached 370. 203 "massacre" were victims, 186 were missing or involuntarily disappeared, and 502 tortured or illegally arrested. Iñiguez denounced the government's implementation of its Oplan Bantay Laya I and II.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www5.gmanews.tv/htmfiles/RA_9372.pdf|title= www5.gmanews.tv, RA 9372, Anti-Terror Law, Philippines|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/51197/Justices-activists-prelates-map-out-ways-to-end-killings|title=Justices, activists, prelates map out ways to end killings|work=GMA News Online|date=July 16, 2007 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/51466/CPP-SC-summit-cant-stop-mastermind-of-killings|title=CPP: SC summit can't stop mastermind of killings|work=GMA News Online|date=July 17, 2007 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=77149 |title=Top Stories - Inquirer News |access-date=March 15, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605164735/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/topstories/topstories/view_article.php?article_id=77149 |archive-date=June 5, 2009 }}</ref><ref>[https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=84857 ABS-CBN Interactive, More groups ask Supreme Court to junk antiterror law]</ref>

===Promulgation of Writs of Amparo and Habeas Data===
{{main|Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data (Philippines)}}
Because of the inefficacy and insufficiency of the Philippines [[Writ of Habeas Corpus]], on September 25, 2007, Chief Justice Reynato Puno signed and released the Writ of Amparo: "This rule will provide the victims of extralegal killings and enforced disappearances the protection they need and the promise of vindication for their rights. This rule empowers our courts to issue reliefs that may be granted through judicial orders of protection, production, inspection and other relief to safeguard one's life and liberty. The writ of amparo shall hold public authorities, those who took their oath to defend the constitution and enforce our laws, to a high standard of official conduct and hold them accountable to our people. The sovereign Filipino people should be assured that if their right to life and liberty is threatened or violated, they will find vindication in our courts of justice'."<ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=90626 Inquirer.net, SC approves use of writ of amparo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017222159/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=90626 |date=October 17, 2007 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/RULE.pdf Supremecourt.gov.ph, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/A.M.%20No.%2007-9-12-SC.pdf S.C. Resolution, A.M. No. 07-9-12-SC, THE RULE ON THE WRIT OF AMPARO] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228235742/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/A.M.%20No.%2007-9-12-SC.pdf |date=February 28, 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/news/courtnews%20flash/2007/09/09250701.php Supremecourt.gov.ph, SC Approves Rule on Writ of Amparo] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223083057/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/news/courtnews%20flash/2007/09/09250701.php |date=December 23, 2007 }}</ref>

Puno explained the interim reliefs under amparo: temporary protection order (TPO), inspection order (IO), production order (PO), and witness protection order (WPO, RA 6981).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/61889/SC-approves-rule-on-writ-of-amparo-vs-extralegal-killings|title=SC approves rule on writ of amparo vs extralegal killings|work=GMA News Online|date=September 25, 2007 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> As supplement to Amparo, on August 30, 2007, Puno, at [[Silliman University]] in [[Dumaguete]], [[Negros Oriental]], promised to release the ''writ of habeas data'' ("you should have the idea" or “you should have the data”) another new legal remedy to solve the extrajudicial killings and enforced disappearances. Puno explained that the ''writ of amparo'' denies to authorities defense of simple denial, and ''habeas data'' can find out what information is held by the officer, rectify or even the destroy erroneous data gathered. Brazil used the [[writ]], followed by [[Colombia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Argentina]] and [[Ecuador]].<ref>[http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=85617 Inquirer.net, Habeas data: SC’s new remedy vs killings, disappearances] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017222143/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=85617 |date=October 17, 2007 }}</ref>

* On December 3, 2007, Reynato S. Puno stated that the writ released only three victims (including Luisito Bustamante, [[Davao City]]), since amparo was enforced on October 24: "I would like to think that after the enactment and effectivity (of the writ), the number of extrajudicial killings and disappearances have gone down."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/71467/Amparo-frees-3-detainees----SC-chief|title='Amparo' frees 3 detainees - SC chief|work=GMA News Online|date=December 5, 2007 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>
* On December 17, 2007, [[Iloilo]] regional trial court Judge Narciso Aguilar granted a writ of amparo against President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and 9 military and police officials to release Nilo Arado and Maria Luisa Posa-Dominado activists abducted on April 12.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view_article.php?article_id=108216|title=inquirer.net, Iloilo court issues amparo writ for two missing activists|access-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605010449/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view_article.php?article_id=108216|archive-date=June 5, 2009}}</ref>
* On December 19, 2007, Dr. Edita Burgos petitioned the [[Philippine Court of Appeals]] to issue a writ of amparo against Armed Forces chief Gen. [[Hermogenes Esperon]] Jr. and Army chief Lt. Gen. [[Alexander Yano]] regarding her son Jonas's abduction on April 28.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/73543/jonas-burgos-mother-files-writ-of-amparo/story|title=Jonas Burgos mother files writ of amparo|work=GMA News Online|date=December 19, 2007 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>
* On December 27, 2007, the 2nd Division, Court of Appeals 30-page decision penned by Associate Justice Lucas Bersamin granted the writ of amparo filed by Reynaldo and Raymond Manalo, abducted activists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=109052|title=inquirer.net/breakingnews, CA: Palparan, military had hand in brothers' abduction|access-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605022645/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=109052|archive-date=June 5, 2009}}</ref>
* Center for International Law (CenterLaw) filed a petition for a writ of amparo on behalf of families of victims of the drug war of the government of the Philippines in October 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/938950/manila-residents-suprem-court-writ-of-amparo-war-on-drugs-police|title=Manila residents ask SC for writ of amparo vs police|last=Ballaran|first=Jhoanna|date=October 18, 2017|work=Inquirer|access-date=May 6, 2018|language=en}}</ref> The Supreme Court (SC) of the Philippines granted the writ and ordered the police to turn over documents relating to their investigations on the drug war.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/184909-flag-petition-drug-war-circular|title=Lawyers file petition to declare drug war circulars unconstitutional|last=Buan|first=Lian|date=October 11, 2017|work=Rappler|access-date=May 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref> In the same month, the [[Free Legal Assistance Group]] (FLAG), on behalf of families and a survivor of an alleged execution by local police, filed for a writ of amparo before the SC.<ref name=":0" /> After hearings on a motion for reconsideration by the Office of the Solicitor General, the SC on April 3, 2018, upheld its earlier decision and ordered the solicitor general and the Philippine National Police to submit data related to the government's war on drugs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/04/04/1802588/sc-orders-pnp-submit-report-drug-war|title=SC orders PNP: Submit report on drug war {{!}} Philstar.com|last=Punay|first=Edu|date=April 4, 2018|website=Philstar|access-date=May 7, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/04/03/Duterte-war-on-drugs-records-Solicitor-General-Calida.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404102053/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/04/03/Duterte-war-on-drugs-records-Solicitor-General-Calida.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 4, 2018|title=Supreme Court orders SolGen Calida to submit drug war records|work=CNN|access-date=May 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

==== Comment ====
On September 28, 2007, the [[Asian Human Rights Commission]] (AHRC) commented that the [[Writ of Amparo and Habeas Data (Philippines)|amparo and habeas data]] were insufficient in themselves to protect human rights in the country: "Though it responds to practical areas it is still necessary that further action must be taken in addition to this. The legislative bodies, [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] and [[Senate of the Philippines|Senate]], should also initiate its own actions promptly and without delay. They must enact laws which ensure protection of rights—laws against torture and [[enforced disappearance]] and laws to afford adequate legal remedies to victims." AHRC added that the writs are not enough to protect non-witnesses, even though they, too, face threats to their lives.<ref>{{cite web |title=Writ of amparo not enough – Hong Kong rights group |url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/62409/Writ-of-amparo-not-enough--Hong-Kong-rights-group |access-date=March 15, 2015 |work=GMA News Online|date=September 28, 2007 }}</ref>

===International groups' 2006 and 2008 probe of killings===
In 2006, the Dutch Lawyers for Lawyers Foundation and Lawyers without Borders with the support of the Netherlands Bar Association, the Amsterdam Bar Association and the International Association of Democratic Lawyers created a fact-finding mission in different parts of the Philippines. The international groups conducted interviews of various legal sectors from June 15 to 20, 2006.

In November 2008, the Dutch Lawyers for Lawyers Foundation conducted a follow-up verification and fact finding mission (IVFFM) in Manila and [[Mindanao]], with the National Host Committee, National Union of Peoples' Lawyers (NUPL) and the Counsels for the Defense of Liberties (CODAL). This team is composed of 8 judges and lawyers from Belgium and [[Netherlands]], who had dialogue with [[Reynato Puno]] on the probe of killings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mindanaoexaminer.com/news.php?news_id=20081103210751|title=mindanaoexaminer.com, Human Rights Fact-Finding Mission Begins In The Philippines|access-date=March 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122174237/http://www.mindanaoexaminer.com/news.php?news_id=20081103210751|archive-date=January 22, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081103-170033/Intl-lawyers-back-for-rights-probe|title=Int'l lawyers back for rights probe - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731191654/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081103-170033/Intl-lawyers-back-for-rights-probe|archive-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref><ref>[Int'l group to probe killings of Lawyers, Philippine Daily Inquirer, page A4, November 4, 2008]</ref>

=== "Desaparecidos" law ===
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Anti-Enforced or Involuntary Disappearance Act of 2012
| legislature =
| long_title = An Act defining and penalizing enforced or involuntary disappearance A
| citation = [https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2012/12/21/republic-act-no-10353/ Republic Act No. 10353]
| territorial_extent = [[Philippines]]
| enacted_by = [[Congress of the Philippines]]
| date_enacted = October 16, 2012
| date_assented =
| date_signed = December 21, 2012
| date_commenced = January 4, 2013
| bill =
| bill_citation =
| bill_date =
| introduced_by =
| 1st_reading =
| 2nd_reading =
| 3rd_reading =
| white_paper =
| committee_report =
| amendments =
| repeals =
| related_legislation =
| summary =
| keywords = [[human rights violations]], [[enforced disappearance]]
| status = In force
}}

In December 2012, '''The Anti-Enforced or Involuntary Disappearance Act of 2012''' was signed into law by President [[Benigno Aquino III]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.philstar.com/nation/2012/12/22/888953/philippines-passes-law-enforced-disappearances|title=Philippines passes law on enforced disappearances|last=Orosa|first=Rosalinda L.|date=December 22, 2012|website=philstar.com|access-date=May 9, 2019}}</ref> The law's principal author in [[Congress of the Philippines|Congress]] was Rep. [[Edcel Lagman]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//nation/18363-first-in-asia-desaparecidos-law|title=It's a first in Asia: 'Desaparecidos' law|last=Casauay|first=Angela|date=December 21, 2012|website=Rappler|language=en|access-date=May 9, 2019}}</ref>

The law is the first law in Asia that makes the crime of enforced disappearance punishable by life imprisonment.<ref name=":2" /> It was hailed as a milestone law by [[Human Rights Watch]], which called the law "a testament to the thousands of 'disappearance' victims since the [[Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos|Marcos dictatorship]], whose long-suffering families are still searching for justice."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/12/21/philippines-milestone-law-criminalizes-forced-disappearances|title=Philippines: Milestone Law Criminalizes Forced Disappearances|date=December 21, 2012|website=Human Rights Watch|language=en|access-date=May 9, 2019}}</ref>

The law treats enforced disappearances as a violation of human rights and a crime separate from kidnapping, serious illegal detention, and murder.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com//newsbreak/iq/210595-things-to-know-enforced-disappearances-philippines|title=What you need to know about enforced disappearances in the Philippines|last=Gavilan|first=Jodesz|date=August 29, 2018|website=Rappler|language=en|access-date=May 9, 2019}}</ref> Under the law, those guilty of enforced disappearances before the law was passed can still be prosecuted if they continue refusing to disclose the whereabouts of the victim, according to Rep. [[Neri Colmenares]].<ref name=":2" />

==International reports - the root cause of killings==
===Alston UN report===
[[Philip Alston]] submitted his final report on the killings; he found that the Armed Forces of the Philippines killed left-wing activists to get rid of communist insurgents: "the executions had "eliminated civil society leaders, including human rights defenders, trade unionists and land reform advocates, intimidated a vast number of civil society actors, and narrowed the country’s political discourse." Alston denied for lack of merit the government's claim that killings were perpetrated by communists to exterminate spies and to make negative propaganda versus government.<ref name="the original">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080125073614/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=103513 newsinfo.inquirer.net, Alston report: AFP behind killings, Report rejects RP claim of Red purge] (archived from [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=103513 the original] on January 25, 2008)</ref><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080507174217/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/about/people.html Philip Alston, UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions]}} (archived from {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060517211827/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/about/people.html#alston the original]}} on 2008-05-07)</ref>

In February 2007, Alston stated that the military made alibis or denials on its role about 800 deaths of activists and journalists since 2001. Alston blamed "impunity" which caused the executions of journalists and leftist activists: "the priorities of the criminal justice system had been "distorted," and had "increasingly focused on prosecuting civil society leaders rather than their killers." But Alston noted the government's creation of{{snd}}special courts to try extrajudicial killings, the Melo Commission and the Philippine National Police's Task Force Usig.<ref name="the original"/><ref>{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080507174217/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/about/people.html Philip Alston, UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions]}} (archived from {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060517211827/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/about/people.html#alston the original]}} on 2008-05-07)</ref>

In the November U.N. Alston report - the killings in 2007 was only 68, huge drop from the 209 murdered in 2006. Karapatan published its report however, listing 830 victims of extrajudicial killings since 2001, under Gloria Macapagal Arroyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40582|title=ipsnews.net/news, CHALLENGES 2007-2008: Short Shrift for Human Rights in South-east Asia|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207111406/http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=40582|archive-date=February 7, 2012}}</ref> In March 2007, the [[Supreme Court of the Philippines]] created regional trial courts to try cases of killings and desaparecidos.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070708181922/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=75094 newsinfo.inquirer.net, Chief Justice unfazed by Palace meet] (archived from [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view_article.php?article_id=75094 the oritginal] on July 8, 2007)</ref>

===Failed investigations and prosecutions===
The United Nations Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Execution found that just on paper trails, cases are filed. Alston officially concluded that “there is a passivity, bordering on an abdication of responsibility, which affects the way in which key institutions and actors approach their responsibilities in relation to such human rights concerns; prosecutors refused to take a role in gathering evidence, and instead being purely passive, waiting for the police to present them with a file; the Ombudsman’s office did almost nothing in recent years in this regard, failing to act in any of the 44 complaints alleging extrajudicial executions attributed to State agents submitted from 2002 to 2006." “Preliminary note on the visit of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Philip Alston, to the Philippines (12–21 February 2007),” A/HRC/4/20/Add.3, March 22, 2007, p. 4., etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/5.htm#_ftn104|title=Scared Silent: Impunity for Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines: V. Failures to Investigate and Prosecute|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0707/|title=Lives Destroyed: Attacks on Civilians in the Southern Philippines|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

===Eric G. John and G. Eugene Martin testimonies===
On March 14, 2007, [[Eric G. John]], Deputy Assistant Secretary for East Asian and Pacific Affairs testified before the USA Senate Subcommittee on Foreign Relations in [[Washington, D.C.]] John submitted his written statement: a) the increase in extrajudicial killings, b) the “Huk Rebellion” in the 1940s and 50s causing thousands of murdered victims; c) the communist New People's Army (NPA), which was listed in the [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations]] campaigned to overthrow the government since 1968; d) Extrajudicial killings by the security forces, the NPA, etc. during the Marcos regime, were less; and e) noted the report of UN Special Rapporteur Alston which submitted the Philippine Government's recognition of the gravity of the problem, expresses concern about the views of the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) regarding the problem, but much had to submitted that the reforms made did not and will not resolve the killings.<ref name="alrc.net">{{cite web|url=http://www.alrc.net/doc/mainfile.php/alrc_statements/453/|title=[ALRC Joint Statement] PHILIPPINES: Extrajudicial killings|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="United States Institute of Peace">{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.org/congress/testimony/2007/0314_martin.html|title=www.usip.org, Briefings and Congressional Testimony - Testimony of G. Eugene Martin|access-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109072529/http://www.usip.org/congress/testimony/2007/0314_martin.html|archive-date=January 9, 2008}}</ref>

Mr. Alston's March report stated that "the question of resources or technical expertise will partly resolve the killings but the strong risk is that these measures will treat only some of the symptoms of the crisis, and will fail to address meaningfully two of the most important underlying causes of a great many of the killings." (A/HRC/4/20/Add.3, March 22, 2007) Alston named two root causes of the killings: (1) 'vilification', 'labeling’, or 'guilt by association'{{snd}}"characterization of most groups on the left of the political spectrum as ‘front organizations’ for armed groups whose aim is to destroy democracy" making the groups "considered to be legitimate targets; and (2) the Government’s counter-insurgency strategy's extent of facilitating killings of activists and others.<ref name="alrc.net"/><ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/>

G. Eugene Martin specifically expanded the 2 causes of the violence and killings: a) weak political and social institutions, corrupt and ineffective judicial system, resulting to failure to obtain justice from corrupt Philippine courts; and b) the legacy of the [[Ferdinand Marcos]] regime; [[Martial law]] caused the corrupt system where soldiers, police, judges and prosecutors became principals of offenses like extralegal arrest, detention, incarceration, disappearances and killings (salvaging), all permitted or allowed. He traced the spate of violence and killings to political instability of President Arroyo government; while she created the Independent Commission to Address Media and Activist Killings, Melo Commission, she had no capability to end the killings, due to her political lameness because of the 2004 election controversy.<ref name="United States Institute of Peace"/><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080801144003/https://www.senate.gov/~foreign/hearings/2007/hrg070314p.html www.senate.gov, Extrajudicial Killings In The Philippines: Strategies To End The Violence] (archived from [https://www.senate.gov/~foreign/hearings/2007/hrg070314p.html the original] on August 1, 2008)</ref>

===FIDH report===
In August 2007, three experts from the [[International Federation for Human Rights]] (abbreviated ''FIDH''), Mr. Nabeel Rajab (Bahrain), Mr. Mouloud Boumghar (France) and Mr. Frédéric Ceuppens (Belgium), came to the Philippines. Their FIDH mission report stated that torture and ill-treatment was widespread versus suspected "terrorists". The Filipino government is a signatory to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), and the UN Convention against Torture (CAT). The FIDH dismissed the Philippines government's claim doubts that mechanisms were placed to stop the killings, as it questioned the efficiency of{{snd}}the corrupt judiciary, the government “Witness Protection Programme” ; also, judges and lawyers were victims themselves of killings. It found the Philippine anti-terrorism law ( “Human Security Act”) resulted in more torture and extrajudicial killings, as a fight against terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fidh.org/IMG/pdf/philippines-mission.pdfwww.fidh.org,|title=Philippines International Fact-Finding Mission|access-date=July 20, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===2008 US Department of State report===

In March 2008, the [[US Department of State]] reported that "arbitrary, unlawful arrests and extrajudicial and political killings continued to be a major problem in the Philippines in 2007.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100535.htm Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2007], Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 11, 2008.</ref> Washington stated that "many of these killings went unsolved and unpunished despite intensified efforts of the government to investigate and prosecute these cases."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rp2.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/03/12/08/us-political-killings-still-problem-rp|title=www.abs-cbnnews.com, US: Political killings still a problem in RP|access-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122174237/http://rp2.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/03/12/08/us-political-killings-still-problem-rp|archive-date=January 22, 2016}}</ref>

===Maguindanao massacre===
[[File:UPDilimanjf3492 11.JPG|thumb|225px| [http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/283235/news/nation/symbolic-impuni-tree-planted-for-3rd-anniversary-of-maguindanao-massacre Symbolic 'Impuni-tree' planted for 3rd anniversary of Maguindanao massacre] ([[University of the Philippines College of Mass Communication]], [[UP Diliman]]).]]
In the [[Maguindanao massacre]] in the Philippines on November 23, 2009, 57 people were killed while en route to file an electoral certificate of candidacy for [[Esmael Mangudadatu]], vice mayor of [[Buluan]] town, in upcoming gubernatorial elections for [[Maguindanao|Maguindanao province]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20091124-238128/Understanding-the-unbelievable|title=Understanding the unbelievable|last=Jimenez-David|first=Rina|date=November 24, 2009|newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]|access-date=November 24, 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091127193253/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20091124-238128/Understanding-the-unbelievable|archive-date=November 27, 2009}}</ref> The dead included Mangudadatu's wife, his two sisters, journalists, lawyers, aides, and motorists who were witnesses. At least 198 suspects were charged with murder, including incumbent governor [[Andal Ampatuan Sr.]], and his son, [[Andal Ampatuan Jr.]] who was to be a candidate to succeed him.<ref>{{citation|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=10405390|title=Philippines drops charges vs 2 massacre suspects|author=Jim Gomez|date=April 18, 2010|work=ABC News|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> On November 16, 2010, the international [[non-governmental organization]] [[Human Rights Watch]] issued a 96-page report titled "They Own the People," charting the Ampatuans’ rise to power, including their use of violence to expand their control and eliminate threats to the family's rule.<ref>[https://www.hrw.org/en/reports/2010/11/17/they-own-people “They Own the People”] (November 16, 2010), Human Rights Watch.</ref>

===Duterte's war on drugs===
{{Main|Philippine drug war}}{{See also|International Criminal Court investigation in the Philippines|Arrest of Rodrigo Duterte}}
President [[Rodrigo Duterte]] won the [[2016 Philippine presidential election]] on promises of killing those engaged in crime and illegal drugs.<ref name="guardian1">{{cite news |title=Kill drug dealers and I'll give you a medal, says Philippines president |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/05/kill-drug-dealers-medal-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=The Guardian |agency=Associated Press |date=5 June 2016}}</ref> He reiterated these threats during his term in office.<ref name="guardian2">{{cite news |title=Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte urges people to kill drug addicts |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/01/philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-urges-people-to-kill-drug-addicts |access-date=28 September 2023 |work=The Guardian |date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="time1">{{cite magazine |last1=Iyengar |first1=Rishi |title=The Killing Time: Inside Rodrigo Duterte's Drug War |url=https://time.com/4462352/rodrigo-duterte-drug-war-drugs-philippines-killing/ |access-date=28 September 2023 |magazine=Time |date=25 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref> On July 3, 2016, the [[Philippine National Police]] said they had killed 30 alleged drug dealers since Duterte was sworn in as president on June 30.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/philippine-police-kill-10/2925508.html|title=Philippine police kill 10 in Duterte's war on crime|access-date=July 9, 2016|archive-date=November 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116221527/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/philippine-police-kill-10/2925508.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-duterte-drugs-idUSKCN0ZK0UG|title=Thirty killed in four days in Philippine war on drugs|date=July 4, 2016|access-date=July 9, 2016|newspaper=Reuters}}</ref> They later stated they had killed 103 suspects between May 10 and July 7.<ref name="r">{{cite news|url=http://www.rappler.com/nation/139146-palace-critics-war-drugs-proof-violations|title=Palace to critics of war vs drugs: Show proof of violations|work=[[Rappler]]|access-date=July 9, 2016}}</ref>

On August 26, 2016, the official death total reached 2,000.<ref name=wan>{{cite news|first=Manuel|last=Mogato|title=2000 Killed in Philippines' War on Drugs |url=http://thewire.in/63034/2000-killed-in-philippines-war-on-drugs/ |access-date=August 31, 2016}}</ref> Official records from the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency give the number of deaths from July 2016 to May 2022 from the anti-drug campaign as over 6,200.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manahan |first=Job |date=May 31, 2022 |title=War on drugs: Over 6,200 killed during operations, says PDEA |url=https://www.abs-cbn.com/news/05/31/22/pdea-drug-war-also-focused-on-rehab-over-6200-killed-during-ops |access-date=April 22, 2025 |work=ABS-CBN News}}</ref> Human rights groups have put the number of killings at 30,000, including vigilante-style killings.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Tomacruz |first=Sofia |date=December 31, 2018 |title=Duterte gov't tally: 'Drug war' deaths breach 5,000-mark before 2019 |url=http://www.rappler.com//nation/220013-duterte-government-tally-killed-war-on-drugs-november-2018 |access-date=January 2, 2019 |website=Rappler |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Leon |first=Marguerite de |date=2024-01-08 |title=[The Slingshot] How many were really EJK'd under Duterte? |url=https://www.rappler.com/voices/thought-leaders/opinion-slingshot-how-many-extrajudicial-killings-under-duterte/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Rappler |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-15 |title=Without Dismantling the Death Squads, Communities Continue to Be Vulnerable and Right to Life in Serious Danger |url=https://www.amnesty.org.ph/2025/01/without-dismantling-the-death-squads-communities-continue-to-be-vulnerable-and-right-to-life-in-serious-danger/ |access-date=2025-04-22 |website=Amnesty Philippines |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Philippine National Police and Interpol arrested Duterte on March 11, 2025,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Magramo |first=Kathleen |date=2025-03-11 |title=Former Philippine President Rodrigo Duterte arrested over ICC warrant for crimes against humanity |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/10/asia/philippines-rodrigo-duterte-arrest-intl-hnk |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> to face charges of crimes against humanity related to extrajudicial killings during the Philippine drug war. Duterte will be tried by the International Criminal Court at the Hague.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Baclig |first=Cristina Eloisa |date=2025-03-17 |title=Duterte's ICC arrest: Separating fact from lies |url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/2044592/dutertes-icc-arrest-separating-fact-from-lies |access-date=2025-07-06 |newspaper=Philippine Daily Inquirer |language=en}}</ref>

==Events==
[[File:Protest_mobilization_against_Oplan_Tokhang_(Philippine_Drug_War)_remembering_the_victims.jpg|thumb|A protest by local human rights groups, remembering the victims of the drug war, October 2019.]]

On February 27, 2007, U.S. ambassador to the Philippines [[Kristie Kenney]] called on President Arroyo to end these extrajudicial killings: "Let's beef up the human rights in the Armed Forces of the Philippines and make every effort to investigate, prosecute those responsible, [and] exonerate the innocent."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/article.aspx?id=583|title=Philippines Reeling From Revelations of Extrajudicial Killings|author=Fabio Scarpello|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> In August 2007, the [[International Day of the Disappeared]], [[Asian Human Rights Commission]] (AHRC) ranked the Philippines among the top eight countries in Asia where [[forced disappearances]] of [[activists]] are not just rampant but are done with impunity. [[Sri Lanka]] headed the list. The activists took part in the Human Rights School Session of the AHRC for 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/58323/RP-has-high-number-of-disappeared---HK-group|title=RP has high number of 'disappeared' - HK group|work=GMA News Online|date=August 30, 2007 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

In September 2007, Marie Hilao-Enriquez, [[Karapatan]] secretary-general, formally petitioned the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] (UNHRC) to direct the Philippine government to stop the extrajudicial killings. She filed the report on 60 cases of killings recorded by Karapatan from January to June 2007 alone, with 17 cases of disappearances, 12 of torture, and 113 of illegal arrests.<ref name="state.gov">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2007/81754.htm www.state.gov Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines: Strategies to End the Violence] (archived from [https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eap/rls/rm/2007/81754.htm the original] on March 12, 2008)</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://desaparecidos.org/notas/2007/09/phl-groups-ask-unhrc-to-act-on.html|title=Phl - Groups ask UNHRC to act on political killings in RP - Proyecto Desaparecidos: Notas|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

On October 3, 2007, in [[Tarlac City]], 69-year-old Bishop [[Alberto Ramento]] of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente, or [[Philippine Independent Church]], and a vocal critic of killings under the Arroyo government, was stabbed 7 times and killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ahrchk.net/statements/mainfile.php/2006statements/757/|title=PHILIPPINES: Bishop is latest victim of extrajudicial killing—Asian Human Rights Commission|website=Asian Human Rights Commission|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref> Then on December 11, 2006, Philippines National Police's Task Force Usig reported 115 cases of “slain party list /militant members” and 26 cases of “mediamen” since 2001. The ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]'' published 299 killings from October 2001 and April 2007 (See e.g. Alcuin Papa, “3 US solons to PNP: Respect human rights,” ''Philippine Daily Inquirer'', April 18, 2007).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/reports/2007/philippines0607/philippines0607_files/image001.jpg|title= hrw.org/reports/2007, Suspected Political Killings as Reported in the Philippines Daily Inquirer during 2006|access-date=July 20, 2017}}</ref>

The December 2007 year-end report of Karapatan (Alliance for the Advancement of People's Rights) noted only 68 extrajudicial killings compared to 209 victims in 2006. Karapatan also reported 16,307 human rights violations just for 2007 (which included killings and forcible displacement of communities). Therefore, aside from the 887 killings since 2001 under Mrs. Arroyo, Karapatan, just for 2007, recorded 35 victims of political killings; 26 of enforced or involuntary disappearance; 8 of abduction; 29 of torture; 129 of illegal arrest; 116 of illegal detention; 330 of threat, harassment and intimidation; 7,542 of forcible evacuation or displacement, 3,600 of “hamletting”, interalia. As only solution, it petitioned for the resignation of Mrs. Arroyo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20071203-104528/Intl_pressure_leads_to_decline_in_killings--Karapatan|title=Int'l pressure leads to decline in killings--Karapatan - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731201023/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20071203-104528/Intl_pressure_leads_to_decline_in_killings--Karapatan|archive-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref> with 356 left-wing activists murdered.

The Philippines armed forces battled the Communists since 1969, with about 40,000 victims killed, and it had to ward off killings by Muslim radicals.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6381291.stm|title=BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Philippines army is 'in denial'|date=February 21, 2007|access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> However, Justice Undersecretary Ricardo Blancaflor, head of Task Force on Political Violence contradicted Karapatan's submission only on the number of killings. PNP's Task Force Usig, according to Blancaflor noted only 141 cases, of which, only 114 are party-list members or leftist activists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=105208|title=newsinfo.inquirer.net, Blancaflor slams Karapatan for 'exaggerated' killings data|access-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605031302/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view_article.php?article_id=105208|archive-date=June 5, 2009}}</ref>

On December 13, 2007, Philippine Human Rights Commissioner Dominador Calamba II, at the Philippine Working Group for an ASEAN Human Rights Mechanism forum denounced the failure of the government in its treaty reporting to the [[United Nations]], due to "13 reports overdue", reports due on implementation of international covenants signed by the Philippines to solve discrimination, forced disappearances and extrajudicial killings. Calamba reported 383 killings filed with the CHR, of which 145 were extrajudicial or political in form.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20071213-106553/13_human_rights_reports_overdue_says_CHR_exec|title=newsinfo.inquirer.net, COMMISSIONER Dominador Calamba III of the Commission on Human Rights said the current human rights situation in the Philippines was "appalling."|access-date=July 20, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731180020/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20071213-106553/13_human_rights_reports_overdue_says_CHR_exec|archive-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref>

On January 1, 2008, the [[National Union of Journalists]] (NUJ) paid tribute to 171 journalists killed in 2007. Citing data published by [[International Federation of Journalists]]: [[Iraq]] was number one, with 65 deaths; in the [[Philippines]], 6 journalists killed in 2007 were Hernani Pastolero (Sultan Kudarat), Carmelito Palacios (Nueva Ecija), Dodie Nunez (Cavite), Geruncio "Oscar" Mondejar (Mandaue), Vicente Sumalpong (Tawi-Tawi) and Fernando "Batman" Lintuan (Davao City); 54 journalists were murdered under the administration of President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]]. In 2006, INSI stated that the Philippines was the 2nd most dangerous country for journalists, next to Iraq, listing 15 work-related journalists murdered.<ref>[https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=104059 Abs-Cbn Interactive, NUJ pays tribute to 171 journalists killed in 2007]</ref>

On January 4, 2008, the [[International Federation of Journalists]] (IFJ) Asia-Pacific director Jacqueline Park denounced the murders of broadcasters Fernando Lintuan in [[Davao City]] and former journalist Romelito Oval Jr. It petitioned the Philippine government to fully investigate 2007 journalists' killings: "5 journalists as well as Oval were killed in the Philippines in 2007, which is shocking and reveals the extreme dangers that journalists face every day in trying to carry out their work. There will be no press freedom in the Philippines until this (situation) changes."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/75219/Intl-group-calls-for-deeper-probe-into-journalist-killings|title=Int'l group calls for deeper probe into journalist killings|work=GMA News Online|date=January 4, 2008 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

On January 4, 2008, Anakpawis Rep. [[Crispin Beltran]] filed House Resolution 299 with the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines]] to investigate the murders and harassment of trade union/labor leaders in the Philippines. He cited the 2007 annual Survey of Trade Union Rights Violations of the [[International Trade Union Confederation]]: "33 of the total 144 cases of trade union killings worldwide happened in the Philippines; and 800 cases of beatings and torture of trade unionists in the country."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080106-110621/Probe_killing_of_labor_leaders--Beltran |title=Probe killing of labor leaders--Beltran - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos |access-date=March 15, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731192421/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080106-110621/Probe_killing_of_labor_leaders--Beltran |archive-date=July 31, 2013 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/75412/33-of-144-labor-leaders-killed-around-world-in-07-from-RP 33 of 144 labor leaders killed around world in '07 from RP] (January 6, 2008), [http://www.gmanews.tv gmanews.tv].</ref> On January 9, 2008, PNP Task Force Usig announced that 3 policemen, 11 soldiers and 3 [[militiamen]] had been arrested or named suspects in killings of journalists and militants since 2001. Director Jefferson P. Soriano submitted the report with the 17 names to PNP chief Avelino Razon. As of December 10, Task Force Usig had prosecuted 113 killings cases of party-list members, leftist activists, and 27 journalists.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20081005203734/http://www.malaya.com.ph/jan10/news3.htm www.malaya.com.ph, 17 gov’t men held, probed on killings] (archived from [http://www.malaya.com.ph/jan10/news3.htm the original] on October 5, 2008)</ref>

Despite different appeals by local and international groups, the spate of extrajudicial killings in the Philippines continued. On January 15, 2008, Chief Justice Reynato Puno condemned the murder of [[Calbayog]], [[Samar]], Judge Roberto Navidad, the 14th judge to be ambushed under the Arroyo government. While starting his vehicle, Natividad was shot in the left eye on January 14, 2008, by a lone gunman using a 45 caliber pistol.<ref>[http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=105629 Abs-Cbn Interactive, Supreme Court condemns ambush of Samar judge]{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On January 15, 2008, Catholic [[missionary]] Rey Roda, Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI), 54, was shot dead when he resisted an abduction attempt by 10 unidentified armed men in a chapel in Likud Tabawan village, South Ubian, [[Tawi-Tawi]], South Ubian. In February 1997, another OMI leader, Bishop Benjamin de Jesus was shot dead in front of the [[Jolo]] cathedral.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708085508/http://www.bosnewslife.com/3381-3381-breaking-news-philippines-priest-killed-in www.bosnewslife, BREAKING NEWS: Philippines Priest Killed In Kidnap Attempt, Killing Comes After Assassination Of Judge] (archived from [http://www.bosnewslife.com/news/3381-breaking-news-philippines-priest-killed-in the original] on 2011-07-08)</ref> In 2006, the [[Asian Human Rights Commission]] stated that there had been 26 priests, [[pastors]], and church workers who were executed or were victims of violence under the Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration since 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7009728838|title=www.allheadlinenews.com, Spate Of Killings Continue In Philippines, Judge, Priest Killed|access-date=20 July 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613015659/http://www.allheadlinenews.com/articles/7009728838|archive-date=13 June 2008}}</ref> This includes 3 priests who were reported killed just in 2007: Basilio Bautista of the Iglesia Filipina Reform Group, in [[Surigao del Sur]], Indonesian priest Fransiskus Madhu, in Kalinga province, and Catholic priest Florante Rigonan, in [[Ilocos Norte]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/76673/Priest-judge-slain-as-spate-of-RP-killings-remains-unsolved,|title=Priest, judge slain, as spate of RP killings remains unsolved|work=GMA News Online|access-date=15 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522035044/http://www.gmanews.tv/story/76673/Priest-judge-slain-as-spate-of-RP-killings-remains-unsolved,|archive-date=22 May 2011|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On January 19, 2008, the [[Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines]] (quoting from a letter of [[Holy See|Vatican]] [[Cardinal Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] Cardinal [[Tarcisio Bertone]]), announced that Pope [[Benedict XVI]] "praised the courage of, and was saddened over the brutal and tragic killing of Fr. Reynaldo Roda in his ministry as head of Notre Dame School." The Pope wrote Jolo Bishop Angelito Lampon: "calls upon the perpetrators to renounce the ways of violence and to play their part in building a just and peaceful society, where all can live together in harmony."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2008-01-19-philippines-slain-priest_N.htm|title=Pope praises courage of slain Philippine priest - USATODAY.com|website=[[USA Today]] |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

On January 16, 2008, international democracy watchdog [[Freedom House]] downgraded the "freedom status" of the Philippines to partially free due to the spate of political killings, "specifically targeting left-wing political activists in the country, freedom in the sloped downward."<ref>[https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=105821 Abs-Cbn Interactive, Int'l democracy watchdog: RP only 'partly free']</ref> On January 18, 2008, the [[Kilusang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas]] (KMP), led by its chair [[Rafael V. Mariano|Rafael Mariano]] (president of the Anakpawis), condemned the January 12 [[kidnap]]ping and January 16 extrajudicial killing and torture of their farmer and local leader Teldo Rebamonte, 45, Masbate People's Organization (who was supposed to join the commemoration of the Mendiola Massacre) in Barangay Nabasagan, Concepcion in Claveria, Burias Island, [[Masbate]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20070709212017/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/storypage.aspx?StoryId=106086 Abs-Cbn Interactive, KMP: Farmer tortured, killed in Burias Islands]</ref>

On January 23, Karapatan announced that the two latest victims of extrajudicial killings were: Tildo Rebamonte, 45, a [[Claveria, Masbate|Claveria]], Masbate, carpenter, who was gunned down on January 16, four days after he was allegedly kidnapped by the Philippine National Police's Regional Mobile Group; and ex-political prisoner Ronald Sendrijas, 35, who was shot dead in [[Tagbilaran City]], [[Bohol]], on January 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/77547/Carpenter-ex-detainee-latest-victims-of-killings--Karapatan|title=Carpenter, ex-detainee latest victims of killings – Karapatan|work=GMA News Online|date=January 22, 2008 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> On January 23, 2008, Pastor Felicisimo Catambis, 60, of the [[United Church of Christ in the Philippines]] in Catugan, Barangay Balucawe, [[Leyte]], was shot dead by an unknown assailant.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view/20080125-114761/Protestant-pastor-shot-dead-in-Leyte|title=Inquirer.net, Protestant pastor shot dead in Leyte|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522083416/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/regions/view/20080125-114761/Protestant-pastor-shot-dead-in-Leyte|archive-date=May 22, 2011}}</ref>

In March 2008, Filipino lawyer Edre Olalia, lead officer of the National Union of Peoples’ Lawyers and the Counsels for the Defense of Liberties, brought the Philippine case and appealed to the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), in its 7th [[Geneva]] session "to stop the extrajudicial killings and abductions in the Philippines". Philippines killings will be examined in the first UNHRC session, periodic review from April 7 to 18, along with those in 15 others of 192 member-countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080315-124920/RP-lawyer-takes-extra-judicial-killings-to-UN|title=RP lawyer takes extra-judicial killings to UN - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731201801/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080315-124920/RP-lawyer-takes-extra-judicial-killings-to-UN|archive-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref>

In the March 2008 US Department of State, 2007 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, the US found that extrajudicial and political killings, including those of journalists, by members of the military, police, Communist rebels and other terrorist groups / perpetrators continue to be a major problem in the Philippines. The report added that "despite intensified efforts by the Philippine government to investigate and prosecute these cases, many went unsolved and unpunished."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080429-133496/Killings-still-major-problem-in-Philippines--US-report|title=Killings still major problem in Philippines--US report - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731192755/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080429-133496/Killings-still-major-problem-in-Philippines--US-report|archive-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref>

In 2008, the delegates to the 6th Congress of the [[National Union of Journalists]] of the Philippines (NUJP) led by chairperson Jose Torres Jr. renewed calls to end unabated media killings. The NUJP reported that the number of journalists murdered swelled from 60 in 2001 to 96 in 2008. The most recent victims were gunned down local radio broadcasters of [[Radio Mindanao Network]], Dennis Cuesta from [[General Santos]], and Martin Roxas of [[Roxas City]], [[Capiz]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/116263/96th-victim-of-media-killings-laid-to-rest-as-journalists-call-for-justice|title=96th victim of media killings laid to rest as journalists call for justice|work=GMA News Online|date=August 26, 2008 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref> The NUJP declared August 20, a "National Day of Mourning" as journalists wore black in protest, as they paid tribute to slain media practitioners at the Bantayog ng mga Bayani in [[Quezon City]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gmanews.tv/story/114673/NUJP-Aug-20-is-Day-of-Mourning-wear-black|title=NUJP: Aug 20 is 'Day of Mourning,' wear black|work=GMA News Online|date=August 19, 2008 |access-date=March 15, 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, Deepak Obhrai, Parliamentary Secretary to the Minister of Foreign Affairs, in a statement at Canada's House of Commons, commended "the laudable role of the Supreme Court in the preservation of human rights and in the pursuit of justice." Canadian Ambassador Robert Desjanis sent the document to Chief Justice [[Reynato Puno]] "to underline the value that the government of Canada attaches to your efforts in this regard as well as to our continued collaboration in the Justice Reform Initiatives Support Project."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080423-132199/Canada-lauds-SC-for-efforts-vs-killings-disappearances|title=Canada lauds SC for efforts vs killings, disappearances - INQUIRER.net, Philippine News for Filipinos|access-date=March 15, 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731194047/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20080423-132199/Canada-lauds-SC-for-efforts-vs-killings-disappearances|archive-date=July 31, 2013}}</ref>

In 2018, Major General [[Jovito Palparan]] was convicted for the kidnapping and [[disappearance of Sherlyn Cadapan and Karen Empeño]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Buan|first=Lian|date=September 17, 2018|title=Jovito Palparan found guilty|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/bulacan-court-judgment-kidnapping-illegal-detention-cases-vs-jovito-palparan-september-17-2018|access-date=July 7, 2021|website=Rappler|language=en}}</ref>

In April 2023, Indigenous rights activists Dexter Capuyan and Gene Roz Jamil "Bazoo" de Jesus were abducted by unidentified men in Rizal province and have not yet been found. In September 2023, environmental activists [[Abduction of Jonila Castro and Jhed Tamano|Jonila Castro and Jhed Tamano]] were held for two weeks by the Philippine military in Bataan province. The military allegedly abducted and coerced Castro and Tamano into posing as members of the New People's Army.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Conde |first=Carlos |date=2023-10-11 |title=Enforced Disappearances Still a Scourge in Philippines |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/10/11/enforced-disappearances-still-scourge-philippines |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> According to Karapatan, at least 16 activists were abducted from June 2022 to November 2023 under the [[presidency of Bongbong Marcos]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aspinwall |first=Nick |date=2023-11-09 |title=Activists Keep Disappearing in Marcos's Philippines |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2023/11/09/philippines-marcos-disappeared-activists-duterte-tamano-castro/ |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Foreign Policy |language=en-US}}</ref>

== In popular culture ==
In June 2019, ''Watch List (Maria)'', a feature film [[Thriller film|thriller]] directed by [[Ben Rekhi]] about a single mother and recovering drug addict who makes a [[Deal with the Devil|devil's bargain]] with a police death squad in Manila, premiered and was nominated for a jury prize at the [[Seattle International Film Festival]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/01/ben-rekhi-maria-thriller-movie-drug-wars-extra-judicial-killings-philippines-alessandra-de-rossi-1202243252/|title='Maria': Ben Rekhi Wraps Timely Manila Drug-War Thriller With Alessandra De Rossi|last1=Tartaglione|first1=Nancy|date=January 15, 2018|website=Deadline|language=en|access-date=September 12, 2019}}; {{Cite web|url=http://vanguardseattle.com/2019/05/21/siff-2019-three-filmmakers-give-their-recommendations-for-the-festival/|title=SIFF 2019: Three Filmmakers Give Their Recommendations for the Festival|date=May 21, 2019|website=Vanguard Seattle|language=en-US|access-date=September 12, 2019}}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.siff.net/media/press/press-releases/pr-siff-2019-award-winners|title=SIFF 2019 Award Winners|website=www.siff.net|language=en|access-date=September 12, 2019}}; {{Citation|title=Watch List|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt8512120/|access-date=September 12, 2019}}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.twoohsix.com/2019/06/watch-list-maria-siff-2019-movie-review.html|title=Watch List (Maria) - SIFF 2019 Movie Review|last=Morin|first=Marc|access-date=September 12, 2019}}; {{Cite web|url=https://www.festival-deauville.com/pid9/film-2426/watch-list|title=Watch list - Compétition - Festival du Cinéma Américain de Deauville|website=www.festival-deauville.com|access-date=September 12, 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Davao Death Squad]]
* [[Marlene Garcia-Esperat]], investigative journalist
* [[Deaths of Kian delos Santos, Carl Arnaiz and Reynaldo de Guzman]]
* [[Red-tagging in the Philippines]]
* [[Negros Island killings]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{commons category-inline}}
* [https://angpangako.net/data-maps/victims Ang Pangako - Interactive Philippine Drug War Victim Map] (click on ''Victims'' panel toggle button at upper left)
* [https://www.ateneo.edu/sites/default/files/attached-files/Summary%20and%20Extrajudicial%20Killings%20in%20the%20Philippines%20%28AHRC%29%20-%20UPR%203rd%20Cycle.pdf Summary and Extrajudicial Killings in the Philippines.pdf ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190819065654/http://www.ateneo.edu/sites/default/files/attached-files/Summary%20and%20Extrajudicial%20Killings%20in%20the%20Philippines%20(AHRC)%20-%20UPR%203rd%20Cycle.pdf |date=August 19, 2019 }}, A Submission to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] for the Universal Periodic Review of the Philippines (3rd Cycle, 27th Session, 2017), ([[Ateneo de Manila|Ateneo]] Human Rights Center)
* [http://www.gmanews.tv/video/32024/-Case-Unclosed--Desaparecidos Case Unclosed: Desaparecidos]

===Monitoring organizations===
*[http://www.icaed.org icaed.org, International campaign for UN Convention to protect all persons from enforced disappearance]
*[http://www.desaparecidos.org/eng.html Desaparecidos.org www.desaparecidos.org] (in English & Spanish)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080611034558/http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/vanishes.htm "The Commissar Vanishes"]{{snd}}[[Nikolai Yezhov]] [[airbrush]]ed out of a picture with [[Joseph Stalin]];
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071013110000/http://ic-mp.org/home.php www.ic-mp.org, The International Commission on Missing Persons]}}
*[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/special/index.htm www2.ohchr.org, Official website]
*[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/documentary_archive/5295942.stm news.bbc.co.uk, BBC News Special on Special Rapporteurs]
*[[Amnesty International]]
*[[Human Rights Watch]]
*[http://www.gmanews.tv/story/76673/Priest-judge-slain-as-spate-of-RP-killings-remains-unsolved www.gmanews.tv, Priest, judge slain, as spate of RP killings remains unsolved]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090630014226/http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/16/yehey/top_stories/20080116top4.html www.manilatimes.net, Puno condemns killing of judge in Calbayog] (archived from [http://www.manilatimes.net/national/2008/jan/16/yehey/top_stories/20080116top4.html the original] on 2009-06-30)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080512121851/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20080509-135514/Political-killings-not-official-but-an-unintended-policy I-TEAM REPORT - ‘Political killings not official but an unintended policy’]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071212095753/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/publications/summit/index.php supremecourt.gov.ph, National Summit on Extra Judicial Killings]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20231126201317/http://www.omct.org/index.php?id=SCR%E3%80%88=eng&articleSet=Report omct.org, World Organization Against Torture]
*[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20100602193949/http://www.omct.org/pdf/ESCR/2007/cescr/Philippines_OMCT_list_of_issues_to_CESCR.pdf List of Issues arising from the Initial-Fourth Periodic Report of the Philippines to the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Philippines]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20060506190632/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/ extrajudicialexecutions.org/ extrajudicialexecutions.org, Philippines: Editorial on the Davao Death Squad and Killing of Journalists]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080507174217/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/about/people.html#alston Philip Alston, UN Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20071228225040/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/about/mandate.html extrajudicialexecutions.org, About the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial Executions]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080813000019/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/reports/A_HRC_8_Philippines_Advance_Edited.pdf extrajudicialexecutions.org, Special Rapporteur’s report on the Philippines]}} (archived from {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20080813000019/http://www.extrajudicialexecutions.org/reports/A_HRC_8_Philippines_Advance_Edited.pdf the original]}} on 2008-08-13)
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20071230165848/http://stopthekillings.org/stknpv2/ stopthekillings.org, Dangerous, Regime, Defiant People - KARAPATAN 2007 Human Rights Report]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121206063817/http://stopthekillings.org/stknpv2/?q=resources%2F61%2Fdangerous-regime%2C-defiant-people#attachments stopthekillings.org, KARAPATAN 2007 Human Rights Report]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100612225611/http://www.pcij.org/blog/wp-docs/karapatan-killings2006.pdf List of Extrajudicial Killings as of April 25, 2006, Karapatan Documentation Committee]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080706094122/http://www.pnp.gov.ph/about/content/offices/spl_units/tf_usigupdates/usig_sept/pdf%20files/news_archives/REBUTTALS%20TO%20ALLEGATIONS%20MADE%20BY%20WITNESSES.pdf pnp.gov.ph, REBUTTALS TO ALLEGATIONS MADE BY WITNESSES DURING THE U.S. SENATE SUB-COMMITTEE ON EAST ASIAN AND PACIFIC AFFAIRS‛“HEARING ON VIOLENCE RELATED TO EXTRA-JUDICIAL KILLINGS IN THE PHILIPPINES” HELD ON 14 MARCH 2007] (archived from [http://www.pnp.gov.ph/about/content/offices/spl_units/tf_usigupdates/usig_sept/pdf%20files/news_archives/REBUTTALS%20TO%20ALLEGATIONS%20MADE%20BY%20WITNESSES.pdf the original] on 2008-07-06)
*[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90151.htm US Department of State, Philippines, International Religious Freedom Report 2007], Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
*[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/ 2007 International Religious Freedom Report]
*[https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2007/100535.htm US Department of State, Philippines, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2007], Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 11, 2008
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160122174237/http://rp3.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/05/03/08/journalists-condemn-unsolved-media-killings Journalists condemn unsolved media killings, May 3, 2008]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20160122174237/http://rp1.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/05/01/08/rp-others-top-impunity-index-slain-journalists-0 RP, others top 'Impunity Index' for slain journalists, May 3, 2008]

{{Asia in topic|Extrajudicial killings in|title=[[Extrajudicial killing]] in [[Asia]]}}
{{Asia in topic|forced disappearances in|title=[[Forced disappearances]] in [[Asia]]}}
{{World topic|prefix=Extrajudicial killings in|title= [[Extrajudicial killing]] by country |noredlinks=yes}}

[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in the Philippines| ]]
[[Category:Enforced disappearances in the Philippines| ]]
[[Category:Politics of the Philippines by issue]]
[[Category:Philippine criminal law]]
[[Category:Human rights abuses in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Democratic backsliding in the Philippines]]

Ek Phool Char Kante

2026-03-04T04:00:42Z

Bhatti21: quick update

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name =Ek Phool Char Kante
| image = Ek Phool Char Kante.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Bhappi Sonie]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sunil Dutt]]|[[Waheeda Rehman]]}}
| music = [[Shankar Jaikishan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1960}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Ek Phool Char Kante''''' ({{Translation|One flower, four thorns}}) is a 1960 [[Hindi language|Hindi]] film directed by [[Bhappi Sonie]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Waheeda Rehman]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]], [[Gopi]] and [[Tun Tun]]. The film's music is by [[Shankar Jaikishan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505641|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129071431/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/cast/id/505641|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 January 2013|title=Ek Phool Char Kaante 1960 Movie|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|date=|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-10}}</ref>

The film included the famous songs "Beautiful Baby of Broadway", "Bombshell Baby of Bombay" sang by (Iqbal Singh Sethi) and Matwali Naar Thumak Thumak Chali Jaaye".

==Plot==
The film is a light-hearted comic love story, wherein Sunil Dutt falls in love with a "phool" Sushma(Waheeda Rehman) but has to impress her four uncles, the "kante" (thorns) of the title. Each uncle has a different idiosyncrasy and Sunil Dutt pretends to be an expert in that field in order to impress that particular uncle. First Uncle Dhumal a religious fanatic he pretends as a religious scholar (Vidyartthi). Second Uncle David an acting fanatic he impresses as a versatile Actor. The four uncles select their protégé for their niece, not knowing that each is selecting the same boy. When the boy whom they have approved disappears, they agree to marry their niece off to her choice, who is Sunil Dutt again.

==Cast==
* [[Sunil Dutt]] as Sanjeev
* [[Waheeda Rehman]] as Sushma
*[[Krishan Dhawan]] as Shyam ( Sanjeev s friend)
* [[Mohan Choti]] as Sanjeevs house servant.
* [[Tun Tun]] as Jamuna ( Sushmas Caretaker)
* [[Sulochana Latkar]]
* Bir Sakuja as Sanjeevs father
* Iqbal Singh Sethi
* [[Mumtaz Begum (actress)|Mumtaz Begum]] as Sanjeev"s mother
* [[David Abraham Cheulkar|David Abraham]] as Uncle No 1 (cinema fanatic)
* [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]] as Uncle - 2 (rock n roll fanatic)
* [[Rashid Khan (actor)|Rashid Khan]] as Uncle - 3 (yoga fanatic)
* [[Dhumal (actor)|Dhumal]] as Uncle - 4 (religious fanatic)
*[[Bela Bose]] as Sushma s friend
*[[Bindu (actress)|Bindu]] as Sushma s friend

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)!!Lyricist
|-
| 1.
| "Banwari Re Jeene Ka Sahara"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| [[Hasrat Jaipuri]]
|-
| 2.
| "Ankhon Mein Rang Kyon Aaya"
| [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]], Lata Mangeshkar
| Hasrat Jaipuri
|-
| 3.
| "Dil Ae Dil Baharon Se Mil"
| [[Talat Mahmood]], Lata Mangeshkar
| [[Shailendra (lyricist)|Shailendra]]
|-
| 4.
| "Matwali Naar Thumak Thumak"
| Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh
| Shailendra
|-
| 5.
| "Baby Of Bombay"<ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/a-sikh-rock-n-roller-from-60s-who-earned-sobriquet-indian-elvis/story-ByBe9NFOyZONECqBlc0OQL.html</ref>
| Iqbal Singh
| Shailendra
|-
| 6.
| "O Meri Baby Doll"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
| Shailendra
|-
| 7.
| "Sambhal Ke Karna Jo Kuchh Karna"
| Mukesh
| Shailendra
|-
| 8.
| "Soch Rahi Thi Kahoon Na Kahoon"
| Lata Mangeshkar
| Shailendra
|-
| 9
| "Tirchi Nazar Se Yun Na Dekh"
| Mohammed Rafi
| Hasrat Jaipuri
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0053791|Ek Phool Char Kaante}}

[[Category:1960 films]]
[[Category:1960 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1960 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Jaikishan]]
[[Category:1960 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bhappi Sonie]]

{{1960s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Haddhu Ledhu Raa

2026-03-03T09:13:52Z

Bhatti21: started a details!

{{Short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| image =
| caption =
| director = Rajashekkar Raavi
| screenplay =
| story = Rajashekkar Raavi
| writer =
| producer = Mohan Rao Raavi
| starring = {{plain list|
*Ashish Gandhi
* Hrithika
*Varsha Viswanath
* [[Tanikella Bharani]]
}}
| cinematography = Ak Anandh
| editing = Gowtham Raj Nerusu
| music =Kamal Kumar D
| studio = Tiger Hills Production Swarna Pictures
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|03|21}}
| runtime = 112 Minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]]
}}
'''''Haddhu Ledhu Raa''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action-drama|action drama]] film written and directed by Rajashekkar Raavi. Produced by Mohan Rao Raavi under Tiger Hills Production, Swarna Pictures, it stars Ashish Gandhi, Ashok, Varsha, Hrithika and [[Tanikella Bharani]] in lead roles.<ref name="Friendship takes center stage in ‘Haddu Ledura’">{{cite news |work=The Hans India |title=Friendship takes center stage in ‘Haddu Ledura’ |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/friendship-takes-center-stage-in-haddu-ledura-859585 |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=19 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725163822/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/friendship-takes-center-stage-in-haddu-ledura-859585 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The film was theatrically released on 21 March 2024.<ref name="Haddhu Ledhu Raa gets release date">{{cite news |work=Cinema Express |title=Haddhu Ledhu Raa gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/19/haddhu-ledhu-raa-gets-release-date |access-date=25 July 2024 |date=19 March 2024 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref>
==Cast==
*Ashish Gandhi
* Hrithika
*Varsha Viswanath
*[[Tanikella Bharani]]
*[[Rajeev Kanakala]]
*Ashok
*Varsha
*Dayanand Reddy
==Soundtrack==

The music and background score is composed by Kamal Kumar D.
{{Soundtrack
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Pillagada
| length1 = 4:05
| lyrics1 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra1 = Harika Narayan
| title2 = Chigurinche
| length2 = 2:27
| lyrics2 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra2 = Vedha Vagdevi
| title3 = Friendship
| length3 = 3:45
| lyrics3 = Rambabu Gosala
| extra3 = Abhay Jodhpurkar
| title4 =
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 =
| title5 =
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 =
| title6 =
| length6 =
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 =
}}
== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31711509}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2024 action drama films]]

Victorious Kidss Educares

2026-02-22T20:33:07Z

Bhatti21: adding initial data w/ sources!

{{Primary sources|date=March 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Victorious Kidss Educares
| motto = Learning to Love to Learn
| type = International Baccalaureate World School
| founder = Dr. Robbin Ghosh
| president = Dr. Robbin Ghosh
| principal = Mrs. Saarada Ghosh
| principal1 = Mrs. Saarada Ghosh
| principal_label1 = Vice President
| enrollment = approx. 1200
| city = [[Pune]]
| state = Maharashtra
| country = India
| website = {{URL|www.victoriouskidsseducares.org}}
}}

'''Victorious Kidss Educares (VKE)''' is an [[IB World School]] located in [[Kharadi]], [[Pune]], [[India]]. It was established by Dr. Robbin Ghosh in January 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.victoriouskidsseducares.org/about/history-journey/|title=Victorious Kidss Educares {{!}} History|publisher=Victorious Kidss Educares}}</ref> The school is driven by the motto of ‘Learning to Love to Learn’, and strives to create ‘lifelong learners’.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.victoriouskidsseducares.org/|title=Home|website=Best IB School In Pune|language=en-US|access-date=2019-06-12}}</ref>

It is a co-educational school from Playgroup up to Grade 12th.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.victoriouskidsseducares.org/admission/|title=Admission|publisher=Victorious Kidss Educares|access-date=31 March 2011}}</ref>

The school is authorised by [[International Baccalaureate]] for the [[Primary Years Programme]], the [[Middle Years Programme]], and the [[Diploma Programme]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.victoriouskidsseducares.org/academic-programmes/about-ib/|title=International Baccalaureate|publisher=International Baccalaureate|access-date=31 March 2011}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of schools in Pune]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.victoriouskidsseducares.org}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Schools in Pune]]
[[Category:International Baccalaureate schools in India]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1997]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Dream Destinations

2026-02-21T05:20:17Z

Bhatti21: rd

#redirect[[Zee TV]]

B. Ajithkumar

2026-02-19T11:00:01Z

Bhatti21: Started A Bio

{{short description|Indian film editor and director}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = B. Ajithkumar
| native_name =
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kothamangalam]], [[Kerala]], India
| alma_mater = [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]]
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Film editor
* director
}}
| awards = [[National Film Award for Best Editing]] (2007)
| yearsactive = 1998{{En dash}}present
}}

'''B. Ajithkumar''' (also known '''B. Ajith Kumar''') is an Indian [[film editor]] and director. He has won the [[National Film Award for Best Editing|National Award for Best Editing]] in 2007 for ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]'' as well as the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]] in 2002 (for ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]'' and ''[[Bhavam]]''),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/04/10/stories/2003041006270400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041108162805/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2003/04/10/stories/2003041006270400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2004-11-08|website=[[The Hindu]]|title='Nizhalkuth' bags seven awards|date=2003-04-10|access-date=2017-11-06}}</ref> 2013 for ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]],''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.madhyamam.com/en/node/9373?destination=node/9373|title=Prithviraj, Rima Kallingal bag State Film Awards|website=madhyamam.com|date=22 February 2013|access-date=2017-11-06}}</ref> and 2017 (for ''[[Kammatipaadam]]'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmelon.com/news/47th-kerala-state-film-awards-2016-2017-winners-list|title=47th Kerala State Film Awards 2016-2017: Winners List|website=Filmelon|access-date=2017-11-06|archive-date=29 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429205919/http://www.filmelon.com/news/47th-kerala-state-film-awards-2016-2017-winners-list|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Ajithkumar graduated from [[Film and Television Institute of India]], [[Pune]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.legrandsoir.info/le-cinema-est-un-genre-d-art-martial.html|title=Le cinéma est un genre d'art martial (Countercurrents) -- B Ajithkumar|last=Ajithkumar|first=B|work=Le Grand Soir|access-date=2017-11-06|language=fr-FR}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> After graduating, he started his career as film editor. His debut directorial film was ''[[Eeda]],'' which depicts the violent political atmosphere of Kannur.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/oct/05/national-award-winning-editor-ajithkumar-turns-director-with-eeda---first-look-poster-1667190.html|title=National award-winning editor Ajithkumar turns director with 'Eeda' - First look poster|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-03-18|archive-date=12 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012043634/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/oct/05/national-award-winning-editor-ajithkumar-turns-director-with-eeda---first-look-poster-1667190.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Feature films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year !! Title !! Director
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Ouseppinte Osyath]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Vijayaraghavan to headline 'Ouseppinte Osyath', shoot commences |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/malayalam/vijayaraghavan-to-headline-ouseppinte-osyath-shoot-commences/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=South First}}</ref> || R. J. Sarath Chandran
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[Kuttavum Shikshayum (2021 film)|Kuttavum Shikshayum]]'' || [[Rajeev Ravi]]
|-
| ''[[Thuramukham (2020 film)|Thuramukham]]'' || [[Rajeev Ravi]]
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Kadaisi Vivasayi]]'' || [[M. Manikandan]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''Thurthu Nirgamana'' || Hemanth Kumar L
|-
| ''[[Moothon]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/making-moothon-was-emotionally-and-physically-exhausting-says-director-geetu-mohandas/article29049278.ece|title = 'Making 'Moothon' was emotionally and physically exhausting,' says director Geetu Mohandas|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 13 August 2019|last1 = Nagarajan|first1 = Saraswathy}}</ref>''|| [[Geetu Mohandas]]
|-
| ''[[Eeda (film)|Eeda]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/oct/05/national-award-winning-editor-ajithkumar-turns-director-with-eeda---first-look-poster-1667190.html|title=National award-winning editor Ajithkumar turns director with 'Eeda' - First look poster|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=7 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507084445/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/oct/05/national-award-winning-editor-ajithkumar-turns-director-with-eeda---first-look-poster-1667190.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>''|| Himself
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017|| ''Padmini'' || [[Susmesh Chandroth]]
|-
| ''Ayaal Jeevichirippund '' || Vyasan K.P.
|-
| ''[[Pinneyum]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/reel/814297/the-75-year-old-is-back-in-the-saddle-adoor-gopalakrishnan-returns-with-pinneyum|title = 'The 75-year-old is back in the saddle': Adoor Gopalakrishnan returns with 'Pinneyum'| date=18 August 2016 }}</ref>''|| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| ''Samarpanam '' || [[K. Gopinathan]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2016|| [[Kismath (2016 film)|''Kismath'']]|| [[Shanavas K Bavakutty]]
|-
| ''[[Kammatipaadam]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/malayalam/news/2017/kerala-state-film-awards-2016-complete-winners-list-255905.html|title = Kerala State Film Awards 2016: Vinayakan, Rajisha Vijayan, Vidhu Vincent, Win|date = 7 March 2017}}</ref>''|| [[Rajeev Ravi]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2014|| ''[[Ottaal]]''|| [[Jayaraj]]
|-
| '' Alif '' || Muhamed Koya
|-
| [[D Company (film)|''D Company'']]|| [[Vinod Vijayan]]
|-
| '' [[Jalamsham]] '' || MP Sukumaran Nair
|-
| ''[[Vasanthathinte Kanal Vazhikalil]]'' ||Anil Nagendran
|-
| ''[[Njan Steve Lopez]]''|| [[Rajeev Ravi]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013|| [[Liar's Dice (film)|''Liar's Dice'']]|| [[Geethu Mohandas]]
|-
| ''[[Annayum Rasoolum]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/shane-nigam-play-lead-veyil-101266|title=Shane Nigam to play lead in 'Veyil'|date=5 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/life-as-it-is-here/article22386377.ece|title = Life as it is 'here'|newspaper = The Hindu|date = 6 January 2018}}</ref>''|| [[Rajeev Ravi]]
|-
| [[Ithramathram (2012 film)|''Ithramathram'']]|| K Gopinathan
|-
| ''[[Up & Down: Mukalil Oralundu]]''|| [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2012|| [[I.D. (2012 film)|''I.D.'']]|| Kamal KM
|-
| ''[[Parudeesa]]''|| [[R. Sarath]]
|-
| [[Orange (2012 film)|''Orange'']]|| Biju Varkey
|-
| ''[[Thalsamayam Oru Penkutty]]''|| [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
| [[Chattakkari (2012 film)|''Chattakkari'']]|| Santhosh Sethumadhavan
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011|| ''Kanmazha Peyyum Munpe''|| Roy
|-
| [[Rathinirvedam (2011 film)|''Rathinirvedam'']]|| [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2010|| [[Kushti (film)|''Kushti'']]|| [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
| ''[[Oru Naal Varum]]''|| [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
| ''[[Sadgamaya]]''|| Harikumar
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2008|| ''[[Aakasha Gopuram]]''|| [[K. P. Kumaran]]
|-
| ''Chandranilekkoru Vazhi''|| Biju Varkey
|-
| ''[[Oru Pennum Randaanum]]''|| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| ''Ramanam '' || MP Sukumaran Nair
|-
| ''Ssh..Silence Please''|| [[K. P. Sasi]]
|-
| ''[[Bhavam]]''|| Satheesh Menon
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2007|| ''[[Naalu Pennungal]]<ref name="auto" />''|| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| '' Paranjutheeratha Viseshangal '' || Harikumar
|-
| '' Rathrimazha'' || [[Lenin Rajendran]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2006|| ''[[Drishtantham]]''|| MP Sukumaran Nair
|-
| [[November Rain (2007 film)|''November Rain'']]|| Vinu Joseph
|-
| 2005|| '' Free Kick'' ||[[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2004|| [[The Journey (2004 film)|The Journey]] ||Ligy J. Pullappally
|-
| '' Yaanam'' ||Sanjay Nambiar
|-
| ''Chayam''|| [[Biju C. Kannan]]
|-
|''Pravaasam'' || Kalidas Puthumana
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2003|| [[Anyar (film)|''Anyar'']]|| [[Lenin Rajendran]]
|-
| ''[[Ek Alag Mausam]]''|| [[K. P. Sasi]]
|-
| ''Uthara''|| Sanil Kalathil
|-
| 2002|| ''[[Nizhalkuthu]]''|| [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| 2001|| ''Thotram'' || [[K. P. Kumaran]]
|-
| rowspan="6" | 2000|| ''[[Indriyam]]''|| George Kithu
|-
| ''Mankolangal''|| Subrahmanian Santakumar <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0293391/|title=Mankolangal|date=24 June 2000|via=IMDb}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mazha]]''|| [[Lenin Rajendran]]
|-
| ''Mazhanoolkkanav'' || Nandakumar Kavil
|-
| [[Pilots (film)|''Pilots'']]|| [[Rajiv Anchal]]
|-
| '' Sayahnnam '' || MP Sukumaran Nair
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1999|| '' Angane Oravadhikkalath '' || Mohan
|-
| '' Maanthrika Veena '' ||Nandakumar Kavil
|-
|}

===Documentaries===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year !! Title !! Director
|-
| 2017|| ''[[8½ Intercuts: Life and Films of K.G. George]]''|| [[Lijin Jose]]
|-
| 2017 || ''Amma'' || Neelan
|-
| 2014|| ''[[In Return: Just a Book]]'' || [[Shiny Benjamin]]
|-
| 2013||''Translated Lives - A Migration Revisited '' || [[Shiny Benjamin]]
|-
| 2013 || ''Algorithms'' || Ian McDonald
|-
| 2012 || ''Fabricated'' || [[K. P. Sasi]]
|-
| 2012 || ''Matathinte Pattukari'' || [[Sajitha Madathil]]
|-
| 2010 || ''Yours truly John'' || [[C Saratchandran]]
|-
| 2010 || ''Arogyanikethanam'' - 6 episodes || P Baburaj & B Ajithkumar
|-
| 2010 || ''Coming spring'' || C Saratchandarn & P Baburaj
|-
| 2009 || ''Njangalundu Koode'' || [[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
| 2008 || ''Koorumala'' || [[B Ajithkumar]]
|-
| 2008 || ''Mohiniyattam'' || Sajeev Pillai
|-
| 2007 || ''Dance of the Enchantress'' || [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| 2007 || ''Inside the Kalari'' ||Ian McDonald
|-
| 2007 || ''Kalarippayatt'' ||Sajeev Pillai
|-
| 2007 || ''Palathully'' ||[[T. K. Rajeev Kumar]]
|-
| 2006 || ''Gadi Lohardaga Mail'' || [[Meghnath]] & [[Biju Toppo]]
|-
| 2006 || ''Kora Rajee'' ||[[Meghnath]] & [[Biju Toppo]]
|-
| 2006 || ''Thousand days and a Dream'' || [[C Saratchandran]] & P Baburaj
|-
| 2005 || ''Blue Sun, Green Moon'' (Documentary on [[Ayyappa Paniker]])|| Rajagopal Kombiyil
|-
| 2005 || ''Bhopal: The Survivors' Story'' || Rumah Rasaque
|-
| 2005 || ''Candles in the wind'' || P Baburaj
|-
| 2005 || ''Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair'' || [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|-
| 2005 || ''Metamorphosis'' ||
|-
| 2005 || ''Only an Axe Away'' || [[C Saratchandran]] & P Baburaj
|-
| 2005 || ''Twice evicted'' || Gopal Menon
|-
| 2004 || ''Above the din of sewing machinesd'' || Surabhi Sharma
|-
| 2004 || ''Long Sails'' ||Sajiv Pillai
|-
| 2004 || ''Age of explorations'' ||Premraj Achari & [[B Ajithkumar]]
|-
| 2004 || ''Snehayaanam'' || Mustafa Desamangalam
|-
| 2003 || ''Emergence of Man'' ||
|-
| 2003 || ''Godhra Tak - the terror trail'' || Shubhradeep Chakraborty
|-
| 2003 || ''Kannur- The triumph of will'' || Rajiv Raj
|-
| 2003 || ''Naga Story'' || Gopal Menon
|-
| 2002 || ''Resilient Rhythms'' || Gopal Menon
|-
| 2001 || ''Ancient Mathematics'' || James Joseph
|-
| 2000 || ''Keraleeyam'' || Babu Bharadwaj
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1411869}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ajithkumar, B.}}
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Malayalam film editors]]
[[Category:Film and Television Institute of India alumni]]

Swara Bhasker

2026-02-19T04:08:19Z

Bhatti21:

{{Short description|Indian film actress (born 1988)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Swara Bhasker
| image = Swara Bhaskar.jpg
| caption = Bhaskar in 2017
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|04|09|df=y}}
| birth_place = Delhi, India
| years active = 2009–present
| occupation = Actress
| birth_name = 
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] (BA) [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (MA)
| spouse = {{Marriage|[[Fahad Ahmad]]|2023}}
| children = 1
| mother = [[Ira Bhaskar]]
| father = [[C. Uday Bhaskar]]
}}
'''Swara Bhasker''' (also spelled '''Bhaskar'''; born 9 April 1988) is an Indian actress who works in [[Hindi]] films. Best known for her supporting work in mainstream productions and starring roles in [[independent film]]s, she has won two [[Screen Awards]] and has received nominations for four [[Filmfare Awards]] .

Bhasker made her film debut with a supporting role in the 2009 drama ''Madholal Keep Walking'', a commercial failure. She got wider recognition in 2011 for her supporting role in the commercially successful romantic comedy-drama ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'', earning her critical praise and a [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]] nomination.

Bhasker garnered further accolades for her performance in the critically acclaimed romantic drama ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' (2013), earning her a second Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination. In 2015, she reprised her role from ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' in [[Tanu Weds Manu Returns|the film's sequel]] and later appeared in the family drama ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'', both productions among the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Hindi|highest-grossing Bollywood films of the year]]. Her starring roles in the independent films ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]'' (2016) and ''[[Anaarkali of Aarah]]'' (2017) earned her further acclaim. She won the [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Critics)]] for the former and was nominated for the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Filmfare Award for Best Actress (Critics)]] for the latter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Happy Birthday Swara Bhasker: 7 Facts About 'Veere Di Wedding' Actress |url=https://english.newsnationtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-swara-bhaskar-10-facts-about-veere-di-wedding-actress-3933 |date=9 April 2020 |website=News Nation English |language=en |access-date=15 May 2020 |archive-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926073609/https://english.newsnationtv.com/photos/entertainment/happy-birthday-swara-bhaskar-10-facts-about-veere-di-wedding-actress-3933 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2018, she starred in the comedy-drama ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'', which earned her a third nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.

== Early life and education ==

Swara Bhasker was born in a [[Hindu]] family<ref>{{cite news|title='Didn't Arrest Me As I Am Hindu': Swara Bhasker SLAMS Judge Who Recused Himself From Delhi Riots Accused Umar Khalid, Sharjeel Imam's Cases |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/didnt-arrest-me-as-i-am-hindu-swara-bhasker-slams-judge-who-recused-himself-from-delhi-riots-accused-umar-khalid-sharjeel-imams-cases |date=18 September 2024 |website=The Free Press Journal}}</ref> on 9 April 1988<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dating a writer makes for great conversations: Swara Bhaskar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/dating-a-writer-makes-for-great-conversations-swara-bhaskar/story-MU8nTxwz65RD5vUlWJiXvI.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |date=18 January 2017 |access-date=8 April 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170735/https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/dating-a-writer-makes-for-great-conversations-swara-bhaskar/story-MU8nTxwz65RD5vUlWJiXvI.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |newspaper=Hindustan Times |title=Swara Bhaskar calls herself an unapologetic feminist, says it's a misunderstood term |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-calls-herself-an-unapologetic-feminist-says-it-s-a-misunderstood-term/story-bdQJ9JxaqFG2TuPKfO2tNP.html |date=9 June 2017 |access-date=28 November 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170738/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-calls-herself-an-unapologetic-feminist-says-it-s-a-misunderstood-term/story-bdQJ9JxaqFG2TuPKfO2tNP.html |url-status=live }}</ref> in Delhi to [[C. Uday Bhaskar]], an [[Indian Navy]] officer of [[Telugu people|Telugu]] descent, and his wife [[Ira Bhaskar]], a professor of cinema studies in [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|JNU Delhi]] who is of [[Bihari people|Bihari]] origin.<ref name="swarahindu" />

Bhasker grew up in Delhi,<ref name=exp10 /> where she did her schooling from [[Sardar Patel Vidyalaya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Personal Agenda: Swara Bhaskar, actress |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Brunch/Brunch-Stories/Personal-Agenda-Swara-Bhaskar-actress/Article1-1157084.aspx |date=29 November 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201132233/http://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/brunch-stories/personal-agenda-swara-bhaskar-actress/article1-1157084.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2013 }}</ref> She subsequently studied UG in English at [[Miranda House]] where she was classmates with [[Minissha Lamba]]. She did her PG in sociology from [[Jawaharlal Nehru University|JNU Delhi]].<ref name="swaranosex">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/news-interviews/29400031_1_jnu-hain-film |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726234122/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-09/news-interviews/29400031_1_jnu-hain-film |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 July 2013 |title=No sex for a role: Swara Bhaskar |date=9 April 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=I was always a dramebaaz child: Swara Bhaskar |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-was-always-a-dramebaaz/article4966379.ece |date=9 July 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170716/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/i-was-always-a-dramebaaz/article4966379.ece%20/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Bindiya and Murari have some of the best dialogues in the film: Swara Bhaskar – Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bindiya-and-Murari-have-some-of-the-best-dialogues-in-the-film-Swara-Bhaskar/Article1-1086901.aspx |date=4 July 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203190256/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Bindiya-and-Murari-have-some-of-the-best-dialogues-in-the-film-Swara-Bhaskar/Article1-1086901.aspx |archive-date=3 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In conversation with Swara Bhaskar {{!}} Yale MacMillan Center South Asian Studies |url=https://southasia.macmillan.yale.edu/news/conversation-swara-bhaskar |website=southasia.macmillan.yale.edu |access-date=15 May 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018095913/https://southasia.macmillan.yale.edu/news/conversation-swara-bhaskar |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Acting career ==

Before Bhasker started acting in films she was associated with N. K. Sharma's "Act One" theater group in [[Delhi]].<ref name="swarandtv">{{cite web |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-on-madholal-keep-walking-46128 |title=Swara Bhaskar on Madholal Keep Walking |publisher=NDTV |date=21 August 2010 |access-date=3 February 2013 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031706/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-on-madholal-keep-walking-46128 |url-status=dead}}</ref> She shifted to [[Mumbai]] in 2008<ref name="hindu13">{{Cite news |date=18 June 2013 |title=Films are forever |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/films-are-forever/article4826634.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624112259/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/films-are-forever/article4826634.ece |archive-date=24 June 2013 |access-date=25 June 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> and made her acting debut with the 2009 film ''Madholal Keep Walking'', which was screened at the [[33rd Cairo International Film Festival]] but underperformed at the box office India. She then played a supporting role in [[Sanjay Leela Bhansali]]'s drama ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' (2010), alongside [[Hrithik Roshan]] and [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan|Aishwarya Rai]].

Bhasker then appeared in [[Srinivas Sunderrajan]]'s black and white thriller ''[[The Untitled Kartik Krishnan Project]]'', which was touted as India's first [[mumblecore]] film, made on the budget of {{INRConvert|40|k}} and completed in one year, was also the first Indian film to be screened at the [[Transilvania International Film Festival]]. However, both ''[[Guzaarish (film)|Guzaarish]]'' and ''The Untitled Kartik Krishnan Project'' were box-office failures and Bhasker remained unnoticed for her performances.<ref name=exp10>{{cite news |title=Off The Block |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/off-the-block/673558/ |date=28 August 2010 |access-date=20 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629123533/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/latest-news/off-the-block/673558/ |archive-date=29 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name="swara192013">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/news-interviews/36431205_1_15th-london-commercial-films-swara-bhaskar |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216073638/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-19/news-interviews/36431205_1_15th-london-commercial-films-swara-bhaskar |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 February 2013 |title=Only fittest can survive in Bollywood: Swara Bhaskar |date=19 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=3 February 2013}}</ref>

Bhasker garnered widespread recognition from critics and audiences with a supporting role in the 2011's commercially successful romantic comedy-drama ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' in which she played the role of Payal, the best friend of the film's lead actress [[Kangana Ranaut]].<ref name="swarahindu">{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/16/stories/2011031657220500.htm |title=Bollywood is obsessed with looks: Swara Bhaskar |agency=Press Trust of India |date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226093826/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/16/stories/2011031657220500.htm |archive-date=26 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}</ref> She received praise and several nominations for her performance, including her first nomination for the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress]].<ref name="swaraTOI">{{cite web |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-31/news-interviews/36658069_1_swara-bhaskar-roles-kangana-ranaut |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203051821/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-31/news-interviews/36658069_1_swara-bhaskar-roles-kangana-ranaut |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 December 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=We need to look at our own roles in society: Swara Bhaskar |date=31 January 2013}}</ref>

In 2013, she played the lead role in ''[[Listen... Amaya]]'' (2013), which also saw the reunion of actors [[Farooq Sheikh]] and [[Deepti Naval]] after 28 years, and earned positive reviews from critics.<ref name="swaramaya">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/playing-amaya/article4368819.ece |title=Playing Amaya |work=The Hindu |date=1 February 2013 |access-date=4 February 2013}}</ref> She then appeared in ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'', along with [[Dhanush]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]], which was one of the [[List of Bollywood films of 2013|highest-grossing Bollywood film of the year]]. She received high critical praise as well as her second Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination for her role of Bindiya in the film.<ref name="times13">{{Cite news |title=Not seen someone as secure as Sonam Kapoor: Swara Bhaskar |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-21/news-interviews/40118460_1_raanjhanaa-swara-bhaskar-sonam-kapoor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624234253/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-06-21/news-interviews/40118460_1_raanjhanaa-swara-bhaskar-sonam-kapoor |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2013 |date=21 June 2013 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=25 June 2013}}</ref> She appeared in a lead female role in the box-office flop ''[[Sabki Bajegi Band]]'' opposite [[Sumeet Vyas]] and in the moderate successful ''[[Machhli Jal Ki Rani Hai]]'' with [[Bhanu Uday]].

[[File:Swara-Bhaskar.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.9|Bhasker at the trailer launch of ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'', 2013]]

Bhasker served as a host for [[Shyam Benegal]]'s television mini-series ''[[Samvidhaan]]'', which was based on the making of the [[Indian Constitution]]. The series aired on [[Rajya Sabha TV]] from March 2014 to May 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Swara-Bhaskar-anchors-Shyam-Benegals-Samvidhaan/articleshow/28568105.cms?referral=PM |title=Swara Bhaskar anchors Shyam Benegal's Samvidhaan |work=The Times of India |access-date=26 March 2018 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101141631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/tv/news-interviews/Swara-Bhaskar-anchors-Shyam-Benegals-Samvidhaan/articleshow/28568105.cms?referral=PM |url-status=live }}</ref> On her trip to [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], Bhasker appeared as a guest in the Pakistani TV comedy show, ''[[Mazaaq Raat]]'' which was aired in April 2015.<ref>{{cite web |title="London, New York, Paris Sab Fail Hain LAHORE Kay Aagay" – Indian Actress Swara Bhaskar |publisher=Siasat.pk |url=http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?342105-Mazaaq-raat-on-Dunya-News-27th-April-2015 |date=27 April 2015 |access-date=28 April 2015 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929023851/http://www.siasat.pk/forum/showthread.php?342105-Mazaaq-raat-on-Dunya-News-27th-April-2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Bhasker had three releases in 2015. In her first release, she reprised her role of Payal in the romantic comedy-drama ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]'', a sequel to the 2011 film ''Tanu Weds Manu''. The film and Bhasker's performance received high critical acclaim. The film was a financial success as well and became one of the few women-centric films that rank among the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Hindi|highest-grossing Indian films]]. Her next release was the romantic family drama ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'', in which she played the role of Rajkumari Chandrika alongside [[Salman Khan]] and [[Sonam Kapoor]]. Directed by [[Sooraj Barjatya]], the film received mixed reviews. However, Bhasker's performance was well received by critics and audiences. With an estimated collection of {{INRConvert|400|c}}, the film became one of the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films#Hindi|highest-grossing Indian films]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2443387/Salman-Sooraj%27s-next-titled-Prem-Ratan-Dhan-Payo |title=Salman-Sooraj's next titled Prem Ratan Dhan Payo – Bollywood Hungama |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=13 March 2014 |work=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=26 March 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052629/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2443387/Salman-Sooraj%27s-next-titled-Prem-Ratan-Dhan-Payo |url-status=dead }}</ref> That same year, she played a minor role in the collaborative bilingual ''[[X: Past Is Present]]''. The film was directed by eleven filmmakers, and Bhasker appeared in [[Nalan Kumarasamy]]'s segment, ''Summer Holiday'', which revolves around a young boy (played by [[Anshuman Jha]]), who goes to [[South India]] for summer holidays where an Aunty seduced him so that her husband can rape him. Although the film received mixed reviews, but her role of Aunty was particularly praised. [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "''X: Past Is Present'' belongs to its women".

In 2016, Bhasker played the lead in [[Aanand L. Rai|Anand L. Rai]]'s comedy drama ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]'' which marked her fourth collaboration with Rai. Bhasker was initially skeptical about the film because of the age difference between her and her character. However, she changed her mind after reading the script and played the role of a mother of a teenager.<ref name="chanda">{{cite web |title=People warned me against taking up 'Nil Battey Sannata': Swara Bhaskar |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-people-warned-me-against-taking-up-nil-battey-sannata-swara-bhaskar-2205040 |website=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=26 April 2016 |date=22 April 2016 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425065821/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-people-warned-me-against-taking-up-nil-battey-sannata-swara-bhaskar-2205040 |url-status=live }}</ref> Upon the release, the film as well as Bhasker's performance received critical acclaim and she was awarded with the [[Best Actress]] award at the Silk Road International Film Festival in September 2015. She began working in web series with ''[[It's Not That Simple]]'', which is produced by [[Viacom 18]]'s streaming service [[Voot]]. The show revolves around the idea of marriage, relationships, a woman's stand in a marriage, love etc. The series stars Bhasker along with television stars [[Vivan Bhatena]], [[Akshay Oberoi]] and Karanveer Mehra, with [[Danish Aslam]] as the director.
[[File:Swara Bhaskar 1.jpg|thumb|Swara posing for a file photo]]
{{As of|2013}}, Bhasker had completed shooting for [[Abbas Tyrewala]]'s comedy drama ''Mango'', starring [[Chandan Roy Sanyal]] and [[Monali Thakur]], being produced under the banner of [[Kaleidoscope Entertainment]]. The film has been indefinitely delayed.<ref>{{cite web |title='Mango' time for Rannvijay, Ranvir Shorey and Swara Bhaskar |publisher=Zee News |url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/mango-time-for-rannvijay-ranvir-shorey-and-swara-bhaskar_138160.html |date=2 July 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203014826/http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/mango-time-for-rannvijay-ranvir-shorey-and-swara-bhaskar_138160.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

She also played the lead role in [[Shashanka Ghosh]]'s 2018 romantic comedy film ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'', co-starring [[Kareena Kapoor]], [[Sonam Kapoor]] and Shikha Talsania, about four girls who embark on a trip from Delhi to Europe.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan and Sonam Kapoor come together for 'Veere Di Wedding' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kareena-Kapoor-Khan-and-Sonam-Kapoor-come-together-for-Veere-Di-Wedding/articleshow/52728551.cms?from=mdr |access-date=14 June 2016 |date=14 June 2016 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=19 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619224610/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kareena-Kapoor-Khan-and-Sonam-Kapoor-come-together-for-Veere-Di-Wedding/articleshow/52728551.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref> Her [[masturbation]] scene using a [[Vibrator (sex toy)|vibrator]] in the film was praised for its frank portrayal of women's sexuality.<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/swara-bhasker-it-is-empowering-to-have-a-film-about-four-girls-without-any-dark-mudda/articleshow/64399420.cms |title=Swara Bhasker: It is empowering to have a film about four girls, without any dark mudda - Times of India ► |website=The Times of India |last1=Sharma |first1=Riya |access-date=2 June 2018 |archive-date=2 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602001000/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/swara-bhasker-it-is-empowering-to-have-a-film-about-four-girls-without-any-dark-mudda/articleshow/64399420.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/trolls-shaming-swara-over-her-masturbation-scene-in-latest-film-need-to-shut-up/articleshow/64448823.cms |title=Trolls shaming Swara Bhasker over her masturbation scene in latest film need to shut up - Times of India ► |website=The Times of India |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-date=4 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180604191612/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/trolls-shaming-swara-over-her-masturbation-scene-in-latest-film-need-to-shut-up/articleshow/64448823.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2018 |title='Veere Di Wedding' Twitter talk: 'Never heard abuses in films before?' Tweeple debate the 'sexist' criticism |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/veere-di-wedding-review-sexist-criticism-twitter-kareena-kapoor-sonam-kapoor-swara-bhaskar-5201284/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=12 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012143135/https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/veere-di-wedding-review-sexist-criticism-twitter-kareena-kapoor-sonam-kapoor-swara-bhaskar-5201284/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Her performance in the film earned her a third Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress nomination.

== Personal life ==

On 16 February 2023, she married [[Fahad Ahmad]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Swara Bhasker marries politician Fahad Ahmad, shares how they met at a protest |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhasker-marries-political-activist-fahad-ahmad-8449582/ |work=Indian Express |date=16 February 2023 |access-date=16 February 2023 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216125933/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhasker-marries-political-activist-fahad-ahmad-8449582/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=17 February 2023 |title=Swara Bhaskar ties the knot with the love of her life, politician Fahad Ahmad |url=https://mamaraazzi.com/2023/02/17/swara-bhaskar-ties-the-knot-with-the-love-of-her-life-politician-fahad-ahmad/ |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=Mamaraazzi |language=en-US |archive-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230222075302/https://mamaraazzi.com/2023/02/17/swara-bhaskar-ties-the-knot-with-the-love-of-her-life-politician-fahad-ahmad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 23 September that year, she gave birth to their daughter, Rabiya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/swara-bhasker-gives-birth-to-baby-girl-raabiyaa-a-blessing-granted-11426261.html|title=Swara Bhasker gives birth to baby girl 'Raabiyaa': 'A blessing granted'|work=Money Control|date=25 September 2023|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>

== Political views ==

Bhasker has been a vocal critic of the CAA (Citizenship Amendment Act) and NRC (National Register of Citizens). She has actively participated in the CAA protests.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2020-01-01 |title=Agitations continue in the city on New Year's Day; Swara Bhaskar attends protest at Jamia |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/agitations-continue-in-the-city-on-new-years-day-swara-bhaskar-attends-protest-at-jamia/article30454940.ece |access-date=2025-02-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In October 2024, she commented on the assassination of [[Yahya Sinwar]], the former leader of [[Hamas]] who was listed as a [[Terrorism|terrorist]] by the USA<ref>{{cite web |title=Terrorist Designations of Yahya Sinwar, Rawhi Mushtaha, and Muhammed Deif |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/09/246686.htm |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> and European Union,<ref>{{cite web |last1=étrangères |first1=Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires |title=Israel/Palestinian Territories – Hamas' leader in the Gaza Strip, Yahya Sinwar, listed as a terrorist by the European Union (16 Jan. 2024) |url=https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/israel-palestinian-territories/news/2024/article/israel-palestinian-territories-hamas-leader-in-the-gaza-strip-yahya-sinwar |website=France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs |language=en}}</ref> calling him a "revolutionary hero" after viewing footage of his last moments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhasker |first=Swara |date=Oct 22, 2024 |title=Swara Bhasker post on X |url=https://x.com/ReallySwara/status/1848588559696936996}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |title=Swara Bhasker calls Yahya Sinwar a 'revolutionary hero' after assassination |url=https://www.siasat.com/swara-bhasker-calls-yahya-sinwar-a-revolutionary-hero-after-assassination-3118153/ |access-date=2025-02-06 |website=The Siasat Daily |language=en}}</ref> She stated:

{{Blockquote|text="I didn’t know anything about #yahyasinwar till I saw the footage of his last moments & assassination by the Zionist State and now I think he’s a revolutionary hero. Listen to his will, his last words and tell me that you are unmoved. #FreePalestine."|author=Swara Bhaskar|source=x.com/ReallySwara}}

== Filmography ==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2009 || ''Madholal Keep Walking'' || Sudha M. Dubey ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2010 || ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]'' || Radhika Talwar ||
|-
| ''[[The Untitled Kartik Krishnan Project]]'' || Swara Bhaskar / Maya ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2011 || ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]'' || Payal Sinha Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Chillar Party]]'' || Battle Hour Anchor ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2013 || ''[[Listen... Amaya]]'' || Amaya Krishnamoorthy ||
|-
| ''[[Aurangzeb (film)|Aurangzeb]]'' || Suman ||
|-
| ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' || Bindiya ||
|-
| ''[[Sabki Bajegi Band]]'' || Jaya ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Machhli Jal Ki Rani Hai]]'' || Ayesha Saxena ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]'' || Payal Sinha Singh ||
|-
| ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'' || Rajkumari Chandrika ||
|-
| ''[[X: Past Is Present]]'' || Aunty ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]'' || Chanda Sahay ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Anaarkali of Aarah]]'' || Anarkali ||
|-
|2018
|''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
|Sakshi Soni
|
|-
|2018
|''The Story''
|
|[[ZEE5]]
|-
|2019
|''Shame''
|Fanny
|Short film<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/shame-review-a-feisty-swara-bhaskar-is-the-best-thing-about-this-patchy-revenge-drama-5919571.html|title=Shame review: A feisty Swara Bhaskar is the best thing about this patchy revenge drama|work=[[Firstpost]]|date=18 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Sheer Qorma (film)|Sheer Qorma]]''
|Rukhsar Siddiqui
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Jahaan Chaar Yaar]]''
|Shivangi
|
|-
|''Mimamsa''
|Adhira
|
|-
|TBA
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Mrs Falani'' {{dagger}}
|TBA
|Completed<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/swara-bhasker-wraps-up-her-multiple-role-film-mrs-falani/articleshow/100550435.cms|title=Swara Bhasker wraps up her multiple role film 'Mrs Falani'|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=27 May 2023 |access-date=27 May 2023}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year(s)
! Show
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2014
|''[[Samvidhaan]]''
| Presenter
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2014 |title=Swara Bhaskar anchors Shyam Benegal's Samvidhaan |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Swara-Bhaskar-anchors-Shyam-Benegals-Samvidhaan/articleshow/28568105.cms |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170740/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Swara-Bhaskar-anchors-Shyam-Benegals-Samvidhaan/articleshow/28568105.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2015–2017
|''[[Rangoli (TV series)|Rangoli]]''
| Host/presenter
|
|<ref>{{cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Swara Bhaskar to host Doordarshan's Rangoli |url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2015-11-02/Swara-Bhaskar-to-host-Doordarshans-Rangoli/184024 |access-date=19 April 2018 |website=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170731/https://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/National/2015-11-02/Swara-Bhaskar-to-host-Doordarshans-Rangoli/184024 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Swara Bhaskar bids adieu to DD National's 'Rangoli' |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/swara-bhaskar-bids-adieu-to-dd-nationals-rangoli/articleshow/58680591.cms |access-date=15 May 2017 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/swara-bhaskar-bids-adieu-to-dd-nationals-rangoli/articleshow/58680591.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| 2016–2018
| ''[[It's Not That Simple]]''
| Meera
|
|<ref>{{cite news |date=6 October 2016 |title=Unhappy marriage or perfect affair? It's not that simple |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Unhappy-marriage-or-perfect-affair-Its-not-that-simple/articleshow/54696027.cms |access-date=20 April 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/Unhappy-marriage-or-perfect-affair-Its-not-that-simple/articleshow/54696027.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sumeet Vyas, Purab Kohli join Swara Bhaskar for It's Not That Simple season 2 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sumeet-vyas-purab-kohli-join-swara-bhaskar-for-it-s-not-that-simple-season-2/story-5j85QY81ZnJg5O80ZBBmIM.html |access-date=4 June 2018 |archive-date=5 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180605015621/https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/sumeet-vyas-purab-kohli-join-swara-bhaskar-for-it-s-not-that-simple-season-2/story-5j85QY81ZnJg5O80ZBBmIM.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''[[Hello Mini]]''
|
|
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Swara Bhasker says Hello to her stalker |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/swara-bhasker-says-hello-to-her-stalker/articleshow/71922241.cms |website=The Times of India |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=20 November 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2020
| ''[[Rasbhari]]''
| Shanoo Bansal
|
|
|-
|''[[Flesh (web series)|Flesh]]''
| ACP Radha Nautiyal
|
|
|-
|''[[Bhaag Beanie Bhaag]]''
| Beanie Bhatnagar
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2020 |title=Bhaag Beanie Bhaag Review: How Is Swara Bhaskar's New Web Series On Netflix? |url=https://news.abplive.com/uncut/cinema-uncut/bhaag-beanie-bhaag-review-how-is-swara-bhaskars-new-web-series-on-netflix-1405895 |access-date=15 December 2020 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607120604/https://news.abplive.com/uncut/cinema-uncut/bhaag-beanie-bhaag-review-how-is-swara-bhaskars-new-web-series-on-netflix-1405895 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2021
|''Aapkey Kamrey Mein Koi Rahta Hai''
|Mausam
|
|
|-
|2025
|''[[Pati Patni Aur Panga – Jodiyon Ka Reality Check|Pati Patni Aur Panga]]''
|Contestant
| 3rd Runner-up
|
|}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Film
! Award
! Category
! Result
!class="unsortable"| {{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''
| [[57th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Nominations for 57th Idea Filmfare Awards 2011 |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2974/Nominations+for+57th+Idea+Filmfare+Awards+2011 |website=Bollywood Hungama |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715230452/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/2974/Nominations%20for%2057th%20Idea%20Filmfare%20Awards%202011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[2012 Zee Cine Awards]]
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
| {{won}}
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-31 |title={{!}} Latest bollywood Hindi Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3007 |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082055/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3007 |archive-date=31 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| [[13th IIFA Awards]]
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| {{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}
|-
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-18th-annual-colors-screen-awards-2012/ |title=Nominations for 18th Annual Colors Screen Awards 2012 |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=6 January 2012 |access-date=13 May 2021 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513094627/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-for-18th-annual-colors-screen-awards-2012/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | ''[[Raanjhanaa]]''
| [[59th Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=59th Idea Filmfare Awards Nominations |url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |website=Filmfare |access-date=28 September 2015 |archive-date=15 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115044052/http://www.filmfare.com/news/59th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-5138.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[15th IIFA Awards]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{nom}}
| {{Citation needed|date=January 2023}}
|-
| [[Screen Awards]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="auto">{{cite web |work=ibnlive.in.com |title=Screen Awards 2014: And the winner is... |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-winners/445419-8-66.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117112943/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/screen-awards-2014-the-complete-list-of-winners/445419-8-66.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 January 2014 |year=2014 |access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[Zee Cine Awards]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
| {{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Zee Cine Awards 2014: Swara Bhaskar's Award Acceptance Speech |url=http://www.zeecineawards.com/2014/pictures/swara-bhaskars-awards-acceptance-speech.html |date=14 January 2014 |access-date=2 June 2015 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170709/http://www.zeecineawards.com/2014/pictures/swara-bhaskars-awards-acceptance-speech.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Nil Battey Sannata]]''
| Silk Road International Film Festival
| Best Actress
| {{won}}
|<ref name="The Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Swara Bhaskar wins best actress title in China |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-wins-best-actress-title-in-china/ |access-date=28 September 2015 |work=The Indian Express |date=27 September 2015 |archive-date=25 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425205459/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/swara-bhaskar-wins-best-actress-title-in-china/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Awards]]
| [[Screen Award for Best Actress (Critics)|Best Actress (Critics)]]
| {{won}}
|<ref name="The Indian Express" />
|-
|''[[Anaarkali of Aarah]]''
|[[63rd Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress|Best Actress (Critics)]]
|{{Nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-official-list-of-critics-award-nominations/articleshow/62572568.cms |title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Official list of Critics' Award nominations |work=The Times of India |access-date=20 January 2018 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225170652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018-official-list-of-critics-award-nominations/articleshow/62572568.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" scope="row" |''[[Veere Di Wedding]]''
|Lux Golden Rose Awards
|Confident Beauty of the Year
| {{WON}}
|<ref name="Golden-Rose-2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-lux-golden-rose-awards-2018-pics-aishwarya-srk-recreate-devdas-moments-complete-winners-list-janhvi-kareena-484125 |title=Lux Golden Rose Awards 2018 Pics: Aishwarya and SRK recreate Devdas moments, complete winners' list and more | Celebrities News – India TV |first=Tripti |last=Karki |date=19 November 2018 |website=indiatvnews.com |access-date=12 October 2019 |archive-date=26 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926154723/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/celebrities-lux-golden-rose-awards-2018-pics-aishwarya-srk-recreate-devdas-moments-complete-winners-list-janhvi-kareena-484125 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Awards|64th Filmfare Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{Nominated}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/star-screen-awards-2018-full-winners-list-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-rajkummar-rao-walk-away-with-trophies-bollywood-news/332088 |title=Star Screen Awards 2018 FULL winners list: Ranveer Singh, Alia Bhatt, Rajkummar Rao walk away with trophies {{!}} Bollywood News |website=www.timesnownews.com |date=17 December 2018 |language=en-GB |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-date=17 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217111010/https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment/news/bollywood-news/article/star-screen-awards-2018-full-winners-list-ranveer-singh-alia-bhatt-rajkummar-rao-walk-away-with-trophies-bollywood-news/332088 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[64th Filmfare Awards|Screen Awards]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2019-complete-list-of-nominations-2011669 |title=Filmfare Awards 2019: Complete List Of Nominations |website=NDTV.com |access-date=19 September 2019 |archive-date=11 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811232303/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/filmfare-awards-2019-complete-list-of-nominations-2011669 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{BH person}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{Screen Award for Best Actress}}
{{ScreenAwardBestSupportingActress}}
{{ZeeCineAwardBestSupportingActorFemale}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskar, Swara}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Indian web series actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Delhi]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]
[[Category:Screen Awards winners]]
[[Category:People involved in the Citizenship Amendment Act protests]]
[[Category:Age controversies]]
[[Category:Miranda House alumni]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]

Adityapur

2026-02-17T00:16:17Z

Bhatti21: small enhanced lead per sources additionally and added references

{{Short description|Suburb/Satellite city in Jharkhand, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Adityapur
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[Suburb]] / [[Satellite city]]
| image_skyline =
| image_size =
| image_caption = Tata Kandra Road, Expressway, Adityapur Toll Bridge
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.7901|N|86.1657|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and Union Territories of India|State or Union Territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = Metro/City/Town
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jamshedpur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages*
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 831013
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0657
| registration_plate = JH 22
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Singhbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Singhbhum]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Seraikella (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Seraikella]]
| website = {{URL|seraikela.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}

'''Adityapur''' is a city and suburb in [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]. It is a [[municipal corporation]] in the [[Seraikela Sadar subdivision]] in the [[Seraikela Kharsawan district]]. Adityapur is part of the Greater Jamshedpur, under the [[Government of India|Indian government]]'s [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (JNNURM).<ref>{{cite news |date=28 April 2012 |title=Greater Jamshedpur plan tabled |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Greater-Jamshedpur-plan-tabled/articleshow/12903975.cms |accessdate=2018-09-02}}</ref> It is separated from Jamshedpur by the [[Kharkai River]].

==History==
Adityapur is named after [[Saraikela_State|Raja Aditya Pratap Singh Deo]] (1887-1969), the last ruler of [[Saraikela State|Seraikela State]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Deo |first=Aditya Pratap |editor-first1=Gyanendra |editor-last1=Pandey |title=Of kings and gods: The archive of sovereignty in a princely state |url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315856698-19/kings-gods-archive-sovereignty-princely-state-aditya-pratap-deo |work=Unarchived Histories |year=2013 |doi=10.4324/9781315856698 |isbn=9781317931492 |access-date=2022-07-10 |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The region around Adityapur is rich in history. [[Patkum estate|Patkum State]]'s capital was at [[Ichagarh]]. In Ichagarh there is a cave and a century old temple. The [[Chandil#Tourism|Ichagarh Palace]] was the seat of Patkum State.{{cn|date=July 2022}} It was established by the Scion of [[Vikramaditya|King Vikramaditya]] of [[Ujjain]]. This place hosts several historical places on the banks of rivers [[Kharkai|Karkari]] and [[Subarnarekha River|Swarnarekha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=कई रहस्य समेटे है झारखंड के ईचागढ़ का ऐतिहासिक चतुर्मुखी शिव मंदिर, ऐसी है मान्यता |url=https://www.jagran.com/jharkhand/jamshedpur-the-historical-chaturmukhi-shiva-temple-of-ichagarh-in-jharkhand-has-many-secrets-19629927.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

By the conquering of [[Kolhan division|Kolhan]] by the British, a new district—[[Singhbhum district]]—was formed which corresponds to the modern [[Kolhan division|Kolhan region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 31, 1084 |title=Kolhanistan continues to prove a thorn in the Government's side |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19840831-kolhanistan-continues-to-prove-thorn-in-government-side-803681-1984-08-31 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> Owing to modern development in the time of British Empire, police stations were opened at Ichagarh, Patamda and Chandil.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History {{!}} District West SinghBhum, Government of Jharkhand {{!}} India |url=https://chaibasa.nic.in/history/ |access-date=2022-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> Previously this place was inhabited mainly by [[Santal people|Santhalis]], [[Odia people|Odias]] and [[Bengalis]] (now ''[[Jharkhandi dialect|Jharkhandis]]'').<ref>{{Cite web |title=Singhbhum: Jharkhand |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/governance/singhbhum-jharkhand-13199 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=www.downtoearth.org.in |date=31 July 2003 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Raichaudhuri |first=Srabani |date=1992 |title=The Jharkhandis: Vision and Reality: A Micro-Study of Singhbhum |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4399155 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=27 |issue=47 |pages=2551–2556 |jstor=4399155 |issn=0012-9976}}</ref> The area came into prominence with the industrial development of [[Jamshedpur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Jamshedpur, Facts About Jamshedpur, Jamshedpur History |url=https://www.jamshedpuronline.in/city-guide/history-of-jamshedpur |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=www.jamshedpuronline.in}}</ref> Thus many peoples form other parts of India came an made the city's multicultural and cosmopolitan culture.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chatterjee |first=Arup |date=2019-02-23 |title=Jamshedpur: The city of steel |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/jamshedpur-the-city-of-steel/article26341043.ece |access-date=2022-07-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

After independence, Adityapur came into existence. In 1972, the [[Bihar government]] (now the [[Jharkhand Government]]) notified Adityapur as an industrial area and a [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=2007-07-26 |title=Zone of progress |url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/advertorial/article30192247.ece |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=frontline.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=History revs up under one roof - Adityapur industrial centre to build automobile museum with help from Tata Motors |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/history-revs-up-under-one-roof-adityapur-industrial-centre-to-build-automobile-museum-with-help-from-tata-motors/cid/877882 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref> Prior to [[Jharkhand|Jharkhand's]] establishment, the original [[Jharkhandis]] were credited for the contribution to the state.<ref>{{Citation |last=Ghobadzadeh |first=Naser |title=Islamist Transformations: From Utopian Vision to Dystopian Reality |date=2019-02-13 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0030 |work=The Handbook of Political, Social, and Economic Transformation |pages=321–333 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198829911.003.0030 |isbn=978-0-19-882991-1 |access-date=2022-07-10|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Within few times, it developed rapidly as an industrial satellite city for the [[Jamshedpur|Jamshedpur metropolitan area]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adityapur Municipal Corporation |url=https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Adityapur/Adityapur.aspx |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=udhd.jharkhand.gov.in |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701111834/https://udhd.jharkhand.gov.in/ulb/Adityapur/Adityapur.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Various new projects are coming here now.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Runa Rajeev Kumar & Anuradha |title=Quality quotient beckons investors |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/property/quality-quotient-beckons-investors/articleshow/2549305.cms |access-date=2022-07-10}}</ref> Now Adityapur is one of the fastest growing satellite cities in India.<ref name="auto"/>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map

| width=400| height=350| zoom=11

| coord={{coord|22|49|30|N|86|13|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration''' M: municipality, OG: outgrowth, CT: census town, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly For Seraikela Kharsawan district location map see [[Saraikela#Geography|Saraikela]] page

|mark-coord1={{coord|22|45|35|N|86|11|43|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Bagbera | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Bagbera Colony]] (CT) ||label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|45|36|N|86|15|13|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Chhota Gobindpur| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Chhota Gobindpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|44|30|N|86|14|37|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Gadhra| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Gadhra]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|46|44|N|86|16|43|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Ghorabandha| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Ghorabandha]] (CT) |shape-color4= #A40000
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|45|10|N|86|12|47|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5=Haludbani| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Haludbani]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|44|46|N|86|11|34|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6=Purihasa| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Purihasa]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|45|0|N|86|13|48|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7=Sarjamda| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Sarjamda]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|49|22|N|86|5|55|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Chota Gamahria | numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) |shape-clor8= #A40000
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|50|16|N|86|11|26|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Kopali | numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Kopali]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|46|9|N|86|11|43|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10=Tata Nagar Railway Colony| numbered10=OG| mark-title10=[[Tata Nagar Railway Colony]] (OG) |shape-color10= #A40000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|46|10|N|86|10|49|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Jugsalai| numbered11=M| mark-title11= [[Jugsalai]] (M) |label-color11=#800000
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|49|39|N|86|12|59|E}} | label-pos12= top|label12=Mango| numbered12=M| mark-title12= [[Mango (Jamshedpur)]] (M) |label-color12=#800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|47|24|N|86|9|56|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Adityapur| numbered13=M| mark-title13= Adityapur (M) |shape-color13=black| label-size13=13|label-color13=black 
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|47|33|N|86|11|3|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Jamshedpur| numbered14=M| mark-title14= [[Jamshedpur]] (M) |label-color14=#800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|47|15|N|86|16|0|E}} |label15= Subarnarekha |labela15= River |label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15= 15| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none
|mark-coord16={{coord|22|45|5|N|86|6|0|E}} |label16= Kharkhai |labela16= River |label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16= -15| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|12|15|E}} | label-pos17= top|label17= Dalma |labela17= Wildlife|labelb17= Sanctuary | numbered17=T| mark-title17= [[Dalma Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color17= #74C365
|mark-coord18={{coord|22|51|0|N|86|15|0|E}}| label18= Dimna Lake | label-color18 = #77A1CB | label-angle18= 15| label-pos18=top| label-size18=10| mark-size18=0| mark-title18 =none
|mark-coord19={{coord|22|54|0|N|86|15|0|E}}| label19= Dalma Hills | label-color19 = #C42222 | label-angle19= 0| label-pos19=top| label-size19=10| mark-size19=0| mark-title19 =none}}
Adityapur is located at {{coord|22.7901|N|86.1657|E|display=inline}}. Kharkai River surrounds Adityapur on three sides (except the west). Adityapur is connected, over the [[Kharkai River]], to the city of [[Jamshedpur]] via a toll bridge through [[Kadma, Jamshedpur|Kadma]] and [[Kharkai River|Kharkai Bridge]] through [[Bistupur]]. Adityapur covered an area of {{cvt|49|km2}}. It has an annual rainfall of {{cvt|1,132.9|mm}}.<ref name=":0" />

With its recognition as an industrial town as early as the 1911 census, Jamshedpur was set on the road of steady population growth, as a large number of emigrants flocked in for work opportunities. While in the earlier decades the central nucleus grew, in the later decades towns around Jamshedpur grew rapidly. In 2011, the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration included 13 urban centres, with a total population of 1.3 million people. However, in more recent years, the Jamshedpur metropolitan area has lacked the growth and development observed around other similar industrial cities in western and southern India.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/ahgis/files/3m/5-3.pdf |title = Growth of Industrial Cities in India: A Case Study of Jamshedpur | work= Amaresh Dubey|publisher= The Third Conference: GIS-based Global History from Asian Perspectives, 5 June 2015 | access-date = 25 December 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Adityapur.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | title = District Police Profile – Seraikella Kharsawan | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 30 November 2021 | archive-date = 26 November 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211126112256/https://jhpolice.gov.in/seraikella-kharsawan | url-status = dead }}</ref> The headquarters of the [[Adityapur block|Adityapur]] CD block are located at Adityapur city.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Seraikela Kharsawan district on the fifth page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 30 November 2021}}</ref> The protected water supply involved tap water from treated sources, hand pumps, and overhead tanks{{clarify|date=April 2025}}. It had 31,710 domestic electric connections and 572 road lighting points.

== Demographics ==
{{see also|List of cities in Jharkhand}}
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Adityapur had a total population of 174,355 of which 91,664 (53%) were males and 82,691 (47%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 24,041. The total number of literate persons in Adityapur was 123,158 (81.93% of the population over 6 years.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2024_PART_B_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikela Khasawan, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Location Code: 801801, Pages 208-209: District primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 27 November 2021}}</ref>
===Languages===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Adityapur City (2011)<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16T/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-2000.XLSX 2011 census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1= [[Bengali language| Bengali]]
|value1= 30.77
|color1 green
|label2= [[Hindi language| Hindi]]
|value2 = 24.24
|color2 = orange
|label3 = [[Bhojpuri language | Bhojpuri]]
|value3 = 13.26
|color3 =brown
|label4 = [[ Odia language| Odia]]
|value4 = 6.88
|color4 = red
|label5 = [[ Ho language | Ho]]
|value5 = 5.64
|color5 =yellow
|label6 = [[ Maithili language| Maithili ]]
|value6 = 5.27
|color6 =Black
|label7= Others
|value7= 2.75
|color7 = white
}}

(*For language details see [[Adityapur block#Language and religion]])

The Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration includes [[Jamshedpur]] (Industrial Town), [[Jamshedpur]] (NAC), [[Tata Nagar Railway Colony]] (OG), [[Mango (Jamshedpur)|Mango]] (NAC), [[Jugsalai]] (M), [[Bagbera Colony|Bagbera]] (CT), [[Chhota Gobindpur]] (CT), [[Haludbani]] (CT), [[Sarjamda]] (CT), [[Gadhra]] (CT), [[Ghorabandha]] (CT), [[Purihasa]] (CT), Adityapur (M Corp.), [[Chota Gamahria]] (CT) and [[Kopali|Kapali]] (CT).<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title = Constituents of Urban Agglomerations Having Population 1 Lakh & above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|access-date = 15 December 2021 }}</ref>

As of the India [[census]], Adityapur had a population of 119,221. Males constitute 54% of the population and females 46%. Adityapur has an average literacy rate of 68%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 60% of males and 40% of females literate. 14% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date= 27 November 2021|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref>

==Infrastructure==
Among the [[Civic amenity site|civic amenities]], it had {{cvt|192|km|spell=in}} of roads with open drains. Among the medical facilities, it had three hospitals (with 75 beds), four [[Dispensary|dispensaries]], four health centres, one family welfare centre, two maternity and child welfare centres, two maternity homes, two nursing homes, two charitable hospital/nursing homes, two veterinary hospitals, and 12 medicine shops. Three important commodities it produced were bus body building, saria (iron), and iron ore process. It had the branch offices of 9 nationalised banks, two private commercial banks, three co-operative banks.<ref name=":0">{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2024_PART_A_DCHB_SARAIKELA-KHARSAWAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Seraikella Kharsawan, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Pages 632-637 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 27 November 2021}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{See also|Adityapur Industrial Area|||}}

Adityapur is one of the largest industrial centers in India{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}, and a special economic zone is in the works through the Adityapur Industrial Development Authority. The Adityapur Industrial Estate (33,970 acres, 53 sq. mile) has been Asia's largest industrial hub for a while. About 1,000 industries are located here and about 250 are under construction. There are about 20 large scale industries such as Tata Growth Shop, Usha Martin, Omni Auto, LMT and RSB. The Estate has an average annual production of {{INR}} 4,950 Crores.

The city is also emerging as a tech cluster and information technology hub. Adityapur also has an information technology company which is IT-SCIENT. This is a company based in [[Noida]]. Adityapur houses several corporate firms. [[Adityapur Industrial Area|Adityapur industrial area]] is a large zone in the city of Adityapur, housing a large number of companies.

Adityapur Auto Cluster is an economic cluster. It is a major economic hub of the city. The City Residency Private Limited will set up a large mixed-use project, namely, The Onyx in the heart of Adityapur, with a shopping mall, a hotel, office, commercial, entertainment and residential spaces. It will be the first shopping mall of Adityapur.

== Transport ==
[[File:Adityapur Kadma Toll Bridge.jpg|right|thumb|Adityapur Kadma Toll Bridge]]
* [[Adityapur railway station]] is located on the [[Tatanagar-Bilaspur section]] of the [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]] and the [[Asansol-Tatanagar-Kharagpur line]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/all/3140/168/182 | title = 58113 Tatanagar-Bilaspur Passenger | work = Time Table | publisher = IndiaRailInfo | access-date = 29 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/tatanagar-barkakana-passenger-58023/6494/168/1219 | title= Tatanagar-Barkakana Passenger | work= Time Table |publisher= IndiaRailInfo| accessdate = 29 November 2021}}</ref>
* Four-lane highway, (Adityapur - Kandra Road), connects Jamshedpur to Barbil via [[Seraikela]] and [[Chaibasa]].
* The bridge between Kadma and Adityapur provides a shortcut to [[National Highway 18 (India)|NH 18]] via [[Marine Drive, Jamshedpur]].

== Education ==
[[File:NIT Jamshedpur Main Administrative Building.jpg|left|thumb|[[National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur]]]]
Among the educational facilities it had 19 primary schools, 17 middle schools, four secondary schools, two senior secondary schools. The nearest general degree college is at [[Jamshedpur]], {{cvt|4|km|spell=in}} away. It had an engineering college, a polytechnic, a non-formal education centre (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan).<ref name=":0" />

The [[National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur]], an [[Institute of National Importance]] established at Adityapur in 1960, has the status of a [[Deemed University]].<ref name="official">{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://nitjsr.ac.in/new/institute/about_us.php|publisher=NIT Jamshedpur|access-date= 1 December 2021 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130713120617/http://nitjsr.ac.in/new/institute/about_us.php|archive-date=13 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Srinath University]] is a private institution at Dindli, Adityapur with diverse educational programmes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.srinathuniversity.in | title = Srinath University | publisher = SU | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref> The [[Indo Danish Tool Room, Jamshedpur|Indo Danish Tool Room]] is one of the top [[Vocational university|polytechnic institutes]] in India that offers [[diploma in engineering]] courses. Government Polytechnic, established at Adityapur in 1980, offers diploma courses in engineering.<ref>{{cite web|title=Department of Science & Technology - Government of Jharkhand|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/new_depts/scite/scite_poly_aditya.html|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108071622/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/new_depts/scite/scite_poly_aditya.html|archive-date= 8 November 2013|access-date=1 December 2021}}</ref> DAV Public School, NIT Campus, Adityapur is an [[English-medium education|English-medium coeducational institution]] established in 1991. It is a higher secondary school affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://davnitjsr.org | title = DAV Public Sshool | publisher = DAVPS | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://school.careers360.com/schools/d-v-public-school-adityapur-jamshedpur | title = DAV Public School Adtiyapur | publisher = Careers 360 | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref> Central Public School Adityapur is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2005. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII. The school has a playground and a library with 16,000 books and has 60 computers.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.icbse.com/schools/central-public-school-adityapur-6zeooz | title = Central Public School | publisher = ICBSE | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref> Srinath Public School Adityapur is an English-medium coeducational institution established in 2014. It is a secondary school affiliated with the [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://srinathschool.com | title = Sreenath Public School | publisher = SNPS | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://school.careers360.com/schools/srinath-public-school-adityapur-seraikela-kharsawan | title = Srinath Public School | publisher = Careers 360 | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref>

[[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] is a Hindi-medium girls only institution established in 2007. It has facilities for teaching from class VI to class XII. The school has a playground, and a library with 30 books and has 6 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200405503/k-g-b-v-gamharia.html | title = K.G.B.V. Gamharia| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref> Gayatri Shiksha Neekatan is a [[Hindi language school|Hindi-medium coeducational institution]] established in 1985. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII. The school has a playground, and a library with 250 books and has 14 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200425002/gayatri-shiksha-neekatan.html | title = Gayatri Shiksha Neekatan | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref> Adarsh Shiksha Niketan is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1992. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class XII. The school has a playground, and a library with 500 books and has 1 computer for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200411505/adarsh-shikshsa-niketan.html | title = Adarsh Shiksha Niketan | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref> S.N. High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1972. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. The school has a playground, and a library with 95 books and has 2 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200428902/s-n-high-school.html | title = S.N. High School | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref> Victoria Memorial High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1984. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. The school has a playground, and a library with 625 books and has 2 computers for teaching and learning purposes.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200411904/victoria-memorial-high-school.html | title = Victoria Memorial High School | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref> Shri Ram NG High School is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 2009. It has facilities for teaching from class I to class X. The school has a library with 200 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/saraikela-kharsawan/20200429005/sri-ram-ng-h-s-adityapur.html | title = Shri Ram High School | publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 1 December 2021}}</ref>

==Culture==
Jamshedpur has its radio station in Adityapur. Among social, cultural and recreational facilities, it had an old age home, a stadium, three cinema theatre, an auditorium/community hall, a public library, and a reading room.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist|1}}

{{Kolhan Division}}

[[Category:Special economic zones]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Seraikela Kharsawan district]]
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Jamshedpur]]

Gita Wolf

2026-02-13T13:00:08Z

Bhatti21: started post.

{{Short description|Indian author, publisher, and curator}}
'''Gita Wolf''' (born 1956) is an Indian author, publisher, and curator, and one of the founders of Indian publishing house, Tara Books.

== Career ==

=== Publishing ===
Wolf has collaborated with folk artists and tribal communities in India to publish volumes of folk art from India. Wolf began her career teaching comparative literature in Germany, where she lived along with husband, Helmut. In 1994 she sold her first book, ''The Very Hungry Lion'', to Annick Books at the [[Frankfurt Book Fair]]. With their assistance, Wolf established a publishing imprint, Tara Books, in Chennai, India, along with several colleagues, and produced screen-printed editions of children's books and collections of folk art.<ref>{{cite web|title=An encounter with Tara Books' founder Gita Wolf, understanding "the advantages of being a woman publisher" – Outlook Business WoW|url=https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/gita-wolf/|access-date=2021-02-24|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417152353/https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/gita-wolf/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wolf has worked closely with members of the [[Gondi people|Gondi]] tribe in Madhya Pradesh, the [[Warli]] tribe in [[Maharashtra]], and artists working in the [[Madhubani/Mithila Painting|Madhubani/Mithila]] tradition and the [[Meena]] tribe in Bihar, and [[Patua]] artisans in [[West Bengal]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Hit in Japan, Dahanu's Warli artists test Mumbai waters|url=https://www.mid-day.com/sunday-mid-day/article/hit-in-japan-dahanu-warli-artists-test-mumbai-waters--23158737|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Mid-day|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Tara Books: Love Notes To Tribal Art|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/work/tara-books-love-notes-to-tribal-art/40805/1|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref> Wolf has also worked with artists from Oaxaca, Mexico, and indigenous artists from Australia to publish illustrated folk stories from their traditions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rastogi|first=Pracarsh|date=2019-01-16|title=The story behind Chennai's Tara Books|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/backstage-in-book-land/article26003940.ece|access-date=2021-02-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2014-07-02|title=Tara Books opens a new page for tribal artists in India|work=Christian Science Monitor|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2014/0702/Tara-Books-opens-a-new-page-for-tribal-artists-in-India|access-date=2021-02-24|issn=0882-7729}}</ref>

Wolf has publicly advocated for the preservation of folk art, folk lore, and traditions in India, for the preservation of traditional printing techniques, such as relief art, sustainable practices in book printing and for sustainable practices in book printing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: Bringing Tribal Art Into the Mainstream Arena|url=https://thewire.in/books/between-memory-and-museum-a-book-review-exploring-the-changing-world-of-tribals|access-date=2021-02-24|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-08-17|title=Tara Books' Handmade Offerings Are An Ode To The Art Of Bookmaking {{!}} Verve Magazine|url=https://www.vervemagazine.in/people/tara-books-handmade-offerings-are-an-ode-to-the-art-of-bookmaking|access-date=2021-02-24|website=[[Verve (Indian magazine)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In an interview with ''Forbes'' in 2015, Wolf said “Many of the tribal artists that we work with would sell their prints in order to make a living, but we helped them become authors.”<ref name=":0" /> Wolf has authored over twenty books herself, writing for both, adults and children.<ref>{{cite web |title=Game-changers of Chennai - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/game-changers-of-chennai/articleshow/58166521.cms|access-date=2021-02-24|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> ''The Night Life of Trees'', a 2006 book written by Wolf and illustrated by [[Gondi people|Gondi]] artists [[Bhajju Shyam]], [[Durga Bai Vyam]] and Ram Singh Urveti was reviewed by [[Maria Popova]], who wrote about the "breathtakingly beautiful illustrations" as well as the quality of screen-printing in the book's production.<ref>{{cite web |last=Popova|first=Maria|date=2011-09-20|title=The Night Life of Trees: Exquisite Handmade Illustrations Based on Indian Mythology|url=https://www.brainpickings.org/2011/09/20/the-night-life-of-trees-tara-books/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Brain Pickings|language=en-US}}</ref> ''The Night Life of Trees'' also won an award at the Bologna Children's Book Fair in 2008.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Padmanabhan|first=Geeta|date=2013-04-08|title=Winning words|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/winning-words/article4594592.ece|access-date=2021-02-24|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Curation ===
Wolf has also curated several collections of folk art from India, including an exhibition of art and books published by Tara Books for the Itabashi Museum in [[Tokyo]] in 2018, and a collection of women's art in Chennai, in 2014.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-01-21|title=The Book of Wonder|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/the-book-of-wonder-5032516/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Ghosh|first=Tanushree|date=2014-03-07|title=Feminine strokes|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/v2cy5TFVSt1FopwQaUNKiP/Feminine-strokes.html|access-date=2021-02-24|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

=== Writing ===
Books that Wolf has co-authored with indigenous and tribal artists and writers have received public recognition; in 2015, ''Tree Matters'', by Gangu Bai, V. Geetha won an [[Aesop Prize and Aesop Accolades|Aesop Accolade]], and in 2011, ''Following My Paint Brush'', written by Wolf, and illustrated by Dulari Devi was nominated for a [[Crossword Book Award]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Crossword Book Award Longlist announced|url=https://www.news18.com/news/books/crossword-book-award-longlist-announced-368191.html|access-date=2021-02-24|website=News18}}</ref> In addition, Tara Books has received several awards for children's publishing, including an award in 2013 for the "best children’s book publisher in Asia" at the [[Bologna Children's Book Fair]].<ref name=":1" />

== Bibliography ==
* Gita Wolf'','' The Very Hungry Lion: A Folktale (1995)<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolf|first=Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Chber7il30EC|title=The Very Hungry Lion: A Folktale|date=1995|publisher=Tara Publishing|isbn=978-81-86211-02-1|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, Anushka Ravishankar, Puppets Unlimited (1998)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolf|first1=Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JKhOuFf8Q3IC|title=Puppets Unlimited: With Everyday Materials|last2=Ravishankar|first2=Anushka|date=1998|publisher=Tara Publishing|isbn=978-81-86211-25-0|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, Sirish Rao, Rathna Ramanathan, ''In The Dark'' (2000)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolf|first1=Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1I62e_bqvlAC|title=In the Dark|last2=Rao|first2=Sirish|date=2000|publisher=Tara Publishing|isbn=978-81-86211-54-0|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, Sirish Rao, Indrapramit Roy, ''The Tree Girl'' (2001)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolf|first1=Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CutgL3krsKEC|title=The Tree Girl|last2=Rao|first2=Sirish|date=2001|publisher=Tara Publishing|isbn=978-81-86211-32-8|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, Sirish Rao, Emanuele Scanziani, ''The Legend of the Fish'' (2003)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolf|first1=Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vF9zpLHH_yUC|title=The Legend of the Fish|last2=Rao|first2=Sirish|last3=Scanziani|first3=Emanuele|date=2003|publisher=Tara Publishing|isbn=978-81-86211-77-9|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, Kanchana Arni, ''Beasts of India'' (2003)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Arni|first1=Kanchana|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5DZbJ_q7mFYC|title=Beasts of India|last2=Wolf|first2=Gita|date=2003|publisher=Tara Publishing|isbn=978-81-86211-78-6|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, Anushka Ravishankar, Trash! On Ragpicker Children and Recycling (2004)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolf|first1=Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRy3-jbdmyQC|title=Trash!: On Ragpicker Children and Recycling|last2=Ravishankar|first2=Anushka|date=2004-08-15|publisher=Tara Publishing|isbn=978-81-86211-69-4|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, [[Bhajju Shyam]], [[Durga Bai Vyam]], Ram Singh Urveti, ''The Night Life of Trees'' (2006)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shyam|first1=Bhajju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NxhgqN7BQXoC|title=The Night Life of Trees|last2=Bai|first2=Durga|last3=Urveti|first3=Ram Singh|date=2006|publisher=Tara Publishing|isbn=978-81-86211-92-2|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, Kusum Dhadpe, Ramesh Hengadi, Rasika Hengadi, Shantaram Dhadpe, ''Do!'' (2009)
* Dulari Devi, Gita Wolf, ''Following my Paintbrush'' (2011)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Devi|first1=Dulari|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_KwcQAACAAJ|title=Following My Paint Brush|last2=Wolf|first2=Gita|date=2011|publisher=Tara Books|isbn=978-93-80340-11-1|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, ''The Enduring Ark'' (2013)<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolf|first=Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka_YMgEACAAJ|title=The Enduring Ark|date=2013|publisher=Tara Books|isbn=978-93-80340-18-0|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, Sirish Rao'', Antigone'' (2015)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wolf|first1=Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTktepk4qf4C|title=Antigone|last2=Rao|first2=Sirish|date=2015|publisher=Tara Books|isbn=978-81-86211-49-6|language=en}}</ref>
* Bhajju Shyam, Gita Wolf, ''Creation'' (2015)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shyam|first1=Bhajju|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bQfqoAEACAAJ|title=Creation|last2=Wolf|first2=Gita|date=2015|publisher=Tara Books|isbn=978-93-83145-03-4|language=en}}</ref>
* Gita Wolf, ''KnockI Knock''! (2018)<ref>{{cite book |last=Wolf|first=Gita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IwAHswEACAAJ|title=Knock! Knock!|date=2016-04-12|publisher=Tara Books|isbn=978-93-83145-32-4|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Wolf, Gita}}
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Indian publishers (people)]]

Orange Line (Nagpur Metro)

2026-02-07T20:50:48Z

Bhatti21: added the info more to come!

{{short description|Metro route of mass rapid transit system in Nagpur, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2025}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Orange Line
| color = {{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}}
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit|Rapid Transit]]
| system = [[Nagpur Metro]]
| status = Operational
| locale = [[Nagpur]]
| start = [[Automotive Square metro station|Automotive Square]]
| end = [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]]
| stations = 18
| daily_ridership =
| open = 8 March 2019
| event1label = Inaugurated
| event1 = 7 March 2019
| close =
| operator = [[MahaMetro]]
| character = At-Grade & Elevated
| stock = [[CRRC Dalian]]
| linelength = 19.658 km
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|sg}} ([[Standard gauge]])
| electrification = [[25 kV 50 Hz AC]] [[Overhead catenary]]
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = {{Nagpur Metro North-South Line}}
| map_state = expanded
}}
The '''Orange Line''', also known as the '''North–south corridor''', of the [[Nagpur Metro]] is a metro route of mass rapid transit system in [[Nagpur]], India. It consists of 20 metro stations from Automotive Square to Metro City with a total distance of {{Convert|19.658|km|4=4|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NMRCL - Milestone |url=https://metrorailnagpur.com/Project-Updates |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717114637/https://metrorailnagpur.com/Project-Updates |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=www.metrorailnagpur.com}}</ref> Most of the line is elevated. It is the first line of the Nagpur Metro and was inaugurated by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 7 March 2019, and opened to the public the next day on [[International Women's Day]].<ref name=":1" />

This corridor originates from Automotive Square on Kamptee Road; moves along Kamptee Road and reaches the intersection point of Amravati Road and Wardha Road, then after crossing a flyover moves towards Munje Square, moves towards Dhantoli and along nala moves towards Empire/Dr Munje Marg, leads towards Congress Nagar T-Point, then on Rahate Colony Road and then falls on Wardha Road, leads towards NEERI, then moves along Wardha Road and then west of Railway Track in MIHAN area. And passes through {{Convert|14|m|abbr=on}} wide stretch of land between the railway boundary line and the road near proposed Container Depot.

Entire length ({{Convert|22.2938|km|abbr=on}}) of this corridor is proposed as elevated except in {{Convert|4.6|km|4=4|abbr=on}} at grade after Airport Station and in MIHAN area near Khapri Railway Station. There are 20 stations on this corridor of which 15 stations are elevated and 5 stations are at Grade. Sitaburdi Station is an inter-change station. Average inter-station distance is {{Convert|1.2|km|4=4|abbr=on}} approximately varying from {{Convert|0.54 to 2.4|km|4=4|abbr=on}} depending upon the site, operational and traffic requirements.

This line initially started operations with five stations opening in the stretch between [[Sitabuldi metro station|Sitabuldi]] and [[Khapri metro station|Khapri]] on 8 March 2019.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/india/news/nagpur-metro-flagged-off-by-pm-narendra-modi-to-be-open-for-public-from-march-8-681132.html|title=Nagpur Metro Flagged Off by PM Narendra Modi, To Be Open For Public From March 8|date=7 March 2019|website=Latestly|access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/nagpur-metro-giving-infra-projects-a-good-name/1666035/|title=Nagpur Metro giving infra projects a good name|date=5 August 2019|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latestly.com/india/information/nagpur-metro-launch-today-to-be-open-for-public-from-march-8-routes-stations-and-all-you-need-to-know-679765.html|title=Nagpur Metro Launch Today, To Be Open For Public From March 8: Routes, Stations And All You Need To Know | 📝 LatestLY|date=7 March 2019|website=LatestLY|access-date=21 December 2019}}</ref>

== List of stations ==
Following is a list of stations on this route-
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#{{rail color|Nagpur Metro|Orange}};" colspan="8" | '''Orange Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opened
! rowspan="2" |Chainage (in metre)
! rowspan="2" |Distance from previous station
! rowspan="2" |Connections
! rowspan="2" |Layout
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|-
!1
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Automotive Square}}
|ऑटोमोटिव्ह चौक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |title=PM Modi Inaugurates Nagpur Metro, Flags Off 6th Vande Bharat Train |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-nagpur-metro-flags-off-6th-vande-bharat-train-3596721 |work=NDTV |agency=ANI |date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022}}</ref>
|0.0
|0.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
!2
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Nari Road}}
|नारी रोड
|11 December 2022<ref name=":7" />
|975.8
|975.8
|None
|Elevated
|-
!3
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Indora Square}}
|इंदोरा चौक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":7" />
|2139.7
|1163.9
|None
|Elevated
|-
!4
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Kadvi Chowk}}
|कडबी चौक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":7" />
|3181.2
|1041.5
|None
|Elevated
|-
!5
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Gaddi Godam Square}}
|गड्डीगोदाम चौक
|11 December 2022<ref name=":7" />
|4399.0
|1217.8
|None
|Elevated
|-
!6
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Kasturchand Park}}
|कस्तुरचंद पार्क
|21 August 2021<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=21 August 2021|title=Nagpur Metro extension: Stretch between Sitabuldi, Kasturchand Park inaugurated|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/nagpur-metro-extension-stretch-between-sitabuldi-kasturchand-park-inaugurated-7463317/|access-date=25 November 2021|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
|5148.6
|749.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
!7
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Zero Mile Freedom Park}}
|झिरो माइल फ्रीडम पार्क
|21 August 2021<ref name=":5" />
|6175.5
|1026.9
|None
|Elevated
|-
!8
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Sitabuldi}}
|सिताबर्डी
|8 March 2019<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=7 March 2019|title=Nagpur Metro Flagged Off by PM Modi, to Open For Public on Women's Day|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/nagpur-metro-flagged-off-by-pm-modi-to-open-for-public-on-womens-day-2059661.html|access-date=25 November 2021|work=News18}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=9 May 2019|title=Two months pass but no new Metro station opens|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/two-months-pass-but-no-new-metro-station-opens/articleshow/69241835.cms|access-date=25 November 2021|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|6709.2
|533.7
|{{rcb|Nagpur Metro|Aqua|croute}}
|Elevated
|-
!9
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Congress Nagar}}
|काँग्रेस नगर
|6 April 2021<ref name=":3">{{Cite news | date=6 April 2021 |title=4 new Metro stations operational from today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/4-new-metro-stations-operational-from-today/articleshow/81920428.cms |access-date=25 November 2021 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|7897.2
|1188.0
|None
|Elevated
|-
!10
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Rahate Colony}}
|रहाटे कॉलनी
|22 October 2020<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=10 October 2020|title=CMRS gives safety node to launch metro services on four new stations in Nagpur|url=https://urbantransportnews.com/news/cmrs-gives-safety-node-to-launch-metro-services-on-four-new-stations-in-nagpur|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Urban Transport News}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=16 November 2020|title=Nagpur Metro's Double Decker Viaduct Inaugurated|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/11/16/nagpur-metros-double-decker-viaduct-inaugurated/|access-date=26 November 2021|website=The Metro Rail Guy}}</ref>
|8682.6
|785.4
|None
|Elevated
|-
!11
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Ajni Square}}
|अजनी चौक
|22 October 2020<ref name=":6" />
|10104.7
|1422.1
|None
|Elevated
|-
!12
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Chhatrapati Square}}
|छत्रपती चौक
|6 April 2021<ref name=":3" />
|11146.3
|1041.6
|None
|Elevated
|-
!13
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Jaiprakash Nagar}}
|जयप्रकाश नगर
|20 November 2019<ref>{{Cite web|title=Metro's Jaiprakash Nagar Station commissioned|url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2019/11/21/Metro-s-Jaiprakash-Nagar-Station-commissioned.html|access-date=25 November 2021|website=Hitvada}}</ref>
|11811.5
|665.2
|None
|Underground
|-
!14
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Ujjwal Nagar}}
|उज्ज्वल नगर
|6 April 2021<ref name=":3" />
|12846.6
|1035.1
|None
|Underground
|-
!15
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Airport}}
|एअरपोर्ट
|8 March 2019<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|13784.9
|938.3
|None
|Underground
|-
!16
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Airport South}}
|एअरपोर्ट साउथ
|8 March 2019<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
| -
| -
|None
|Underground
|-
!17
|{{stl|Nagpur Metro|New Airport}}
|न्यू एअरपोर्ट
|8 March 2019<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|16184.4
|2399.5
|None
|Underground
|-
!18
||{{stl|Nagpur Metro|Khapri}}
|खापरी
|8 March 2019<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />
|18460.6
|2276.2
|None
|Underground
|}

== See also ==

* [[Nagpur Metro]]
* [[List of Nagpur Metro stations]]
* [[Aqua Line (Nagpur Metro)]]
* [[Maharashtra Metro Rail Corporation Limited]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Nagpur Metro navbox}}

[[Category:Nagpur Metro lines]]
[[Category:Airport rail links in India|N]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2019]]

Bhullatal

2026-02-02T12:37:49Z

Bhatti21: quick refine details for clarity and corrected details

#REDIRECT [[Lansdowne, India]]
{{R from merge}}{{R from alternative transliteration}}

Laxmipuram, Srikakulam

2026-01-23T12:29:16Z

Bhatti21: starting the data nd citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Laxmipuram
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Laxmipuram
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Srikakulam
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 10
| population_total = 1200
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 532220
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08947 239250
| registration_plate = AP-30
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = palasa
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 = 45%
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = Srikakulam
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Palasa
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|temperate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Laxmipuram''' is a small village in [[Palasa]] [[Tehsil|mandal]], Srikakulam District [[Telangana|Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> It is one of the daveloping villages in Palasa Mandal. Most of the people in this village are [[farmer]]s or government employees. The village has a high literacy rate. Younger residents have begun to move out of the village to more urban areas including nearby city, Khammam. The village risks population loss as many continue to emigrate leaving older populations behind.

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Srikakulam district]]

{{Srikakulam-geo-stub}}

Lakshmi Putrudu

2026-01-20T05:57:40Z

Bhatti21: Redirect page

#REDIRECT [[Vambuchanda]]

Takli Formation

2026-01-19T10:37:13Z

Bhatti21: adding new post needs work!

{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{More citations needed|date=August 2023}}

{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Takli Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Maastrichtian]]
| period = Maastrichtian
| prilithology = [[Claystone]], [[siltstone]], [[marl]]
| otherlithology =
| namedfor = [[Tákli Plain]]
| namedby =
| region = [[Maharashtra]], [[Gujarat]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.2|N|79.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|26.2|S|61.5|E|display=inline}}
| unitof =
| subunits =
| underlies =
| overlies =
| thickness =
| extent =
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 21.2
| lon_deg = 79.1
| mark = Lightgreen pog.svg
| marksize = 10
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Takli Formation''' is a [[Maastrichtian]] geologic [[Formation (geology)|formation]] in [[India]].<ref>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/displayCollResults?collection_no=119660 Tákli Plain, northwest of Nagpur] at [[Fossilworks]].org</ref> [[Dinosaur]] remains diagnostic to the [[genus]] level are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.<ref name="dinosaurdistribution">Weishampel, et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution." Pp. 517-607.</ref>

== Paleobiota ==
{{Paleobiota-key-compact}}
=== Dinosaurs ===
; Sauropods
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Sauropod]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| ''[[Fusioolithus]]''
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| ''F. baghensis''
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| eggshell fragments
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| [[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| [[Maastrichtian]]
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"| [[Sauropoda|Sauropod]] Eggs.
|style="background:#E3F5FF;"|
|-
| [[Sauropoda]]<ref name="auto">A. Sahni and S. Bajpai. 1988. Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary events: the fossil vertebrate, palaeomagnetic and radiometric evidence from Peninsualr India. ''Journal of the Geological Society of India'' '''32(5)''':382-395 </ref><ref name=":2" />
| Indeterminate
| tooth
| [[Gujarat]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Sauropoda|Sauropod]].
|
|-
| [[Titanosauridae]]
| Indeterminate
| teeth
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Titanosauridae|Titanosaur]].
|
|-
|}
; Theropods
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Theropod]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ?[[Coelurosauria]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Vianey-Liaud |first1=Monique |last2=Jain |first2=Sohan L. |last3=Sahni |first3=Ashok |date=1988-01-22 |title=Dinosaur eggshells (Saurischia) from the Late Cretaceous Intertrappean and Lameta formations (Deccan, India) |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02724634.1988.10011673 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=408–424 |doi=10.1080/02724634.1988.10011673 |bibcode=1988JVPal...7..408V |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| Indeterminate
| teeth
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| Coelurosauria was a common [[wastebasket taxon]].
|
|-
| ?[[Megalosauridae]]
| Indeterminate
| teeth
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| Megalosauridae was a common [[wastebasket taxon]].
|
|-
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''[[Massospondylus]]''<ref>R. Lydekker. 1890. Note on certain vertebrate remains from the Nagpur district. ''Records of the Geological Survey of India'' '''23(1)''':21-24</ref><ref name=DBW90>{{cite book |last=Weishampel |first=David B. |author-link=David B. Weishampel |chapter=Dinosaur distribution |editor=David B. Weishampel |editor2=Peter Dodson |editor3=Halszka Osmólska|title=The Dinosauria |edition=1st |year=1990 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |isbn=978-0-520-06727-1 |pages=63–139 }}</ref>
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''M. rawesi''
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Tooth
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | [[Maharashtra]]
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | [[Maastrichtian]]
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Previously thought to be a ''[[Massospondylus]]'' now known to be an indeterminate [[Abelisauridae|abelisaurid]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hendrickx |first1=C. |last2=Soto Núñez |first2=M. |last3=Araújo |first3=R. |last4=Meso |first4=J. G. |last5=Maganuco |first5=S. |last6=Ben-Salahuddin |first6=A. |year=2025 |title=Isolated abelisaurid teeth from Gondwana and dental evolution in Abelisauridae |url=https://www.ameghiniana.org.ar/index.php/ameghiniana/libraryFiles/downloadPublic/145 |journal=Ameghiniana |doi=10.5710/AMGH.17.09.2025.3654}}</ref>
|style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
|-
|[[Theropoda]]<ref name="auto"/>
|Indeterminate
|Teeth.
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|An indeterminate [[theropoda|theropod]].
|}

;

=== Other Archosaurs ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | Other '''[[Archosaur]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Archosauria]]<ref name=":2" />
| Indeterminate
| teeth
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| Either a [[saurischia]]n or a [[crocodilla]]<nowiki/>n.
|
|-
| [[Crocodyliformes]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rio |first1=Jonathan P. |last2=Mannion |first2=Philip D. |date=2021-09-06 |title=Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem |journal=PeerJ |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=e12094 |doi=10.7717/peerj.12094 |doi-access=free |pmid=34567843 |pmc=8428266 |bibcode=2021PeerJ...912094R |issn=2167-8359}}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Crocodyliformes|Crocodyliform]].
|
|-
|}

=== Lepidosaurs ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Lepidosaur]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Gekkonidae]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Kapur |first1=Vivesh V. |last2=Khosla |first2=Ashu |date=2018-12-03 |title=Faunal elements from the Deccan volcano-sedimentary sequences of India: A reappraisal of biostratigraphic, palaeoecologic, and palaeobiogeographic aspects |journal=Geological Journal |volume=54 |issue=5 |pages=2797–2828 |doi=10.1002/gj.3379 |issn=0072-1050}}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Gecko]].
|
|-
| [[Boidae]]<ref name=":4">S. L. Jain. 1989. Recent dinosaur discoveries in India, including eggshells, nests and coprolites. In D. D. Gillette & M. G. Lockley (ed.), ''Dinosaur Tracks and Traces'' 99-108</ref><ref name=":5">{{Citation |last1=Rage |first1=Jean-Claude |title=Anuran Lissamphibian and Squamate Reptiles from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) Deccan Intertrappean Sites in Central India, with a Review of Lissamphibian and Squamate Diversity in the Northward Drifting Indian Plate |date=2020 |work=Biological Consequences of Plate Tectonics: New Perspectives on Post-Gondwana Break-up–A Tribute to Ashok Sahni |pages=99–121 |editor-last=Prasad |editor-first=Guntupalli V.R. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6 |access-date=2024-08-18 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-49753-8_6 |isbn=978-3-030-49753-8 |last2=Prasad |first2=Guntupalli V. R. |last3=Verma |first3=Omkar |last4=Khosla |first4=Ashu |last5=Parmar |first5=Varun |editor2-last=Patnaik |editor2-first=Rajeev|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snake]].
|
|-
| [[Scincomorpha]]<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Scincomorpha|Scincomorph]].
|
|-
| ?''[[Contogenys]]''<ref name=":3" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Globauridae|Globaurid]].
|
|-
| [[Anguidae]]<ref name=":6" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Anguidae|Anguid]].
|
|-
| ''[[Litakis]]''<ref name=":3" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Platynota]].
|
|-
| ''[[Exostinus]]''
| ''E. estesi''<ref name=":3" />
''E. estesai''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Xenosauridae|Xenosaurid]].
|
|-
|''[[Pristiguana]]''
|''P. sp.''
|
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|An [[Iguanidae|Iguanid]].
|-
|[[Iguanidae]]<ref name=":3" />
|Indeterminate
|
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
|An [[Iguanidae|iguanid]].
|}

=== Amphibians ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Amphibian]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Frog|Anura]]<ref name=":0">S. Hislop. 1861. Remarks on the geology of Nágpur. ''Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society'' '''6''':194-204</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Frog]].
|
|-
| [[Pelobatidae]]<ref name=":5" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Pelobatidae|Spadefoot Toad]].
|
|-
|}

=== Fish ===
{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Fish]]es from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ''[[Pycnodus]]''
| ''P. lametae''
''P. bicresta''<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282319217|title=Vertebrate Fauna From the Infra- and Inter-trappean Beds of Andhra Pradesh: Age Implications}}</ref>
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Pycnodontidae|Pycnodontid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Belonostomus]]''<ref name=":4" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Aspidorhynchidae|Aspidorhynchid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Sphyraena]]''<ref name=":6" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Barracuda]].
|
|-
| ''[[Enchodus]]''
| ''E. ferox''<ref name=":6" />
sp.<ref name=":4" />
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Enchodontidae|Enchodontid]] Fish.
|
|-
| [[Clupeidae]]<ref name=":6" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Clupeidae|Clupeid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Apateodus]]''<ref name=":7" />
| ''A. striatus''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Ichthyotringidae|Ichthyotringid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Stephanodus]]''<ref name=":7" />
| ''S. lybicus''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Eotrigonodontidae|Eotrigonodontid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Ostracion]]''<ref name=":6" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Ostraciidae|Ostraciid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Palaeolabrus]]''<ref name=":7" />
| ''P. dormaalensis''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Palaeolabridae|Palaeolabrid]] Fish.
|
|-
| ''[[Lepisosteus]]''<ref name=":6" />
| ''L. indicus''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Gar]].
|
|-
| ''[[Lepidotes]]''<ref name=":4" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A possible late surviving [[Lepidotidae|lepidotid]].
|
|-
| ''[[Dasyatis]]''<ref name=":4" />
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Whiptail stingray]].
|
|-
| ''[[Igdabatis]]''
| ''I. sigmodon''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Eagle ray]].
|
|-
| ''[[Osteoglossum]]''
| ''O. deccanensis''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Osteoglossidae|osteoglossid]] Fish.
|
|-
| [[Osteichthyes]]<ref name=":0" />
| Indeterminate
| Ganoid and Cycloid scales
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Osteichthyes|Bony fish]].
|
|}

=== Mammals ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Mammal]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Symmetrodonta]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite web | url=http://palaeontologicalsociety.in/vol35/v11.pdf | title=Palaeontology and palaeoecology of the intertrappean (Cretaceous-Tertiary transition) beds of the peninsular India | website=palaeontologicalsociety.in}}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Allotheria|Allotherian]] Mammal.
|
|-
|}

=== Molluscas ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Mollusca]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Bivalvia]]
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Clam]].
|
|-
| ''[[Lymnaea|Limnaea]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snail]].
|
|-
| ''[[Valvata]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snail]].
|
|-
| ''[[Paludina]]''
| sp.
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snail]].
|
|-
| ''[[Physa]]''
| ''P. prinsepii''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
|[[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snail]].
|
|-
|}

=== Crustaceans ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Crustacean]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Ostracoda]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258963754|title=New Evidence for Paleobiogeographic Intercontinental Gondwana Relationships Based on Late Cretaceous-Earliest Paleocene Coastal Faunas from Peninsular India}}</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| An [[Ostracod]].
|
|-
|}

=== Turtles ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Turtle]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| [[Pelomedusidae]]<ref name=":6" />
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Pelomedusidae|Pelomedusid]] Turtle.
|
|-
| [[Testudinata]]
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Turtle]].
|
|-
|}

=== Insects ===

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Insect]]s from the Takli Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Material !! Location !! Time Period !! Notes !! Images
|-
| ?[[Buprestidae]]<ref name=":1">A. Murray. 1860. Notes on some fossil insects from Nagpur. ''Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society'' '''16''':182-186</ref>
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Jewel beetle]].
|
|-
| ''[[Lomatus]]''<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://cerambycids.com/Buprestidae/WorldCat/Classif/fossils.htm |title=Fossil Buprestidae |author=Bellamy, C. L. |date=2013 |work=A Checklist of World Buprestoidea |access-date=7 Sep 2021 |archive-date=8 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908023945/https://cerambycids.com/Buprestidae/WorldCat/Classif/fossils.htm }}</ref>
| ''L. hislopi''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Jewel beetle]].
|
|-
| ?[[Curculionidae]]
| Indeterminate
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snout beetle]].
|
|-
| ''[[Meristos]]''<ref name=":1" />
| ''M. hunteri''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snout beetle]].
|
|-
| ''[[Palaeotanymecides]]''<ref name=":1" />
| ''P. hislopi''
|
| [[Maharashtra]]
| [[Maastrichtian]]
| A [[Snout beetle]].
|
|-
|}

=== Flora ===

== See also ==
*[[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]
**[[List of stratigraphic units with few dinosaur genera]]
== References ==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{cite book |editor-last=[[David B. Weishampel|Weishampel]] |editor-first=David B. |editor-last2=[[Peter Dodson|Dodson]] |editor-first2=Peter |editor-last3=[[Halszka Osmólska|Osmólska]] |editor-first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria|edition=2nd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |location=Berkeley|publisher= University of California Press |pages=1–880 |access-date=2019-02-21|isbn=0-520-24209-2}}

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Cretaceous Asia]]
[[Category:Maastrichtian Stage]]
[[Category:Shale formations]]
[[Category:Siltstone formations]]
[[Category:Marl formations]]
[[Category:Fluvial deposits]]
[[Category:Lacustrine deposits]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]

Bhagabanpur I

2026-01-18T19:17:52Z

Bhatti21: Content updated and refined

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhagabanpur I
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline = File:Shyama Sundara Deul at Paikbheri under Purba Medinipur district in West Bengal 01.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = The Shyama Sundara deul with porch in front at [[Paikbheri]] built in 1730
| image_map = File:Bhagabanpur-I in Purba Medinipur (West Bengal).svg
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.094|N|87.759|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Community development block in India|Community development block]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 174.24
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 5
| population_total = 234,432
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 721601 (Bhagwanpur) 721626 (Kajlagarh)
| area_code = 03220
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-29, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-30, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-31, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-32, [[List of RTO districts in India#WB.E2.80.94West Bengal|WB]]-33
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 88.13%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kanthi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kanthi]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Bhagabanpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhagabanpur]], [[Chandipur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandipur]]
| website = {{URL|purbamedinipur.gov.in/}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-WB]]
| footnotes =

}}
'''Bhagabanpur I''' (also spelt as Bhagawanpur) is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Egra subdivision]] of Purba Medinipur district in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Geography==
Purba Medinipur district is part of the lower [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]] and [[Eastern coastal plains]]. Topographically, the district can be divided into two parts – (a) almost entirely flat plains on the west, east and north, (b) the coastal plains on the south. The vast expanse of land is formed of [[alluvium]] and is composed of younger and coastal alluvial. The elevation of the district is within 10 metres above mean sea level. The district has a long coastline of 65.5 km along its southern and south eastern boundary. Five coastal CD Blocks, namely, Khejuri II, Contai II (Deshapran), Contai I, Ramnagar I and II, are occasionally affected by cyclones and tornadoes. Tidal floods are quite regular in these five CD Blocks. Normally floods occur in 21 of the 25 CD Blocks in the district. The major rivers are Haldi, Rupnarayan, Rasulpur, Bagui and Keleghai, flowing in north to south or south-east direction. River water is an important source of irrigation. The district has a low 899 hectare forest cover, which is 0.02% of its geographical area.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.dcmsme.gov.in/dips/PURBA%20MIDNAPORE-wb.pdf |title = Brief Industrial Profile of Purba Midnapur District |publisher= Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Industries, Government of India | access-date = 29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262525164 |title = Mapping Dynamics of land utilization and its changing Patterns of Purba Medinipure District - W.B | access-date = 29 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur| work = Chapter I Introduction| publisher = Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2011| access-date = 29 June 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf| archive-date = 23 September 2016| url-status = dead}}</ref>

Bhagabanpur is located at {{coord|22.094|N|87.759|E|format=dms|}}.

Bhagabanpur I CD Block is bounded by [[Moyna (community development block)|Moyna]] CD Block in the north, [[Chandipur (community development block)|Chandipur]] CD Block in the east, [[Bhagabanpur II]] CD Block in the south and [[Sabang (community development block)|Sabang]] CD Block, in Paschim Medinipur district, and [[Patashpur II]] CD Block in the west.

It is located 27 km from [[Tamluk]], the district headquarters.

Bhagabanpur I CD Block has an area of 174.24 km2. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 10 [[gram panchayat]]s, 167 gram sansads (village councils), 167 [[mouza]]s and 164 inhabited villages. [[Bhagabanpur#Police station|Bhagabanpur]] police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 29 March 2019 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |archive-date = 21 January 2019 |url-status = dead }}</ref> Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Kajlagarh]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2153 | title = BDO Offices under Purba Medinipur district | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 23 April 2019 | archive-date = 28 June 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190628023727/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2153 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

[[Gram panchayat]]s of Bhagabanpur I block are: [[Benudia]], [[Bhagabanpur]], Bibhisanpur, Gurgram, [[Kajlagarh]], Kakra, Koatbarh, Mahammadpur I, Mahammadpur II and Simulia.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Purba Medinipur - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 22 June 2016}}</ref>

Sites in the area, which attract tourists, include:{{fact|date=November 2023}} Kali Temple, Ram Temple, Bhagabanpur Masjid, Syed Mazar, Kajlagarh Raj Palace and the temple at Bhimeswari.{{fact|date=November 2023}} Apart from these there is a 'Sahid Bedi'. That is a temple like bedi, the top of which contains a pot. Myths say this 'bedi' is in the memory of the freedom fighters who died during a fight with the British Police in 1942 and the pot contains blood of those freedom fighters). A children's park is going to be set up 2 km from the Shib Bazar bus stand.{{fact|date=November 2023}}

==Demographics==

===Population===
As per [[2011 Census of India]] Bhagawanpur I CD Block had a total population of 234,432, of which 222,677 were rural and 11,755 were urban. There were 121,301 (52%) males and 113,131 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 28,910. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Castes]] numbered 33,435 (14.26%) and [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Tribes]] numbered 411 (0.18%).<ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref>

As per 2001 census, Bhagabanpur I block had a total population of 198,868, out of which 101,548 were males and 97,320 were females. Bhagabanpur I block registered a population growth of 13.59% during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the combined Midnapore district was 14.87%.<ref name=census>{{cite web | url =http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm | title = Provisional population totals, West Bengal, Table 4, (erstwhile) Medinipur District | access-date = 7 June 2016 | work = Census of India 2001 | publisher = Census Commission of India|url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205819/http://web.cmc.net.in/wbcensus/DataTables/02/Table4_15.htm|archive-date=September 28, 2011}}</ref> Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |access-date= 17 July 2016 |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref>

[[Census town]]s in Bhagabanpur I CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): [[Benudia]] (6,797) and [[Hincha Gerya]] (4,958).<ref name=census2011/>

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Bhagabanpur I CD Block (2011 census figures in brackets): Mahammadpur (9,438), Gur Gram (9,028), Kakra (4,887), Bibhisanpur (6,311), Simulia (4,733), Betulya Chaklalpur (4,653), Kotbar (4,737), Sar Berya (5,903) and Narayan Danri (5,069).<ref name=census2011/>

Other villages in Bhagabanpur CD Block (2011 census figure in brackets) : [[Bhagabanpur]] (2,566), [[Kalaberia]] (3,276), [[Paikbheri]] (1,124).<ref name=census2011/>

===Literacy===
As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Bhagabanpur I CD Block was 181,121 (88.13% of the population over 6 years) out of which 99,276 (55%) were males and 81,845 (45%) were females.<ref name=census2011/>

As per 2011 census, literacy in Purba Medinipur district was 87.02%.<ref name=census3-2011>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/19-purba-medinipur.html |title = Purba Medinipur (East Midnapore) District: Census 2011 data | work= 2016 Digital Trends |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 27 June 2016}}</ref> Purba Medinipur had the highest literacy amongst all the districts of West Bengal in 2011.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/west+bengal.html |title = Districts of West Bengal | work= High Literacy |publisher= Census Population 2015 Data | access-date = 27 June 2016}}</ref>

See also – [[List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate]]

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Purba Medinipur district|collapsible=y}}

===Language and religion===

{{bar box
|title=Religion in Bhagabanpur I CD block (2011)<ref name="religion"/>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in West Bengal|Hinduism]]|darkorange|86.08}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in West Bengal|Islam]]|green|13.82}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.10}}
}}

In 2011 census Hindus numbered 201,802 and formed 86.08% of the population in Bhagabanpur I CD Block. Muslims numbered 32,389 and formed 13.82% of the population. Others numbered 241 and formed 0.10% of the population.<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11396/download/14509/DDW19C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> In 2001, Hindus made up 87.56% and Muslims 12.41% of the population respectively.<ref name=censusreligion2001>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/21481/download/24613/PC01_C01_19.xls|title = Table C01 Population by Religious Community: West Bengal |publisher = [[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]] |date=2001}}</ref>

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Bhagabanpur I CD block (2011)<ref name="languages"/>
|label1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |value1 = 97.71 |color1 = orchid
|label2 = [[Khortha language|Khortha]] |value2 = 1.95 |color2 = tomato
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.33 |color3 = grey
}}

According to the 2011 census, 97.71% of the population spoke [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and 1.96% [[Khortha language|Khortha]] as their first language.<ref name="languages">{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: West Bengal |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10226/download/13338/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>

==Rural poverty==
The District Human Development Report for Purba Medinipur has provided a CD Block-wise data table for [[Human Poverty Index|Modified Human Poverty Index]] of the district. Bhagabanpur I CD Block registered 27.81 on the MHPI scale. The CD Block-wise mean MHPI was estimated at 24.78. Eleven out of twentyfive CD Blocks were found to be severely deprived in respect of grand CD Block average value of MHPI (CD Blocks with lower amount of poverty are better): All the CD Blocks of Haldia and Contai subdivisions appeared backward, except Ramnagar I & II, of all the blocks of Egra subdivision only Bhagabanpur I appeared backward and in Tamluk subdivision none appeared backward.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur | work = May 2011. Pages: 2214-215 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Economy==

===Livelihood===
In Bhagabapur I CD Block in 2011, total workers formed 38.56% of the total population and amongst the class of total workers, cultivators formed 15.87%, agricultural labourers 48.98%, household industry workers 10.24% and other workers 24.90%.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Purba Medinipur | work = Tables 2.7, 2.1, 8.2, 16.1, 17.2, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 29 March 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Infrastructure===
There are 164 inhabited villages in Bhagabanpur I CD block. All 164 villages (100%) have power supply. 163 villages (99.39%) have drinking water supply. 35 villages (21.34%) have post offices. 154 villages (93.9%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 22 villages (13.41%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 50 villages (30.49%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 38 villages (23.17%) have [[Primary Agricultural Credit Society|agricultural credit societies]]. 6 villages (3.66%) have banks.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Purba Medinipur, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 93 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| access-date = 30 March 2019}}</ref>

In 2007–08, around 40% of rural households in the district had electricity.<ref name=humandev2>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | title = District Human Development Report: Purba Medinipur | work = May 2011. Pages: 26, 30-33, 37, 61-63, 89-94 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 28 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160923122628/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/DHDR_Purba%20Medinipur.pdf | archive-date = 23 September 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

In 2013–14, there were 47 fertiliser depots, 5 seed stores and 37 [[Public distribution system|fair price shops]] in the CD Block.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Agriculture===
{{Pie chart
|caption= '''Persons engaged in agriculture in Bhagabanpur I CD Block'''
|value1= 10.74
|label1 = Bargadars
|value2 = 10.42
|label2 = Patta holders
|value3 = 1.64
|label3 = Small farmers
|value4 = 33.39
|label4 = Marginal farmers
|value5 = 43.81
|label5= Agricultural labourers}}

According to the District [[Human Development Report]] of Purba Medinipur: The agricultural sector is the lifeline of a predominantly rural economy. It is largely dependent on the Low Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 50%) or High Capacity Deep Tubewells (around 27%) for irrigation, as the district does not have a good network of canals, compared to some of the neighbouring districts. In many cases the canals are drainage canals which get the backflow of river water at times of high tide or the rainy season. The average size of land holding in Purba Medinipur, in 2005–06, was 0.73 hectares against 1.01 hectares in West Bengal.<ref name=humandev2/>

In 2013–14, the total area irrigated in Bhagabanpur I CD Block was 9,910 hectares, out of which 260 hectares were irrigated by canal water, 2,200 hectares by tank water and 7,450 hectares by deep tube well.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Although the Bargadari Act of 1950 recognised the rights of [[bargadar]]s to a higher share of crops from the land that they tilled, it was not implemented fully. Large tracts, beyond the prescribed limit of land ceiling, remained with the rich landlords. From 1977 onwards major land reforms took place in West Bengal. Land in excess of land ceiling was acquired and distributed amongst the peasants.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | title = District Human Development Report: South 24 Parganas | work = (1) Chapter 1.2, South 24 Parganas in Historical Perspective, pages 7-9 (2) Chapter 3.4, Land reforms, pages 32-33 | publisher = Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2009 | access-date = 29 March 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005044029/http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgsSouth/s24prg_main.htm | archive-date = 5 October 2016 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Following [[Land reform in India|land reforms]] land ownership pattern has undergone transformation. In 2013–14, persons engaged in agriculture in Bhagabanpur I CD Block could be classified as follows: [[bargadar]]s 10.74%, patta (document) holders 10.42%, small farmers (possessing land between 1 and 2 hectares) 1.64%, marginal farmers (possessing land up to 1 hectare) 33.39% and agricultural labourers 43.81%.<ref name=handbook2014/>

In 2013–14, Bhagabanpur I CD Block produced 9,783 tonnes of [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aman paddy]], the main winter crop, from 10,275 hectares, 33,686 tonnes of Boro paddy, the spring crop, from 11,946 hectares, 332 tonnes of Aus paddy, the summer crop, from 476 hectares, 14 tonnes of jute from 1 hectares and 1,221 tonnes of potatoes from 85 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Betel]]vine is a major source of livelihood in Purba Medinipur district, particularly in Tamluk and Contai subdivisions. Betelvine production in 2008-09 was the highest amongst all the districts and was around a third of the total state production. In 2008–09, Purba Mednipur produced 2,789 tonnes of [[Cashew|cashew nuts]] from 3,340 hectares of land.<ref name=humandev2/>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#ffffcc; color:black; width:20em; max-width: 25%;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
! style="background-color:#cccccc;" | Concentration of Handicraft Activities in CD Blocks
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |
* '''Horn Craft''' - Kolaghat
* '''Pata Chitra''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar
* '''Sea Shell''' – Ramnagar I & II
* '''Mat & Mat Diversified Products''' – Ramnagar I, Egra I & II, Patashpur I
* '''Brass & Bell Metal''' – Ramnagar I, Mahisadal, Patashpur II, Egra I
* '''Diversified Jute Products''' – Ramnagar II, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Cane & Bamboo Products''' - Chandipur, Nandakumar, Kolaghat, Shahid Matangini
* '''Sola Craft''' - Tamluk, Kolaghat
* '''Pottery/Terracotta''' - Panskura, Tamluk, Sahid Matangini, Nandakumar
* '''Wood Craft''' - Tamluk
* '''Zari work'''- Sutahta, Mahisadal, Haldia, Nandakumar
Source: District Human Development Report, Purba Medinipur, Page 97
|}

===Pisciculture===
Purba Medinipur's net district domestic product derives one fifth of its earnings from fisheries, the highest amongst all the districts of West Bengal.<ref name=humandev2/> The nett area available for effective pisciculture in Bhagabanpur I CD Block in 2013-14 was 900.23 hectares. 5,668 persons were engaged in the profession and approximate annual production was 34,299 quintals.<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Banking===
In 2013–14, Bhagabanpur I CD Block had offices of 6 commercial banks and 3 [[Regional Rural Bank|gramin banks]].<ref name=handbook2014/>

===Backward Regions Grant Fund===
Medinipur East district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the [[Backward Regions Grant Fund]]. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title = Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines | publisher = Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171030225317/http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | archive-date = 30 October 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | access-date = 22 September 2019}}</ref>

==Transport==
Bhagabanpur I CD Block has 2 ferry services and 3 originating/ terminating bus routes.<ref name=handbook2014/>

[[Deshapran railway station]] is on the [[Howrah-Kharagpur line|Tamluk-Digha line]], constructed in 2003–04.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/santragachi-digha-emu-68689/7751/1725/1728 | title = 68689 Santragachi-Digha EMU | work= Time Table | publisher = indiarailinfo |access-date = 30 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ser.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1427346652869-BNR%20history.pdf |title = Year of construction of important BG lines |work= History | publisher= South Eastern Railway | access-date = 1 July 2016}}</ref>

[[State Highway 4 (West Bengal)|SH 4]] passes through this block.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.wbtrafficpolice.com/state-highways.php |title = List of State Highways in West Bengal | publisher= West Bengal Traffic Police | access-date = 10 November 2016}}</ref>

==Education==
In 2013–14, Bhagabanpur I CD Block had 159 primary schools with 12,893 students, 12 middle schools with 1,784 students, 9 high schools with 7,435 students and 17 higher secondary schools with 18,798 students. Bhagabanpur I CD Block had 1 general college with 3,235 students and 328 institutions for special and non-formal education with 14,285 students.<ref name=handbook2014/>

As per the 2011 census, in Bhagabanpur I CD block, amongst the 164 inhabited villages, 29 villages did not have a school, 77 villages had two or more primary schools, 42 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 25 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1919_PART_A_DCHB_PURBA%20MEDINIPUR.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Purba Mednipur, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Page 1091-92, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 30 March 2019}}</ref>

[[Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya]] was established at [[Tethi Bari]] mouza, PO [[Kismat Bajkul]], in 1964. It is affiliated to [[Vidyasagar University]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.bajkulcollege.org/ | title = Bajkul Milani Mahavidyalaya | publisher = BMM |access-date = 30 March 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
In 2014, Bhagabanpur I CD Block had 1 rural hospital, 3 [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] and 3 nursing homes with total 60 beds and 5 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 35 family welfare sub centres.<ref name=handbook2014/>

Bhagabanpur Rural Hospital at [[Bhagabanpur]] (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Bhagabanpur I CD block. There are [[Primary Health Centre (India)|primary health centres]] at Bibhisanpur, [[Kajlagarh]] and Seulipur, PO Paschimbarh.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 27 March 2019 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}

[[Category:Community development blocks in Purba Medinipur district]]

2 Girls 1 Cup

2026-01-17T04:55:25Z

Bhatti21: quick expanded citations for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|2007 Brazilian scat-fetish pornographic film and shock video}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hungry Bitches
| image = Hungry_bitches.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = Marco Antônio Fiorito (as Marco Villanova)
| producer = MFX Media
| starring = Karla Latifa
| music = [[Hervé Roy]]
| cinematography = Roger Wu
| editing =
| studio = MFX Video
| distributor = Marco Fiorito
| released = {{Film date|2007|01|05|df=y}}
| runtime = 62 minutes
| country = [[Brazil]] 
| language = [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
}}

'''''2 Girls 1 Cup''''' is the unofficial nickname of the trailer for '''''Hungry Bitches''''', a 2007 Brazilian [[Coprophilia|scat fetish]] [[pornographic film]] produced by MFX Media. The trailer features two women defecating into a cup, taking turns in what appears to be [[coprophagia|consuming the excrement]], and [[Emetophilia|vomiting into each other's mouths]].<ref name=smokinggun>{{cite news|title=2 Girls, 1 Cup: The Real Poop |publisher=[[The Smoking Gun]] |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/1130071onecup1.html |date=30 November 2007 |access-date=7 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102035152/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/archive/years/2007/1130071onecup1.html |archive-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> "Lover's Theme" by [[Hervé Roy]] plays throughout the video.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Declercq |first=Marie |translator-last=Costa |translator-first=Fabricio |date=9 June 2017 |magazine=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |title=Ten Years of '2 Girls 1 Cup,' the Most Memorable Brazilian Shit on the Internet |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ten-years-of-2-girls-1-cup-the-most-memorable-brazilian-shit-on-the-internet/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109032153/https://www.vice.com/en/article/vbgdem/ten-years-of-2-girls-1-cup-the-most-memorable-brazilian-shit-on-the-internet |archive-date=9 November 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The video became one of the best-known [[Shock site|shock videos]] in itself and for the reactions its graphic content elicited from viewers who had not seen it before.<ref name=msnbc>{{cite news |first=Helen |last=Popkin |title=The Internet can't replace TV – yet |work=NBC News |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21940676 |date=27 November 2007 |access-date=7 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610165259/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/21940676 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=McGill>{{cite news|first=Kathryn |last=Amey |title=POP RHETORIC: Cute with Chris vs 2 girls, 1 cup |publisher=The McGill Tribune |url=http://media.www.mcgilltribune.com/media/storage/paper234/news/2007/12/04/AE/Pop-Rhetoric.Cute.With.Chris.Vs.2.Girls.1.Cup-3129312.shtml |date=4 December 2007 |access-date=7 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308093929/http://media.www.mcgilltribune.com/media/storage/paper234/news/2007/12/04/AE/Pop-Rhetoric.Cute.With.Chris.Vs.2.Girls.1.Cup-3129312.shtml |archive-date=8 March 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Around mid-October 2007, video-sharing sites including [[YouTube]] were flooded with videos of the reactions of first-time viewers.<ref name=karina>{{cite news|first=Karina |last=Longworth |author-link=Karina Longworth |title=Karina's Capsule: 2 Girls 1 Cup Reactions |publisher=NewTeeVee |url=http://newteevee.com/2007/11/20/karinas-capsule-2-girls-1-cup-reactions/ |date=20 November 2007 |access-date=7 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102052620/http://newteevee.com/2007/11/20/karinas-capsule-2-girls-1-cup-reactions/ |archive-date=2 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Production==
Viewers often speculate that the apparent feces are actually food substances such as [[refried beans]], [[ice cream]], or [[peanut butter]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ADv_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA68|title=Technologies of sexiness : sex, identity, and consumer culture|last1=Evans|first1=Adrienne|last2=Riley|first2=Sarah|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=9780199914760|location=Oxford|page=68|oclc=880808720}}</ref> Some speculate that the vomit is real, but was regurgitated before reaching the stomach and does not contain any [[gastric acid]]s. In the video, the majority of the vomit does not enter the mouths.<ref>{{cite journal|author=|title=2 Girls 1 Cup and Many Reactions|url=http://www.break.com/article/2-girls-1-cup-and-many-reactions-2744683|journal=Break.com Journal|publisher=Break.com|date=5 August 2014|access-date=4 December 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223155022/http://www.break.com/article/2-girls-1-cup-and-many-reactions-2744683|archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> The director, Marco Antônio Fiorito, unsuccessfully argued in a criminal court proceeding that the excrement was actually [[chocolate ice cream]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GZXSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA49|title=Pornography and The Criminal Justice System|last=Cusack|first=Carmen M.|date=3 December 2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781482260021|page=49}}</ref>

==Background==
The video originated from a Brazilian distributor and pornographer, Marco Antônio Fiorito (born 1 July 1971, in [[São Paulo]]),<ref name="Courtstatementp1">{{cite web |title=Fiorito's court statement |publisher=[[The Smoking Gun]] |url=http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/2-girls-1-cup-real-poop?page=0 |page=1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021205509/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/file/2-girls-1-cup-real-poop?page=0 |archive-date=21 October 2012|date=12 June 2014 }}</ref> who describes himself as a "compulsive [[Sexual fetishism|fetishist]]".<ref name=smokinggun /> Fiorito started having interest producing films in 1994, and in 1996, with his wife, Joelma Brito, using her artistic name Letícia Miller, he began a fetish film business<ref name = "Courtstatementp1"/> and soon moved on to [[coprophagia]]. The film was produced by MFX Video, one of several companies owned by Fiorito.<ref name=smokinggun/>

Authorities in the United States have branded some of Fiorito's films as obscene and filed charges against Danilo Croce, a Brazilian lawyer living in Florida, listed as an officer of a company distributing Fiorito's films in the United States. Fiorito explained that had he known that selling his films in the U.S. was illegal, he would have stopped. In his declaration he stated "I would have stopped because the money is not the main reason that I make these films." He then added, "I have already made fetish movies with scat/feces using chocolate instead of feces. Many actors make scat films, but they don't agree to eat feces."<ref name=smokinggun />

The first few seconds of the ''2 Girls 1 Cup'' video contain the text "MFX 1209" (the production code for ''Hungry Bitches'') and the [[URL]] mfxvideo.com, the website of Fiorito's MFX Video, leading some in the media to incorrectly believe the video is one of the many Croce had to surrender to the [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] but was somehow [[Internet leak|leaked]] in the process.<ref name=radar>{{cite news|first=Steve |last=Huff |title=2 Girls, 1 Former Attorney General |work=Radar Magazine |url=http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2007/11/2-girls-1-former-attorney-general.php |date=29 November 2007 |access-date=8 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831111539/http://www.radaronline.com/exclusives/2007/11/2-girls-1-former-attorney-general.php |archive-date=31 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=anorak>{{cite news |title=Two Girls One Cup: Danilo Simoes Croce |publisher=Anorak News |url=http://www.anorak.co.uk/twitterings/178072.html |date=1 December 2007 |access-date=8 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213095530/http://www.anorak.co.uk/twitterings/178072.html |archive-date=13 December 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Reaction videos==
[[File:2 girls 1 cup first reaction.png|thumb|Example of three people [[Reaction video|reacting]] to the video. Numerous videos on [[YouTube]] feature users recording their friends’ reactions to the original video, which remains [[Offscreen|off-camera]]]]
The popularity of ''2 Girls 1 Cup'' was aided by a series of [[reaction video]]s; that is, videos depicting people reacting to watching it.<ref name=gay>{{cite news|first=Dylan |last=Vox |title=Reactions to Disturbing '2 Girls 1 Cup' Video Flood YouTube |publisher=Gay Wired |url=http://www.gaywired.com/article.cfm?section=66&id=17479 |date=10 December 2007 |access-date=18 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120004949/http://www.gaywired.com/article.cfm?section=66&id=17479 |archive-date=20 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Many videos exist on YouTube of users showing the original video (off-camera) to their friends and filming their reactions, although some may be staged.<ref name=msnbc /><ref name=McGill /><ref name=gay /> Even [[Joe Rogan]], host of ''[[Fear Factor]]'', a show notorious for the disgusting things its contestants are dared to eat, had to turn away in a reaction video posted to his blog.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.break.com/index/joe-rogan-watches-2-girls-1-cup.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100108045859/http://www.break.com/index/joe-rogan-watches-2-girls-1-cup.html|url-status=dead|title=Joe Rogan Watches 2 Girls 1 Cup Video|archive-date=8 January 2010}}</ref> A reaction video starring a [[Kermit the Frog]] puppet proved very popular on the community-based website [[Digg]].<ref name=clicked>{{cite news |first=Will |last=Femia |title=User Generated Failure |publisher=msnbc's Clicked |url=http://clicked.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/11/28/484924.aspx |date=28 November 2007 |access-date=8 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090306080814/http://clicked.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/11/28/484924.aspx |archive-date=6 March 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

In January 2008, ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]'' documented the reaction video phenomenon with a slideshow featuring various reactions.<ref>{{cite news|first=Michael |last=Agger |title=2 Girls 1 Cup 0 Shame |work=Slate Magazine |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2182833/ |date=31 January 2008 |access-date=16 February 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106202012/http://www.slate.com/id/2182833 |archive-date=6 January 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Violet Blue]], an author, described this website as becoming "the new 'tubgirl' and [[goatse]] all in one disgusting moment of choco-poo-love" in a ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'' article.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2007/12/27/violetblue.DTL|title=The 10 sex memes of 2007 From convictions to hoaxes, Violet Blue looks at 2007's most-clicked items|website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|date=27 December 2007|access-date=29 July 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090420105641/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fg%2Fa%2F2007%2F12%2F27%2Fvioletblue.DTL |archive-date=20 April 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

Veteran porn star [[Ron Jeremy]] walked off while watching the video on ''[[The Playhouse (radio show)|The Playhouse]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_V6xwCixLk|title=Ron Jeremy – 2 Girls 1 Cup Reaction.|website=[[YouTube]]|date=16 November 2007 |access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mqnnT9fM?url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_V6xwCixLk|archive-date=17 January 2010|url-status=live}} Playhouse TV. 16 November 2007. Retrieved on 15 September 2009 {{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_V6xwCixLk |title=Ron Jeremy – 2 Girls 1 Cup Reaction |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=17 January 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mqnnT9fM?url=http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w_V6xwCixLk|archive-date=17 January 2010 }}</ref> On the same program, singer [[Wyclef Jean]] sat through the whole thing without looking away or showing any apparent reaction, all while eating corn on the cob.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBPMJ3ATeCo|title=Wyclef Jean 2 Girls 1 Cup Reaction|website=[[YouTube]]|date=3 December 2007 |access-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527054829/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBPMJ3ATeCo|archive-date=27 May 2018|url-status=live}} Playhouse TV</ref> [[Ace Frehley]], formerly of [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], was shown the video on ''[[The Opie and Anthony Show]]'' in July 2009 and was unfazed, declaring that "Crazier things than that have happened on [[List of Kiss concert tours|the road]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQrx11giO9w |title=Ace Frehley from Kiss Watches 2 Girls 1 Cup |work=Youtube |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531064356/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQrx11giO9w |archive-date=31 May 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Impact==
A short film by guitarist [[John Mayer]] was made and uploaded to his blog, also entitled ''2 Guys 1 Cup'', where Mayer and ''[[Best Week Ever]]'' correspondent [[Sherrod Small]] enjoy [[Pinkberry]] [[frozen yogurt]] in the same manner that the women in the original consumed the feces.<ref name=chartattack>{{cite news |first=Ben |last=Conoley |title=John Mayer Enters Food Porn World With "2 Guys 1 Cup" |publisher=Chart Attack |url=http://www.chartattack.com/news/44822/john-mayer-enters-food-porn-world-with-2-guys-1-cup |date=8 November 2007 |access-date=8 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100116095505/http://www.chartattack.com/news/44822/john-mayer-enters-food-porn-world-with-2-guys-1-cup |archive-date=16 January 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=mayer>{{cite web |url=http://www.johnmayer.com/blog#1560 |title=Team JM Blog " John Mayer – Battle Studies |publisher=Johnmayer.com |date=14 July 2007 |access-date=16 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711102201/http://www.johnmayer.com/blog#1560 |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Comedian [[Conan O'Brien]] created a parody called ''One Guy, Two Bowls'' starring [[Andy Richter]], which shows Andy eating two bowls of soup. This video was created for O'Brien's comedic website Conan.XXX.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://teamcoco.com/video/andy-full-xxx-video|title=One Guy, Two Bowls: CONAN.XXX|website=teamcoco.com|access-date=1 May 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229172418/http://teamcoco.com/video/andy-full-xxx-video|archive-date=29 December 2017}}</ref> Filmmakers [[Justin Roiland]] and Christian Le Guilloux made a five-minute series called ''2 Girls, 1 Cup: The Show'' for the short film competition site [[Channel 101]]. It debuted in first place on 27 January 2008.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel101.com/shows/show.php?show_id=286|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231195901/http://channel101.com/shows/show.php?show_id=286|url-status=dead|title=2 Girls, 1 Cup: The Show|archive-date=31 December 2009}}</ref> Canadian comedian [[Jon Lajoie]] also made a song named "2 Girls 1 Cup song", which described the activities in the video as if the two women were expressing their love for each other. The music video gained over 15 million views on YouTube.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MacPherson |first1=Guy |title=Jon Lajoie rides YouTube to fame |url=https://www.straight.com/article-274215/vancouver/lajoie-rides-youtube-fame |website=[[The Georgia Straight]] |publisher=Vancouver Free Press |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107183059/https://www.straight.com/article-274215/vancouver/lajoie-rides-youtube-fame |archive-date=January 7, 2010 |date=December 9, 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, German company [[Media Markt]] marketed a [[cupcake]] maker dubbed "2 Girls 1 Cup-Cake Maker". The product's slogan was that it made cupcakes "So good that it's impossible to film."<ref>{{cite news|date=13 March 2013|title=2 Girls 1 Cup-Cake Maker Is Not What You Think|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/13/2-girls-1-cup-cake-maker-photo_n_2869760.html|newspaper=The Huffington Post|access-date=2 December 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223164143/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/03/13/2-girls-1-cup-cake-maker-photo_n_2869760.html|archive-date=23 December 2014}}</ref>

The first episode of [[sketch comedy]] show ''[[Inside Amy Schumer]]'' has a parody in which [[Amy Schumer]] auditions for a role in the film.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Maerz |first1=Melissa |title='Inside Amy Schumer' review: How one woman broke the rules of 'Cool Girl' comedy |url=https://ew.com/article/2013/04/30/inside-amy-schumer-review/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425072034/https://ew.com/article/2013/04/30/inside-amy-schumer-review/ |archive-date=April 25, 2016 |date=April 30, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Arons |first1=Rachel |title=Nice Work, Amy Schumer |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/nice-work-amy-schumer |magazine=[[The New Yorker]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140831014831/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/nice-work-amy-schumer |archive-date=August 31, 2014 |date=August 30, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Media recognition==
In the media, the video has been used as an example of the poor content quality of YouTube and similar video-sharing websites, and their tendency towards deliberately shocking content.<ref name="msnbc" /><ref name="McGill" /><ref>{{cite news |first=Lynn |last=Crosbie |title=Unleashing our inner demons, site by sickening site |work=Globe and Mail |location=Canada |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/unleashing-our-inner-demons-site-by-sickening-site/article718526/ |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813112343/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/unleashing-our-inner-demons-site-by-sickening-site/article718526/ |archive-date=13 August 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[Esquire (magazine)|Esquire]]'' magazine showed the video to actor [[George Clooney]] during an interview, prompting him to compare it to a rodeo, saying the point of the video was to see "how long you can last".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.esquire.com/features/george-clooney-2-girls-1-cup-0408-3|title=George Clooney Watches 2 Girls 1 Cup|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415222259/http://www.esquire.com/features/george-clooney-2-girls-1-cup-0408-3 |archive-date=15 April 2009|website=Esquire}}</ref> In an episode of ''[[Tosh.0]]'', the entire audience is filmed reacting to this video. Host [[Daniel Tosh]] called it the World's Largest Reaction Video in terms of number of people being filmed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cc.com/shows/46cb1062-ffcd-4943-9ee2-9eda771410cf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106080704/http://www.comedycentral.com/tosh.0/2009/07/09/2-girls-1-cup-the-biggest-reaction-video-ever/|url-status=dead|title=Tosh.0|archive-date=6 January 2010|website=Comedy Central}}</ref> The cast of ''[[Avenue Q]]'', responding to [[The Muppets]]' version of "[[Bohemian Rhapsody]]", made a video of "[[We Will Rock You]]"/"[[We Are the Champions]]" (known as "We Will Rock Q"), ending with Nicky surfing the internet, finding ''2 Girls 1 Cup'' (indicated by the soundtrack), and vomiting as the screen fades to black.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.playbill.com/playblog/2010/05/avenue-q-rocks-muppetsqueen-video-parody/ |title= ''Avenue Q'' Rocks Muppets/Queen Video Parody |date= 5 May 2010 |publisher= [[Playbill]] |access-date= 24 September 2010 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110203010708/http://www.playbill.com/playblog/2010/05/avenue-q-rocks-muppetsqueen-video-parody/ |archive-date= 3 February 2011 |df= mdy-all}}</ref>

[[The Coca-Cola Company]] referenced the video in a 2010 promotional campaign for [[Dr Pepper]] on [[Facebook]]. The promotion, which was open to minors,<ref>{{cite web|last=Dodd|first=Vikram|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jul/18/coca-cola-facebook-promotion-porn|title=Coca-Cola forced to pull Facebook promotion after porn references|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328235743/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/jul/18/coca-cola-facebook-promotion-porn |archive-date=28 March 2017|website=[[The Guardian]]|date=18 July 2010|access-date=25 August 2010}}</ref> allowed Facebook users to let Dr Pepper publish embarrassing status updates on their profiles in exchange for a chance to win $1,000. One of the possible status updates was "I watched ''2 girls one cup'' and felt hungry afterwards".<ref name="bnet">{{cite web|last=Edwards|first=Jim|url=http://www.bnet.com/blog/advertising-business/why-coke-should-have-known-its-82202-girls-1-cup-8221-campaign-for-dr-pepper-was-a-disaster-waiting-to-happen/5244|title=Why Coke Should Have Known Its "2 Girls 1 Cup" Campaign for Dr Pepper Was a Disaster Waiting to Happen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100817024515/http://www.bnet.com/blog/advertising-business/why-coke-should-have-known-its-82202-girls-1-cup-8221-campaign-for-dr-pepper-was-a-disaster-waiting-to-happen/5244 |archive-date=17 August 2010|website=[[BNET]]|date=21 July 2010|access-date=27 August 2010}}</ref> Jim Edwards of ''[[BNET]]'' said that Coca-Cola has full responsibility for allowing the situation to occur, arguing that Coca-Cola selected an advertising agency that openly advertised "profane" advertising campaigns and that the Coca-Cola executive who approved the ''2 Girls 1 Cup'' line failed to do research on what the name meant.<ref name="bnet"/> The Coca-Cola Company later terminated its relationship with the [[digital marketing]] agency responsible for the campaign.<ref name="bnet"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Shearman|first=Sarah|url=http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/1018567/Coca-Cola-Lean-Mean-split-Facebook-gaff/|title=Coca-Cola and Lean Mean split after Facebook gaffe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731102339/http://www.marketingmagazine.co.uk/news/1018567/Coca-Cola-Lean-Mean-split-Facebook-gaff|archive-date=31 July 2010|website=[[Marketing Magazine]]|date=27 July 2010|access-date=25 August 2010}}</ref>

== Legal issues ==
Filmmaker Ira Isaacs was tried multiple times under federal obscenity statutes for producing and distributing videos featuring scatology and bestiality; a Los Angeles jury ultimately convicted him on five counts in April 2012, and he was sentenced to four years in prison after courts applied the Supreme Court's three-part Miller test for obscenity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Two Girls, One Cup Pornographic Filmmaker Ira Isaacs Sentenced |url=https://www.tampacriminallawyer-blog.com/two-girls-one-cup-pornographic-filmmaker-ira-isaacs-sentenced-to-48-months-in-prison/ |website=Tampa Criminal Lawyer Blog |date=2013-01-17 |access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref> Isaacs' defense argued that his films were protected by the First Amendment, but both trial and appellate courts upheld the convictions, emphasizing that the material appealed to prurient interests, was patently offensive, and lacked serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value.<ref>{{cite web |title=Obscene films test free speech, U.S. Supreme Court hears |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-obscenity/u-s-supreme-court-to-hear-obscenity-cases-idUSKCN0QL1W720150828 |website=Reuters |date=2015-08-28 |access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gross Violations |url=https://reason.com/2012/05/21/gross-violations/ |website=Reason |date=2012-05-21 |access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref>

Danilo Croce was prosecuted for importing and selling similar films, resulting in fines and probation, though criminal charges against the original Brazilian director did not proceed in U.S. courts due to jurisdictional limits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Legal Issues Surrounding '2 Girls 1 Cup' (Danilo Croce case) |url=https://jedifreac.livejournal.com/725257.html |website=LiveJournal |date=2010-12-21 |access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref>

== See also ==

* {{annotated link|Jailson Mendes}}

== References ==

{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1765847|Hungry Bitches}}
* {{IAFD movie|Hungry+Bitches|2007|Hungry Bitches}}

{{Portal bar|Brazil|Internet|Erotica and pornography|LGBTQ}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2000s pornographic films]]
[[Category:2007 LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Brazilian LGBTQ-related films]]
[[Category:Pornography in Brazil]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced in 2007]]
[[Category:Lesbian pornographic films]]
[[Category:Lesbian-related films]]
[[Category:LGBTQ-related controversies in film]]
[[Category:Obscenity controversies in film]]
[[Category:Sexual fetishism]]
[[Category:Shock sites]]
[[Category:2000s viral videos]]
[[Category:Works about feces]]
[[Category:2007 Brazilian films]]
[[Category:Internet memes introduced from Brazil]]

Gohar Ayub Khan

2026-01-15T21:13:53Z

Bhatti21: fixed structure

{{Short description|Pakistani politician (1937–2023)}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Gohar Ayub Khan
| native_name = {{nq|گوہر ایوب خان}}
| image = Gohar Ayub Khan (cropped).jpg
| caption = Khan in 2004
| office = [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| primeminister = [[Nawaz Sharif]]
| term_start = 25 February 1997
| term_end = 7 August 1998
| predecessor = [[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]] (Acting)
| successor = [[Sartaj Aziz]]
| office1 = 14th [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]
| deputy1 = [[M. Nawaz Khokhar]]
| term_start1 = 4 November 1990
| term_end1 = 17 October 1993
| predecessor1 = [[Malik Meraj Khalid]]
| successor1 = [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|1|8|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Rehana]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[British India]] (now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan)
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2023|11|17|1937|1|8|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Islamabad]], Pakistan
| nationality = Pakistani
| party = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]] (2012–2018)
| otherparty = [[Pakistan Peoples Muslim League]] (2009–2012) [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] (1999–2009) [[Islamic Democratic Alliance]] (1988–1990) [[Pakistan Muslim League (F)]] (1985–1988) [[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal]] (1977–1985) [[Convention Muslim League]] (before 1977)
| alma_mater = [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]]
| nickname = Kaptaan
| allegiance = {{PAK}}
| branch = {{army|PAK}}
| serviceyears = (1957–1962; 1971–1972)
| rank = [[Captain (OF-2)|Captain]]
| unit = 1/14 Punjab
| battles = [[Indo-Pakistan War of 1971]]
| children = 4, including [[Omar Ayub Khan]]
| father = [[Ayub Khan]]
| relatives = Mir Dad Khan (grandfather) [[Sardar Bahadur Khan]](uncle) [[Yousuf Ayub Khan]](nephew) [[Nusrat Ayub Khan]](Sister) [[Arshad Ayub Khan]] (nephew) [[Akbar Ayub Khan]] (nephew)
}}

'''Gohar Ayub Khan''' ({{langx|ur|{{nq|گوہر ایوب خان}}}}; 8 January 1937 – 17 November 2023) was a Pakistani politician, businessman, [[army officer]], and a leader of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]], who held ministerial positions during the administration of prime minister [[Nawaz Sharif]].

Gohar Ayub Khan hailed from the village of [[Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Rehana]], located in the [[Haripur District]] of [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|province]] and belonged to the [[Tareen]] tribe of ethnic [[Pashtuns]]. He was fluent in [[Hindko]] and [[Pashto]]. He was the son of military dictator former [[President of Pakistan|president]] and [[Field marshal (Pakistan)|field marshal]], [[Ayub Khan]], and played an influential role in sustaining his father's presidential rule after the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]]. Educated at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]], Gohar Ayub Khan was commissioned in the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1959. During his military service, he served as his father's [[aide-de-camp]], travelling with him on several foreign trips. Upon his resignation in 1962 with the rank of [[Captain (army)|captain]], he established a business conglomerate and entered politics in 1974.

Khan contested the [[1977 Pakistani general election|1977 general election]] through the [[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal]] platform and joined the [[Islamic Democratic Alliance]] (IDA) in 1988. After the [[1990 Pakistani general election|1990 general election]], he was appointed the 14th [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker]] of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]]. He became the 20th [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] after securing his seat with a heavy margin in the [[1997 Pakistani general election|1997 general election]]. Later he shifted to the energy department, serving as [[Minister for Water and Power]] beginning 7 August 1998. His term was abruptly ended after the [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état]] by [[General Pervez Musharraf]], and he subsequently retired from national politics.

==Early life and military career==
Gohar Ayub Khan was born on 8 January 1937, in the village of [[Rehana, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Rehana]], in [[Haripur District]] during the [[British Raj]] in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]] into a [[Pashtun]] military family.<ref name="South Asia Analysis Group">{{cite web|last=Raman |first=B |title=Campaign against Field Marshal Sam |url=http://southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cpapers23%5Cpaper2237.html |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group |access-date=26 May 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613040928/http://southasiaanalysis.org/papers23/paper2237.html |archive-date=13 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Glimpses Into the Corridors of Power |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=11 |isbn=978-0-19-547354-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQduAAAAMAAJ&q=Gohar+Ayub+Khan+8+January+1937 |access-date=17 November 2023}}</ref> A native [[Hindko]] speaker, Gohar Ayub belonged to the [[Tareen]] tribe of [[Pashtuns]]. His father, [[Ayub Khan]], was a senior commanding officer in the [[British Army]] and later ascended to staff and field operational assignments in the [[Pakistan Army]]. Ayub Khan subsequently became [[President of Pakistan|President]] of Pakistan through a bloodless military [[Coup d'Etat|coup]] that commenced in 1958.

Gohar Ayub was sent to study at the military-controlled [[Army Burn Hall College]] and eventually moved on to attend [[St Mary's College, Rawalpindi|Saint Mary's Academy]], a private school in [[Rawalpindi]].<ref name="Mera Haripur">{{cite web|last=PR|title=Gohar Ayub Khan|url=http://meraharipur.com/Personalities/Political/Gohar_Ayub_Khan.html|publisher=Mera Haripur|access-date=26 May 2012|archive-date=3 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003080142/http://meraharipur.com/Personalities/Political/Gohar_Ayub_Khan.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Gohar Ayub joined the [[Pakistan Army]] in 1957, and trained at the [[Royal Military Academy Sandhurst]] in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Mera Haripur"/> Upon his return from the UK, he began active duty with the Pakistan Army and started to serve on staff appointments. In 1958 he began to serve as his father's [[aide-de-camp]], travelling with him on several foreign trips in Europe, the Americas, the Soviet Union, and Asia.<ref name="Mera Haripur"/> He did not rise beyond the rank of [[Captain (army)|Captain]] during his time in the army, despite his father's support.<ref name="South Asia Analysis Group"/> In his army records, there are allegations of professional and behavioural misconduct.<ref name="South Asia Analysis Group"/>

Gohar Ayub was prematurely given retirement in 1962 by the Army's Promotion Branch, despite his father's efforts to stop the investigations against his son. After his early retirement, he and his father-in-law, General (retired) [[Habibullah Khan Khattak|Habibullah Khan]] established a private industrial firm, the Universal Insurance Co. Ltd.<ref name="South Asia Analysis Group"/>

During the [[1971 War]], Gohar Ayub briefly returned to active service, seeing action in the [[Punjab]] border areas.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2015 |title=1965 war: India attacked Pakistan, now neither side wants war: Gohar Ayub Khan (IANS Interview) |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/1965-war-india-attacked-pakistan-now-neither-side-wants-war-gohar-ayub-khan-ians-interview-115092200300_1.html |website=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref>

==Political career==
{{refimprove section|date=November 2023}}
=== Role in the 1965 presidential election===
Gohar Ayub reportedly played an influential, but controversial, role in [[Karachi]] after his father's election in the allegedly rigged [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 presidential election]] against [[Fatima Jinnah]].<ref name="Pakistan Peoples Party and New York Times Services">{{cite web|agency=Associated Press |title=Pakistan's Chief son is called Killer |url=http://criticalppp.com/archives/9407 |work=1965 |publisher=Pakistan Peoples Party and New York Times Services |access-date=26 May 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328043751/http://criticalppp.com/archives/9407 |archive-date=28 March 2012}}</ref> This move led to fierce clashes between rival political groups.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080526141535/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,941860,00.html?iid=chix-sphere A Sorry Beginning—Time], Retrieved 25 August 2015</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pkpolitics.com/discuss/topic/who-did-the-massacre-of-january-4-1965-in-karachi |title=Who did the Massacre of 4 January 1965 in Karachi |access-date=15 July 2014 |archive-date=5 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705073656/http://pkpolitics.com/discuss/topic/who-did-the-massacre-of-january-4-1965-in-karachi |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://mqmhistory.wordpress.com/2013/08/14/the-great-muhajir-massacre-of-1965/ The Great Muhajir Massacre of 1965]</ref><ref>Mazari, Sherbaz 1999. A journey into disillusionment. Oxford University Press</ref> Gohar Ayub also faced criticism during that time on questions of family corruption and [[cronyism]] through his business links with his father-in-law.<ref name="Pakistan Peoples Party and New York Times Services"/>

===Speaker of the National Assembly===
Gohar Ayub had been a long-standing member of the [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Pakistan Muslim League]] and was elected five times to the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] from his home constituency.<ref>{{Cite web |title=سابق وزیرخارجہ گوہر ایوب انتقال کر گئے |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/347233- |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=urdu.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> He first successfully contested a presidential election in March 1965 on a [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|Muslim League]] platform. In 1977, he contested the National Assembly seat from Peshawar Jail and was elected on the ticket of [[Asghar Khan]]'s [[Tehrik-e-Istiqlal|Independence Movement]] party, defeating the candidate Akhtar Nawaz Khan of the [[Pakistan Peoples Party|Pakistan People's Party]].{{cn|date=November 2023}}

After successfully contesting the [[1990 Pakistani general election|1990 general election]], Ayub Khan was appointed the 14th [[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan|Speaker]] of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan]] on 4 November 1990, remaining until 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=سابق وزیر خارجہ گوہر ایوب خان وفات پا گئے - BBC Urdu |url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/live/pakistan-67446967 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=BBC News اردو |language=ur-IN}}</ref> He was succeeded by [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]] (later Prime minister) after the [[1993 Pakistani general election|1993 general election]]. Gohar Ayub also served as senior vice president of the Pakistan Muslim League from 1990 to 1993. After his re-election in 1993, Gohar Ayub became deputy leader of the opposition in the National Assembly.{{cn|date=November 2023}}

===Foreign affairs and water and power ministry under Nawaz Sharif===
After securing a heavy mandate from his constituency, Gohar Ayub was appointed as the 20th [[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] in 1997 by Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]].{{cn|date=November 2023}} Gohar Ayub publicly backed Prime Minister Sharif in authorising a nuclear testing programme in response to [[Pokhran-II|India's nuclear test]] in May 1998.<ref name="Nuclear Weapon Archive, 1998">{{cite web|last=Sublette|first=Carey|title=Initial Reactions|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/India/IndiaShakti.html|work=30 March 2001|publisher=Nuclear Weapon Archive, 1998|access-date=27 May 2012}}</ref> Although the prime minister was much more subdued, Gohar Ayub reportedly issued hostile statements and began to call for atomic tests in response to India.<ref name="Nuclear Weapon Archive, 1998"/> He prematurely issued media reports to the [[Media of Pakistan|media]], which reportedly displeased the prime minister.<ref name="Nuclear Weapon Archive, 1998"/>

On 7 August 1998, Gohar Ayub was replaced by economic minister [[Sartaj Aziz]] (who put forth efforts to make peace between India and Pakistan), and was reassigned as [[Minister for Water and Power]], a position he filled until he was ousted and forced to resign on [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|12 October 1999]] as a result of a [[1999 Pakistani coup d'état|military coup]] commenced by General [[Pervez Musharraf]].{{cn|date=November 2023}}

=== Parting ways with Nawaz Sharif ===
Gohar Ayub's relationship with Nawaz Sharif eventually became strained, causing the former to leave the Pakistan Muslim League in 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2023 |title=پہلے فوجی صدر کے بیٹے گوہر ایوب خان جو ’ہاک تھے ڈوو نہیں‘ |url=https://www.urdunews.com/node/812706 |access-date=18 November 2023 |website=Urdu News – اردو نیوز |language=ur}}</ref> Gohar Ayub defected to the Pakistan Muslim League's [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)|splinter group]] in 2001. He was appointed the first secretary general of the party.{{cn|date=November 2023}} Unable to contest the 2002 election because of a graduation degree restriction introduced by Pervez Musharraf, Gohar Ayub instead endorsed and provide vital support to his family. His younger son, [[Omar Ayub Khan]], won his [[Haripur District]] seat, while his wife Zeb Gohar Ayub was elected MNA on the reserved women seats.{{cn|date=November 2023}} Gohar Ayub's strongest political opponent in his constituency was former chief minister [[Raja Sikander Zaman]].{{cn|date=November 2023}} Once Nawaz Sharif preferred to leave country after signing an accord with General Musharaf, Gohar Ayub Khan left his party PMLN.

=== Post-retirement and controversies ===
After his retirement from national politics in 2002, Gohar Ayub wrote ''Glimpses into the Corridors of Power'' and published his father's diary.<ref>Khan, Ayub (26 April 2007) Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972. OUP Pakistan {{ISBN|0-19-547442-2}}</ref> He opposed the proposal to rename the NWFP to [[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]], while supporting the creation of a separate [[Hazara District|Hazara]] province. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-03-21 |title=Establishing new provinces need of the hour: Gohar Ayub |url=https://nation.com.pk/21-Mar-2012/establishing-new-provinces-need-of-the-hour-gohar-ayub |access-date=2024-05-07 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Reconciliation with Nawaz Sharif ===
After spending few years with the [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]] during the 2000s, he eventually rejoined PML-N in December 2012, following his reconciliation with [[Nawaz Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2012 |title=Welcome back: Gohar Ayub and son join Nawaz League |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/485775/welcome-back-gohar-ayub-and-son-join-nawaz-league |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=The Express Tribune}}</ref>

== Business career ==
Gohar Ayub Khan co-established an industrial firm under the business umbrella of Universal Insurance company Limited, founded by his father-in-law.<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2000">{{cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Hassan Askari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xMreAAAAMAAJ&q=gohar+ayub+khan |title=The military and politics |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2000 |year=2000 |isbn=9789693511482 |location=Lahore, Pakistan |pages=164–382}}</ref> During a short span of time, Ayub Khan intensified pro-Western and pro-Capitalism policies, and Gohar Ayub emerged as a powerful business oligarch.<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2000" /> There was no evidence that suggests Gohar Ayub secured all these positions with the consent of his father.<ref name="Sang-e-Meel Publications, 2000" /> In 1969, a Western commentator estimated Gohar Ayub's wealth at $4 million, while his family's wealth was put in the range of $10–20 million.<ref name="ReferenceA">Pick, Franz, World Currency report. April 1969</ref>

Gohar Ayub served as the Chief Executive of Universal Insurance and was on the board of several other companies in his in-laws, Khan Khattak family's corporation the [[Bibojee Group]].<ref>[https://www.marketscreener.com/business-leaders/Gohar-Ayub-Khan-0GQL42-E/biography/ Market Screener: Business Leaders: Gohar Ayub Khan]</ref>

==Death==
Gohar Ayub Khan died at Kulsum International Hospital in [[Islamabad]], Pakistan on 17 November 2023, at the age of 86 following a brief illness.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gohar Ayub Khan passes away |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1130081-gohar-ayub-khan-passes-away |access-date=17 November 2023 |website=www.thenews.com.pk |language=en}}</ref>

He left four children behind, two daughters and two sons, including politician [[Omar Ayub Khan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2023 |title=Gohar Ayub Khan passes away |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/1130081-gohar-ayub-khan-passes-away |website=[[The News International]]}}</ref>

==Books==
* ''Glimpses Into the Corridors of Power'', Karachi: Oxford University Press, 2007, 354 p. Autobiography.
* ''Testing Times as Foreign Minister'', Islamabad: Dost Publications, 2009, 352 p. Autobiography.
* ''Shikar: In The Days Gone By'', Islamabad: Dost Publications, 2009, 148 p. On [[hunting]].
* ''Aivān-i Iqtidār Ke Mushāhidāt'', Lahore: Sang-e-Mil Publications, 2018, 364 p. Autobiography.

==See also==
* [[Omar Ayub Khan]]
* [[Iskander Mirza]]

==External links==
* [http://uic.com.pk/index.php/board-of-directors/ Universal Insurance: Board of Directors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226045635/https://uic.com.pk/index.php/board-of-directors/ |date=26 February 2021 }}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Malik Meraj Khalid]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]|years=1990–1993}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Yousaf Raza Gillani]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sahabzada Yaqub Khan]] Acting}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Pakistan)]]|years=1997–1998}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Sartaj Aziz]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Foreign Minister of Pakistan}}
{{Speaker National Assembly Pakistan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayub Khan, Gohar}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Ayub Khan family|Gohar]]
[[Category:Ministers for foreign affairs of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Hindkowan people]]
[[Category:Nawaz Sharif administration]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army officers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Muslim League (N) politicians]]
[[Category:Pakistani chief executives]]
[[Category:Pakistani industrialists]]
[[Category:People from Haripur District]]
[[Category:Speakers of the National Assembly of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany]]
[[Category:Children of presidents of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1977]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1990–1993]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1997–1999]]
[[Category:Army Burn Hall College alumni]]
[[Category:Pakistani MNAs 1965–1969]]

Hashimpura massacre

2025-12-14T07:23:33Z

Bhatti21: general adjusted lead per standard format further and corrected details

{{Short description|1987 mass killing of Muslim youths by police in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
The '''Hashimpura massacre''' was the killing of 42 [[Indian Muslim]] men<ref>{{Citation |title=India's Forgotten Massacre {{!}} People & Power Documentary | date=13 January 2024 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_FsQX1EjyVM |access-date=2024-01-13 |language=en}}</ref> by police on or around 22 May 1987 near [[Meerut]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] state, [[India]], during the [[1987 Meerut communal riots]]. Around 19+ personnel of the [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary|Provincial Armed Constabulary]] rounded up 42 [[Indian Muslim]] youths from the Hashimpura ''[[mohalla]]'' (locality) of the city, took them to the outskirts of the city, shot them in cold blood and dumped their bodies in a nearby irrigation canal. A few days later, the dead bodies were found floating in the canal and a case of murder was registered. Eventually, 19 personnel of the provincial constabulary were accused of committing the massacre. In May 2000, 16 of the 19 accused surrendered and were later released on bail. The other three accused died in the intervening period. In 2002, the [[Supreme Court of India]] ordered that the case trial should be transferred from the [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] district court to a [[Sessions Court]] at the [[Tis Hazari]] court complex in [[Delhi]].<ref name=ft>{{cite news |title=Justice out of sight |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |publisher=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |volume=22 |issue=10 |date=7–20 May 2005 |url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080810064151/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2210/stories/20050520001504300.htm |archivedate=10 August 2008 }}</ref><ref name=tt/>

On 21 March 2015, all 16 men accused in the Hashimpura massacre case of 1987 were acquitted by [[Delhi High Court]] due to insufficient evidence.<ref name="Verdict2015">{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/16-acquitted-in-1987-hashimpura-massacre/article7018797.ece?homepage=true | title=16 acquitted in 1987 Hashimpura massacre case | work=The Hindu | date=21 March 2015 | agency=The Hindu | accessdate=21 March 2015 | location=Delhi}}</ref> The Court emphasized that the survivors could not recognize any of the accused PAC personnel. On 31 October 2018, the [[Delhi High Court]] convicted the 16 men and sentenced them to life imprisonment, overturning the trial court's verdict.<ref name="DelhiHighCourt">{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/1987-hashimpura-massacre-case-delhi-hc-sentences-16-cops-to-life-imprisonment/articleshow/66442007.cms?from=mdr| title=1987 Hashimpura massacre case: Delhi HC sentences 16 ex-policemen to life imprisonment|date=31 October 2018 | agency=The Economic Times | accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="FinalArticle">{{cite book | url=http://journal.subharti.org/pdf/6-Final-Article.pdf| title=Hashimpura Massacre: A brutal and bone – chilling action of custodial killings|accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref><ref name="DelhiHighCourt2">{{cite news | url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/delhi-high-court-sentences-16-ex-cops-to-life-imprisonment-in-hashimpura-massacre-case/143166/| title=Delhi High Court sentences 16 ex-cops to life imprisonment in Hashimpura massacre case|date=31 October 2018 | agency=The Print | accessdate=17 March 2020}}</ref>

== The incident ==
{{Quote box| width=20%|align=right|quote="We were sorted out on the basis of our strength and physique, while elders and children were picked up and set free. The youth were grouped together and put in a yellow PAC truck. ”.."was pulled out of the truck, shot at twice and thrown into the Ganga stream". |source=- Mohamad Usman, prosecution witness and survivor, 2007<ref name=ie>{{cite news |title=Hashimpura massacre: Witness says shot twice, dumped in stream |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hashimpura-massacre-witness-says-shot-twice/22973/ |work=The Indian Express |date=10 February 2007 }}</ref>|}}

After [[1987 Meerut riots|communal riots began in Meerut]] in April 1987, in a communally charged atmosphere, the [[Provincial Armed Constabulary]] (PAC) was called in, but was withdrawn as the riots subsided. However, violence erupted again around 19 May, when 10 people were killed as arson escalated, thus the Army was called out to stage a flag march. Seven companies of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] reached the city during the day, while 30 companies of PAC were being rushed in and an indefinite curfew was declared.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Killed in Meerut Clashes: Army Called Out|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=uIJlAAAAIBAJ&pg=2494,1974200&dq=meerut+1987+riots&hl=en |work=The Indian Express |date=19 May 1987}}</ref> The following day, mobs burned down ''Gulmarg'' cinema hall, and as the death toll rose to 22, plus 75 injured, shoot-at-sight orders were issued on 20 May 1987.

On the night of 22 May 1987, 19 [[Provincial Armed Constabulary|PAC]] personnel, under platoon commander Surinder Pal Singh, rounded up Muslims in the Hashimpur mohalla in Meerut. The old and the children were later separated and let go. They reportedly took about 40–45 of them, mostly day wage labourers and weavers, in a truck to the [[Upper Ganga canal]] in [[Murad Nagar]], [[Ghaziabad district, India|Ghaziabad district]] instead of taking them to the police station. Here some were shot, one by one, and thrown into the canal. A bullet also injured one of the PAC constables. After some were killed, the headlights of passing vehicles made PAC personnel flee the spot with those alive. Four of those shot escaped by pretending to be dead and then swimming away. One of them filed a [[first information report]] (FIR) at the Murad Nagar Police Station.<ref name=at/><ref name=ie/><ref name=ze/>

The remaining men were taken in the truck to the [[Hindon River]] Canal near Makanpur village in Ghaziabad, shot and their bodies thrown into the canal. Here again, two of the people who were shot at, survived and lodged an FIR at the Link Road Police Station.<ref name=at/><ref name=ie/><ref name=ze/><ref>{{cite book |title=Delhi-Meerut riots: analysis, compilation, and documentation|last= Engineer|first=Asgharali |authorlink=Asgharali Engineer |year=1988 |publisher=Ajanta Publications (India) |isbn=81-202-0198-1 |page=24 }}</ref>

==Aftermath==
As the news of the incident spread across the media, minority rights organisations and human rights organisations voiced their outrage.<ref name=ft/> Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] visited the city and the riot-affected areas on 30 May along with Chief Minister [[Vir Bahadur Singh]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajiv Visits Meerut|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=w4JlAAAAIBAJ&pg=1844,2854117&dq=meerut+1987+riots&hl=en |work=The Indian Express |date=31 May 1987}}</ref> The human rights body, [[People's Union for Civil Liberties]]([[PUCL]]), appointed an investigation committee comprising the then PUCL President, (former Justice) [[Rajindar Sachar]], [[I. K. Gujral]] (who later became [[Prime Minister of India]]), and others, and the committee brought out its report on 23 June 1987.

In 1988, the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] ordered an inquiry by the Crime Branch Central Investigation Department (CBCID) of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]]. The three-member official investigation team headed by former [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|auditor general]] Gian Prakash submitted its report in 1994,<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980227/05850914.html "The art of not forgetting"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825193251/http://www.indianexpress.com/old/ie/daily/19980227/05850914.html |date=25 August 2009 }}''[[Indian Express]]'' 27 February 1998.</ref> though it wasn't made public till 1995, when victims moved the Lucknow Bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]].<ref name=exp>{{cite news|title=20 years delayed, trial put off again|url=http://cities.expressindia.com/local-news/archivefullstory.php?newsid=193052&creation_date=2006-07-16|work=The Indian Express|date=16 July 2006|quote="This is the oldest case pending in Delhi and yet the prosecuting agency is still slow.." – ASJ Kaushik, 22 July 2007.}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

During the [[Crime Investigation Department (India)|CB-CID]] inquiry, Sub-Inspector Virendra Singh, then in charge of the Link Road Police Station, stated that upon receiving information about the incident he headed towards the Hindon Canal, where he saw a PAC truck heading back from the site. When he chased the truck, he saw it enter 41st Vahini camp of the PAC. Vibhuti Narain Rai, Superintendent of Police, Ghaziabad, and Naseem Zaidi, District Magistrate, Ghaziabad, also reached 41st Vahini and tried tracing the truck through senior PAC officers, but to no avail.<ref name=ft/> In its report, the CB-CID Investigating Officer R.S. Vishnoi recommended prosecution of 37 employees of the PAC and the police department, and 1 June 1995, the government gave permission for 19 of them to be prosecuted. Subsequently, on 20 May 1997, Chief Minister Mayawati, gave permission for prosecution of the remaining 18 officials.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mayawati shrugs off resurrected Hashimpura ghost |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19970619/17050363.html |date=19 June 1997}}</ref>

==Court case==
After the inquiry, in 1996, a [[chargesheet]] was filed under Section 197 of the [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)|Criminal Procedure Code]] (CrPC) with the Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM), [[Ghaziabad, India|Ghaziabad]] who subsequently issued warrants for the accused policemen to appear before the court. [[Criminal Procedure Code, 1973 (India)#Bailable and non-bailable|Bailable warrant]]s were issued 23 times against them between 1994 and 2000, yet none of them appeared in court. This was followed by non-bailable warrants which were issued 17 times between April 1998 and April 2000, to no avail. Eventually, under public pressure, 16 of the accused surrendered before the Ghaziabad court in 2000, and were subsequently released on bail and were back in service.<ref name=exp/><ref name=ext/>

In 2001, after an inordinate delay in pre-trial proceedings at Ghaziabad,<ref name=itma/> kin of victims and survivors filed a petition before the Supreme Court for transferring the case from Ghaziabad to New Delhi stating that the conditions there would be more conducive, which the Supreme Court granted in September, 2002. But the case couldn't start, as the state government didn't appoint a Special [[Public Prosecutor]] for the case till November 2004, though he was later replaced by S. Adlakha, as the former was found to be under-qualified.<ref>{{cite news |title= '87 Meerut massacre: Trial from today |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-14/india/27809036_1_meerut-massacre-pac-delhi-court |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809003441/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-14/india/27809036_1_meerut-massacre-pac-delhi-court |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 August 2011 |work= [[The Times of India]] |date= 14 July 2006 }}</ref> Finally, in May 2006, charges were filed against all the accused PAC men for murder, conspiracy to murder, attempt to murder, and tampering with evidence, etc. under Sections 302/ 120B/ 307/ 201/ 149/ 364/ 148/ 147 of the [[Indian Penal Code]], and the trial was scheduled to begin in July.<ref name=exp/>

On 15 July 2006, the day the trial was to begin, it was deferred to 22 July by Additional Sessions Judge N. P. Kaushik of Delhi [[Sessions Court]], after the prosecution said authorities in Uttar Pradesh had yet to send important case material to Delhi.<ref name=exp/> He also issued notices, both to the Chief Secretary and Law Secretary of Uttar Pradesh state, seeking an explanation as to "why this case has not been dealt with appropriately on an urgent basis".<ref name=itma>{{cite news |title=Meerut massacre: Court notice to UP govt |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-15/india/27811384_1_meerut-massacre-court-notice-hashimpura|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104213725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-15/india/27811384_1_meerut-massacre-court-notice-hashimpura|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]] |date= 15 July 2006 }}</ref> Later, when on 22 July, the trials began, and when one of four survivors, Zulfikar Nasser was deposed in front of additional sessions judge N. P. Kaushik at the Tis Hazari, three of the 19 original accused including platoon commander Surender Pal Singh, under whose instructions the [[massacre]] was allegedly committed, were already dead.<ref name=ext>{{cite news |title=I feigned death: witness in Hashimpura massacre case |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/23/stories/2006072302440700.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526184049/http://www.hindu.com/2006/07/23/stories/2006072302440700.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 May 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=23 July 2006 }}</ref> Later on the second day, when the case property was sought by the judge, it was revealed that the rifles used had already been redistributed amongst the ''[[infantryman|jawan]]s'' of 41-B Vahini Battalion of the PAC (to which the accused belonged), after forensic analysis by [[CFSL Hyderabad]].<ref name=tt>{{cite news |title=Hashimpura massacre: Rifles given to PAC|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Hashimpura-massacre-Rifles-given-to-PAC/articleshow/1816269.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104213630/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-07-27/india/27806339_1_rifles-case-property-hashimpura-massacre |url-status=live |archive-date=4 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]]|date= 27 July 2006 }}</ref> As per survivor witness Mohamad Usman, who was deposed in February 2007,.."after three boys were pulled out and shot point blank the others in the truck started screaming so the PAC jawans opened fire to quieten them".<ref name=ie/>

By May 2010, 63 of the 161 persons listed as witnesses, by CB-CID of Uttar Pradesh Police which investigated the case, had been examined. On 19 May 2010, 4 witnesses in the case recorded their statements in front of Additional Sessions Judge, Manu Rai Sethi at a Delhi Court. These include Sirajuddin, Abdul Gaffar, Abdul Hamid and the then Officer on Special Duty (OSD) Law and Order G L Sharma.<ref name=ze>{{cite news |title=Hashimpura massacre: Court records statement of 5 witnesses|url=http://www.zeenews.com/news626813.html |work=Zee News|date=15 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hashimpura massacre: 4 witnesses record their statements |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hashimpura-massacre-4-witnesses-record-their-statements/Article1-544938.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 May 2010 |url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231013441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Hashimpura-massacre-4-witnesses-record-their-statements/Article1-544938.aspx |archivedate=31 December 2010}}</ref> However, none of the eyewitnesses could recognize any of the accused PAC personnel. On 16 October 2012, Janata Party president [[Subramanian Swamy]] moved the Delhi court seeking a probe into the alleged role of [[P. Chidambaram]], the Union Minister of State (MoS) for Home Affairs at the time, in the massacre.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hashimpura massacre: Subramanian Swamy seeks probe against P Chidambaram|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-16/news/34499176_1_hashimpura-subramanian-swamy-p-chidambaram |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104190613/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-10-16/news/34499176_1_hashimpura-subramanian-swamy-p-chidambaram |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2013 |work=The Economic Times |date=16 October 2012 }}</ref>

Tis Hazari Court, Delhi, on 21 March 2015 acquitted all 16 of the accused in the Hashimpura massacre case of 1987, due to insufficient evidence.<ref name="Verdict2015"/> The Court emphasized that the survivors could not recognize any of the accused PAC personnel. The Uttar Pradesh Government challenged the order of the trial court in Delhi High Court and appealed the decision.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hashimpura massacre: UP government, kin of victims move High Court|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/hashimpura-massacre-up-government-kin-of-victims-move-high-court/ | work=The Indian Express|date=23 May 2015}}</ref> In May 2015, [[Uttar Pradesh Government]] announced a compensation of Rs. 5 lakh to family of each victim.<ref>{{cite news|title=Political Parties criticize BJP's opposition to UP govt's decision to again give compensation to Hashimpura victims|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2015/05/politicos-react-after-bjp-opposes-up-govts-decision-to-again-give-compensation-to-hashimpura-victim/|accessdate=22 May 2015|agency=ANI|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|date=22 May 2015}}</ref>

On 31 October 2018, 78-year-old retired police officer Ranvir Singh Vishnoi produced police general diary as critical evidence in the [[Delhi High Court]], which led to the conviction of the 16 personnel of the PAC, who were sentenced to life imprisonment, overturning the trial court's verdict.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hashimpura case: Delhi HC sentences 16 PAC men to life imprisonment for murder of 42 Muslims|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/hashimpura-massacre-five-more-convicts-surrender-before-tis-hazari-court-118112701084_1.html | date=27 November 2018 | work = Business Standard}}</ref>

==RTI query==
On 24 May 2007, twenty years after the incident, two survivors and 36 members of victims' families visited [[Lucknow]] and filed 615 applications under [[The Right to Information Act 2005]] (RTI), at the office of the Director General of Police seeking information about the case.<ref name=at>{{cite news |title= Hashimpura survivors file 615 RTI applications in 20 years long pursuit of justice |url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5860 |work=[[Asian Tribune]] |date=25 May 2007 }}</ref> The inquiry revealed that in September all the accused remained in service, and none had any mention of the incident in their Annual Confidential Report (ACR)s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hashimpura: 20 years later, accused cops yet to face action |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hashimpura-20-years-later-accused-cops-yet/214555/ |work=The Indian Express |date=5 September 2007 }}</ref> Five men who were shot and survived, later became witnesses for the prosecution case in 2007.

==See also==
*[[List of massacres in India]]
*[[List of cases of police brutality in India]]

==Further reading==

* {{cite book |title=Feudal Forces: Democratic Nations – Police Accountability in Commonwealth South Asia|author=Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative |authorlink=Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative |year=2007 |publisher=CHRI |isbn= 978-81-88205-48-6}}
* {{cite web|title= Meerut riots of May 1987 :PUCL report, 1987|url= http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html|date= 23 June 1987|publisher= [[PUCL]]|access-date= 24 February 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120817150551/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/meerut-riots.html|archive-date= 17 August 2012|url-status= dead}}
* {{cite web |title=Covering and Reacting to a Tragedy: Some Reflections: Meerut's communal holocaust |url=http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Religion-communalism/meerut.htm |date=October 1988 |publisher=[[PUCL]] |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024125141/http://www.pucl.org/from-archives/Religion-communalism/meerut.htm |archive-date=24 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book|title=Rivers of blood: a comparative study of government massacres|last=Uekert|first=Brenda K.|year=1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0-275-95165-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/riversofbloodcom0000ueke/page/97 97]|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I8qWcQNfX_IC&q=Meerut+1987+riots+Maliana&pg=PA97|chapter=8. India: Meerut/Maliana massacre|url=https://archive.org/details/riversofbloodcom0000ueke/page/97}}
* {{cite web |title=India: Torture, rape and deaths in custody |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa20/006/1992/en/ |date=26 March 1992 |publisher=[[Amnesty International]]}}
* {{cite web |title=Hashimpura massacre trial after 19 years-Failure of all organs of state |url=http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/hashimpura.html |date=October 2006 |publisher=[[PUCL]] |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019045123/http://www.pucl.org/Topics/Human-rights/2006/hashimpura.html |archive-date=19 October 2013 |url-status=dead }}
* [http://vibhutinarain.blogspot.com/2008/08/hashimpura-vibhuti-narain-rai.html Account of Vibhuti Narain Rai, then Superintendent of Police, Ghaziabad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095825/http://vibhutinarain.blogspot.com/2008/08/hashimpura-vibhuti-narain-rai.html |date=4 March 2016 }}
* [http://www.shabdankan.com/2015/03/vibhuti-narayan-rai-on-hashimapur.html Vibhuti Narayan Rai on Hashimpura Judgement]
* [https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/hashimpura-massacre-five-more-convicts-surrender-before-tis-hazari-court-118112701084_1.html Hashimpura massacre: Five more convicts surrender before Tis Hazari court], business-standard.com. Accessed 1 October 2024.

==References==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{cite web | title = PHOTOS: Hashimpura massacre: Here is what happened | work=The Indian Express| url = http://indianexpress.com/photos/picture-gallery-others/hashimpura-massacre-most-chilling-murder-in-free-india/ | date=31 October 2018}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101220092459/http://pucl.org/reports/UttarPradesh/2001/hashimpura.htm Is their any hope of justice?] at [[PUCL]] Bulletin, Feb., 2001
*{{cite web |title=Three of the 19 PAC killers are dead, justice must be done while the rest are still alive |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne080506Three_of_the.asp |date=5 August 2006 |work=[[Tehelka]] |access-date=24 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916185006/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=Ne080506Three_of_the.asp |archive-date=16 September 2012 |url-status=dead }}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Massacres in 1987]]
[[Category:1987 murders in India]]
[[Category:Killings by law enforcement officers in India]]
[[Category:1980s in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Massacres of Muslims in India]]
[[Category:History of Meerut]]
[[Category:Extrajudicial killings in India]]
[[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]
[[Category:Indian case law]]
[[Category:Murder in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Deaths in police custody in India]]
[[Category:May 1987 in India]]
[[Category:Violence against men in India]]
[[Category:Police brutality in India]]
[[Category:1990s in case law]]
[[Category:2000s in case law]]
[[Category:2010s in case law]]

Gangatikuri

2025-12-09T22:27:26Z

Bhatti21:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gangatikuri
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang = গঙ্গাটিকুরি
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal # India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23|42|49.2|N|88|05|52.4|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
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| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,053
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 713123 (Gangatikuri)
| area_code = 03453
| area_code_type = Telephone/[[Subscriber trunk dialing|STD]] code
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| website = {{URL|http://purbabardhaman.gov.in/}}
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Ketugram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ketugram]]
}}
'''Gangatikuri''' is a village in [[Ketugram II]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in [[Katwa subdivision]] of [[Purba Bardhaman district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
| width=370| height=250| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|36|0|N|88|3|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities and towns in the Katwa subdivision of Purba Bardhaman district''' M: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical place/ religious and/ or cultural centre. Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23|39|0|N|88|7|48|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1=Katwa | numbered1=M| mark-title1= [[Katwa]] (M)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=13| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#800000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23|36|22|N|88|10|17|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Dainhat| numbered2=M| mark-title2= [[Dainhat]] (M)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|37|30|N|88|7|56|E}} | label-pos3=left|label3=Panuhat | numbered3=CT| mark-title3= [[Panuhat]] (CT)|shape-color3=#A40000
|mark-coord4={{coord|23|31|30|N|87|54|12|E}} | label-pos4=bottom|label4= Mongalkote| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Mongalkote]] (R)| shape-color4=#C42222
|mark-coord5={{coord|23|42|6|N|88|2|38|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Ketugram| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Ketugram]] (R)| shape-color5=#C42222
|mark-coord6={{coord|23|32|44|N|87|54|8|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Nutanhat| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Nutanhat]] (R)| shape-color6=#C42222
|mark-coord7={{coord|23|43|53|N|87|58|10|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kandra| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Kandra, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color7=#C42222
|mark-coord8={{coord|23|43|20|N|88|5|52|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Gangatikuri| numbered8=R| mark-title8= Gangatikuri (R)|shape-color8=black| label-size8=13|label-color8=black 
|mark-coord9={{coord|23|27|50|N|88|4|29|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Chandrapur| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Chandrapur, Bardhaman]] (R)| shape-color9=#C42222
|mark-coord10={{coord|23|34|17|N|87|58|53|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Singot| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Singot]] (R)| shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|34|20|N|88|4|47|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Srikhanda| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Srikhanda]] (R)| shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23|41|8|N|88|8|21|E}} | label-pos112right|label12=Uddharanpur| numbered12=H| mark-title12= [[Uddharanpur]] (H)| shape-color12=#AA6666
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|32|50|N|87|52|42|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13=Kogram| numbered13=H| mark-title13= [[Kogram]] (H)| shape-color13=#AA6666
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|31|16|N|88|10|43|E}} | label-pos14=right|label14=Sribati| numbered14=H| mark-title14= [[Sribati]] (H)| shape-color14=#AA6666
|mark-coord15={{coord|23|31|16|N|88|5|36|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karui| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Karui]] (H)| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23.6213|88.1915}}| label16=Hooghly River| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=20| label-pos16=top| label-size16=10| mark-size16=0| mark-title16 =none
|mark-coord17={{coord|23.6434|87.9914}}| label17=Ajay River| label-color17 = #77A1CB| label-angle17=-5| label-pos17=right| label-size17=10| mark-size17=0| mark-title17 =none}}

===CD block HQ===
The headquarters of Ketugram II CD block are located at Gangatikuri.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1909_PART_B_DCHB_BARDDHAMAN.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Barddhaman | work= Map of Barddhaman with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fourth page) |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 26 February 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | title = BDO Offices under Burdwan District | work = Department of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal | publisher = West Bengal Public Library Network | access-date = 8 February 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181005055734/http://www.wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2110 | archive-date = 5 October 2018 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

===Urbanisation===
88.44% of the population of Katwa subdivision live in the rural areas. Only 11.56% of the population live in the urban areas.<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Bardhaman | work = Table 2.2 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 January 2019 | archive-date = 21 January 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190121045803/http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | url-status = dead }}</ref> The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] Gangatikuri had a total population of 4,053, of which 2,064 (51%) were males and 1,989 (49%) were females. Population below 6 years was 476. The total number of literates in Gangatikuri was 2,067 (57.79% of the population over 6 years).<ref>{{cite web | url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/census-tables|title=Census tables | publisher=Government of India|access-date=2024-02-03}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[Gangatikuri railway station]] is situated on the [[Barharwa-Azimganj-Katwa loop]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://indiarailinfo.com/train/-train-katwa-azimganj-passenger-53017/14257/1932/1801 |title = 53017 Katwa Azimganj Passenger | work= Time Table |publisher= indiarailinfo | access-date = 28 February 2017 }}</ref>

Gangatikuri is on the Uddharanpur-Bolpur/ Suri Road.<ref>Google maps</ref>

Gangatikuri' nearest railway station pachundi station of katwa-amudpur loop line

==Education==
Gangatikuri Atindra Nath Bidyamandir, Gangatikuri

Sonartori College of Education at village Balutia, PO Banwaribad, is located near Gangatikuri railway station.

Gangatikui Girls School, Gangatikuri

Vision English medium School, Kalitala, Gangatikuri<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.stce.in/Default/Pages/Default.aspx | title = Sonar Tori College of Education | publisher = STCE |access-date = 4 February 2019}}</ref>

MSVR Mission Academy, Gangatikuri

== Animal Hospital & Administrative Offices==
Block Livestock Development Office, Ketugram II & Block Animal Health Centre, [[Ketugram II]] is situated at Gangatikuri village. BAHC, Gangatikuri, Ketugram II is the only animal hospital situated in Ketugram II Block which provide veterinary treatment facilities for both pet & livestock.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://wikimapia.org/42472266/Block-Livestock-Development-Office-BAHC-Ketugram-II| title = Block Livestock Development Office & BAHC, Ketugram-II, India, Bangla, Katwa, Bandor, Udhanpur Road | publisher = Wikimapia |access-date = 13 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://ard.wb.gov.in/gis-map/|title = Locate Us | publisher = WBARD |access-date = 13 August 2024}}</ref>

Block Development Office, Ketugram II is situated at Gangatikuri Village which is the main administrative office of the Ketugram-II Block.

Block Land & Land Revenue Office, Assistant Director of Agriculture Office, Sub Inspector of School Office of the Ketugram-II Community Development Block are also situated at this village.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Purba Bardhaman District}}

[[Category:Villages in Purba Bardhaman district]]

Nerul railway station

2025-12-04T02:01:01Z

Bhatti21:

{{Short description|Railway Station in Maharashtra, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=February 2019}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|50px|up|link=Mumbai Suburban Railway]] Nerul
| type = [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] station
| style = Mumbai Suburban Railway
| image = Nerul platform board.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address =
| coordinates = {{Coord|19.0336|N|73.0181|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| line = [[Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Harbour line]], [[Trans-Harbour line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Trans-Harbour line]], [[Port line (Mumbai Suburban Railway)|Port line]]
| other =
| structure = Standard on-ground station
| platform = 6
| depth =
| levels =
| tracks = 6
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened =
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| accessible =
| code = NEU
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways (India)|Ministry of Railways]], [[Indian Railways]]
| zone = [[Central Railways]]
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Mumbai Suburban Railway
|line1=Harbour|left1=Juinagar|right1=Seawoods-Darave-Karave|type1=Panvel
|line2=Trans-Harbour|left2=Juinagar|right2=Seawoods-Darave-Karave|type2=Panvel
|line3=Port|right3=Seawoods-Darave-Karave}}
| map_type = Mumbai
| map_dot_label = Nerul
| route_map = {{MSR Harbour line}}{{MSR Trans-Harbour line}}{{MSR Port line}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

'''Nerul''' is a railway station on the Harbour Line of the [[Mumbai Suburban Railway]] network.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nerul Railway Station Map/Atlas CR/Central Zone - Railway Enquiry |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/nerul-neu/8756 |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=indiarailinfo.com}}</ref> Around 100,000 people travel from Nerul towards [[Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus|Mumbai CSMT]] daily, and around 50,000 people travel in the [[Panvel]] direction every day. Nerul station has become a terminus point for [[Uran]] trains. Nerul is a terminal station for some trains going towards [[Thane]].

It has 6 platforms. PF 1 is for trains going to Panvel or Terminating here. PF 2 is for trains going to Thane via Nerul. PF 3 is for trains Going towards CBD Belapur/Panvel. PF 4 is for trains Going towards CSMT/Goregaon. PF 5&6 are for Trains going to Uran.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Harbour}}
{{Mumbai - Suburban Railway, Trans-Harbour}}
{{Mumbai – Suburban Railway, Nerul-Uran/Panvel-Karjat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Thane district]]
[[Category:Mumbai Suburban Railway stations]]
[[Category:Mumbai CR railway division]]
[[Category:Transport in Navi Mumbai]]

{{Maharashtra-railstation-stub}}

Surender Singh

2025-11-23T10:17:08Z

Bhatti21: adjust structure also and added references

{{More citations needed|date=June 2025}}{{Short description|Indian politician (1946–2005)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Surender Singh
| birth_place = [[Bhiwani]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
| birth_date = 15 November 1946
| death_date = 31 March 2005 (aged 58)
| death_place = [[Saharanpur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| term = 1996 - 1999
| predecessor = Jangbir Singh
| successor = [[Ajay Singh Chautala]]
| constituency = [[Bhiwani (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhiwani]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term1 = 1986 - 1992
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 = [[Haryana]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Advocate|agriculturist}}
| father = [[Bansi Lal]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Kiran Choudhry]]|1972}}
| residence = Golagarh, [[Bhiwani]], India
| party = [[Haryana Vikas Party]]
}}

'''Surender Singh''' (15 November 1946 - 31 March 2005) was an Indian politician from the [[Haryana Vikas Party]] and twice (1996, 1998) represented Bhiwani constituency in the Lok Sabha, was a Rajya Sabha member 1986–1992, and twice represented '''[[Tosham (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Tosham]]''' in Haryana Vidhan Sabha.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12HR08.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040818191740/http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok12/biodata/12HR08.htm|archive-date=18 August 2004|url-status = dead|title=Biographical Sketch of Member of XII Lok Sabha|accessdate=7 July 2014}}</ref> His widow won the Tosham by-poll caused by his death.

==Education==

He was educated at [[Panjab University]], [[Chandigarh]] and completed his Master of Arts and Bachelor of Law.

==Profession==

Advocate and agriculturist, he is the son of former Haryana Chief Minister [[Bansi Lal]].

==Positions held==

1971-73 General-Secretary, District Congress
Committee (D.C.C.), Bhiwani

1973-77 Treasurer, [[Indian Youth Congress]]

1977-86 Member, Haryana [[Vidhan Sabha]]

1982-83 Cabinet Minister, Agriculture and Wildlife
Preservation, Haryana

1986-92 Member, [[Rajya Sabha]]

Member, Committee on Petitions

Member, House Committee

Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of
Civil Aviation

Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Defence

1989-90 Member, Public Accounts Committee

1996 Elected to 11th [[Lok Sabha]]

1996-97 Member, Committee on Human Resource Development

Member, Railway Convention Committee

Member, Hindi Salahakar Samiti, Ministry of Environment
and Forests

Member, Committee on Science and Technology, Environment
and Forests

Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Defence

1998 Re-elected to 12th [[Lok Sabha (2nd term)]]

1998-99 Member, Committee on Subordinate Legislation

Member, Committee on Public Undertakings

Member, Committee on Communications its
Sub Committee 'A' on Department of Telecom

Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of
Civil Aviation

==Special interests==
Travelling, participation in the youth activities; including: sports, cultural activities and debates.

==Favourite pastimes and recreation==
Reading and sports

==Sports and clubs==
Outstanding sportsman during college days, keen interest in cricket

==Countries visited==
Canada, Finland, France, Switzerland, US and the former USSR; Member, Indian Parliamentary Delegation to UK, 1998

==Other information==
He also held positions including President, Bar Association, Bhiwani, 1970–71, chairman, (i) Bar Council of Punjab and Haryana; (ii) Bar Council of [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], Chandigarh, 1978 and 1980–82; Member (i) Executive Council, [[Kurukshetra University]]; (ii) Executive Committee, C.R. Jat College, Hissar; (iii) Executive Committee, [[Indian Olympic Association]]; (iv) [[All India Congress Committee]] (Indira); and (v)[[Pradesh Congress Committee]] (Indira), Haryana.

==Death==
On 31 March 2005 Singh aged 59, died along with noted industrialist and Power Minister [[Om Prakash Jindal]], in a chopper crash during an emergency landing in [[Saharanpur]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. He was survived by his wife [[Kiran Choudhry]] and daughter [[Shruti Choudhry]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050401/main1.htm|title=Jindal, Surender Singh die in copter crash|last=|first=|date=1 April 2005|website=www.tribuneindia.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Surender}}
[[Category:People from Bhiwani]]
[[Category:People from Bhiwani district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Haryana]]
[[Category:Victims of helicopter accidents or incidents in India]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Haryana]]
[[Category:India MPs 1996–1997]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Victims of aviation accidents or incidents in 2005]]
[[Category:Agriculture ministers of Haryana]]

Lingala, NTR district

2025-11-02T05:02:35Z

Bhatti21: starting new place w/ infobox

{{Other places|Lingala (disambiguation)}}
{{Short description|Village in NTR district, Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lingala
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0350|80.5166}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 6.91
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3088
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = K Veera Venugopal Reddy<ref>{{Cite web |title= Panchayat Development Plan Campaign|url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Lingala''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandal wise Villages {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandal-wise-villages/ |access-date=2023-12-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], in Lingala village, there are 808 households with a total population of 3,088. Out of this population, 1,184 belong to Scheduled Castes, and 5 belong to Scheduled Tribes. The village has 1,413 literate individuals and 1,824 people engaged in various types of work. The gender distribution includes 1,623 males and 1,465 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]

Utukuru

2025-11-02T03:45:21Z

Bhatti21: adding initial post basic info

{{short description|Village in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Other places| Vutukuru}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|17.0202|80.4334|display=it}}
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 13
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[NTR district|NTR]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh|Mandal]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Gampalagudem mandal|Gampalagudem]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook, Krishna - Page 260 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/124/download/146/DH_2011_2816_PART_A_DCHB_KRISHNA.pdf}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 22.82
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7633
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Census 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=14 July 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924131005/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=627290 |archivedate=24 September 2015 }}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
| leader_title = [[Sarpanch]]
| leader_name = Bollepogu Renuka<ref>{{Cite web |title=PANCHAYAT DEVELOPMENT PLAN CAMPAIGN |url=https://gpdp.nic.in/sarpanchWithDetailsReport.html?OWASP_CSRFTOKEN=TC4A-AQKL-1UJO-6PGR-6EIK-KTOP-7RDM-5J81 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=gpdp.nic.in}}</ref>
}}

'''Utukuru''' is a village located in the [[Gampalagudem mandal]], [[NTR district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is under the administration of [[Tiruvuru revenue division]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mandals {{!}} NTR District {{!}} India |url=https://ntr.ap.gov.in/mandals-2/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
According to [[2011 census of India]], there are a total of 2,068 households. The population is 7,633, with 3,845 males and 3,788 females. Out of the total population, 4,268 are literate, and 3,365 are illiterate. The workforce consists of 4,362 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andhra Pradesh, Krishna District, Gampalagudem Sub-District, Rural Area, Vinagadapa Village |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/data-visualizations/PopulationSearch_PCA_Indicators}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{AndhraPradesh-geo-stub}}
{{NTR district}}
[[Category:Villages in NTR district]]