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India women's national cricket team

2023-10-09T11:41:58Z

Bharats20101998:

{{short description|Women's cricket team}}
{{About|the women's team|the men's team|India national cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = India
| image = Flag of India.svg
| image_size = 200px
| caption =
| nickname = Women in Blue
| association = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]]
| captain = [[Harmanpreet Kaur]]
| coach = [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]] (acting)'''<ref name="coach"/>
| test_status_year = 1976
| icc_status = [[List of International Cricket Council members|Full member]]
| icc_member_year = 1926
| icc_region = [[Asian Cricket Council|Asia]]
| wodi_rank = {{Ordinal|4|sup=yes}}
| wt20i_rank = {{Ordinal|4|sup=yes}}
| wodi_rank_best = {{Ordinal|2|sup=yes}} (1 May 2020) 
| wt20i_rank_best = {{Ordinal|3|sup=yes}} (15 Nov 2019) 
| first_wtest = v {{crw|WIN}} at the [[M. Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]; 31 October – 2 November 1976
| most_recent_wtest = v {{crw|AUS}} at [[Carrara Stadium]], [[Gold Coast, Queensland|Gold Coast]]; 30 September – 3 October 2021
| num_wtests = 38
| num_wtests_this_year = 0
| wtest_record = 5/6 (27 draws)
| wtest_record_this_year = 0/0 (0 draws)

| first_wodi = v {{crw|ENG}} at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]; 1 January 1978
| most_recent_wodi = v {{crw|BAN}} at [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Mirpur Model Thana|Mirpur]]; 22 July 2023
| num_wodis = 304
| num_wodis_this_year = 3
| wodi_record = 165/133 (2 ties, 4 no result)
| wodi_record_this_year = 1/1 (1 tie, 0 no results)
| wwc_apps = 10
| wwc_first = [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup|1978]]
| wwc_best = [[File:Simple silver cup.svg|16px]] Runners-up ([[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]], [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]])
| wwcq_apps = 1
| wwcq_first = [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2017]]
| wwcq_best = [[File:Simple gold cup.svg|16px]] Champions ([[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2017]])

| first_wt20i = v {{crw|ENG}} at the [[County Cricket Ground, Derby|County Cricket Ground]], [[Derby]]; 5 August 2006
| most_recent_wt20i = v {{crw|SL}} at [[Zhejiang University of Technology Cricket Field]], [[Hangzhou]]; 25 September 2023
| num_wt20is = 173
| num_wt20is_this_year = 16
| wt20i_record = 94/75 (1 tie, 5 no results)
| wt20i_record_this_year = 10/4 (0 ties, 2 no results)
| wwt20_apps = 8
| wwt20_first = [[2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2009]]
| wwt20_best = [[File:Simple silver cup.svg|16px]] Runner-up ([[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup|2020]])

| h_pattern_la =
| h_pattern_b = _IndTest23
| h_pattern_ra =
| h_pattern_pants =
_blue_stripes_adidas
| h_leftarm = FFFFFF
| h_body = 1350C1
| h_rightarm = FFFFFF
| h_pants = FFFFFF
| a_pattern_la = _orange_border
| a_pattern_b = _IndODI23
| a_pattern_ra = _orange_border
| a_pattern_pants =
_white_stripes_adidas
| a_leftarm = 0889E6
| a_body = 0889E6
| a_rightarm = 0889E6
| a_pants = 0889E6
| t_pattern_la = _orange_border
| t_pattern_b =_IndT2023
| t_pattern_ra = _orange_border
| t_pattern_pants =
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| t_leftarm = 1350C1
| t_body = 1350C1
| t_rightarm = 1350C1
| t_pants = 1350C1
| asofdate = 25 September 2023
}}
The '''India women's national cricket team''', also known as '''Women in Blue''',<ref>{{Cite news|title=Women in Blue's journey through the T20 Women's World Cup|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/womens-t20-world-cup/2020/mar/08/women-in-blues-journey-through-the-t20-womens-world-cup-2113824.html|access-date=2020-12-02|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> represents [[India]] in women's [[international cricket]]. It is governed by [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI), and is a full member of [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) with [[Women's Test| Women's Test cricket]], [[Women's One Day International]] (WODI) and [[Women's Twenty20 International]] (WT20I) status.

India made its [[Women's Test cricket|Test]] debut in 1976,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/the-history-of-indian-women-s-cricket-94140|title=The history of Indian women's cricket|website=ESPNcricinfo.com|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref> against the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]], and its [[Women's One Day International|One Day International]] (ODI) debut at the [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup|1978 World Cup]] against
[[England women's cricket team|England]] and also made its [[Women's Twenty20 International|T20I]] debut in 2006, against [[England women's cricket team|England]].

The team has made the [[ICC Women's Cricket World Cup|ODI World Cup]] final on two occasions, losing to [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]] by 98 runs [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup Final|in 2005]] and losing to [[England women's cricket team|England]] by 9 runs [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Final|in 2017]]. India has made the semi-finals on three other occasions, in [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]], [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]], and [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]]. India has also made the finals of the [[ICC Women's World Twenty20|T20I World Cup]] on one occasion, losing to [[Australia women's national cricket team|Australia]] by 85 runs [[2020 ICC Women's World Twenty20|in 2020]]. India qualify for the semi-finals on four occasions ([[2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2009]], [[2010 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2010]], [[2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2018]] and [[2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup|2023]]).

India has won all the editions of [[Women's Asia Cup]], except the [[2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2018 edition]].

India won a silver medal in [[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Commonwealth Games]]. India also won a gold medal in [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games|2022 Asian Games]].

==History==
[[File:Snehal Pradhan (10 March 2009, Sydney) 2.jpg|right|240px|thumb|alt=Eight female cricketers stand on a field. Two players are in red practice jerseys; three other players in red jerseys are facing toward them; a player in a blue shirt is facing away and hides another player in a blue game shirt. In the upper left corner is a fan with an Indian flag.|Members of the Indian cricket team before a [[Women's Cricket World Cup]] game in Sydney]]

The British brought cricket to India in the early 1700s, with the first documented instance of cricket being played is in 1721. It was played and adopted by [[Koli people|Kolis]] of [[Gujarat]] because they were sea [[Piracy|pirates]] and [[outlaw]]s who always loot the [[British Raj|British]] ships so [[East India Company]] tried to manage the Kolis in cricket and been successful.<ref>{{Cite book|last= Downing|first= Clement|title= A History of the Indian Wars|year= 1978|page=189|oclc=5905776}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Drew|first=John|date=2021-12-06|title=The Christmas the Kolis took to cricket|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/views/in-focus/news/the-christmas-the-kolis-took-cricket-2910376|access-date=2021-12-05|website=The Daily Star|language=en}}</ref> The first Indian cricket club was established by the Parsi community in Bombay, in 1848; the club played their first match against the Europeans in 1877.<ref>{{cite news|url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2279/is_1998_Nov/ai_53542832/pg_3|title = Cricket and Politics in Colonial India|work = Ramachandra Guha| access-date = 7 December 2009 | year=1998}}</ref> The first official Indian cricket team was formed in 1911 and toured England, where they played English county teams.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1911_ENG_India_in_England_1911.html|title = India in England, 1911|work = Cricket Archive|access-date = 7 December 2009|archive-date = 18 March 2009|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318074148/http://cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1911_ENG_India_in_England_1911.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> The [[India national cricket team|India team]] made their [[Test cricket|Test]] debut against [[England cricket team|England]] in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151765.html|title=England v India 1932|date=30 July 2007|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=7 December 2009}}</ref> Around the same time (1934), the first women's Test was played between [[England women's cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national women's cricket team|Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results |archive-url=https://archive.today/2012.07.20-153748/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8;filter=advanced;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2012 |title=List of women's Test matches |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=7 December 2009 }}</ref> However, women's cricket arrived in India much later; the Women's Cricket Association of India was formed in 1973.<ref>{{cite book|last=Stoddart|first=Brian|author2=Keith A. P. Sandiford|title=The imperial game: cricket, culture, and society|publisher=Manchester University Press |year=1998|page=5|isbn=978-0-7190-4978-1| oclc=40430869}}</ref> The Indian women's team played their first Test match in [[West Indies women's cricket team in India in 1976–77|1976]], against the [[West Indies women's cricket team|West Indies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8;team=1863;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results |archive-url=https://archive.today/2012.07.15-233404/http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=8;team=1863;template=results;type=aggregate;view=results |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 July 2012 |title=India women Test matches |publisher=[[Cricinfo]] |access-date=7 December 2009 }}</ref> India recorded its first-ever Test win in November 1978 against West Indies under [[Shantha Rangaswamy]]'s captaincy at the [[Moin-ul-Haq Stadium]] in [[Patna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/womens-world-cup/news/441451|title=One more game, and it can change India's fortunes: Mithali Raj|website=Icc-cricket.com|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=28 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928010002/https://www.icc-cricket.com/womens-world-cup/news/441451|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/west-indies-women-tour-of-india-1976-77-62212/india-women-vs-west-indies-women-4th-test-67455/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of WI Women vs IND Women 4th Test 1976/77 - Score Report |website=ESPNcricinfo.com|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>[[File:Indian Batswoman at Cricket Worlds Cup 2010.jpg|thumb|150px|right|Indian Batter at Cricket World Cup 2010]] [[File:Mithali Raj Truro 2012.jpg|thumb|150px|[[Mithali Raj]], Captain of India Women's cricket team]]

In 1973 [[Women's Cricket Association of India]], the governing body for women's cricket was founded in [[Pune]], Maharashtra. [[Premala Chavan]] was its first president. It was affiliated to [[International Women's Cricket Council]]. As part of the [[International Cricket Council]]'s initiative to develop women's cricket, the Women's Cricket Association of India was merged with the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] in 2006/07.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=//cricket/2006/nov/14message.htm |title=Better days for women's cricket? |date=14 November 2006 |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=7 December 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604020307/http://in.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=%2F%2Fcricket%2F2006%2Fnov%2F14message.htm |archive-date=4 June 2011 }}</ref>

In 2021, the BCCI announced that [[Ramesh Powar]] would become the Head Coach of the Indian Women's Cricket Team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportstiger.com/just-in-ramesh-powar-appointed-head-coach-of-indian-womens-cricket-team/ |title=Ramesh Powar appointed head coach of Indian Women's Cricket Team |work=SportsTiger |date=13 May 2021 |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/ramesh-powar-appointed-head-coach-of-indian-women-s-cricket-team-101620904617509.html |title=Ramesh Powar appointed Head Coach of Indian Women's Cricket Team |work=Hindustan Times |date=13 May 2021 |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> In 2022, Indian Women script history by winning 1st series on England soil in 23 years.<ref>{{cite news |last1=InsideSport |title=ndian Women script history by winning 1st series on England soil in 23 years |url=https://www.insidesport.in/ind-w-vs-eng-w-highlights-harmanpreet-kaur-143-renuka-four-for-crush-england-in-2nd-odi-indian-women-script-history-by-winning-1st-series-on-england-soil-watch-highlights/}}</ref>

==Governing body==
{{Main|Board of Control for Cricket in India}}
The [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) is the governing body for the Indian cricket team and first-class cricket in India. The Board has been operating since 1929 and represents India at the [[International Cricket Council]]. It is amongst the richest sporting organisations in the world. It sold media rights for India's matches from 2006 to 2010 for US$612,000,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/18/stories/2006021803840100.htm|access-date=11 January 2007|title=Nimbus Bags Cricket Rights for $612 m|work=The Hindu|location=India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110084913/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2006/02/18/stories/2006021803840100.htm|archive-date=10 January 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It manages the Indian team's sponsorships, its future tours and team selection. The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) determines India's upcoming matches through its future tours program.

===Selection Committee===
{{Further information|India national cricket team selectors}}
On 26 September 2020, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) announced the appointment of All-India Women's Selection Committee.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|title=Appointment of All-India Women's Selection Committee|url=http://www.bcci.tv/articles/2020/news/147408/appointment-of-all-india-women-s-selection-committee|access-date=2020-11-17|website=The Board of Control for Cricket in India|language=en}}</ref>
[[Neetu David]], former left-arm spinner, heads the five-member selection committee.<ref name="auto1"/>
*[[Neetu David]]
*[[Arati Vaidya]]
*[[Renu Margrate]]
*[[Venkatacher Kalpana]]
*[[Mithu Mukherjee (cricketer)|Mithu Mukherjee]]

==Team colours==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;"
|+Sponsorship for ICC tournaments
!Tournament
!Kit manufacturer
!Sleeve sponsor
|-
|1973 Women's Cricket World Cup
| rowspan="8" |
| rowspan="5" |
|-
|1978 Women's Cricket World Cup
|-
|1982 Hansells Vita Fresh World Cup
|-
|1988 Shell Bicentennial Women's World Cup
|-
|1993 Women's Cricket World Cup
|-
|1997 Hero Honda Women's World Cup
| rowspan="2" |[[Wills cigarette|Wills]]
|-
|2000 CricInfo Women's Cricket World Cup
|-
|2005 Women's Cricket World Cup
| rowspan="6" |[[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara]]
|-
|2009 Women's Cricket World Cup
| rowspan="10" |[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|-
|2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20
|-
|2010 ICC Women's World Twenty20
|-
|2012 ICC Women's World Twenty20
|-
|2013 Women's Cricket World Cup
|-
|2014 ICC Women's World Twenty20
| rowspan="2" |[[Star India]]
|-
|2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20
|-
|2017 Women's Cricket World Cup
| rowspan="2" |[[Oppo Electronics|Oppo]]
|-
|2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20
|-
|2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup
| rowspan="3" |[[BYJU'S]]
|-
|2022 Women's Cricket World Cup
| rowspan="2" |MPL Sports
|-
|2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+Kit sponsorship history
!Period
!Kit manufacturer
!Shirt sponsor
|-
|1993 – 1996
| rowspan="5" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Wills cigarette|Wills]]
|-
|1999 – 2001
|-
|2001 – 2002
|
|-
|2002 – 2003
| rowspan="3" |[[Sahara India Pariwar|Sahara]]
|-
|2003 – 2005
|-
|2005 – 2013
| rowspan="4" |[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]]
|-
|2014 – 2017
|[[Star India]]
|-
|2017 – 2019
|[[Oppo Electronics|Oppo]]
|-
|2019 – 2020
| rowspan="2" |[[BYJU'S]]
|-
|2020 – 2023
|MPL Sports
|-
|2023 – 2028
|[[Adidas]]
|'''''TBA'''''
|}

== Sponsorship ==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 80%;text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right"
|+Current Sponsors & Partners
!Team sponsor
|[[Dream11]]
|-
!Title sponsor
|[[IDFC First Bank]]
|-
!Kit sponsor
|[[Adidas]]
|-
!Official partners
|'''''TBA'''''
|-
!Official broadcaster
|[[Viacom18]] ([[Sports18]] & [[JioCinema]])
|}

The current sponsor of the team is [[BYJU'S|BYJU's]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcci.tv/news/2019/press-releases/18250/byjus-to-be-new-team-india-sponsor|title=BYJU'S to be new Team India sponsor - News - BCCI.tv|website=www.bcci.tv|language=en|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726212701/http://www.bcci.tv/news/2019/press-releases/18250/byjus-to-be-new-team-india-sponsor|archive-date=26 July 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Oppo|OPPO]]'s sponsorship was to run from 2017 until 2022, but was handed over to BYJU's on 5 September 2019.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 March 2017 |title=OPPO wins Indian team sponsorship rights till 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/oppo-wins-indian-team-sponsorship-rights-till-2022-1085746 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180319152508/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/18842869/oppo-wins-indian-team-sponsorship-rights-2022 |archive-date=19 March 2018 |access-date=18 March 2018 |work=EspnCricinfo}}</ref> Previously, the Indian team was sponsored by [[Star India]] from 2014 to 2017,<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2013 |title=Star wins Indian team sponsorship rights |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/star-wins-indian-team-sponsorship-rights-698825 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111132957/http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/698825.html |archive-date=11 January 2018 |access-date=18 March 2018 |work=EspnCricinfo}}</ref> [[Sahara India Pariwar]] from 2002 to 2013.

[[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] had been a long time kit supplier to team India having acquired the contract in 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digi-help.com/pub/nike-indian-cricket-sponsorship.asp|title=Nike wins Indian cricket team endorsement rights, 199 crore brand sponsorship deal with India cricket team and BCCI|publisher=Digi-help.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110406181700/http://www.digi-help.com/pub/nike-indian-cricket-sponsorship.asp|archive-date=6 April 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> with two extensions for a period of five years each time; in 2011<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Nike-to-remain-sponsor-of-Team-India-kit/articleshow/8085543.cms|title=Nike to remain sponsor of Team India kit - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129143602/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Nike-to-remain-sponsor-of-Team-India-kit/articleshow/8085543.cms|archive-date=29 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/players-bcci-unhappy-with-nike-4807576/|title=Players, BCCI unhappy with kit sponsor Nike|date=22 August 2017|work=The Indian Express|access-date=29 November 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129142441/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/players-bcci-unhappy-with-nike-4807576/|archive-date=29 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> respectively. Nike ended its contract in September 2020<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-19|title=BCCI to float fresh tender for apparel sponsorship after Nike decides against renewing its contract|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/bcci-to-float-fresh-tender-for-apparel-sponsorship-after-nike-decides-against-renewing-its-contract/2028397/|access-date=2020-11-06|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> and MPL Sports Apparel & Accessories, a subsidiary of online gaming platform Mobile Premier League replaced Nike as the kit manufacturer in October 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-02|title=MPL Sports Apparel and Accessories becomes new kit sponsor of Indian cricket team|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/sports/mpl-sports-apparel-and-accessories-becomes-new-kit-sponsor-of-indian-cricket-team/2119340/|access-date=2020-11-06|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BCCI announces MPL Sports as Official kit sponsor for Team India|url=http://www.bcci.tv/articles/2020/news/147428/bcci-announces-mpl-sports-as-official-kit-sponsor-for-team-india|access-date=17 November 2020|website=The Board of Control for Cricket in India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BCCI announces MPL Sports as India's new kit sponsor |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/114919/bcci-announces-mpl-sports-as-indias-new-kit-sponsor |access-date=17 November 2020 |work=Cricbuzz}}</ref>

On 30 August 2019, following the conclusion of the Expression of Interest process for Official partners’ Rights, the Board of Control for Cricket in India ([[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]) announced that Sporta Technologies Pvt. Ltd. ([[Dream11]]), LafargeHolcim (ACC Cement and [[Ambuja Cements|Ambuja Cement]]) and [[Hyundai Motor India Limited|Hyundai Motor India Ltd.]] have acquired the Official partners' Rights for the BCCI International and Domestic matches during 2019-23.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dream11, LafargeHolcim and Hyundai awarded Official partners' rights for BCCI International and Domestic seasons 2019-23|url=http://www.bcci.tv/articles/2019/news/130357/dream11-lafargeholcim-and-hyundai-awarded-official-partners-rights-for-bcci-international-and-domestic-seasons-2019-23|access-date=2020-11-17|website=The Board of Control for Cricket in India|language=en}}</ref>

[[Paytm]] acquired the title sponsorship for all matches played by the team within India in 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/paytm-strikes-title-sponsorship-deal-with-bcci-till-2019-for-rs-203-28-crore-2372104.html|title=Paytm strikes title sponsorship deal with BCCI till 2019 for Rs 203.28 crore - Firstpost|website=www.firstpost.com|date=31 July 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129142108/https://www.firstpost.com/sports/paytm-strikes-title-sponsorship-deal-with-bcci-till-2019-for-rs-203-28-crore-2372104.html|archive-date=29 November 2018|access-date=29 November 2018}}</ref> and extended the same in 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/bcci-awards-title-sponsorship-rights-to-paytm-for-five-more-years/article29203032.ece|title=BCCI awards title sponsorship rights to Paytm for five more years|last=Sportstar|first=Team|website=Sportstar|language=en|access-date=27 December 2019}}</ref> until 2023. [[Star India]] and [[Bharti Airtel|Airtel]] have been title sponsors previously.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Star India not renewing jersey sponsorship for Indian cricket team |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2017/feb/27/star-india-not-renewing-jersey-sponsorship-for-indian-cricket-team-1575465.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-09-18 |title=Airtel not to renew BCCI home series sponsorship |url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/airtel-not-to-renew-bcci-home-series-sponsorship-1117267.html |access-date=2022-08-19 |website=Firstpost |language=en}}</ref>

==International grounds==
{{further|List of women's Test cricket grounds|List of women's Twenty20 International cricket grounds|List of women's Twenty20 International cricket grounds}}

==Captains==
{{main|List of India women Test cricketers#Test captains|List of India women ODI cricketers#ODI captains|List of India women Twenty20 International cricketers#WT20I captains}}

== Forthcoming fixtures ==
The recent results and forthcoming fixtures of India in [[international cricket]]:

{| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap"
|+
|-
! colspan="6" | Bilateral series and tours
|-
! rowspan="2" | Date
! rowspan="2" | Against
! rowspan="2" | H/A/N
! colspan="5" | Results [Matches]
|-
! width="50" | [[Women's Test cricket|Test]]
! width="50" | [[Women's One Day International|WODI]]
! width="50" | [[Women's Twenty20 International|WT20I]]
|-
|- style="background:white;"
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[India women's cricket team in New Zealand in 2021–22|February 2022]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{crw|NZL}}
| style="text-align:left" | Away
| – || 1–4 [5] || 0–1 [1]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[India women's cricket team in England in 2022|September 2022]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{crw|ENG}}
| style="text-align:left" | Away
| –|| 3–0 [3] || 1–2 [3]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | [[Australia women's cricket team in India in 2022–23|December 2022]]
| style="text-align:left" | {{crw|AUS}}
| style="text-align:left" | Home
| –|| – || 1–4 [5]
|-
|}

{| class="wikitable ubsortable" style="text-align:center; white-space:nowrap"
|-
! colspan=5 | Multiteam series and tournaments
|-
! Date
! Series
! Format
! Position
! Results [Matches]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | March–April 2022
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup]]
| style="text-align:left" | WODI
| style="text-align:left" | 5th
| style="text-align:left" | 3-4 [7]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | July–August 2022
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022 Commonwealth Games]]
| style="text-align:left" | WT20I
| style="text-align:left" | 2nd
| style="text-align:left" | 3–2 [5]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | October 2022
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[2022 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup]]
| style="text-align:left" | WT20I
| style="text-align:left" | 1st
| style="text-align:left" | 7–1 [8]
|-
| style="text-align:left" | February 2023
| style="text-align:left" | {{flagicon|SAF}} [[2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup]]
| style="text-align:left" | WT20I
| style="text-align:left" | 3rd
| style="text-align:left" | 3-2 [5]
|-
|September 2023
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022 Asian Games]]
|WT20I
|1st
|2-0 [3]
|}

==Players==
===Former players===
{{for|a list of all Test players|List of India women Test cricketers}}
{{for|a list of all ODI players|List of India women ODI cricketers}}
{{for|a list of all Twenty20 International players|List of India women Twenty20 International cricketers}}

== Squad ==

This lists all the active players who are centrally contracted with BCCI or was named in the recent ODI or T20I squads. Uncapped players are listed in ''italics''. Updated on 13 July 2023

;Key
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Symbol !! Meaning
|-
| C/G || Contract grade with the BCCI<ref>{{Cite web|title=BCCI confirm three Grade-A players in India Women's central contract list|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/3238828|access-date=2023-07-16|website=ICC|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| S/N || Shirt number of the player in all formats
|-
| Format || Denotes the player's playing format
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Age
! Batting style
! Bowling style
! Domestic team
! C/G
! Forms
! S/N
|-
! colspan="8" | Batters
|-
| [[Smriti Mandhana]] || {{age|1996|07|18}} || Left-handed || {{n/a}} || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] || A || ODI & T20I (Vice-captain) || 18
|-
| [[Harmanpreet Kaur]] || {{age|1989|03|08}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || A || ODI & T20I (Captain) || 7
|-
| [[Shafali Verma]] || {{age|2004|01|28}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]] || B || ODI & T20I || 17
|-
| [[Jemimah Rodrigues]] || {{age|2000|09|05}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Mumbai women's cricket team|Mumbai]] || B || ODI & T20I || 5
|-
| [[Sabbhineni Meghana]] || {{age|1996|06|07}} || Right-handed || {{n/a}} || [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] || C || T20I || 27
|-
| [[Priya Punia]] || {{age|1996|08|06}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] || - || ODI || 16
|-
! colspan="8" | All-rounders
|-
| [[Deepti Sharma]] || {{age|1997|08|24}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] || A || ODI & T20I || 6
|-
| [[Pooja Vastrakar]] || {{age|1999|09|25}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Madhya Pradesh women's cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]] || C || ODI & T20I || 34
|-
| [[Harleen Deol]] || {{age|1998|06|21}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] || C || ODI & T20I || 98
|-
| [[Devika Vaidya]] || {{age|1997|08|13}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || [[Maharashtra women's cricket team|Maharashtra]] || C || ODI & T20I || 97
|-
| [[Amanjot Kaur]]|| {{age|2000|01|01}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || - || ODI & T20I || 30
|-
| [[Minnu Mani]] || {{age|1999|03|24}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Kerala women's cricket team|Kerala]] || - || T20I || 71
|-
| ''Kanika Ahuja'' || {{age|2002|08|07}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Punjab women's cricket team (India)|Punjab]] || - || T20I || -
|-
! colspan="8" | Wicket-keepers
|-
| [[Yastika Bhatia]] || {{age|2000|01|11}} || Left-handed || {{n/a}} || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] || C || ODI & T20I || 11
|-
| [[Richa Ghosh]] || {{age|2003|9|28}} || Right-handed || {{n/a}} || [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] || B || T20I || 13
|-
| ''[[Uma Chetry]]'' || {{age|2002|7|22}} || Right-handed || {{n/a}} || [[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]] || - || ODI & T20I || -
|-
! colspan="8" | Spin Bowlers
|-
| [[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]] || {{age|1991|06|01}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left arm orthodox|orthodox]]|| [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] || B || ODI & T20I || 1
|-
| [[Sneh Rana (cricketer)|Sneh Rana]] || {{age|1994|02|18}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] || C || ODI & T20I || 2
|-
| [[Radha Yadav]] || {{age|2000|04|21}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left arm orthodox|orthodox]] || [[Baroda women's cricket team|Baroda]] || C || T20I || 21
|-
| Anusha Bareddy || {{age|2003|6|6}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Left arm orthodox|orthodox]] || [[Andhra women's cricket team|Andhra]] || - || ODI & T20I || 3
|-
| Rashi Kanojiya || {{age|1998|4|20}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left arm orthodox|orthodox]] || [[Uttar Pradesh women's cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]] || - || ODI & T20I || 36
|-
! colspan="8" | Pace Bowlers
|-
| [[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]] || {{age|1996|2|1}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] || B || ODI & T20I || 10
|-
| [[Meghna Singh]] || {{age|1994|6|18}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] || C || ODI & T20I || 16
|-
| [[Anjali Sarvani]] || {{age|1997|7|28}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Railways women's cricket team|Railways]] || C || ODI & T20I || 28
|-
| [[Monica Patel]] || {{age|1999|4|26}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Karnataka women's cricket team|Karnataka]] || - || ODI & T20I || -
|-
| ''[[Titas Sadhu]]'' || {{age|2004|9|29}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] || - || T20I || -
|}

Players' salaries are as follows:
* Grade A – {{INRConvert|50|l}} per annum
* Grade B – {{INRConvert|30|l|nolink=yes}} per annum
* Grade C – {{INRConvert|10|l|nolink=yes}} per annum

;Match fees
Players also receive a match fee of {{INRConvert|15|l}} per Test match, {{INRConvert|6|l}} per ODI, and {{INRConvert|3|l}} per T20I. The BCCI adopted a [[pay equity]] policy in match fees for men's and women's teams on 27 October 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=India women cricketers to earn same match fee as male counterparts, BCCI secretary Jay Shah confirms |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/india-women-cricketers-to-earn-same-match-fee-as-male-counterparts-bcci-secretary-jay-shah-confirms-1341878 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 October 2022}}</ref>

==Personnel==

* Head Coach – ''Vacant''<ref name="coach">{{cite web |title=Ramesh Powar to move away from India women's head coach role |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ramesh-powar-to-move-away-from-india-womens-head-coach-role-1348307 |website=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=22 December 2022}}</ref>
* Batting Coach – [[Hrishikesh Kanitkar]]<ref name="coach"/>
* Fielding Coach – [[Abhay Sharma]]
* Nets Trainers – Tanveer Shukla, Sourav Tyagi, Utkarsh Singh, Akhil S Prasad
* Physiotherapist – Mitra Amin
* Fitness Trainer – Radha Krishnaswamy
* Analyst – Devraj Raut

==Tournament history==
===ICC Women's Cricket World Cup===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=8|[[Women's Cricket World Cup|World Cup record]]
|-
! Year !! Round !! Position !! Played !! Won !! Lost !! Tie !! NR
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup|1973]] ||colspan=7| ''Did Not Compete''
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[1978 Women's Cricket World Cup|1978]] || Group Stage || 4/4 || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{flagicon|NZL}} [[1982 Women's Cricket World Cup|1982]] || Group Stage || 4/5 || 12 || 4 || 8 || 0 || 0
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} [[1988 Women's Cricket World Cup|1988]] ||colspan=7| ''Did Not Compete''
|-
| {{flagicon|ENG}} [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup|1993]] || Group Stage || 4/8 || 7 || 4 || 3 || 0 || 0
|-style="background:#cc9966"
|style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[1997 Women's Cricket World Cup|1997]] || Semi-finals || 4/11 || 6 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1
|-style="background:#cc9966"
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[2000 Women's Cricket World Cup|2000]] || Semi-finals || 3/8 || 8 || 5 || 3 || 0 || 0
|-style="background:silver;"
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]] || Runners-up || 2/8 || 9 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 2
|-style="background:#cc9966"
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[2009 Women's Cricket World Cup|2009]] || Super 6s || 3/6 || 7 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 0
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[2013 Women's Cricket World Cup|2013]] || Group Stage || 7/8 || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0
|-style="background:silver;"
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]] || Runners-up || 2/8 || 9 || 6 || 3 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|NZL}} [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup|2022]] || Group Stage || 5/8 || 7 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 0
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|IND}} [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|2025]] || || || || || || ||
|-
! TOTAL || 0 titles || 10/12 || 72 || 37 || 31 || 1 || 3
|}

====ICC Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=900px;"
|-
!colspan=9|[[Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|World Cup Qualifier]]
|-
! width=75 |Year
! width=150 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|- style="background:gold;"
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2017]] ||'''[[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier#Final|Champions]]'''||'''1/10'''||'''8'''||'''8'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|-
! TOTAL ||1 Title ||'''1/10'''||'''8'''||'''8'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|-
|}

===ICC Women's Championship===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=10|[[ICC Women's Championship|Women's Championship record]]
|-
! width=100 |Year
! width=100 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |D
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
|[[2014–2016 ICC Women's Championship|2014-16]]||[[2014–2016 ICC Women's Championship#Points table|Group Stage]]{{efn|Advance To [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier]].}} ||5/8||21||9||11||0||0||1
|-
|[[2017–2020 ICC Women's Championship|2017-20]]||[[2017–2020 ICC Women's Championship#Points table|Group Stage]]{{efn|Advance To [[2022 Women's Cricket World Cup]].}} ||4/8||21||10||8||0||0||3
|-
!'''TOTAL'''||Advanced||3/8||42||19||19||0||0||4
|-
|}

===ICC Women's Twenty20 World Cup===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=900px;"
|-
!colspan=7|[[ICC Women's World Twenty20|World Twenty20 record]]
|-
! Year !! Played !! Won !! Lost !! Tie !! NR !! Position
|-style="background:#cc9966"
| [[2009 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2009]] {{flagicon|ENG}} || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || Semi-finalists
|-style="background:#cc9966"
| [[2010 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2010]] {{flagicon|WIN}} || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || Semi-finalists
|-
| [[2012 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2012]] {{flagicon|SL}} || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || Group Stage<ref>{{cite web |url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/icc-womens-world-twenty20-2012/engine/records/team/match_results.html?id=6869;type=tournament|title=ICC Women's World Twenty20, 2012/13 |publisher= espncricinfo.com |date=10 April 2005 |access-date= 7 January 2013  }}</ref>
|-
| [[2014 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2014]] {{flagicon|BAN}} || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || Group Stage
|-
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2016 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2016]] {{flagicon|IND}} || 5 || 1 || 6 || 0 || 0 || Group Stage
|-style="background:#cc9966"
| [[2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20|2018]] {{flagicon|UAE}} || 5 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || Semi-finalists
|-style="background:silver;"
| [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup|2020]] {{flagicon|AUS}} || 6 || 4 || 1 || 0 || 1 || Runners-up
|-style="background:#cc9966"
| [[2023 ICC Women's T20 World Cup|2023]] {{flagicon|SAF}} || 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 ||Semi-finalists
|-
| '''Total''' || '''36''' || '''20''' || '''15''' || '''0''' || '''1''' || '''0 titles'''
|}

===ACC Women's Asia Cup===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=900px;"
|-
!colspan=7|[[Women's Asia Cup|Asia Cup record]]
|-
|-
! Year !! Played !! Won !! Lost !! Tie !! NR !! Position
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2004 Women's Asia Cup|2004]] {{flagicon|SL}} || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''Champions'''
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2005–06 Women's Asia Cup|2005–06]] {{flagicon|PAK}}|| 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''Champions'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
|style="border: 3px solid red"|[[2006 Women's Asia Cup|2006]] {{flagicon|IND}} || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''Champions'''
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2008 Women's Asia Cup|2008]] {{flagicon|SL}}|| 7 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''Champions'''
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2012 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2012]] {{flagicon|CHN}} || 4 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''Champions'''
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2016 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2016]] {{flagicon|THA}}|| 6 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 0 || '''Champions'''
|-
|-bgcolor=silver
| [[2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2018]] {{flagicon|MAS}}|| 6 || 4 || 2 || 0 || 0 || Runners-up
|-
|-bgcolor=gold
| [[2022 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2022]] {{flagicon|BAN}}|| 8 || 7 || 1 || 0 || 0 || '''Champions'''
|-
| '''Total''' || '''46''' || '''43''' || '''3''' || '''0''' || '''0''' || '''7 titles'''
|}

===Other tournaments===

====Commonwealth Games====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10|Commonwealth Games record
|-
! width=150 |Year
! width=150 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
|- style="background:silver;"
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022]]||Silver medal||2/8||5||3||2||0||0
|-
|'''Total'''||'''0 Title'''|| '''1/1''' ||'''5'''||'''3'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''
|}

====Asian Games====

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%"
|-
!colspan=10|Asian Games record
|-
! width=150 |Year
! width=150 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cricket at the 2010 Asian Games - Women|2010]]|| colspan=7 | Did Not Participate
|-
|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Cricket at the 2014 Asian Games - Women|2014]]|| colspan=7 | Did Not Participate
|-
|- style="background:gold;"
|{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022]]||'''Gold medal'''||1/9||3||2||0||0||1
|-
|'''Total'''|| '''1 Title'''|| '''1/3''' ||'''3'''||'''2'''||'''0'''||'''0'''||'''1'''
|}

== Honours ==
===ICC===
*'''[[Women's Cricket World Cup|Women's World Cup]]:'''
** Runners-up (2): [[2005 Women's Cricket World Cup|2005]], [[2017 Women's Cricket World Cup|2017]]
*'''[[ICC Women's T20 World Cup|Women's T20 World Cup]]:'''
** Runners-up (1): [[2020 ICC Women's T20 World Cup|2020]]

===ACC===
*'''[[Women's Asia Cup]]:'''
** '''Champions (7):''' [[2004 Women's Asia Cup|2004]], [[2005–06 Women's Asia Cup|2005–06]], [[2006 Women's Asia Cup|2006]], [[2008 Women's Asia Cup|2008]], [[2012 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2012]], [[2016 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2016]], [[2022 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2022]]
** Runners-up (1): [[2018 Women's Twenty20 Asia Cup|2018]]

===Other===
*'''[[Cricket at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]'''
** Silver medal (1): [[Cricket at the 2022 Commonwealth Games|2022]]
*'''[[Cricket at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]'''
** '''Gold medal (1):''' [[Cricket at the 2022 Asian Games – Women's tournament|2022]]

==Individual records==
{{further|List of women's Test cricket records|List of women's One Day International cricket records|List of women's Twenty20 International records}}

==Statistics==
{{main|India women's national cricket team record by opponent}}

===Test cricket===
'''Test record versus other nations'''
{{India Women Test cricket record by opponent}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

'''Most Test runs for India'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=8;id=1863;type=team|title= India Women / Records / Women's Test matches / Most runs |publisher= cricinfo.com|access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#bdb76b
! Player!!Runs!!Average
|-
|[[Sandhya Agarwal]]|| 1,110 || 50.45
|-
|[[Shanta Rangaswamy]]|| 750 || 32.60
|-
|[[Shubhangi Kulkarni]]|| 700 || 23.33
|-
|[[Mithali Raj]]|| 699 || 43.68
|-
|[[Gargi Banerji]]|| 614 || 27.90
|-
|[[Sudha Shah]]|| 601 || 18.78
|-
|[[Anjum Chopra]]|| 548 || 30.44
|-
|[[Hemlata Kala]]|| 503 || 50.30
|}
{{col-break}}

'''Most Test wickets for India'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=8;id=1863;type=team|title=India Women / Records / Women's Test matches / Most wickets|publisher= cricinfo.com|access-date=3 October 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#bdb76b
! Player!!Wickets!!Average
|-
|[[Diana Edulji]]|| 63 || 25.77
|-
|[[Shubhangi Kulkarni]]|| 60 || 27.45
|-
|[[Jhulan Goswami]]|| 44 || 17.36
|-
|[[Neetu David]]|| 41 || 18.90
|-
|[[Shashi Gupta]]|| 25 || 31.28
|-
|[[Shanta Rangaswamy]]|| 21 || 31.61
|-
|[[Sharmila Chakraborty]]|| 19 || 22.10
|-
|[[Purnima Rau]] || 15 || 21.26
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

*Highest team total: 467 v [[English women's cricket team|England]], 14 August 2002 at [[County Ground, Taunton]], England
*Highest individual score: 214, [[Mithali Raj]] v [[English women's cricket team|England]], 14 August 2002 at [[County Ground, Taunton]], England
*Best innings bowling: 8/53, [[Neetu David]] v [[English women's cricket team|England]], 24 November 1995 at [[Jamshedpur]], India
*Best match bowling: 10/78, [[Jhulan Goswami]] v [[English women's cricket team|England]], 29 August 2006 at [[County Ground, Taunton]], England

===One-Day Internationals===
{{India Women ODI cricket records by opponent}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

'''Most ODI runs for India'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=9;id=1863;type=team|title=India Women / Records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Most runs |publisher= cricinfo.com|access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#bdb76b
! Player!!Runs!!Average
|-
|[[Mithali Raj]]|| 7,805 || 50.68
|-
|'''[[Harmanpreet Kaur]]'''|| 3,322 || 38.18
|-
|'''[[Smriti Mandhana]]'''|| 3,073 || 43.28
|-
|[[Anjum Chopra]]|| 2,856 || 31.38
|-
|[[Punam Raut]]|| 2,299 || 34.83
|-
|[[Jaya Sharma]]|| 2,091 || 30.75
|-
|'''[[Deepti Sharma]]'''|| 1,891 || 36.36
|-
|[[Anju Jain]]|| 1,729 || 29.81
|-
|[[Jhulan Goswami]]|| 1,228 || 14.61
|-
|[[Hemlata Kala]]|| 1,023 || 20.87
|}
{{col-break}}

'''Most ODI wickets for India'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=9;id=1863;type=team|title=India Women / Records / Women's One-Day Internationals / Most wickets|publisher= cricinfo.com|access-date=27 September 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#bdb76b
! Player!!Wickets!!Average
|-
|[[Jhulan Goswami]]|| 255 || 22.04
|-
|[[Neetu David]]|| 141 || 16.34
|-
|[[Nooshin Al Khadeer]]|| 100 || 24.02
|-
|'''[[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]''' || 99 || 20.79
|-
|'''[[Ekta Bisht]]'''|| 98 || 21.83
|-
|'''[[Deepti Sharma]]'''|| 91 || 30.01
|-
|[[Amita Sharma]]|| 87 || 35.52
|-
|'''[[Poonam Yadav]]''' || 80 || 25.15
|-
|'''[[Shikha Pandey]]'''|| 75 || 21.92
|-
|[[Gouher Sultana]]|| 66 || 19.39
|-
|}
{{col-end}}

''Players in '''bold''' text are still active with India.''

*Highest team total: 358/3 v [[Ireland women's cricket team|Ireland]], 15 May 2017 at [[Senwes Park]], South Africa<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/player/deepti-sharma-597811|title=Deepti Sharma profile and biography, stats, records, averages, photos and videos|website=ESPNcricinfo.com|access-date=17 November 2021}}</ref>
*Highest individual score: 188, [[Deepti Sharma]] v [[Ireland women's cricket team|Ireland]], 15 May 2017 at [[Senwes Park]], South Africa<ref name="auto"/>
*Best innings bowling: 6/10, [[Mamatha Maben]] v [[Sri Lankan women's cricket team|Sri Lanka]], 25 April 2004 at [[Asgiriya Stadium]], [[Sri Lanka]]

===Twenty20 Internationals===
{{India Women T20I cricket records by opponent}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

'''Most T20I runs for India'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=10&id=1863&type=team |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#bdb76b
! Player!!Runs!!Average
|-
| '''[[Harmanpreet Kaur]]''' || 3,058 || 28.05
|-
|'''[[Smriti Mandhana]]'''|| 2,802 || 27.74
|-
|[[Mithali Raj]]|| 2,364 || 37.52
|-
|'''[[Jemimah Rodrigues]]'''|| 1,704 || 29.89
|-
|'''[[Shafali Verma]]'''|| 1,333 || 24.23
|-
|'''[[Deepti Sharma]]'''|| 941 || 25.43
|-
|[[Veda Krishnamurthy]]|| 875 || 18.61
|-
|[[Punam Raut]]|| 719 || 27.65
|-
|'''[[Richa Ghosh]]'''|| 563 || 26.80
|-
|[[Jhulan Goswami]]|| 405 || 10.94
|}
{{col-break}}

'''Most T20I wickets for India'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=India Women Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/women/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=10&id=1863&type=team |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor=#bdb76b
! Player!!Wickets!!Average
|-
|'''[[Deepti Sharma]]'''|| 102 || 19.46
|-
|[[Poonam Yadav]]|| 98 || 15.25
|-
|'''[[Radha Yadav]]'''|| 68 || 21.38
|-
|'''[[Rajeshwari Gayakwad]]'''|| 58 || 18.29
|-
|[[Jhulan Goswami]]|| 56 || 21.94
|-
|[[Ekta Bisht]]|| 53 || 14.71
|-
|[[Anuja Patil]]|| 48 || 21.00
|-
|'''[[Shikha Pandey]]''' || 43 || 26.16
|-
|'''[[Harmanpreet Kaur]]'''|| 32 || 24.84
|-
|'''[[Renuka Singh (cricketer)|Renuka Singh]]'''|| 31 || 23.45
|}
{{col-end}}

==See also==

*[[India men's national cricket team]]
*[[India national under-19 cricket team]]
*[[List of India women Test cricketers]]
*[[List of India women ODI cricketers]]
*[[List of India women Twenty20 International cricketers]]
*[[Women in India]], overview of situation of ladies in India
*[https://deepthirdman.com/2023/01/15/who-is-shweta-sherawat/ Shweta Sherawat a promising U19 Cricketer of India]
*[https://deepthirdman.com/2023/01/21/shafali-verma-biography-facts/ Shafali Verma an exciting young talent of Indian Women’s Cricket Team]

==References==

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Das |first1=Suprita |title=Free Hit: The Story of Women's Cricket in India |date=2019 |publisher=Harper Sport |location=Noida, Uttar Pradesh |isbn=9789353024550 |url={{GBurl|e6d1DwAAQBAJ}}}}
*{{cite book |last1=Keshav |first1=Karunya |last2=Patnaik |first2=Sidhanta |title=The Fire Burns Blue: A History of Women's Cricket in India |date=2018 |publisher=Westland Sport |location=Chennai |isbn=9789387894433 |url={{GBurl|RiGfwwEACAAJ}}}}
* {{cite book |last1=Singla |first1=Mukta |last2=Slathia |first2=Roopali |title=Rising Spell in Women's Cricket |date=2017 |publisher=Mohindra Publishing House |location=Chandhigarh |isbn=9789386558152 |url={{GBurl|dYcPzgEACAAJ}}}}
{{refend}}

{{India women's national cricket team}}
{{Cricket in India}}
{{Cricket Women's Asia Cup winners}}
{{Women's national cricket teams}}
{{National sports teams of India}}

[[Category:India women's national cricket team| ]]
[[Category:Women's national cricket teams]]
[[Category:India in international cricket|Women]]
[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India| ]]
[[Category:Women's national sports teams of India|Cricket]]
[[Category:1976 establishments in India]]

The Oval

2023-10-03T14:41:07Z

Bharats20101998: template

{{short description|International cricket ground in Kennington, London, England}}
{{about|the cricket ground in London||Oval (disambiguation)}}
{{Redirect|Surrey Cricket Ground|the cricket ground in Sri Lanka|Surrey Village Cricket Ground}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Kennington Oval|Kensington Oval}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = The Oval
| nickname =
| othernames =
| logo_image = Kia oval ground logo.png
| logo_caption =
| image = Kia Oval Pavilion.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = The Oval Pavilion as seen in 2015
| country = England
| location = [[Kennington]], [[London]], {{postcode|SE|11}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|51|29|1|N|0|6|54|W|type:landmark_scale:3000_region:GB|display=title, inline}}
| establishment = {{start date and age|1845}}
| seating_capacity = 27,500 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/main-news/kia-oval-plans-expand-40000/ |title=KIA OVAL PLANS TO EXPAND TO 40,000 |date=8 June 2017}}</ref>
| owner = [[Duchy of Cornwall]]
| architect =
| contractor =
| operator = [[Surrey County Cricket Club]]
| tenants = {{collapsible list|
* [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] (1845–present)
* [[England national football team|England football team]] (1872–89)
* [[England national rugby union team|England rugby team]] (1872–79)
* [[England cricket team]] (1880–present)
}}
| end1 = [[Vauxhall]] End [[File:TheOvalCricketGroundPitchDimensions.svg|200px]]
| end2 = Pavilion End

| international = true
| firsttestdate = 6–8 September
| firsttestyear = 1880
| firsttesthome = England
| firsttestaway = Australia
| firsttestawayvar = colonial
| lasttestdate = 27–31 July
| lasttestyear = 2023
| lasttesthome = England
| lasttestaway = Australia
| firstodidate = 7 September
| firstodiyear = 1973
| firstodihome = England
| firstodiaway = West Indies
| lastodidate = 13 September
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodihome = England
| lastodiaway = New Zealand
| firstt20idate = 28 June
| firstt20iyear = 2007
| firstt20ihome = England
| firstt20iaway = West Indies
| lastt20idate = 20 May
| lastt20iyear = 2014
| lastt20ihome = England
| lastt20iaway = Sri Lanka

| firstwtestdate = 10–13 July
| firstwtestyear = 1937
| firstwtesthome = England
| firstwtestaway = Australia
| lastwtestdate = 24–28 July
| lastwtestyear = 1976
| lastwtesthome = England
| lastwtestaway = Australia
| firstwt20idate = 19 June
| firstwt20iyear = 2009
| firstwt20ihome = England
| firstwt20iaway = Australia
| lastwt20idate = 5 July
| lastwt20iyear = 2023
| lastwt20ihome = England
| lastwt20iaway = Australia

| year1 = 1846–present
| club1 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]
| year2 = 1950–1963
| club2 = [[Corinthian-Casuals FC|Corinthian-Casuals]] (football)
| date = 31 July
| year = 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57127.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''The Oval''', currently named for [[Naming rights#Stadium naming|sponsorship reasons]] as the '''[[Kia]] Oval''',<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ecb.co.uk/news/domestic/kia-oval,312675,EN.html|title=Surrey unveil Kia deal – Domestic – News Archive – ECB|website=www.ecb.co.uk|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kia.co.uk/about-kia/sport-sponsorship/sponsorship-cricket.aspx|title=The Kia Oval & Surrey County Cricket Club {{!}} Kia Motors UK|website=www.kia.co.uk|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> is an international [[cricket ground]] in [[Kennington]], located in the [[London boroughs|borough]] of [[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]], in [[south London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visitlondon.com/things-to-do/place/606654-kia-oval#YIrTHfxOllKzJhIU.97|title=The Kia Oval|website=visitlondon.com|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> The Oval has been the home ground of [[Surrey County Cricket Club]] since it was opened in 1845.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/about-us/archive-history/|title=Archive / History – Kia Oval|website=The History Of Surrey County Cricket Club {{!}} Club and Ground History {{!}} Kia Oval|language=en-GB|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol26/pp18-31#p14|title=Kennington: Introduction and the demesne lands {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|page=14|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol26/pp18-31#p20|title=Kennington: Introduction and the demesne lands {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|page=20|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> It was the first ground in England to host international [[Test cricket]] in September 1880.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_1626918.html|title=Test Cricket Tours – Australia to England 1930|website=test-cricket-tours.co.uk|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/57127.html|title=Kennington Oval {{!}} England {{!}} Cricket Grounds {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|website=Cricinfo|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> The final Test match of the English season is traditionally played there.

In addition to cricket, The Oval has hosted a number of other historically significant sporting events. In 1870, it staged the first representative football match between [[England men's national football team|England]] and [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]], although this is not deemed to be an official international by [[FIFA]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/from-the-archive-blog/2011/may/13/guardian190-football-england-scotland|title=5 March 1870: England v Scotland at The Oval|last=Department|first=Guardian Research|date=13 May 2011|website=The Guardian|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> It hosted the first [[FA Cup final]] in [[1872 FA Cup Final|1872]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/fa-cup-final-anniversary|title=FA Cup Final Anniversary – Kia Oval|date=16 March 2012|website=Kia Oval|language=en-US|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/fa-cup-final-anniversary/|title=FA Cup Final Anniversary – Kia Oval|date=16 March 2012|website=Kia Oval|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2016|archive-date=1 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701102124/https://www.kiaoval.com/fa-cup-final-anniversary/|url-status=dead}}</ref> as well as those between [[1874 FA Cup Final|1874]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcup1874.html|title=England – FA Challenge Cup 1873–1874|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> and [[1892 FA Cup Final|1892]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcup1892.html|title=England – FA Challenge Cup 1891–1892|website=[[RSSSF]]|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> In 1876, it held both the [[England national rugby union team|England]] v. [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] and England v. [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] [[rugby football|rugby]] international matches and, in 1877, rugby's first [[The Varsity Match|varsity match]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57127.html|title=Kennington Oval {{!}} England {{!}} Cricket Grounds {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|website=Cricinfo|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> It also hosted the finals of the [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy final|2004]] & [[2017 ICC Champions Trophy final|2017]] [[ICC Champions Trophy]] and the [[2023 ICC World Test Championship Final]].

==History==
[[File:The Oval Clock.jpg|thumb|The clock by the Members' entrance to the pavilion]]
The Oval is built on part of the former [[Kennington Common]]. Cricket matches were played on the common throughout the early 18th century. The earliest recorded match was the [[London Cricket Club|London]] v [[Dartford Cricket Club|Dartford]] match in June 1724. However, as the common was also used regularly for public executions of those convicted at the [[Assizes|Surrey Assizes]] (it was the south London equivalent of [[Tyburn]]), cricket matches had moved away to the [[Artillery Ground]] by the 1740s. Kennington Common was eventually [[Enclosure|enclosed]] in the mid-19th century under a scheme sponsored by the royal family.

In 1844, the site of the Kennington Oval was a cabbage patch and market garden<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol26/pp18-31#p18|title=The Oval {{!}} Kennington: Introduction and the demesne lands {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|at=At para 18.|access-date=26 June 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Oval Cricket Ground|url=https://vauxhallhistory.org/oval-cricket-ground/|access-date=2021-09-01|website=vauxhallhistory.org}}</ref> owned by the [[Duchy of Cornwall]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://duchyofcornwall.org/london.html|title=London {{!}} The Duchy of Cornwall|at=At para 5.|language=en-GB|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thebeehivepub.london/history|title=Before The Beehive {{!}} The Montpellier Tea Gardens, Walworth|website=- History {{!}} www.thebeehivepub.london|at=At para 14 (Last paragraph).|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> The Duchy was willing to lease the land for the purpose of a cricket ground, and on 10 March 1845 the first lease, which the club later assumed, was issued to Mr. William Houghton (then president of the progenitor [[Montpelier Cricket Club]]) by the Otter Trustees who held the land from the Duchy "to convert it into a subscription cricket ground",<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol26/pp18-31#p19|title=The Oval {{!}} Kennington: Introduction and the demesne lands {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|at=At para 19.|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref> for 31 years at a rent of £120 per annum<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=http://vauxhallhistory.org/oval-cricket-ground|title=Oval Cricket Ground|website=vauxhallhistory.org|at=At para 1.|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> plus taxes amounting to £20.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/details/historykenningt00montgoog | quote=kennington oval first lease. | title=The History of Kennington and Its Neighborhood: With Chapters on Cricket Past and Present | publisher=H.S. Gold | date=1889 | access-date=4 September 2016 | author=Montgomery, Henry Hutchinson | pages=[https://archive.org/details/historykenningt00montgoog/page/n179 173]}}</ref> The original contract for turfing The Oval cost £300;<ref name=":5" /> the 10,000 grass turfs came from [[Tooting Commons|Tooting Common]] and were laid in the spring of 1845<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> allowing for the first cricket match to be played in May 1845. Hence, [[Surrey County Cricket Club]] (SCCC) was established in 1845.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol26/pp18-31#p20|title=The Oval {{!}} Kennington: Introduction and the demesne lands {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|at=At para 20.|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152864.html|title=Hundred years of Surrey cricket|at=At "The Oval in 1845", paras 2- 4.|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref>

The popularity of the ground was immediate and the strength of the SCCC grew. On 3 May 1875 the club acquired the remainder of the leasehold for a further term of 31 years from the Otter Trustees for the sum of £2,800.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-london/vol26/pp18-31#p20|title=The Oval {{!}} Kennington: Introduction and the demesne lands {{!}} British History Online|website=www.british-history.ac.uk|at=Paras 20- 22.|access-date=26 June 2016}}</ref>

In 1868, 20,000 spectators gathered at The Oval for the first game of the [[1868 Aboriginal cricket tour of England]], the first tour of England by any foreign side.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nma.gov.au/online_features/defining_moments/featured/aboriginal_cricket_team|title=National Museum of Australia – Aboriginal cricket team|website=www.nma.gov.au|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> Thanks to [[C.W. Alcock]], the Secretary of Surrey from 1872 to 1907,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/TeamPlyrsBios/PlayersA/BioAlcockCW.html|title=England Players – Charlie Alcock|website=www.englandfootballonline.com|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> the first [[Test cricket|Test]] match in England was played at The Oval in 1880 between [[England cricket team|England]] and [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]]. The Oval, thereby, became the second ground to stage a Test, after [[Melbourne Cricket Ground]] (MCG).<ref>{{Cite book|title=Farokh Engineer From the Far Pavilion|last=Cantrell|first=John|publisher=The History Press|year=2013|isbn=978-0750952538|location=Google Books}}</ref> In 1882, Australia won the Test by seven runs within two days. ''[[The Sporting Times]]'' printed a mocking obituary notice<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/446226.html|title=Rise of the Ashes|date=30 January 2010|access-date=27 June 2016|quote="An Affectionate Remembrance of English Cricket Which Died At The Oval On 29 August 1882... "}}</ref> for English cricket, which led to the creation of [[the Ashes]] trophy, which is still contested whenever England plays Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/the-ashes-2013/content/story/259985.html|title=A short history of the Ashes|website=Cricinfo|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> The first Test double century was scored at The Oval in 1884 by Australia's [[Billy Murdoch]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/murdoch-william-lloyd-billy-4272|title=Murdoch, William Lloyd (Billy) (1854–1911)|last=Morris|first=Christopher|publisher=National Centre of Biography, Australian National University|location=Canberra}}</ref>

Surrey's ground is noted as having the first artificial lighting at a sports arena, in the form of gas-lamps, dating to 1889.<ref>''Cricket's Strangest Matches'', page 34, {{ISBN|1-86105-293-6}}</ref> The current pavilion was completed in time for the 1898 season.<ref name=":5"/><ref>[http://www.surreycricket.com/team/club-history] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701034904/http://www.surreycricket.com/team/club-history|date=1 July 2007}}</ref>

In 1907, [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] became the second visiting Test team to play a Test match at the ground. In 1928, the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] played its first Test match at The Oval, followed by [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1931. In 1936, [[India national cricket team|India]] became the fifth foreign visiting Test side to play at The Oval, followed by [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in 1954 and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/STATS/TESTS/MISC/COMPLETE_LIST.html|title=Cricinfo – Test Matches – Complete List|website=static.espncricinfo.com|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]], [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] and [[Ireland national cricket team|Ireland]] have yet to play a Test match at The Oval.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/335431.html|title=Records / Test matches / Team records / List of series results|website=ESPN Cricinfo|at=Find and open "Zimbabwe in England".|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/335431.html|title=Records / Test matches / Team records / List of series results|website=ESPN Cricinfo|at=Find and open "Bangladesh in England".|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref>

[[File:Cricket, WG Grace, 1891- Kennington Oval.jpg|thumb|The pavilion end in 1891]]
The Oval is referenced by the poet [[Philip Larkin]] in his poem about the [[First World War]], "[[MCMXIV]]".<ref>"As if they were stretched outside The Oval or Villa Park..." Philip Larkin, "MCMXIV".</ref> During [[World War II]], The Oval was requisitioned, initially housing anti-aircraft searchlights. It was then turned into a [[prisoner-of-war]] camp, intended to hold enemy parachutists. However, as they never came, The Oval was never actually used for this purpose.<ref>David Lemmon, ''The History of Surrey County Cricket Club'', Christopher Helm, 1989, {{ISBN|0-7470-2010-8}}, p197.</ref>

The first [[One Day International]] match at this venue was played on 7 September 1973 between England and West Indies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/STATS/ODIS/MISC/COMPLETE_LIST.html|title=Cricinfo – ODI Matches – Complete List|website=static.espncricinfo.com|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> It hosted matches of the [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]], [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]], [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]], and [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999 World Cups]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.howstat.com.au/cricket/Statistics/WorldCup/CountryMatchList.asp|title=HowSTAT! World Cup Match List by Country|website=www.howstat.com.au|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> It also hosted five of the fifteen matches in the 2004 [[ICC Champions Trophy]], including the final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/61157.html|title=ICC CHAMPIONS TROPHY (2004)|website=Results {{!}} Global {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref> The Oval once held the record for the largest playing area of any Test venue in the world. That record has since been surpassed by [[Gaddafi Stadium]] in [[Pakistan]], although The Oval remains the largest in Great Britain.

Billionaire [[Paul Getty]], who had a great affinity for cricket and was at one time SCCC President, built a replica of The Oval on his [[Wormsley Park]] estate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://slick.org/deathwatch/mailarchive/msg01017.html|title=[Deathwatch] John Paul Getty II, billionaire, 70|publisher=Slick.org|date=17 April 2003|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>

[[The Oval Gasholders|The famous gasholders]] just outside the ground were built around 1853.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/10597517/End-of-an-innings-Time-called-on-Oval-landmark.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/energy/oilandgas/10597517/End-of-an-innings-Time-called-on-Oval-landmark.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=End of an innings: Time called on Oval landmark|website=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=7 June 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> With the gasholders long disused, there was much speculation as to whether they should be demolished; however, many believe they are an integral part of The Oval's urban landscape and, therefore, their future looks secure. In 2016 the main gasholder was given official protected status as a historically important industrial structure.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-35709747|title=Listed status for The Oval's Victorian gasholder – BBC News|work=BBC News|date=3 March 2016|language=en-GB|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

On 20 August 2006, The Oval saw the first time a team [[2006 ball-tampering controversy|forfeited a Test match]]. Pakistan were upset after umpires [[Darrell Hair]] and [[Billy Doctrove]] awarded five penalty runs to the opposition and changed the ball after ruling that the team had tampered with it on the fourth day of the final Test against England. Pakistan debated the matter during the tea break and then refused to come out for the final session in protest. By the time they relented and decided to resume, the umpires had already called time on the match and awarded the game to England by default.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/aug/21/pakistan2006.cricket|title=Inzamam charged by ICC|date=21 August 2006|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvpak/content/current/story/257055.html |title=Cricinfo – As the chaos unfolded |date=20 August 2006 |publisher=Content-uk.cricinfo.com |access-date=18 August 2014}}</ref>

The Oval hosted its hundredth Test, against South Africa, on 27 July 2017, becoming the fourth Test venue in the world after [[Lord's]], [[Melbourne Cricket Ground|MCG]] and [[Sydney Cricket Ground|SCG]] to do so.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1347866/the-oval-stages-100th-test-today|title=The Oval stages its 100th Test|last=Ahmed|first=Qamar|date=2017-07-27|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-07-31|language=en}}</ref> [[Moeen Ali]] also became the first player to ever take a Test hat-trick at The Oval, bowling out South Africa in the second innings to win the match.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/40779516|title=England v South Africa: Moeen Ali hat-trick wraps up hosts' victory|date=31 July 2017|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2 January 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref>

In Tests, the highest team score at The Oval is 903/7 declared by England against Australia on 20 August 1938. The leading run scorers are [[Len Hutton]] (1,521 runs), [[Alastair Cook]] (1,217 runs) and [[Graham Gooch]] (1,097 runs). The leading wicket takers are [[Ian Botham]] (52 wickets), [[Derek Underwood]] (45 wickets) and [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] (44 wickets).

In [[One Day International|ODI]]s, the highest team score at The Oval is 398/5 by New Zealand against England on 12 June 2015. The leading ODI run scorers are [[Eoin Morgan]] (630 runs), [[Marcus Trescothick]] (528 runs) and [[Joe Root]] (480 runs). The leading ODI wicket takers are [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] (30 wickets) and [[Darren Gough]] (13 wickets).

In 2021, the [[Oval Invincibles]] were formed as a team in the newly-launched [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] competition. The initial games in both the men's and women's competition were played on the ground.

==End names==
The north-western end of The Oval is traditionally known as the ''Vauxhall End'', as it is nearer to the district of [[Vauxhall]] and its [[Vauxhall station|railway station]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/contact-us/ground-map/|title=Ground Map – Kia Oval|website=Kia Oval|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/contact-us/getting-to-the-kia-oval/|title=Getting To The Kia Oval – Kia Oval|website=Kia Oval|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> The opposite end (south-east) is known as the ''[[Cricket pavilion|Pavilion]]'' ''End'' as it is the location of the Members' Pavilion.<ref name=":2" />

==21st-century redevelopment==
[[File:OCS Stand (Surrey v Yorkshire in foreground).JPG|thumb|Surrey v Yorkshire (OCS stand in background)]]
At the end of the 2002 cricket season, Surrey started redeveloping the Vauxhall End.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Behind the Boundary: Cricket at a Crossroads|last=Wright|first=Graeme|publisher=A&C Black|year=2011|isbn=978-1408165126|location=Google Books|pages=110}}</ref> The development included demolishing the outdated [[Stuart Surridge|Surridge]], [[Percy Fender|Fender]], [[Douglas Jardine|Jardine]], and [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]] north stands, and creating in their place a single four-tier grandstand. From completion until 2020 it was known as the OCS stand,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://populous.com/project/kiaoval/|title=Kia Oval {{!}} POPULOUS|website=POPULOUS|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> as it was sponsored by Outsourced Client Solutions International Facilities Management Services. As of the start of the 2021 season it is now known as the JM Finn stand because of a sponsorship deal with JM Finn <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jmfinn.com/our-thinking/jm-finn-announces-sponsorship-iconic-vauxhall-end-stand-kia-oval|title=Kia Oval {{!}} JMFINN|website=JMFINn|language=en-US|access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> This work was completed in May 2005 and increased ground capacity to around 23,000.<ref name="Populous: The Best Cricket Ground in The World">{{cite web|title=Populous|url=http://populous.com/project/kiaoval/|access-date=29 July 2016}}</ref>

In January 2007, Surrey CCC, announced plans to increase capacity by a further 2,000 seats, this time by redeveloping the Pavilion End. The [[Tony Lock|Lock]], [[Jim Laker|Laker]], and [[Peter May (cricketer)|Peter May]] south stands were to be replaced by a new stand, which would have a hotel backing on to it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/surrey/6274467.stm|title=Surrey unveil new plans for Oval|date=18 January 2007|newspaper=BBC|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> The Surrey Tavern at the entrance to the ground would be demolished, and a new pedestrian plaza would be created in its place, improving access to the ground and opening up views of the historic pavilion.<ref name=":3" /> These plans were delayed by objections raised by the [[Health & Safety Executive]] as the ground is close to a gasometer. Planning permission was eventually granted, but not before the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2010|credit crunch]] struck, as a result of which this development did not proceed.

In 2009, four masts of semi-permanent telescopic [[Floodlights (sport)|floodlights]] costing £3.7m were installed for use in late-day through evening matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/373055.html|title=Oval gets all clear for permanent floodlights|website=Cricinfo|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref> The floodlights were especially designed to comply with strict residential planning regulations to lessen their visual impact and any light overspill to residents, as well as to improve the game experience within the ground by reducing excess glare that can affect players, umpires, broadcasters and spectators. Precision reflector systems were fitted for tight beam control to decrease overspill and direct light only where needed. Each mast was made extendable to a maximum height of {{Convert|47.6|m|}} and, when not in use, retractable to {{Convert|30|m||abbr=on}}. At the end of each season, all four masts can be removed and stored away.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.healthclubmanagement.co.uk/detail.cfm?pagetype=detail&subject=news&codeID=109523|title=Lord's and Oval to get telescopic floodlights|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.abacuslighting.com/casestudy-the-brit-oval.asp|title=The Brit Oval, UK – Case study|website=www.abacuslighting.com|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.building.co.uk/floodlighting-lords-cricket-ground/3143293.article|title=Floodlighting Lord's cricket ground|website=Building|access-date=7 June 2016|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

After the 2013 season, a new project was started to add 'wings' to either side of the OCS Stand at the Vauxhall End of the ground. The development was finished in time for the start of the 2014 season. Each 'wing' added 500 seats, increasing the capacity from 23,500 to 24,500.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/ocs-stand-work-update/|title=OCS Stand Construction Update – Kia Oval|date=11 October 2013|website=Kia Oval|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

In September 2015, the Peter May and Tony Lock stands were demolished, to be replaced by a single new and much larger stand named after Peter May. May led Surrey to their sixth and seventh consecutive County Championships in 1957 and 1958 and also captained England from 1955 to 1961, winning the Ashes in 1956. Construction of the new stand, which cost around £10m, began in September 2015. It officially opened on 15 May 2016, increasing the capacity of the ground by 1,300 seats to 25,300.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/main-news/new-peter-may-stand-to-be-built-this-winter/|title=New Peter May Stand To Be Built This Winter – Kia Oval|date=5 August 2015|website=Kia Oval|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

Following the demolition of the Tony Lock stand, the club renamed the Laker Stand as the Lock/Laker Stand, continuing to honour the contribution made by the spin partnership of [[Tony Lock]] and [[Jim Laker]], who collectively took 3,108 wickets for the club.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kiaoval.com/surrey-announce-kia-oval-redvelopment/|title=Surrey Announce Kia Oval Redevelopment – Kia Oval|date=13 August 2015|website=Kia Oval|language=en-US|access-date=7 June 2016}}</ref>

The Lock/Laker stand was itself demolished in September 2019, and work began on the construction of a new development in its place, initially named "One Oval Square". The new structure will include a three-tier stand that will increase the ground's total capacity to almost 28,000, as well as providing state-of-the-art facilities for the Club’s hospitality, conference and events businesses, and provide improved facilities for Members. The new stand is due to be completed in mid 2021. The project is part of a planned £50m long-term redevelopment of the ground by Surrey County Cricket Club which will see The Oval transformed into the largest cricket stadium in the western hemisphere, with a capacity of 40,000.

Floodlights were added in the shape of an O for oval on one side of the ground to emulate the e-shaped floodlights at [[Edgbaston Cricket Ground|Edgbaston]].

==Other sports==
===Football===
The Oval was also an important site in the historical development of [[association football|football]] in England. Football had been played in this part of London for many years prior to the inauguration of The Oval: "[[The Gymnastic Society]]", arguably the world's first organised football club, met regularly at nearby [[Kennington Common]] during the second half of the eighteenth century to play the game.<ref>''Football The First Hundred Years: The Untold Story'' by Adrian Harvey, Routledge 2005, page 54</ref>

Between 1950 and 1963, amateur club [[Corinthian-Casuals F.C.|Corinthian Casuals]] played their home matches at The Oval,<ref>[http://www.corinthian-casuals.com/football-grounds.html Football grounds] Corinthian-Casuals F.C.</ref> with the pitch at the Vauxhall End.<ref>[http://www.pyramidpassion.co.uk/html/corinthian-casuals.html Corinthian-Casuals] Pyramid Passion</ref>

====First international football match====
{{See also|England v Scotland representative football matches (1870–72)}}
The Oval was the venue for the first representative football match in the world on 5 March 1870, [[England men's national football team|England]] against [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]], organised by [[The Football Association]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/991601.cms|title=When and where was the first football match held?|work=The Times of India|date=16 January 2005 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/sportscotland/asportingnation/article/0012/index.shtml|title=A Sporting Nation – The first international football match|publisher=BBC|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> The game resulted in a 1–1 draw, but is not recognised by [[FIFA]] as the first official international match because the Scotland team was selected only from London-based Scottish players. Similar representative international matches between England and Scotland took place at The Oval until February 1872.

On 8 March 1873, the [[England men's national football team|England national team]] beat Scotland 4–2 in the first officially recognised international match to be played in England. England continued to play occasionally at The Oval until 1889.<ref>{{Cite book|title=When Saturday Comes: The Half Decent Football Book|publisher=Penguin UK|year=2006|isbn=0141927038|location=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Football venue Kennington Oval, Lambeth → London |url=https://eu-football.info/_venue.php?id=469 |website=EU football.info |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=England's Matches Unofficial until 1946 |url=http://www.englandfootballonline.com/MatchRsl/MatchRslUnoffpg1.html |website=England Football Online |access-date=29 November 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"

|+ class="nowrap" | List of England Internationals at The Oval

|-

! Date !! Result !! Opponent !! Competition !! Winner

|-

|5 March 1870

|1–1

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly (unofficial)]]

|Draw

|-

|19 November 1870

|1–0

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly (unofficial)]]

|{{flagicon|England}}

|-

|25 February 1871

|1–1

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly (unofficial)]]

|Draw

|-

|17 November 1871

|2–1

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly (unofficial)]]

|{{flagicon|England}}

|-

|24 February 1872

|1–0

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly (unofficial)]]

|{{flagicon|England}}

|-

|8 March 1873

|4–2

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly]]

|{{flagicon|England}}

|-

|6 March 1875

|2–2

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly]]

|Draw

|-

|3 March 1877

|1–3

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly]]

|{{flagicon|Scotland}}

|-

|19 January 1879

|2–1

| {{flagicon|Wales}} [[Wales national football team|Wales]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly]]

|{{flagicon|England}}

|-

|5 April 1879

|5–4

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly]]

|{{flagicon|England}}

|-

|12 March 1881

|1–6

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly]]

|{{flagicon|Scotland}}

|-

|3 February 1883

|5–0

| {{flagicon|Wales}} [[Wales national football team|Wales]]

|[[Friendly match|Friendly]]

|{{flagicon|England}}

|-

|21 March 1885

|1–1

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[1885 British Home Championship|Home International]]

|Draw

|-

|26 February 1887

|4–0

| {{flagicon|Wales}} [[Wales national football team|Wales]]

|[[1887 British Home Championship|Home International]]

|{{flagicon|England}}

|-

|13 April 1889

|2–3

| {{flagicon|Scotland}} [[Scotland men's national football team|Scotland]]

|[[1889 British Home Championship|Home International]]

|{{flagicon|Scotland}}

|-

|19 December 1891

|6–1

| North America

|[[Friendly match|Friendly (unofficial)]]

|{{flagicon|England}}

|}

====First FA Cup final====

The Oval was the site of the first [[FA Cup]] final, and also both semi-final matches. On 16 March 1872, [[Wanderers F.C.|The Wanderers]] beat the [[Royal Engineers AFC|Royal Engineers]] 1–0 to win the first FA Cup. This final was notable for the Engineers' then innovative [[Combination Game|footballing style of teamwork]] rather than individual play.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.innotts.co.uk/soccer/books/kw3.pdf |title=Details of the 1872 FA Cup Final|publisher=Innotts.co.uk|access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref> [[C. W. Alcock]], Secretary of [[The Football Association]], was the prime mover in the creation of the competition. He had also just become Secretary of [[Surrey CCC]], so The Oval was the natural choice of venue for the final. Alcock was also captain of the successful Wanderers side. Apart from [[1873 FA Cup Final|1873]], The Oval hosted all subsequent FA Cup finals until [[1892 FA Cup Final|1892]].

===Rugby===
Between 1872 and 1879, The Oval held seven full cap international rugby union matches. The final of the [[United Hospitals Challenge Cup]], the oldest rugby union cup competition in the world, was also first held at The Oval on Wednesday 3 March 1875.

===Hockey===
From 1935 to 1949 England women's international [[field hockey|hockey]] matches were played at The Oval.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hockeymuseum.net/index.php/121-news/blasts-from-the-past/522-wembley-family-affair|title=Wembley Was A Family Affair|publisher=The Hockey Museum|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref> One of these matches, in 1938, was the first match in any team sport to be televised by the [[British Broadcasting Corporation|BBC]], as a trial for broadcasting the Oval Test later that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hockeymuseum.net/index.php/24-news/n-2013/68-sports-minister-visit|title=Sports Minister Visit|publisher=The Hockey Museum|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>

===Baseball===
On 12 March 1889, the Oval hosted an exhibition baseball game between the [[1889 Chicago White Stockings season|Chicago Whitestockings]] and an "All-American" team as part of [[Albert Spalding]]'s 1888-1889 baseball world tour. The Oval was reported to have been full, and the match was attended by [[Edward VII|the Prince of Wales]] who greeted the players following the game.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=March 13, 1889 |title=Base Ball in England: The American Game Played Before Royalty and Parliament|url= |work=Philadelphia Inquirer|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|page=6}}</ref>

==Conferences and events==

As well as being an international sporting venue, The Oval has a conference and events business. The Corinthian Roof Terrace built on the OCS Stand in 2013 features panoramic views of the London skyline.

==Other events==
The ground has also hosted other sporting events and also music concerts.

On September 18, 1971, a day-long rock concert was held at The Oval to raise funds for [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|famine relief in war-torn Bangladesh]]. Featuring [[Faces (band)|The Faces]] and headlined by [[The Who]], a crowd of over 40,000 people attended, with the stage sited at the Vauxhall End. The following year, two more successful concerts were held; the first featuring [[Frank Zappa]] and [[Hawkwind]], the second featuring [[Emerson, Lake and Palmer]] and [[Genesis (band)|Genesis]].

The Oval has hosted [[Australian rules football exhibition matches|exhibition matches]] for [[Australian rules football]]. The first such match was held between {{AFL Car}} and a team of All-Stars in [[1972 Carlton Football Club season#World tour|1972]].<ref name="oval">{{cite news|newspaper=The Herald|publication-place=Melbourne|date=30 October 1972|first=Alf|last=Brown|page=24|title=Carlton won match, but not the English}}</ref> In 1987, the Oval hosted what became known as the Battle of Britain between Carlton and [[North Melbourne Football Club|North Melbourne]], which included numerous fights and future multiple AFL Premiership coach [[Alastair Clarkson]], at the time only a teenager, breaking Ian Aitken's jaw. In 2005, a record crowd for Australian rules football in England (18,884) saw [[Fremantle Football Club|Fremantle]] defeat the [[West Coast Eagles]] in the [[Western Derby]] (thus far, the only edition of the fixture to not be played in Perth). In 2012, approximately 10,000 attended a post-season exhibition match between [[Port Adelaide Football Club|Port Adelaide]] and the [[Western Bulldogs]], which Port Adelaide won by 1 point.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.news.com.au/sport/afl/port-adelaide-wins-afl-exhibition-game-against-western-bulldogs-in-london/story-fndv7pj3-1226509926163|title=Port Adelaide wins AFL exhibition game against Western Bulldogs in London|publisher=News.com.au|date=4 November 2012}}</ref>

In 2011, ahead of an [[NFL International Series]] game at [[Wembley Stadium]], the [[Chicago Bears]] used The Oval as a practice facility.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/8842151/Chicago-Bears-the-underdogs-as-they-prepare-to-clash-with-Tampa-Bucaneers-at-Wembley.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/8842151/Chicago-Bears-the-underdogs-as-they-prepare-to-clash-with-Tampa-Bucaneers-at-Wembley.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Chicago Bears the underdogs as they prepare to clash with Tampa Bucaneers at Wembley|last=Sanchez|first=Raf|journal=The Daily Telegraph|date=2011-10-21|access-date=2019-07-14|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

==Oval gasometer and gasworks==
{{more|The Oval Gasholders}}
[[File:Gasholders at the Oval.JPG|thumb|The Oval Gasholder]]
A tall [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]] [[gasometer]], sited less than 50 metres beyond the north-eastern stadium wall, has been a dominating feature of the view from the ground since the mid 1800s. A movement to preserve iconic gasometers across the UK as important and historic monuments of Britain's industrial heritage has emerged in recent years, with the one visible from The Oval often cited as a particularly notable example. The skeletal but decorative [[wrought iron]] structure is a landmark in the area and has become an intrinsic part of The Oval's history and urban allure. The cricket commentator [[Henry Blofeld]] once said in a broadcast, "As the bowler runs in, it's so quiet you can hear the creak of the gasometer."

Although long unused as a gas holder, the aging structure was only officially decommissioned in 2014, with plans to demolish it being announced in 2013. Blofeld stated: "In comparison, pulling down the [[Victoria Memorial, London|Victoria Memorial]] in front of [[Buckingham Palace]] would be child's play.".<ref>Sean O'Hagan, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/jun/14/gasometers-gas-holders-hold-on-for-a-new-life-repurposing Gasworks wonders…], ''The Guardian'', 14 June 2015.</ref> After local public protest at the proposed demolition, in March 2016 the structure was given Grade II [[Listed building|listed status]] to protect its future.

==Transport connections==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Service !! Station/Stop !! Lines/Routes served !! Distance
|-
| rowspan="3" |London Buses {{rail-interchange|london|bus}}
| Oval Station {{access icon}} || [[London Buses route 36|36]], [[London Buses route 185|185]], [[London Buses route 436|436]] || {{Convert|100|m|}}
|-
| Clapham Road {{access icon}} || [[London Buses route 155|155]], [[London Buses route 333|333]] || {{Convert|200|m|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?saddr=Kennington,+Oval+(Stop+N)+%4051.482330,-0.111780&daddr=Lockwood+House&hl=en&sll=51.482719,-0.112803&sspn=0.003,0.006856&geocode=FdqOEQMdXEv-_w%3BFeGQEQMdskT-_w&dirflg=w&doflg=ptk&mra=luc&t=m&z=17 |title=Stop N to Lockwood House – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| Oval Station {{access icon}} || [[London Buses route 155|155]], [[London Buses route 333|333]] || {{Convert|190|m|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?saddr=Oval,+Oval+(Stop+Q)+%4051.481490,-0.112870&daddr=Kennington+Oval&hl=en&sll=51.482145,-0.11298&sspn=0.0015,0.003428&geocode=FZKLEQMdGkf-_w%3BFdSQEQMdoET-_w&dirflg=w&doflg=ptk&mra=luc&t=m&z=18 |title=Stop Q to Kennington Oval – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | London Underground {{Rail-interchange|london|underground}}
| [[Oval tube station|Oval]] || [[Image:Northern line flag box.svg|100px|link=w:Northern line|alt=Northern line]] || {{Convert|190|m|}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Vauxhall station|Vauxhall]] {{access icon}} || [[Image:Victoria line flag box.svg|100px|link=w:Victoria line|alt=Victoria line]] || rowspan="2" | {{Convert|850|m|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=d&source=s_d&saddr=A202&daddr=Kennington+Oval&geocode=FZudEQMd5x3-_w%3BFfaQEQMdwkT-_w&hl=en&mra=dme&mrsp=0&sz=17&dirflg=w&sll=51.485358,-0.121247&sspn=0.003541,0.010568&ie=UTF8&ll=51.484403,-0.117781&spn=0.003541,0.010568&z=17 |title=S Lambeth Pl to Kennington Oval – Google Maps |publisher=Google Maps |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=11 November 2013}}</ref>
|-
| National Rail {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} || [[South Western Railway (train operating company)|South Western Railway]]
|}

==See also==

*[[List of international cricket centuries at the Oval]]
*[[Archbishop Tenison's School]] – a historic school located next to the ground, often used as a vantage point for TV cameras and crews
*[[Gasworks Gallery]], next to the ground
*[[History of Test cricket from 1877 to 1883]]
*[[History of Test cricket from 1884 to 1889]]
*[[History of Test cricket from 1890 to 1900]]
*[[List of cricket grounds in England and Wales]]
*[[List of Test cricket grounds]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{official website}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603175838/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/GROUNDS/ENG/LONDON/KENNINGTON_OVAL_00045/ Cricinfo page on The Oval]
* [http://maps.google.co.uk/maps?f=q&hl=en&q=London&ie=UTF8&z=17&ll=51.483514,-0.115045&spn=0.004744,0.01045&t=h&om=1 Aerial view of The Oval at Google Maps]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231151/http://static.surreycricket.com/images/width800/ground-plana4-low-res-2016.jpg Annotated aerial photograph]
* [http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/reference.aspx?uid=16180&index=24&mainQuery=The%20Oval&searchType=all&form=home Images of The Oval]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |
title=[[FA Cup]] [[FA Cup Final|Final Venue]]|
before=''none''|
after=[[Lillie Bridge Grounds|Lillie Bridge]]'' ''London''|
years='''[[FA Cup Final 1872|1872]]'''
}}{{succession box |
title=[[FA Cup]] [[FA Cup Final|Final Venue]]|
before=''[[Lillie Bridge Grounds|Lillie Bridge]]'' ''London''|
after=''[[Fallowfield Stadium|Fallowfield]]'' ''[[Manchester]]''|
years='''1874–1892'''
}}
{{s-end}}
{{The Oval}}
{{Surrey CCC}}
{{South East Stars}}
{{Test Cricket Grounds ENG}}
{{LB Lambeth}}
{{London landmarks}}
{{Australian rules football in England}}
{{Cricket in England}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oval, The}}
[[Category:The Oval| ]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in London]]
[[Category:Cricket in London]]
[[Category:Defunct football venues in England]]
[[Category:FA Cup final venues]]
[[Category:Kennington]]
[[Category:Sport in the London Borough of Lambeth]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1845]]
[[Category:History of the London Borough of Lambeth]]
[[Category:Surrey County Cricket Club grounds]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in England]]
[[Category:Corinthian-Casuals F.C.]]
[[Category:Defunct rugby union venues in England]]
[[Category:Australian rules football grounds]]
[[Category:World War II prisoner-of-war camps in England]]
[[Category:1845 establishments in England]]
[[Category:1999 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1975 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1979 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1983 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:2019 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]

Rose Bowl (cricket ground)

2023-10-03T14:40:18Z

Bharats20101998: template

{{Short description|Cricket ground}}
{{About|the cricket ground in England|the stadium in California|Rose Bowl (stadium)|other uses|Rose Bowl (disambiguation)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Ageas Bowl
| nickname = Ageas Bowl
| logo_image = [[File:The Ageas Bowl logo.svg|200px]]
| logo_caption =
| image = Pavilion stands.JPG
| caption = The pavilion flanked by the Colin Ingleby-MacKenzie and Shane Warne Stands
| country = England
| location = [[West End, Hampshire|West End]], [[Hampshire]] SO30 3XH
| establishment = 2001
| coord = {{coord|50.9240|-1.3219|display=inline}}
| seating_capacity = 15,000 (25,000 with temporary
seating)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/extra/vjVnELf6Ih/shapes_cricket_stadiums |title=The many shapes of England's cricket stadiums |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref>
| end1 = Northern End [[File:RoseBowlCricketGround.svg|200px]]
| end2 = Pavilion End
| owner = RB Sport & Leisure Holdings plc
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 16–20 June
| firsttestyear = 2011
| firsttesthome = England
| firsttestaway = Sri Lanka
| lasttestdate = 19–23 June
| lasttestyear = 2021
| lasttesthome = India
| lasttestaway = New Zealand
| firstodidate = 10 July
| firstodiyear = 2003
| firstodihome = South Africa
| firstodiaway = Zimbabwe
| lastodidate = 10 September
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodihome = England
| lastodiaway = New Zealand
| firstt20idate = 13 July
| firstt20iyear = 2005
| firstt20ihome = England
| firstt20iaway = Australia
| lastt20idate = 31 July
| lastt20iyear = 2022
| lastt20ihome = England
| lastt20iaway = South Africa

| firstwodidate = 24 August
| firstwodiyear = 2006
| firstwodihome = England
| firstwodiaway = India
| lastwodidate = 16 July
| lastwodiyear = 2023
| lastwodihome = England
| lastwodiaway = Australia
| firstwt20idate = 1 July
| firstwt20iyear = 2010
| firstwt20ihome = England
| firstwt20iaway = New Zealand
| lastwt20idate = 5 July
| lastwt20iyear = 2016
| lastwt20ihome = England
| lastwt20iaway = Pakistan
| year1 = 2001 – present
| club1 = [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]]
| year2 = 2001
| club2 = [[Hampshire Cricket Board]]
| year3 = 2016 –present
| club3 = [[Southern Vipers]]
| date = 18 July 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57312.html ESPN Cricinfo
}}

The '''Rose Bowl''', known for [[Naming rights#Stadium naming|sponsorship reasons]] as '''Ageas Bowl''' is a [[cricket]] ground and hotel complex in [[West End, Hampshire|West End]], [[Hampshire]]. It is the home of [[Hampshire County Cricket Club]], who have played there since 2001.

It was constructed as a replacement for the [[County Ground, Southampton|County Ground]] in Southampton and also the [[United Services Recreation Ground]] in [[Portsmouth]], which had been Hampshire's homes since 1882. Hampshire played their inaugural [[first-class cricket|first-class]] match at the ground against [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] on 9–11 May 2001, with Hampshire winning by 124 runs. The ground has since hosted [[international cricket]], including [[One Day International]]s, matches in the [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy|2004 Champions Trophy]], two [[Twenty20 International]]s and [[Test cricket|Test matches]] in 2011, 2014 and 2018, when [[England cricket team|England]] played [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and [[India national cricket team|India]]. In 2020, the ground was used as one of two biosecure venues, alongside [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], for the tours involving [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2020|West Indies]], [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2020|Pakistan]] and [[Irish cricket team in England in 2020|Ireland]] which were regulated due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

In order to be able to host Test cricket, the ground underwent a redevelopment starting in 2008, which saw stands built to increase capacity and other construction work undertaken to make the hosting of international cricket at the ground more viable. A four-star [[Hilton Hotel]] with an integrated media centre overlooking the ground opened in 2015. Following Hampshire Cricket Ltd finding itself in financial trouble in 2011, the lease on the ground was sold to [[Eastleigh Borough Council]] for £6.5 million with a benefactor injecting a similar sum in 2012.

The Rose Bowl played host to the [[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final|inaugural final]] of the 2019–21 [[ICC World Test Championship]] between [[India national cricket team|India]] and [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], resulting in New Zealand being crowned inaugural World Test Champions.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sublime New Zealand win inaugural World Test Championship|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021-1195334/india-vs-new-zealand-final-1249875/match-report|access-date=2021-06-23|website=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>

==History==

===Background===
[[File:Ageas bowl before the start of the play on day 6.jpg|thumb|alt=Ageas bowl before the start of the play on day 6|Ageas Bowl Cricket Ground before the start of the play on day 6 of [[2021 ICC World Test Championship Final|inaugural WTC Final 2021]]]]
Hampshire had played at their [[County Ground, Southampton|Northlands Road]] headquarters in [[Southampton]] since 1885, as well as using [[Dean Park Cricket Ground|Dean Park]] in [[Bournemouth]], the [[United Services Recreation Ground]] in [[Portsmouth]] and [[May's Bounty]] in [[Basingstoke]] as regular outground venues. Northlands Road was a cramped location, surrounded by residential buildings which meant expanding the ground was largely impossible. Hampshire also wanted to encourage [[international cricket]] to the county, which would not have been possible with Northlands Road. Talk of a move from Newlands Road had begun as early as 1987, with [[Mark Nicholas]] discussing the idea with then Hampshire vice-chairman Bill Hughes in a [[Leeds]] restaurant.<ref name="NIC">{{cite web|url=http://www.channel5.com/shows/cricket-england-v-india/mark-nicholas/mark-nicholas-the-rose-bowl-was-born-in-a-leeds-restaurant|title=Mark Nicholas: My role in the birth of the Rose Bowl|last=Nicholas, Mark|author-link=Mark Nicholas|date=15 June 2011|publisher=[[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]]|access-date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120408102131/http://www.channel5.com/shows/cricket-england-v-india/mark-nicholas/mark-nicholas-the-rose-bowl-was-born-in-a-leeds-restaurant|archive-date=8 April 2012}}</ref> A site was eventually selected just outside Southampton, in [[West End, Hampshire|West End]], on a gently sloping field owned by [[Queen's College, Oxford]] located between the [[M27 motorway]] and Telegraph Woods.<ref>{{cite book|last=Protz|first=Roger|year=2007|title=The Beer Lover's Guide to Cricket|publisher=[[Campaign for Real Ale|CAMRA Books]]|location=St Albans|pages=66|isbn=978-1-85249-227-4}}</ref>

The ground was designed by architect [[Michael Hopkins (architect)|Sir Michael Hopkins]], whose design of the centrepiece [[pavilion]] with its tented roof was reminiscent of the Mound Stand at [[Lord's]], which Hopkins also designed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/3031432/Rose-Bowl-leaves-Lords-in-shade.html|title=Rose Bowl leaves Lord's in shade|last=Ruscoe, Sybil|author-link=Sybil Ruscoe|date=22 July 2002|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=23 January 2012|location=London}}</ref> Construction started on the ground in 1997, however, the budget for the ground's construction soon spiralled out of control, threatening the very existence of the club. Further funding was secured as construction continued until its first stage was completed in time for the [[2001 English cricket season|2001 season]].<ref name="ROD">{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/from-groupie-to-godfather-/|title=From Groupie to Godfather – Jane Cable interviews Rod Bransgrove|last=Jane|first=Cable|work=[[Hampshire County Cricket Club]]|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=22 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820114229/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/from-groupie-to-godfather-|archive-date=20 August 2008}}</ref> Its final cost was £20 million, with a large part of that cost being secured with [[National Lottery (United Kingdom)|Lottery]] and [[Sport England]] funding, while the club's financial future was secured by the incoming chairman, [[Rod Bransgrove]].

The ground is built into the side of the gently sloping hill on which it is located, resulting in an amphitheatre bowl. The initial name for the ground was announced in 2000 as '''The Rose Bowl''', in recognition of the club's rose and crown logo and the bowl-shaped nature of the ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/91204.html|title=Hampshire announce name for New Ground|last=Hampshire Media Release|date=26 May 2000|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>

===Early years===
[[File:Aerial view of Rose Bowl Cricket Ground - geograph.org.uk - 690412.jpg|thumb|left|An aerial view of the Rose Bowl in 2004]]
Hampshire's first scheduled [[county cricket|county]] match at the ground was a [[List A cricket|List A match]] in the [[2001 Benson & Hedges Cup]] against [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] on 2 May, though the match was abandoned without a ball bowled due to rain, therefore the first completed match on the ground was a List A match in the same competition against [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] on 4 May, which Hampshire lost.<ref name="LAM">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745_a.html|title=List A Matches played on The Rose Bowl, Southampton|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> [[First-class cricket]] was first played there days later on 9–11 May, when Hampshire played [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] in the County Championship, which resulted in Hampshire's first victory there with a 124 run victory.<ref name="FCM">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745_f.html|title=First-Class Matches played on The Rose Bowl, Southampton (91)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> Hampshire were not the only tenant in the first year of the ground, with the [[Hampshire Cricket Board]] playing [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] in September 2001 in the [[2002 Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy|Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy]].<ref name="LAM"/>

In November 2001, the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB) awarded the Rose Bowl a Youth [[Test cricket|Test match]] between [[England Under-19 cricket team|England Under-19s]] and [[India Under-19 cricket team|India Under-19s]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/107703.html|title=International cricket comes to the Rose Bowl.|last=Issacs, Vic|author-link=Vic Issacs|date=7 November 2001|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> The following month the ECB announced the Rose Bowl would be awarded [[One Day International]] status with effect from 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/97765.html|title=Hampshire's Rose Bowl to stage ODIs|last=ECB Media Release|date=11 December 2001|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> The [[cricket pavilion|pavilion]] was completed in March 2002 at a cost of £2 million, and upon completion it was the only pavilion among the first-class counties to have [[jacuzzi]]s in the players changing rooms.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/118813.html|title=New pavilion complex on schedule|last=Walters|first=Simon|date=12 March 2002|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2003, the ground played host to only the second ever [[Twenty20]] match played, when Hampshire hosted [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] in the [[2003 Twenty20 Cup|Twenty20 Cup]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745_tt.html|title=Twenty20 Matches played on The Rose Bowl, Southampton (51)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> The Rose Bowl hosted its first [[One Day International]] (ODI) on 10 July 2003, when [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa]] played [[Zimbabwe national cricket team|Zimbabwe]] in the [[2003 NatWest Series]],<ref name="ODIM">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745_o.html|title=One-Day International Matches played on The Rose Bowl, Southampton (13)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> with numerous publications calling the hosting of the match a resounding success for Hampshire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/128929.html|title=Out of the Mouths – What the press had to say on The Rose Bowl|last=Hampshire Media Release|date=17 July 2003|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2004, the ground hosted another ODI between [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] and the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] in the [[2004 NatWest Series]], though the match was abandoned without a ball bowled. The ground later held five ODIs during that seasons [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]], which saw [[India national cricket team|India]] post 290/4 against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]], the [[United States national cricket team|United States]] dismissed for 65 by [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], and [[Mervyn Dillon]] take figures of 5/29 for the West Indies against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]: all three of these records remain to this day in terms of the highest and lowest innings scores in ODI cricket at the ground, as well as the best innings bowling figures. During the course of the tournament, [[England cricket team|England]] also played there for the first time, against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]],<ref name="ODIM"/> though The Rose Bowl was criticised for its organisation of the match, with spectators citing access to the ground, long queues and stringent searches at the gate among complaints.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/143503.html|title=A shambles at Southampton|last=Seeckts|first=Richard|date=21 September 2004|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2005, England played their first ever [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] as part of the [[2005 Ashes series|Ashes series]], with England winning the match by 100 runs.<ref name="T20IM">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745_itt.html|title=International Twenty20 Matches played on The Rose Bowl, Southampton|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>

In 2006, England played another T20I against Sri Lanka, which England won, due in large to [[Marcus Trescothick]]'s 72.<ref name="England v Sri Lanka, 2006">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/85/85632.html|title=England v Sri Lanka, 2006|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> The Rose Bowl hosted three further ODIs prior to the grounds redevelopment, hosting [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in 2006, India in 2007 and Australia in 2009.<ref name="ODIM"/> The ground held [[2008 Twenty20 Cup Finals Day|Twenty20 Cup Finals Day]] in 2008, which saw [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]] defeat [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] in front of a capacity crowd.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/7526293.stm|title=Twenty20 Cup finals day|date=26 July 2008|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=22 January 2012|first=Ben|last=Dirs}}</ref> Prior to the redevelopment, major matches such as this match and international matches were catered for by erecting temporary seating to boost the grounds capacity from 6,500 to 15,000.
[[File:England vs Sri Lanka.jpg|thumb|right|350px|A view of the ground during England's 2006 T20 International against Sri Lanka]]

The early years at the ground were notable for immature wickets that favoured [[seam bowling]], resulting in many low scoring encounters. The quality of these pitches drew much criticism. In the first season, seamer [[Alan Mullally]] took 8/90 against [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]] in the [[County Championship]], which remains the best innings bowling figures at the ground. As the pitches settled down, higher scores became more frequent, though it was still more favourable to bowlers than batsmen. In 2005, Hampshire scored 714/5 against [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]], in a match which also saw [[John Crawley]] record the first triple century at the ground. His [[not out|unbeaten]] 311 helped Hampshire to reach that formidable total. These records remain to this day as the highest team and individual scores at The Ageas Bowl. [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] posted the lowest first-class total at the ground in 2007, making 86.

===Expansion===
The attraction of international cricket to Hampshire was one of the main motivators facilitating Hampshire's move from Northlands Road. While Hampshire had attracted ODI cricket, [[Test cricket]] still proved elusive in attracting. Hampshire had applied to the ECB for the Ageas Bowl to be given Test status, applying as early as 2006 for the right to host Test matches, however their application was rejected, with [[Glamorgan County Cricket Club|Glamorgan]]'s [[SWALEC Stadium]] instead preferred to host a Test match during the [[2009 Ashes series]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/244950.html|title=Hampshire chairman 'shocked' at Test snub|last=Cricinfo staff|date=20 April 2006|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> This rejection persuaded Hampshire chairman Bransgrove to invest £35 million in redeveloping the ground, which would include the construction of a new access road to alleviate the transport problems which have affected major matches,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/266630.html|title=Bransgrove invests £35 million in Rose Bowl|last=Cricinfo staff|first=2 November 2006|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> the expansion of the ground's capacity and the construction of a hotel to make the Ageas Bowl more financially viable for Hampshire. By the time permission had been granted for the first phase of the redevelopment to commence, costs had risen to £45 million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/rose-bowl-development-plans-recieve-government-green-light|title=Rose Bowl Development Plans {{sic|Rec|ieve|nolink=y}} Government Green Light|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616191818/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/rose-bowl-development-plans-recieve-government-green-light/|archive-date=16 June 2010}}</ref>
[[File:A big crowd at The Ageas Bowl.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View of the pavilion and the [[Shane Warne]] Stand during an ODI between England and the West Indies in June 2012.]]
The plans called for the construction of two matching stands either side of the pavilion to increase the permanent capacity to 15,000,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/rose-bowl-development-project-underway/|title=Rose Bowl Development Project Underway|work=Hampshire County Cricket Club|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=22 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106034609/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/rose-bowl-development-project-underway/|archive-date=6 January 2010}}</ref> as well as a four-star, 175-room hotel overlooking the ground at the northern end. Access problems for spectators were to be eased by creating two ticket gates to access to ground, as well as creating an additional access road off Moorhill Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/324128.html|title=Rose Bowl improves access|last=Cricinfo staff|date=6 December 2011|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/additional-ent|title=Additional Entrance to the Rose Bowl is approved|work=Hampshire County Cricket Club|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=22 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081118140337/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/additional-ent|archive-date=18 November 2008}}</ref>

The redevelopment plans led to the ECB awarding the Ageas Bowl Test status and a Test match between England and Sri Lanka in 2011, with the redevelopment scheduled to be completed before the Test match.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/story/345976.html|title=Rose Bowl lands maiden Test in 2011|last=Cricinfo staff|first=11 April 2008|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> The redevelopment was beset with a number of problems. During the construction of the new stands, a construction worker was crushed to death in February 2009,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dailyecho.co.uk/news/4995961.Worker_crushed_to_death_at_Rose_Bowl/|title=Worker killed at Hampshire Cricket's Rose Bowl ground|last=Adams|first=Melanie|date=9 February 2010|work=Southern Daily Echo|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> while prior to the Test match the new access road still had not been constructed. Meanwhile, legal action by local hoteliers led to the construction of the hotel at the Northern End being put on hold, with the hoteliers objecting to the possible impact on competition and to the use of public funds from Eastleigh Borough Council.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/8374403.stm|title=Rose Bowl hotel plan challenged|date=23 November 2009|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>

As part of their preparations for the Test match, the Ageas Bowl was awarded the right to host finals day of the [[2010 Friends Provident t20]], during which Hampshire became the first county to win the final at their home ground, when they defeated Somerset in controversial circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/twenty20/7946434/Hampshire-beat-Somerset-in-last-ball-nailbiter-to-win-Twenty20-final-at-Rose-Bowl.html|title=Hampshire beat Somerset in last-ball nail-biter to win Twenty20 final at Rose Bowl|last=Berry, Scyld|author-link=Scyld Berry|date=14 August 2010|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|access-date=22 January 2012|location=London}}</ref> Also in 2010, the Ageas Bowl was voted "Best International Ground" in an independent ECB survey of fans around the country and was also voted the "Most Improved Ground" by readers of ''[[All Out Cricket]]'' magazine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/the-rose-bowl-voted-best-international-ground|title=The Rose Bowl Voted Best International Ground|work=Hampshire County Cricket Club|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110922021123/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/the-rose-bowl-voted-best-international-ground|archive-date=22 September 2011}}</ref>

The first Test match was played on 16–20 June 2011. It was a heavily rain affected match that ended in a draw, but did see [[Ian Bell]] and [[Kumar Sangakkara]] score the first Test centuries at the ground, in addition to [[Chris Tremlett]] taking the first [[five wicket haul]].

Hampshire found themselves £12 million in debt by the end of the [[2011 English cricket season|2011 season]]. With the county unable to maintain the upkeep of the ground from their own finances, the decision was taken to sell the lease from Queens College Oxford (the Landlord) to Eastleigh Borough Council and to sub-lease from the council with buy-back options.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-hampshire-16213884|title=Council to buy Rose Bowl cricket stadium and build hotel|date=16 December 2011|publisher=BBC Sport|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> This transaction was conditional on a further injection of £6million from Rod Bransgrove and was completed in January 2012. The council also administered some £30million Prudential Funding from Central Government for the building of the hotel, which was given the go-ahead after the legal action by local hoteliers was quashed at the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]].

On 29 August 2013, the Australian opener [[Aaron Finch]] set a new record for [[Twenty20 International|Twenty20 international]] cricket when he scored 156 runs off 63 balls for Australia against England at the Ageas Bowl. Finch's innings included 14 sixes (also a record) and 11 fours. The previous record was 123 runs, scored by [[Brendon McCullum]] of [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]]. In 2020 the ground was used as one of two biosecure venues, alongside [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]], for the tours involving [[West Indian cricket team in England in 2020|West Indies]], [[Pakistani cricket team in England in 2020|Pakistan]] and [[Irish cricket team in England in 2020|Ireland]] which were regulated due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].
{{wide image|The Aegeas Bowl, Southampton (21627495998).jpg|900px|align-cap=center|Panorama of the Ageas Bowl in 2015 looking north from the pavilion}}

==Facilities and functions==
[[File:Recreation land near Telegraph Woods - geograph.org.uk - 29396.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A view of the Nursery Ground]]
Besides the main cricket ground at the Ageas Bowl, an additional satellite ground borders the main ground to the south-east. Known as the '''Nursery Ground''', it hosts Hampshire Second XI matches at the Hampshire Academy in [[Southern Premier Cricket League]] matches. Its end names are the Northern End and the Golf Club End.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/746.html|title=The Rose Bowl (Nursery), Southampton|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> Its pavilion is named after [[Arthur Holt (cricketer)|Arthur Holt]], who coached Hampshire from 1949 to 1965. The Nursery Ground has hosted one first-class match, Hampshire v Loughborough MCCU in April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southernpremierleague.com/breaking-news-mainmenu-26/2126-remembering-the-coach-arthur-holts-centenary-lunch.html|title=Remembering 'The Coach' – Arthur Holt's centenary lunch|date=16 April 2011|publisher=southernpremierleague.com|access-date=22 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/2012.09.10-220925/http://www.southernpremierleague.com/breaking-news-mainmenu-26/2126-remembering-the-coach-arthur-holts-centenary-lunch.html|archive-date=10 September 2012}}</ref>

The main pavilion, now known as the Rod Bransgrove Pavilion, holds the players facilities, as well as facilities for club members, such as the Robin Smith Suite, [[Derek Shackleton]] suite, the [[Barry Richards (cricketer)|Richards]] Suite, the [[Gordon Greenidge|Greenidge]] Suite and The Hambledons (a suite named after the famous [[Hambledon Club]]).<ref name="SUITES">{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/pages/function-suites/|title=Function Suites|work=Hampshire County Cricket Club|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126124244/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/pages/function-suites/|archive-date=26 January 2012}}</ref> Located between the pavilion and the cricket academy building is the atrium restaurant. The cricket academy, which has six lanes of [[cricket nets]] is used by county squads, the Hampshire Academy, cricket clubs and schools. It is known to have some of the best facilities of its kind outside of [[Lord's]] and is available for hire by the general public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/pages/the-indoor-school/|title=The Indoor School|work=Hampshire County Cricket Club|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118105919/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/pages/the-indoor-school/|archive-date=18 November 2011}}</ref> The two new stands include permanent catering facilities along the internal concourse of the ground floor, which were lacking prior to the redevelopment. Also located on the ground floor of the west stand is the club shop. Both of the new stands contain suites which can be used for conferences and exhibitions outside of match days. The stands are named after two of Hampshire's most popular captains, Colin Ingleby-MacKenzie and Shane Warne.

Also part of the Ageas Bowl complex is the '''Boundary Lakes Golf Club''', an eighteen-hole [[golf course]] opened in 2017 and set in the rolling countryside which surrounds large parts of the main stadium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/pages/golf/|title=The Rose Bowl County Golf Club|work=Hampshire County Cricket Club|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112233617/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/pages/golf/|archive-date=12 January 2012}}</ref> The current clubhouse and golf shop are located in the Hilton Hotel. It is hoped the course will be able to host major championship golf tournaments in the future. A [[David Lloyd Leisure|David Lloyd]] [[health club]] (formerly [[Virgin Active]]) is also onsite.

Every November the Ageas Bowl hosts one of the largest [[fireworks]] displays on the South Coast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/events/fireworks-night-2011|title=Fireworks Night 2011|work=Hampshire County Cricket Club|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120103221458/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/events/fireworks-night-2011|archive-date=3 January 2012}}</ref> The Ageas Bowl also acts as a venue big-name music concerts. Recent acts to have performed at the Ageas Bowl include [[Oasis (band)|Oasis]] in 2005, who performed in front of 35,000 people, [[Billy Joel]] in 2006, [[the Who]] in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/the-who|title=The Who to play at the Rose Bowl|work=Hampshire County Cricket Club|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208222803/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/the-who/|archive-date=8 December 2010}}</ref> [[Neil Diamond]] and [[R.E.M.]], both in 2008, Rod Stewart in 2016, Bryan Adams and Little Mix, both in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/rem-at-the-rose-bowl|title=R.E.M. at the Rose Bowl 27 August|work=Hampshire County Cricket Club|publisher=rosebowlplc.com|access-date=23 January 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014190946/http://www.rosebowlplc.com/news/rem-at-the-rose-bowl/|archive-date=14 October 2008}}</ref> [[Arctic Monkeys]] in 2023 The late Italian opera singer [[Luciano Pavarotti]] was due to play at the ground in 2006, but cancelled his farewell UK tour due to ill health.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5127294.stm|title=Pavarotti cancels UK tour dates|date=28 June 2006|publisher=BBC News|access-date=23 January 2012}}</ref>

==List of centuries==
{{updated|26 June 2021}}

===Test centuries===
{{As of|2021|06}} a total of 8 centuries have been scored in international test cricket on the ground.<ref name="Statsguru: Test matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=1184;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: Test matches / Batting records / Innings by innings list| publisher= ESPN| work = ESPNcricinfo| access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|+ Centuries in Men's Test Matches at the Rose Bowl
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || {{ntsh|1190}} 119 || {{sortname|Ian|Bell}} (1/2) || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|1690}} 169 || 2 || {{cr|SL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|June|16}} || Drawn
|-
| 2 || {{ntsh|1190}} 119[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Kumar|Sangakkara}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{ntsh|2490}} 249 || 3 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|June|16}} || Drawn
|-
| 3 || {{ntsh|1560}} 156 || {{sortname|Gary|Ballance}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|2880}} 288 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|July|27}} || Won
|-
| 4 || {{ntsh|1670}} 167 || {{sortname|Ian|Bell}} (2/2) || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|2560}} 256 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|July|27}} || Won
|-
| 5 || {{ntsh|1320}} 132[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Cheteshwar|Pujara}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|2570}} 257 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|August|30}} || Lost
|-
| 6 || {{ntsh|2670}} 267 || {{sortname|Zak|Crawley}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|3930}} 393 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|August|21}} || Drawn
|-
| 7 || {{ntsh|1520}} 152 || {{sortname|Jos|Buttler}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|3110}} 311 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|August|21}} || Drawn
|-
| 8 || {{ntsh|1410}} 141[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Azhar|Ali}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{ntsh|2720}} 272 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|August|21}} || Drawn
|}

===One-Day International centuries===
{{As of|2021|06}} a total of 23 centuries have been scored in one-day international cricket on the ground.<ref name="Statsguru: One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Innings by innings list">{{cite web|url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=1184;orderby=start;runsmin1=100;runsval1=runs;size=200;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statsguru: One-Day Internationals / Batting records / Innings by innings list| publisher= ESPN| work = ESPNcricinfo| access-date= 26 June 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|+ Centuries in Men's One-Day Internationals at the Rose Bowl
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || {{ntsh|1040}} 104 || {{sortname|Andrew|Flintoff}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|910}} 91 || 1 || {{cr|SL}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|September|17}} || Won
|-
| 2 || {{ntsh|1010}} 101 || {{sortname|Younis|Khan}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{ntsh|1090}} 109 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2006|September|5}} || Won
|-
| 3 || {{ntsh|1020}} 102 || {{sortname|Alastair|Cook}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|1260}} 126 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|August|21}} || Won
|-
| 4 || {{ntsh|1260}} 126[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Ian|Bell}} (1/2) || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|1180}} 118 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|August|21}} || Won
|-
| 5 || {{ntsh|1050}} 105 || {{sortname|Cameron|White}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{ntsh|1240}} 124 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2009|September|9}} || Won
|-
| 6 || {{ntsh|1030}} 103[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Eoin|Morgan}} (1/3) || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|850}} 85 || 2 || {{cr|AUS}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|June|22}} || Won
|-
| 7 || {{ntsh|1070}} 107[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Eoin|Morgan}} (2/3) || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|1010}} 101 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2010|September|22}} || Won
|-
| 8 || {{ntsh|1260}} 126 || {{sortname|Ian|Bell}} (2/2) || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|1170}} 117 || 1 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|June|16}} || Won
|-
| 9 || {{ntsh|1500}} 150 || {{sortname|Hashim|Amla}} || {{cr|RSA}} || {{ntsh|1240}} 124 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2012|August|28}} || Won
|-
|-
| 10 || {{ntsh|1890}} 189[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Martin|Guptill}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{ntsh|1550}} 155 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|June|2}} || Won
|-
| 11 || {{ntsh|1090}} 109[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Jonathan|Trott}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|1040}} 104 || 2 || {{cr|NZ}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|June|2}} || Lost
|-
| 12 || {{ntsh|1430}} 143 || {{sortname|Shane|Watson}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{ntsh|1070}} 107 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|September|16}} || Won
|-
| 13 || {{ntsh|1180}} 118 || {{sortname|Kane|Williamson}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{ntsh|1130}} 113 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|June|14}} || Won
|-
| 14 || {{ntsh|1100}} 110 || {{sortname|Ross|Taylor}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{ntsh|1230}} 123 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2015|June|14}} || Won
|-
| 15 || {{ntsh|1010}} 101 || {{sortname|Ben|Stokes}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|79}} 79 || 1 || {{cr|RSA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|May|27}} || Won
|-
| 16 || {{ntsh|1410}} 141[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Jonny|Bairstow}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|1140}} 114 || 2 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2017|September|29}} || Won
|-
| 17 || {{ntsh|1100}} 110[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Jos|Buttler}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|550}} 55 || 1 || {{cr|PAK}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|May|11}} || Won
|-
| 18 || {{ntsh|1380}} 138 || {{sortname|Fakhar|Zaman|dab=cricketer}} || {{cr|PAK}} || {{ntsh|1060}} 106 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|May|11}} || Lost
|-
| 19 || {{ntsh|1220}} 122[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Rohit|Sharma}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{ntsh|1440}} 144 || 2 || {{cr|RSA}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|June|5}} || Won
|-
| 20 || {{ntsh|1000}} 100[[Not out|*]] || {{sortname|Joe|Root}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|940}} 94 || 2 || {{cr|WIN}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|June|14}} || Won
|-
| 21 || {{ntsh|1060}} 106 || {{sortname|Eoin|Morgan}} (3/3) || {{cr|ENG}} || {{ntsh|840}} 84 || 1 || {{cr|IRE}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|August|4}} || Lost
|-
| 22 || {{ntsh|1420}} 142 || {{sortname|Paul|Stirling}} || {{cr|IRE}} || {{ntsh|1280}} 128 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|August|4}} || Won
|-
| 23 || {{ntsh|1130}} 113 || {{sortname|Andy|Balbirnie}} || {{cr|IRE}} || {{ntsh|1120}} 112 || 2 || {{cr|ENG}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|August|4}} || Won
|-
|}

==List of five-wicket hauls==
{{updated|26 June 2021}}

===Test match five-wicket hauls===
{{As of|2021|06}}, 12 five-wicket hauls have been taken in international matches on the ground, eight in Test matches and four in ODIs.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Men's Test matches at the Rose Bowl<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bowling records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;ground=1184;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|access-date=2021-06-26|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Bowler
! Date
! Team
! Opposing Team
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|O
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|R
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|W
! Result
|-
| 1 || [[Chris Tremlett]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2011|6|16}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|20}} || {{nts|48}} || {{nts|6}} || Drawn<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12899/game/474465/england-vs-sri-lanka-3rd-test-sri-lanka-tour-of-england-and-scotland-2011 3rd Test, Sri Lanka tour of England and Scotland at Southampton, Jun 16-20 2011], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</ref>
|-
| 2 || [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]]{{efn-ua|name=hant14|Anderson and Moeen took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|7|27}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|26.1}} || {{nts|53}} || {{nts|5}} || England won<ref name=rose14>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/11691/game/667715/england-vs-india-3rd-investec-test-india-tour-of-england-2014 3rd Investec Test, India tour of England at Southampton, Jul 27-31 2014], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</ref>
|-
| 3 || [[Moeen Ali]]{{efn-ua|name=hant14}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2014|7|27}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|4}} || {{nts|20.4}} || {{nts|67}} || {{nts|6}} || England won<ref name=rose14/>
|-
| 4 || [[Moeen Ali]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2018|8|30}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|16}} || {{nts|63}} || {{nts|5}} || England won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18018/game/1119552/england-vs-india-4th-test-ind-in-eng-2018 4th Test, India tour of Ireland and England at Southampton, Aug 30 – Sep 2 2018], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</ref>
|-
| 5 || [[Jason Holder]]{{efn-ua|name=hant20|Holder and Gabriel took their five-wicket hauls during the same match.}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|7|8}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|20}} || {{nts|42}} || {{nts|6}} || West Indies won<ref name=rose20>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/19497/game/1225247/england-vs-west-indies-1st-test-west-indies-in-england-2020 1st Test, West Indies tour of England at Southampton, Jul 8-12 2020], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 12 July 2020.</ref>
|-
| 6 || [[Shannon Gabriel]]{{efn-ua|name=hant20}} || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|7|8}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{nts|3}} || {{nts|21.2}} || {{nts|75}} || {{nts|5}} || West Indies won<ref name=rose20/>
|-
|7
|[[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|8|23}} || {{cr|ENG}} ||{{cr|PAK}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|23}} || {{nts|56}} || {{nts|5}} ||Drawn<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/1198227/game/1198243/england-vs-pakistan-3rd-test-pakistan-in-england-2020 3rd Test, Pakistan tour of England at Southampton, Jul 21-25 2020], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 26 July 2020.</ref>
|-
|8
|[[Kyle Jamieson]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2021|6|20}} ||{{cr|NZ}} ||{{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|22}} || {{nts|31}} || {{nts|5}} ||New Zealand won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/1195334/game/1249875/india-vs-new-zealand-final-icc-world-test-championship-2019-2021 Final, 2019-2021 ICC World Test Championship Final at Southampton, Jun 18-22 2021], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 20 June 2021.</ref>
|-
|}

===One Day International five-wicket hauls===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in Men's One Day Internationals at the Rose Bowl<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bowling records {{!}} One-Day Internationals {{!}} Cricinfo Statsguru {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=1184;orderby=start;size=200;template=results;type=bowling;view=innings;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets|access-date=2021-06-26|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>
|-
! No.
! Bowler
! Date
! Team
! Opposing Team
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|Inn
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|O
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|R
! scope="col" style="width:20px;"|W
! Result
|-
| 1 || [[Mervyn Dillon]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2004|9|15}}{{efn|This match was part of the [[2004 ICC Champions Trophy]].}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|29}} || {{nts|5}} || West Indies won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8037/game/66203/bangladesh-vs-west-indies-8th-match-icc-champions-trophy-2004 8th Match, ICC Champions Trophy at Southampton, Sep 15 2004], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</ref>
|-
| 2 || [[Ben Stokes]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2013|9|16}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|61}} || {{nts|5}} || Australia won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/12088/game/566945/england-vs-australia-5th-odi-australia-tour-of-england-and-scotland-2013 5th ODI (D/N), Australia tour of England and Scotland at Southampton, Sep 16 2013], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</ref>
|-
| 3 || [[Shakib Al Hasan]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2019|6|24}}{{efn|This match was part of the [[2019 Cricket World Cup]].}} || {{cr|BAN}} || {{cr|AFG|2013}} || {{nts|2}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|29}} || {{nts|5}} || Bangladesh won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8039/game/1144513/afghanistan-vs-bangladesh-31st-match-icc-cricket-world-cup-2019 31st match, ICC Cricket World Cup at Southampton, Jun 24 2019], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 18 January 2020.</ref>
|-
| 4 || [[David Willey (cricketer)|David Willey]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2020|7|30}} || {{cr|ENG}} || {{cr|IRE}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|8.4}} || {{nts|30}} || {{nts|5}} || England won<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ireland-in-england-2020-1198230/england-vs-ireland-1st-odi-1198247/full-scorecard 1st ODI (D/N), Ireland tour of England at Southampton, Jul 30 2020], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 26 June 2021.</ref>
|}

==Other International records on the ground==

=== Test ===
* Highest team total: 583/8d by [[England cricket team|England]] against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], 2020
* Lowest team total: 170 by India against New Zealand, 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/england/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=1;id=1184;type=ground|title=Highest Totals|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 267 by [[Zak Crawley]] for England against Pakistan, 2020
* Best bowling in an innings: 6/42 by [[Jason Holder]] for [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] against England, 2020
* Best bowling in a match: 9/137 by [[Shannon Gabriel]] for [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] against England, 2020

=== One-Day International ===
* Highest team total: 373/3 (50 overs) by England against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], 2019<ref name="espncricinfo.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/england-v-pakistan-2019/engine/match/566924.html|title=England vs Pakistan 2019|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 65 (24 overs) by [[USA national cricket team|USA]] against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]], 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/o_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Lowest Team Totals in ODI cricket |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 189 [[not out]] by [[Martin Guptill]] for [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] against England, 2013<ref name="espncricinfo.com"/>
* Best bowling in an innings: 5/29 by [[Mervyn Dillon]] for West Indies against [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], 2004<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/o_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Four Wickets in an Innings in ODI cricket |publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref> and 5/29 by [[Shakib Al Hasan]] for Bangladesh against [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]], 2019

=== Twenty20 International ===
* Highest team total: 248/6 (20 overs) by Australia against England, 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/itt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Highest Team Totals in International Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 79 (14.3 overs) by Australia against England, 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/itt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Lowest Team Totals in International Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 156 by [[Aaron Finch]] for Australia against England, 2013<ref name="England v Sri Lanka, 2006"/>
* Best bowling in an innings: 4/22 by [[Paul Collingwood]] for England against Australia, 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/itt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Four Wickets in an Innings in International Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>

==Domestic records==

=== First-class ===
* Highest team total: 714/5[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] by Hampshire against [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]], 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/f_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Highest Team Totals in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 86 by [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] against Hampshire, 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/f_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Lowest Team Totals in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 311[[not out|*]] by [[John Crawley]] for Hampshire against Nottinghamshire, 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/f_Centuries.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Double Centuries in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 8/90 by [[Alan Mullally]] for Hampshire against [[Warwickshire County Cricket Club|Warwickshire]], 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/f_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Seven Wickets in an Innings in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>
* Best bowling in a match: 11/59 by [[Kyle Hogg]] for [[Lancashire County Cricket Club|Lancashire]] against Hampshire, 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/316/316091.html|title=Hamshire v Lancashire, 2011 County Championship|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>

=== List A ===
* Highest team total: 350/5 (50 overs) by [[Gloucestershire County Cricket Club|Gloucestershire]] against Hampshire, 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/a_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Highest Team Totals in List A cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 101 (36.4 overs) by [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] against Hampshire, 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/76/76923.html|title=Hampshire v Sussex, 2003 National League|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 167[[not out|*]] by [[Sean Ervine]] for Hampshire against [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]], 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/a_Centuries.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Centuries in List A cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 6/27 by [[Stuart Clark]] for Hampshire against [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]], 2007<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/a_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Five Wickets in an Innings in List A matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>

=== Twenty20 ===
* Highest team total: 225/2 (20 overs) by Hampshire against [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]], 2006<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/tt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Highest Team Totals in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 72 (14 overs) by [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] against Hampshire, 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/tt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Lowest Team Totals in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 124 [[not out]] by [[Michael Lumb (cricketer)|Michael Lumb]] for Hampshire against [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]], 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/tt_Centuries.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Centuries in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2012}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 5/19 by [[Danny Briggs]] for Hampshire against [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]], 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/745/tt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=The Rose Bowl, Southampton – Four Wickets in an Innings in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=22 January 2011}}</ref>

==Ground images==

===Before redevelopment===
<gallery class="center">
File:Rose Bowl, Hampshire.jpg|{{center|View from the Pavilion End, looking toward the Northern End of the ground.}}
File:Rose Bowl ground, Hampshire.jpg|{{center|Main pavilion at the Rose Bowl. The England team are taking to the field in a friendly match against Hampshire.}}
File:Rose Bowl pavilion, West End - geograph.org.uk - 186842.jpg|{{center|Another view of the pavilion.}}
File:Recreation land near Telegraph Woods - geograph.org.uk - 29396.jpg|{{center|Nursery Ground.}}
</gallery>

===After redevelopment===
<gallery class="center">
File:Closeuppav.JPG|{{center|The pavilion, with seating section removed.}}
File:East stand1.JPG|{{center|The East Stand. Top right of the stand is the [[Shaun Udal]] suite.}}
File:Rose bowl4.JPG|{{center|The new West Stand. Top left of the stand is the [[Shane Warne]] suite.}}
File:Rose bowl3.JPG|{{center|The new East Stand under floodlights during an England v Australia ODI in 2010.}}
File:Rose bowl2.JPG|{{center|Similar view of the East Stand, in the foreground [[Eoin Morgan]] has just brought up his century with the winning runs.}}
File:Rosebowl20132.jpeg|{{center|The [[Hilton Hotels & Resorts|Hilton Hotel]] under construction in May 2013.}}
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of Hampshire County Cricket Club grounds]]
*[[List of cricket grounds in England and Wales]]
*[[List of Test cricket grounds]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{{notelist-ua}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite book | title = Entertain or Perish: Hampshire County Cricket 1946–2006 | last=Allen | first=David | date=April 2007 | edition = 2007 | publisher = Phillimore | isbn = 978-1-86077-448-5 }}
*{{cite book|title=The Hampshire Handbook |year=2001|publisher=Hampshire County Cricket Club|isbn =0-9535365-2-1}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57312.html The Ageas Bowl] at [[ESPNcricinfo]]

{{Hampshire CCC}}
{{Hampshire CB}}
{{Test Cricket Grounds ENG}}
{{Southern Vipers}}
{{Cricket in England}}

{{Coord|50.9240|-1.3219|type:landmark_region:GB|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)}}
[[Category:Hampshire County Cricket Club]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in England]]
[[Category:Cricket grounds in Hampshire]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 2001]]
[[Category:2019 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:Borough of Eastleigh]]

Lord's

2023-10-03T14:39:31Z

Bharats20101998: template

{{short description|Cricket venue in St John's Wood, London}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2011}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Lord's Cricket Ground
| nickname = The Home of Cricket
| logo_image = [[File:Lord's Cricket Ground logo.svg|175px]]
| logo_caption = Lord's current logo
| image = Lords-Cricket-Ground-Pavilion-06-08-2017.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = The Pavilion
| country = England
| location = [[St John's Wood]], [[London]], England
| coordinates = {{Coord|51.5294|N|0.1727|W|type:landmark_scale:2000_region:GB|display=it}}
| establishment = {{start date and age|df=yes|1814}}
| seating_capacity = 31,100<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecricketpaper.com/latest-news-international-news-2/381441/lords-cleared-to-have-full-capacity-for-england-pakistan-odi/ |title=Lord's cleared to have full capacity for England-Pakistan ODI |work=The Cricket Paper |date=2 July 2021 |access-date=16 April 2022}}</ref>
| owner = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| tenants = [[England and Wales Cricket Board]]
| end1 = Nursery End [[File:LordsCricketGroundPitchDimensions.svg|200px]]
| end2 = Pavilion End
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 21–23 July
| firsttestyear = 1884
| firsttesthome = England
| firsttestaway = Australia
| firsttestawayvar = colonial
| lasttestdate = 28 June – 2 July
| lasttestyear = 2023
| lasttesthome = England
| lasttestaway = Australia
| firstodidate = 26 August
| firstodiyear = 1972
| firstodihome = England
| firstodiaway = Australia
| lastodidate = 15 September
| lastodiyear = 2023
| lastodihome = England
| lastodiaway = New Zealand
| firstt20idate = 5 June
| firstt20iyear = 2009
| firstt20ihome = England
| firstt20iaway = Netherlands
| lastt20idate = 29 July
| lastt20iyear = 2018
| lastt20ihome = Nepal
| lastt20iaway = Netherlands

| firstwodidate = 4 August
| firstwodiyear = 1976
| firstwodihome = England
| firstwodiaway = Australia
| lastwodidate = 24 September
| lastwodiyear = 2022
| lastwodihome = England
| lastwodiaway = India
| firstwt20idate = 21 June
| firstwt20iyear = 2009
| firstwt20ihome = England
| firstwt20iaway = New Zealand
| lastwt20idate = 8 July
| lastwt20iyear = 2023
| lastwt20ihome = England
| lastwt20iaway = Australia
| year2 = 1877 – present
| club2 = [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex]]
| year1 = 1814 – present
| club1 = [[Marylebone Cricket Club]]
| date = 8 July
| year = 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/global/content/ground/57129.html ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Lord's Cricket Ground''', commonly known as '''Lord's''', is a [[cricket]] [[List of Test cricket grounds|venue]] in [[St John's Wood]], London. Named after its founder, [[Thomas Lord]], it is owned by [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC) and is the home of [[Middlesex County Cricket Club]], the [[England and Wales Cricket Board]] (ECB), the [[European Cricket Council]] (ECC) and, until August 2005, the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC). Lord's is widely referred to as the ''Home of Cricket''<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|access-date=22 August 2009|archive-date=11 September 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911140641/http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and is home to the world's oldest sporting museum.<ref>see [http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-museum/ MCC museum] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212164502/http://www.lords.org/history/mcc-museum/ |date=12 February 2007 }} webpage</ref>

Lord's today is not on its original site; it is the third of three grounds that Lord established between 1787 and 1814. His first ground, now referred to as [[Lord's Old Ground]], was where [[Dorset Square]] now stands. His second ground, [[Lord's Middle Ground]], was used from 1811 to 1813 before being abandoned to make way for the construction through its outfield of the [[Regent's Canal]]. The present Lord's ground is about {{convert|250|yd}} north-west of the site of the Middle Ground. The ground can hold 31,100 spectators, the capacity having increased between 2017 and 2022 as part of MCC's ongoing redevelopment plans.

==History==
===Background===
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Dorset square plaque.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 =
| image2 = Lord's Cricket Ground (4644557952).jpg
| width2 = 160
| alt2 =
| footer = Plaques commemorating the locations of the Lord's Old Ground (left) and Middle Ground (right).
}}
Acting on behalf of members of the [[White Conduit Club]] and backed against any losses by [[George Finch, 9th Earl of Winchilsea]] and [[Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond|Colonel Charles Lennox]], [[Thomas Lord]] opened his [[Lord's Old Ground|first ground]] in May 1787 on the site where [[Dorset Square]] now stands, on land leased from the [[Portman Estate]].{{sfn|Warner|1946|p=17–18}} The White Conduit moved there from [[Islington]], unhappy at the standard of the ground at [[White Conduit Fields]], soon afterwards and reconstituted themselves as [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (MCC). It was thought that the establishment of a new ground would offer more exclusivity to its members, with White Conduit Fields considered too far away from fashionable [[Oxford Street]] and the [[West End of London|West End]].<ref name="FIRSTS">{{cite book|last=Barker|first=Philip|year=2014|title=Lord's Firsts|publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]]|location=[[Stroud]]|isbn=9781445633299}}</ref> The first match played at the new ground saw [[Middlesex county cricket teams|Middlesex]] play [[Essex county cricket teams|Essex]].<ref name="WISG">{{cite book|last=Powell|first=William|year=1989|title=The Wisden Guides To Cricket Grounds|publisher=[[Stanley Paul|Stanley Paul & Co. Ltd]]|location=London|pages=14–7|isbn=009173830X}}</ref>{{sfn|Warner|1946|p=18}} In 1811, feeling obliged to relocate because of a rise in rent, Lord removed his turf and relaid it at [[Lord's Middle Ground|his second ground]]. This was short-lived because it lay on the route decided by [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] for the [[Regent's Canal]], in addition to the ground being unpopular with patrons.{{sfn|Warner|1946|p=18}}<ref name="WISG"/>

The "Middle Ground" was on the estate of the Eyre family, who offered Lord another plot nearby; and he again relocated his turf. This new ground was originally a [[duck pond]] on a hill in [[St. John's Wood]], which gives rise to Lord's famous slope,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caaa0342-7261-11de-ba94-00144feabdc0.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/caaa0342-7261-11de-ba94-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Grounded on terra firma|first=Harry|last=Eyres|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=18 July 2009|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref> which at the time was recorded as sloping down {{Convert|6|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} from north-west to south-east, though in actuality the slope is {{Convert|8|ft|1|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="REM">{{cite book|last=Levison|first=Brian|year=2016|title=Remarkable Cricket Grounds|publisher=[[Pavilion Books]]|location=London|isbn=9781911216599}}</ref> The new ground was opened in the 1814 season, with the MCC playing Hertfordshire in the first match on the ground on 22 June 1814.{{sfn|Warner|1946|p=19}}<ref name="WISG"/>

===Early history===
[[File:LordsRelocationMap.png|thumb|Progression of Ground locations]]
A [[tavern]] was built for Lord in 1813–14,<ref name="FORSIX">Green 2010, p. 46</ref> followed by a wooden [[cricket pavilion|pavilion]] in 1814.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Pelham |author1-link=Pelham Warner |title=Lord's 1787–1945 |year=1987 |orig-year=First published 1946|publisher=Pavllion Books |location=London |isbn=1851451129 |page=28}}</ref> [[First-class cricket]] was first played on the present ground in July 1814, with the MCC playing [[St John's Wood Cricket Club]].<ref name="FCM">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596_f.html|title=First-Class Matches played on Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 June 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211425/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596_f.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The first [[century (cricket)|century]] to be scored at the ground in first-class cricket was made by [[Frederick Woodbridge (cricketer)|Frederick Woodbridge]] (107) for [[Epsom Cricket Club|Epsom]] against Middlesex, with Epsom's [[Felix Ladbroke]] (116) recording the second century in the same match.<ref name="FIRSTS"/> The annual [[Eton v Harrow]] match, which was first played on the Old Ground in 1805, returned to the present ground on 29 July 1818. From 1822, the fixture has been almost an annual event at Lord's.{{sfn|Altham|1962|p=67}}

Lord's witnessed the first double-century to be made in first-class cricket when [[William Ward (cricketer, born 1787)|William Ward]] scored 278 for the MCC against [[Norfolk county cricket teams|Norfolk]] in 1820.<ref name="FIRSTS"/> The original [[cricket pavilion|pavilion]], which had recently been renovated at great expense,<ref name="FIRSTS"/> was destroyed by fire following the first [[Winchester College|Winchester]] v [[Harrow School|Harrow]] match on 23 July 1823, which destroyed nearly all of the original records of the MCC and the wider game.<ref>{{cite book|last=Green|first=Benny|year=1987|title=The Lord's Companion|publisher=[[Pavilion Books]]|location=London|page=7|isbn=1851451323}}</ref> The pavilion was promptly rebuilt by Lord.<ref>Green 2010, p. 31</ref> In 1825, the future of the ground was placed in jeopardy when Lord proposed developing the ground with housing at a time when St John's Wood was seeing rapid development. This was prevented by William Ward,<ref name="WISG"/> who purchased the ground from Lord for £5,000. His purchase was celebrated in the following anonymous poem:

<blockquote>
:And of all who frequent the ground named after Lord,
:On the list first and foremost should stand Mr Ward.
:No man will deny, I am sure, when I say
:That he's without rival first bat of the day,
:And although he has grown a little too stout,
:Even Matthews is bothered at bowling him out.
:He's our life blood and soul in this noblest of games,
:And yet on our praises he's many more claims;
:No pride, although rich, condescending and free,
:And a well informed man and a city M.P.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harris, 4th Baron Harris|first1=George|last2=Ashley-Cooper|first2=A. S.|year=1920|title=Lord's and the M. C. C.: A Cricket Chronicle of 137 Years|publisher=H. Jenkins Limited|page=48}}</ref>
</blockquote>

The first [[The University Match (cricket)|University Match]] between [[Oxford University Cricket Club|Oxford]] and [[Cambridge University Cricket Club|Cambridge]] was held at Lord's in 1827,<ref name="SEVEN">Green 2010, p. 7</ref> at the instigation of [[Charles Wordsworth]], establishing what would be the oldest first-class fixture in the world until 2020. The ground remained under the ownership of Ward until 1835, after which it was handed over to [[James Dark]]. The pavilion was refurbished in 1838, with the addition of [[gas lighting]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 35</ref> Around this time Lord's could still be considered a country ground, with open countryside to the north and west.<ref>Green 2010, p. 37</ref> Lord's was described by [[Thomas Fremantle, 1st Baron Cottesloe|Lord Cottesloe]] in 1845 as being a primitive venue, with low benches put in a circle around the ground at a good distance providing seating for spectators.<ref name="FTYONE">Green 2010, p. 41</ref> Improvements to the ground were gradually made, with the introduction of a telegraph scoreboard in 1846. A small room was built on the north side of the pavilion in 1848 for professionals, providing them with a separate entrance to the field. In the same year scorecards were introduced for the first time, from a portable press, and drainage was installed in 1849–50.<ref name="FTYONE"/>

The [[Australian Aboriginal cricket team in England in 1868|Australian Aboriginal cricket team]] toured England in 1868, with Lord's hosting one of their matches to a mixed response, with ''[[The Times]]'' describing the tourists as "a travestie upon cricketing at Lord's" and "the conquered natives of a convict colony". Dark proposed to part with his interest in the ground in 1863, for the fee of £15,000 for the remaining {{frac|29|1|2}} years of his lease. An agreement was reached in 1864, with Dark, who was seriously ill,<ref name="B44">Green 2010, p. 44</ref> selling his interests at Lord's for £11,000.<ref name="SEVEN"/><ref name="WISG"/> The landlord of the ground, Isaac Moses, offered to sell it outright for £21,000 in 1865, which was reduced to £18,150. [[William Nicholson (distiller)|William Nicholson]], who was a member of the MCC committee at the time advanced the money on a mortgage, with his proposal for the MCC to buy the ground being unanimously passed at a special general meeting on 2 May 1866.<ref name="SEVEN"/> Following the purchase, a number of developments took place. These included the addition of [[cricket nets]] for players to practise and the construction of a grandstand designed by the architect [[Arthur Allom]], which was built in the winter of 1867–68 and also provided accommodation for the press.<ref name="FTYFIVE">Green 2010, p. 45</ref><ref>Green 2010, p. 51</ref><ref name="LBH">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-a-brief-timeline-208553|title=Lord's – A brief timeline|date=3 May 2005|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=27 June 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627121421/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-a-brief-timeline-208553|url-status=live}}</ref> This was funded by a private syndicate of MCC members, from whom the MCC purchased the stand in 1869.<ref name="GRA">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1998-the-new-grand-stand-is-completed|title=The New Grand Stand is completed|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184734/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1998-the-new-grand-stand-is-completed|url-status=live}}</ref> The wicket at Lord's was heavily criticised in the 1860s due to its poor condition, with [[Frederick Gale]] suggesting that nine cricket grounds out of ten within 20 miles of London would have a better wicket;<ref name="FTYFIVE"/> the condition was deemed so poor as to be dangerous that [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]] refused to play there in 1864.<ref name="FORSIX"/>

===Continued developments===
By the 1860s and 1870s, the great social occasions of the season were the public schools match between Eton and Harrow, the University Match between Oxford and Cambridge, and the [[Gentlemen v Players]], with all three matches attracting great crowds. Crowds became so large that they encroached on the playing area, which necessitated the introduction of the [[Boundary (cricket)|boundary]] system in 1866.<ref>Green 2010, pp. 57–8</ref> Further crowd control measures were initiated in 1871, with the introduction of turnstiles.<ref>Green 2010, p. 59</ref> The pavilion was expanded in the mid-1860s and shortly thereafter it was decided to replace the original tavern with a new construction commencing in December 1867.<ref name="FORSIX"/> At this time a nascent [[County Championship#Development of county cricket|county game]] was beginning to take shape.<ref>Green 2010, p. 52</ref> With Lord's hosting more county matches, the pitches subsequently improved with the [[umpire (cricket)|umpires]] being responsible for their preparation.<ref>Green 2010, p. 60</ref>

[[Middlesex County Cricket Club]], which had been founded in 1864, began playing their home games at Lord's in 1877 after vacating [[Prince's Cricket Ground|their ground in Chelsea]],<ref name="WISG"/> which had been considered a serious rival to Lord's given its noblemen backers.<ref>Green 2010, p. 78</ref> In 1873–74, an embankment was constructed which could accommodate 4,000 spectators in four rows of seats. Four years later a new lodge and was constructed to replace an older lodge, along with a new workshop, stables and a store room at a cost of £1,000.<ref>Green 2010, pp. 59–60</ref> To meet the ever increasing demand to accommodate more spectators, a temporary stand was constructed on the eastern side of the ground.<ref>Green 2010, p. 63</ref> After many years of complaints regarding the poor condition of the Lord's pitch, the MCC took action by installing Percy Pearce as Ground Superintendent in 1874. Pearce had previously held the same position at the [[County Ground, Hove]]. His appointment vastly improved the condition of the wicket, with ''[[Evening Standard|The Standard]]'' describing them as "faultless".<ref>Green 2010, p. 76</ref>
[[File:Lord's Pavilion.jpg|thumb|left|The pavilion, designed by the architect [[Thomas Verity]] and built in 1889–90.]]
The [[Australia national cricket team|Australian cricket team]] captained by [[Dave Gregory (cricketer)|Dave Gregory]] first visited Lord's on 27 May 1878, defeating their MCC hosts by 9 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2171.html|title=Marylebone Cricket Club v Australians, 1878|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=27 June 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=27 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527213748/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2171.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This was considered a shock result and established not only the fame of the Australian team, but also the rivalry between England and Australia.<ref>Green 2010, pp. 81–4</ref> Lord's hosted its first [[Test cricket|Test match]] during the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1884|1884 Ashes]], becoming the third venue in England to host Test cricket after [[The Oval]] and [[Old Trafford Cricket Ground|Old Trafford]].<ref>Powell 1989, pp. 14–5</ref> The match was won by [[England cricket team|England]] by an innings and 5 runs, with England's [[A. G. Steel]] and [[Edmund Peate]] recording the first Test [[century (cricket)|century]] and [[five wicket haul]] at Lord's respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2861.html|title=England v Australia, 1884|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=28 June 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=28 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628170035/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/2/2861.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

As part of the [[Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria|Golden Jubilee Celebrations for Queen Victoria]] in 1887, the Kings of Belgium, Denmark, [[Kingdom of Saxony|Saxony]], and Portugal attended Lord's. It was noted that none of them had any grasp of cricket. In the same year Lord's hosted the MCC's hundredth anniversary celebrations, with the MCC playing a celebratory match against England.<ref>Green 2010, pp. 94–5</ref> With only a two-tiered covered grandstand and both increasing membership and spectator numbers, it was decided to build a new pavilion at a cost of £21,000.<ref name="LBH"/> Construction on [[Lord's Pavilion|this pavilion]], which was designed by [[Thomas Verity]], took place in 1889–90.<ref name="PO15">Powell 1989, p. 15</ref> The pavilion it replaced was relocated and painstakingly rebuilt on an estate in [[Sussex]], where it lived out its days as a glorified garden shed.<ref name="PAV">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1890-thomas-verity-s-new-pavilion-is-completed|title=Thomas Verity's new Pavilion is completed|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714105554/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1890-thomas-verity-s-new-pavilion-is-completed|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after this, the MCC purchased the land to the east, known today as the Nursery Ground; this had previously been a [[market garden]] known as Henderson's Nursery which had grown pineapples and tulips.<ref name="PO15"/><ref name="LBH"/><ref>Baker 2014, p. 129</ref> The ground was subsequently threatened by the [[Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway]]'s attempts to purchase the area for their line into [[Marylebone station]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 132</ref> After considering the company's offer, the MCC relinquished a strip of land bordering Wellington Road and was given in exchange the Clergy Orphan School to the south.<ref name="PO15"/> In order to build the railway into Marylebone station, the Nursery Ground had to be dug up to allow tunnels to be constructed between 1894 and 1898 using the [[Tunnel#Cut-and-cover|cut-and-cover]] method. Once completed the railway company laid a new pitch.<ref name="BAT">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43993471|title=Battle over rail tunnels at Lord's cricket ground rumbles on|first=Bill|last=Wilson|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=8 August 2018|access-date=28 June 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709200848/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43993471|url-status=live}}</ref>
[[File:"W.G.", cricketing reminiscences and personal recollections (1899) (14784598082).jpg|thumb|right|A match in progress at Lord's in 1899.]]
It was rumoured that subsequent tunnelling under Wellington Road provided the banking for the Mound Stand, which was constructed in 1898/99 on an area previously occupied by tennis and [[Rackets (sport)|rackets]] courts. The rapid development of Lord's was not well met by some, with critics suggesting Thomas Lord would 'turn in his grave' at Lord's expansion.<ref name="PO15"/> 1899 saw [[Albert Trott]] hit a [[Boundary (cricket)#Six runs|six]] over the pavilion while playing for the MCC against the touring Australians, remaining as of {{year}} the only batsman to do so.<ref>Green 2010, p. 162–3</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |date=19 June 2010 |title=Albert Trott's mighty hit |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1899-albert-trott-s-mighty-hit-463786 |access-date=29 June 2021 |work=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221110709/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1899-albert-trott-s-mighty-hit-463786 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[International Cricket Council|Imperial Cricket Conference]] was founded by England, Australia and [[South African national cricket team|South Africa]] in 1909, with Lord's serving as its headquarters.<ref name="PO16">Powell 1989, p. 16</ref>

Lord's hosted three of the nine Test matches in the ill-fated [[1912 Triangular Tournament]] which was organised by the South African millionaire [[Sir Abe Bailey]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 190</ref> The ground's centenary was commemorated in June 1914 with a match between MCC, whose team was selected from the touring party from the recent [[English cricket team in South Africa in 1913–14|tour of South Africa]], and a Rest of England team. The Rest of England won the three-day match by an innings and 189 runs.<ref>Warner 1987, pp. 169–170</ref> Lord's was requisitioned by [[British Army|the army]] during the [[First World War]], accommodating the Territorial Army, [[Royal Army Medical Corps]] (RAMC) and [[Royal Army Service Corps]]. Both cooking and wireless instruction classes were held at the ground for military personnel. Once the RAMC departed, the [[War Office]] used the Nursery Ground and other buildings as a training centre for [[Royal Artillery]] cadets. The pavilion and its long room were used throughout the war for the manufacture of hay nets for horses on the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 193-4</ref> Though requisitioned, Lord's held several charity cricket matches during the war, featuring military teams from the various territories of the [[British Empire]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 193-206</ref> These matches were well attended and one such match in 1918 between England and the [[Dominions cricket team|Dominions]] was attended by [[George V]] and the [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Duke of Connaught]].<ref>Warner 1987, p. 171</ref>

===Inter–war years and WWII===
[[File:Lord's weathervane.jpg|thumb|200px|right|''[[Father Time (Lord's)|Father Time]]'' (pictured) was damaged by a barrage balloon during World War Two.]]
First-class cricket returned to Lord's in 1919, with a series of two-day matches in the [[1919 English cricket season#County Championship|County Championship]].<ref>Green 2010, p. 207</ref> 1923 saw the installation of the [[Grace Gates]], a tribute to [[W. G. Grace]] who had died in 1915.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1246985|desc=Grace Gates at Lord's Cricket Ground|date=7 February 1996|access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref> They were inaugurated by [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Sir Stanley Jackson]], who had suggested the inclusion of the words THE GREAT CRICKETER in the dedication.{{sfn|Midwinter|1981|p=154}} These gates replaced an earlier, less decorative, entrance to the ground. With attendances growing in number, it was suggested that Lord's aim to accommodate crowds of up to 40,000 for Test matches; however, the stands at the ground were considered inadequate with the grandstand described as "hopelessly out of date".<ref>Green 2010, p. 214</ref> To accommodate these crowds, the old grandstand was demolished and a new one was built in its place in 1926, designed by the architect [[Herbert Baker|Sir Herbert Baker]]. Completion of the stand was delayed due to the [[1926 United Kingdom general strike|1926 General Strike]].<ref name="GRA"/> Upon its completion, Baker presented Lord's with a [[weather vane]] ''[[Father Time (Lord's)|Father Time]]'' removing the [[Bail (cricket)|bails]] from a [[Wicket#Set of stumps|wicket]], which was placed on top of the grandstand. The full weathervane is {{Convert|6|ft|6|in|abbr=on}} tall, with the figure of ''Father Time'' standing at {{Convert|5|ft|4|in|abbr=on}}. Baker further contributed to the landscape of Lord's by designing the Q Stand next to the pavilion in 1934, while at the Nursery End stands were also erected. Careful consideration was taken to preserve the treeline dividing the main ground from the Nursery Ground.<ref name="PO16"/> The [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] under the captaincy of [[Karl Nunes]] played their first Test match at Lord's in 1928.<ref>Warner 1987, p. 195</ref> The ground later hosted the first televised Test match during the [[Australian cricket team in England in 1938|Second Test of the 1938 Ashes series]].<ref name="LBH"/>

The 1935 season saw the Lord's pitches badly affected by [[Tipuloidea|crane fly]] larvae, known as leatherjackets. The larvae caused bald patches to appear on the playing surface and had to be removed by the ground staff, although spin bowlers did gain some benefit from the bare patches.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cranefly |url=https://www.gwct.org.uk/wildlife/species-of-the-month/2009/september/ |publisher=Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust |access-date=1 July 2021 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183538/https://www.gwct.org.uk/wildlife/species-of-the-month/2009/september/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In contrast to the First World War, Lord's was not requisitioned by the military during the [[Second World War]]. Lord's hosted matches throughout the war for the [[London Counties cricket team]], amongst others, which attracted large crowds. The ground was spared major damage from [[The Blitz]]. An oil bomb landed in the Nursery Ground in 1940, with a high-explosive bomb also narrowly missing the Nursery End stands in December of the same year. The grandstand and the pavilion were hit by incendiary bombs, damaging their roofs. The in-house Lord's firefighters reacted quickly and limited the damage. As the war progressed, the threat came not from the [[Luftwaffe]] but the newly developed [[V-1 flying bomb]]. Lord's had several near misses from these weapons in 1944, with one bomb landing {{convert|200|yd}} short of the ground near to [[Regents Park]].<ref name="WAR">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-under-attack-246297|title=Lord's under attack|first=Martin|last=Williamson|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=6 May 2006|access-date=1 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182435/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/lord-s-under-attack-246297|url-status=live}}</ref> The Nursery Ground had been requisitioned by the [[Royal Air Force]] and converted into a [[barrage balloon]] site.<ref name="PO16"/><ref>Warner 1987, p. 245</ref> The most high-profile damage during the war was that to ''Father Time'', which was damaged by a one such balloon which had broken loose and drifted toward the grandstand, catching ''Father Time'' and depositing it into the seating at the front of the stand. International cricket resumed at the end of the war, with Lord's hosting one of the [[Victory Tests]] (though the matches did not actually have Test status) between the [[Australian Services cricket team]] and England.<ref name="WAR"/>

===Post–war years===

Following the end of the war attendances at cricket matches grew. The gross attendance of 132,000 and the gate receipts of £43,000 for the [[Second Test, 1948 Ashes series|Second Test of the 1948 Ashes series]] was a record for a Test match in England at that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Second Test Match England v Australia|author=Hayter, R. J.|work=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]|year=1949|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152895.html|publisher=[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]]|access-date=30 June 2021|archive-date=10 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100810225353/http://www.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/152895.html|url-status=live}}</ref> This demand necessitated further expansion of the ground, with the construction of the [[Pelham Warner|Warner]] Stand in 1958, which included snack bars and a press box.<ref name="PO16"/><ref name="LBH"/> This stand was the work of the architect Kenneth Peacock and replaced an area of raised ground lined with trees from where it was traditionally possible to watch a match from the comfort of ones own [[carriage]]. Prior to the construction of the Warner Stand, all stands at the ground were identified by letters of the alphabet.<ref name="WARN">{{Cite web|title=The New Warner Stand is opened|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2017-the-new-warner-stand-is-opened-by-hrh-the-duk|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190406/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2017-the-new-warner-stand-is-opened-by-hrh-the-duk|url-status=live}}</ref>

The record numbers of spectators who attended Test and [[County Championship]] matches began to decline by the end of the 1950s and cricket in England found itself from a position of 2.2 million paid County Championship spectators in 1947, dropping to 719,661 in 1963. To arrest this decline, [[List A cricket|List A one-day cricket]] was introduced in 1963, with Lord's hosting its first List A match in the [[1963 Gillette Cup]] between Middlesex and [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] and later hosted the [[1963 Gillette Cup Final|final of the competition]] between Sussex and [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]] in front of a sell-out 24,000 crowd. It was the first such final held anywhere in the world.<ref name="pandora">{{cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |date=20 April 2013 |title=Opening Pandora's one-day box |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1963-opening-pandora-s-one-day-box-630566 |access-date=1 July 2021 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=21 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221111447/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/rewind-to-1963-opening-pandora-s-one-day-box-630566 |url-status=live }}</ref> The tavern and its adjoining buildings were demolished in 1968 to make way for the construction of the Tavern Stand, again designed by Peacock.<ref name="LBH"/> The tavern was subsequently re-sited next to the Grace Gates and was complemented with a banqueting hall.<ref name="PO16"/> Lord's hosted its first [[One Day International]] (ODI) in 1972,<ref name="ODI">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596_o.html|title=ODI Matches played on Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182410/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596_o.html|url-status=live}}</ref> with Australia defeating England by 5 wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/32/32841.html|title=England v Australia, Prudential Trophy 1972 (2nd ODI)|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201032/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/32/32841.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Three years later Lord's hosted the final of the [[1975 Cricket World Cup|inaugural men's World Cup]], with the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] triumphing over Australia.<ref>{{cite web |last=Cozier |first=Tony |title=West Indies victory heralds a new era |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/west-indies-victory-heralds-a-new-era-264375 |access-date=2 July 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110190011/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/west-indies-victory-heralds-a-new-era-264375 |url-status=live }}</ref> Four years later, Lord's held the [[1979 Cricket World Cup Final|final of the 1979 World Cup]], with the West Indies once against triumphing, this time against England.<ref>{{cite web|first=Tony|last=Cozier|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150321.html|title=England v West Indies|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=11 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111093802/http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150321.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The first women's cricket match at Lord's took place in August 1976 when England and Australia played a 60-over ODI which England won by eight wickets. The opportunity to play a women's match at Lord's resulted from a campaign by [[Rachael Heyhoe Flint]], and was given extra impetus by England's victory in the [[1973 Women's Cricket World Cup]]. England had to wait another 11 years to play their second match at Lord's.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Thompson |first1=Jenny |title=Storming cricket's bastion |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/storming-cricket-s-bastion-142657 |publisher=Espncricinfo |access-date=19 July 2021 |date=14 July 2005 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719165747/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/storming-cricket-s-bastion-142657 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ground hosted the final of the [[ICC Women's Cricket World Cup]] in [[1993 Women's Cricket World Cup Final|1993]] with England beating New Zealand to win the World Cup. The ground was not fully opened for the game and only 5,000 spectators were able to attend.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Williamson |first1=Martin |title=When women took over Lord's |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/when-women-took-over-lord-s-396113 |publisher=Espncricinfo |access-date=23 July 2021 |date=20 March 2009 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723113627/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/when-women-took-over-lord-s-396113 |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:Lord's Cricket Ground Grand Stand.jpg|thumb|right|The Grand Stand (pictured) was redeveloped in 1998.]]
A new indoor cricket school was completed in 1973 at the Nursery End, funded by £75,000 from [[Jack Hayward|Sir Jack Hayward]] and additional funds raised by the [[Lord's Taverners]] and [[Sport England#The Sports Council Archives|The Sports Council]].<ref name="SCHOOL">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1977-first-indoor-school-at-lord-s-officially-open|title=First Indoor School at Lord's opened|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182451/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1977-first-indoor-school-at-lord-s-officially-open|url-status=live}}</ref> The West Indies appeared in their [[1983 Cricket World Cup Final|third successive World Cup final]] in 1983, but were defeated by 43 runs by [[India national cricket team|India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150434.html|title=India defy the odds|date=2 June 2008|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510212632/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/150434.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The Mound Stand was demolished in 1985 to make way for a new stand designed by [[Hopkins Architects|Michael Hopkins and Partners]], which opened in time for the MCC's bicentenary in 1987.<ref>Green 2010, p. 448</ref> That bicentenary was celebrated with a [[MCC Bicentenary match|five-day match between MCC and a Rest of the World team]] in August 1987, which ended in a draw after the final day was rained off.<ref>{{cite web|title=MCC v Rest of the World, Lord's, August 20–25 1987|date=7 July 2005|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/212881.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184429/https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdencricketer/content/story/212881.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Graham Gooch]] made the first Test match triple-century at Lord's, scoring 333 against India in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Graham Gooch scores 333|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1990-graham-gooch-333-first-test-triple-century-at|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184833/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1990-graham-gooch-333-first-test-triple-century-at|url-status=live}}</ref> The final decade of the 20th–century saw rapid redevelopment of Lord's. The [[Denis Compton|Compton]] and [[Bill Edrich|Edrich]] stands were completed in 1991, having run over time and budget.<ref name="LBH"/> The indoor school closed in 1994, owing to the construction of a new state-of-the-art indoor cricket centre which opened in 1995.<ref name="SCHOOL"/> The old grandstand was demolished in 1996, with a replacement designed by [[Nicholas Grimshaw|Nicholas Grimshaw & Partners]] being completed in 1998. Since 1997, Lord's has been home to the [[European Cricket Council]] (ECC), which administers cricket outside of the European [[List of International Cricket Council members|full-member]] nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/1796206.stm|title=From Iceland to Azerbaijan|publisher=BBC Sport|date=1 February 2002|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=16 February 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040216111246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/1796206.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> With Lord's hosting three matches in the [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999 World Cup]], including the [[1999 Cricket World Cup Final|final]], the MCC set about improving press facilities by constructing the Media Centre at the Nursery End between the Compton and Edrich stands, offering commanding views towards the pavilion from over the bowlers arm. The Media Centre was opened in April 1999 by then MCC President [[Tony Lewis]].<ref name="MED">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/the-20th-anniversary-of-the-media-centre-1|title=The 20th anniversary of the Media Centre|date=27 April 2019|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185354/https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/the-20th-anniversary-of-the-media-centre-1|url-status=live}}</ref>

===21st–century developments===
Lord's hosted its one-hundredth Test match in June 2000, with England defeating the West Indies by two wickets; the match was also notable for the 21 wickets which fell on the second day, the most to fall in a day in a Test at Lord's since 1888.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2000-england-beat-west-indies-in-the-100th-lord-s|title=England beat West Indies in 100th Lord's Test|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190927/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2000-england-beat-west-indies-in-the-100th-lord-s|url-status=live}}</ref> The ground also hosted The University Match over three days for the last time in 2000, after which the match alternated between [[Fenner's]] at Cambridge and [[University Parks#Cricket ground|University Parks]] at Oxford.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6630947.cricket-varsity-game-may-switch-lords/|title=Cricket: Varsity game may switch from Lord's|date=7 July 2000|work=[[Oxford Mail]]|access-date=4 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190335/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6630947.cricket-varsity-game-may-switch-lords/|url-status=live}}</ref> The fixture has continued at Lord's since 2001 as a one-day limited overs match.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6630332.cricket-lords-varsity-one-day/|title=Cricket: Lord's Varsity to be one-day|date=24 July 2000|work=[[Oxford Mail]]|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185902/https://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/6630332.cricket-lords-varsity-one-day/|url-status=live}}</ref> At the start of the 21st–century, the Lord's slope which provides a benefit to both [[Seam bowling|seam bowlers]] and [[Swing bowling|swing bowlers]] from the Pavilion and Nursery Ends respectively, was under threat of being levelled due to the advent of [[Cricket pitch#Drop-in pitches|drop-in pitches]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/4776895/Slopes-future-in-balance.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/4776895/Slopes-future-in-balance.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live|title=Slope's future in balance|first=Simon|last=Briggs|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=19 May 2001|access-date=1 January 2015|url-access=subscription}}{{cbignore}}</ref> However, the MCC resisted these calls as levelling the pitch would require the rebuilding of Lord's and would mean Test cricket would not be able to be played there for five years. The outfield was notorious for becoming waterlogged due to the clay soil, which resulted in considerable lost match time. The entire outfield was relaid in the winter of 2002 with the clay soil being replaced with sand, which has improved drainage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pitchcare.com/news-media/mallinsons-win-bali-principal-award.html|title=Mallinsons win BALI Principal Award|first=David|last=Saltman|work=www.pitchcare.com|date=27 November 2003|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184644/https://www.pitchcare.com/news-media/mallinsons-win-bali-principal-award.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Lord's hosted its first [[Twenty20]] match in the second edition of the [[Twenty20 Cup]] in 2004.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/warwickshire/3256040.stm|title=Lord's admits Twenty20 Cup|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=2 December 2003|access-date=5 July 2021|archive-date=9 May 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040509081246/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/counties/warwickshire/3256040.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2005 the [[International Cricket Council]] (formerly the Imperial Cricket Conference) headquarters, which had been located at Lord's since its foundation in 1909,<ref>{{cite web |title=ICC ponders Lord's move |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/3532281.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=5 July 2021 |date=4 March 2004 |archive-date=3 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603043435/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/3532281.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> were closed and moved to the [[Dubai Sports City]] in the United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cricket chiefs move base to Dubai |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4326601.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=5 July 2021 |date=7 March 2005 |archive-date=18 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218140252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/4326601.stm |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Lordsatnight.jpg|thumb|left|A floodlit [[Twenty20]] match at Lord's between Middlesex and Kent in 2009.]]
Temporary [[Floodlights (sport)|floodlights]] were installed at the ground in 2007, but were removed in 2008 after complaints of [[light pollution]] from local residents. In January 2009, [[Westminster City Council]] approved the use of new 48 metre high retractable floodlights designed to minimise light spillage into nearby homes. Conditions of the approval included a five-year trial period during which up to 12 matches and 4 practice matches could be played under the lights from April to September. The lights must be dimmed to half-strength at 9.50 pm and be switched off by 11 pm. The floodlights were first used successfully on 27 May 2009 during the Twenty20 Cup match between Middlesex and [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/sport/cricket/lords-floodlights-just-isnt-cricket-6007403|title=Lord's floodlights just 'isn't cricket'|work=Get West London|date=2 June 2009|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=1 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801003956/https://www.getwestlondon.co.uk/sport/cricket/lords-floodlights-just-isnt-cricket-6007403|url-status=live}}</ref> Two weeks after the first use of the floodlights, Lord's hosted its first [[Twenty20 International]] in the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|World Twenty20]] between England and the [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]], which resulted in a shock last-ball win for the associate nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-twenty20-2009-335113/england-vs-netherlands-1st-match-group-b-355991/match-report|title=de Grooth leads Netherlands to famous win|first=Andrew|last=McGlashan|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=5 June 2009|access-date=6 July 2021|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228190029/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-world-twenty20-2009-335113/england-vs-netherlands-1st-match-group-b-355991/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> Lord's held the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20 Final|final of the competition]] between [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], which Pakistan won by 8 wickets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/21/pakistan-sri-lanka-world-twenty20-final|title=Pakistan v Sri Lanka – as it happened|first=Rob|last=Smyth|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 June 2009|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184914/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/jun/21/pakistan-sri-lanka-world-twenty20-final|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2008 plans were drawn up by the MCC committee to fund the future £250 million development of the ground by constructing residential apartments and a luxury hotel along the Wellington Road and Grove End Road.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/new-housing-set-to-pay-for-250m-redeveloped-lord-s-7649424|title=New housing set to pay for £250m redeveloped Lord's|publisher=[[Archant#Weekly paid newspapers|Ham & High]]|date=4 July 2008|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184640/https://www.hamhigh.co.uk/news/new-housing-set-to-pay-for-250m-redeveloped-lord-s-7649424|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Lord's Masterplan was unveiled in 2013, which is a twenty-year plan to redevelop the ground and improve its facilities. The first phase of the masterplan involved the demolition and replacement of the Warner Stand with a new stand, which was built between 2015 and 2017. The new stand has improved facilities for match officials and reduced the number of restricted view spectator seats from 600 to 100.<ref name="MAS">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future|title=The Masterplan|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620043117/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future|url-status=live}}</ref> Phase two of the masterplan involved the demolition of the Compton and Edrich Stands in 2019, with their replacements being completed in 2021; these provided an extra 2,000 seats and for the first time were linked by a walkway bridge.<ref name="MAS"/>

Lord's celebrated the [[Bicentenary Celebration match|two hundredth anniversary]] of its current ground in 2014. To mark the occasion, an MCC XI captained by [[Sachin Tendulkar]] played a Rest of the World XI led by [[Shane Warne]] in a 50-over match.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://cricket.yahoo.com/news/sachin-tendulkar-rahul-dravid-unite-063408729.html|url-status = dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302003921/http://cricket.yahoo.com/news/sachin-tendulkar-rahul-dravid-unite-063408729.html |archive-date=2 March 2014 |title = Sachin Tendulkar and Rahul Dravid re-unite; to face off against Shane Warne again|date = 6 February 2014|work = Yahoo! Cricket}}</ref>

Two matches of note were played at the ground in July 2019. The first of these was [[2019 Cricket World Cup Final|2019 World Cup Final]] between England and New Zealand, which ended as a tie with both sides making 241 runs from their 50 overs. The final was then decided by a [[Super Over]], which also ended in a tie. Therefore, the winner was decided on the number of boundaries scored in the game and Super Over; this was England's first World Cup triumph.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-1144415/england-vs-new-zealand-final-1144530/match-report|title=Epic final tied, Super Over tied, England win World Cup on boundary count|first=Alan|last=Gardner|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 July 2021|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712100707/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-cricket-world-cup-2019-1144415/england-vs-new-zealand-final-1144530/match-report|url-status=live}}</ref> A second match of note followed four days later when [[Ireland cricket team|Ireland]] played [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|their first Test match at Lord's]], where they bowled England out for 85 on the first morning of the match with [[Tim Murtagh]] taking 5 for 13. Despite this, in their second innings Ireland were dismissed for 38, the lowest Test total at Lord's and lost the match by 143 runs.<ref name="Lowest">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18774/report/1152839/day/3/england-vs-ireland-only-test-ireland-tour-of-england-2019|title=Chris Woakes and Stuart Broad wreck Ireland dream in a session|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=26 July 2019|access-date=26 July 2019|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726111020/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/18774/report/1152839/day/3/england-vs-ireland-only-test-ireland-tour-of-england-2019|url-status=live}}</ref>

In August 2022 the ground's East Gate was renamed the Heyhoe Flint Gate in honour of Rachael Heyhoe Flint.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lord's gate dedicated to cricket captain Rachael Heyhoe Flint unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-62577636 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=22 August 2022 |date=17 August 2022 |archive-date=21 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220821160913/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-birmingham-62577636 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Ground features and facilities==
===Stands===
As of {{year}}, the stands at Lord's are (clockwise from the Pavilion):<ref name="Ground">{{cite web|url = https://www.lords.org/assets/ground-map-of-lords-2012-10872.pdf|title = Lord's Ground|access-date = 6 January 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170227062611/https://www.lords.org/assets/ground-map-of-lords-2012-10872.pdf|archive-date = 27 February 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:Lords 6.jpg|[[Pelham Warner|Warner]] Stand
File:Lord's Cricket Ground Grand Stand.jpg|Grand Stand
File:Lords Compton Stand Oct 2021.jpg|[[Denis Compton|Compton]] Stand
File:Lords Edrich Stand Oct 2021.jpg|[[Bill Edrich|Edrich]] Stand
File:Lords south stands.jpg|Mound Stand (left)
File:Lords Cricket Ground, London (Ank Kumar) 01.jpg|Tavern Stand
File:Lords match in progress.jpg|[[Gubby Allen|Allen]] Stand (right) (formerly Q Stand)
File:Lords Labels 2021.svg|Overview of the stands at Lord's
</gallery>

Many of the stands were rebuilt in the late 20th century. In 1987 the new Mound Stand, designed by [[Hopkins Architects|Michael Hopkins and Partners]], was opened, followed by the Grand Stand, designed by [[Nicholas Grimshaw]], in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.lords.org/history/lords-history/lords-milestones/|title = Lord's milestones|access-date = 6 January 2015|archive-date = 9 January 2015|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150109171707/http://www.lords.org/history/lords-history/lords-milestones/|url-status = live}}</ref> The [[Lord's Media Centre|Media Centre]], opposite the Pavilion between the [[Denis Compton|Compton]] and [[Bill Edrich|Edrich]] Stands, was added in 1999. Designed by [[Future Systems]], it won the Royal Institute of British Architects' [[Stirling Prize]] for 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.architecture.com/StirlingPrize/RIBAStirlingPrizeWinners/LordsMediaCentre%281999%29.aspx|title = LORD'S MEDIA CENTRE (1999)|access-date = 6 January 2015|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150106021449/http://www.architecture.com/StirlingPrize/RIBAStirlingPrizeWinners/LordsMediaCentre%281999%29.aspx|archive-date = 6 January 2015|df = dmy-all}}</ref> The redevelopment of the Compton Stand and Edrich Stands was completed in 2021, adding 2,600 seats and bringing the ground capacity to 31,100 spectators.<ref>Tennant I (2021) [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bitter-feud-over-expansion-of-lords-stands-revealed-v70cdbbv8 Bitter feud over expansion of Lord's stands revealed] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627210347/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/bitter-feud-over-expansion-of-lords-stands-revealed-v70cdbbv8 |date=27 June 2021 }}, ''[[The Times]]'', 26 May 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021. {{subscription}}</ref> The two ends of the pitch are the Pavilion End (south-west), where the main members' pavilion is located, and the Nursery End (north-east), dominated by the Media Centre.<ref name="Ground"/>

The current Grand Stand replaced the one built in 1926 by Sir Herbert Baker. Although the stand was described as "truly a thing of beauty, loved by all who gazed upon it", it did have limitations for spectators. 43% of the seats had an obstructed views of the playing area and the structure itself was becoming rotten.

===Pavilion===
{{See also|Lord's honours boards}}
{{further|Lord's Pavilion}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| image1 = Lord's Pavilion.jpg
| width1 = 160
| alt1 =
| image2 = Lords Long Room.jpg
| width2 = 160
| alt2 =
| footer = The Victorian-era pavilion (left) and the historic Long Room within the pavilion (right).
}}


The current pavilion at Lord's is the third pavilion to stand at the ground and is the main survivor from the Victorian era, having been built in 1889–90. It has been a [[Listed building#Examples of Grade II* listed buildings|Grade II* listed building]] since September 1982.<ref name="NHLE">{{NHLE|num=1235992|desc=The Pavilion at Lord's Cricket Ground|access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref> The pavilion was constructed using brick with ornate terracotta facing, which includes terracotta gargoyles, such as 'The Patriarch' which is thought to represent [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Lords Through Time|last=Meredith|first=Anthony|year=2012|publisher=[[Amberley Publishing]]|location=Stroud|isbn=978-1445611341|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kF2oAwAAQBAJ|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011607/https://books.google.com/books?id=kF2oAwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The building consists of a long, two storey centre section with covered seating between two end towers which are capped with pyramidal roofs which have ornate wrought and cast iron lanterns.<ref name="NHLE"/> Running the full length of the rear of the second floor is the pavilion roof terrace, which provides views of the entire ground.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/pavilion-roof-terrace|title=Pavilion Roof Terrace|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714224414/https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/pavilion-roof-terrace|url-status=live}}</ref> It underwent an £8 million refurbishment programme in 2004–05. The pavilion is primarily for members of the MCC, who may use its amenities, which include seats for viewing the cricket, the Long Room and its Bar, the Bowlers Bar, and a members' shop. At Middlesex matches the pavilion is open to members of the Middlesex County Cricket Club. The Pavilion also contains the [[dressing room]]s where players change, each of which has a small balcony for players to watch the play.

The Long Room is found on the ground floor of the pavilion and has been described by [[Lawrence Booth (cricket writer)|Lawrence Booth]] as "the most evocative four walls in world cricket".<ref name="Booth">Arm-Ball to Zooter, Lawrence Booth, Penguin 2006, {{ISBN|0-14-051581-X}}, p.150-1</ref> Players walk through the Long Room on their way from the dressing rooms to the [[cricket field]]; this walk is notoriously long and complex at Lord's. On his Test debut in 1975, [[David Steele (cricketer)|David Steele]] got lost on his way out to bat "and ended up in the pavilion's basement toilets".<ref>{{cite book |title=If The Cap Fits |last=Bateman |first=Colin |year=1993 |publisher=Tony Williams Publications |isbn=1-869833-21-X |page=155}}</ref> Once a player reaches the Long Room is approximately 30 paces from the swing door at the rear of the room to the steps which lead onto the playing field.<ref>{{cite book|title=Luck: A Fresh Look at Fortune|last=Smith|first=Ed|year=2013|publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]]|isbn=9781408830604|page=53|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=otCS17ftZMgC|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404030109/https://books.google.com/books?id=otCS17ftZMgC|url-status=live}}</ref> The Long Room is decorated with paintings of famous cricketers and administrators from the 18th to the 21st century, predominantly English players. For an overseas player to have their portrait placed in the Long Room is a considerable honour. Amongst overseas players to have a portrait in the Long Room are four Australians: [[Don Bradman]], [[Keith Miller]], [[Victor Trumper]] and [[Shane Warne]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia/story/0,,1325266,00.html|title=Obituary: Keith Miller|first=Mike|last=Selvey|author-link=Mike Selvey|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=12 October 2004|access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref>
[[File:Lord's honours board_(cropped).jpg|thumb|left|250px|The original honours board commemorating English centuries. This board was replaced in 2019.]]
Found in the players dressing rooms are the honours boards for commemorating [[century (cricket)|centuries]], [[five wicket haul]]s and [[ten wicket haul]]s in a match. Two honours boards for batting and bowling commemorate England players in the home dressing room,<ref>{{cite web|first=Andy|last=Wilson|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/may/17/stuart-broad-england-west-indies|title=Stuart Broad says joining Lord's bowling elite is a 'huge honour'|work=The Guardian|date=17 May 2012|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713222426/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/may/17/stuart-broad-england-west-indies|url-status=live}}</ref> while the batting and bowling boards commemorating players from other nationalities are found in the away dressing room.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mike|last=Selvey|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/may/20/west-indies-england-first-test-day-four|title=First Test day four report|work=The Guardian|date=20 May 2012|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713222426/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2012/may/20/west-indies-england-first-test-day-four|url-status=live}}</ref> Originally only these achievements in Test matches were commemorated, but since 2019 an honours board for ODIs has been introduced.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/02/26/lords-honour-womens-achievements-first-time-new-board-added/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2019/02/26/lords-honour-womens-achievements-first-time-new-board-added/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-status=live|title=Lord's to honour women's achievements for first time as new board is added for ODIs|last=Hoult|first=Nick|date=26 February 2019|work=The Telegraph|access-date=13 July 2021|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235|url-access=subscription}}{{cbignore}}</ref> As of {{year}} [[List of international cricket centuries at Lord's#Test centuries|167 players have made 240 Test centuries at Lord's]] and [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Lord's#Test match five-wicket hauls|130 players have taken 186 five wicket hauls]]. In ODI's [[List of international cricket centuries at Lord's#One Day International centuries|29 players have made 32 centuries at Lord's]] and [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Lord's#One Day International five-wicket hauls|14 players have taken a five wicket haul]]. A separate "neutral" honours board was created in 2010 to coincide with Lord's hosting a [[Australian cricket team against Pakistan in England in 2010|Test match between Australia and Pakistan]]. The Australians [[Warren Bardsley]] and [[Charlie Kelleway]] were the first two names added to this board, commemorating their centuries against South Africa in 1912. They were joined by the Australians [[Shane Watson]] and [[Marcus North]], who both took five wicket hauls against Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/aussies-get-on-honour-board-at-lords-20100413-s7t1.html|title=Aussies get on honour board at Lord's|work=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=13 April 2010|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150655/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-sport/aussies-get-on-honour-board-at-lords-20100413-s7t1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The dress code in the pavilion is notoriously strict. Men are required to wear "ties and tailored coats and acceptable trousers with appropriate shoes" and women are required to wear "dresses; or skirts or trousers worn with blouses, and appropriate shoes".<ref>{{cite news|last=Alderson|first=Andrew|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1571968/MCCs-Brearley-wants-relaxed-dress-for-Lords.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1571968/MCCs-Brearley-wants-relaxed-dress-for-Lords.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=MCC's Brearley wants relaxed dress for Lord's|work=The Telegraph|date=9 December 2007 |access-date=17 July 2012}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Until 1999 women – except [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]] – were not permitted to enter the pavilion as members during play, due to the gender-based membership policy of the MCC.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/cricket/59842.stm|title=Modernisers stumped in MCC vote|publisher=BBC News|date=24 February 1998|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=19 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019123349/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sport/cricket/59842.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/297853.stm|title=MCC delivers first 10 maidens|publisher=BBC News|date=16 March 1999|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=19 July 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040719162158/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/297853.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> The 1998 decision to allow female MCC members represented a historic modernisation of the pavilion and its clubs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/181759.stm|title=Lord's and ladies?|publisher=BBC News|date=28 September 1998|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=8 November 2002|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021108060940/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/181759.stm|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Media Centre===
[[File:Nat West media centre cropped.jpg|thumb|left|The futuristic Media Centre (pictured).]]
The decision to build the Media Centre was made during a meeting of the MCC committee in 1995.<ref name="MEDIA">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/the-20th-anniversary-of-the-media-centre-1|title=The 20th anniversary of the Media Centre|publisher=www.lords.org|date=29 April 2019|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185354/https://www.lords.org/lords/news-stories/the-20th-anniversary-of-the-media-centre-1|url-status=live}}</ref> These plans sought to remove the inadequate media facilities mostly concentrated in the Warner Stand which could accommodate 90 journalists, along with wooden shacks dotted around the ground for commentators,<ref name="SPORT">{{cite book|last=Nicholson|first=Matthew|year=2007|title=Sport and the Media|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|location=[[Abingdon-on-Thames]]|page=115|isbn=978-1136364976}}</ref> and replace them with a new purpose built facility. It was then approved by members of the MCC at a special general meeting in December 1996.<ref name="MEDIA"/> A gap between the Compton and Edrich Stands was selected, with space limitations requiring the centre to stand {{convert|15|m}} above the ground on reinforced supports from the structure around its two lift shafts. This design allowed for uninterrupted access between the main ground and the Nursery Ground, while also allowing the movement of ground staff and their equipment.<ref name="MEDIA"/>

It was designed by the [[Future Systems]] architectural practice led by Czech architect [[Jan Kaplický]] and was the first all-aluminium, semi-[[monocoque]] building in the world, costing about £5 million. Construction began in January 1997 and was completed in time for the 1999 World Cup. It was built in 32 sections and fitted out by Pendennis Shipyard in [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] in combination with [[Centraalstaal]] from the Netherlands.<ref name=nce>{{cite web|url=http://www.nce.co.uk/winner-building-sponsored-by-bsi-natwest-media-centre-lords-cricket-ground-london-nw8/838275.article|title=Winner Building Sponsored by BSI NatWest Media Centre, Lord's Cricket Ground, London NW8|publisher=www.newcivilengineer.com|date=21 October 1999|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=2 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702204951/http://www.nce.co.uk/winner-building-sponsored-by-bsi-natwest-media-centre-lords-cricket-ground-london-nw8/838275.article|url-status=live}}</ref> These pieces were then delivered to Lord's where they were lowered into place during the [[1998 English cricket season|1998 season]].<ref name="MEDIA"/> The glazing on the front of the centre is inclined 25° so as to eliminate reflections and glare on the pitch to minimise the visual barrier between members of the media and the players. The lower tier of the centre provides accommodation for 118 journalists, with two hospitality boxes either side which accommodate 18 people each. The top tier has radio and television commentary boxes, consisting of two television studios, two large commentary and radio commentary boxes, each holding up to six people.<ref name="SPORT"/> The centre's only opening window is in the broadcasting box used by BBC [[Test Match Special]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.building.co.uk/the-lords-test/915.article|title=The Lord's test | Magazine Features|last=Alexander|first=Gus|publisher=www.building.co.uk|access-date=14 July 2021|archive-date=3 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703000122/http://www.building.co.uk/the-lords-test/915.article|url-status=live}}</ref> The building won eight architectural awards, including the [[RIBA Stirling Prize]] for architecture in 1999. The Media Centre was originally sponsored by [[NatWest]], with sponsorship being taken over by [[Investec]] in 2007. Since 31 May 2011, the media centre has been sponsored by [[JPMorgan Chase|J. P. Morgan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/latest-news/news-archive/new-media-centre-sponsor-jp-morgan,2037,NS.html|title=New Media Centre sponsor: JP Morgan|publisher=www.lords.org|date=31 May 2011|access-date=29 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312001401/http://www.lords.org/latest-news/news-archive/new-media-centre-sponsor-jp-morgan,2037,NS.html|archive-date=12 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Nursery Ground===
[[File:Nursery Ground, Lord's - geograph.org.uk - 3430343.jpg|thumb|right|The Nursery Ground (pictured).]]
Purchased in two parts by the MCC in 1838 and 1887, the ground is primarily used as a practice ground and is considered to have some of the best grass [[Cricket nets|nets]] in the world.<ref name="NUR">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57132.html|title=Lord's Nursery Ground|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191911/https://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57132.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1895 the [[Queen Victoria's Rifles|Middlesex Volunteers]] requested the use of the Nursery Ground as a drill ground, but this was declined by the MCC.<ref name="BEN36"/> The Nursery Pavilion, which was constructed in 1999, overlooks the playing area of the Nursery Ground and is one of London's largest venues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/nursery-pavilion|title=Nursery Pavilion|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190511/https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/nursery-pavilion|url-status=live}}</ref> The ground has hosted one first-class cricket match in 1903, when the MCC played [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/598_f.html|title=First-Class Matches played on Lord's Nursery Ground, St John's Wood|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=6 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184417/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/598_f.html|url-status=live}}</ref> the match was originally to be played on the main Lord's ground, but heavy rain had fallen and in the week leading up to the match this had led to the abandonment of a match between the MCC and Nottinghamshire. The heavy rain persisted during the MCC v Yorkshire match, with the players spending the first two days of the three-day match sat in the pavilion. However, it was deemed that the playing surface on the Nursery Ground was suitable for the third day of the match to be played there,<ref>Barker 2014, p. 129</ref> with both sides batting for an innings each and Yorkshire's [[Wilfred Rhodes]] making an [[not out|unbeaten]] 98.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/6/6152.html|title=Marylebone Cricket Club v Yorkshire, 1903|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185725/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/6/6152.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[The University Match (women's cricket)|Women's University Match]] has been played on the Nursery Ground since 2001,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/varsity-cricket-a-one-day-wonder|title=Varsity cricket – a one-day wonder?|publisher=www.cam.ac.uk|date=6 June 2001|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711201251/https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/varsity-cricket-a-one-day-wonder|url-status=live}}</ref> however following calls for gender equality, the 20-over fixture will be played on the main Lord's ground for the first time from 2022 alongside the men's fixtures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-varsity-match-set-for-full-lord-s-debut-after-universities-reach-agreement-1263728|title=Women's Varsity match set for full Lord's debut after universities reach agreement|first=George|last=Dobell|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|date=21 May 2021|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711201232/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/women-s-varsity-match-set-for-full-lord-s-debut-after-universities-reach-agreement-1263728|url-status=live}}</ref> On big match days crowds are allowed onto the outfield. The Cross Arrows Cricket Club play their home matches at the Nursery Ground toward the end of the cricket season.<ref name="NUR"/> The construction of the new Compton and Edrich stands, beginning in August 2019, encroached on the Nursery Ground's playing area. In order to reclaim the playing area lost to the redevelopment of the stands, the temporary Nursery Pavilion will be demolished in 2025–26 and the playing area will be extended up to the perimeter wall running along the Wellington Road.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future|title=The Future of Lord's|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=13 July 2021|archive-date=20 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620043117/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/the-future|url-status=live}}</ref>

===MCC Museum and Library===
[[File:Ashes Urn.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[The Ashes urn]] on display at the Lord's Museum]]
Lord's is the home of the MCC Museum, which is the oldest sports museum in the world, and contains the world's most celebrated collection of cricket [[Sports memorabilia|memorabilia]], including [[The Ashes urn]].<ref name="MUS">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/mcc/heritage-collections/what-we-do|title=MCC Museum|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727180322/https://www.lords.org/mcc/heritage-collections/what-we-do|url-status=live}}</ref> MCC has been collecting memorabilia since 1864, the collection being originated by Sir [[Spencer Ponsonby-Fane]], who subsequently became the club Treasurer.<ref name=barc>''Barclay's World of Cricket – 2nd Edition'', 1980, Collins Publishers, {{ISBN|0-00-216349-7}}, p47</ref> These items were originally displayed in the pavilion, limiting access to the collection to MCC members. Following the Second World War the collection had outgrown its home in the pavilion, with a decision made to relocate the collection and open it to the public. The MCC moved the collection to a disused rackets court, which had fallen into disrepair during the war, with this location also acting as a memorial to the fallen members of the MCC from the two world wars.<ref name="MUSLIB">{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1953-hrh-the-duke-of-edinburgh-opens-the-imperial|title=HRH The Duke of Edinburgh opens the MCC Museum|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715100724/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/1953-hrh-the-duke-of-edinburgh-opens-the-imperial|url-status=live}}</ref> They appointed [[Diana Rait Kerr]], "to whom the game owes a great debt", to be the first full-time creator of the museum and library, a position she held from 1945 to 1968.<ref name=barc/> The museum was officially opened to the public as the Imperial Memorial Collection by the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]] in 1953. During her tenure as curator, Rait Kerr secured donations of pictures, equipment and other artefacts from around the world.<ref name="MUSLIB"/> Rait Kerr was succeeded as curator by Stephen Green in 1968.<ref name=barc/> The museum today welcomes around 50,000 visitors per year.<ref name="MUSLIB"/>

Amongst the items on display include cricket kit used by [[Victor Trumper]], [[Jack Hobbs]], [[Don Bradman]], [[Shane Warne]], and others; many items related to the career of [[W. G. Grace]]; and curiosities such as the stuffed [[Old World sparrow|sparrow]] that was 'bowled out' by [[Jahangir Khan (cricketer)|Jahangir Khan]] of Cambridge University in delivering a ball to [[T. N. Pearce]] batting for the MCC on 3 July 1936. It also contains the battered copy of [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|''Wisden'']] that helped to sustain [[E. W. Swanton]] through his captivity in a Japanese [[Prisoner-of-war camp#Conditions in Japanese camps|prisoner-of-war camp]] during the Second World War. It continues to collect historic artefacts and also commissions new paintings and photography.<ref name="MUSLIB"/> It contains the [[Brian Johnston]] Memorial Theatre, a cinema which screens historical cricket footage for visitors. The museum collaborates with a number of national museums and schools through active loans, in addition to community and tour programmes. It is a member of the [[Sporting Heritage]] network.<ref name="MUS"/>

Lord's also has one of the largest and most comprehensive collections of books and publications dedicated to cricket. The library includes over 20,000 volumes and grows by around 400 volumes a year. The library encourages donations from authors and publishers. The library operates as a private library for MCC members on match days, but is open by appointment on non-match days.<ref name="MUS"/> It was expanded in the 1980s with the opening of a new library in the tennis court block to the rear of the pavilion,<ref>Meredith 2012, p. 47</ref> having previously been housed in a small office in the pavilion.<ref name="G436">Green 2010, p. 436</ref> In 2010, a selection of 100 duplicates from the library's collection was offered for auction by [[Christie's]] with proceeds going to support the library.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.christies.com/about/press-center/releases/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=4329|title=Release: Christie's to offer a selection of items from the MCC collections|publisher=www.christies.com|date=21 October 2010|access-date=15 August 2014|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923225711/http://www.christies.com/about/press-center/releases/pressrelease.aspx?pressreleaseid=4329|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Gardens===
[[File:Lord's Cricket Ground Lord Harris Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|Memorial stone (pictured) to [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]] in the Harris Garden.]]
Lord's has two gardens, the Harris Garden and the Coronation Garden. The Coronation Garden was created behind the A stand (Warner Stand) in 1952 to celebrate the [[Coronation of Elizabeth II]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Peebles |first1=Ian |author1-link=Ian Peebles |last2=Rait Kerr |first2=Diana |author2-link=Diana Rait Kerr |title=Lord's 1946-1970 |year=1987 |publisher=Pavilion Books |location=London |isbn=1851451412 |page=78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yIVLAAAAYAAJ |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113607/https://books.google.com/books?id=yIVLAAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> It contains weeping [[Fraxinus|Ash trees]] and other trees, providing a shaded area under which benches are found. Preserved in the Coronation Garden is one of the first models of mass-produced, cast iron, heavy [[Roller (agricultural tool)#Cricket pitch use|rollers]] dating from the 1880s, which was in use at Lord's until 1945.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Roger D. C. |title=Cricket Grounds: The Evolution, Maintenance and Construction of Natural Turf Cricket Tables and Outfields |year=1991 |publisher=[[Sports Turf Research Institute]] |location=[[Bingley]] |isbn=1873431007 |page=15 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EBEK7CB5Xg8C |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113604/https://books.google.com/books?id=EBEK7CB5Xg8C |url-status=live }}</ref> A large bronze statue of W. G. Grace stands in the Coronation Garden. The garden is popular with picnickers during major matchdays.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=Simon |author1-link=Simon Hughes (cricketer) |title=And God Created Cricket |year=2010 |publisher=[[Transworld Publishers|Transworld]] |location=[[Ealing]] |isbn=9781446422472 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-n8jsCTWIUC |access-date=22 March 2023 |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113609/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-n8jsCTWIUC |url-status=live }}</ref> The Harris Garden, formerly tennis courts, was created as a [[rose garden]] in 1934 in memory of [[George Harris, 4th Baron Harris|Lord Harris]].<ref>Barker 2014, p. 112</ref><ref>Fay 2005, p. 28</ref> The garden was restored and re-launched in 2018. The restoration included the exposing of the flint wall which runs along the back of the garden,<ref name="GAR">{{cite news|url=https://www.conference-news.co.uk/news/lords-re-launches-harris-garden|title=Lord's re-launches Harris Garden|first=Martin|last=Fullard|publisher=ConferenceNews|date=6 August 2018|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727210007/https://www.conference-news.co.uk/news/lords-re-launches-harris-garden|url-status=live}}</ref> which displays a dedication to Lord Harris. The flower beds in the Harris Garden were replanted in 2018 with a floral design featuring flowers from all the [[Test cricket#Test status|Test playing nations]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Booth |first=Lawrence |title=The Shorter Wisden 2018 |year=2018 |publisher=[[Bloomsbury Publishing]] |location=London |isbn=9781472953582 |page=139 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hu5UDwAAQBAJ}}</ref> The Harris Garden is available for private hire and can host up to 300 people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/harris-garden|title=Harris Garden|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727204154/https://www.lords.org/lords/conferences-and-events/harris-garden|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="GAR"/>

==Other sports==
[[File:Base-ball in England - the match on Lord's cricket grounds between the Red Stockings and the Athletics - from a sketch by Abner Crossman. LCCN2008677252.tif|thumb|left|A [[baseball]] match between the [[Atlanta Braves|Boston Red Stockings]] and the [[Philadelphia Athletics (1860–1876)|Philadelphia Athletics]] at Lord's in 1874.]]
[[Pelham Warner]] was of the opinion that the only other sport which had any real standing at Lord's was [[real tennis]].<ref name="WAR292">Warner 1987, p. 292</ref> A real tennis court began construction in October 1838, with the foundation stone of the court being laid by [[Benjamin Aislabie]].<ref name="WAR28">Warner 1987, p. 28</ref> The court was built at a cost of £4,000, which at the time was exceptionally high.<ref>Meredith 2012</ref> A real tennis competition was later established in 1867.<ref name="WAR28"/> The tennis court was demolished in 1898 to make way for the Mound Stand, with a replacement court being built behind the pavilion in 1900 in the back garden of number 3 Grove End Road. By 2005 the MCC had a real tennis playing membership of 200.<ref>{{cite book|last=Fay|first=Stephen|year=2005|title=Tom Graveney at Lord's|pages=102–3|publisher=[[Methuen Publishing]]|location=London|isbn=0413775305|url=https://archive.org/details/tomgraveneyatlor0000fays}}</ref> The playing of [[Rackets (sport)|rackets]] at Lord's dates from 1844 and is currently played in the same building as real tennis.<ref name="WAR28"/> Lord's hosted the Public Schools Championship in 1866, with Harrow School triumphing. Since then the Championship has been held at [[Prince's Club]], before moving to [[Queen's Club]].<ref name="WAR292"/>

With the advent of [[lawn tennis]], a decision was made at the annual general meeting of the MCC in May 1875 to construct a tennis court, although there was strong opposition from some members.<ref>Warner 1987, p. 69</ref> A suggestion to standardise the rules of tennis was made at Lord's by [[John Moyer Heathcote|J. M. Heathcote]], who was himself a prominent real tennis player. On 3 March 1875 the MCC, in its capacity as the governing body for rackets and real tennis, convened a meeting at Lord's to test the various versions of lawn tennis which existed with the aim to fully standardise the game's rules.<ref name="RULES">{{cite book|author=[[Bodleian Library]]|year=2011|title=The Original Rules of Tennis|pages=29–34|publisher=Victory Books|location=Melbourne|isbn=978-0522858389|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0hwrwZqMDYC|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011605/https://books.google.com/books?id=d0hwrwZqMDYC|url-status=live}}</ref> Amongst the various versions of lawn tennis which were demonstrated were [[Walter Clopton Wingfield|Major Clopton Wingfield's]] ''Sphairistikè'', and [[John Hale (cricketer)|John H. Hale's]] Germains Lawn Tennis.<ref>{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=John|author-link=John Barrett (tennis)|title=Wimbledon – Serving Through Time|year=2003|publisher=Wimbledon Lawn Tennis Museum|location=London|pages=29, 30|isbn=978-0-906741-32-0}}</ref> After the meeting, the MCC Tennis Committee was tasked with framing the rules. On 29 May 1875 the MCC issued the ''Laws of Lawn Tennis'', the first unified rules for lawn tennis, which were adopted by the club on 24 June.<ref>{{cite book|editor-last=Somerset|editor-first=Henry|title=Tennis, Lawn Tennis, Rackets, Fives |series=Badminton Library of Sports and Pastimes |year=1894 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |location=London |edition=3st |editor-link=Henry Somerset, 8th Duke of Beaufort |pages=133, 134|url=https://archive.org/details/tennis00ainggoog |oclc=558974625 |ol=6939991M}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=John|author-link=John Barrett (tennis)|title=Wimbledon: The Official History of the Championships|year=2001|page=1|publisher=CollinsWillow|location=London|isbn=0-00-711707-8}}</ref> These rules were amended by the [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club]] for the [[1877 Wimbledon Championship]], with the dimensions of the tennis courts being based on those at Lord's; the courts on which these were based are no longer used for tennis and are now part of the Harris Garden.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/harris-gardens-hosting-tennis-at-lords-since-1838-and-where-rules-of-lawn-tennis-was-standardised-861597|title=Harris Garden, hosting tennis at Lord's since 1838 and where rules of lawn tennis were standardised|first=Jamie|last=Alter|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=14 October 2017|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724113600/https://www.cricketcountry.com/articles/harris-gardens-hosting-tennis-at-lords-since-1838-and-where-rules-of-lawn-tennis-was-standardised-861597|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Green 2010, p. 435</ref>

The original intention for the purchase of the northern part of the Nursery Ground in 1838 was for it to serve as an [[archery]] venue.<ref>Green 2010, p. 43</ref> Archery is recorded as having been played at Lord's as far back as August 1844, when visiting [[Iowa people|Ioway Indians]] camped at Lord's and demonstrated their archery skills.<ref>Green 2010, p. 40</ref> Lord's was one of the venues for the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], hosting the [[Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics|archery competition]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-on-hold-as-lords-hosts-archery|title=Cricket on hold as Lord's hosts archery|publisher=Wisden India|date=26 July 2012|access-date=27 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731044741/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-on-hold-as-lords-hosts-archery|archive-date=31 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The archery competition took place in front of the pavilion, which the archers were positioned in front of, with the targets placed 70 metres away just past the [[Cricket pitch|square]] and in front of the Media Centre. Either side of the square temporary stands holding up to 5,000 spectators were erected.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2012-lord-s-hosts-the-olympic-archery-tournament|title=Lord's hosts Olympic Archery|publisher=www.lords.org|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715213604/https://www.lords.org/lords/our-history/father-time-wall/2012-lord-s-hosts-the-olympic-archery-tournament|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Lacrosse]] was first played at Lord's in 1833 by the Canadian pioneers of the sport.<ref name="G347">Green 2010, p. 347</ref> Lacrosse returned to Lord's in 1876, when a team of Canadian Gentlemen Amateurs led by [[William George Beers]] played an exhibition match at the ground against a team of [[Iroquois|Iroquois Indians]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Vennum|first=Thomas|year=2013|title=American Indian Lacrosse: Little Brother of War|page=269|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|location=[[Baltimore]]|isbn=9780801887642|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ySIIyex5nboC}}</ref> A Canadian lacrosse team toured the United Kingdom again in 1883, with one exhibition match being staged at Lord's in front of several thousand spectators.<ref>{{cite book|last=Collins|first=Joseph Edmund|year=1884|title=Canada under the administration of Lord Lorne|page=526|publisher=Rose Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYhjqs1LZC4C|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404113605/https://books.google.com/books?id=NYhjqs1LZC4C|url-status=live}}</ref> It was later played again at Lord's in October 1953 when the Kenton and Old Thorntonians lacrosse clubs met there in a lacrosse championship match, with further fixtures following in November of the same year.<ref name="G347"/>
[[File:Archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men.jpg|thumb|right|Lord's was the venue for [[archery at the 2012 Summer Olympics]].]]
[[Baseball]] was first played at Lord's in 1874 when the MCC hosted a touring party of 22 baseball players from the [[Atlanta Braves|Boston Red Stockings]] and the [[Philadelphia Athletics (1860–1876)|Philadelphia Athletics]], who were the two leading American baseball teams of the time.<ref>Green 2010, p. 65</ref><ref>Barker 2014, p. 120</ref> The Red Stockings defeated The Athletics 24–7 in front of a crowd of 5,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite book|last=Felber|first=Bill|year=2013|title=Inventing Baseball: The 100 Greatest Games of the 19th Century|pages=84–5|publisher=[[Society for American Baseball Research]]|location=[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]]|isbn=9781933599427|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdgAAgAAQBAJ|access-date=22 March 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011608/https://books.google.com/books?id=rdgAAgAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> A baseball game was held at Lord's during the First World War to raise funds for the Canadian Widows and Orphans Fund. A Canadian team played a team of American London residents in a match watched by 10,000 people.<ref>Green 2010, p. 195</ref><ref>Barker 2014, p. 155</ref>

Lord's hosted the London pre-[[1968 Summer Olympics|1968 Olympics]] [[field hockey]] tournament in 1967.<ref name="HOCK">{{cite web|url=https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/aipsueps/world-hockey-returns-to-lords/|title=World hockey returns to Lord's|first=Bill|last=Colwill|publisher=[[Sports Journalists' Association]]|date=6 November 2006|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=15 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715221043/https://www.sportsjournalists.co.uk/aipsueps/world-hockey-returns-to-lords/|url-status=live}}</ref> One match saw [[India men's national field hockey team|India]] play [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]], which was broadcast live on the BBC, which at the time was unprecedented in field hockey.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/sports/hockey-asia-cup-2017-india-versus-pakistan-is-an-age-old-rivalry-where-emotions-take-over-skills-and-tactics-4142161.html|title=Hockey Asia Cup 2017: India versus Pakistan is an age-old rivalry where emotions take over skills and tactics|first=Jitendra Nath|last=Misra|publisher=[[Firstpost]]|date=14 October 2017|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> Pakistan won the match 1–0,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gettyimages.co.uk/detail/vid%C3%A9o/field-hockey-match-between-indian-and-pakistan-at-the-lords-vid%C3%A9o/mr_00103145?uiloc=thumbnail_same_series_adp|title=Montage: Field hockey match between Indian and Pakistan at the Lord's Cricket Ground in London|publisher=[[Getty Images]]|access-date=15 July 2021}}</ref> while Pakistan also went on to defeat [[Belgium men's national field hockey team|Belgium]] later in the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/hockey-match-aka-pre-olympic-hockey-tournament-aka/query/field+hockey|title=Hockey Match Aka Pre-Olympic Hockey Tournament AKA Hockey At Lords 1967|publisher=[[Pathé News|British Pathe]]|access-date=15 July 2021|archive-date=31 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190731074748/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/hockey-match-aka-pre-olympic-hockey-tournament-aka/query/field%2Bhockey|url-status=live}}</ref> The ground hosted further international hockey matches in the 1970s.<ref name="HOCK"/> The [[University Match (hockey)|University Match]] between Oxford and Cambridge hockey clubs took place at Lord's for twenty-one years beginning in 1969.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.varsityhockeymatch.com/history-of-the-varsity-match---venues|title=Varsity Match – Past Venues|website=www.varsityhockeymatch.com|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191011/https://www.varsityhockeymatch.com/history-of-the-varsity-match---venues|url-status=live}}</ref> [[England men's national field hockey team|England]] beat [[1975 Men's Hockey World Cup|world-champions]] India for the time ever in this venue, in 1978.<ref>{{cite news |title=England Score Historic Triumph |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19780313-1.1.22 |work=[[The Straits Times]] |agency=Reuters |date=13 March 1978 |page=22 |access-date=18 May 2022 |archive-date=18 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518171016/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19780313-1.1.22 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Other sports to have been played at Lord's include [[lawn bowls]] and [[English billiards|billiards]]. In 1838,<ref name="WAR29"/> a [[bowling green]] was constructed at the western end of the ground, in addition to a billiards room with two billiard tables which was added to the original tavern,<ref name="WAR29">Warner 1987, p. 29</ref><ref name="B44"/><ref name="BEN36">Green 2010, p. 36</ref> with professional billiards players playing matches at Lord's on a Monday during the cricket season;<ref name="WAR292"/> In the late 1840s and early 1850s, Lord's held [[Galloway pony]] races after the cricket season was over, with races starting at the tavern and finishing twenty yards south of the pavilion.<ref>Warner 1987, p. 31</ref>

==International records==
===Test===
* Highest team total: 729/6 [[Declaration and forfeiture|declared]] by Australia v England, 1930<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/t_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood - Highest Team Totals in Test cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=25 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725213148/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/t_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Lowest team total: 38 all out by Ireland v England, 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/t_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood - Lowest Team Totals in Test cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=25 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725213148/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/t_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 333 by Graham Gooch for England v India, 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/t_Centuries.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood - Centuries in Test cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=25 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725213148/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/t_Centuries.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 8/34 by [[Ian Botham]] for England v Pakistan, 1978<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Grounds/11/596/t_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood - Five Wickets in an Innings in Test cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=25 July 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
* Best bowling in a match: 16/137 by [[Bob Massie]] for Australia v England, 1972<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Grounds/11/596/t_Most_Wickets_in_Match.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood - Most Wickets in a Match in Test cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=25 July 2021|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===One Day International===
* Highest team total: 334/4 (60 overs) by England v India, 1975<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Highest Team Totals in ODI cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=8 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190353/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 107 all out (32.1 overs) by South Africa v England, 2003<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=team_score;runsmax1=199;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=team;view=innings|title=Statistics / Statsguru / One-Day Internationals / Team records|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=8 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185350/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=2;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=team_score;runsmax1=199;runsval1=runs;template=results;type=team;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 138[[not out|*]] by [[Viv Richards]] for West Indies v England, 1979<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Centuries.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Centuries in ODI cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=8 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185958/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Centuries.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 6/24 by [[Reece Topley]] for England v [[Indian national cricket team|India]], 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Four Wickets in an Innings in ODI cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=8 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185217/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/o_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Twenty20 International===
* Highest team total: 199/4 (20 overs) by West Indies v [[List of World XI Twenty20 International cricketers|ICC World XI]], 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Highest Team Totals in International Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011604/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 93 all out (17.3 overs) by Netherlands v Pakistan, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Lowest Team Totals in International Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011955/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 78 by [[Mahela Jayawardene]] for Sri Lanka v Ireland, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|title=Statistics / Statsguru / Twenty20 Internationals / Batting records|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011617/https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;filter=advanced;ground=10;orderby=batted_score;template=results;type=batting;view=innings|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 4/11 by [[Shahid Afridi]] for Pakistan v Netherlands, 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Four Wickets in an Innings in International Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=7 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404011606/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/itt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

All records correct as of {{date}}.

==Domestic records==

=== First-class ===
* Highest team total: 645/6 [[Declaration and forfeiture|declared]] by [[Durham County Cricket Club|Durham]] v Middlesex, 2002<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Highest Team Totals in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183435/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 15 by MCC v [[Surrey county cricket teams|Surrey]], 1839<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Lowest Team Totals in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182452/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 316[[not out|*]] by [[Jack Hobbs]] for [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]] v Middlesex, 1926<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Centuries.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Double Centuries in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182606/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Centuries.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Three bowlers have taken a ten-wicket haul in an innings where the exact bowling figures are not recorded, however it is known they conceded less than 20 runs, they are [[William Lillywhite]], [[Edmund Hinkly]] and [[John Wisden]]. The best bowling figures in an innings where the records are complete is [[Samuel Butler (cricketer)|Samuel Butler]]'s 10 for 38 for Oxford University v Cambridge University in 1871.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Seven Wickets in an Innings in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183101/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*William Lillywhite has taken the most wickets in a match, with 18 for the Players v Gentlemen in the [[Gentlemen v Players]] fixture of 1837, though his exact bowling figures are not recorded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Most_Wickets_in_Match.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Most Wickets in a Match in first-class cricket|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182831/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/f_Most_Wickets_in_Match.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== List A ===
* Highest team total: 368/2 (50 overs) by [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]] v Middlesex, 2014<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Highest Team Totals in List A matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183659/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 57 (27.2 overs) by [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] v Lancashire, 1996<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Lowest Team Totals in List A matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190302/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 187[[not out|*]] by [[Alex Hales]] for Nottinghamshire v Surrey, 2017<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Centuries.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – 150 Runs in List A matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183225/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Centuries.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 7/22 by [[Jeff Thomson]] for Middlesex v [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]], 1981<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Five Wickets in an Innings in List A matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183646/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/a_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Twenty20 ===
* Highest team total: 223/7 (20 overs) by Surrey v Middlesex, 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Highest Team Totals in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184517/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Highest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Lowest team total: 90 (14.4 overs) by [[Kent County Cricket Club|Kent]] v Middlesex, 2015<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Lowest Team Totals in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183240/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Lowest_Team_Totals.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Highest individual innings: 102 [[not out]] by [[Stephen Eskinazi]] for Middlesex v Essex, 2021<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Centuries.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Centuries in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182246/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Centuries.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Best bowling in an innings: 6/24 by [[Tim Murtagh]] for Surrey v Middlesex, 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|title=Lord's Cricket Ground, St John's Wood – Four Wickets in an Innings in Twenty20 matches|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=2 July 2021|url-access=subscription|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181752/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/11/596/tt_Most_Wickets_in_Innings.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

All records correct as of {{date}}.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
*{{cite book|last=Altham|first=Harry|author-link=Harry Altham|title=A History of Cricket, Volume 1 (to 1914)|year=1962|publisher=George Allen & Unwin}}
*{{cite book|last=Midwinter|first=Eric|author-link=Eric Midwinter|title=W. G. Grace: His Life and Times|year=1981|publisher=George Allen & Unwin}}
*{{cite book|last=Moorhouse|first=Geoffrey|author-link=Geoffrey Moorhouse|year=1983|title=Lord's|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|isbn=034028210X}}
*{{cite book|last1=Rait Kerr|first1=Diana|author-link1=Diana Rait Kerr|last2=Peebles|first2=Ian|author-link2=Ian Peebles|year=1987|orig-year=First published 1971|title=Lord's 1946-1970|publisher=Pavilion Books|location=London|isbn=1851451153}}
*{{cite book|last=Warner|first=Pelham|author-link=Pelham Warner|title=Lord's 1787–1945|year=1946|publisher=Harrap}}

==Further reading==
* Rice, Jonathan (2001). ''One Hundred Lord's Tests''. Methuen Publishing Ltd.
* Wright, Graeme (2005). ''Wisden at Lord's''. John Wisden & Co. Ltd.

==External links==

* {{official website}}
* [http://content.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html Profile – Lord's] at the [[CricInfo]]

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Headingley Cricket Ground

2023-10-03T14:31:55Z

Bharats20101998: template

{{short description|Cricket ground in Leeds, England}}
{{for|the Headingley Stadium complex|Headingley Stadium}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Headingley Cricket Ground
| nickname =
| image = England v India day 2 test, Headingley Stadium (26 August 2021) 004.jpg
| country = England
| location = St. Michael's Lane, [[Headingley]], [[Leeds]]
| coordinates = {{coord|53|49|3.58|N|1|34|55.12|W|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| establishment = 1890
| seating_capacity = 18,350<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/extra/vjVnELf6Ih/shapes_cricket_stadiums |title=The many shapes of England's cricket stadiums |work=BBC Sport |access-date=2 July 2019}}</ref>
| owner = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club]]
| end1 = Kirkstall Lane End [[Image:HeadingleyCricketGroundPitchDimensions.svg|200px]]
| end2 = Football Stand End
| international = true
| firsttestdate = 29 June – 1 July
| firsttestyear = 1899
| firsttesthome = England
| firsttestaway = Australia
| firsttestawayvar = colonial
| lasttestdate = 6-9 July
| lasttestyear = 2023
| lasttesthome = England
| lasttestaway = Australia
| firstodidate = 5 September
| firstodiyear = 1973
| firstodihome = England
| firstodiaway = West Indies
| lastodidate = 24 July
| lastodiyear = 2022
| lastodihome = England
| lastodiaway = South Africa
| firstt20idate = 18 July
| firstt20iyear = 2021
| firstt20ihome = England
| firstt20iaway = Pakistan
| lastt20idate =
| lastt20iyear =
| lastt20ihome =
| lastt20iaway =

| firstwtestdate = 12–16 June
| firstwtestyear = 1954
| firstwtesthome = England
| firstwtestaway = New Zealand
| lastwtestdate = 6–10 July
| lastwtestyear = 2001
| lastwtesthome = England
| lastwtestaway = Australia
| onlywodidate = 7 July
| onlywodiyear = 2018
| onlywodihome = England
| onlywodiaway = New Zealand
| year1 = 1891–present
| club1 = [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]]
| year2 = 2019–present
| club2 = [[Northern Superchargers]]
| date = 16 July
| year = 2023
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57092.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Headingley Cricket Ground''' is a [[cricket ground]] in the [[Headingley Stadium|Headingley Stadium complex]] in [[Headingley]], [[Leeds]], England. It adjoins the [[Headingley Rugby Stadium]] through a shared main stand, although the main entrance to the cricket ground is at the opposite Kirkstall Lane end. It has hosted [[Test cricket]] since 1899 and has a capacity of 18,350.

==History ==
A sports ground at Headingley was developed by a group of benefactors lead by [[Lord Hawke]] who was instrumental in the establishment of Yorkshire County Cricket Club; initially the ground was intended to be used for six sports; cricket, rugby, football, tennis, bowls and cycling. The first recorded first class cricket match took place at Headingley in September 1890. Prior to 1890 Yorkshire played matches around the county with the initial headquarters being at [[Bramall Lane]] in [[Sheffield]]. Yorkshire continued to use Bramall Lane as a secondary ground until 1973. In 1903 Yorkshire moved their base to Headingley. The mainstand shared between cricket and rugby was destroyed by fire in 1932; this was promptly replaced by a structure which stood until being demolished in 2018. In 2005 the ground was acquired by Yorkshire County Cricket Club from Leeds Cricket, Football and Athletic Company, the company established by Lord Hawke when the ground was first established. The first redevelopment of the ground undertaken under ownership of Yorkshire County Cricket Club was the development of the Carnegie Pavilion which was completed in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yorkshireccc.com/history/headingley-history|title=HEADINGLEY'S HISTORY|publisher=The Yorkshire County Cricket Club|date=|accessdate=1 September 2021}}</ref>

==Notable sporting moments==

[[File:Headingley Carnegie Stadium 8 July 2017 Hutton Gates.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Leonard Hutton]] Gates at the Headingley Stadium]]
[[File:The Players Pavilion, Headingley (geograph 4816312).jpg|thumb|left|The Players Pavilion (now demolished) in 1983.]]
[[File:Yorkshire Vikings v Birmingham Bears, Headingley Stadium (10th June 2021) 002.jpg|thumb|left|The Carnegie Pavilion in 2021]]
In 1902, Yorkshire beat the touring Australians by five wickets, after dismissing them for 23 in their second innings with [[George Herbert Hirst]] and [[Stanley Jackson (cricketer)|Stanley Jackson]] taking five wickets each.

[[Donald Bradman]]'s innings of 334 in the [[1930 Ashes series|1930 Ashes]] Test included 309 runs on the first day, and he followed it in the Australians' next test at Headingley in 1934 with an innings of 304.

Spinner [[Hedley Verity]] took 10 wickets for 10 runs in 1932 for [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire]] v. [[Nottinghamshire County Cricket Club|Nottinghamshire]], still the best bowling analysis ever in first-class cricket. Verity had also taken all ten against Warwickshire at Headingley in 1931.

In the [[Fourth Test, 1948 Ashes series|Fourth Test]] of the [[1948 Ashes series]], Australia scored 404 for three on the last day to beat England. [[Arthur Morris]] scored 182 and Bradman scored 173 not out.

In the Third Test [[New Zealand cricket team in England in 1965|against New Zealand in 1965]] [[John Edrich]] hit 53 fours and 5 sixes in his 310 not out. Captain [[M. J. K. Smith]] declared before Edrich had a chance to pass [[Gary Sobers]]' Test record 365 not out, and England won by an innings and 187 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/27/27595.html |title=The Home of CricketArchive |publisher=Cricketarchive.com |date=13 July 1965 |access-date=7 April 2013}}</ref>

In the third test match of the [[1975 Ashes series]] (a four-Test series), early on Tuesday 19 August head groundsman [[George Cawthray]] discovered that campaigners calling for the release from prison of [[George Davis (robber)|George Davis]] had dug holes in the pitch and poured oil over one end of the wicket. This led to the match being abandoned and declared a draw, denying England the chance to win back the Ashes.<ref name="1975: Davis campaigners stop Test match">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/19/newsid_2534000/2534763.stm|title=1975: Davis campaigners stop Test match|publisher=BBC|date=31 December 2009|access-date=1 January 2010}}</ref>

In the [[1977 Ashes series|1977 Ashes]] test, [[Geoff Boycott]] scored his [[hundredth first-class hundred]]. Four days later, by winning the same game, England won the series and regained the [[The Ashes|Ashes]].

In the third Test of the [[1981 Ashes series|1981 Ashes]] England were forced to follow on. However [[Ian Botham]] scored 149 [[not out]], and then [[Bob Willis]] took eight wickets for 43, to give England an eventual 18-run victory. Two members of the Australian team had taken the 500–1 odds. This was only the second time in the entire history of Test cricket that a side had followed-on and won; something which would not occur again until 2001.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/in_depth/cricket/2001/ashes/classics/1981.stm |title=In Depth | The Ashes |work=BBC Sport |access-date=7 April 2013 |archive-date=15 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715183908/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport/hi/english/static/in_depth/cricket/2001/ashes/classics/1981.stm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:Headingley 2001.jpg|thumb|right|Headingley during 2001 Test series]]
In the Test of 1991, [[Graham Gooch]] scored a match-winning 154 not out, carrying his bat throughout England's second innings of 252, against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] including [[Malcolm Marshall]], [[Curtly Ambrose]] and [[Courtney Walsh]].

In a game they had to win to stay in the [[1999 ICC Cricket World Cup]], the eventual cup-winners Australia chased down [[South Africa national cricket team|South Africa's]] 271 for seven after being 48 for three. [[Steve Waugh]], who had been dropped by [[Herschelle Gibbs]] as he attempted to throw the ball up in celebration, scored 120 not out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/WORLD_CUPS/WC99/SCORECARDS/SUPSIX/AUS_RSA_WC99_ODI-SUPSIX9_13JUN1999.html|title=9th Super Six Match: Australia v South Africa at Leeds|date= 13 June 1999|access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref>

In 2000, England dismissed the West Indies for 61 to win in two days, with [[Andrew Caddick]] taking four wickets in an over. England won again seven years later in 2007, as [[Ryan Sidebottom]] took eight wickets for 86 in two innings as England subjected the Windies to their worst Test defeat ever, an innings and 283 runs.

In August 2001, England successfully chased 315 to beat Australia, with [[Mark Butcher]] scoring an unbeaten 173 as England won by six wickets.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ARCHIVE/2001/AUS_IN_ENG/SCORECARDS/AUS_ENG_T4_16-20AUG2001.html|title=4th Test: England v Australia at Leeds|date= 16–20 August 2001|access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref> However, in August 2009 in the 4th test of [[The Ashes]] series, Australia beat England in {{frac|2|1|2}} days by an innings and 80 runs. Australia took twenty wickets with an attack without a spin bowler. England's middle order batsmen ([[Ravi Bopara]], [[Ian Bell]] and [[Paul Collingwood]]) scored 16 runs between them in two innings. However, these were rogue results, with the 2009 series being won by England and the 2001 series won by Australia.

[[Sachin Tendulkar]], [[Sourav Ganguly]], [[Rahul Dravid]] slammed centuries when [[India]] played [[England]] at Headingley from 22 to 26 August 2002. A venue where [[England]] used to bank on for home comforts showcased Team India's convincing win as the then visitors thrashed [[England cricket team|the Three Lions]] to clinch the 3rd Test of the four-match series.<ref name="2002test">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-tour-of-england-2002-62276/england-vs-india-3rd-test-63999/full-scorecard|title=Full Scorecard of India vs England 3rd Test 2002|publisher=[[ESPNCricinfo]]|access-date=2 July 2022}}</ref>

While [[Tendulkar]] top-scored for India with his majestic 193 off 330 balls, [[Sourav Ganguly|Ganguly]] played an entertaining knock of 128 off 167 balls. [[Sourav Ganguly|Ganguly]] and [[Tendulkar]] added 249 runs for the 4th wicket to help India register its highest total against [[England]] in 2002. In reply, [[Nasser Hussain]]'s team folded for 273 in their 1st innings and India opted to impose a follow-on.<ref name="2002test" />

Skipper [[Nasser Hussain|Hussain]] then lifted England with his 110 off 194 in the 2nd innings. However, Hussain's century went in vain as England only mustered 309 in their 2nd innings. India recorded one of the biggest wins over England by winning the 3rd Test by an innings and 46 runs.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/article/did-you-know-sachin-tendulkar-sourav-ganguly-rahul-dravid-slammed-centuries-when-india-last-played-england-at-headingley-in/803301|title= India's Your of England 2002|accessdate=26 August 2021}}</ref>

On 17 August 2017, [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club|Yorkshire Vikings]] posted the highest ever T20 score in English domestic cricket of 260–4, with [[Adam Lyth]] scoring the highest individual score (161) in English T20 domestic cricket.

Twelve days later, [[Shai Hope]] scored two centuries in the test match between England and the West Indies, making him the first batsman in [[first-class cricket]] at Headingley to score a century in both innings of a match.

[[File:Yorkshire Vikings vs. Durham Jets, Headingley Stadium, Leeds (10th July 2015) 001.JPG|thumb|centre|600px|The ground during a [[Twenty20|T20]] game against [[Durham Jets]]]]
[[File:headingley.jpg|thumb|right|[[Yorkshire CCC|Yorkshire]] v [[Surrey CCC|Surrey]] 2005]]

It hosted four matches at the [[2019 ICC Cricket World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/media-releases/672392 |title=ICC Cricket World Cup 2019 schedule announced |publisher=[[International Cricket Council|ICC]]|date=16 June 2019|accessdate=16 June 2019}}</ref>

On 25 August 2019, [[England cricket team|England]] chased down their highest ever fourth innings target in the third Test of the [[2019 Ashes]] series against Australia. England scored 362-9 to win, with [[Ben Stokes]] scoring 135*, while being latterly partnered by [[Jack Leach]] who scored 1*.

In the third test of the [[2023 Ashes]], England had a 3-wicket win against Australia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/the-ashes-2023-1336037/england-vs-australia-3rd-test-1336045/full-scorecard|title=3rd Test 2023 Ashes|publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=10 July 2023}}</ref>

==Present facilities==
The ground presently has a spectator capacity of 18,350 making it the fifth largest cricket ground in the United Kingdom by capacity. There is a large media centre to the north of the ground. Corporate facilities are situated in the Emerald Stand, the Carnegie Pavilion and the East Stand. The East Stand also contains banqueting facilities and the Headingley Lodge Hotel. The ground has floodlights enabling late play.

==Recent and future developments==
Yorkshire County Cricket Club are expanding the ground according to a six phase masterplan with points as follows

* Phase one - the erection of four floodlights (completed 2015)
* Phase two - the rebuild of the rugby ground end in conjunction with the redevelopment of the North Stand on the rugby side (completed 2019)
* Phase three - the addition of 915 seats in the north east corner (not yet undertaken)
* Phase four - the development of a five level new pavilion, members long room and dressing facilities to sit over the existing north west corner adjacent to the Carnegie Pavilion (not yet undertaken)
* Phase five - A translucent cantilever roof to be erected over the White Rose Stand (not yet undertaken)
* Phase six - landscaping on the White Rose Stand and North East concourses (not yet undertaken)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yorkshireccc.com/headingleymasterplan|title=HEADINGLEY MASTERPLAN|publisher=The Yorkshire County Cricket Club|date=|accessdate=1 September 2021}}</ref>

==Records at the ground==

({{As of|2021|08}})

In Tests, the highest team score achieved at Headingley is 653-4 declared by Australia against England in 1993. The leading run scorers at the ground are [[Don Bradman]] (963 runs), [[Geoff Boycott]] (897 runs) and [[John Edrich]] (849 runs). The leading wicket takers are [[Stuart Broad]] (46 wickets), [[Fred Trueman]] (44 wickets) and [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]] (42 wickets).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=1&id=179&type=ground|title=Headingley, Leeds Cricket Team Records & Stats {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com|website=Cricinfo|access-date=26 August 2021}}</ref>

In ODIs, the highest team score achieved at Headingley is 351-9 by [[English national cricket team|England]] against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] on 19 May 2019. The leading run scorers at the ground are [[Eoin Morgan]] (477 runs), [[Joe Root]] (421 runs) and [[Marcus Trescothick]] (408 runs). The leading wicket takers are [[Chris Old]] (12 wickets), [[Adil Rashid]] (12 wickets) and [[Ian Botham]] (11 wickets).

==Other events==
Headingley Cricket Ground's first concert occurred on Friday 18 September 2015 when [[ska]] band [[Madness (band)|Madness]] performed in front of an audience of 7,500.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yorkshireccc.com/news/view/3414/british-pop-icons-madness-to-perform-at-headingley|title=British pop icons Madness to perform at Headingley|access-date=18 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/madness-prove-to-be-a-big-hit-at-headingley-1-7470344|title=Madness prove to be a big hit – at Headingley|date=19 September 2015|work=Yorkshire Evening Post|access-date=18 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919073135/http://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/madness-prove-to-be-a-big-hit-at-headingley-1-7470344|archive-date=19 September 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Sponsorship==
The ground was named the Headingley Carnegie Stadium from 2006 to 2013 under a sponsorship deal with [[Leeds Metropolitan University]]. Upon the expiry of this deal the grounds name had no sponsor and was named simply Headingley Stadium until 2017 when a deal was done with the Emerald Group Search and Selection making it the Emerald Headingley Stadium. In 2021, Emerald Group pulled out of their sponsorship with immediate effect in the aftermath of the club's [[Yorkshire County Cricket Club racism scandal|racism scandal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/news-and-press-releases/emerald-removes-brand-association-yorkshire-county-cricket-club |title=Emerald removes brand association with Yorkshire County Cricket Club |publisher=Emerald Publishing |date=3 November 2021 |accessdate=17 November 2021}}</ref>

==Access==
The ground is served by [[Headingley railway station|Headingley]] and [[Burley Park railway station|Burley Park]] railway stations as well as the [[First Leeds]] routes 19, 19A, 56 and 91 which stop right outside the front entrance of the stadium on Kirkstall Lane.

Along with this there are other buses which stop a short 5 min walk away on Otley Rd Headingley those are [[First West Yorkshire|First Leeds]] services 1,6,8,27 and 28 and [https://www.yorkshirebuses.co.uk/ Yorkshire Buses] service 29

On certain match dates the R66 Shuttle Bus will run from Leeds City Centre to the stadium bus stop on Kirkstall Lane operated by [[First West Yorkshire|First Leeds]]

==See also==
*[[List of international cricket centuries at Headingley]]
*[[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls at Headingley]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Test Cricket Grounds ENG}}
{{Northern Diamonds}}
{{Cricket in England}}

{{coord|53|49|01|N|1|34|56|W|type:landmark_scale:2000_region:GB|display=title}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in West Yorkshire]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Leeds]]
[[Category:Yorkshire County Cricket Club]]
[[Category:Headingley Stadium|Cricket]]
[[Category:Test cricket grounds in England]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1890]]
[[Category:1999 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1975 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1979 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:1983 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]
[[Category:2019 Cricket World Cup stadiums]]

List of Indian winners and nominees of the BAFTA Film Awards

2023-09-28T08:15:41Z

Bharats20101998: -- Draft creation using the BP:Article wizard --

{{Short description|Indian winners and nominees of the BAFTAs}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
[[File:Rohini Hattangadi in 2010.jpg|alt=Rohini Hattangadi in 2010|thumb|[[Rohini Hattangadi]] became the first Indian to win a [[British Academy Film Awards|BAFTA Award]] for her portrayal of [[Kasturba Gandhi]] in [[Richard Attenborough]]'s ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982).]]
Several Indian individuals and films have received or been nominated for the [[British Academy Film Awards]] in different categories. {{as of|2023}}, 19 Indians have been nominated and 4 have won the awards.

At the [[36th British Academy Film Awards]], [[Rohini Hattangadi]] became the first Indian to win a BAFTA Award for [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]] for the film ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]'' (1982). [[Bhanu Athaiya]] was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] and [[Ravi Shankar]] was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Music|Best Original Music]] for the same film.<ref>{{Citation |title=Gandhi - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0083987/awards/ |access-date=2023-04-15}}</ref> As of 2023, three Indian films have been nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film from any Source]]— ''[[Pather Panchali (film)|Pather Panchali]]'' (1955), ''[[Aparajito]]'' (1956), and ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]'' (1959), all from [[Satyajit Ray]]'s [[The Apu Trilogy|Apu Trilogy]]; and five for [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Best Film Not in the English Language]]— ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988), ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' (2001), ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]'' (2002), ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'' (2006), and ''[[The Lunchbox]]'' (2014).{{refn|group=note|name=the warrior|''[[The Warrior (2001 British film) | The Warrior]]'' (2001) nominated in this category was a British film in an Indian language (Hindi).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Staff |date=2002-12-06 |title=Bafta says The Warrior is British |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2002/dec/06/baftas2003.culturaltrips |access-date=2023-04-15 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>}}

At the [[41st British Academy Film Awards]], ''Saving The Tiger'' and ''Man-Eating Tiger'' (both from 1987) by [[Naresh Bedi]] were nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]];<ref>{{Cite news |last=Soni |first=Sharad K. |title=Living on the wild side |work=The Tribune |publication-date=1999-09-26 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99sep26/sunday/head6.htm}}</ref> and at the [[76th British Academy Film Awards]], ''[[All That Breathes]]'' (2022) by [[Shaunak Sen]] and Aman Mann was nominated in the same category.<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2023-01-19 |title=BAFTA 2023: Shaunak Sen's 'All That Breathes' nominated for best documentary |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bafta-2023-shaunak-sens-all-that-breathes-nominated-for-best-documentary/article66409015.ece |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

At the [[52nd British Academy Film Awards]], [[Shekhar Kapur]] was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]] for ''[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth]]'' (1998), which won the award for [[BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film|Outstanding British Film]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gentleman |first=Amelia |last2= |first2= |date=1999-04-12 |title=Bafta falls in love with the Elizabethans |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/1999/apr/12/ameliagentleman |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

[[Resul Pookutty]] and [[A. R. Rahman]] won the BAFTA for [[BAFTA Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]] and [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Music|Best Original Music]], respectively, for the 2008 British film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-02-09 |title=AR Rahman, Resul Pookutty win BAFTA Award |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ar-rahman-resul-pookutty-win-bafta-award-308305.html |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref> Rahman was also nominated for Best Original Music for ''[[127 Hours]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-02-14 |title=Rahman loses out on BAFTA |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/rahman-loses-out-on-bafta/articleshow/7493388.cms |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

For his role in the movie ''[[Life of Pi (film)|Life of Pi]]'' (2012), [[Suraj Sharma]] received a nomination for [[BAFTA Rising Star Award|Rising Star Award]] – which unlike the competitive awards, is publicly voted for, although the nominees are shortlisted by the jury.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-01-19 |title=Life of Pi lead star Suraj Sharma nominated for BAFTA rising star award |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/life-of-pi-lead-star-suraj-sharma-nominated-for-bafta-rising-star-award/articleshow/18090609.cms |access-date=2023-05-10 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

[[Adarsh Gourav]] was nominated for [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]] for ''[[The White Tiger (film)|The White Tiger]]'' (2020).<ref>{{Cite news |title=BAFTA 2021: Adarsh Gourav Gets Nominated In The Lead Actor Category For 'The White Tiger' |work=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/entertainment-news-bafta-2021-adarsh-gourav-gets-nominated-in-the-lead-actor-category-for-the-white-tiger/376840}}</ref>

== Competitive awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Competitive awards}}
! scope="col" | Year 
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)/recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Film
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[11th British Academy Film Awards|1957 {{small|(11th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| ''[[Pather Panchali]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film from any Source]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="11th BAFTAs">{{Cite web |title=Film in 1958 {{!}} BAFTA Awards |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1958/film |publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[12th British Academy Film Awards|1958 {{small|(12th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[Aparajito]]''
| ''[[Aparajito]]''
| Best Film from any Source
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="12th BAFTAs">{{Cite web |title=Film in 1959 {{!}} BAFTA Awards |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1959/film |publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[12th British Academy Film Awards|1961 {{small|(15th)}}]]
! scope="row"| ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| ''[[The World of Apu|Apur Sansar]]''
| Best Film from any Source
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="15th BAFTAs">{{Cite web |title=Film in 1962 {{!}} BAFTA Awards |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1962/film |publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"| [[36th British Academy Film Awards|1982 {{small|(36th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Rohini|Hattangadi}}
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Gandhi (film)|Gandhi]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3"|<ref name="36th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1983/film|title=Film in 1983 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Bhanu|Athaiya}}
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Ravi|Shankar}}
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Music|Best Original Music]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[41st British Academy Film Awards|1987 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Naresh|Bedi}}
| ''Man-Eating Tigers/Saving the Tiger''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Documentary|Best Documentary]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="41st BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1988/film|title=Film in 1988 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[43rd British Academy Film Awards|1989 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{refn|group=note|name=salaam bombay|[[Mira Nair]], the director and co-producer of ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' who received the nomination, is [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]]. The film was co-financed by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sterritt |first=David |date=1988-10-12 |title=MIRA NAIR. Interview with Indian director whose new film stars street children from Bombay |language=en-US |work=The Christian Science Monitor |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/1988/1012/lfl07.html}}</ref>}}
| ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language|Best Film Not in the English Language]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="43rd BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1990/film|title=Film in 1990 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[52nd British Academy Film Awards|1998 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! rowspan="2" scope="row" | {{sortname|Shekhar|Kapur}}
| rowspan="2" | ''[[Elizabeth (film)|Elizabeth]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref name="52nd BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1999/film|title=Film in 1999 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[BAFTA Award for Outstanding British Film|Outstanding British Film]]
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[55th British Academy Film Awards|2001 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{refn|group=note|name=monsoon wedding|[[Mira Nair]], the director and co-producer of ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]'' who received the nomination, is [[Indian Americans|Indian-American]]. The film was an international co-production between companies in India, the United States, Italy, France, and Germany.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Young |first=Deborah |date=2001-09-04 |title=Monsoon Wedding |language=en-US |work=Variety| url=https://variety.com/2001/film/awards/monsoon-wedding-1200470102/}}</ref>}}
| ''[[Monsoon Wedding]]''
| Best Film Not in the English Language
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="55th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2002/film|title=Film in 2002 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[56th British Academy Film Awards|2002 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sanjay|Leela Bhansali}} {{sortname|Bharat|Shah}}
| ''[[Devdas (2002 Hindi film)|Devdas]]''
| Best Film Not in the English Language
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="56th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2003/film|title=Film in 2003 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[60th British Academy Film Awards|2006 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Rakeysh|Omprakash Mehra}} {{sortname|Ronnie|Screwvala}}
| ''[[Rang De Basanti]]''
| Best Film Not in the English Language
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="60th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2007/film|title=Film in 2007 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| [[62nd British Academy Film Awards|2008 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Resul|Pookutty}}
| rowspan="2"| ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Sound|Best Sound]]
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref name="62nd BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2009/film|title=Film in 2009 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row"| {{sortname|A. R.|Rahman}}
| rowspan="2" | Best Original Music
| {{won}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[64th British Academy Film Awards|2010 {{small|(64th)}}]]
| ''[[127 Hours]]''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="64th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2009/film|title=Film in 2009 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[68th British Academy Film Awards|2014 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ritesh|Batra}} {{sortname|Anurag|Kashyap}} {{sortname|Guneet|Monga}} {{sortname|Arun|Rangachari|nolink=yes}}
| ''[[The Lunchbox]]''
| Best Film Not in the English Language
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="68th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2015/film|title=Film in 2015 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[74th British Academy Film Awards|2020 {{small|(74th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Adarsh|Gourav}}
|''[[The White Tiger (2021 film)|The White Tiger]]''
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role| Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="74th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2021/film|title=Film in 2021 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[76th British Academy Film Awards|2022 {{small|(76th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Shaunak|Sen}} {{sortname|Aman|Mann|nolink=yes}}
|''[[All That Breathes]]''
| Best Documentary
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="76th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2023/film|title=Film in 2023 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|}

== Publicly Voted awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ {{sronly|Publicly Voted awards}}
! scope="col" | Year 
! scope="col" | Nominee(s)/recipient(s)
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[66th British Academy Film Awards|2012 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row"| {{sortname|Suraj|Sharma}}
| [[BAFTA Rising Star Award|Rising Star Award]]
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="66th BAFTAs">{{cite web|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2013/film|title=Film in 2013 {{!}} BAFTA Awards|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Academy Awards]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees of the Golden Globe Awards]]
* [[List of Indian Grammy Award winners and nominees]]
* [[List of Indian winners and nominees at the Cannes Film Festival]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Cinema of India}}
{{New Wave in cinema}}

[[Category:Cinema of India]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian films]]
[[Category:BAFTA winners (films)]]

Anil Kumble

2023-09-27T05:18:02Z

Bharats20101998:

{{short description|Indian cricketer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Anil Kumble
| image = Anil Kumble (1).jpg
| caption = Kumble in October 2019
| fullname =
| nickname = Jumbo
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|10|17}}
| birth_place = [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]), India
| heightft = 6
| heightinch = 1
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = [[leg spin|Leg break]]
| role = [[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
| family =
| international = true
| internationalspan = 1990–2008
| country = India
| testdebutdate = 9 August
| testdebutyear = 1990
| testdebutagainst = England
| testcap = 192
| lasttestdate = 29 October
| lasttestyear = 2008
| lasttestagainst = Australia
| odidebutdate = 25 April
| odidebutyear = 1990
| odidebutagainst = Sri Lanka
| odicap = 78
| lastodidate = 19 March
| lastodiyear = 2007
| lastodiagainst = Bermuda
| odishirt = 37 (previously 18, 8)
| club1 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|1989/90–2008/09}}
| club2 = [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]]
| year2 = 1995
| club3 = [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club|Leicestershire]]
| year3 = 2000
| club4 = [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey]]
| year4 = 2006
| club5 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| year5 = 2008–2010
| columns = 4
| column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]]
| column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]]
| column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches1 = 132
| matches2 = 271
| matches3 = 244
| matches4 = 380
| runs1 = 2506
| runs2 = 938
| runs3 = 5572
| runs4 = 1456
| bat avg1 = 17.77
| bat avg2 = 10.53
| bat avg3 = 21.77
| bat avg4 = 11.20
| 100s/50s1 = 1/5
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| 100s/50s3 = 7/17
| 100s/50s4 = 0/0
| top score1 = 110[[not out|*]]
| top score2 = 26
| top score3 = 154[[not out|*]]
| top score4 = 30[[not out|*]]
| deliveries1 = 40,850
| deliveries2 = 14,496
| deliveries3 = 66,931
| deliveries4 = 20,247
| wickets1 = 619
| wickets2 = 337
| wickets3 = 1136
| wickets4 = 514
| bowl avg1 = 29.65
| bowl avg2 = 30.89
| bowl avg3 = 25.83
| bowl avg4 = 27.58
| fivefor1 = 35
| fivefor2 = 2
| fivefor3 = 72
| fivefor4 = 3
| tenfor1 = 8
| tenfor2 = 0
| tenfor3 = 20
| tenfor4 = 0
| best bowling1 = 10/74
| best bowling2 = 6/12
| best bowling3 = 10/74
| best bowling4 = 6/12
| catches/stumpings1 = 60/–
| catches/stumpings2 = 85/–
| catches/stumpings3 = 120/–
| catches/stumpings4 = 122/–
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30176.html espncricinfo
| date = 8 November
| year = 2016
}}

'''Anil Kumble''' ({{audio|Anil_Kumble.ogg|pronunciation}}; born 17 October 1970) is an Indian former cricket captain, coach and commentator who played [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[One Day International]] cricket for his national team over an international career of 18 years.<ref>{{cite news |title=Board of Control for Cricket in India Commentators Anil Kumble and Sanjay Manjrekar Get Rs 39 and 36 lakh {{!}} Cricket News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/cricket/board-of-control-for-cricket-in-india-commentators-anil-kumble-and-sanjay-manjrekar-get-rs-39-and-36-lakh-1487297 |access-date=17 April 2022 |work=NDTV |date= 8 February 2016 |language=en}}</ref> Widely regarded as one of the best [[leg spin]] bowlers in Test Cricket History, he took 619 [[wicket]]s in Test cricket and is the fourth highest wicket taker of all time as of 2022. In 1999 while playing against Pakistan, Kumble dismissed all ten batsmen in a Test match innings, joining [[England cricket team|England]]'s [[Jim Laker]] as the second player to achieve the feat.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lal|first=Kuldip|title=Kumble takes all 10 wickets as India rout Pakistan|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1998-99/PAK_IN_IND/SCORECARDS/PAK_IND_T2_04-08FEB1999_AFP_MR/PAK_IND_T2_07FEB1999_AFP_MR.html|access-date=19 May 2012|newspaper=ESPN Cricinfo|date=7 February 1999}}</ref><ref name="allten">{{cite news|author=Ayanjit Sen|title= Kumble reaps reward for commitment|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/other_international/4061169.stm|work=BBC|date=2 December 2004|access-date=9 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="Garg2010">{{cite book| last = Garg| first = Chitra| title = Indian Champions Profiles of Famous Indian Sportspersons| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Fq1wdzqhu6kC&pg=PA128|year=2010| publisher = Rajpal & Sons| isbn = 978-81-7028-852-7|page=128}}</ref> Unlike his contemporaries, Kumble was not a big turner of the ball, but relied primarily on pace, bounce, and accuracy. He was nicknamed "Apple" <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/career-choices-that-make-anil-kumble-the-best-man-to-coach-india|title=Career Choices That Make Anil Kumble The Best Man to Coach India|date=14 June 2016|newspaper=Bloomberg Quint|access-date=12 March 2021}}</ref> and "Jumbo".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/120716/team-india-coach-anil-kumble-reveals-how-he-got-his-nickname-jumbo.html|title=Anil Kumble reveals how he got his nickname 'Jumbo'|date=12 July 2016|newspaper=deccanchronicle.com|access-date=3 January 2017}}</ref> Kumble was selected as the Cricketer of the Year in 1993 ''[[Indian Cricket (annual)|Indian Cricket]]'', and one of the [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|''Wisden'']] [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|Cricketers of the Year]] three years later. Kumble was a member of the Indian team that was one of the joint-winners of the [[2002 ICC Champions Trophy]], which the title was also shared with Sri Lanka.

Born in [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]), Kumble developed an early interest in cricket as he grew up watching players like [[B. S. Chandrasekhar]] before becoming a full-fledged cricketer. He made his [[First-class cricket|First-class]] debut at the age of 19 while representing [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]]. Soon he was picked up for the [[Austral-Asia Cup#Second edition 1990|Austral-Asia Cup]] in 1990 before making his Test debut against England later that year. Since then he has represented the Indian Test team on more than 132 Test matches and was responsible for many of India's victories. Kumble became a part of the regular ODI team during the early 1990s and held some of the best performances during this time; which included his six for 12 (six wickets for 12 runs) against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]]. The year 1996 proved to very successful for him as he was selected for the [[1996 Cricket World Cup|World Cup]] and emerged as the most successful bowler of the tournament; he played seven matches and captured 15 wickets at an [[Bowling average|average]] of 18.73.

Kumble was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honour in 2005. After having played for 18 years, he announced his retirement from international cricket in November 2008. In October 2012, Kumble was appointed the chairman of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC)'s cricket committee.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/kumble-to-be-chairman-icc-cricket-committee/30418| title=Kumble to be chairman of ICC Cricket Committee| publisher=Wisden India| date=10 October 2012| access-date=11 October 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909205103/http://www.wisdenindia.com/cricket-news/kumble-to-be-chairman-icc-cricket-committee/30418| archive-date=9 September 2014| url-status=dead}}</ref>

Between 2012 and 2015, Kumble held positions as a chief mentor for the teams [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] and [[Mumbai Indians]] in the [[Indian Premier League]]. He was also a former head coach of the [[India national cricket team|Indian cricket team]] as well. In February 2015, he became the fourth Indian cricketer to be inducted into [[ICC Hall of Fame]]. Kumble is currently the Head Coach and the Director of Cricket Operations of [[Punjab Kings]].<ref name="KXIP"/>

==Personal life==
[[File:Kumble and Gang.jpg|thumb|left|200px]]
Kumble was born to family in [[Bangalore]], [[Mysore State]] (now [[Karnataka]]), to Krishna Swamy and Saroja who both hail from [[Kumbla]] near [[Kasaragod]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="joy">{{cite web|author=MD Ritti|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/1999/feb/15c.htm|title= 10 wickets – and phone overload|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=15 February 1999|access-date=9 August 2007}}</ref><ref name="adieu"/> Kumble has a brother named Diinesh Kumble. He is married to Chetana Kumble,<ref name="midday">{{cite web|title=Bitter-battle|url=http://www.mid-day.com/news/2008/jul/140708bnews1.htm|work=MidDay|access-date=6 June 2012|author=Hemanth Kashyap|date=14 July 2008}}</ref> and has three children – son Mayas Kumble and daughters Aaruni and Svasti Kumble.<ref>
{{cite web|title=Anil Kumble|url=http://www.indianmirror.com/games/cricket/former-player-anil.html|work=Indian Mirror|access-date=6 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Kumble, with his son Mayas, as he announces his retirement from ODIs|date=30 March 2007|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/image/288041.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> His mother tongue is [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Anil Kumble|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154408.html|date=6 September 2007|website=Cricinfo|access-date=20 May 2020}}</ref>

Kumble did his primary schooling in Holy Saint English School and he completed his Class X from [[National High School, Basavanagudi|National High School Basavanagudi]]. He began playing cricket on the streets of [[Bangalore]] and joined a club called "Young Cricketers" at the age of 13. After his high school he completed his Class XII from [[National College Basavanagudi|National Pre-University College Basavanagudi]]. Kumble later graduated from [[Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College of Engineering]] (RVCE) in [[Bachelor of Engineering|B.E]] [[Mechanical Engineering]] in 1991–92. He is nicknamed "Jumbo" because his deliveries, for a spinner, are "as fast as a jumbo jet".<ref>{{cite news|last=Khan |first=Tanvir |title=Anil Kumble: The Last Samurai |url=http://zeenews.india.com/kumble/story.aspx?aid=480442 |access-date=15 May 2012 |newspaper=Zee News |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620210101/http://zeenews.india.com/kumble/story.aspx?aid=480442 |archive-date=20 June 2013 }}</ref> Kumble is a [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]].<ref>[https://archive.today/20230125120500/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/veg-food-to-debut-kumble-reminisces-uk-memories/articleshow/92138677.cms "Bengaluru: Veg food to debut, Anil Kumble reminisces UK memories"]. timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 24 January 2023.</ref>

==Career==
===Early domestic career and international career ===

Kumble made his first-class debut for [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]] against [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] on 30 November 1989, taking 4 wickets and bagging a pair. He was then selected for India Under-19s against Pakistan Under-19s, scoring 113 in the first test and 76 in the second. He made his ODI debut against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] at [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]] in the [[Austral-Asia Cup]] on 25 April 1990.<ref name="Cricinfo2008">{{cite book| author = Cricinfo| title = The Cricinfo Guide to International Cricket 2009| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iNEPngEACAAJ&pg=PA92|year=2008| publisher = Hardie Grant Publishing| isbn = 978-1-74066-683-1|page=92}}</ref> He played one more game in the series against Pakistan and ended up picking two wickets. His Test debut came in the same year when [[Indian cricket team in England in 1990|India toured England]] for a three-test series.<ref>{{cite web|title=India in England, 1990|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/60568.html|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> It was the second test of the series played at [[Old Trafford cricket ground|Manchester]] and he picked up 3 wickets conceding 105 runs in the first innings and went wicket-less in the second innings of the match which resulted in a draw.<ref>{{cite web|title=India tour of England, 1990|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63535.html|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> He did not play any Tests until 1992. Kumble picked up 13/138 in [[Irani Trophy]] against [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] for Rest of India which ensured the latter's victory.<ref>{{cite news|last=Banarji|first=Ajai|title=IND: Domestic Season 1992/93 – Scores Summaries|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1992-93/IND_LOCAL/FC_1992-93-SUMMARY.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi vs Rest of India|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/engine/match/369653.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> This performance helped him earn a place in the Indian side that toured [[South Africa cricket team|South Africa]] and [[Zimbabwe cricket team|Zimbabwe]]. It was during the [[Indian cricket team in South Africa in 1992–93|1992 Indian tour of South Africa]] that he established himself as a quality spinner, taking eight wickets in the second Test. All in all he took 18 wickets at an average of 25.94 and with an economy rate of 1.84 in the four-test series.<ref>{{cite news|last=Khan|first=Feroz|title=India in South Africa Oct 1992/Jan 1993 – Test Averages|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1992-93/IND_IN_RSA/IND_IN_RSA_OCT1992-JAN1993_TEST_AVS.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> Later that year, when England toured India, Kumble took 21 wickets in three Tests at an average of 19.8.<ref>{{cite news|title=England in India Jan/Mar 1993 : Test Averages|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1992-93/ENG_IN_IND/ENG_IN_IND_JAN-MAR1993_TEST_AVS.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> He picked up seven wickets for 165 runs in the third Test of the series played at [[Wankhede Stadium|Bombay]] as India went on to win the match by an innings and 15 runs.<ref>{{cite news|title=England in India 1993|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1992-93/ENG_IN_IND/ENG_IN_IND_JAN-MAR1993_RESULTS-SUMMARY.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> He was adjudged [[man of the match]] for his performance.<ref>{{cite news|title=England tour of India, 1992/93|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63600.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref>

Kumble took his first 50 Test wickets in 10 matches; the record remained the fastest by an Indian bowler until [[Ravichandran Ashwin]] surpassed him achieving the feat in nine matches. His 100 Test wickets in 21 Test matches, the second fastest by an Indian bowler<ref name="lords">{{cite web|title=Profile: Anil Kumble |url=http://www.lords.org/mcc/mcc-world-cricket-committee/profile-anil-kumble,937,AR.html |access-date=23 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120603195354/http://www.lords.org/mcc/mcc-world-cricket-committee/profile-anil-kumble%2C937%2CAR.html |archive-date=3 June 2012 }}</ref> after [[E.A.S. Prasanna|Erapalli Prasanna]] (who took 100 wickets in 20 matches). On 27 November 1993, he took six wickets for 12 runs in an ODI against the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] at [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]] in the final of the [[1993 Hero Cup|Hero Cup]], which was an Indian record for very long time.<ref>{{cite news|title=C.A.B. Jubilee Tournament (Hero Cup), 1993/94|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65973.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Wisden|first=John|title=Hero Cup 1993–94, final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/151071.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 May 2012}}</ref> This record was broken by [[Stuart Binny]] on 17 June 2014 against Bangladesh.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stuart Binny|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/bangladesh-v-india-2014/content/current/player/27223.html
|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 June 2014}}</ref> In January 1994, when Sri Lanka toured India, Kumble picked up his first 10 wicket haul in his 14th match which ensured India's victory by an innings and 119 runs. He picked up 11 wickets for 128 runs in the match.<ref>{{cite news|title=1st Test: India vs. Sri Lanka|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63631.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=10 June 2012}}</ref>

In [[1995 English cricket season]] Kumble played for [[Northamptonshire County Cricket Club|Northamptonshire]] and was the leading wicket taker with 105 wickets at the average of 20.40.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Class Season 1995 – First Class Bowling Averages|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995/ENG_LOCAL/ENG_FC_1995_BOWL_AVS.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> He was the only bowler to take more than 100 wickets during that season.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Class Season 1995 – Statistical Highlights|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995/ENG_LOCAL/ENG_FC_1995_STATS.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> His best performance came against [[Hampshire County Cricket Club|Hampshire]] in a drawn match in [[County Championship]], picking up 13 wickets for 192 runs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Northamptonshire v Hampshire Scorecard|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1995/ENG_LOCAL/CC/R12/NORTHANTS_HANTS_CC_20-24JUL1995.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> This performance in the English county cricket was noted by [[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack|Wisden]] as they named him one of their [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year|five Cricketers of the Year]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|title=WISDEN|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/293203.html?years=1996|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 June 2012|date = 3 May 2007}}</ref>

===1996 World Cup===
{{further|1996 Cricket World Cup}}

The year 1996 proved to be extremely successful for Kumble as he claimed 61 ODI wickets at an average of 20.24.<ref>{{cite news|title=Statistics – Statsguru – A Kumble – One-Day Internationals|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30176.html?class=2;spanmax1=31+Dec+1999;spanmin1=01+Jan+1990;spanval1=span;template=results;type=allround|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> All in all, he was the leading wicket-taker in the calendar year with 90 wickets at an average of 24.14 in Tests and ODIs combined.<ref name="mostwickets">{{cite news|title=Most wickets in a calendar year|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283959.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=7 June 2012}}</ref> Kumble was selected in the Indian side for the [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996 World Cup]]. He was a part of all the seven matches that India played. Kumble was the leading wicket-taker in the tournament with 15 wickets at an average of 18.73.<ref>{{cite news|title=Leading wicket takers of 1996 cricket world cup|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=722;type=tournament|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> India played their first match against [[Kenya national cricket team|Kenya]] where Kumble took three for 28 runs, which helped to restrict Kenya for just 199/6 in their 50 overs. India won the match comfortably by seven wickets.<ref>{{cite news|title=India vs Kenya 6th match|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65161.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> In the subsequent matches he picked up three for 35 runs (against [[West Indies national cricket team|West Indies]]) and two wickets for 39 runs (against [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]]) in group phase.<ref>{{cite news|title=India vs West Indies 10th match|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65165.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=India vs Sri Lanka 24th match|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65179.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref>

India played against Pakistan in the quarter-final phase. Kumble picked up 3 for 48 in the match which India eventually won.<ref>{{cite news|title=India vs Pakistan 2nd Q/F|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65187.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> In the semi-final they subsequently lost to Sri Lanka in which Kumble's performance was 1 for 51.<ref>{{cite news|title=India vs Sri Lanka 1st S/F|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65190.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref>

===Setting records and rise through the ranks===
[[File:Anil Kumble - Boxing Day.jpg|thumb|Anil Kumble bowling in the Boxing Day Test Match at Melbourne]]
In October 1996, Anil Kumble along with [[Javagal Srinath]] helped India to win a scintillating ODI match against Australia in Bangalore in [[Titan Cup]]. The duo added 52 runs for 9th wicket partnership, after [[Sachin Tendulkar]] got out at 88 when India was 164/8, chasing a target of 216 runs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Titan Cup – 3rd match-India v Australia-Scorecard-21 October 1996|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/66061.html|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=27 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Javagal Srinath and Anil Kumble seal thrilling win in nervous run-chase against Australia in Titan Cup 1996 |url=http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Javagal-Srinath-and-Anil-Kumble-seal-thrilling-win-in-nervous-run-chase-against-Australia-in-Titan-Cup-1996/32458 |publisher=Cricket Country |access-date=27 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023084554/http://www.cricketcountry.com/cricket-articles/Javagal-Srinath-and-Anil-Kumble-seal-thrilling-win-in-nervous-run-chase-against-Australia-in-Titan-Cup-1996/32458 |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref> India eventually went on to win the [[Titan Cup]]. In February 1997 India visited the West Indies for a series of five tests and four ODIs.<ref>{{cite web|title=India in West Indies, Feb–May 1997|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_IN_WI/|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=27 June 2012}}</ref> Kumble was part of the squad and he was the leading wicket-taker in the Test series. He picked up 19 wickets, averaging 30.31 with the ball.<ref>{{cite web|title=Test Series 1996/97 Averages|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1996-97/IND_IN_WI/IND_IN_WI_FEB-MAY1997_TEST_AVS.html|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=27 June 2012}}</ref> Kumble was the leading wicket-taker by a large margin when Australia visited India for Border-Gavaskar Trophy in 1998. He picked up 23 wickets in 3 test matches at the average of 18.26.<ref>{{cite web|title=Border-Gasakar Trophy 1997/98 Averages|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1997-98/AUS_IN_IND/AUS_IN_IND_FEB-APR1998_TEST_AVS.html|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=27 June 2012}}</ref>

Kumble is one of three bowlers ever (the other two being [[Jim Laker]] of [[England cricket team|England]] in 1956 and Ajaz Patel of New Zealand in 2021) to have taken all ten wickets in a [[Test cricket|Test]] [[innings]], taking 10 for 74. Kumble achieved this against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] in the second Test played in [[Delhi]] in February 1999.<ref name="Beard">{{cite book| last = Frindall| first = Bill| author-link = Bill Frindall| title = Ask Bearders| year = 2009| publisher = [[BBC Books]]| isbn = 978-1-84607-880-4| pages = 144–145 }}</ref> Although by failing to dismiss Pakistan's [[Waqar Younis]] in either innings, he missed out on the achievement of dismissing all eleven batsmen in a Test match. It has been said that once he had got nine wickets his friend and teammate [[Javagal Srinath]] started bowling wide outside the off stump, so that Kumble could take the 10th.<ref>{{cite web|last=Getters|first=Rocky|title=Cricket History: The Catch Worth Dropping in Cricket|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/194140-cricket-history-the-catch-worth-dropping-in-cricket|publisher=bleacherreprt.com|access-date=21 December 2011}}</ref> The performance was rated by ''[[Wisden Cricket Monthly|Wisden]]'' as the second best "Bowling performance of all time".<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Test Bowling of all time|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2001/jul/30bow10.htm|work=Rediff.com|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> The achievement was commemorated by naming a [[Anil Kumble Circle|traffic circle]] in [[Bengaluru]] after him,<ref>{{cite news | url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-16/bangalore/28066107_1_crib-traffic-bmrc | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233025/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-10-16/bangalore/28066107_1_crib-traffic-bmrc | url-status=dead | archive-date=4 October 2013 | title=Work at Brigade Rd Jn from next week | date=16 October 2009 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> and gifting him a car with the customized license plate: KA-10-N-10.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/99/0226/feat8.html | title=CNN ASIANOW – Asiaweek | access-date=2 August 2014}}</ref> In 1999 he was the third highest wicket taker with 88 wickets at the average of 30.03 behind [[Glenn Mcgrath]] and [[Shane Warne]].<ref name="mostwickets"/>

When the Indian opener, [[Sadagoppan Ramesh]] tried to take a catch off Srinath, he was cautioned by [[Javagal Srinath]] not to try and take any catch so that Anil Kumble could take all 10 Wickets. This was revealed by Ramesh in an interview via 10 Sports; about the particular match "Anil Kumble’s 10 wickets against Pakistan at Feroz Shah Kotla, New Delhi in 1999". When Kumble was looking to take his tenth wicket in the India-Pakistan test in 1999, Srinath, who was bowling from the other end, was trying to bowl way outside the off-stump to avoid taking the final wicket in order for Kumble to get to the record. Anil Kumble always gives full credit to him for his perfect 10 against Pakistan as Srinath bowled two wide balls in test match to avoid taking a wicket.

On 6 October 2004, Kumble became only the third spinner in the history of Test cricket after Shane Warne and [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] and the second Indian bowler after [[Kapil Dev]] to capture 400 Test wickets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kumble breaks 400-wicket barrier|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2387970/Kumble-breaks-400-wicket-barrier.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/2387970/Kumble-breaks-400-wicket-barrier.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=18 May 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=6 October 2004}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Reaching the mark took him 30 fewer Test matches than it took Kapil Dev, and 7 fewer than Warne. In the India-West Indies series of 2006, Kumble took 6–78 in the second innings of the final Test in [[Sabina Park]], Jamaica, and bowled India to a historic series win; it had been 35 years since a similar series victory. During the first innings of the match, Kumble scored 45 and became the second player in the history of the game after Shane Warne to score 2000 runs and take over 500 Test wickets. Kumble also holds the world record for trapping most batsmen [[leg before wicket]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Records / Test matches / Bowling records / Most wickets taken lbw|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283499.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=17 May 2012}}</ref> On 10 December 2004, Kumble became India's highest wicket-taker when he trapped [[Mohammad Rafique (cricketer)|Mohammad Rafique]] of [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] to surpass Kapil Dev's haul of 434 wickets.

Kumble also played for [[Asian Cricket Council|ACC]] Asian XI against ICC World XI in World cricket tsunami appeal ODI match on 10 January 2005 held at the [[Melbourne cricket ground]] which was organised for the charity purpose for [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] victims. In the match, he picked up 2/73 and scored 11 runs off 7 balls.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asia XI vs ICC XI Scorecard|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/tsunami/engine/current/match/66387.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 May 2012}}</ref> For his performances in 2005, he was named as 12th man in the Test World Test XI by ICC.{{CN|date=January 2023}}

Kumble claimed his 500th Test wicket in the Second Test of [[English cricket team in India in 2005–06|England's tour of India]] in March 2006, when he dismissed [[Steve Harmison]] lbw. He became the first Indian and fifth overall to reach the mark.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kumble joins 500-club |url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2006/mar/11stats.htm |access-date=25 July 2018 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=11 March 2006}}</ref> After returning to India from the [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007 World Cup]], he announced his retirement from ODIs, on 30 March.<ref name="retires">{{cite web| title = India's highest wicket-taker calls time on ODIs| work=Daily News & Analysis| url = http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1087501| access-date =28 March 2007| date=28 March 2007}}</ref>

On 10 August that year, Kumble scored his maiden Test century, making an unbeaten 110 [[Indian cricket team in England in 2007|against England]] at [[the Oval]] to help his team finish with 664. He took 118 Tests to reach his maiden Test hundred, which is a record for taking the most matches to score a century, beating [[Chaminda Vaas]] who had held this record previously with 96 Tests. It was also the only hundred by an Indian in the three-Test series.<ref name="century">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/08/10/uctest110.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017125838/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/08/10/uctest110.xml|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2007|title=Anil Kumble makes England suffer|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=10 August 2007 | location=London | date=10 August 2007}}</ref> He is the only Test cricketer to have taken all ten wickets in an innings and score a Test hundred in his career. A day after scoring his ton, Kumble dismissed Vaughan for his 900th International wicket and 563rd Test wicket, drawing him level with McGrath. Later he trapped Monty Panesar for an lbw to finish the innings and overtake McGrath in the list of all-time wicket-takers,<ref name="oneindia">{{cite web|title=Kumble leaves behind McGrath in Test bowling charts|url=http://news.oneindia.in/2007/08/12/kumble-leaves-behind-mcgrath-in-test-bowling-charts-1186929295.html|date=12 August 2007}}</ref> only Muttiah Muralitharan and Shane Warne have more wickets.

Kumble has bowled 40850 balls in his entire Test career, which is second highest after M Muralitharan's 44039 balls.

Kumble was appointed as the captain of the Indian Test cricket team on 8 November 2007.<ref name="Captain new">{{cite web|title=Kumble to captain in Test series against Pakistan|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/318897.html|work=ESPN|access-date=22 May 2012|date=8 November 2007}}</ref> He succeeded his state teammate [[Rahul Dravid]], who resigned as the captain in September 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dravid resigns as India captain|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvpak/content/story/310880.html|work=ESPN|access-date=22 May 2012|date=14 September 2007}}</ref> He is the only leg spinner who have become the captain of the team. His first series as captain of Indian Test team was a three-match series against Pakistan played in India.<ref name="Captain new" /> which the team won by 1–0.<ref>{{cite web|author=Harish Kotian|title=Kumble bags five as Test ends in exciting draw|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/2007/dec/12india.htm|work=Rediff.com|date=12 December 2007
|access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pak lose test series in India after 27 years|url=http://www.itsonlycricket.com/entry/598/|author=Fast Cricket|access-date=22 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231231417/http://itsonlycricket.com/entry/598/|archive-date=31 December 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[File:Kumble edited.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Kumble bowling in a match against South Africa in 2008.]]
On 17 January 2008, in the third Test against Australia at [[WACA Ground|WACA, Perth]], Anil Kumble became the first Indian bowler and the third in the world to reach the milestone of 600 Test wickets.<ref name=Bal /> Kumble achieved the record just after the tea break when he had Andrew Symonds caught by Rahul Dravid at first slip.<ref name=Bal /> Kumble's 600 wickets came in 124 matches at an average of 28.68. Kumble has captured most wickets against Australia by an Indian bowler.<ref name=Bal /> Kumble is the third bowler after [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] and [[Shane Warne]] to take 600 Test wickets.<ref name=Bal />

===Retirement from International cricket===
Kumble injured the little finger of his left hand while attempting a catch off [[Matthew Hayden]] in Australia's first innings which rendered him unfit for the 4th and final test of the series against Australia in November 2008.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kumble, India captain, retires after India draws|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/sports/02iht-CRICKET.1.17442778.html|access-date=19 May 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2 November 2008}}</ref> Kumble was finding it difficult to find his striking form and went wicketless in four consecutive innings before the first innings of Australia in the third test of the series against Australia in which he managed three lower-order wickets. He declared the 2nd innings of India with only 6 overs of play left in the drawn match. His final figures were 4–0–14–0.

Anil Kumble announced his retirement from [[Test cricket|International test cricket]], [[first-class cricket]], and list A cricket appearances on 2 November 2008 in the 3rd Test match against Australia at [[Feroz Shah Kotla]] cricket stadium at New Delhi, India.<ref name="Darpan2009">{{cite book| last = Darpan| first = Pratiyogita| title = Pratiyogita Darpan| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3k18k7iKDhwC&pg=PA33| date = January 2009| publisher = Pratiyogita Darpan|page=33}}</ref> He took the last wicket of his career of [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Many hues of Kumble's swansong at Kotla|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-01/top-stories/27900860_1_kotla-test-career-mitchell-johnson|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105062444/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-11-01/top-stories/27900860_1_kotla-test-career-mitchell-johnson|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|access-date=1 November 2008|author=Shashank Shekhar|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=1 November 2008}}</ref> The final ball of his test career was a low full toss on which Matthew Hayden scored a four.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kumble's last ball|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZn5rffNsH8|publisher=Youtube |access-date=22 May 2012}}</ref> After his retirement, [[Mahendra Dhoni|MS Dhoni]] was made the captain of the team.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kumble retires, Dhoni named Test captain |url=http://www.chitramala.in/news/kumble-retires-109225.html |access-date=22 May 2012 |newspaper=Chitramala |date=2 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507082502/http://www.chitramala.in/news/kumble-retires-109225.html |archive-date=7 May 2012 }}</ref>

===IPL career===
Kumble agreed to honour his contract with the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] (RCB) franchise of the [[Indian Premier League]] after retirement. He was given a three-year contract worth US$500,000 per year in the first round of bidding in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|title=What it cost: Auction list for IPL 2008|url=http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/indian-premier-league/news/detail/item379323/What-it-cost:-Auction-list-for-IPL-2008-/|publisher=espnstar.com|access-date=1 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325131159/http://www.espnstar.com/cricket/indian-premier-league/news/detail/item379323/What-it-cost:-Auction-list-for-IPL-2008-/|archive-date=25 March 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 18 April 2009 he took a five-wicket haul conceding just 5 runs in 3.1 overs against the defending champions [[Rajasthan Royals]], which helped RCB get a 75-run victory in the [[2009 Indian Premier League#Group stage 2|second match]] of the 2009 edition, played in South Africa. Even today, this remains the fourth-best bowling figures in IPL history.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajasthan humbled after inept batting|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/400329.html|access-date=23 May 2012|newspaper=ESPN cricketinfo|date=18 April 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=We oldies can have our days too – Kumble|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/content/story/400576.html|access-date=23 May 2012|newspaper=ESPN cricketinfo|date=20 April 2009}}</ref> After the departure of [[Kevin Pietersen]] for England's cricket commitments, Kumble was named as the captain of the Royal Challengers. On 23 May 2009, his team defeated the [[Chennai Super Kings]] by six wickets and got a spot in the final against the [[Deccan Chargers]]. RCB lost the finals but Kumble won Man of the Match, and is the only person in IPL history to win Man of the Match in the finals despite being on the losing side. Though RCB could not win the tournament, Kumble ended as the most successful spin bowler and the 2nd highest wicket-taker of the tournament with 21 wickets at an economy rate of 5.86 runs per over behind [[R. P. Singh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Premier League, 2009 / Records / Most wickets |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4801;type=tournament |work=ESPN |access-date=22 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151102231133/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2009/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?id=4801%3Btype%3Dtournament |archive-date=2 November 2015 }}</ref>

In [[2010 Indian Premier League]], Kumble led the team to the semi-finals. After being forced to play their semi-finals at the [[DY Patil Stadium]] following security concerns in Bangalore,<ref>{{cite news|title=Kumble confident of putting it past Mumbai|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/456740.html|access-date=18 May 2012|newspaper=Cricinfo|date=21 April 2010}}</ref> the Royal Challengers lost their semi-final to the [[Mumbai Indians]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Veera|first=Sriram|title=Ruthless Mumbai march into final|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/456800.html|access-date=18 May 2012|newspaper=Cricinfo|date=21 April 2010}}</ref> with Kumble taking 1 wicket at an economy rate of 7.50 in the match.<ref>{{cite news|title=Royal Challengers Bangalore v Mumbai Indians|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419162.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> For his performances in 2010, he was named in the [[ESPNcricinfo|ESPN Cricinfo]] IPL XI.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/457382.html |title = The IPL XI|date = 26 April 2010}}</ref>

Kumble announced his retirement from [[Indian Premier League]] on 4 January 2011.<ref name=RETIRED /> After his retirement from IPL as a player, RCB appointed him as the chief mentor for the team, where he led them to the 2011 Finals against the [[Chennai Super Kings]].<ref name="RETIRED">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/retired-snubbed-kumble-pulls-out-of-ipl-auction/733019/2|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=22 May 2012|title=Retired! Snubbed Kumble pulls out of IPL auction|date=4 January 2011}}</ref> Kumble left that position in January 2013, moving to a similar role with the [[Mumbai Indians]], which he quit in November 2015 after delivering them 2 titles in alternative years.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/945671.html|title = Kumble quits as chief mentor of Mumbai Indians|date = 30 November 2015|work = ESPNcricinfo|access-date = 30 November 2015}}</ref> He then served as the Director of Operations for the [[Punjab Kings]].

==Style and technique==
[[File:Anil Kumble graph.png|200px|thumb|left|Test career batting performance of Anil Kumble.]]
Kumble is a right-arm [[leg spinner]] ([[Leg break|legbreak]] [[googly]]) with an unorthodox style, most famous for his [[Flipper (cricket)|flipper]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Sharada|first=Tarun|title=Anil Kumble's jumbo journey|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-21/features/27971165_1_anil-kumble-jim-laker-pakistan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105092418/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-21/features/27971165_1_anil-kumble-jim-laker-pakistan|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|access-date=16 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 November 2007}}</ref> and a right-hand batsman<ref name="playerprofile">{{cite news|title=Anil Kumble – Player Profile|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/player/30176.html|work=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> He started his career as a fast bowler,<ref name="yahoocricket">{{cite web|title=Kumble – a spinner with a fast bowler's attitude|url=http://cricket.yahoo.com/blogs/yahoo-cricket-columns/kumble-spinner-fast-bowler-attitude-27.html|publisher=Yahoo Cricket|author=Partab Ramchand}}</ref> which gave him a useful faster delivery. His unique bowling style can be attributed to matting pitches in Bangalore which assist top-spin and over-spin.<ref name="persistent">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/08/12/sckumb112.xml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017131828/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/main.jhtml?xml=/sport/2007/08/12/sckumb112.xml|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 October 2007|title=Persistent Anil Kumble's rich harvest|author=Scyld Berry|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=13 August 2007 | location=London | date=12 August 2007}}</ref>

Kumble was one of the 4 bowlers, alongside [[Richard Hadlee]], [[Shane Warne]] and [[Muttiah Muralitharan]] (later [[Rangana Herath]] , [[James Anderson (cricketer)|James Anderson]], [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]), and (then) the only Indian bowler ever, to have taken [[List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Anil Kumble|5 wickets in a Test innings more than 30 times]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11;filter=advanced;orderby=five_wickets;template=results;type=bowling;wicketsmin1=5;wicketsval1=wickets |title=Combined Test, ODI and T20I records: Most five-wicket hauls in a career |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=12 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007181014/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=11%3Bfilter%3Dadvanced%3Borderby%3Dfive_wickets%3Btemplate%3Dresults%3Btype%3Dbowling%3Bwicketsmin1%3D5%3Bwicketsval1%3Dwickets |archive-date=7 October 2012 }}</ref> He also holds the world record for the largest number of caught-and-bowled dismissals in tests, 35 – which forms 5.65% of his total wickets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Kumble Fielding Records|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/player/30176.html?class=1;template=results;type=fielding;view=dismissal_list|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> He is also one of 4 Indian bowlers to have conceded over 250 runs in a Test match, although he took 12 wickets in that match.<ref>{{cite news|title=4th Test Border-Gavaskar Trophy 2003/04|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64062.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> He is known for bowling tirelessly, having bowled 72 overs in a Test innings once.<ref>{{cite news|title=1st Test India vs Sri Lanka Aug, 97|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/63762.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=20 May 2012}}</ref> He is also remembered for his tenacity in bowling even when injured, especially after an incident in a match against West Indies where, despite having his broken jaw being heavily taped, he came back and took the wicket of [[Brian Lara]].<ref name="Fraser2005">{{cite book| last = Fraser| first = David| title = Cricket and the Law The Man in White Is Always Right| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P3mOV7kXwn4C&pg=PA215|year=2005| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-7146-5347-1|page=215}}</ref>

Kumble relies more on accuracy, variations and bounce rather than spinning the ball.<ref name="adieu">{{cite news|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070407/saturday/main1.htm|title= Jumbo spinner|author=Abhijit Chatterjee|newspaper=The Tribune|access-date=9 August 2007}}</ref> [[Sambit Bal]], the editor of ''[[Cricinfo]]'', wrote, "That he [Kumble] has been an unusual spinner has been said many times before. It has also been said, a trifle unfairly, that he is a unidimensional bowler. Palpably, he has lacked the turn of Warne and Murali, but his variety has been subtler, far more apparent to batsmen than to viewers. He has shown that not only turn and flight that can deceive the batsman but also the changes of length and pace. He has been a cultured practitioner of his unique craft and a master of nuances."<ref name="Bal">{{cite news|url=http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/331598.html
|title= The master of nuances|author=Sambit Bal|work=ESPNcricinfo|date=17 January 2008|access-date=20 January 2008| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080120204506/http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/331598.html| archive-date= 20 January 2008 | url-status= live}}</ref>

As a captain and coach, he is a firm supporter of [[Umpire Decision Review System|DRS]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/anil-kumble-support-india-embracing-drs-icc-gm-geoff-allardice-3735482/|title=Anil Kumble's support instrumental in India embracing DRS: ICC GM Geoff Allardice|date=3 November 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/india-jumbo-shift-on-review-system-anil-kumble-3095902/|title=India's jumbo change in stance on DRS|date=22 October 2016|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=5 January 2017}}</ref>

==Involvement in cricket associations==
Kumble has been appointed to the athlete's commission of the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA), with his term starting on 1 January 2009.<ref>{{cite web|date=19 December 2008 |access-date=19 December 2008 |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/19/2451496.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation| title=Kumble nominated to WADA panel| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090113132341/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/12/19/2451496.htm| archive-date= 13 January 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref>

On 21 November 2010, Kumble was elected as The President of the [[Karnataka State Cricket Association]], with statemates and former India teammate [[Venkatesh Prasad]] elected as vice-president whereas his former teammate, [[Javagal Srinath]] got elected as Secretary.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kumble team sweeps KSCA elections|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-21/top-stories/28256671_1_indian-cricket-incumbent-president-anil-kumble|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105114930/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-21/top-stories/28256671_1_indian-cricket-incumbent-president-anil-kumble|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 November 2013|access-date=18 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 November 2010}}</ref>

On 12 October 2012, Kumble was appointed as the new Chairman of ICC Cricket Committee.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kumble team sweeps KSCA elections|url=https://www.news18.com/cricketnext/news/kumble-appointed-chairman-of-icc-cricket-committee-585146.html|access-date=11 July 2019|newspaper=News18|date=11 October 2011}}</ref> Kumble has been retained as the chairman of the ICC Cricket Committee for another three years on 2 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-ceo-bcci-security-2019-icc-world-cup-anil-kumble-cricket-committee-chairman-1469182-2019-03-02 |title = ICC CEO assures BCCI of security at World Cup, Anil Kumble retained as Cricket Committee head}}</ref>

==Coaching career==
On 24 June 2016 he was appointed as the head coach of the Indian Cricket Team by BCCI for a period of one year but resigned due to untenable differences with the captain, Virat Kohli, as stated by him.<ref>{{cite news|title=Anil Kumble appointed India head coach|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/story/1028683.html|access-date=23 June 2016|website=ESPNCricinfo.com|date=23 June 2016}}</ref> Anil Kumble's term of one year ended after the 2017 ICC Champions Trophy. The chief of COA, [[Vinod Rai]], announced on 12 June 2017 that Anil Kumble will continue as the coach of the India Cricket Team for the upcoming [[West Indies]] tour of India. After a recent defeat in ICC Champions Trophy Final 2017 against Pakistan, he stepped down as the head coach of the Indian Cricket Team on 20 June 2017 after a duration of less than 1 year.

Kumble's first series as a coach was against the West Indies in July where India played four Test matches, winning 2–0.
Later India beat [[New Zealand]] 3–0 in the Test series, his second consecutive Test series win as a coach.
India also defeated [[England]] 4–0 in the five-Test series in November–December and stretched their winning streak to three test series victory under Kumble as a coach.
India's fourth Test series win came against Bangladesh. India went on to dominate on their home soil which marked as India's 19-match unbeaten record in Tests.
During the four-match Test series against Australia in March; India lost the first match but made a sensational comeback, beating the Australians in two of the last three tests, drawing one match and winning the series 2–1.
India also registered two one-day series wins under Kumble's tenure, as India defeated New Zealand in a five one-day match series 3–2, followed by a 2–1 win over England in a three-match series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/anil-kumble-quits-as-india-coach-a-look-at-teams-performance-under-him-4713795/|title=Anil Kumble quits as India coach: A look at team's performance under him|date=20 June 2017|website=The Indian Express|language=en-IN|access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref>

Twitter statement by Kumble on 20 June 2017 – "I am honoured by the confidence reposed in me by the CAC, in asking me to continue as Head Coach. The credit for the achievements of the last one year goes to the Captain, the entire team, coaching and support staff.
Post this intimation, I was informed for the first time yesterday by the BCCI that the Captain had reservations with my 'style' and about my continuing as the Head Coach. I was surprised since I have always respected the role boundaries between Captain and Coach. Though the BCCI attempted to resolve the misunderstandings between the Captain and me, it was apparent that the partnership was untenable, and I therefore believe it is best for me to move on.
Professionalism, discipline, commitment, honesty, complementary skills and diverse views are the key traits I bring to the table. These need to be valued for the partnership to be effective. I see the Coach's role akin to 'holding a mirror' to drive self-improvement in the team's interest.
In light of these 'reservations' I believe it is best I hand over this responsibility to whomever the CAC and BCCI deem fit.
Let me reiterate that it has been an absolute privilege to have served as Head Coach for the last one year. I thank the CAC, BCCI, CoA, and all concerned.
I also wish to thank the innumerable followers and fans of Indian cricket for their continued support. I will remain a well-wisher of the great cricketing tradition of my country forever."
<ref name="TI2017">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/news/partnership-between-kohli-and-me-was-untenable-kumble/articleshow/59241795.cms|title=Partnership between Kohli and me was untenable: Kumble|date=21 June 2017|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=22 June 2017}}</ref>

In October 2019, he was appointed as the Head Coach and the Director of Cricket Operations for [[Kings XI Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/27818751/anil-kumble-appointed-kings-xi-punjab-head-coach|title=Anil Kumble appointed Kings XI Punjab head coach |website=ESPNCricinfo|date=11 October 2019 |access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref><ref name="KXIP">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/71534650.cms|title=Kings XI Punjab hand over coaching reins to Anil Kumble |website=The Times of India|date=11 October 2019 |access-date=14 October 2019}}</ref>

==Awards and honours==
* [[Arjuna award]], a sports award from the [[Government of India]], in 1995<ref name="arjuna">{{cite web
| title = Arjuna awardees – Cricket
| publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports |location=India
| url = http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Cricket
| access-date =28 March 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070225121351/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/arjuna.htm#Cricket |archive-date = 25 February 2007}}
</ref>
* One of the [[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]], in 1996.<ref>{{cite news|title=Wisden's Five Cricketers of the Year|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/209422.html|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=15 May 2012|date=16 May 2005}}</ref>
* Among the 16 cricketers shortlisted for the Wisden Indian Cricketer of the 20th Century, in 2002<ref name="wisden">{{cite web
| title = 16 cricketers shortlisted
| work=The Tribune |location=Chandigarh
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020516/sports.htm#4
| access-date =28 March 2007| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20070429100825/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020516/sports.htm| archive-date= 29 April 2007 | url-status= live}}
</ref> ([[Kapil Dev]] won)
* [[Padma Shri]], a civilian award from the Government of India, in 2005.<ref>{{cite news|title=12 Padma award-winners from State felicitated|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/17/stories/2006021703860400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060530155727/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/17/stories/2006021703860400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2006|access-date=15 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=17 February 2006}}</ref>
* A prominent intersection in [[M G Road, Bangalore|M. G. Road, Bengaluru]] has been named after Anil Kumble.<ref>{{cite news|last=Viswanathan|first=Satish|title=Id use POWER TO HELP A CAUSE than jump queue|url=http://lite.epaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=6&edlabel=TOIBG&mydateHid=16-02-2010&pubname=&edname=&articleid=Ar00600&format=&publabel=TOI|access-date=15 May 2012|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref>
* 'Best breakthrough performance IPL 2009' for his five-for-five against [[Rajasthan Royals]] in IPL 2009.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sachin best batsman, Ojha best bowler at IPL Awards |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/Ndtv-Show-Special-Story.aspx?ID=534&StoryID=SPOEN20100139276&ch=4242010125800AM |access-date=15 May 2012 |newspaper=NDTV India |date=24 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110216052950/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/Ndtv-Show-Special-Story.aspx?ID=534&StoryID=SPOEN20100139276&ch=4242010125800AM |archive-date=16 February 2011}}</ref>
* [[ICC Cricket Hall of Fame]], a sports award from the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]], in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/cricketnext/news/anil-kumble-inducted-into-icc-hall-of-fame-530013-78.html|title=Anil Kumble inducted into ICC Hall of Fame|date=22 February 2015}}</ref>

==Records==
{{main|List of international cricket five-wicket hauls by Anil Kumble}}
Kumble is the most successful Indian bowler of all time and fourth-highest wicket-taker of all time in Tests. He took 35 [[five-wicket haul]]s and eight [[ten-wicket haul]]s in Tests and two ODI five-wicket hauls.

Kumble holds the record of bowling 40,850 balls in the entire Test career, which is the highest for an Indian and second-highest overall.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Records {{!}} Test matches {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Most balls bowled in career |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283775.html|access-date=26 August 2020|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

Kumble is also one of six bowlers to take 900 or more wickets in their entire career, taking 956 wickets in his career.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Records {{!}} Combined Test, ODI and T20I records {{!}} Bowling records {{!}} Most wickets in career {{!}} ESPNcricinfo.com |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/records/283980.html |access-date=20 July 2022 |website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Film
! scope="col" |Role
! scope="col" |Language
! scope="col" |Notes
|-
! scope="row" |2004
|''[[Meerabai Not Out]]''
|Himself
|Hindi
|Cameo
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Twitter|anilkumble1074}}
* {{ESPNcricinfo|id=30176}}
* {{IMDb name|3497212}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Rahul Dravid]]
|title=[[Indian National Test Cricket Captains|Indian National Test Cricket Captain]]
|years=2007
|after=[[MS Dhoni]]
}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Mohammad Azharuddin]]
|title=Indian Awardees of [[Wisden Cricketer of the Year]]
|years=1991
|after=[[Sachin Tendulkar]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indian Test Cricket Captains}}
{{India ODI Cricket Captains}}
{{Indians with 100 or more Test caps}}
{{navboxes|title=Achievements of Anil Kumble
|list1 =
{{Wisden Cricketers of the Year 1996}}
{{Bowlers who took 300 wickets in Test cricket}}
{{300 ODI wickets club}}
{{ICC Cricket Hall of Fame}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title= India squads
|bg= #0077FF
|fg= white
|bordercolor=#ff8800
|list1=
{{India Squad 1995 Asia Cup}}
{{India Squad 1996 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 1999 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2002 ICC Champions Trophy}}
{{India Squad 2003 Cricket World Cup}}
{{India Squad 2007 Cricket World Cup}}
}}
{{India national cricket team coaches}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumble, Anil}}
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricketers]]
[[Category:India Test cricket captains]]
[[Category:India One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:ACC Asian XI One Day International cricketers]]
[[Category:Karnataka cricketers]]
[[Category:South Zone cricketers]]
[[Category:Leicestershire cricketers]]
[[Category:Northamptonshire cricketers]]
[[Category:Surrey cricketers]]
[[Category:Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1996 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1999 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2003 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 2007 Cricket World Cup]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cricketers at the 1998 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Royal Challengers Bangalore cricketers]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]
[[Category:Cricketers who have taken ten wickets in an innings]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Bangalore]]
[[Category:Indian cricket coaches]]
[[Category:Indian cricket commentators]]
[[Category:World Anti-Doping Agency members]]
[[Category:Coaches of the Indian national cricket team]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games competitors for India]]
[[Category:Cricketers who have acted in films]]

Government of France

2023-09-26T16:38:49Z

Bharats20101998: Government of France

{{short description|Body exerting the executive power in France}}
{{About|the collective executive of France|the entire governing system of France|Politics of France}}
{{merge from|French Fifth Republic|discuss=Talk:French_Fifth_Republic#Proposed_Merge|date=September 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2014}}
{{Infobox executive government
| government_name = {{nowrap|Government of the French Republic}}
| nativename = {{nowrap|{{lang|fr|Gouvernement de la République française}}}}
| image = Government_of_France_logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| date = 4 October 1958 ([[French Fifth Republic|Fifth Republic]])
| state = [[France|French Republic]]
| address = [[Hôtel de Matignon]], [[Paris]]
| appointed = [[President of France]]
| leader_title = [[Prime Minister of France]]
| main_organ = [[Council of Ministers of France|Council of Ministers]]
| ministries = 
| responsible = [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]]
| url = {{URL|gouvernement.fr/en}} (English)
}}
{{Politics of France}}

The '''government of France''' ([[French language|French]]: ''gouvernement français''), officially the '''Government of the French Republic''' ({{Lang|fr|Gouvernement de la République française}} {{IPA-fr|ɡuvɛʁnəmɑ̃ də la ʁepyblik fʁɑ̃sɛːz|}}), exercises [[Executive (government)|executive power]] in [[France]]. It is composed of the [[Prime Minister of France|prime minister]], who is the [[head of government]], as well as both senior and junior [[Minister (government)|ministers]].<ref name="ewe1">{{cite web |url=http://www.rogerdarlington.me.uk/Frenchpoliticalsystem.html |title=A short guide to the French political system |date=19 October 2014 |access-date=5 December 2014}}</ref> The Council of Ministers, the main executive organ of the government, was established in the [[Constitution of France|Constitution]] in 1958. Its members meet weekly at the [[Élysée Palace]] in [[Paris]]. The meetings are presided over by the [[President of France]], the [[head of state]], although the officeholder is not a member of the government.

The government's most senior ministers are titled as ministers of state (''ministres d'État''), followed in protocol order by ministers (''ministres''), ministers delegate (''ministres délégués''), whereas junior ministers are titled as secretaries of state (''secrétaires d'État''). All members of the government, who are appointed by the [[President of France|President]] following the recommendation of the Prime Minister, are responsible to the [[National Assembly (France)|National Assembly]], the [[lower house]] of the [[French Parliament]]. Cases of ministerial misconduct are tried before the ''[[Cour de Justice de la République]]''.

==Composition and formation==
All members of the French government are appointed by the president of the Republic on the advice of the prime minister.<ref>[[Wikisource: Constitution of the Fifth French Republic|Constitution of the French Republic (Title II, Article 8)]]</ref> Members of the government are ranked in a precise order, which is established at the time of government formation. In this hierarchy, the prime minister is the head of government. They are appointed by the president of the Republic. While the president is constitutionally free to appoint whomever they like, in practice, they must nominate a candidate that reflects the will of the majority of the National Assembly, as the government relies on the confidence of the French Parliament.<ref name="Bpr">{{cite encyclopedia | title=France: The role of the president | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. | access-date=6 December 2014 | year=2014 | url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/41158/The-role-of-the-president}}</ref> After being nominated to lead a government, the prime minister nominee must propose a list of ministers to the president. The president can either accept or reject these proposed ministers. Ministers are ranked by importance:
*[[Minister of State|Ministers of state]] ({{lang-fr|ministres d'État}}) are senior ministers and are members of the Council of Ministers. It is an honorary rank, granted to some Ministers as a sign of prestige.
*Ministers ({{lang-fr|Ministres}}) are senior ministers and are members of the Council of Ministers. They lead government [[Ministry (government department)|ministries]].
*[[Secretary of state|Secretaries of state]] ({{lang-fr|secrétaires d'État}}) are junior ministers. This is the lowest rank in the French ministerial hierarchy. Secretaries work directly under a minister, or sometimes directly under the prime minister. While the Council of Ministers does not include secretaries of state as members, secretaries may attend meetings of the Council if their portfolio is up for discussion.

==Functions==
According to the [[Constitution of France|Constitution of the French Fifth Republic]], the government directs and decides the policy of the nation.<ref name=a20>[[Wikisource:Constitution of the Fifth French Republic#Title III: The Government|Constitution of the French Republic (Title III, Article 20)]]</ref> In practice, the government writes [[Bill (law)|bills]] to be introduced to parliament, and also writes and issues [[Decree#France|decrees]]. All political decisions made by the government must be registered in the [[Journal officiel de la République française|government gazette]].

===Council of Ministers===
The Council of Ministers ({{lang-fr|Conseil des ministres}}) is established by the Constitution. It is composed only of the senior ministers, though some secretaries of state may attend Council meetings. The Council of Ministers is chaired by the president, unlike the government, but is still led by the prime Minister, who was officially titled as the [[president of the Council of Ministers]] ({{lang-fr|président du Conseil des ministres}}) during the [[French Third Republic|Third]] and [[French Fourth Republic|Fourth Republics]].<ref name="ewe1" />

All bills and some decrees must be approved by the Council of Ministers. Furthermore, it is the Council of Ministers that defines the collective political and policy direction of the government, and takes practical steps to implement that direction. In addition to writing and implementing policy, the government is responsible for national defense, and directs the actions of the [[French Armed Forces]].<ref name=a20/> The workings of the government of France are based on the principle of [[collegiality]].

Meetings of the Council of Ministers take place every Wednesday morning at the Élysée Palace. They are presided over by the president of the Republic, who promotes solidarity and collegiality amongst government ministers.<ref>[[Wikisource: Constitution of the Fifth French Republic#Title II: The President of the Republic|Constitution of the French Republic (Title II, Article 9)]]</ref> These meetings follow a set format. In the first part of a meeting, the Council deliberates over general interest bills, ordinances, and decrees.<ref name="GFhgw">{{cite web | url=http://www.gouvernement.fr/en/how-government-works | title=How Government works | publisher=Government of France | access-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> In the second part, the Council discusses individual decisions by each minister regarding the appointment of senior [[Civil service|civil servants]]. In the third part, usually, either one minister will give a presentation about some reform or project that they are directing, or the president will ask for advice on some subject from the ministers. In addition, the minister of foreign affairs provides the Council with weekly updates on important international issues.<ref name="GFhgw" />

===Ministries===
Most government work, however, is done elsewhere. Much of it is done by each individual ministry, under the direction of the minister responsible for that ministry. Ministers each have their own staff, called a "ministerial cabinet" ({{lang-fr|Cabinet ministériel}}).<ref name="Minicab">{{cite journal | title=Ministerial Cabinets in France | author=A. Dutheillet de Lamothe | journal=Public Administration |date=December 1965 | volume=43 | issue=4 | pages=365–475 | doi=10.1111/j.1467-9299.1965.tb01658.x}}</ref> Each ministerial cabinet consists of around ten to twenty members, who are political appointees. Cabinet members assist the minister in running a ministry. Members of ministerial cabinets are powerful figures within the government and work in both the political and administrative spheres.<ref name=" Minicab"/> The hierarchy in each ministerial cabinet is determined by the Minister. Working groups consisting of representatives from several ministries are commonplace. It is the duty of the prime minister to oversee these inter-ministry meetings and to ensure that government work is done effectively and efficiently. All ministerial cabinet decisions must be co-signed by the prime minister.<ref name="Cambridge University Press">{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29669008 |title=Cabinet ministers and parliamentary government |date=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=Michael Laver, Kenneth A. Shepsle |isbn=0-521-43246-4 |location=Cambridge [England] |oclc=29669008}}</ref> Any decree must also seek the prime minister's advice as well.<ref name="Cambridge University Press"/>

===Budget===
The government is responsible for the economic and financial policy of the French Republic, must authorize all expenditures made by each ministry, and also manage all revenue. Expenditures are made through what is called a "finance law" ({{lang-fr|Loi des Finances}}), which is equivalent to an [[appropriation bill]]. Each minister must prepare a list of requests for funds annually, and submit it to the Budget Ministry. This ministry decides whether to grant or deny requests for funding by ministers. The ministry also calculates the state budget for the coming year. The parliament must vote on all applications of finance law.

==Separation of powers==
Members of the French government cannot occupy any position of occupational or trade leadership at the national level, any public employment, or any professional activity.<ref>[[Wikisource: Constitution of the Fifth French Republic#Title III: The Government|Constitution of the French Republic (Title III, Article 23)]]</ref> These restrictions are in place to alleviate external pressure and influence on ministers, and to enable them to focus on their governmental work. Despite these restrictions, members of the government are [[Dual mandate|allowed to keep local elected positions]], such as those of city mayor or regional councilor. Whilst the Constitution of the French Republic does not prohibit ministers from being the leader of a political party, it is customary that ministers should not occupy such a post.

The government is responsible to the French Parliament. In particular, the government must assume responsibility for its actions before the National Assembly, and the National Assembly can dismiss the government with a [[Motion of no confidence|motion of censure]].<ref>[[Wikisource: Constitution of the Fifth French Republic#Title V: Relations between Parliament and Government|Constitution of the French Republic (Title V, Article 49)]]</ref> The government cannot function during the tenure of acting (interim) president, as that position is granted either to the [[List of presidents of the Senate of France|President of the Senate]] or the Prime Minister, compromising [[separation of powers]]. If the government decides to launch an armed operation with a duration of longer than four months, it must first consult parliament and request an authorization.<ref>[[Wikisource: Constitution of the Fifth French Republic#Title V: Relations between Parliament and Government|Constitution of the French Republic (Title V, Article 35)]]</ref> The Prime Minister may convene parliament for extraordinary sessions, or add additional sitting days to the legislative calendar.<ref>[[Wikisource: Constitution of the Fifth French Republic#Title IV: Parliament|Constitution of the French Republic (Title IV, Articles 28 and 29)]]</ref>

==Current government==
{{Main|Borne government}}

===Ministries===
The names of ministries change often in France. This is a list of current ministries:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Composition of the Government|url=https://www.gouvernement.fr/en/composition-of-the-government|access-date=2021-09-17|website=Gouvernement.fr|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Minister of the Interior (France)|Ministry of the Interior]]
* [[Ministry of Justice (France)|Ministry of Justice]]
* [[Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)|Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs]]
* [[Ministry of Armed Forces (France)|Ministry of Armed Forces]]
* [[Minister of Territorial Development (France)|Ministry for Territorial Cohesion and Relations with Local Government]]
* [[Minister of Health (France)|Ministry for Solidarity and Health]]
* [[Ministry of Economics and Finance (France)|Ministry of Economics and Finance]]
* [[Ministry of Ecological Transition (France)|Ministry of the Ecological Transition]]
* [[Ministry of Culture (France)|Ministry of Culture]]
* [[Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion (France)|Minister of Labour, Employment and Economic Inclusion]]
* [[Ministry of National Education (France)|Ministry of National Education, Youth and Sport]]
* [[Ministry of Agriculture (France)|Ministry of Agriculture and Food]]
* [[List of Civil Service Ministers of France|Ministry of Public Sector Transformation and the Civil Service]]
* [[Minister of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (France)|Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation]]
* [[Ministry of the Overseas (France)|Ministry for Overseas France]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.gouvernement.fr/en/}} {{in lang|en}}

{{French Government}}
{{Governments of France (1792-1870)}}
{{Cabinets of the French Third Republic}}
{{Governments of the French Fourth Republic}}
{{Governments of the French Fifth Republic}}
{{Europe topic|Government of|title=Governments of Europe}}
{{Government}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Council Of Ministers Of France}}
[[Category:European governments|France]]
[[Category:Government ministers of France]]
[[Category:Government of France| ]]

Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district)

2023-09-06T14:22:41Z

Bharats20101998: Federal electoral district in Quebec

{{short description|Federal electoral district in Quebec, Canada}}
{{about|the federal electoral district|the provincial electoral district|Saint-Laurent (provincial electoral district)}}
{{Use Canadian English}}
{{use mdy dates}}
{{Infobox Canada electoral district
| name = Saint-Laurent
| province = Quebec
| image = Saint-Laurent (Canadian electoral district).svg
| caption = Saint-Laurent in relation to other federal electoral districts in Montreal and Laval
| fed-status = active
| fed-district-number = 24068
| fed-created = 1987
| fed-abolished =
| fed-election-first = 1988
| fed-election-last = 2021
| fed-rep = [[Emmanuella Lambropoulos]]
| fed-rep-link =
| fed-rep-party = Liberal
| fed-rep-party-link =
| demo-pop-ref =
| demo-area-ref =
| demo-electors-ref =
| demo-census-date = [[Canada 2021 Census|2021]]
| demo-pop = 102104
| demo-electors = 66181
| demo-electors-date = 2021
| demo-area = 42.83
| demo-cd = [[Montreal]]
| demo-csd = [[Montreal]]
}}

'''Saint-Laurent''' (formerly '''Saint-Laurent—Cartierville''') is a federal [[electoral district (Canada)|electoral district]] in [[Quebec]], Canada, that has been represented in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] since 1988.

==Geography==
The district corresponds exactly to the borough of [[Saint-Laurent, Quebec|Saint-Laurent]] in the city of [[Montreal]].

The neighbouring ridings are [[Ahuntsic-Cartierville (electoral district)|Ahuntsic-Cartierville]], [[Dorval—Lachine—LaSalle]], [[Mount Royal (electoral district)|Mount Royal]] and [[Pierrefonds—Dollard]].

==Demographics==
:''According to the [[Canada 2021 Census]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?lang=E&SearchText=saint%2Dlaurent&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2013A000424068|title = 2021 National Household Survey Profile - Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)|access-date = 15 December 2022}}</ref>

'''Ethnic groups:''' 40.9% White, 18.6% Arab, 10.1% Black, 8.6% South Asian, 8.2% Chinese, 3.8% Southeast Asian, 3.2% Latin American, 2% Filipino, 1.5% West Asian 
'''Languages:''' 25.5% French, 15.2% Arabic, 14.4% English, 3.6% Mandarin, 3.2% Spanish, 2.9% Yue, 2.7% Greek, 1.8% Vietnamese, 1.6% Armenian, 1.5% Tamil, 1.5% Italian, 1.2% Punjabi, 1% Urdu 
'''Religions:''' 44.9% Christian (23.6% Catholic, 9.1% Christian Orthodox, 1% Pentecostal), 22.4% Muslim, 18.4% No Religion, 5.5% Jewish, 3.8% Hindu, 3.4% Buddhist, 1% Sikh 
'''Median income:''' $32,200 (2020) 
'''Average income:''' $50,320 (2020)

==History==
The electoral district of Saint-Laurent was created in 1987 from [[Dollard (electoral district)|Dollard]], [[Laval-des-Rapides]] and [[Saint-Denis (electoral district)|Saint-Denis]]. The name was changed to Saint-Laurent—Cartierville in 1989.

This riding lost territory to [[Ahuntsic-Cartierville (electoral district)|Ahuntsic-Cartierville]] during the [[Canadian federal electoral redistribution, 2012|2012 electoral redistribution]].

It was represented since a [[2017 Saint-Laurent federal by-election|by-election in 2017]] by [[Emmanuella Lambropoulos]], member of the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]]. It has long been regarded as one of the safest Liberal ridings in the nation.

===Members of Parliament===

This riding has elected the following [[Members of Parliament]]:

{{CanMP}}
{{CanMP nodata|Saint-Laurent ''Riding created from'' [[Dollard (electoral district)|Dollard]], [[Laval Centre|Laval-des-Rapides]] ''and'' [[Saint-Denis (electoral district)|Saint-Denis]]}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 1988
| ToYr = 1993
| Assembly# = 34
| CanParty = Liberal
| RepName = Shirley Maheu
| RepTerms# = 1
| PartyTerms# = 1
}}
{{CanMP nodata|Saint-Laurent—Cartierville}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 1993
| ToYr = 1996
| Assembly# = 35
| CanParty = Liberal
| RepName = Shirley Maheu
| RepTerms# = 1
| PartyTerms# = 8
| #ByElections = 1
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 1996
| ToYr = 1997
| RepName = Stéphane Dion
| RepTerms# = 7
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 1997
| ToYr = 2000
| Assembly# = 36
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2000
| ToYr = 2004
| Assembly# = 37
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2004
| ToYr = 2006
| Assembly# = 38
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2006
| ToYr = 2008
| Assembly# = 39
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2008
| ToYr = 2011
| Assembly# = 40
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2011
| ToYr = 2015
| Assembly# = 41
}}
{{CanMP nodata|Saint-Laurent}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2015
| ToYr = 2017
| Assembly# = 42
| CanParty = Liberal
| RepTerms# = 1
| RepName = Stéphane Dion
| PartyTerms# = 4
| #ByElections = 1
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2017
| ToYr = 2019
| RepName = Emmanuella Lambropoulos
| RepTerms# = 3
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2019
| ToYr = 2021
| Assembly# = 43
}}
{{CanMP row
| FromYr = 2021
| ToYr =
| Assembly# = 44
}}
{{CanMP end}}

==Election results==
===Saint-Laurent, 2015–present===

{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2021|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Emmanuella Lambropoulos]]|22,056|59.1|+0.5}}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|Richard Serour|6,902|18.5|+1.1}}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Nathan Devereaux|4,059|10.9|+0.8}}
{{CANelec|CA|BQ|Florence Racicot|2,972|8.0|+0.9}}
{{CANelec|CA|PPC|Gregory Yablunovsky|1,182|3.2|+2.0}}
{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Ginette Boutet|146|0.4|+0.2}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes|37,317|98.3}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total rejected ballots|642|1.7}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|37,959|57.4}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Eligible voters|66,181}}
{{CANelec/hold|CA|Liberal|-0.3}}
{{CANelec/source|Source: [[Elections Canada]]<ref>{{cite web |title=List of confirmed candidates – September 20, 2021 Federal Election |url=https://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/lst&document=index&lang=e |website=[[Elections Canada]] |access-date=2 September 2021}}</ref>}}
{{end}}

{{2019 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent}}
{{2017 Canadian federal by-elections/Saint-Laurent}}

{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2015|Saint-Laurent (federal electoral district){{!}}Saint-Laurent|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Stéphane Dion]]|24,832|61.57|+18.71|$80,361.33}}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|Jimmy Yu|7,867|19.51|+0.4|$126,201.23}}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Alain Ackad|4,646|11.52|-17.55|$12,858.35}}
{{CANelec|CA|BQ|Pascal-Olivier Dumas-Dubreuil|1,879|4.66|-1.77|$11,919.73}}
{{CANelec|CA|Green|John Tromp|977|2.42|+0.33|$1,965.89}}
{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Fernand Deschamps|129|0.32|–|-}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes/|40,330|100.0  | |$202,992.54}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total rejected ballots|409|0.59|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|40,739|58.98|–}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Eligible voters|69,078}}
{{CANelec/source|Source: [[Elections Canada]]<ref>[http://www.elections.ca/Scripts/vis/candidates?L=e&ED=24068&EV=41&EV_TYPE=1&PC=&PROV=QC&PROVID=24&MAPID=&QID=8&PAGEID=17&TPAGEID=&PD=&STAT_CODE_ID=-1 Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Saint-Laurent, 30 September 2015]</ref><ref>[http://www.elections.ca/content2.aspx?section=can&dir=cand/canlim&document=index&lang=e Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates]</ref>}}
{{end}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="4" | [[2011 Canadian federal election|2011 federal election]] redistributed results<ref>[http://www.punditsguide.ca/riding.php?riding=1936 Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections]</ref>
|-
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="130px" colspan="2" | Party
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="50px" | Vote
! bgcolor="#DDDDFF" width="30px" | %
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Liberal|background}} |  
| [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal]] ||align=right| 13,915 ||align=right| 42.86
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|NDP|background}} |  
| [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|New Democratic]] ||align=right| 9,437 ||align=right| 29.07
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Conservative|background}} |  
| [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative]] ||align=right| 6,206 ||align=right| 19.11
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|BQ|background}} |  
| [[Bloc Québécois]] ||align=right| 2,089 ||align=right| 6.43
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Green|background}} |  
| [[Green Party of Canada|Green]] ||align=right| 680 ||align=right| 2.09
|-
| {{Canadian party colour|CA|Independents|background}} |  
| Others ||align=right| 140 ||align=right| 0.43
|}

===Saint-Laurent—Cartierville, 1993–2015===

{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2011|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Stéphane Dion]]|17,726 |43.43 |-18.29 | }}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Maria Ximena Florez|11,948 |29.28 |+20.30 | }}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|Svetlana Litvin|7,124 |17.46 |+0.25 | }}
{{CANelec|CA|BQ|William Fayad |2,981 |7.30 |-4.04 | }}
{{CANelec|CA|Green|Tim Landry |857|2.10 |–| }}
{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Fernand Deschamps|176|0.43|-0.30 | }}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes/Expense limit|40,812|100.00| }}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total rejected ballots|343|0.83|-0.27}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|41,155|51.99|-1.56}}
{{end}}
{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2008|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Stéphane Dion]]|25,095|61.72 |+1.9| $46,549}}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|Dennis Galiatsatos|6,999|17.21|+4.0| $20,864}}
{{CANelec|CA|BQ|Jacques Lachaine|4,611| 11.34 |-3.2 | $9,582}}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Jérôme Rodrigues|3,654| 8.98 |+1.3 | $1,637}}
{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Fernand Deschamps|299|0.73|+0.3 | }}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes/Expense limit|40,658|100.00| $83,858 }}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total rejected ballots|454|1.10 }}
{{Canadian election result/total|Turnout|41,112| 53.55}}
{{end}}
{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2006|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Stéphane Dion]]|25,412|59.8|-7.0 | $60,159}}
{{CANelec|CA|BQ|William Fayad|6,192|14.6| -2.7| $13,260}}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|Ishrat Alam|5,590|13.2|+7.0| $62,831 }}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Liz Elder|3,279|7.7| +1.5| $6,611}}
{{CANelec|CA|Green|Gilles Mercier|1,810|4.3|+2.2 | $2,560}}
{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Fernand Deschamps|177|0.4 | +0.1| }}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes/Expense limit|42,460|100.0 | $79,047}}
{{end}}
{{Canadian election result/top|CA|2004|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Stéphane Dion]]|28,107|66.8 |-6.8| $57,079}}
{{CANelec|CA|BQ|William Fayad|7,261|17.3 |+4.2 | $10,494}}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Zaid Mahayni|2,630|6.3 |+3.9| $11,340}}
{{CANelec|CA|Conservative|Marc Rahmé|2,606|6.2 |-3.2| $10,128}}
{{CANelec|CA|Green|Almaz Aladass|875|2.1 |–| $2.67}}
{{CANelec|CA|Marijuana|Alex Neron|298|0.7 | | }}
{{CANelec|CA|Marxist-Leninist|Fernand Deschamps|125|0.3 |-0.2 | }}
{{CANelec|CA|Canadian Action|Ken Fernandez|84|0.2 |-0.3| $116}}
{{CANelec|CA|Communist|Nilda Vargas|78|0.2 |-0.3|$647}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes/Expense limit|42,064 |100.0|$78,192}}
{{end}}
Note: Conservative vote is compared to the total of the Canadian Alliance vote and Progressive Conservative vote in 2000 election.
{{2000 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville}}
{{1997 Canadian federal election/Saint-Laurent—Cartierville}}

{{Canadian election result/top|CA|March 25, 1996|by=yes|Saint-Laurent—Cartierville|by-link=By-elections_to_the_35th_Canadian_Parliament|percent=yes|change=yes|expenditures=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|'''Stéphane Dion'''|21,336|79.3|+9.5| }}
{{CANelec|CA|BQ|Michel Sarra-Bournet|4,000|14.9|-3.8| }}
{{CANelec|CA|PC|G. Garo Toubi|699|13.9|+6.5| }}
{{CANelec|CA|Reform|Shaul Petel|441|1.6| | }}
{{CANelec|CA|Independent|Carole Caron|229|0.9| | }}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Sara Mayo|212|0.8|-1.2| }}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes|26,917|100.0%}}
{{CANelec/hold|CA|Liberal|+6.65}}
{{CANelec/note|By-election due to the appointment of [[Shirley Maheu]] to the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] on January 31, 1996.}}
{{end}}

{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1993|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Shirley Maheu]]|30,669|69.8 |+23.5}}
{{CANelec|CA|BQ|Amin Hachem|8,231|18.7 }}
{{CANelec|CA|PC|Mark Weiner|3,254|7.4 |-34.1}}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Francine Poirier|866|2.0 |-7.6}}
{{CANelec|CA|Natural Law|José Torres|330|0.8 }}
{{CANelec|CA|National|Roopnarine Singh|274|0.6 }}
{{CANelec|CA|Commonwealth of Canada|Monique Lanctôt|229|0.5 |0.2}}
{{CANelec|CA|Abolitionist|Madelaine Piquette-Bedard|103|0.2 }}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes|43,956 |100.0}}
{{end}}

===Saint-Laurent, 1988–1993===
{{Canadian election result/top|CA|1988|percent=yes}}
{{CANelec|CA|Liberal|[[Shirley Maheu]]|20,418|46.3 }}
{{CANelec|CA|PC|Lyse Hubert-Bennett|18,287|41.5 }}
{{CANelec|CA|NDP|Sid Ingerman|4,213|9.6}}
{{CANelec|CA|Green|Alain Hickson|765|1.7 }}
{{CANelec|CA|Independent|Michelle Dufort|311|0.7 }}
{{CANelec|CA|Commonwealth of Canada|Joakim Simon|120|0.3 }}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes|44,114 |100.0}}
{{end}}

==See also==
* [[List of Canadian federal electoral districts]]
* [[Historical federal electoral districts of Canada]]

==References==
*{{SCref|unit=fed|name=2011fed|access-date=2011-03-07|24066}}
*[http://www.elections.ca Campaign expense data from Elections Canada]
Riding history from the [[Library of Parliament]]
*[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&rid=1129&Include= Saint-Laurent]
*[http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&Search=Det&Include=Y&rid=955 Saint-Laurent—Cartierville]
*[http://enr.elections.ca/ElectoralDistricts_e.aspx?type=3&criteria=Saint-Laurent--Cartierville 2011 Results from Elections Canada]

===Notes===
{{reflist}}

{{Ridings in Montreal}}
{{Ridings in Quebec}}

{{coord|45.506|N|73.708|W|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint-Laurent (Electoral District)}}
[[Category:Federal electoral districts of Montreal]]
[[Category:Saint-Laurent, Quebec]]

Mohan Singh (military officer)

2023-09-02T12:14:50Z

Bharats20101998: Created page with 'GENERAL MOHAN SINGH(1909-1989) Biography General Mohan Singh, famous for his part in the Indian National Army for the liberation of India from British rule, in w...'

{{Short description|Indian army officer and politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mohan Singh
| image = Fujiwara Kikan.jpg
| alt = Mohan Singh
| caption = Singh (''in turban'') being greeted by the Japanese Major [[Fujiwara Iwaichi]], April 1942
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 3 January 1909
| birth_place = [[Ugoke railway station|Ugoke]], [[Sialkot District|Sialkot]], [[Punjab, British India|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])
| death_date = 26 December 1989 (aged 80)
| death_place = Jugiana, [[Ludhiana District|Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| other_names =
| known_for = Founder and the only General of the [[First Indian National Army]] and the Desh Sevak Sena
| occupation = [[Soldier]], [[General]]
| movement = [[Indian Independence movement]], [[Partition of India]]
| organization =
}}
'''Mohan Singh''' (3 January 1909 – 26 December 1989) was a [[British Indian Army]] officer, and later member of the [[Indian Independence Movement]], best known for founding and leading the [[Indian National Army]] in [[South East Asia]] during [[World War II]].<ref name="Ray 1984 p. ">{{cite book | last=Ray | first=N.R. | title=Challenge, a Saga of India's Struggle for Freedom | publisher=People's Publishing House | year=1984 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SVuAAAAMAAJ | page=586}}</ref><ref name="Ghosh 2006 p. ">{{cite book | last=Ghosh | first=R. | title=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian Freedom Struggle (Set in 2 Vols.) | publisher=Deep & Deep Publications | series=Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose and Indian Freedom Struggle | year=2006 | isbn=978-81-7629-842-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3MwAQAAIAAJ | page=32}}</ref> Following Indian independence, Mohan Singh later served in public life as a [[Member of Parliament]] in the ''[[Rajya Sabha]]'' (Upper House) of the [[Indian Parliament]].

== Early life ==

He was born in a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] family and only son of Tara Singh and Hukam Kaur, a couple of Ugoke village, near [[Sialkot]] (now in [[Pakistan]]). His father died two months before his birth and his mother shifted to her parents' home in [[Badiana]] in the same district, where Mohan Singh was born and brought up.

== Military career ==
Gen. Mohan Singh passed [[secondary school]] and enlisted the [[14th Punjab Regiment]] of the [[British Indian Army]] in 1927. After the completion of his recruit training at [[Hrozpur]], he was posted to the 2nd Battalion of the Regiment, then serving in the [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–1955)|North-West Frontier Province]]. He was selected as a [[Officer cadet|potential officer]] in 1931, and after six months' training in Kitchener College, Nowgong ([[Madhya Pradesh]]), and another two and a half years in the [[Indian Military Academy]], [[Dehra Dun|Dehradun]], he received his [[commissioned officer|commission]] 1 February 1935 and was posted for a year to a British Army unit, the 2nd battalion [[Border Regiment]]. He was then posted to 1st Battalion, 14th Punjab Regiment on 24 February 1936, which at that time happened to be stationed at [[Jhelum (city)|Jhelum]].<ref>April 1936 Indian Army List</ref>

Mohan Singh had been promoted [[Acting rank|temporary]] [[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]] when his battalion was earmarked for operational service in the Far East.<ref>July 1941 Indian Army List</ref> The battalion was still carrying out intensive training at [[Secunderabad]] when he married, in December 1940, Jasvant Kaur, sister of a brother officer. He left for [[British Malaya|Malaya]] with his unit on 4 March 1941.

== Second World War ==
[[Japan]] entered the War with her surprise attack on the American air base at [[Pearl Harbor, Hawaii]], on 7 December 1941 and overran the entire South East Asia within a few weeks. The Japanese [[Imperial General Headquarters]] in October set up the [[Fujiwara Kikan]], or the F-kikan, in [[Bangkok]], Headed by the [[Major Fujiwara Iwaichi]], chief of intelligence of the [[:Category:Japanese armies|15th army]]. Tasked with intelligence gathering and contacting the Indian independence movement, the overseas Chinese, and the Malayan Sultan with the aim of encouraging friendship and cooperation with Japan,<ref>{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=23}}</ref> Fujiwara's staff included five commissioned officers and two [[Hindi]]-speaking interpreters. His initial contact was with [[Giani Pritam Singh]]. Pritam Singh was a leader of such an organisation. He and Major Fujihara, a Japanese officer, requested Mohan Singh to form an Indian Army comprising the captured Indian soldiers. Mohan Singh hesitated but ultimately agreed. Fujihara handed over about 40,000 Indian soldiers, who had surrendered to him, to Mohan Singh. This was the initial step towards the formation of the first [[Indian National Army]] (INA).

=== Action in Malaya ===
{{Main|Malayan Campaign}}
The British force in the northern part of the Malaya Peninsula, including Mohan Singh's battalion, 1/14 Punjab Regiment, was fleeing towards the South. Mohan Singh's own forces had been outgunned and destroyed by Japanese forces at [[Jitra]]. Captured by Japanese troops after several days in the jungle, Singh was taken to [[Alor Star]] to Fujiwara and Pritam Singh at a joint office of the F-Kikan and the [[Indian Independence League|IIL]]. Fujiwara, later self-described as "Lawrence of the Indian National Army" (after [[Lawrence of Arabia]]) is said to have been a man committed to the values which his office was supposed to convey to the expatriate nationalist leaders, and found acceptance among them.<ref name="Fay 1993">{{Harvnb|Fay|1993|p=75}}</ref><ref name="Lebra 1977">{{Harvnb|Lebra|1977|p=24}}</ref>

=== Indian National Army ===
{{See also| The Farrer Park address}}
Although Pritam Singh was involved to a large extent, it was Fujiwara who, with his sincerity of purpose and belief,<ref name="Fay 1993" /> convinced Mohan Singh to betray his oath to the British Crown by uniting with the Japanese mission for the greater motive of Indian independence.<ref name="Lebra 1977" /> This included the promise that he would be treated as an ally and a friend, and not a [[prisoner of war]]. Singh initially helped Fujiwara take control of the situation of looting and arson that had developed in Alor Star; in December 1941, after meeting with the Japanese commanding general, Singh was convinced of its feasibility of raising an armed Indian unit. Between himself, Pritam Singh and Fujiwara, Mohan Singh set about contacting Indians in the British Indian Army in Southeast Asia and also began recruiting from among those captured by the Japanese in Malaya. All Indian prisoners of war and stragglers were placed under his charge, and he was asked to restore order in the town of Alor Star. Thus the nucleus of what came to be the Ajad Hind Fauj also known as Indian National Army was born.<ref name="Lebra 1977" /><ref name="Fay 1993" /> [[Kuala Lumpur]] fell on 11 January 1942 with 3,500 Indian prisoners of war, and [[Singapore]] on 15 February with 85,000 British troops, of whom 45,000 were Indians. Mohan Singh asked for volunteers who would form the ''Ajad Hind Fauj'' (literally translates to Free India Army) to fight for Indian independence from the British rule.

A large number of men came forward to join what came to be termed as the ''Ajad Hind Fauj'' (National Army of independent India). The new set-up came into being on 1 September 1942 by which time the strength of volunteers had reached 40,000. Mohan Singh, now the General [[General]], was to command it. Already in a conference held at Bangkok during 15–23 June 1942, the Indian Independence League under the leadership of [[Rash Behari Bose]], an Indian revolutionary who had escaped to Japan in June 1915 and who had been living there ever since, had been inaugurated. Through one of the 35 resolutions passed by the conference, Mohan Singh was appointed commander-in-chief of the "Army of Liberation for India," i.e. the Indian National Army.

=== Disagreements with Japan ===
Though Mohan Singh had kept a good relationship with the members of [[Fujiwara Kikan]], he was soon disenchanted with the headquarters of the Japanese Army and doubted their intentions based on their orders. It appeared that they wanted to use the Indian National Army only as a part of the Japanese army and were deliberately withholding recognition and public proclamation about its existence as an independent army. Some supreme commanders of the Japanese army had disagreements with him. On 29 December 1942, Mohan Singh was removed from his command and taken into custody by the Japanese military police.

It was only after the arrival of another Indian leader of great political standing, [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], from [[Germany]] to the Far-Eastern front in June 1943 that the Indian National Army was revived in the form of ''Azad Hind Fauj''. However, Mohan Singh could not be reinstated to the revived army.

Upon Japan's defeat, Mohan Singh was taken into custody by the British and repatriated to India to face trials. However, due to public pressure, roused by the INA [[Red Fort trials]], Mohan Singh was only cashiered from the Army. He subsequently served in the Indian Parliament as a member of the Rajya Sabha (Upper House).

== 1947 and later==

Singh entered politics and joined the [[Indian National Congress]] in February 1947.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gen. Mohan Singh (INA) Joins Congress|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/indiandailymail19470217-1.2.3|accessdate=16 May 2017|work=Indian Daily Mail|date=17 February 1947}}</ref> His dream of independence was realized with India's Independence on 15 August 1947, but this was accompanied by the partition of the country into India and Pakistan.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB-2AAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=desh+sewak+sena&q=desh+sewak+sena&hl=en |title=Journal of Indian History |date=1960 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History |language=en}}</ref> He had to leave his hearth and home in what then became Pakistan and came to India a homeless refugee.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=CHOPRA |first=P. N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=urqvDQAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA1839&dq=desh+sewak+sena&hl=en |title=WHO'S WHO OF INDIAN MARTYRS VOL.I |date=1969 |publisher=Ministry of Education and Youth Services, Government of India |isbn=978-81-230-2180-5 |language=en}}</ref> He was allotted some land in the village of Jugiana, near [[Ludhiana]], where he settled permanently.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Vallabhbhai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9zA6AQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=desh+sewak+sena&q=desh+sewak+sena&hl=en |title=Sardar Patel's Correspondence, 1945-50 |date=1973 |publisher=Navajivan Publishing House |language=en}}</ref> Due to this he created a private military named the Desh Sevak Sena with a woman's wing named the Desh Istri Sena with its base at Majithia House, [[Amritsar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly (Legislative) |first=India Constituent |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yjIdyQtTjNoC&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA333&dq=desh+sewak+sena&hl=en |title=The Constituent Assembly of India (Legislative) Debates: Official Report |date=1948 |publisher=Manager of Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":92">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nB-2AAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=desh+sewak+sena&q=desh+sewak+sena&hl=en |title=Journal of Indian History |date=1960 |publisher=Department of Modern Indian History |language=en}}</ref> They helped thousands of Sikhs and Hindus and escorted Muslims, sometimes forcefully, out of East Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Carter |first=Lionel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p8ZUDwAAQBAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PT661&dq=desh+sewak+sena&hl=en |title=Towards a Ceasefire in Kashmir: British Official Reports from South Asia, 18 September – 31 December 1948 |date=2018-04-09 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-429-95854-0 |language=en}}</ref> After the Partition riots ended he planned to attack Simla and declare Azad Hind although the Desh Sevak Sena was quickly disbanded and merged into the National Volunteer Corps.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Mohindar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUluAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=soldiers+story+1947&q=soldiers+story+1947&hl=en |title=1947, a Soldier's Story |date=1997 |publisher=Military Studies Convention |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Chopra |first=Mohindar Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jUluAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=desh+sewak+sena&q=desh+sewak+sena&hl=en |title=1947, a Soldier's Story |date=1997 |publisher=Military Studies Convention |language=en}}</ref>

After a stint as a legislator in the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], he was elected to [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Indian Parliament, for two terms. In and out of Parliament he strove for the recognition of the members of his ''[[Azad Hind Fauj]]'' as "freedom fighters" in the cause of the nation's independence.

==Death==
Mohan Singh died at Jugiana on 26 December 1989.

==Reference==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

*"Mohan Singh, General, Soldiers Contribution to Indian Independence Delhi, 1974"
* {{Citation
| surname1 = Lebra
| given1 = Joyce C.
| year = 1977
| title = Japanese trained armies in South-East Asia
| url =
| publisher = New York, Columbia University Press
| ISBN = 0-231-03995-6
}}.
*{{Citation
| surname1 = Fay
| given1 = Peter W.
| year = 1993
| title = The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence, 1942-1945.
| url =
| publisher = Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
| ISBN = 0-472-08342-2
}}.

== External links ==
*[http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/military/mohan_singh_ina.html ''General Mohan Singh''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417022611/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/personalities/military/mohan_singh_ina.html |date=17 April 2012 }} at the Sikh History.

{{Azad Hind Fauj}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Deb, Mohan}}
[[Category:1909 births]]
[[Category:1989 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Indian Army personnel of World War II]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:Indian Military Academy alumni]]
[[Category:Indian National Army personnel]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners of war]]
[[Category:Indian revolutionaries]]
[[Category:Indian Sikhs]]
[[Category:Military history of Malaya during World War II]]
[[Category:Punjabi people]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Sikh warriors]]
[[Category:World War II political leaders]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by Japan]]

Choona (TV series)

2023-07-19T18:49:39Z

Bharats20101998:

{{Short description|Upcoming netflix Heist comedy series}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Heist film|Heist]] [[Comedy]]
| creator = Pushpendra Nath Misra
| writer = Pushpendra Nath Misra
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Pushpendra Nath Misra
| starring = [[Jimmy Shergill]] [[Aashim Gulati]] [[Arshad Warsi]] Vikram Kochhar [[Namit Das]] [[Chandan Roy]] Gyanendra Tripathi Monika Panwar [[Niharika Lyra Dutt]]
| music = [[Dhruv Ghanekar]]
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| producer =
| executive_producer = Sonali Bhatia Pushpendra Nath Misra
| cinematography = Will Humphris Aditya Kapur
| editor = [[Aarti Bajaj]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes =
| company = Flying Saucer
| network = [[Netflix]]
| picture_format = [[4K UHD]]
| audio_format = [[Dolby Digital]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|08|03|df=y}}
| last_aired =
}}

'''''Choona''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Heist film|Heist]] [[Comedy]] Drama series streaming on Netflix. Created, written and directed by Pushpendra Nath Misra and produced by Flying Saucer, the series stars [[Jimmy Shergill]], [[Aashim Gulati]], [[Arshad Warsi]], Vikram Kochhar, [[Namit Das]], [[Chandan Roy]], Gyanendra Tripathi, Monika Panwar and [[Niharika Lyra Dutt]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Sheirgill-led heist comedy-drama Choona to premiere on Netflix on August 3, 2023|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/jimmy-sheirgill-led-heist-comedy-drama-choona-premiere-netflix-august-3-2023/|access-date=2023-07-12 |website=Bollywood Hungama|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=jimmy-shergills choona to release on netflix on this date|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/jimmy-shergills-choona-to-release-on-netflix-on-this-date|website=Film Companion}}</ref> The series will premiere on 3 August 2023 on Netflix.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Jimmy Shergill-starrer Netflix series Choona to premiere in August|language=en-IN |work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/jimmy-shergill-starrer-netflix-series-choona-to-premiere-in-august/cid/1951484|access-date=2023-07-12}}</ref>

== Premise ==
When an unlikely group of misfits discovers a common enemy in the same ruthless yet superstitious politician, they plot a heist to exact revenge. <ref>{{Cite news |title=Jimmy Shergill's heist comedy 'Choona' to premier on Netflix in August|language=en-IN |work=The Economic Time|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/jimmy-shergills-heist-comedy-choona-to-premier-on-netflix-in-august/articleshow/101682152.cms|access-date=2023-07-12}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Jimmy Shergill]]
* [[Arshad Warsi]]
* [[Aashim Gulati]]
* Vikram Kochhar
* Monika Panwar
* [[Namit Das]]
* [[Chandan Roy]]
* Gyanendra Tripathi
* [[Niharika Lyra Dutt]]
* Atul Srivastava

== Production ==

=== Development ===
The series was officially announced in 2021 by Netflix media press release.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Shergill says 'ab sabko lagega Choona' as he announces heist comedy drama series release date
|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/jimmy-shergill-says-ab-sabko-lagega-choona-as-he-announces-heist-comedy-drama-series-release-date-524781|access-date=2023-07-12 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Release ==
The series is scheduled to be released on Netflix on 3 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Will He Get The Girl In This?’, Fans React As Jimmy Shergill Announces His Next Series Choona|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/binge/will-he-get-the-girl-in-this-fans-react-as-jimmy-shergill-announces-his-next-series-choona-608764.html|access-date=2023-07-12 |website=India Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Shergill headlines Netflix's new heist drama Choona will premiere on Netflix on August 3, 2023.|website=OTT Play|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/choona-announcement-jimmy-shergill-headlines-netflixs-new-heist-drama/209886c730956|access-date=2023-07-12|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New Web Series Choona: सबको 'चूना' लगाएंगे जिमी शेरगिल, 3 अगस्त को इस OTT प्लेटफॉर्म पर रिलीज होगी वेब सीरीज|website=Navbharat Times|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/web-series/latest/jimmy-shergill-announces-his-new-web-series-choona-to-stream-on-netflix-on-august-3-watch-video/articleshow/101664259.cms|access-date=2023-07-12|language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt28100720}}

{{Netflix original upcoming series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Choona}}
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:Upcoming Netflix original programming]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]

Dasnagar Government Polytechnic

2023-07-11T03:48:36Z

Bharats20101998: Added a new release to the platform.

{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources}}
{{notability|1=Companies}}
}}

{{Infobox university
| name = Dasnagar Government Polytechnic
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| other_name = 
| former_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| top_free_label =
| top_free =
| type = Polytechnic college
| established = {{start date and age|2022}}
| closed = 
| founder =
| parent =
| affiliation = [[West Bengal State Council of Technical Education]]
| religious_affiliation =
| academic_affiliation =
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chairperson =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| vice_chancellor =
| provost =
| rector =
| principal =
| director =
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| address = Dasnagar
| city = [[Howrah]], [[West Bengal]]
| province =
| country = India
| postcode = 711105
| coordinates =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| campus = Urban
| language = Bengali, English
| free_label =
| free =
| free_label2 =
| free2 =
| colors = 
| athletics =
| athletics_nickname = 
| sporting_affiliations =
| mascot = 
| sports_free_label =
| sports_free =
| sports_free_label2 =
| sports_free2 =
| website = https://polytechnic.wbtetsd.gov.in/dasnagar-government-polytechnic
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dasnagar Government Polytechnic''', established in 2022, is a government polytechnic located in Dasnagar, [[Howrah]], West Bengal, India.

==About college==
This polytechnic is affiliated to the West Bengal State Council of Technical Education,<ref>{{cite web |title=Affiliated Polytechnic with the West Bengal State Council of Technical Education |url=https://polytechnic.wbtetsd.gov.in/}}</ref> and recognised by AICTE, New Delhi. This polytechnic offers diploma courses in information technology & engineering, mechanical, and civil engineering.

==See also==
*[[List of institutions of higher education in West Bengal]]
*[[Education in India]]
*[[Education in West Bengal]]
*[[All India Council for Technical Education]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*https://polytechnic.wbtetsd.gov.in/dasnagar-government-polytechnic

{{WBSCTE}}

[[Category:Universities and colleges in Howrah district]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 2022]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Technical universities and colleges in West Bengal]]

{{WestBengal-university-stub}}

Limited overs cricket

2023-07-03T23:37:07Z

Bharats20101998: /* History */Added internal links.

{{short description|Version(s) of the sport of cricket}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{original research|date=August 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2018}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Cricket sidebar |expanded=all}}

'''Limited overs cricket''', also known as '''one-day cricket''' or '''white ball cricket''', is a version of the sport of [[cricket]] in which a match is generally completed in one day. There are a number of formats, including [[List A cricket]] (8-hour games), [[Twenty20 cricket]] (3-hour games), and [[100-ball cricket]] (2.5 hours). The name reflects the rule that in the match each team bowls a set maximum number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] (sets of 6 legal [[Ball (cricket)|balls]]), usually between 20 and 50, although [[T10 cricket|shorter]] and longer forms of limited overs cricket have been played.

The concept contrasts with [[Test cricket|Test]] and [[first-class cricket|first-class]] matches, which can take up to five days to complete. One-day cricket is popular with spectators as it can encourage aggressive, risky, entertaining [[batting (cricket)|batting]], often results in cliffhanger endings, and ensures that a spectator can watch an entire match without committing to five days of continuous attendance.

==Structure==
[[File:Members area and view of ground.jpg|right|thumb|290px|A one-day match at [[Bellerive Oval]]]]

Each team bats only once, and each [[innings]] is limited to a set number of [[over (cricket)|over]]s, usually fifty in a [[One Day International]] and between forty and sixty in a List A. List A is a classification of the limited-overs (one-day) form of cricket, technically as the domestic level.

Despite its name, important one-day matches, international and domestic, often have two days set aside, the second day being a "reserve" day to allow more chance of the game being completed if a result is not possible on the first day (for instance if play is prevented or interrupted by rain).

=== Tiebreaker ===
{{Main|Result (cricket)#Tiebreakers}}
In some tied limited-overs games, a [[Super Over]] is played, wherein each team bats for a one-over innings with two [[Wicket (out)|wickets]] in hand. A tied Super Over may be followed by another Super Over.<ref>{{Cite news|title=WHAT IS SUPER OVER?|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-super-over|access-date=2021-09-24}}</ref>

===Player restrictions===
====Bowling restrictions====

In almost all competitive one-day games, a restriction is placed on the number of overs that may be bowled by any one bowler. This is to prevent a side playing two top-class bowlers with extremely good stamina who can bowl throughout their opponents' innings. The usual limitation is set so that a side must include at least five players who bowl i.e. each bowler can only bowl 20% of the overs. For example, the usual limit for twenty-over cricket is four overs per bowler, for forty-over cricket eight per bowler and for fifty-over cricket ten per bowler.<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Many Overs Can A Bowler Bowl In A Cricket Match?|url=https://cricketershub.com/overs-bowler-can-bowl/|access-date=2020-09-09|website=Cricketers Hub|language=en-GB}}</ref> There are exceptions: [[Pro Cricket]] in the United States restricted bowlers to five overs each, thus leaving a side requiring only four bowlers.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2004-08-15|title=Pro Cricket - Fast n' Furious Global Action >> ProCricket 100 rules|url=http://www.procricket.com/rules.asp|access-date=2020-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040815074603/http://www.procricket.com/rules.asp|archive-date=15 August 2004}}</ref>

====Fielding restrictions====
{{Main|Fielding restrictions (cricket)}}

=== White balls ===
{{main|Cricket ball}}
Limited over cricket is usually played with white balls rather than the traditional red balls. This was introduced because the team batting second is likely to need to play under [[floodlight]]s and a white ball is easier to see under these conditions. The white balls are supposed to be otherwise identical to traditional balls, but according to [[BBC Sport]], some cricketers claim that the harder surface causes white balls to swing more.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4188060.stm "Does the white ball behave differently?"], ''BBC Sport: Cricket'', retrieved 1 October 2021.</ref>

==History==
The idea for a one-day, limited 50-over cricket tournament, was first played in the inaugural match of the All India Pooja Cricket Tournament in 1951 at [[Tripunithura]] in [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. It is thought to be the brain child of [[Kelappan Thampuran (Travancore-Cochin cricketer)|KV Kelappan Thampuran]], a former cricketer and the first Secretary of the Kerala Cricket Association.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/world-first-limited-overs-pooja-cricket-tournament-turns-60/20100727.htm|title=World's first limited over tournament turns 60}}</ref> The first limited-overs tournament between first-class English teams was the Midlands Knock-Out Cup, which took place in May 1962.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2013-09-19|title=Rewind: The birth of one-day cricket, in 1962 {{!}} Regulars {{!}} Cricinfo Magazine {{!}} ESPN Cricinfo|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/510124.html|access-date=2021-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130919032251/http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/510124.html|archive-date=19 September 2013}}</ref> Played with 65-over innings, the Cup was organised by [[Mike Turner (cricketer)|Mike Turner]], secretary of the [[Leicestershire County Cricket Club]]. The competition was small, with three other county teams participating in addition to Leicestershire. However, it drew commercial television coverage and positive commentary by journalists, who noted the potential to attract sponsors and spectators amid declining attendance levels.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-11|title=Pioneer of one-day cricket dies|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pioneer-of-one-day-cricket-dies-901499|access-date=2021-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111231350/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pioneer-of-one-day-cricket-dies-901499|archive-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

The following year, the first full-scale one-day competition between first-class teams was played, the knock-out [[C&G Trophy|Gillette Cup]], won by [[Sussex County Cricket Club|Sussex]]. The number of overs was reduced to 60 for the 1964 season. League one-day cricket also began in England, when the John Player [[National League (cricket)|Sunday League]] was started in 1969 with 40-over matches. Both these competitions have continued every season since inauguration, though the sponsorship has changed. There is now one 50-over competition, which is called the Royal London One-Day Cup.

The first Limited Overs International (LOI) or One-Day International (ODI) match was played between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[England cricket team|England]] in [[Melbourne]] on 5 January 1971,<ref name="Booth">{{cite book |editor-last=Booth |editor-first=Lawrence |last=Booth |first=Lawrence |author-link=Lawrence Booth (cricket writer) |date=2021 |title=Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 2021 |chapter=Fifty Years of One-day International Cricket |chapter-url=https://www.wisden.com/stories/wisden-almanack-2021/fifty-years-of-one-day-international-cricket/ |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=9781472975478 |access-date=3 July 2023}}</ref> and the quadrennial [[cricket World Cup]] began in 1975. Many of the "packaging" innovations, such as coloured clothing, were as a result of [[World Series Cricket]], a "rebel" series set up outside the cricketing establishment by Australian entrepreneur [[Kerry Packer]]. For more details, see [[History of cricket]].

[[Twenty20]], a curtailed form of one-day cricket with 20 overs (120 legal balls) per side, was first played in England in 2003. It has proven very popular, and several Twenty20 matches have been played between national teams. It makes several changes to the usual [[laws of cricket]], including the use of a [[Super Over]] (one or more additional overs played by each team) to decide the result of tied matches.

[[100-ball cricket]] (2.5-hour games), another form of one-day cricket with 100 deliveries per side, launched in England in 2021. It is designed to further shorten game time and to attract a new audience. It makes further changes to the usual [[laws of cricket]], such as the involvement of overs that last 5 balls each.

There are now also [[T10 leagues]] with a format of 10 overs per side (resulting in 90-minute games). The [[Emirates Cricket Board]] also launched [[Ninety–90 Bash]], an upcoming annual franchise-based 90-ball cricket league in the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emirates Cricket Board approves Ninety-90 Bash|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/117942/emirates-cricket-board-approves-ninety-90-bash|access-date=2021-06-27|website=Cricbuzz|language=en}}</ref>

==One Day Internationals==
{{main|One Day International||Women's One Day International}}
[[File:India Vs New zealand One day International, 10 December 2010 (6159936713).jpg|thumb|290px|[[Chennai]] hosted an [[One Day International|ODI match]] between India and New Zealand in 2010. The New Zealand [[Batting (cricket)|batsman]] is in black, and India in blue are the [[Fielding (cricket)|fielding team]].]]

[[One Day International]] matches are usually played in brightly coloured clothing often in a "day-night" format where the first innings of the day occurs in the afternoon and the second occurs under stadium lights.

=== One Day International tournaments ===

In the early days of ODI cricket, the number of overs was generally 60 overs per side, and matches were also played with 40, 45 or 55 overs per side, but now it has been uniformly fixed at 50 overs.

Every four years, the [[Cricket World Cup]] involves all the Test-playing nations and other national sides who qualify through the [[ICC World Cup Qualifier]]. It usually consists of round-robin stages, followed by semi-finals and a final. The [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC) determines the venue far in advance.

The [[ICC Champions Trophy]] involves all the Test-playing nations, and is held between World Cups. It usually consists of a round-robin group stage, semifinals, and a final.

Each Test-playing country often hosts triangular tournaments, between the host nation and two touring sides. There is usually a round-robin group , and then the leading two teams play each other in a final, or sometimes a best-of-three final. When there is only one touring side, there is still often a best-of-five or best-of-seven series of limited overs matches.

The ICC [[World Cricket League]] is an ODI competition for national teams with Associate or Affiliate status.

==List A status==
{{main|List A cricket}}
'''List A cricket''' is a classification of the limited-overs (one-day) form of the sport of [[cricket]]. Much as domestic [[first-class cricket]] is the level below international [[Test cricket|Test match]] cricket, so List A cricket is the domestic level of [[one-day cricket]] below [[One Day International]]s. Twenty20 matches do not qualify for the present.

Most cricketing nations have some form of domestic List A competition. The number of [[over (cricket)|over]]s in List A cricket ranges from forty to sixty overs per side.

The [[Association of Cricket Statisticians and Historians]] created this category for the purpose of providing an equivalent to first-class cricket, to allow the generation of career records and statistics for comparable one-day matches. Only the more important one-day competitions in each country, plus matches against a touring Test team, are included. The categorisation of cricket matches as "List A" was not officially endorsed by the [[International Cricket Council]] until 2006, when the ICC announced that it and its member associations would be determining this classification in a manner similar to that done for first class matches.<ref>[http://content-usa.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/255055.html ICC clarifies what counts and what doesn't], from Cricinfo, 30 July 2006</ref>

Matches that qualify as List A:
* One Day Internationals (ODIs)
* Other international matches
* Premier one-day tournaments in each country
* Official matches of a touring Test team against main first-class teams

Matches that do not qualify as List A:
* World Cup warm-up matches
* Other Tourist matches (for example, against first-class teams that are not part of the main domestic first-class competition, such as universities)
* Festival and friendly matches

==Domestic competitions==
Domestic one-day competitions exist in almost every country where cricket is played. The table below lists the limited overs tournaments that take place in each [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|full member nation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/index.html |title=CricketArchive/Archive |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=26 August 2022}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:75%"
|-
!Country
!Tournament
!Format
|-
|rowspan=4|{{cr|Afghanistan}}
|-
| [[Ghazi Amanullah Khan Regional One Day Tournament]] || 50 overs
|-
| Green Afghanistan One Day Cup || 50 overs
|-
| [[Shpageeza Cricket League]] || 20 overs
|-
|rowspan=5|{{cr|Australia}}
|-
| [[Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament|Marsh One-Day Cup]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Big Bash League]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Women's National Cricket League]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Women's Big Bash League]] || 20 overs
|-
|rowspan=5|{{cr|Bangladesh}}
|-
| [[Dhaka Premier Division Cricket League]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Bangladesh Premier League]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Dhaka Premier Division Twenty20 Cricket League]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Bangladesh Women's National Cricket League]] || 50 overs
|-
|rowspan=7|{{cr|England}}
|-
| [[Royal London One-Day Cup]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[T20 Blast]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[The Hundred (cricket)|The Hundred]] || 100-ball
|-
| [[Rachael Heyhoe Flint Trophy]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Charlotte Edwards Cup]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Women's Twenty20 Cup]] || 20 overs
|-
|rowspan=10|{{cr|India}}
|-
| [[Vijay Hazare Trophy]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Deodhar Trophy]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Indian Premier League]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Senior Women's Challenger Trophy]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Women's Senior T20 Challenger Trophy]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Women's T20 Challenge]] || 20 overs
|-
|rowspan=4| {{cr|Ireland}}
|-
| [[Inter-Provincial Cup]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Inter-Provincial Trophy]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Women's Super Series]] || 50/20 overs
|-
|rowspan=5| {{cr|New Zealand}}
|-
| [[The Ford Trophy]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Super Smash (men's cricket)|Men's Super Smash]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Hallyburton Johnstone Shield]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Super Smash (women's cricket)|Women's Super Smash]] || 20 overs
|-
|rowspan=6| {{cr|Pakistan}}
|-
| [[Pakistan Cup]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[National T20 Cup]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Pakistan Super League]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Pakistan Women's One Day Cup]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[PCB Triangular Twenty20 Women's Tournament]] || 20 overs
|-
|rowspan=7| {{cr|South Africa}}
|-
| [[CSA Provincial Competitions|CSA One-Day Cup]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[CSA Provincial Competitions|CSA Provincial T20 Cup]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[CSA T20 League]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Women's Provincial Programme]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Women's Provincial T20 Competition]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Women's T20 Super League]] || 20 overs
|-
|rowspan=6| {{cr|Sri Lanka}}
|-
| National Super League || 50 overs
|-
| SLC Invitational T20 League || 20 overs
|-
| [[Lanka Premier League]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Sri Lanka Women's Division One Tournament]] || 50 overs
|-
| Sri Lanka Women's Invitation T20 Tournament || 20 overs
|-
|rowspan=7| {{cr|West Indies}}
|-
| [[Super50 Cup]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Caribbean Premier League]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[The 6ixty]] || 10 overs
|-
| [[Women's Super50 Cup]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Twenty20 Blaze]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Women's Caribbean Premier League]] || 20 overs
|-
|rowspan=5| {{cr|Zimbabwe}}
|-
| [[Pro50 Championship]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Stanbic Bank 20 Series]] || 20 overs
|-
| [[Fifty50 Challenge]] || 50 overs
|-
| [[Women's T20 Cup]] || 20 overs
|}

==One-day records==
{{see also|List of List A cricket records|List of One Day International cricket records}}

The world record for the highest innings total in any List A limited overs match is 496 for 4 by Surrey against Gloucestershire in their [[Friends Provident Trophy]] 50-overs match at the [[The Oval|Oval]], London on 29 April 2007. That surpassed the 443 for nine by Sri Lanka against the Netherlands in their One Day International 50-overs match at Amstelveen on 4 July 2006, which was the record ODI score at the time. On 19 June 2018, England set a new international record, totalling 481 for 6 against Australia at Trent Bridge. The lowest ever total is 23 by Yorkshire against Middlesex at [[Headingley Cricket Ground|Headingley]] in 1974 in a 40-overs match. The record low score in ODIs was set by Zimbabwe, who managed just 35 against Sri Lanka in Harare on 25 April 2004.

The most runs scored by both sides in any List A limited overs match is 872: Australia, batting first, scored 434 for four in 50 overs, and yet were beaten by South Africa who scored 438 for nine with a ball to spare during their [[Australia in South Africa, 5th ODI, 2006|One Day International at Johannesburg in 2006]].

The highest individual innings is 268 by [[Ali Brown]] for Surrey against Glamorgan in a 50-overs match at The Oval in 2002. The best bowling figures are eight for 15 by [[Rahul Sanghvi]] for Delhi against Himachal Pradesh in a 50-overs match at Una in 1997. The highest international individual innings is by Rohit Sharma who scored 264. The highest score in any formal limited overs match is believed to be United's 630 for five against Bay Area in a 45 overs match at [[Richmond, California]] in August 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/102/102986.html|title=The Home of CricketArchive|website=cricketarchive.com}}</ref>

The most runs in an over was scored by [[Herschelle Gibbs]] of the South African cricket team when, in the [[2007 Cricket World Cup]] in the West Indies, he hit 6 sixes in one over bowled by [[Daan van Bunge]] of the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/285608.html|title=Herschelle Gibbs smashes a record six sixes in an over|date=16 March 2007|website=Cricinfo}}</ref>

This record is shared by [[Yuvraj Singh]] of India who achieved this feat in the [[2007 ICC World Twenty20]] in South Africa, he hit 6 sixes in an over bowled by [[Stuart Broad]] of England.

Sachin Tendulkar holds the record of being the first male cricketer to score a double century in ODIs (200 not out). He achieved this feat against South Africa on 24 February 2010, at Gwalior, India. Virender Sehwag is the second male cricketer to score a double century, when he scored 219 before being caught out against West Indies on 8 December 2011, at Indore, India. Rohit Sharma became the third male cricketer to score a double century, when he scored 209 against Australia on 2 November 2013.

==See also==
* [[T10 League]]
* [[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |first=Adam |last=Gilchrist |year=1999 |publisher=Harper Collins Publishers |isbn=0-7322-6713-7 |title=One-Day Cricket: Playing the One-Day Game}}
*{{cite web|url=http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/november/anache_kanache.html|title=আনাচে–কানাচে: ময়দান ও ক্লাব {{!}} ক্যালকাটা ক্রিকেট অ্যান্ড ফুটবল ক্লাব (সিসিএফসি)|first1=Joydeep|last1=Banerjee|first2=Rajat|last2=Karmakar|website=archives.anandabazar.com|publisher=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]|language=bn|trans-title=Maidan & Club: Calcutta Cricket and Football Club (CCFC)|location=Kolkata|agency=|date=21 November 2013|access-date=19 October 2022|archive-date=6 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206190523/http://archives.anandabazar.com/e_kolkata/2013/november/anache_kanache.html}}
{{refend}}

{{Forms of cricket}}
{{Team Sport}}

[[Category:Limited overs cricket| ]]

North Zone women's cricket team

2023-02-23T15:06:57Z

Bharats20101998: /* Current squad */ Update for IZOD

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = North Zone
| image =
| colours =
| coach =
| captain = [[Harleen Deol]]
| established = 1974
| ground =
| first_fc = [[East Zone women's cricket team|East Zone]]
| first_fc_year = 2015
| first_fc_venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Kolkata]]
| title1 = [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition|IZODC]]
| title1wins = 1
| title2 = [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|IZ3D]]
| title2wins = 1
| title3 = [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|IZT20]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|IZOD]]
| title4wins = 1
| website =
}}
The '''North Zone women's cricket team''' is a [[Women's cricket|women's]] [[cricket]] team that represents northern [[India]] in the [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]] and [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]]. It is a composite team of players from five teams from northern India: [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]], [[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]], [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Punjab women's cricket team|Punjab]]. They were formed in 1974–75 to play in the Rani Jhansi Trophy, which they competed in until 2002–03, when the competition ended. They then competed in the [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]], which they won once, in 2011–12, and then in the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition]], in which they won the final edition of the tournament, in [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]]. They won the inaugural edition of the Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day in 2022–23.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4754/4754.html|title=Team Profile: North Zone Women|access-date=25 July 2021|publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

==History==
North Zone Women first played in the Rani Jhansi Trophy in the 1974–75 season, a [[List A cricket|List A]] competition. They competed in the tournament until it was dissolved after the 2002–03 season, but full results for the trophy are not recorded.<ref name="ListA">{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4754/Womens_List_A_Matches.html |title=Women's List A Matches Played by North Zone Women |access-date=29 July 2021|publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

In 2007, North Zone began playing in the [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]], which they competed in between the 2006–07 season until it ended after the 2013–14 season.<ref name="ListA"/> The side won the title once, in 2011–12, and were the only side to break [[Central Zone women's cricket team|Central Zone's]] winning streak, who won the other 7 titles. In 2011–12, North Zone topped the table with four wins from their four matches.<ref name="eleven">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/15/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2011-12.html |title=Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition 2011/12 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

In the 2014–15 season, the zonal teams began competing in a [[First-class cricket|two-day]] competition, the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zone Women's Two Day Competition]]. The side finished 3rd in the [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|first season]] before finishing bottom the [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|following season]], when the tournament became a three-day competition.<ref name="fifteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_Zone_Womens_Two_Day_Competition_2014-15.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Two Day Competition 2014/15 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="sixteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2015-16.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2015/16 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> They again finished third in [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]], but did win their first match in the tournament, against [[South Zone women's cricket team|South Zone]].<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2016-17.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2016/17 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/1074/1074024.html |title=North Zone Women v South Zone Women, 5, 6, 7 March 2017 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> In [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]], North Zone won their first three-day title, breaking Central Zone's three season winning streak and topping the table with two wins from their four matches.<ref name="eighteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2017/18 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

In 2022–23, zonal cricket in India returned, in the form of the [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]].<ref name="squads">{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketworld.com/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-trophy-2022-full-squads-fixtures-preview-all-you-need-to-know/83080.htm |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 Trophy 2022: Full squads, Fixtures & Preview: All you need to know |publisher=CricketWorld |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref> They finished fourth out of sixth teams in the first edition of the tournament.<ref name="izt20one">{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=BCCI}}</ref> In February 2023, the [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]] tournament took place, with North Zone winning the competition, topping the group before beating Central Zone in the final by 9 wickets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal One Day |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/252/senior-womens-inter-zonal-one-day |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=BCCI}}</ref>

==Players==
===Current squad===
Based on squad announced for the 2022–23 season. Players in '''bold''' have international caps.<ref name="squads"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com/series/domestic/2907/senior-womens-inter-zonal-one-day-trophy-2023/squads |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal One Day Trophy, 2023/Squads |publisher=Cricket.com |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Nationality
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Domestic team
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Harleen Deol]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Kanika Ahuja || {{crw|IND}} || [[Punjab women's cricket team|Punjab]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Anisha Ansari || {{crw|IND}} || [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Simran Bahadur]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Taniya Bhatia]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Punjab women's cricket team|Punjab]] || [[Wicket-keeper]]
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Nikita Chauhan || {{crw|IND}} || [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Neena Choudhary || {{crw|IND}} || [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sarla Devi || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Suman Gulia || {{crw|IND}} || [[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Shivanti Gupta || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Amandeep Kaur || {{crw|IND}} || [[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Amanjot Kaur]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Punjab women's cricket team|Punjab]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Komalpreet Kaur || {{crw|IND}} || [[Punjab women's cricket team|Punjab]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sandhya Kumari || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sushmita Kumari || {{crw|IND}} || [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sonia Lohiya || {{crw|IND}} || [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Priya Mishra || {{crw|IND}} || [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Monica Pandey || {{crw|IND}} || [[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Priya Punia]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sheetal Rana || {{crw|IND}} || [[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Pratika Rawal || {{crw|IND}} || [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Nandani Sharma || {{crw|IND}} || [[Chandigarh women's cricket team|Chandigarh]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Neetu Singh || {{crw|IND}} || [[Punjab women's cricket team|Punjab]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Parunika Sisodia || {{crw|IND}} || [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Reema Sisodia || {{crw|IND}} || [[Haryana women's cricket team|Haryana]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Rubia Syed || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Anju Tomar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jammu and Kashmir women's cricket team|Jammu and Kashmir]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Sushma Verma]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Himachal Pradesh women's cricket team|Himachal Pradesh]] || [[Wicket-keeper]]
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Laxmi Yadav || {{crw|IND}} || [[Delhi women's cricket team|Delhi]] ||
|}

==Seasons==
===Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="9" | League standings<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4754/Womens_First-Class_Matches.html |title=Women's First-Class Matches Played by North Zone Women |accessdate=29 July 2021}}</ref>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|DWF|Drawn (won on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|DLF|Drawn (lost on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|ND|Drawn (no decision on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|2014–15]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 6 || 3rd
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 5th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]]
| 4 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 9 || 3rd
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]]
| 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 1 || 19 || 1st
| style="background: gold;" | Champions
|}

===Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NRR|Net Run Rate}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|2022–23]]
| 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || +0.630 || 8 || 4th
| style="background: white;" |
|}

===Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NRR|Net Run Rate}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|2022–23]]
| 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || +1.107 || 20 || 1st
| style="background: gold;" | Champions
|}

==Honours==
* '''[[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]]:'''
** '''Winners (1):''' 2011–12
* '''[[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game]]:'''
** '''Winners (1):''' [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]]
* '''[[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' 4th ([[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|2022–23]])
* '''[[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]]:'''
** '''Winners (1):''' [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|2022–23]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4754/4754.html North Zone at CricketArchive]

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter Zonal Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian women's first-class cricket teams]]

East Zone women's cricket team

2023-02-22T15:49:54Z

Bharats20101998: /* Players */ Update squad for IZOD

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = East Zone
| image =
| colours =
| coach =
| captain = [[Madhuri Mehta]]
| established = 1974
| ground =
| first_fc = [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|New Zealand]]
| first_fc_year = 1985
| first_fc_venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Durgapur|Nehru Stadium]], [[Durgapur]]
| title1 = [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition|IZODC]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|IZ3D]]
| title2wins = 0
| title3 = [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|IZT20]]
| title3wins = 0
| title4 = [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|IZOD]]
| title4wins = 0
| website =
}}
The '''East Zone women's cricket team''' is a [[Women's cricket|women's]] [[cricket]] team that represents [[East India]] in the [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]] and [[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]]. It is a composite team of players from five teams from eastern India: [[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]], [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]], [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]], [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] and [[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]]. They were formed in 1974–75 to play in the Rani Jhansi Trophy, which they competed in until 2002–03, when the competition ended. They then competed in the [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]], and then in the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition]], which they finished as runners-up in twice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4736/4736.html|title=Team Profile: East Zone Women|access-date=24 July 2021|publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

==History==
East Zone Women first played in the Rani Jhansi Trophy in the 1974–75 season, a [[List A cricket|List A]] competition. They competed in the tournament until it was dissolved after the 2002–03 season, but full results for the trophy are not recorded.<ref name="ListA">{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4736/Womens_List_A_Matches.html |title=Women's List A Matches Played by East Zone Women|access-date=29 July 2021|publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> They also played matches against the touring [[New Zealand women's national cricket team|New Zealand]] side in 1975–76 and [[New Zealand women's cricket team in India in 1984–85|1984–85]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/139/139994.html |title=East Zone Women v New Zealand Women, 23 January 1976 |access-date=29 July 2021|publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/189/189466.html |title=East Zone Women v New Zealand Women, 2, 3 March 1985 |access-date=29 July 2021|publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref>

In 2007, East Zone began playing in the [[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]], which they competed in between the 2006–07 season until it ended after the 2013–14 season.<ref name="ListA"/> Their best finish in the tournament came in 2010–11, finishing 3rd with two wins from their four matches.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/13/Inter_Zone_Womens_One_Day_Competition_2010-11.html |title=Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition 2010/11 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

In the 2014–15 season, the zonal teams began competing in a [[First-class cricket|two-day]] competition, the [[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|Inter Zone Women's Two Day Competition]]. In the [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|first season]], East Zone finished as runners-up, with two drawn games won on first innings from their four matches.<ref name="fifteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/24/Inter_Zone_Womens_Two_Day_Competition_2014-15.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Two Day Competition 2014/15 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> The side again finished as runners-up in [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]], when the tournament became a three-day competition, with three drawn games won on first innings.<ref name="sixteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/26/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2015-16.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2015/16 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref> In [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]] the side finished fourth and in [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]] East Zone finished bottom of the five team league.<ref name="seventeen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2016-17.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2016/17 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="eighteen">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/31/Inter_Zone_Womens_Three_Day_Competition_2017-18.html |title=Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition 2017/18 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=29 July 2021}}</ref>

In 2022–23, zonal cricket in India returned, in the form of the [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]].<ref name="squads">{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketworld.com/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20-trophy-2022-full-squads-fixtures-preview-all-you-need-to-know/83080.htm |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 Trophy 2022: Full squads, Fixtures & Preview: All you need to know |publisher=CricketWorld |date=7 November 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022}}</ref> They finished fifth out of sixth teams in the first edition of the tournament.<ref name="izt20one">{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal T20 |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/243/senior-womens-inter-zonal-t20 |access-date=17 November 2022 |website=BCCI}}</ref> In February 2023, the [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]] tournament took place, in which they finished third in the group stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal One Day |url=https://www.bcci.tv/domestic/252/senior-womens-inter-zonal-one-day |access-date=22 February 2023 |website=BCCI}}</ref>

==Players==
===Current squad===
Based on squad announced for the 2022–23 season. Players in '''bold''' have international caps.<ref name="squads"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricket.com/series/domestic/2907/senior-womens-inter-zonal-one-day-trophy-2023/squads |title=Senior Women's Inter Zonal One Day Trophy, 2023/Squads |publisher=Cricket.com |access-date=22 February 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Name
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Nationality
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Domestic team
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Madhuri Mehta]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Priyanka Acharjee || {{crw|IND}} || [[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Anshu Apurva || {{crw|IND}} || [[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Priyanka Bala || {{crw|IND}} || [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Uma Chetry || {{crw|IND}} || [[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Puja Das || {{crw|IND}} || [[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Jhumki Debnath || {{crw|IND}} || [[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Rashmi Dey || {{crw|IND}} || [[Assam women's cricket team|Assam]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| [[Sushree Dibyadarshini]] || {{crw|IND}} || [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Dhara Gujjar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Saiqa Ishaque || {{crw|IND}} || [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Ashwani Kumari || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Shanti Kumari || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sarita Meher || {{crw|IND}} || [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Rameshwari Naik || {{crw|IND}} || [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Sukanya Parida || {{crw|IND}} || [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| '''[[Rasanara Parwin]]''' || {{crw|IND}} || [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Mamta Paswan || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Anuja Patil || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Mita Paul || {{crw|IND}} || [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Devyani Prasad || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Niharika Prasad || {{crw|IND}} || [[Jharkhand women's cricket team|Jharkhand]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Priyanka Priyadarshini || {{crw|IND}} || [[Odisha women's cricket team|Odisha]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Rizu Saha || {{crw|IND}} || [[Tripura women's cricket team|Tripura]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Priyanka Sarkar || {{crw|IND}} || [[Bengal women's cricket team|Bengal]] ||
|-
|style="text-align:center"| Rachna Singh || {{crw|IND}} || [[Bihar women's cricket team|Bihar]] ||
|}

==Seasons==
===Inter Zone Women's Three Day Competition===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="9" | League standings<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4736/Womens_First-Class_Matches.html |title=Women's First-Class Matches Played by East Zone Women |accessdate=29 July 2021}}</ref>
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|DWF|Drawn (won on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|DLF|Drawn (lost on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|ND|Drawn (no decision on first innings)}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|BP|Bonus Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|2014–15]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 8 || 2nd
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]]
| 4 || 0 || 0 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 10 || 2nd
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2016–17 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2016–17]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 7 || 4th
| style="background: white;" |
|-
! scope="row" | [[2017–18 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2017–18]]
| 4 || 0 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 5 || 5th
| style="background: white;" |
|}

===Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NRR|Net Run Rate}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|2022–23]]
| 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || +0.257 || 4 || 5th
| style="background: white;" |
|}

===Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Season
! scope="col" colspan="8" | League standings
! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Notes
|-
! scope="col" | {{abbr|P|Played}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|W|Won}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|L|Lost}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|T|Tied}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NR|No Result}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|NRR|Net Run Rate}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pts|Points}}
! scope="col" | {{abbr|Pos|Position}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|2022–23]]
| 5 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 0 || +0.362 || 12 || 3rd
| style="background: white;" |
|}

==Honours==
* '''[[Inter Zone Women's One Day Competition]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' 3rd (2010–11)
* '''[[Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' Runners-up ([[2014–15 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Two Day Game|2014–15]] & [[2015–16 Senior Women's Cricket Inter Zonal Three Day Game|2015–16]])
* '''[[Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' 5th ([[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal T20|2022–23]])
* '''[[Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day]]:'''
** '''Winners (0):'''
** ''Best finish:'' 3rd ([[2022–23 Women's Senior Inter Zonal One Day|2022–23]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4736/4736.html East Zone at CricketArchive]

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter Zonal Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Indian women's first-class cricket teams]]

List of British Sikhs

2022-08-20T17:49:15Z

Bharats20101998: Authored a new page format.

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates}}{{Sikhism sidebar}}
This is a list of notable [[Sikh]]s from the United Kingdom.

== Academia and education==
[[File:Kalwant Bhopal at RLUK17.jpg|thumb|Prof [[Kalwant Bhopal]] at [[Research Libraries UK]] conference|alt=]]
*[[Harjinder Singh Dilgeer]] – National Professor of Sikh History. Director of [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|SGPC]] Sikh History Research Board and author of 60 books on [[Sikhism]], presently Director of Guru Nanak Research Institute, Birmingham & '''thesikhs.org''' website.
*[[Harminder Dua]] – Discovered a previously unknown layer lurking in the human eye named the "dua's layer".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theophthalmologist.com/power-list/2016/harminder-dua/|title=Harminder Dua|website=The Ophthalmologist|access-date=25 June 2018}}</ref>
*[[Jagbir Jhutti Johal]] - Professor of religion, author and media commentator
*[[Jagjit Chadha]] – Professor and Chair in Money and Banking in the Department of Economics at the [[University of Kent]]
*[[Kalwant Bhopal]] – Professor of Education and Social Justice and Deputy Director of the Centre for Research in Race & Education at the University of Birmingham
*[[Opinderjit Takhar]] - Researcher within Sikh Studies and Director of the Centre for Sikh and Panjabi Studies at the University of Wolverhampton.
*[[Simon Singh]] – Mathematician and author
*[[Sukhpal Singh Gill]] – Indian born UK academic and Assistant Professor of Computer Science at the [[Queen Mary University of London]], UK.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eecs.qmul.ac.uk/people/profiles/gillsukhpalsingh.html | title =School of Electronic Engineering and Computer Science (EECS), Queen Mary University of London (QMUL), London, UK }}</ref>
*[[Sukhbir Singh Kapoor]] – Vice Chancellor of The International School of Sikh Studies and Khalsa College London
*[[Tejinder Virdee]] – [[Experimental physics|Experimental particle physicist]] and Professor of Physics at [[Imperial College London]]
*[[Yadvinder Malhi]] – Professor of Ecosystem Science at the [[University of Oxford]] and a Jackson Senior Research Fellow at Oriel College, Oxford.

== Business and the professions==
[[File:Amandeep_Madra_OBE_speaking_in_the_UK_Parliament.jpg|thumb|[[Amandeep Madra]] chairman of UKPHA speaking at the 100th anniversary of the [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jalianwala Bagh]] massacre in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|UK Parliament]]|alt=]]

[[File:Jaz Rai Chairman of the Sikh Recovery Network speaking in the UK Parliament.jpg|thumb|[[Jaz Rai]] chairman of the Sikh Recovery Network speaking in the UK Parliament|alt=]]

*[[Tony Lit]] – Managing Director of [[Sunrise Radio]]
*[[Dabinderjit Singh]] – Director at the National Audit Office
*[[Harpal Kumar]] – Chief executive of [[Cancer Research UK]]
*[[Jasminder Singh]] – Chairman of the Radisson Edwardian hotel empire.<ref name="Sikh London">[http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/Collections/Onlineresources/RWWC/themes/1301/1217 Sikh London] museumoflondon.org.uk. Retrieved 20 March 2009</ref>
*[[Jaz Rai]] – Aerospace engineer and chairman of the Sikh Recovery Network
*[[Kamel Hothi]] – Former banker at [[Lloyds Bank]]
*[[Karamjit Singh (electoral commissioner)|Karamjit Singh]] – Chair of the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust
*[[Kulveer Ranger]] – Management Consultant. Former London Transport Minister and Mayor's Director of Environment and Digital London
*[[Manjeet Singh Riyat]] – Emergency Care Consultant at University Hospitals of Derby and Burton NHS Foundation Trust
*[[Param Singh (property developer)|Param Singh]] – Technology and business professional
*[[Ranjit Singh Boparan]] – Founder and owner of [[2 Sisters Food Group]]
*[[Reena Ranger]] – Director at [[Sun Mark]] and founder of Women Empowered Network
*[[Reuben Singh]] – CEO of [[Call centre|contact centre]] company ''alldayPA''
*[[Simon Arora]] – Billionaire businessman, CEO of the retail chain [[B & M]].
*[[Surinder Arora]] – Hotelier
*[[Tom Singh]] – Founder of the high street fashion chain New Look.<ref name="Sikh London" />

== Charity, community and non-profit==
[[File:Bhai Sahib Bhai Mohinder Singh Ahluwalia speaking at the Midlands launch of the British Sikh Report 2018.jpg|thumb|Bhai Sahib Bhai [[Mohinder Singh Ahluwalia]] speaking at the Midlands launch of the [[British Sikh Report]] 2018|alt=]]
*[[Amandeep Madra]] – Founder and chairman of the UK Punjab Heritage Association
*[[Bibi Balwant Kaur|Balwant Kaur]] – Founder and chairperson of Mata Nanki Foundation
*[[Daljit Singh Shergill]] – President of Guru Nanak Gurdwara Smethwick
*[[Imandeep Kaur]] – Director of Impact Hub: Birmingham
*[[Jagraj Singh]] - Founder of Basics of Sikhi
*[[Mohinder Singh Ahluwalia]] – Chairman of the Nishkam Group
*[[Nidar Singh Nihang]] – Scholar and Grandmaster of [[Shastar Vidya]]
*[[Ravi Singh (humanitarian)|Ravi Singh]] – CEO Khalsa Aid

== Film, drama and entertainment==
[[File:Neelam Gill 2015.jpg|thumb|British fashion model [[Neelam Gill]] at [[London Fashion Week]]|alt=]]
*[[Alexandra Aitken]] (Uttrang Kaur Khalsa) – Environmental campaigner, model, actress, artist and socialite
*[[Ameet Chana]] – Actor
*[[Amrit Maghera]] – Professional model turned actress
*[[Chandeep Uppal]] – Critically acclaimed starring role as Meena Kumar in the film ''[[Anita and Me (film)|Anita and Me]]''.
*[[Gurinder Chadha]] – Film director
*[[Harnaam Kaur]] – Model, anti-bullying activist, body positive activist
*[[Kulvinder Ghir]] – Actor, comedian and writer
*[[Jassa Ahluwalia]] – Actor and presenter
*[[Lena Kaur]] – Best known for her role as [[Leila Roy]] in Channel 4's [[Hollyoaks]]
*[[Mandip Gill]] – Actress
*[[Mandy Takhar]] – Actress
*[[Neelam Gill]] – Model, known for her work with [[Burberry]], [[Abercrombie & Fitch]] and appearing in ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''.
*[[Paul Chowdhry]] – Comedian and actor
*[[Parminder Nagra]] – Actress born in Leicester
*[[Perry Bhandal]] – Film director, screenwriter
*[[Simon Rivers]] – English actor who played the role of [[Kevin Tyler (Doctors)|Kevin Tyler]] in Doctors
*[[Stephen Uppal]] – Known for playing Ravi Roy in the long-running British soap ''[[Hollyoaks]]''

== Law and justice==

[[File:Jo Sidhu QC speaking at an event in parliament.jpg|thumb|[[Jo Sidhu]] QC a leading criminal law barrister speaking in the UK Parliament|alt=]]
*[[Alamjeet Kaur Chauhan]] – Lawyer and Femina Miss India winner 1978
*[[Anup Singh Choudry]] – Retired High Court Judge
*[[Bobbie Cheema-Grubb]] – [[High Court judge (England and Wales)|Judge]] of the [[Queen's Bench Division]] of the [[High Court of Justice]] of England and Wales.
*[[Jasvir Singh (barrister)|Jasvir Singh]] – Family Law Barrister
*[[Jo Sidhu]] – Criminal Law Barrister
*[[Mota Singh]] – Retired Circuit judge England
*[[Rabinder Singh (judge)|Lord Justice Singh - Rabinder Singh]] – [https://www.judiciary.uk/publications/mr-justice-singh/ First Sikh Judge of the UK High court] [[Court of Appeal]] judge, formerly a [[High Court judge (England and Wales)|High Court judge]] of the [[Queen's Bench Division]]
*

== Journalism, writers and media==
[[File:Sunny and Shay presenting the Asian Professional Awards in London in 2015.jpg|thumb|[[Sunny and Shay]] attending a gala Awards ceremony in London|alt=]]

[[File:Peter Bance - largest private collector of Maharaja Duleep Singh artefacts with Param Singh the Deputy Chairman of City Sikhs at Number 10 Downing Street.jpg|thumb|[[Peter Bance]] – historian and author of 'Sikhs in Britain' with technology professional [[Param Singh (property developer)|Param Singh]] at Number 10 Downing Street|alt=]]
*[[Aatish Taseer]] – Writer-journalist, and the son of Indian journalist [[Tavleen Singh]]
*[[Anita Rani]] – Radio and television presenter
*[[Bali Rai]] – English author of children's and young adult fiction
*[[Bobby Friction]] – DJ, television presenter and radio presenter
*[[Daljit Nagra]] – Poet
*[[Gurpreet Kaur Bhatti]] – Writer
*[[Hardeep Singh Kohli]] – Radio and television presenter
*[[Max Arthur Macauliffe]] (1841–1913) – Senior administrator of the [[British Raj]] who was posted in the Punjab; prolific scholar and author.
*[[Nirpal Singh Dhaliwal]] – Journalist and writer
*[[Peter Bance]] – Historian, author and Maharaja Duleep Singh archivist
*[[Priya Kaur-Jones]] – [[News presenter|Newsreader]]
*[[Raman Mundair]] – Poet, writer, artist and playwright
*[[Ranvir Singh]] – English television presenter and journalist
*[[Sathnam Sanghera]] – British journalist and author
*[[Sonia Deol]] – English [[Radio presenter|radio]] and television presenter
*[[Sunny Hundal]] – Journalist, blogger and academic
*[[Sunny and Shay]] – Husband and wife radio presenters
*[[The Singh Twins]] – artists Amrit and Rabindra Kaur Singh

== Music ==
[[File:Hard kaur sony music album launch.jpg|thumb|[[Hard Kaur]] at a Sony music album launch|alt=]]

[[File:Fanclub1967Animals4.jpg|thumb|Sikh convert [[Vic Briggs]] with guitar (Dutch TV, 1967)|alt=]]
*[[Aman Hayer]] – [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] producer and singer
*[[Bally Sagoo]] – Record producer
*[[Channi Singh]] – British-Indian [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] musician, known as the "godfather" of bhangra in the West.
*[[Diamond Duggal]] – Music producer, DJ, songwriter and guitarist
*[[Dr Zeus]] – [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] singer and music producer
*[[Gurdeep Samra]] – Music producer and DJ
*[[Hard Kaur]] – [[Rapper]] and [[hip hop]] singer
*[[Indy Sagu]] – Bhangra and hip hop musician
*[[Jas Mann]] – Songwriter, musician, singer, record producer and film producer
*[[Jassi Sidhu]] – [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] singer and the former lead singer of British Indian [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] [[Music band|band]] [[B21 (band)|B21]]
*[[Jay Sean]] – [[R&B]] Artist
*[[Juggy D]] – [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]], [[Punjabi music|Punjabi]], [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]
*[[Malkit Singh]] – [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Bhangra (music)|bhangra]] singer
*[[Manj Musik]] – Music composer, singer
*[[Manni Sandhu]] – Music director
*[[Panjabi MC]] – Rapper, musician and DJ
*[[Rishi Rich]] – Music producer
*Sardara Gill – Punjabi [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] singer, lead singer of [[Apna Sangeet]]
*[[Steel Banglez]] – Record producer
*[[Silinder Pardesi]] – [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] singer-songwriter, lyricist, and composer
*[[Surinder Singh Matharu]] – Founder of the Raj Academy Conservatoire
*[[Sukshinder Shinda]] – [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra]] Record producer and singer–songwriter
*[[Surjit Khan]] – Record producer, musician and singer-songwriter
*[[Tarsame Singh Saini]] – Singer, composer and actor
*[[Talvin Singh]] – Producer, composer and [[tabla]] player
*[[Tigerstyle]] – [[Folkhop]] group
*[[Tjinder Singh]] – Lead singer of British [[indie rock]] band [[Cornershop]]
*[[Tru Skool]] - Music artist
*[[Vic Briggs]] – Former [[blues]] and rock musician

== Politics==
[[File:Paul Uppal the small business commissioner speaking at a Sikh community event in the Midlands.jpg|thumb|[[Paul Uppal]] the [[Small Business Commissioner|small business commissioner]] speaking at a Sikh community event in the Midlands]]
[[File:Neena Gill.jpg|thumb|[[Neena Gill]] was a [[Member of the European Parliament]] (MEP) for the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]|alt=]]

*[[Atma Singh (politician)|Atma Singh]] – Policy Advisor to the Mayor of London on Asian Affairs in the [[Greater London Authority]], under [[Mayor of London]] [[Ken Livingstone]]
*[[Gurinder Josan]] – Labour party activist
*[[Hardyal Dhindsa]] – Councillor
*[[Indarjit Singh]] – Member House of Lords
*[[Jas Athwal]] – Leader of Redbridge London Borough Council, Labour Party Politician
*[[Marsha Singh]] – [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] politician, and the Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Bradford West (UK Parliament constituency)|Bradford West]] from [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]] to [[2012 Bradford West by-election|2012]]
*[[Neena Gill]] – [[Member of the European Parliament]] for the [[West Midlands (region)|West Midlands]]
*[[Onkar Sahota]] – [[Member of the London Assembly]] for [[Ealing and Hillingdon (London Assembly constituency)|Ealing and Hillingdon]]
*[[Pam Gosal]] – [[Member of the Scottish Parliament]] for [[West Scotland (Scottish Parliament electoral region)|West Scotland]]
*[[Parmjit Dhanda]] – [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] politician who was the Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Gloucester (UK Parliament constituency)|Gloucester]] from [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]] until the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]]
*[[Parmjit Singh Gill]] – Member of Parliament for [[Leicester South (UK Parliament constituency)|Leicester South]] from July 2004 to May 2005, he was the first [[Ethnic minority|ethnic-minority]] Liberal Democrat MP
*[[Paul Uppal]] – Former [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Member of Parliament and Small business commissioner
*[[Piara Khabra]] – [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Ealing Southall (UK Parliament constituency)|Ealing Southall]] from 1992 until his death
*[[Preet Gill]] – Member of Parliament (MP) for [[Birmingham Edgbaston (UK Parliament constituency)|Birmingham Edgbaston]] since the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]]. She is the first female British [[Sikh]] MP.
*[[Ranbir Singh Suri, Baron Suri]] – Member House of Lords
*[[Sonika Nirwal]] – Senior [[Ealing Southall]] [[constituency]] [[Labour party (UK)|Labour]] politician representing the [[Greenford]] Broadway ward
*[[Tanmanjeet Singh Dhesi]] – [[Labour Party (UK)|British Labour Party]] politician. [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Slough (UK Parliament constituency)|Slough]] since [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]
*[[Satvir Kaur]] – Leader of Southampton City Council, Labour Party Politician

== Royalty and revolutionaries==
[[File:Maharaja Duleep Singh in durbar on a terrace with Labh Singh and Tej Singh and an attendant Lahore, circa 1850.jpg|thumb|[[Duleep Singh|Maharaja Duleep Singh]] in durbar on a terrace with Labh Singh and Tej Singh and an attendant Lahore, circa 1850|alt=]]
*[[Maharaja Duleep Singh]] – Last Maharaja of the Sikh Kingdom, exiled in 1849 during the British Raj and possibly the first permanent Sikh resident in England
*[[Frederick Duleep Singh]] – Younger son of [[Duleep Singh]], the last [[Maharaja]] of the [[Sikh Empire]].
*[[Sophia Duleep Singh|Princess Sophia Alexandra Duleep Singh]] – Prominent suffragette and accredited nurse

== Sports==
[[File:The Cricketer Monty Panesar and his brother at a City Sikhs event in London.jpg|thumb|The Cricketer [[Monty Panesar]] and his brother at a Sikh Professional Networking event in London|alt=]]
*[[Akaash Bhatia]] – British boxer
*[[Aman Dosanj]] – First [[British Asian]] footballer to represent England
*[[Arjan Raikhy]] - Footballer for Aston Villa<ref>{{cite tweet|user=arjanraikhy20|number=1382419105937043460|title=Hi andrew, My faith is sikh}}</ref>
*[[Brandon Khela]] - Footballer for Birmingham City F.C
*[[Danny Batth]] – Footballer and Captain of Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C.
*[[Fauja Singh]] – British [[Sikh]] [[centenarian]] [[marathon]] runner
*[[Harpal Singh]] – Footballer
*[[Kash Gill]] – Former kickboxing world champion
*[[Monty Panesar]] – England cricketer
*[[Raj Hundal]] – Snooker player
*[[Ravi Bopara]] – England cricketer
*[[Skipping Sikh]] – Septuagenarian health and fitness personality

== Causes célèbres ==
*[[Jagtar Singh Johal]]
*[[Lakhvir Kaur Singh]]

== See also==
*[[List of Canadian Sikhs]]
*[[List of Sikhs]]
*[[Sikhism in England]]
*[[Sikhism in the United Kingdom]]

== References==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:British Sikhs|*]]
[[Category:Lists of British people by origin|Sikhs]]
[[Category:Sikhism-related lists|British]]

Oxygen

2022-04-17T12:37:49Z

Bharats20101998: Initiated a new article outline.

{{About|the chemical element}}

{{Use mdy dates}}
{{Use American English}}
{{Infobox oxygen}}

'''Oxygen''' is the [[chemical element]] with the [[chemical symbol|symbol]] '''O''' and [[atomic number]] 8. It is a member of the [[chalcogen]] [[Group (periodic table)|group]] in the [[periodic table]], a highly [[Chemical reaction|reactive]] [[Nonmetal (chemistry)|nonmetal]], and an [[oxidizing agent]] that readily forms [[oxide]]s with most elements as well as with other [[chemical compound|compounds]]. Oxygen is Earth's [[Abundance of the chemical elements|most abundant element]], and after [[hydrogen]] and [[helium]], it is the third-most abundant element in the universe. At [[standard temperature and pressure]], two atoms of the element [[chemical bond|bind]] to form [[Allotropes of oxygen#Dioxygen|dioxygen]], a colorless and odorless [[diatomic molecule|diatomic]] [[gas]] with the formula {{chem|O|2}}. Diatomic oxygen gas currently constitutes 20.95% of the [[Earth's atmosphere]], though this has [[Geological history of oxygen|changed considerably]] over long periods of time. Oxygen makes up almost half of the [[Earth's crust]] in the form of oxides.<ref name="Atkins7th">Atkins, P.; Jones, L.; Laverman, L. (2016).''Chemical Principles'', 7th edition. Freeman. {{ISBN|978-1-4641-8395-9}}</ref>

All [[plants]], [[animals]], and [[Fungus|fungi]] need oxygen for [[cellular respiration]], which extracts energy by the reaction of oxygen with molecules derived from food and produces carbon dioxide as a waste product. In [[tetrapods]] breathing brings oxygen into the lungs where gas exchange takes place, carbon dioxide [[diffusion|diffuses]] out of the blood, and oxygen diffuses into the blood. The body's [[circulatory system]] transports the oxygen to the cells, where cellular respiration takes place.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=John|title=Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia, Pa.|isbn=978-1-4160-4574-8|page=5|edition=12th}}</ref><ref name="Pocock2">{{cite book|last1=Pocock|first1=Gillian|last2=Richards|first2=Christopher D.|title=Human physiology : the basis of medicine|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-856878-0|page=311|edition=3rd}}</ref>

Many major classes of [[organic molecule]]s in [[living organism]]s contain oxygen atoms, such as [[protein]]s, [[nucleic acid]]s, [[carbohydrate]]s, and [[fat]]s, as do the major constituent [[inorganic compound]]s of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of [[water]], the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is continuously replenished in Earth's atmosphere by [[photosynthesis]], which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in air without being continuously replenished by the photosynthetic action of living organisms. Another form ([[allotropes of oxygen|allotrope]]) of oxygen, [[ozone]] ({{chem|O|3}}), strongly absorbs ultraviolet [[UVB]] radiation and the high-altitude [[ozone layer]] helps protect the [[biosphere]] from [[ultraviolet radiation]]. However, ozone present at the surface is a byproduct of [[smog]] and thus a pollutant.

Oxygen was isolated by [[Michael Sendivogius]] before 1604, but it is commonly believed that the element was discovered independently by [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]], in [[Uppsala]], in 1773 or earlier, and [[Joseph Priestley]] in [[Wiltshire]], in 1774. Priority is often given for Priestley because his work was published first. Priestley, however, called oxygen "dephlogisticated air", and did not recognize it as a chemical element. The name ''oxygen'' was coined in 1777 by [[Antoine Lavoisier]], who first recognized oxygen as a chemical element and correctly characterized the role it plays in combustion.

Common uses of oxygen include production of [[steel]], [[plastic]]s and [[textile]]s, [[Oxy-fuel welding and cutting|brazing, welding and cutting]] of steels and other [[metal]]s, [[rocket propellant]], [[oxygen therapy]], and [[life support system]]s in [[aircraft]], [[submarine]]s, [[human spaceflight|spaceflight]] and [[underwater diving|diving]].

==History of study==
===Early experiments===

One of the first known experiments on the relationship between [[combustion]] and air was conducted by the 2nd century BCE [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] writer on mechanics, [[Philo of Byzantium]]. In his work ''Pneumatica'', Philo observed that inverting a vessel over a burning candle and surrounding the vessel's neck with water resulted in some water rising into the neck.<ref>{{cite book|title = Story of Human Error|first = Joseph|last = Jastrow|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tRUO45YfCHwC&pg=PA171|page = 171|date = 1936|publisher = Ayer Publishing|isbn = 978-0-8369-0568-7|access-date = August 23, 2020|archive-date = October 1, 2021|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211001032137/https://books.google.com/books?id=tRUO45YfCHwC&pg=PA171|url-status = live}}</ref> Philo incorrectly surmised that parts of the air in the vessel were converted into the [[classical element]] [[Fire (classical element)|fire]] and thus were able to escape through pores in the glass. Many centuries later [[Leonardo da Vinci]] built on Philo's work by observing that a portion of air is consumed during combustion and [[respiration (physiology)|respiration]].<ref name="ECE499">[[#Reference-idCook1968|Cook & Lauer 1968]], p. 499.</ref>

In the late 17th century, [[Robert Boyle]] proved that air is necessary for combustion. English chemist [[John Mayow]] (1641–1679) refined this work by showing that fire requires only a part of air that he called ''spiritus nitroaereus''.<ref name="EB1911">{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Mayow, John|volume=17|pages=938–39}}</ref> In one experiment, he found that placing either a mouse or a lit candle in a closed container over water caused the water to rise and replace one-fourteenth of the air's volume before extinguishing the subjects.<ref name="WoC">{{cite book|title=World of Chemistry|chapter=John Mayow|publisher=Thomson Gale|chapter-url=http://www.bookrags.com/John_Mayow|access-date=December 16, 2007|isbn=978-0-669-32727-4|archive-date=April 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200417002720/http://www.bookrags.com/John_Mayow/|url-status=live}}</ref> From this, he surmised that nitroaereus is consumed in both respiration and combustion.

Mayow observed that [[antimony]] increased in weight when heated, and inferred that the nitroaereus must have combined with it.<ref name="EB1911" /> He also thought that the lungs separate nitroaereus from air and pass it into the blood and that animal heat and muscle movement result from the reaction of nitroaereus with certain substances in the body.<ref name="EB1911" /> Accounts of these and other experiments and ideas were published in 1668 in his work ''Tractatus duo'' in the tract "De respiratione".<ref name="WoC" />

===Phlogiston theory===
{{Main|Phlogiston theory}}

[[Robert Hooke]], [[Ole Borch]], [[Mikhail Lomonosov]], and [[Pierre Bayen]] all produced oxygen in experiments in the 17th and the 18th century but none of them recognized it as a [[chemical element]].<ref name="NBB299">[[#Reference-idEmsley2001|Emsley 2001]], p. 299</ref> This may have been in part due to the prevalence of the philosophy of combustion and [[corrosion]] called the ''phlogiston theory'', which was then the favored explanation of those processes.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Best | first1 = Nicholas W. | year = 2015 | title = Lavoisier's 'Reflections on Phlogiston' I: Against Phlogiston Theory | journal = [[Foundations of Chemistry]] | volume = 17 | issue = 2| pages = 137–51 | doi=10.1007/s10698-015-9220-5| s2cid = 170422925 }}</ref>

Established in 1667 by the German alchemist [[J. J. Becher]], and modified by the chemist [[Georg Ernst Stahl]] by 1731,<ref name="morris">{{cite book| title = The last sorcerers: The path from alchemy to the periodic table
| url = https://archive.org/details/lastsorcererspat0000morr
| url-access = registration
| last = Morris| first = Richard| date = 2003|publisher = Joseph Henry Press|location = Washington, D.C.|isbn = 978-0-309-08905-0}}</ref> phlogiston theory stated that all combustible materials were made of two parts. One part, called phlogiston, was given off when the substance containing it was burned, while the dephlogisticated part was thought to be its true form, or [[calx]].<ref name="ECE499" />

Highly combustible materials that leave little [[residue (chemistry)|residue]], such as wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston; non-combustible substances that corrode, such as iron, contained very little. Air did not play a role in phlogiston theory, nor were any initial quantitative experiments conducted to test the idea; instead, it was based on observations of what happens when something burns, that most common objects appear to become lighter and seem to lose something in the process.<ref name="ECE499" />

===Discovery===
[[File:PriestleyFuseli.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Joseph Priestley]] is usually given priority in the discovery.|alt=A drawing of an elderly man sitting by a table and facing parallel to the drawing. His left arm rests on a notebook, legs crossed.]]

Polish [[Alchemy|alchemist]], [[philosopher]], and [[physician]] [[Sendivogius|Michael Sendivogius]] (Michał Sędziwój) in his work ''De Lapide Philosophorum Tractatus duodecim e naturae fonte et manuali experientia depromti'' ["Twelve Treatises on the Philosopher's Stone drawn from the source of nature and manual experience"] (1604) described a substance contained in air, referring to it as 'cibus vitae' (food of life,<ref name="Marples">{{cite web|last1=Marples|first1=Frater James A.|title=Michael Sendivogius, Rosicrucian, and Father of Studies of Oxygen|url=http://www.masonic.benemerito.net/msricf/papers/marples/marples-michael.sendivogius.pdf|publisher=Societas Rosicruciana in Civitatibus Foederatis, Nebraska College|access-date=2018-05-25|pages=3–4|archive-date=May 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508172910/http://www.masonic.benemerito.net/msricf/papers/marples/marples-michael.sendivogius.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>) and according to Polish historian Roman Bugaj, this substance is identical with oxygen.<ref name="Bugaj">{{cite journal |last1=Bugaj |first1=Roman |title=Michał Sędziwój – Traktat o Kamieniu Filozoficznym |journal=Biblioteka Problemów |volume=164 |pages=83–84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0gaAQAAMAAJ |language=pl |issn=0137-5032 |access-date=August 23, 2020 |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001032100/https://books.google.com/books?id=d0gaAQAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sendivogius, during his experiments performed between 1598 and 1604, properly recognized that the substance is equivalent to the gaseous byproduct released by the [[thermal decomposition]] of [[potassium nitrate]]. In Bugaj's view, the [[List of purification methods in chemistry|isolation]] of oxygen and the proper association of the substance to that part of air which is required for life, provides sufficient evidence for the discovery of oxygen by Sendivogius.{{r|Bugaj}} This discovery of Sendivogius was however frequently denied by the generations of scientists and chemists which succeeded him.{{r|Marples}}

It is also commonly claimed that oxygen was first discovered by Swedish pharmacist [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]]. He had produced oxygen gas by heating [[mercuric oxide]] (HgO) and various [[nitrate]]s in 1771–72.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/8/oxygen |title=Oxygen |publisher=RSC.org |access-date=2016-12-12 |archive-date=January 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128145051/http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/8/Oxygen |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ECE500" /><ref name="ECE499" /> Scheele called the gas "fire air" because it was then the only known [[Oxidizing agent|agent]] to support combustion. He wrote an account of this discovery in a manuscript titled ''Treatise on Air and Fire'', which he sent to his publisher in 1775. That document was published in 1777.<ref name="NBB300">[[#Reference-idEmsley2001|Emsley 2001]], p. 300</ref>

In the meantime, on August 1, 1774, an experiment conducted by the British clergyman [[Joseph Priestley]] focused sunlight on mercuric oxide contained in a glass tube, which liberated a gas he named "dephlogisticated air".<ref name="ECE500">[[#Reference-idCook1968|Cook & Lauer 1968]], p. 500</ref> He noted that candles burned brighter in the gas and that a mouse was more active and lived longer while [[breathing]] it. After breathing the gas himself, Priestley wrote: "The feeling of it to my lungs was not sensibly different from that of [[Atmosphere of Earth|common air]], but I fancied that my breast felt peculiarly light and easy for some time afterwards."<ref name="NBB299" /> Priestley published his findings in 1775 in a paper titled "An Account of Further Discoveries in Air", which was included in the second volume of his book titled ''[[Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air]]''.<ref name="ECE499" /><ref>{{cite journal|title = An Account of Further Discoveries in Air|first = Joseph |last = Priestley |journal = Philosophical Transactions |date = 1775 |volume = 65 |pages = 384–94 |doi = 10.1098/rstl.1775.0039|doi-access = free }}</ref> Because he published his findings first, Priestley is usually given priority in the discovery.

The French chemist [[Antoine Lavoisier|Antoine Laurent Lavoisier]] later claimed to have discovered the new substance independently. Priestley visited Lavoisier in October 1774 and told him about his experiment and how he liberated the new gas. Scheele had also dispatched a letter to Lavoisier on September 30, 1774, which described his discovery of the previously unknown substance, but Lavoisier never acknowledged receiving it. (A copy of the letter was found in Scheele's belongings after his death.)<ref name="NBB300" />

===Lavoisier's contribution===
[[File:Antoine lavoisier.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Antoine Lavoisier]] discredited the phlogiston theory.|alt=A drawing of a young man facing towards the viewer, but looking on the side. He wear a white curly wig, dark suit and white scarf.]]

Lavoisier conducted the first adequate quantitative experiments on [[oxidation]] and gave the first correct explanation of how combustion works.<ref name="ECE500" /> He used these and similar experiments, all started in 1774, to discredit the phlogiston theory and to prove that the substance discovered by Priestley and Scheele was a [[chemical element]].

In one experiment, Lavoisier observed that there was no overall increase in weight when [[tin]] and air were heated in a closed container.<ref name="ECE500" /> He noted that air rushed in when he opened the container, which indicated that part of the trapped air had been consumed. He also noted that the tin had increased in weight and that increase was the same as the weight of the air that rushed back in. This and other experiments on combustion were documented in his book ''Sur la combustion en général'', which was published in 1777.<ref name="ECE500" /> In that work, he proved that air is a mixture of two gases; 'vital air', which is essential to combustion and respiration, and ''azote'' (Gk. ''{{lang|grc|ἄζωτον}}'' "lifeless"), which did not support either. ''Azote'' later became ''[[nitrogen]]'' in English, although it has kept the earlier name in French and several other European languages.<ref name="ECE500" />

====Etymology====

Lavoisier renamed 'vital air' to ''oxygène'' in 1777 from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] roots ''{{lang|grc|ὀξύς}} (oxys)'' ([[acid]], literally "sharp", from the taste of acids) and ''-γενής (-genēs)'' (producer, literally begetter), because he mistakenly believed that oxygen was a constituent of all acids.<ref name="mellor">{{cite book|last1=Parks|first1=G. D.|last2=Mellor|first2=J. W.|title=Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry|edition=6th |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co.|location=London}}</ref> Chemists (such as Sir [[Humphry Davy]] in 1812) eventually determined that Lavoisier was wrong in this regard, but by then the name was too well established.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=793}}</ref>

''Oxygen'' entered the English language despite opposition by English scientists and the fact that the Englishman Priestley had first isolated the gas and written about it. This is partly due to a poem praising the gas titled "Oxygen" in the popular book ''[[The Botanic Garden]]'' (1791) by [[Erasmus Darwin]], grandfather of [[Charles Darwin]].<ref name="NBB300" />
{{clear}}

===Later history===
[[File:Goddard and Rocket.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Robert H. Goddard]] and a liquid oxygen-gasoline [[rocket]]|alt=A metal frame structure stands on the snow near a tree. A middle-aged man wearing a coat, boots, leather gloves and a cap stands by the structure and holds it with his right hand.]]

[[John Dalton]]'s original [[Atomic theory#Earliest empirical evidence|atomic hypothesis]] presumed that all elements were monatomic and that the atoms in compounds would normally have the simplest atomic ratios with respect to one another. For example, Dalton assumed that water's formula was HO, leading to the conclusion that the [[atomic mass]] of oxygen was 8 times that of hydrogen, instead of the modern value of about 16.<ref>{{cite book| title = The Interactive Textbook of PFP96 |chapter= Do We Take Atoms for Granted?|chapter-url=http://www.physics.upenn.edu/courses/gladney/mathphys/subsubsection1_1_3_2.html |url=http://www.physics.upenn.edu/courses/gladney/mathphys/Contents.html |first1=Dennis |last1=DeTurck |last2=Gladney|first2=Larry|last3=Pietrovito|first3=Anthony| publisher=University of Pennsylvania|access-date=January 28, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117230939/http://www.physics.upenn.edu/courses/gladney/mathphys/subsubsection1_1_3_2.html |archive-date = January 17, 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1805, [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] and [[Alexander von Humboldt]] showed that water is formed of two volumes of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen; and by 1811 [[Amedeo Avogadro]] had arrived at the correct interpretation of water's composition, based on what is now called [[Avogadro's law]] and the diatomic elemental molecules in those gases.<ref>{{cite book|title=A Treatise on Chemistry|first1=Henry Enfield |last1=Roscoe |last2=Schorlemmer|first2=Carl|page=38|publisher=D. Appleton and Co.}}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>These results were mostly ignored until 1860. Part of this rejection was due to the belief that atoms of one element would have no [[chemical affinity]] towards atoms of the same element, and part was due to apparent exceptions to Avogadro's law that were not explained until later in terms of dissociating molecules.</ref>

The first commercial method of producing oxygen was chemical, the so-called [[Brin process]] involving a reversible reaction of [[barium oxide]]. It was invented in 1852 and commercialized in 1884, but was displaced by newer methods in early 20th century.

By the late 19th century scientists realized that air could be liquefied and its components isolated by compressing and cooling it. Using a [[Cascade (chemical engineering)|cascade]] method, Swiss chemist and physicist [[Raoul Pictet|Raoul Pierre Pictet]] [[evaporation|evaporated]] liquid [[sulfur dioxide]] in order to liquefy carbon dioxide, which in turn was evaporated to cool oxygen gas enough to liquefy it. He sent a telegram on December 22, 1877, to the [[French Academy of Sciences]] in Paris announcing his discovery of [[liquid oxygen]].<ref name="BES707">{{cite book|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists|last=Daintith|first=John|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-7503-0287-6|page=707}}</ref> Just two days later, French physicist [[Louis Paul Cailletet]] announced his own method of liquefying molecular oxygen.<ref name="BES707" /> Only a few drops of the liquid were produced in each case and no meaningful analysis could be conducted. Oxygen was liquefied in a stable state for the first time on March 29, 1883, by Polish scientists from [[Jagiellonian University]], [[Zygmunt Wróblewski]] and [[Karol Olszewski]].<ref>{{cite journal|title = Louis Paul Cailletet: The liquefaction of oxygen and the emergence of low-temperature research |first =Faidra |last = Papanelopoulou |journal =Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |date = 2013|volume = 67 |issue=4|pages = 355–73|doi = 10.1098/rsnr.2013.0047 |pmc=3826198}}</ref>
[[File:A setup for preparation of Oxygen.jpg|alt=An experiment setup with test tubes to prepare oxygen|left|thumb|280x280px|An experiment setup for preparation of oxygen in academic laboratories]]
In 1891 Scottish chemist [[James Dewar]] was able to produce enough liquid oxygen for study.<ref name="NBB303">[[#Reference-idEmsley2001|Emsley 2001]], p. 303</ref> The first commercially viable process for producing liquid oxygen was independently developed in 1895 by German engineer [[Carl von Linde]] and British engineer William Hampson. Both men lowered the temperature of air until it liquefied and then [[distillation|distilled]] the component gases by boiling them off one at a time and capturing them separately.<ref name="HPAM">{{cite book|title=How Products are Made|chapter=Oxygen|publisher=The Gale Group, Inc.|chapter-url=http://www.answers.com/topic/oxygen|access-date=December 16, 2007|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403220006/http://www.answers.com/topic/oxygen|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, in 1901, oxyacetylene [[welding]] was demonstrated for the first time by burning a mixture of [[acetylene]] and compressed {{chem|O|2}}. This method of welding and cutting metal later became common.<ref name="HPAM" />

In 1923, the American scientist [[Robert H. Goddard]] became the first person to develop a [[rocket engine]] that burned liquid fuel; the engine used [[gasoline]] for fuel and liquid oxygen as the [[oxidizer]]. Goddard successfully flew a small liquid-fueled rocket 56 m at 97 km/h on March 16, 1926, in [[Auburn, Massachusetts]], US.<ref name="HPAM" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Goddard-1926 |url=http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2002-000132.html |publisher=NASA |access-date=November 18, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071108225824/http://grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2002-000132.html |archive-date=November 8, 2007 }}</ref>

In academic laboratories, oxygen can be prepared by heating together potassium chlorate mixed with a small proportion of manganese dioxide.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/flescscho_1114918|title=A school chemistry|last=Flecker|first=Oriel Joyce|publisher=Oxford, Clarendon press|others=MIT Libraries|year=1924|page=[https://archive.org/details/flescscho_1114918/page/n41 30]}}</ref>

Oxygen levels in the atmosphere are trending slightly downward globally, possibly because of fossil-fuel burning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://scrippso2.ucsd.edu/|title=Atmospheric Oxygen Research|author=Scripps Institute|access-date=October 8, 2011|archive-date=July 25, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725074925/http://scrippso2.ucsd.edu/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==Characteristics==
===Properties and molecular structure===
[[File:Oxygen molecule orbitals diagram.JPG|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Orbital diagram, after Barrett (2002),<ref name="Barrett2002" /> showing the participating atomic orbitals from each oxygen atom, the molecular orbitals that result from their overlap, and the [[Aufbau principle|aufbau]] filling of the orbitals with the 12 electrons, 6 from each O atom, beginning from the lowest-energy orbitals, and resulting in covalent double-bond character from filled orbitals (and cancellation of the contributions of the pairs of σ and σ* and π and π* orbital pairs).]]
At [[standard temperature and pressure]], oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas with the [[molecular formula]] {{chem|O|2}}, referred to as dioxygen.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/chemistry/oxygen.html |title=Oxygen Facts |publisher=Science Kids |access-date=November 14, 2015 |archive-date=May 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507223541/https://www.sciencekids.co.nz/sciencefacts/chemistry/oxygen.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

As ''dioxygen'', two oxygen atoms are [[chemical bond|chemically bound]] to each other. The bond can be variously described based on level of theory, but is reasonably and simply described as a covalent [[double bond]] that results from the filling of [[molecular orbitals]] formed from the [[atomic orbital]]s of the individual oxygen atoms, the filling of which results in a [[bond order]] of two. More specifically, the double bond is the result of sequential, low-to-high energy, or [[Aufbau principle|Aufbau]], filling of orbitals, and the resulting cancellation of contributions from the 2s electrons, after sequential filling of the low σ and σ* orbitals; σ overlap of the two atomic 2p orbitals that lie along the O–O molecular axis and π overlap of two pairs of atomic 2p orbitals perpendicular to the O–O molecular axis, and then cancellation of contributions from the remaining two 2p electrons after their partial filling of the π* orbitals.<ref name="Barrett2002">Jack Barrett, 2002, "Atomic Structure and Periodicity", (Basic concepts in chemistry, Vol. 9 of Tutorial chemistry texts), Cambridge, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry, p. 153, {{ISBN|0854046577}}. See [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0854046577 Google Books]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530044101/https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0854046577%2F }} accessed January 31, 2015.</ref>

This combination of cancellations and σ and π overlaps results in dioxygen's double-bond character and reactivity, and a triplet electronic [[ground state]]. An [[electron configuration]] with two unpaired electrons, as is found in dioxygen orbitals (see the filled π* orbitals in the diagram) that are of equal energy—i.e., [[degenerate orbitals|degenerate]]—is a configuration termed a [[spin triplet]] state. Hence, the ground state of the {{chem|O|2}} molecule is referred to as [[triplet oxygen]].<ref name="BiochemOnline">{{cite web |work=Biochemistry Online |url=http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/oxphos/oldioxygenchem.html |title=Chapter 8: Oxidation-Phosphorylation, the Chemistry of Di-Oxygen |first=Henry |last=Jakubowski |access-date=January 28, 2008 |publisher=Saint John's University |archive-date=October 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005032115/http://employees.csbsju.edu/hjakubowski/classes/ch331/oxphos/oldioxygenchem.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>An orbital is a concept from [[quantum mechanics]] that models an electron as a [[Wave–particle duality|wave-like particle]] that has a spatial distribution about an atom or molecule.</ref> The highest-energy, partially filled orbitals are [[antibonding]], and so their filling weakens the bond order from three to two. Because of its unpaired electrons, triplet oxygen reacts only slowly with most organic molecules, which have paired electron spins; this prevents spontaneous combustion.<ref name="astm-tpt">{{cite conference|editor1-last=Werley|editor1-first=Barry L.|work=Fire Hazards in Oxygen Systems|title=ASTM Technical Professional training|publisher=[[ASTM International]] Subcommittee G-4.05|location=Philadelphia}}</ref>

[[File:Liquid oxygen in a magnet 2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Liquid oxygen, temporarily suspended in a magnet owing to its paramagnetism]]
In the triplet form, {{chem|O|2}} molecules are [[paramagnetism|paramagnetic]]. That is, they impart magnetic character to oxygen when it is in the presence of a magnetic field, because of the [[Spin (physics)|spin]] [[magnetic moment]]s of the unpaired electrons in the molecule, and the negative [[exchange energy]] between neighboring {{chem|O|2}} molecules.<ref name="NBB303" /> Liquid oxygen is so [[magnet]]ic that, in laboratory demonstrations, a bridge of liquid oxygen may be supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/demonstrations/Gen_Chem_Pages/0809bondingpage/liquid_oxygen.htm |title = Demonstration of a bridge of liquid oxygen supported against its own weight between the poles of a powerful magnet |publisher = University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemistry Department Demonstration lab |access-date = December 15, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071217064218/http://genchem.chem.wisc.edu/demonstrations/Gen_Chem_Pages/0809bondingpage/liquid_oxygen.htm |archive-date = December 17, 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref>{{refn|Oxygen's paramagnetism can be used analytically in paramagnetic oxygen gas analysers that determine the purity of gaseous oxygen. ({{cite web |url=http://www.servomex.com/oxygen_gas_analyser.html |title=Company literature of Oxygen analyzers (triplet) |publisher=Servomex |access-date=December 15, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308213517/http://www.servomex.com/oxygen_gas_analyser.html |archive-date=March 8, 2008 }})|group=lower-alpha}}

[[Singlet oxygen]] is a name given to several higher-energy species of molecular {{chem|O|2}} in which all the electron spins are paired. It is much more reactive with common [[organic compound|organic molecules]] than is normal (triplet) molecular oxygen. In nature, singlet oxygen is commonly formed from water during photosynthesis, using the energy of sunlight.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Anja |last=Krieger-Liszkay |journal=Journal of Experimental Botany |volume=56 |pages=337–346 |title=Singlet oxygen production in photosynthesis |doi=10.1093/jxb/erh237 |pmid=15310815 |issue=411 |doi-access=free}}</ref> It is also produced in the [[troposphere]] by the photolysis of ozone by light of short wavelength<ref name="harrison">{{cite book |last=Harrison |first=Roy M. |author-link=Roy M. Harrison |title=Pollution: Causes, Effects & Control |edition=2nd |location=Cambridge |publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]] |isbn=978-0-85186-283-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/pollutioncausese0000unse}}</ref> and by the [[immune system]] as a source of active oxygen.<ref name="immune-ozone">{{cite journal |journal=Science |title=Evidence for Antibody-Catalyzed Ozone Formation in Bacterial Killing and Inflammation |volume=298 |pages=2195–2219 |doi=10.1126/science.1077642 |pmid=12434011 |last1=Wentworth |first1=Paul |last2=McDunn |first2=J. E. |last3=Wentworth |first3=A. D. |last4=Takeuchi |first4=C. |last5=Nieva |first5=J. |last6=Jones |first6=T. |last7=Bautista |first7=C. |last8=Ruedi |first8=J. M. |last9=Gutierrez |first9=A. |last10=Janda |first10=K. D. |last11=Babior |first11=B. M. |last12=Eschenmoser |first12=A. |last13=Lerner |first13=R. A. |issue=5601 |bibcode=2002Sci...298.2195W |s2cid=36537588 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/6c8f7824e829956c8ba6e41218d9b37b3b431744 |access-date=December 6, 2019 |archive-date=December 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201212111238/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Evidence-for-Antibody-Catalyzed-Ozone-Formation-in-Wentworth-McDunn/6c8f7824e829956c8ba6e41218d9b37b3b431744 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Carotenoid]]s in photosynthetic organisms (and possibly animals) play a major role in absorbing energy from [[singlet oxygen]] and converting it to the unexcited ground state before it can cause harm to tissues.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Singlet oxygen quenching ability of naturally occurring carotenoids |journal=Lipids |first1=Osamu |last1=Hirayama |last2=Nakamura |first2=Kyoko |last3=Hamada |first3=Syoko |last4=Kobayasi |first4=Yoko |volume=29 |issue=2 |doi=10.1007/BF02537155 |pages=149–150 |pmid=8152349 |s2cid=3965039}}</ref>

===Allotropes===
{{Main|Allotropes of oxygen}}
[[File:Oxygen molecule.png|thumb|right|upright=0.9|[[Space-filling model]] representation of dioxygen (O2) molecule]]
The common [[Allotropy|allotrope]] of elemental oxygen on Earth is called [[Allotropes of oxygen|dioxygen]], {{chem|O|2}}, the major part of the Earth's atmospheric oxygen (see [[#Occurrence|Occurrence]]). O2 has a bond length of 121 [[Picometre|pm]] and a bond energy of 498 [[joule per mole|kJ/mol]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Chieh|first=Chung|title=Bond Lengths and Energies|url=http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/bondel.html|publisher=University of Waterloo|access-date=December 16, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214215455/http://www.science.uwaterloo.ca/~cchieh/cact/c120/bondel.html|archive-date=December 14, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> O2 is used by complex forms of life, such as animals, in [[cellular respiration]]. Other aspects of {{chem|O|2}} are covered in the remainder of this article.

Trioxygen ({{chem|O|3}}) is usually known as [[ozone]] and is a very reactive allotrope of oxygen that is damaging to lung tissue.<ref name="GuideElem48">{{cite book|title=Guide to the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe|url-access=registration|edition=Revised |first=Albert|last=Stwertka|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-508083-4|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guidetoelements00stwe/page/48 48–49]}}</ref> Ozone is produced in the [[upper atmosphere]] when {{chem|O|2}} combines with atomic oxygen made by the splitting of {{chem|O|2}} by [[ultraviolet]] (UV) radiation.<ref name="mellor" /> Since ozone absorbs strongly in the UV region of the [[Electromagnetic spectrum|spectrum]], the [[ozone layer]] of the upper atmosphere functions as a protective radiation shield for the planet.<ref name="mellor" /> Near the Earth's surface, it is a [[air pollution|pollutant]] formed as a by-product of [[exhaust system|automobile exhaust]].<ref name="GuideElem48" /> At [[low earth orbit]] altitudes, sufficient atomic oxygen is present to cause [[corrosion in space|corrosion of spacecraft]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=August 8, 2009|url=http://www.spenvis.oma.be/spenvis/help/background/atmosphere/erosion.html|title=Atomic oxygen erosion|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613121048/http://www.spenvis.oma.be/spenvis/help/background/atmosphere/erosion.html |archive-date = June 13, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The [[Metastability in molecules|metastable]] molecule [[tetraoxygen]] ({{chem|O|4}}) was discovered in 2001,<ref name="o4">{{cite journal|last1=Cacace|first1=Fulvio|last2=de Petris|first2=Giulia|last3=Troiani|first3=Anna |title=Experimental Detection of Tetraoxygen|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=40|issue=21|pages=4062–65|doi = 10.1002/1521-3773(20011105)40:21<4062::AID-ANIE4062>3.0.CO;2-X|pmid=12404493}}</ref><ref name="newform">{{cite news|first=Phillip|last=Ball|url=http://www.nature.com/news/2001/011122/pf/011122-3_pf.html|title=New form of oxygen found|work=Nature News|access-date=January 9, 2008|archive-date=October 21, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021083801/http://www.nature.com/news/2001/011122/pf/011122-3_pf.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and was assumed to exist in one of the six phases of [[solid oxygen]]. It was proven in 2006 that this phase, created by pressurizing {{chem|O|2}} to 20 [[Pascal (unit)|GPa]], is in fact a [[rhombohedral]] {{chem|O|8}} [[Cluster chemistry|cluster]].<ref>{{cite journal| title=Observation of an{{chem|O|8}} molecular lattice in the phase of solid oxygen|journal=Nature|volume=443|issue=7108|pages=201–04|doi=10.1038/nature05174|first1=Lars F. |last1=Lundegaard|pmid=16971946| display-authors=4| last2=Weck|first2=Gunnar|last3=McMahon|first3=Malcolm I.|last4=Desgreniers|first4=Serge|last5=Loubeyre|first5=Paul|date=2006|bibcode = 2006Natur.443..201L|s2cid=4384225}}</ref> This cluster has the potential to be a much more powerful [[oxidizing agent|oxidizer]] than either {{chem|O|2}} or {{chem|O|3}} and may therefore be used in [[Rocket propellant|rocket fuel]].<ref name="o4" /><ref name="newform" /> A metallic phase was discovered in 1990 when solid oxygen is subjected to a pressure of above 96 GPa<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Desgreniers |first1=S. |last2=Vohra|first2=Y. K.|last3=Ruoff|first3=A. L.|title=Optical response of very high density solid oxygen to 132 GPa|journal=J. Phys. Chem.|volume=94|pages=1117–22|doi=10.1021/j100366a020|issue=3}}</ref> and it was shown in 1998 that at very low temperatures, this phase becomes [[superconductivity|superconducting]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shimizu|first1=K.|display-authors=4|last2=Suhara|first2=K.|last3=Ikumo|first3=M.|last4=Eremets|first4=M. I.|last5= Amaya|first5=K.|title=Superconductivity in oxygen|journal=Nature|volume=393|pages=767–69|doi=10.1038/31656|issue=6687|bibcode = 1998Natur.393..767S |s2cid=205001394|author4-link=Mikhail Eremets}}</ref>

===Physical properties===
[[File:Oxygen discharge tube.jpg|thumb|Oxygen discharge (spectrum) tube]]
{{see also|Liquid oxygen|solid oxygen}}
Oxygen [[Solubility|dissolves]] more readily in water than in nitrogen, and in freshwater more readily than in seawater. Water in equilibrium with air contains approximately 1 molecule of dissolved {{chem|O|2}} for every 2 molecules of {{chem|N|2}} (1:2), compared with an atmospheric ratio of approximately 1:4. The solubility of oxygen in water is temperature-dependent, and about twice as much ({{val|14.6|u=mg/L}}) dissolves at 0 °C than at 20 °C ({{val|7.6|u=mg/L}}).<ref name="NBB299" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-solubility-water-d_639.html |title=Air solubility in water |access-date=December 21, 2007 |publisher=The Engineering Toolbox |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404044017/https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-solubility-water-d_639.html |url-status=live}}</ref> At 25 °C and {{convert|1|atm|lk=on|sigfig=4}} of air, freshwater can dissolve about 6.04 [[Litre|milliliters]] (mL) of oxygen per [[liter]], and [[seawater]] contains about 4.95 mL per liter.<ref>{{cite book |title = The Physiology of Fishes |first1=David Hudson |last1=Evans |last2=Claiborne |first2=James B. |page=88 |edition=3rd |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-2022-4}}</ref> At 5 °C the solubility increases to 9.0 mL (50% more than at 25 °C) per liter for freshwater and 7.2 mL (45% more) per liter for sea water.
{| class="wikitable" style="float:left; margin-right:2em"
|+Oxygen gas dissolved in water at sea-level (milliliters per liter)
!
!5 °C
!25 °C
|-
|Freshwater
|9.00
|6.04
|-
|Seawater
|7.20
|4.95
|}
Oxygen condenses at 90.20 [[kelvin|K]] (−182.95 °C, −297.31 °F) and freezes at 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F).<ref>{{cite book |first=David R. |last=Lide |title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics |edition=84th |publisher=[[CRC Press]] |location=Boca Raton, Florida |chapter=Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Melting, boiling, and critical temperatures of the elements |isbn=978-0-8493-0595-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/crchandbookofche0000unse_p1y5}}</ref> Both [[liquid oxygen|liquid]] and [[solid oxygen|solid]] {{chem|O|2}} are clear substances with a light [[diffuse sky radiation|sky-blue]] color caused by absorption in the red (in contrast with the blue color of the sky, which is due to [[Rayleigh scattering]] of blue light). High-purity liquid {{chem|O|2}} is usually obtained by the [[fractional distillation]] of liquefied air.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.uigi.com/cryodist.html |title = Overview of Cryogenic Air Separation and Liquefier Systems |publisher = Universal Industrial Gases, Inc. |access-date = December 15, 2007 |archive-date = October 21, 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181021010346/http://www.uigi.com/cryodist.html |url-status = live}}</ref> Liquid oxygen may also be condensed from air using [[liquid nitrogen]] as a coolant.<ref name="LOX MSDS">{{cite web |url=https://www.mathesontrigas.com/pdfs/msds/00225011.pdf |title=Liquid Oxygen Material Safety Data Sheet |publisher=Matheson Tri Gas |access-date=December 15, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014309/https://www.mathesontrigas.com/pdfs/msds/00225011.pdf |archive-date=February 27, 2008 }}</ref>

Liquid oxygen is a highly reactive substance and must be segregated from combustible materials.<ref name="LOX MSDS" />

The spectroscopy of molecular oxygen is associated with the atmospheric processes of [[aurora]] and [[airglow]].<ref name="Krupenie1972">{{cite journal |last1=Krupenie |first1=Paul H. |title=The Spectrum of Molecular Oxygen |journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |volume=1 |issue=2 |year=1972 |pages=423–534 |doi=10.1063/1.3253101 |bibcode=1972JPCRD...1..423K |s2cid=96242703 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/e6bad61e948b13d778241dc6984f4d9cc1b78704 |access-date=January 11, 2020 |archive-date=October 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001032101/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Spectrum-of-Molecular-Oxygen-Krupenie/e6bad61e948b13d778241dc6984f4d9cc1b78704 |url-status=live}}</ref> The absorption in the [[Herzberg continuum]] and [[Schumann–Runge bands]] in the ultraviolet produces atomic oxygen that is important in the chemistry of the middle atmosphere.<ref name="BrasseurSolomon2006">{{cite book |author1=Guy P. Brasseur |author2=Susan Solomon |title=Aeronomy of the Middle Atmosphere: Chemistry and Physics of the Stratosphere and Mesosphere |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5OtlDjfXkkC&pg=PA220 |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-3824-2 |pages=220– |access-date=July 2, 2015 |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202143926/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5OtlDjfXkkC&pg=PA220 |url-status=live}}</ref> Excited-state singlet molecular oxygen is responsible for red chemiluminescence in solution.<ref name="Kearns1971">{{cite journal |last1=Kearns |first1=David R. |title=Physical and chemical properties of singlet molecular oxygen |journal=Chemical Reviews |volume=71 |issue=4 |year=1971 |pages=395–427 |doi=10.1021/cr60272a004}}</ref>

Table of thermal and physical properties of oxygen (O2) at atmospheric pressure:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Holman |first=Jack P. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46959719 |title=Heat transfer |publisher=McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. |year=2002 |isbn=9780072406559 |edition=9th |location=New York, NY |pages=600–606 |language=English |oclc=46959719}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Incropera 1 Dewitt 2 Bergman 3 Lavigne 4 |first=Frank P. 1 David P. 2 Theodore L. 3 Adrienne S. 4 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62532755 |title=Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer. |publisher=John Wiley and Sons, Inc. |year=2007 |isbn=9780471457282 |edition=6th |location=Hoboken, NJ |pages=941–950 |language=English |oclc=62532755}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
|Temperature (K)
|Density (kg/m^3)
|Specific heat (kJ/kg °C)
|Dynamic viscosity (kg/m s)
|Kinematic viscosity (m^2/s)
|Thermal conductivity (W/m °C)
|Thermal diffusivity (m^2/s)
|Prandtl Number
|-
|100
|3.945
|0.962
|7.64E-06
|1.94E-06
|0.00925
|2.44E-06
|0.796
|-
|150
|2.585
|0.921
|1.15E-05
|4.44E-06
|0.0138
|5.80E-06
|0.766
|-
|200
|1.93
|0.915
|1.48E-05
|7.64E-06
|0.0183
|1.04E-05
|0.737
|-
|250
|1.542
|0.915
|1.79E-05
|1.16E-05
|0.0226
|1.60E-05
|0.723
|-
|300
|1.284
|0.92
|2.07E-05
|1.61E-05
|0.0268
|2.27E-05
|0.711
|-
|350
|1.1
|0.929
|2.34E-05
|2.12E-05
|0.0296
|2.90E-05
|0.733
|-
|400
|0.962
|1.0408
|2.58E-05
|2.68E-05
|0.033
|3.64E-05
|0.737
|-
|450
|0.8554
|0.956
|2.81E-05
|3.29E-05
|0.0363
|4.44E-05
|0.741
|-
|500
|0.7698
|0.972
|3.03E-05
|3.94E-05
|0.0412
|5.51E-05
|0.716
|-
|550
|0.6998
|0.988
|3.24E-05
|4.63E-05
|0.0441
|6.38E-05
|0.726
|-
|600
|0.6414
|1.003
|3.44E-05
|5.36E-05
|0.0473
|7.35E-05
|0.729
|-
|700
|0.5498
|1.031
|3.81E-05
|6.93E-05
|0.0528
|9.31E-05
|0.744
|-
|800
|0.481
|1.054
|4.15E-05
|8.63E-05
|0.0589
|1.16E-04
|0.743
|-
|900
|0.4275
|1.074
|4.47E-05
|1.05E-04
|0.0649
|1.41E-04
|0.74
|-
|1000
|0.3848
|1.09
|4.77E-05
|1.24E-04
|0.071
|1.69E-04
|0.733
|-
|1100
|0.3498
|1.103
|5.06E-05
|1.45E-04
|0.0758
|1.96E-04
|0.736
|-
|1200
|0.3206
|1.0408
|5.33E-05
|1.661E-04
|0.0819
|2.29E-04
|0.725
|-
|1300
|0.296
|1.125
|5.88E-05
|1.99E-04
|0.0871
|2.62E-04
|0.721
|}

===Isotopes and stellar origin===

{{Main|Isotopes of oxygen}}
[[File:Evolved star fusion shells.svg|thumb|Late in a massive star's life, 16O concentrates in the O-shell, 17O in the H-shell and 18O in the He-shell.|alt=A concentric-sphere diagram, showing, from the core to the outer shell, iron, silicon, oxygen, neon, carbon, helium and hydrogen layers.]]
Naturally occurring oxygen is composed of three stable [[isotope]]s, [[oxygen-16|16O]], [[oxygen-17|17O]], and [[oxygen-18|18O]], with 16O being the most abundant (99.762% [[natural abundance]]).<ref name="EnvChem-Iso">{{cite web|url=http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/O-pg2.html|title=Oxygen Nuclides / Isotopes|publisher=EnvironmentalChemistry.com|access-date=December 17, 2007|archive-date=July 12, 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712195516/http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/O-pg2.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most 16O is [[nucleosynthesis|synthesized]] at the end of the [[helium fusion]] process in massive [[star]]s but some is made in the [[neon burning process]].<ref name="Meyer2005">{{cite conference|first=B. S.|last=Meyer|title=Nucleosynthesis and Galactic Chemical Evolution of the Isotopes of Oxygen|conference=Workgroup on Oxygen in the Earliest Solar System|location=Gatlinburg, Tennessee|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/ess2005/pdf/9022.pdf|access-date=January 22, 2007|work=Proceedings of the NASA Cosmochemistry Program and the Lunar and Planetary Institute|conference-url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/ess2005/|id=9022|archive-date=December 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229194925/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/ess2005/pdf/9022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> 17O is primarily made by the burning of hydrogen into [[helium]] during the [[CNO cycle]], making it a common isotope in the hydrogen burning zones of stars.<ref name="Meyer2005" /> Most 18O is produced when [[Nitrogen-14|14N]] (made abundant from CNO burning) captures a [[Helium-4|4He]] nucleus, making 18O common in the helium-rich zones of [[Stellar evolution#Massive stars|evolved, massive stars]].<ref name="Meyer2005" />

Thirteen [[radioisotope]]s have been characterized, ranging from 11O to 26O.{{NUBASE2020|ref}} The most stable are 15O with a [[half-life]] of 122.24 seconds and 14O with a half-life of 70.606 seconds.<ref name="EnvChem-Iso" /> All of the remaining [[Radioactive decay|radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 27 s and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 83 milliseconds.<ref name="EnvChem-Iso" /> The most common [[decay mode]] of the isotopes lighter than 16O is [[positron emission|β+ decay]]<ref name="NUDAT-13O">{{cite web|url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=13O&unc=nds|title=NUDAT 13O|access-date=July 6, 2009|archive-date=June 9, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609000104/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=13O|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NUDAT-14O">{{cite web|url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=14O&unc=nds|title=NUDAT 14O|access-date=July 6, 2009|archive-date=June 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607045357/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=14O|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NUDAT-15O">{{cite web|url=http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=15O&unc=nds|title=NUDAT 15O|access-date=July 6, 2009|archive-date=June 7, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607045434/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/decaysearchdirect.jsp?nuc=15O|url-status=live}}</ref> to yield nitrogen, and the most common mode for the isotopes heavier than 18O is [[beta decay]] to yield [[fluorine]].<ref name="EnvChem-Iso" />

===Occurrence===
{{see also|Silicate minerals|Category:Oxide minerals|Stellar population|Cosmochemistry|Astrochemistry}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="float:left; margin-right: 20px"
|+Ten most common elements in the [[Milky Way Galaxy]] estimated spectroscopically<ref name="croswell">{{cite book | last = Croswell | first = Ken | title = Alchemy of the Heavens | publisher = Anchor | year = 1996 | url = http://kencroswell.com/alchemy.html | isbn = 978-0-385-47214-2 | access-date = December 2, 2011 | archive-date = May 13, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513233910/http://www.kencroswell.com/alchemy.html | url-status = live }}</ref>
|-
![[Atomic number|Z]] !! Element !! colspan="2"|Mass fraction in parts per million
|-
| 1 || [[Hydrogen]] || align="right"|739,000 || colspan="2"|71 × mass of oxygen (red bar)
|-
| 2 || [[Helium]] || align="right"|240,000 || colspan="2"|23 × mass of oxygen (red bar)
|-
| 8 || Oxygen || align="right"|{{bartable|10,400||0.01||background:red;}}
|-
| 6 || [[Carbon]] || align="right"|{{bartable| 4,600||0.01}}
|-
| 10 || [[Neon]] || align="right"|{{bartable| 1,340||0.01}}
|-
| 26 || [[Iron]] || align="right"|{{bartable| 1,090||0.01}}
|-
| 7 || [[Nitrogen]] || align="right"|{{bartable| 960||0.01}}
|-
| 14 || [[Silicon]] || align="right"|{{bartable| 650||0.01}}
|-
| 12 || [[Magnesium]] || align="right"|{{bartable| 580||0.01}}
|-
| 16 || [[Sulfur]] || align="right"|{{bartable| 440||0.01}}
|}

Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element by mass in the Earth's [[biosphere]], air, sea and land. Oxygen is the third most abundant chemical element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.<ref name="NBB297">[[#Reference-idEmsley2001|Emsley 2001]], p. 297</ref> About 0.9% of the [[Sun]]'s mass is oxygen.<ref name="ECE500" /> Oxygen constitutes 49.2% of the [[Earth's crust]] by mass<ref name="lanl">{{cite web |url=http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html|publisher=Los Alamos National Laboratory|title=Oxygen|access-date=December 16, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026034224/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/8.html|archive-date=October 26, 2007}}</ref> as part of oxide compounds such as [[silicon dioxide]] and is the most abundant element by mass in the [[crust (geology)#Earth's crust and mantle|Earth's crust]]. It is also the major component of the world's oceans (88.8% by mass).<ref name="ECE500" /> Oxygen gas is the second most common component of the [[Earth's atmosphere]], taking up 20.8% of its volume and 23.1% of its mass (some 1015 tonnes).<ref name="ECE500" /><ref name="NBB298">[[#Reference-idEmsley2001|Emsley 2001]], p. 298</ref><ref group="lower-alpha">Figures given are for values up to {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} above the surface</ref> Earth is unusual among the planets of the [[Solar System]] in having such a high concentration of oxygen gas in its atmosphere: [[Mars]] (with 0.1% {{chem|O|2}} by volume) and [[Venus]] have much less. The {{chem|O|2}} surrounding those planets is produced solely by the action of ultraviolet radiation on oxygen-containing molecules such as carbon dioxide.

[[File:WOA09 sea-surf O2 AYool.png|thumb|right|Cold water holds more dissolved {{chem|O|2}}.|alt=World map showing that the sea-surface oxygen is depleted around the equator and increases towards the poles.]]

The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the [[oxygen cycle]]. This [[biogeochemical cycle]] describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the [[lithosphere]]. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is [[photosynthesis]], which is responsible for modern Earth's atmosphere. Photosynthesis releases oxygen into the atmosphere, while [[Cellular respiration|respiration]], [[Decomposition|decay]], and combustion remove it from the atmosphere. In the present equilibrium, production and consumption occur at the same rate.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw2nd|page=602}}</ref>

Free oxygen also occurs in solution in the world's water bodies. The increased solubility of {{chem|O|2}} at lower temperatures (see [[#Physical properties|Physical properties]]) has important implications for ocean life, as polar oceans support a much higher density of life due to their higher oxygen content.<ref>From The Chemistry and Fertility of Sea Waters by H.W. Harvey, 1955, citing C.J.J. Fox, "On the coefficients of absorption of atmospheric gases in sea water", Publ. Circ. Cons. Explor. Mer, no. 41, 1907. Harvey notes that according to later articles in ''Nature'', the values appear to be about 3% too high.</ref> [[Water pollution|Water polluted]] with plant nutrients such as [[nitrate]]s or [[phosphate]]s may stimulate growth of algae by a process called [[eutrophication]] and the decay of these organisms and other biomaterials may reduce the {{chem|O|2}} content in eutrophic water bodies. Scientists assess this aspect of water quality by measuring the water's [[biochemical oxygen demand]], or the amount of {{chem|O|2}} needed to restore it to a normal concentration.<ref name="NBB301">[[#Reference-idEmsley2001|Emsley 2001]], p. 301</ref>

===Analysis===
[[File:Phanerozoic Climate Change.png|thumb|left|upright=1.15|500 million years of [[Climate variability and change|climate change]] vs. 18O|alt=Time evolution of oxygen-18 concentration on the scale of 500 million years showing many local peaks.]]

[[Paleoclimatology|Paleoclimatologists]] measure the ratio of oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 in the [[Animal shell|shells]] and [[skeleton]]s of marine organisms to determine the climate millions of years ago (see [[oxygen isotope ratio cycle]]). [[Seawater]] molecules that contain the lighter [[isotope]], oxygen-16, evaporate at a slightly faster rate than water molecules containing the 12% heavier oxygen-18, and this disparity increases at lower temperatures.<ref name="NBB304">[[#Reference-idEmsley2001|Emsley 2001]], p. 304</ref> During periods of lower global temperatures, snow and rain from that evaporated water tends to be higher in oxygen-16, and the seawater left behind tends to be higher in oxygen-18. Marine organisms then incorporate more oxygen-18 into their skeletons and shells than they would in a warmer climate.<ref name="NBB304" /> Paleoclimatologists also directly measure this ratio in the water molecules of [[ice core]] samples as old as hundreds of thousands of years.

[[Geology of solar terrestrial planets|Planetary geologists]] have measured the relative quantities of oxygen isotopes in samples from the [[Earth]], the [[Moon]], [[Mars]], and [[meteorite]]s, but were long unable to obtain reference values for the isotope ratios in the [[Sun]], believed to be the same as those of the [[Nebular hypothesis|primordial solar nebula]]. Analysis of a [[silicon]] wafer exposed to the [[solar wind]] in space and returned by the crashed [[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis spacecraft]] has shown that the Sun has a higher proportion of oxygen-16 than does the Earth. The measurement implies that an unknown process depleted oxygen-16 from the Sun's [[Protoplanetary disk|disk of protoplanetary material]] prior to the coalescence of dust grains that formed the Earth.<ref>{{cite journal|last = Hand|first = Eric|title = The Solar System's first breath|journal = Nature|volume = 452|page = 259|date = March 13, 2008|doi = 10.1038/452259a|pmid = 18354437|issue = 7185|bibcode = 2008Natur.452..259H |s2cid = 789382|doi-access = free}}</ref>

Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric [[absorption band]]s peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 [[Nanometre|nm]]. Some [[remote sensing]] scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a [[Earth observation satellite|satellite]] platform.<ref>{{cite conference|title=Progress on the development of an integrated canopy fluorescence model|last1=Miller|first1=J. R.|display-authors=4|author2=Berger, M.|author3=Alonso, L.|author4=Cerovic, Z.|author5=Goulas, Y.|author6=Jacquemoud, S.|author7=Louis, J.|author8=Mohammed, G.|author9=Moya, I.|author10=Pedros, R.|author11=Moreno, J.F.|author12=Verhoef, W.|author13=Zarco-Tejada, P.J.|work=Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, 2003. IGARSS '03. Proceedings. 2003 IEEE International|year=2003 |volume=1 |pages=601–603 |doi=10.1109/IGARSS.2003.1293855|isbn=0-7803-7929-2 |citeseerx=10.1.1.473.9500}}</ref> This approach exploits the fact that in those bands it is possible to discriminate the vegetation's [[reflectance]] from its [[fluorescence]], which is much weaker. The measurement is technically difficult owing to the low [[signal-to-noise ratio]] and the physical structure of vegetation; but it has been proposed as a possible method of monitoring the [[carbon cycle]] from satellites on a global scale.
{{Clear}}

==Biological production and role of O2==
{{Main|Dioxygen in biological reactions}}


===Photosynthesis and respiration===

[[File:Simple photosynthesis overview.svg|thumb|Photosynthesis splits water to liberate {{chem|O|2}} and fixes {{chem|CO|2}} into sugar in what is called a [[Calvin cycle]].|alt=A diagram of photosynthesis processes, including income of water and carbon dioxide, illumination and release of oxygen. Reactions produce ATP and NADPH in a Calvin cycle with a sugar as a by product.]]
In nature, free oxygen is produced by the [[photolysis|light-driven splitting]] of water during oxygenic [[photosynthesis]]. According to some estimates, [[green algae]] and [[cyanobacteria]] in marine environments provide about 70% of the free oxygen produced on Earth, and the rest is produced by terrestrial plants.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g6RfkqCUQyQC&pg=PA147|title=Plants: the potentials for extracting protein, medicines, and other useful chemicals (workshop proceedings)|chapter=Marine Plants: A Unique and Unexplored Resource|last=Fenical|first=William|page=147|isbn=978-1-4289-2397-3|publisher=DianePublishing|access-date=August 23, 2020|archive-date=March 25, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150325221600/http://books.google.com/books?id=g6RfkqCUQyQC&pg=PA147|url-status=live}}</ref> Other estimates of the oceanic contribution to atmospheric oxygen are higher, while some estimates are lower, suggesting oceans produce ~45% of Earth's atmospheric oxygen each year.<ref>{{cite book|last=Walker|first=J. C. G.|title=The oxygen cycle in the natural environment and the biogeochemical cycles|publisher=Springer-Verlag|location=Berlin}}</ref>

A simplified overall formula for photosynthesis is<ref>{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Theodore L. |last2=LeMay|first2=Burslen|title=Chemistry: The Central Science|url=https://archive.org/details/studentlectureno00theo|url-access=registration|isbn=978-0-13-048450-5|page=958|publisher=Prentice Hall/Pearson Education}}</ref>

: 6 {{CO2}} + 6 {{chem|H|2|O}} + [[photon]]s → {{chem|C|6|H|12|O|6}} + 6 {{chem|O|2}}

or simply

: [[carbon dioxide]] + water + sunlight → [[glucose]] + dioxygen

Photolytic [[oxygen evolution]] occurs in the [[thylakoid membrane]]s of photosynthetic organisms and requires the energy of four [[photon]]s.<ref group=lower-alpha>Thylakoid membranes are part of [[chloroplast]]s in algae and plants while they simply are one of many membrane structures in cyanobacteria. In fact, chloroplasts are thought to have evolved from [[cyanobacteria]] that were once symbiotic partners with the progenitors of plants and algae.</ref> Many steps are involved, but the result is the formation of a [[proton]] gradient across the thylakoid membrane, which is used to synthesize [[adenosine triphosphate]] (ATP) via [[photophosphorylation]].<ref name="Raven">[[#Reference-idRaven2005|Raven 2005]], 115–27</ref> The {{chem|O|2}} remaining (after production of the water molecule) is released into the atmosphere.<ref group=lower-alpha>Water oxidation is catalyzed by a [[manganese]]-containing [[enzyme]] complex known as the [[oxygen evolving complex]] (OEC) or water-splitting complex found associated with the lumenal side of thylakoid membranes. Manganese is an important [[Cofactor (biochemistry)|cofactor]], and [[calcium]] and [[chloride]] are also required for the reaction to occur. (Raven 2005)</ref>

Oxygen is used in [[Mitochondrion|mitochondria]] in the generation of ATP during [[oxidative phosphorylation]]. The reaction for aerobic respiration is essentially the reverse of photosynthesis and is simplified as

: {{chem|C|6|H|12|O|6}} + 6 {{chem|O|2}} → 6 {{CO2}} + 6 {{chem|H|2|O}} + 2880 kJ/mol

In [[vertebrate]]s, {{chem|O|2}} [[diffusion|diffuses]] through membranes in the lungs and into [[red blood cell]]s. [[Hemoglobin]] binds {{chem|O|2}}, changing color from bluish red to bright red<ref name="GuideElem48" /> ({{chem|CO|2}} is released from another part of hemoglobin through the [[Bohr effect]]). Other animals use [[hemocyanin]] ([[Mollusca|molluscs]] and some [[arthropod]]s) or [[hemerythrin]] ([[spider]]s and [[lobster]]s).<ref name="NBB298" /> A liter of blood can dissolve 200 cm3 of {{chem|O|2}}.<ref name="NBB298" />

Until the discovery of [[Anaerobic organism|anaerobic]] [[animal|metazoa]],<ref name="pmid20370908">{{cite journal |display-authors=4 |author=Danovaro R |author2=Dell'anno A |author3=Pusceddu A|author4=Gambi C |author5=Heiner I|author6=Kristensen RM |title=The first metazoa living in permanently anoxic conditions |journal=BMC Biology |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30 |pmid=20370908 |pmc=2907586 |doi=10.1186/1741-7007-8-30 |doi-access=free}}</ref> oxygen was thought to be a requirement for all complex life.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Peter D. |last2=Brownlee |first2=Donald |title=Rare Earth: Why Complex Life is Uncommon in the Universe |publisher=Copernicus Books (Springer Verlag) |isbn=978-0-387-98701-9 |page=217}}</ref>

[[Reactive oxygen species]], such as [[superoxide]] ion ({{chem|O|2|-}}) and [[hydrogen peroxide]] ({{chem|H|2|O|2}}), are reactive by-products of oxygen use in organisms.<ref name="NBB298" /> Parts of the [[immune system]] of higher organisms create peroxide, superoxide, and singlet oxygen to destroy invading microbes. Reactive oxygen species also play an important role in the [[hypersensitive response]] of plants against pathogen attack.<ref name="Raven" /> Oxygen is damaging to [[Obligate anaerobe|obligately anaerobic organisms]], which were the dominant form of [[Evolutionary history of life|early life]] on Earth until {{chem|O|2}} began to accumulate in the [[Atmosphere of Earth|atmosphere]] about 2.5 billion years ago during the [[Great Oxygenation Event]], about a billion years after the first appearance of these organisms.<ref>{{cite press release |title=NASA Research Indicates Oxygen on Earth 2.5 Billion Years ago |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/sep/HQ_07215_Timeline_of_Oxygen_on_Earth.html |publisher=[[NASA]] |access-date=March 13, 2008 |archive-date=March 13, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313063940/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2007/sep/HQ_07215_Timeline_of_Oxygen_on_Earth.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NYT-20131003">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Earth's Oxygen: A Mystery Easy to Take for Granted |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=October 3, 2013 |archive-date=May 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516083101/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/03/science/earths-oxygen-a-mystery-easy-to-take-for-granted.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

An adult human at rest [[breathing|inhales]] 1.8 to 2.4 grams of oxygen per minute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US6224560B1/en|title=Flow restrictor for measuring respiratory parameters|access-date=August 4, 2019|archive-date=May 8, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200508103811/https://patents.google.com/patent/US6224560B1/en|url-status=live}}</ref> This amounts to more than 6 billion tonnes of oxygen inhaled by humanity per year.<ref group=lower-alpha>(1.8 grams/min/person)×(60 min/h)×(24 h/day)×(365 days/year)×(6.6 billion people)/1,000,000 g/t=6.24 billion tonnes</ref>

===Living organisms===
{{anchor|partial pressure}}
{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:25px"
|+Partial pressures of oxygen in the human body (PO2)
|-
! Unit !! Alveolar pulmonary gas pressures !! Arterial blood oxygen !! Venous blood gas
|-
| [[kPa]] || 14.2 || 11{{efn|name=mmHg|Derived from mmHg values using 0.133322 kPa/mmHg}}-13{{efn|name=mmHg}} || 4.0{{efn|name=mmHg}}-5.3{{efn|name=mmHg}}
|-
| [[mmHg]] || 107 || 75<ref name="southwest">
[http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/PathDemo/nrrt.htm Normal Reference Range Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225185659/http://pathcuric1.swmed.edu/PathDemo/nrrt.htm }} from The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas. Used in Interactive Case Study Companion to Pathologic basis of disease.
</ref>-100<ref name="southwest" /> || 30<ref name="brookside" />-40<ref name="brookside">[http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operationalmed/Lab/ABG_ArterialBloodGas.htm The Medical Education Division of the Brookside Associates--> ABG (Arterial Blood Gas)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812201558/http://www.brooksidepress.org/Products/OperationalMedicine/DATA/operationalmed/Lab/ABG_ArterialBloodGas.htm }} Retrieved on December 6, 2009</ref>
|-
|}
The free oxygen [[partial pressure]] in the body of a living vertebrate organism is highest in the [[respiratory system]], and decreases along any [[arterial system]], peripheral tissues, and [[venous system]], respectively. Partial pressure is the pressure that oxygen would have if it alone occupied the volume.<ref>{{cite book|author=Charles Henrickson|title=Chemistry|publisher=Cliffs Notes|isbn=978-0-7645-7419-1|url=https://archive.org/details/chemistry00henr}}</ref>

===Build-up in the atmosphere===
{{Main|Geological history of oxygen}}


[[File:Oxygenation-atm.svg|thumb|left|upright=1.35|{{chem|O|2}} build-up in Earth's atmosphere: 1) no {{chem|O|2}} produced; 2) {{chem|O|2}} produced, but absorbed in oceans & seabed rock; 3) {{chem|O|2}} starts to gas out of the oceans, but is absorbed by land surfaces and formation of ozone layer; 4–5) {{chem|O|2}} sinks filled and the gas accumulates|alt=A graph showing time evolution of oxygen pressure on Earth; the pressure increases from zero to 0.2 atmospheres.]]

Free oxygen gas was almost nonexistent in [[Earth's atmosphere]] before photosynthetic [[archaea]] and [[bacteria]] evolved, probably about 3.5 billion years ago. Free oxygen first appeared in significant quantities during the [[Paleoproterozoic]] eon (between 3.0 and 2.3 billion years ago).<ref name="Crowe2013">{{Cite journal | last1 = Crowe | first1 = S. A. | last2 = Døssing | first2 = L. N. | last3 = Beukes | first3 = N. J. | last4 = Bau | first4 = M. | last5 = Kruger | first5 = S. J. | last6 = Frei | first6 = R. | last7 = Canfield | first7 = D. E. | title = Atmospheric oxygenation three billion years ago | journal = Nature | volume = 501 | issue = 7468 | pages = 535–38 | year = 2013 | pmid = 24067713 | doi = 10.1038/nature12426 | bibcode = 2013Natur.501..535C | s2cid = 4464710 }}</ref> Even if there was much dissolved [[iron]] in the oceans when oxygenic photosynthesis was getting more common, it appears the [[banded iron formation]]s were created by anoxyenic or micro-aerophilic iron-oxidizing bacteria which dominated the deeper areas of the [[photic zone]], while oxygen-producing cyanobacteria covered the shallows.<ref>[https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130423110750.htm Iron in primeval seas rusted by bacteria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200311023339/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/04/130423110750.htm }}, ScienceDaily, April 23, 2013</ref> Free oxygen began to [[Outgassing|outgas]] from the oceans 3–2.7 billion years ago, reaching 10% of its present level around 1.7 billion years ago.<ref name="Crowe2013" /><ref name="Campbell">{{cite book|last1 = Campbell|first1 = Neil A.|last2=Reece|first2=Jane B.|title = Biology|edition = 7th|publisher = Pearson – Benjamin Cummings |location = San Francisco|pages = 522–23|isbn = 978-0-8053-7171-0}}</ref>

The presence of large amounts of dissolved and free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere may have driven most of the extant [[anaerobic organism]]s to [[extinction]] during the [[Great Oxygenation Event]] (''oxygen catastrophe'') about 2.4 billion years ago. [[Cellular respiration]] using {{chem|O|2}} enables [[aerobic organism]]s to produce much more [[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] than anaerobic organisms.<ref name="Freeman">{{cite book|last = Freeman|first = Scott|title = Biological Science, 2nd|publisher = Pearson – Prentice Hall|date = 2005|location = Upper Saddle River, NJ|pages = [https://archive.org/details/biologicalscienc00scot/page/214 214, 586]|isbn = 978-0-13-140941-5|url = https://archive.org/details/biologicalscienc00scot/page/214}}</ref> Cellular respiration of {{chem|O|2}} occurs in all [[eukaryote]]s, including all complex multicellular organisms such as plants and animals.

Since the beginning of the [[Cambrian]] period 540 million years ago, atmospheric {{chem|O|2}} levels have fluctuated between 15% and 30% by volume.<ref name="geologic">{{cite journal |title=Atmospheric oxygen over Phanerozoic time |first=Robert A. |last=Berner |issue=20 |pages=10955–57 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA |pmid=10500106 |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.20.10955 |volume=96 |pmc=34224 |bibcode=1999PNAS...9610955B|doi-access=free }}</ref> Towards the end of the [[Carboniferous]] period (about 300 million years ago) atmospheric {{chem|O|2}} levels reached a maximum of 35% by volume,<ref name="geologic" /> which may have contributed to the large size of insects and amphibians at this time.<ref name="Butterfield2009">{{Cite journal | last1 = Butterfield | first1 = N. J. | title = Oxygen, animals and oceanic ventilation: An alternative view | doi = 10.1111/j.1472-4669.2009.00188.x | journal = Geobiology | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–7 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19200141 | bibcode = 2009Gbio....7....1B | s2cid = 31074331 }}</ref>

Variations in atmospheric oxygen concentration have shaped past climates. When oxygen declined, atmospheric density dropped, which in turn increased surface evaporation, causing precipitation increases and warmer temperatures.<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/22942-variations-in-atmospheric-oxygen-levels-shaped-earth-s-climate-through-the-ages|doi=10.1126/science.1260670|pmid=26068848|journal=Science|title=Long-term climate forcing by atmospheric oxygen concentrations|author1=Poulsen, Christopher J.|author2=Tabor, Clay|author3=White, Joseph D.|volume=348|issue=6240|pages=1238–41|bibcode=2015Sci...348.1238P|year=2015|s2cid=206562386|access-date=June 12, 2015|archive-date=July 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713125418/http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/22942-variations-in-atmospheric-oxygen-levels-shaped-earth-s-climate-through-the-ages|url-status=live}}</ref>

At the current rate of photosynthesis it would take about 2,000 years to regenerate the entire {{chem|O|2}} in the present atmosphere.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Natural History of Oxygen|first=Malcolm|last=Dole |journal=The Journal of General Physiology|volume=49|pages=5–27|doi=10.1085/jgp.49.1.5|pmid=5859927|issue=1|pmc=2195461}}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Extraterrestrial free oxygen===
{{Main|Extraterrestrial atmosphere}}
In the field of [[astrobiology]] and in the search for [[extraterrestrial life]] oxygen is a strong [[biosignature]]. That said it might not be a definite biosignature, being [[Extraterrestrial atmosphere#Abiotic oxygen|possibly produced abiotically]] on [[celestial bodies]] with processes and conditions (such as a peculiar [[hydrosphere]]) which allow free oxygen,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://earthsky.org/space/oxygen-exoplanets-not-always-indicator-of-life|title=Oxygen and life: a cautionary tale|author=Paul Scott Anderson|access-date=29 December 2020|archive-date=January 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122134654/https://earthsky.org/space/oxygen-exoplanets-not-always-indicator-of-life|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Luger R, Barnes R | title = Extreme water loss and abiotic O2 buildup on planets throughout the habitable zones of M dwarfs | journal = Astrobiology | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | pages = 119–43 | date = February 2015 | pmid = 25629240 | pmc = 4323125 | doi = 10.1089/ast.2014.1231 | bibcode = 2015AsBio..15..119L | arxiv = 1411.7412 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wordsworth |first1=Robin |last2=Pierrehumbert |first2=Raymond |title=Abiotic oxygen-dominated atmospheres on terrestrial habitable zone planets |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=785 |issue=2 |pages=L20 |doi=10.1088/2041-8205/785/2/L20 |bibcode=2014ApJ...785L..20W |arxiv=1403.2713 |s2cid=17414970 }}</ref> like with [[Europa (moon)|Europa's]] and [[Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede's]] thin
oxygen atmospheres.<ref name="Hall1998">{{cite journal |last1=Hall |first1=D.T. |last2=Feldman |first2=P.D. |last3=McGrath |first3=M.A. |last4=Strobel |first4=D. F. |display-authors=2 |title=The Far-Ultraviolet Oxygen Airglow of Europa and Ganymede |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |volume=499 |issue=1 |pages=475–81 |doi=10.1086/305604 |bibcode=1998ApJ...499..475H |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Industrial production==
{{see also|Air separation|Oxygen evolution|Fractional distillation}}
[[File:Hofmann voltameter fr.svg|thumb|upright|[[Hofmann voltameter|Hofmann electrolysis apparatus]] used in electrolysis of water.|alt=A drawing of three vertical pipes connected at the bottom and filled with oxygen (left pipe), water (middle) and hydrogen (right). Anode and cathode electrodes are inserted into the left and right pipes and externally connected to a battery.]]

One hundred million tonnes of {{chem|O|2}} are extracted from air for industrial uses annually by two primary methods.<ref name="NBB300" /> The most common method is [[fractional distillation]] of liquefied air, with {{chem|N|2}} [[distillation|distilling]] as a vapor while {{chem|O|2}} is left as a liquid.<ref name="NBB300" />

The other primary method of producing {{chem|O|2}} is passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical [[zeolite]] molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% {{chem|O|2}}.<ref name="NBB300" /> Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by reducing the chamber operating pressure and diverting part of the oxygen gas from the producer bed through it, in the reverse direction of flow. After a set cycle time the operation of the two beds is interchanged, thereby allowing for a continuous supply of gaseous oxygen to be pumped through a pipeline. This is known as [[pressure swing adsorption]]. Oxygen gas is increasingly obtained by these non-[[cryogenics|cryogenic]] technologies (see also the related [[vacuum swing adsorption]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uigi.com/noncryo.html|title=Non-Cryogenic Air Separation Processes|access-date=December 16, 2007|publisher=UIG Inc.|archive-date=October 3, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003082121/http://www.uigi.com/noncryo.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Oxygen gas can also be produced through [[electrolysis of water]] into molecular oxygen and hydrogen. DC electricity must be used: if AC is used, the gases in each limb consist of hydrogen and oxygen in the explosive ratio 2:1. A similar method is the electrocatalytic {{chem|O|2}} evolution from oxides and [[oxoacid]]s. Chemical catalysts can be used as well, such as in [[chemical oxygen generator]]s or oxygen candles that are used as part of the life-support equipment on submarines, and are still part of standard equipment on commercial airliners in case of depressurization emergencies. Another air separation method is forcing air to dissolve through [[ceramic]] membranes based on [[zirconium dioxide]] by either high pressure or an electric current, to produce nearly pure {{chem|O|2}} gas.<ref name="NBB301" />

== Storage ==
[[File:Compressed gas cylinders.mapp and oxygen.triddle.jpg|thumb|Oxygen and [[MAPP gas]] compressed-gas cylinders with regulators]]

[[Oxygen storage]] methods include high-pressure [[oxygen tank]]s, cryogenics and chemical compounds. For reasons of economy, oxygen is often transported in bulk as a liquid in specially insulated tankers, since one [[litre|liter]] of liquefied oxygen is equivalent to 840 liters of gaseous oxygen at atmospheric pressure and {{convert|20|C|F}}.<ref name="NBB300" /> Such tankers are used to refill bulk liquid-oxygen storage containers, which stand outside hospitals and other institutions that need large volumes of pure oxygen gas. Liquid oxygen is passed through [[heat exchanger]]s, which convert the cryogenic liquid into gas before it enters the building. Oxygen is also stored and shipped in smaller cylinders containing the compressed gas; a form that is useful in certain portable medical applications and [[oxy-fuel welding and cutting]].<ref name="NBB300" />

==Applications==
{{see also|Breathing gas|Redox|Combustion}}

===Medical===
[[File:Home oxygen concentrator.jpg|thumb|upright|left|An [[oxygen concentrator]] in an [[emphysema]] patient's house|alt=A gray device with a label DeVILBISS LT4000 and some text on the front panel. A green plastic pipe is running from the device.]]

{{Main|Oxygen therapy}}

Uptake of {{chem|O|2}} from the air is the essential purpose of [[Respiration (physiology)|respiration]], so oxygen supplementation is used in [[medicine]]. Treatment not only increases oxygen levels in the patient's blood, but has the secondary effect of decreasing resistance to blood flow in many types of diseased lungs, easing work load on the heart. [[Oxygen therapy]] is used to treat [[emphysema]], [[pneumonia]], some heart disorders ([[congestive heart failure]]), some disorders that cause increased [[pulmonary artery pressure]], and any [[disease]] that impairs the body's ability to take up and use gaseous oxygen.<ref name="ECE510">[[#Reference-idCook1968|Cook & Lauer 1968]], p. 510</ref>

Treatments are flexible enough to be used in hospitals, the patient's home, or increasingly by portable devices. [[Oxygen tent]]s were once commonly used in oxygen supplementation, but have since been replaced mostly by the use of [[oxygen mask]]s or [[nasal cannula]]s.<ref name="pmid18540928">{{cite journal |author=Sim MA |display-authors=4 |author2=Dean P |author3=Kinsella J |author4= Black R |author5=Carter R|author6=Hughes M |title=Performance of oxygen delivery devices when the breathing pattern of respiratory failure is simulated |journal=Anaesthesia |volume=63 |issue=9 |pages=938–40 |pmid=18540928 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05536.x|s2cid=205248111 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[Hyperbaric medicine|Hyperbaric]] (high-pressure) medicine uses special [[hyperbaric oxygen chamber|oxygen chambers]] to increase the [[partial pressure]] of {{chem|O|2}} around the patient and, when needed, the medical staff.<ref name="pmid8931286">{{cite journal |author=Stephenson RN |author2=Mackenzie I |author3=Watt SJ |author4=Ross JA |title=Measurement of oxygen concentration in delivery systems used for hyperbaric oxygen therapy |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=185–88 |pmid=8931286 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2245 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811175247/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/2245 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[gas gangrene]], and [[decompression sickness]] (the 'bends') are sometimes addressed with this therapy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uhms.org/Default.aspx?tabid=270 |title=Indications for hyperbaric oxygen therapy |author=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |access-date=September 22, 2008 |author-link=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080912184905/http://www.uhms.org/Default.aspx?tabid=270 |archive-date=September 12, 2008 }}</ref> Increased {{chem|O|2}} concentration in the lungs helps to displace [[carbon monoxide]] from the heme group of [[hemoglobin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/CarbonMonoxidePoisoning/tabid/272/Default.aspx |title=Carbon Monoxide |author=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725005744/http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/CarbonMonoxidePoisoning/tabid/272/Default.aspx  |archive-date=July 25, 2008}}</ref><ref name="pmid15233173">{{cite journal |author=Piantadosi CA |title=Carbon monoxide poisoning |journal=Undersea Hyperb Med |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=167–77 |pmid=15233173 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4002 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=February 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203090807/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4002 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Oxygen gas is poisonous to the [[anaerobic bacteria]] that cause gas gangrene, so increasing its partial pressure helps kill them.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hart GB |author2=Strauss MB |title=Gas Gangrene – Clostridial Myonecrosis: A Review |journal=J. Hyperbaric Med |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=125–44 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4428 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=February 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203090838/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4428 |url-status=usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Zamboni WA |author2=Riseman JA |author3=Kucan JO |title=Management of Fournier's Gangrene and the role of Hyperbaric Oxygen |journal=J. Hyperbaric Med |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=177–86 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4431 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=February 3, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203090958/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/4431 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Decompression sickness occurs in divers who decompress too quickly after a dive, resulting in bubbles of inert gas, mostly nitrogen and helium, forming in the blood. Increasing the pressure of {{chem|O|2}} as soon as possible helps to redissolve the bubbles back into the blood so that these excess gasses can be exhaled naturally through the lungs.<ref name="ECE510" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/DecompressionSickness/tabid/275/Default.aspx |title=Decompression Sickness or Illness and Arterial Gas Embolism |author=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705210353/http://www.uhms.org/ResourceLibrary/Indications/DecompressionSickness/tabid/275/Default.aspx  |archive-date=July 5, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Acott |first=C. |title=A brief history of diving and decompression illness |journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal |volume=29 |issue=2 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004 |access-date=September 22, 2008 |archive-date=September 5, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905152645/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6004 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> Normobaric oxygen administration at the highest available concentration is frequently used as first aid for any diving injury that may involve inert gas bubble formation in the tissues. There is epidemiological support for its use from a statistical study of cases recorded in a long term database.<ref name="Longphre et al 2007">{{cite journal|title=First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries |last1=Longphre |first1=JM |last2=Denoble |first2=PJ |last3=Moon |first3=RE |last4=Vann |first4=RD |last5=Freiberger |first5=JJ |journal=Undersea & Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=43–49|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3c96/eec9b2ae3f25ffc0569f26b7329d5b05e213.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001104203/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3c96/eec9b2ae3f25ffc0569f26b7329d5b05e213.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=2018-10-01 |via=Rubicon Research Repository |pmid=17393938 |s2cid=3236557 }}</ref><ref name="Emergency O2 for scuba">{{cite web |url=https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/training/courses/course_eo2 |title=Emergency Oxygen for Scuba Diving Injuries |publisher=Divers Alert Network |author= |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-date=April 20, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420114653/https://www.diversalertnetwork.org/training/courses/course_eo2 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="DAN Europe">{{cite web |url=https://daneurope.org/web/guest/readarticle;jsessionid=F8EB8916CD93E6A793F9F875BF5FC782?p_p_id=web_content_reading&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_mode=view&p_r_p_-1523133153_groupId=10103&p_r_p_-1523133153_articleId=11601&p_r_p_-1523133153_articleVersion=1.0&p_r_p_-1523133153_commaCategories=&p_r_p_-1523133153_commaTags= |title=Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries |publisher=Divers Alert Network Europe |author= |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-date=June 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610202203/https://daneurope.org/web/guest/readarticle;jsessionid=F8EB8916CD93E6A793F9F875BF5FC782?p_p_id=web_content_reading&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_mode=view&p_r_p_-1523133153_groupId=10103&p_r_p_-1523133153_articleId=11601&p_r_p_-1523133153_articleVersion=1.0&p_r_p_-1523133153_commaCategories=&p_r_p_-1523133153_commaTags= |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}

===Life support and recreational use===
[[File:STS057-89-067 - Wisoff on the Arm (Retouched).jpg|thumb|Low-pressure pure {{chem|O|2}} is used in [[space suit]]s.]]

An application of {{chem|O|2}} as a low-pressure [[breathing gas]] is in modern [[space suit]]s, which surround their occupant's body with the breathing gas. These devices use nearly pure oxygen at about one-third normal pressure, resulting in a normal blood partial pressure of {{chem|O|2}}. This trade-off of higher oxygen concentration for lower pressure is needed to maintain suit flexibility.<ref name="pmid11541018">{{cite journal|author=Morgenthaler GW|author2=Fester DA|author3=Cooley CG| title=As assessment of habitat pressure, oxygen fraction, and EVA suit design for space operations|journal=Acta Astronautica |volume= 32|issue=1|pages=39–49|pmid=11541018|doi=10.1016/0094-5765(94)90146-5|bibcode = 1994AcAau..32...39M }}</ref><ref name="pmid2730484">{{cite journal|author=Webb JT|author2= Olson RM|author3=Krutz RW|author4=Dixon G|author5=Barnicott PT|title=Human tolerance to 100% oxygen at 9.5 psia during five daily simulated 8-hour EVA exposures|journal=Aviat Space Environ Med|volume=60|issue=5|pages=415–21|pmid=2730484|doi=10.4271/881071}}</ref>

[[Scuba diving|Scuba]] and [[Surface-supplied diving|surface-supplied]] [[underwater divers]] and [[submarine]]rs also rely on artificially delivered {{chem|O|2}}. Submarines, submersibles and [[atmospheric diving suits]] usually operate at normal atmospheric pressure. Breathing air is scrubbed of carbon dioxide by chemical extraction and oxygen is replaced to maintain a constant partial pressure. [[Ambient pressure]] divers breathe air or gas mixtures with an oxygen fraction suited to the operating depth. Pure or nearly pure {{chem|O|2}} use in diving at pressures higher than atmospheric is usually limited to [[rebreathers]], or [[Decompression (diving)|decompression]] at relatively shallow depths (~6 meters depth, or less),<ref name="Acott">{{cite journal|last=Acott|first=C.|title=Oxygen toxicity: A brief history of oxygen in diving|journal=South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society Journal|volume=29|issue=3|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6014|access-date=September 21, 2008|archive-date=December 25, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225073221/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/6014|url-status=usurped}}</ref><ref name="Longphre">{{cite journal|last1=Longphre|first1=J. M.|title=First aid normobaric oxygen for the treatment of recreational diving injuries|journal=Undersea Hyperb. Med.|volume=34|issue=1|pages=43–49|pmid=17393938|url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5514|access-date=September 21, 2008|display-authors=4|last2=Denoble|first2=P. J.|last3=Moon|first3=R. E.|last4=Vann|first4=R. D.|last5=Freiberger|first5=J. J.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080613163501/http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5514|archive-date=June 13, 2008|url-status=usurped}}</ref> or [[Hyperbaric treatment schedules|medical treatment in recompression chambers]] at pressures up to 2.8 bar, where acute oxygen toxicity can be managed without the risk of drowning. Deeper diving requires significant dilution of {{chem|O|2}} with other gases, such as nitrogen or helium, to prevent [[oxygen toxicity]].<ref name="Acott" />

People who climb mountains or fly in non-pressurized [[fixed-wing aircraft]] sometimes have supplemental {{chem|O|2}} supplies.<ref group=lower-alpha>The reason is that increasing the proportion of oxygen in the breathing gas at low pressure acts to augment the inspired {{chem|O|2}} partial pressure nearer to that found at sea-level.</ref> Pressurized commercial airplanes have an emergency supply of {{chem|O|2}} automatically supplied to the passengers in case of cabin depressurization. Sudden cabin pressure loss activates [[chemical oxygen generator]]s above each seat, causing [[oxygen mask]]s to drop. Pulling on the masks "to start the flow of oxygen" as cabin safety instructions dictate, forces iron filings into the [[sodium chlorate]] inside the canister.<ref name="NBB301" /> A steady stream of oxygen gas is then produced by the [[exothermic]] reaction.

Oxygen, as a mild [[euphoria|euphoric]], has a history of recreational use in [[oxygen bar]]s and in [[sport]]s. Oxygen bars are establishments found in the United States since the late 1990s that offer higher than normal {{chem|O|2}} exposure for a minimal fee.<ref name="FDA-O2Bars">{{cite journal|url=https://www.fda.gov/Fdac/features/2002/602_air.html| title=Oxygen Bars: Is a Breath of Fresh Air Worth It?|last=Bren|first=Linda|journal=FDA Consumer Magazine| volume=36| issue=6| pages=9–11|publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration|access-date=December 23, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018041754/https://www.fda.gov/Fdac/features/2002/602_air.html|archive-date=October 18, 2007|url-status=dead| pmid=12523293}}</ref> Professional athletes, especially in [[American football]], sometimes go off-field between plays to don oxygen masks to boost performance. The pharmacological effect is doubted; a [[placebo]] effect is a more likely explanation.<ref name="FDA-O2Bars" /> Available studies support a performance boost from oxygen enriched mixtures only if it is inhaled ''during'' [[aerobic exercise]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/1008.htm|title= Ergogenic Aids|access-date=January 4, 2008|publisher=Peak Performance Online |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070928051412/http://www.pponline.co.uk/encyc/1008.htm  |archive-date = September 28, 2007}}</ref>

Other recreational uses that do not involve breathing include [[pyrotechnic]] applications, such as [[George Goble]]'s five-second ignition of [[barbecue]] grills.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bkinzel.de/misc/ghg/index.html|title=George Goble's extended home page (mirror)|access-date=March 14, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211213613/http://www.bkinzel.de/misc/ghg/index.html|archive-date=February 11, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Industrial===
[[File:Clabecq JPG01.jpg|thumb|Most commercially produced {{chem|O|2}} is used to [[smelting|smelt]] and/or [[Decarburization|decarburize]] [[iron]].|alt=An elderly worker in a helmet is facing his side to the viewer in an industrial hall. The hall is dark but is illuminated yellow glowing splashes of a melted substance.]]

[[Smelting]] of [[iron ore]] into [[steel]] consumes 55% of commercially produced oxygen.<ref name="NBB301" /> In this process, {{chem|O|2}} is injected through a high-pressure lance into molten iron, which removes [[sulfur]] impurities and excess [[carbon]] as the respective oxides, {{chem|SO|2}} and {{chem|CO|2}}. The reactions are [[exothermic reaction|exothermic]], so the temperature increases to 1,700 °[[Celsius|C]].<ref name="NBB301" />

Another 25% of commercially produced oxygen is used by the chemical industry.<ref name="NBB301" /> [[Ethylene]] is reacted with {{chem|O|2}} to create [[ethylene oxide]], which, in turn, is converted into [[ethylene glycol]]; the primary feeder material used to manufacture a host of products, including [[antifreeze]] and [[polyester]] polymers (the precursors of many [[plastic]]s and [[fabric]]s).<ref name="NBB301" />

Most of the remaining 20% of commercially produced oxygen is used in medical applications, [[gas welding|metal cutting and welding]], as an oxidizer in [[rocket fuel]], and in [[water treatment]].<ref name="NBB301" /> Oxygen is used in [[oxyacetylene welding]], burning [[acetylene]] with {{chem|O|2}} to produce a very hot flame. In this process, metal up to {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}} thick is first heated with a small oxy-acetylene flame and then quickly cut by a large stream of {{chem|O|2}}.<ref name="ECE508">[[#Reference-idCook1968|Cook & Lauer 1968]], p. 508</ref>

==Compounds==
{{Main|Compounds of oxygen}}

[[File:Stilles Mineralwasser.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Water]] ({{chem|H|2|O}}) is the most familiar oxygen compound.|alt=Water flowing from a bottle into a glass.]]
The [[oxidation state]] of oxygen is −2 in almost all known compounds of oxygen. The oxidation state −1 is found in a few compounds such as [[peroxide]]s.<ref>{{Greenwood&Earnshaw}}, p. 28</ref> Compounds containing oxygen in other oxidation states are very uncommon: −1/2 ([[superoxide]]s), −1/3 ([[ozonide]]s), 0 ([[Allotropes of oxygen|elemental]], [[hypofluorous acid]]), +1/2 ([[dioxygenyl]]), +1 ([[dioxygen difluoride]]), and +2 ([[oxygen difluoride]]).<ref>[[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]]: [http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf ''Red Book.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709210050/http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf }} pp. 73, 320.</ref>

===Oxides and other inorganic compounds===

[[Water]] ({{chem|H|2|O}}) is an oxide of [[hydrogen]] and the most familiar oxygen compound. Hydrogen atoms are [[covalent bonding|covalently bonded]] to oxygen in a water molecule but also have an additional attraction (about 23.3 kJ/mol per hydrogen atom) to an adjacent oxygen atom in a separate molecule.<ref>{{cite journal|first1=P.|last1=Maksyutenko|first2=T. R.|last2=Rizzo|first3=O. V.|last3=Boyarkin|title=A direct measurement of the dissociation energy of water|pmid=17115729|journal=J. Chem. Phys.|page=181101 |doi=10.1063/1.2387163|issue=18|volume=125|bibcode = 2006JChPh.125r1101M }}</ref> These [[hydrogen bond]]s between water molecules hold them approximately 15% closer than what would be expected in a simple liquid with just [[van der Waals force]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water Hydrogen Bonding|last=Chaplin|first=Martin|url=http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/hbond.html|access-date=January 6, 2008|archive-date=October 10, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010055658/http://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/hbond.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref group=lower-alpha>Also, since oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the charge difference makes it a [[polar molecule]]. The interactions between the different [[dipole]]s of each molecule cause a net attraction force.</ref>

[[File:Rust screw.jpg|thumb|left|Oxides, such as [[iron oxide]] or [[rust]], form when oxygen combines with other elements.|alt=A rusty piece of a bolt.]]
Due to its [[electronegativity]], oxygen forms [[chemical bond]]s with almost all other elements to give corresponding [[oxide]]s. The surface of most metals, such as [[aluminium]] and [[titanium]], are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that [[Passivation (chemistry)|passivates]] the metal and slows further [[corrosion]]. Many oxides of the [[transition metal]]s are [[non-stoichiometric compound]]s, with slightly less metal than the [[chemical formula]] would show. For example, the mineral [[Iron(II) oxide|FeO]] ([[wüstite]]) is written as <math chem>\ce{Fe}_{1-x}\ce{O}</math>, where ''x'' is usually around 0.05.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Lesley E.|last1=Smart|last2=Moore|first2=Elaine A. |title=Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction|edition=3rd |publisher=CRC Press|page=214|isbn=978-0-7487-7516-3}}</ref>

Oxygen is present in the atmosphere in trace quantities in the form of [[carbon dioxide]] ({{chem|CO|2}}). The [[Earth's crust]]al [[Rock (geology)|rock]] is composed in large part of oxides of [[silicon]] ([[Silicon dioxide|silica]] {{chem|SiO|2}}, as found in [[granite]] and [[quartz]]), aluminium ([[aluminium oxide]] {{chem|Al|2|O|3}}, in [[bauxite]] and [[corundum]]), iron ([[iron(III) oxide]] {{chem|Fe|2|O|3}}, in [[hematite]] and [[rust]]), and [[calcium carbonate]] (in [[limestone]]). The rest of the Earth's crust is also made of oxygen compounds, in particular various complex [[silicate]]s (in [[silicate minerals]]). The Earth's mantle, of much larger mass than the crust, is largely composed of silicates of magnesium and iron.

Water-[[solubility|soluble]] silicates in the form of {{chem|Na|4|SiO|4}}, {{chem|Na|2|SiO|3}}, and {{chem|Na|2|Si|2|O|5}} are used as [[detergent]]s and [[adhesive]]s.<ref name="ECE507">[[#Reference-idCook1968|Cook & Lauer 1968]], p. 507</ref>

Oxygen also acts as a [[ligand]] for transition metals, forming [[transition metal dioxygen complexes]], which feature metal–{{chem|O|2}}. This class of compounds includes the [[heme]] proteins [[hemoglobin]] and [[myoglobin]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Crabtree|first=R.|title=The Organometallic Chemistry of the Transition Metals|edition=3rd |publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=152|isbn=978-0-471-18423-2}}</ref> An exotic and unusual reaction occurs with [[platinum hexafluoride|{{chem|PtF|6}}]], which oxidizes oxygen to give O2+PtF6−, [[dioxygenyl hexafluoroplatinate]].<ref name="ECE505">[[#Reference-idCook1968|Cook & Lauer 1968]], p.505</ref>

===Organic compounds===

[[File:Acetone-3D-vdW.png|thumb|[[Acetone]] is an important feeder material in the chemical industry.
{{legend|red|Oxygen}}
{{legend|black|Carbon}}
{{legend|white|Hydrogen|outline=silver}}
|alt=A ball structure of a molecule. Its backbone is a zig-zag chain of three carbon atoms connected in the center to an oxygen atom and on the end to 6 hydrogens.]]

Among the most important classes of organic compounds that contain oxygen are (where "R" is an organic group): [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohol]]s (R-OH); [[ether]]s (R-O-R); [[ketone]]s (R-CO-R); [[aldehyde]]s (R-CO-H); [[carboxylic acid]]s (R-COOH); [[ester]]s (R-COO-R); [[Organic acid anhydride|acid anhydrides]] (R-CO-O-CO-R); and [[amide]]s ({{chem|R-C(O)-NR|2}}). There are many important organic [[solvent]]s that contain oxygen, including: [[acetone]], [[methanol]], [[ethanol]], [[Isopropyl alcohol|isopropanol]], [[furan]], [[tetrahydrofuran|THF]], [[diethyl ether]], [[1,4-Dioxane|dioxane]], [[ethyl acetate]], [[dimethylformamide|DMF]], [[dimethyl sulfoxide|DMSO]], [[acetic acid]], and [[formic acid]]. Acetone ({{chem|(CH|3|)|2|CO}}) and [[phenol]] ({{chem|C|6|H|5|OH}}) are used as feeder materials in the synthesis of many different substances. Other important organic compounds that contain oxygen are: [[glycerol]], [[formaldehyde]], [[glutaraldehyde]], [[citric acid]], [[acetic anhydride]], and [[acetamide]]. [[Epoxide]]s are ethers in which the oxygen atom is part of a ring of three atoms. The element is similarly found in almost all [[biomolecule]]s that are important to (or generated by) life.

Oxygen reacts spontaneously with many [[organic chemistry|organic]] compounds at or below room temperature in a process called [[autoxidation]].<ref name="ECE506">[[#Reference-idCook1968|Cook & Lauer 1968]], p. 506</ref> Most of the [[organic compound]]s that contain oxygen are not made by direct action of {{chem|O|2}}. Organic compounds important in industry and commerce that are made by direct oxidation of a precursor include [[ethylene oxide]] and [[peracetic acid]].<ref name="ECE507" />

==Safety and precautions==
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The [[NFPA 704]] standard rates compressed oxygen gas as nonhazardous to health, nonflammable and nonreactive, but an oxidizer. Refrigerated liquid oxygen (LOX) is given a health hazard rating of 3 (for increased risk of [[hyperoxia]] from condensed vapors, and for hazards common to cryogenic liquids such as frostbite), and all other ratings are the same as the compressed gas form.<ref name="nfpa">{{cite web|url = http://www.rivcoeh.org/Portals/0/documents/guidance/hazmat/bep_nfparatings.pdf|publisher = Riverside County Department of Environmental Health|access-date = August 22, 2017|title = NFPA 704 ratings and id numbers for common hazardous materials|archive-date = July 11, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190711171240/http://www.rivcoeh.org/Portals/0/documents/guidance/hazmat/bep_nfparatings.pdf|url-status = live}}</ref>

===Toxicity===
{{Main|Oxygen toxicity}}
[[File:Symptoms of oxygen toxicity.png|thumb|left|upright=1.35|Main symptoms of oxygen toxicity<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dharmeshkumar N Patel |display-authors=4 |author2=Ashish Goel |author3=SB Agarwal |author4=Praveenkumar Garg |author5=Krishna K Lakhani |title=Oxygen Toxicity |journal=Indian Academy of Clinical Medicine |volume=4 |issue=3 |page=234 |url=http://medind.nic.in/jac/t03/i3/jact03i3p234.pdf |access-date=April 26, 2009 |archive-date=September 22, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922093352/http://medind.nic.in/jac/t03/i3/jact03i3p234.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>|alt=A diagram showing a male torso and listing symptoms of oxygen toxicity: Eyes – visual field loss, nearsightedness, cataract formation, bleeding, fibrosis; Head – seizures; Muscles – twitching; Respiratory system – jerky breathing, irritation, coughing, pain, shortness of breath, tracheobronchitis, acute respiratory distress syndrome.]]

Oxygen gas ({{chem|O|2}}) can be [[Oxygen toxicity|toxic]] at elevated [[partial pressure]]s, leading to [[convulsion]]s and other health problems.<ref name="Acott" /><ref group=lower-alpha>Since {{chem|O|2}}'s partial pressure is the fraction of {{chem|O|2}} times the total pressure, elevated partial pressures can occur either from high {{chem|O|2}} fraction in breathing gas or from high breathing gas pressure, or a combination of both.</ref><ref name="ECE511">[[#Reference-idCook1968|Cook & Lauer 1968]], p. 511</ref> Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at partial pressures more than 50 kilo[[Pascal (unit)|pascals]] (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen composition at standard pressure or 2.5 times the normal sea-level {{chem|O|2}} partial pressure of about 21 kPa. This is not a problem except for patients on [[mechanical ventilator]]s, since gas supplied through [[oxygen mask]]s in medical applications is typically composed of only 30–50% {{chem|O|2}} by volume (about 30 kPa at standard pressure).<ref name="NBB299" />

At one time, [[Premature birth|premature babies]] were placed in incubators containing {{chem|O|2}}-rich air, but this practice was discontinued after some babies were blinded by the oxygen content being too high.<ref name="NBB299" />

Breathing pure {{chem|O|2}} in space applications, such as in some modern space suits, or in early spacecraft such as [[Apollo spacecraft|Apollo]], causes no damage due to the low total pressures used.<ref name="pmid11541018" /><ref>{{cite web|last = Wade|first = Mark|date = 2007|url = http://www.astronautix.com/craftfam/spasuits.htm|title = Space Suits|publisher = Encyclopedia Astronautica |access-date=December 16, 2007 |url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071213122134/http://www.astronautix.com/craftfam/spasuits.htm |archive-date = December 13, 2007}}</ref> In the case of spacesuits, the {{chem|O|2}} partial pressure in the breathing gas is, in general, about 30 kPa (1.4 times normal), and the resulting {{chem|O|2}} partial pressure in the astronaut's arterial blood is only marginally more than normal sea-level {{chem|O|2}} partial pressure.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalrph.com/martin_4_most2.htm |title=The Four Most Important Equations In Clinical Practice |last=Martin |first=Lawrence |website=GlobalRPh |publisher=David McAuley |access-date=June 19, 2013 |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905215615/http://www.globalrph.com/martin_4_most2.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

Oxygen toxicity to the lungs and [[central nervous system]] can also occur in deep [[scuba diving]] and [[surface supplied diving]].<ref name="NBB299" /><ref name="Acott" /> Prolonged breathing of an air mixture with an {{chem|O|2}} partial pressure more than 60 kPa can eventually lead to permanent [[pulmonary fibrosis]].<ref name="BMJ">{{cite journal |author=Wilmshurst P |title=Diving and oxygen |journal=BMJ |volume=317 |issue=7164 |pages=996–99 |pmid=9765173 |pmc=1114047 |doi=10.1136/bmj.317.7164.996}}</ref> Exposure to an {{chem|O|2}} partial pressures greater than 160 kPa (about 1.6 atm) may lead to convulsions (normally fatal for divers). Acute oxygen toxicity (causing seizures, its most feared effect for divers) can occur by breathing an air mixture with 21% {{chem|O|2}} at {{convert|66|m|abbr=on}} or more of depth; the same thing can occur by breathing 100% {{chem|O|2}} at only {{convert|6|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BMJ" /><ref name="Donald">{{cite book |last=Donald |first=Kenneth |title=Oxygen and the Diver |isbn = 978-1-85421-176-7|publisher=SPA in conjunction with K. Donald |location=England}}</ref><ref name="Donald1">{{cite journal |author=Donald K. W. |title=Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part I |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=4506 |pages=667–72 |pmc=2053251 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4506.667 |pmid=20248086}}</ref><ref name="Donald2">{{cite journal |author=Donald K. W. |title=Oxygen Poisoning in Man: Part II |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |pages=712–17 |pmc=2053400|issue=4507 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.4507.712 |pmid=20248096}}</ref>

===Combustion and other hazards===
[[File:Apollo 1 fire.jpg|thumb|right|The interior of the [[Apollo 1]] Command Module. Pure {{chem|O|2}} at higher than normal pressure and a spark led to a fire and the loss of the [[Apollo 1]] crew.|alt=The inside of a small spaceship, charred and apparently destroyed.]]
Highly concentrated sources of oxygen promote rapid combustion. [[Fire]] and [[explosion]] hazards exist when concentrated oxidants and [[fuel]]s are brought into close proximity; an ignition event, such as heat or a spark, is needed to trigger combustion.<ref name="astm-tpt"/> Oxygen is the oxidant, not the fuel.

Concentrated {{chem|O|2}} will allow combustion to proceed rapidly and energetically.<ref name="astm-tpt" /> [[Steel]] pipes and storage vessels used to store and transmit both gaseous and [[liquid oxygen]] will act as a fuel; and therefore the design and manufacture of {{chem|O|2}} systems requires special training to ensure that ignition sources are minimized.<ref name="astm-tpt" /> The fire that killed the [[Apollo 1]] crew in a launch pad test spread so rapidly because the capsule was pressurized with pure {{chem|O|2}} but at slightly more than atmospheric pressure, instead of the {{frac|1|3}} normal pressure that would be used in a mission.{{refn|No single ignition source of the fire was conclusively identified, although some evidence points to an arc from an electrical spark.<ref>Report of Apollo 204 Review Board NASA Historical Reference Collection, NASA History Office, NASA HQ, Washington, DC</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}<ref name="chiles">{{cite book|last=Chiles|first=James R.|title=Inviting Disaster: Lessons from the edge of Technology: An inside look at catastrophes and why they happen|url=https://archive.org/details/invitingdisaster00jame|url-access=registration|location=New York|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Inc.|isbn=978-0-06-662082-4}}</ref>

Liquid oxygen spills, if allowed to soak into organic matter, such as [[wood]], [[petrochemical]]s, and [[Bitumen|asphalt]] can cause these materials to [[Detonation|detonate]] unpredictably on subsequent mechanical impact.<ref name="astm-tpt" />
{{clear}}

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Geological history of oxygen]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)]] for {{chem|O|2}} depletion in aquatic ecology
* [[Ocean deoxygenation]]
* [[Hypoxia (medical)]], a lack of oxygen
* [[Limiting oxygen concentration]]
* [[:Category:Oxygen compounds|Oxygen compounds]]
* [[Oxygen plant]]
* [[Oxygen sensor]]
{{div col end}}
{{Subject bar
|book1=Oxygen
|book2=Period 2 elements
|book3=Chalcogens
|book4=Chemical elements (sorted alphabetically)
|book5=Chemical elements (sorted by number)
|portal1=Chemistry
|portal2=Medicine
|commons=y
|wikt=y
|v=y
|v-search=Oxygen atom
|b=y
|b-search=Wikijunior:The Elements/Oxygen
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em|group=lower-alpha}}

== References ==

{{reflist | 30em}}

=== General references ===

* {{cite book| ref=Reference-idCook1968|title=The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements| chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp| chapter-url-access=registration|last1=Cook|first1=Gerhard A.|last2=Lauer|first2=Carol M.|publisher=Reinhold Book Corporation|location=New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofch00hamp/page/499 499–512]|editor=Clifford A. Hampel|chapter=Oxygen| lccn=68-29938}}
* {{cite book|ref=Reference-idEmsley2001|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements|last=Emsley|first=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=978-0-19-850340-8|chapter=Oxygen|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/297 297–304]|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/297}}
* {{cite book| ref=Reference-idRaven2005 |last1=Raven|first1=Peter H.|first2=Ray F.|last2=Evert|first3=Susan E.|last3=Eichhorn|title=Biology of Plants| url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0 | url-access=registration |edition=7th|publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company Publishers|location = New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0/page/115 115–27]|isbn = 978-0-7167-1007-3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/008.htm Oxygen] at ''[[The Periodic Table of Videos]]'' (University of Nottingham)
* [https://www.organic-chemistry.org/chemicals/oxidations/oxygen.shtm Oxidizing Agents > Oxygen]
* [http://www.uigi.com/oxygen.html Oxygen (O2) Properties, Uses, Applications]
* [http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-story-of-o Roald Hoffmann article on "The Story of O"]
* [http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/O/index.html WebElements.com – Oxygen]
* {{In Our Time|Oxygen|b0088nql|Oxygen}}
* [http://scrippso2.ucsd.edu/ Scripps Institute: Atmospheric Oxygen has been dropping for 20 years]

{{Periodic table (navbox)}}
{{diatomicelements}}
{{featured article}}
{{Oxygen compounds}}

[[Category:Oxygen| ]]
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
[[Category:Diatomic nonmetals]]
[[Category:Reactive nonmetals]]
[[Category:Chalcogens]]
[[Category:Chemical substances for emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Breathing gases]]
[[Category:E-number additives]]
[[Category:Oxidizing agents]]

Namdev

2022-03-16T09:55:34Z

Bharats20101998: Contributed a new addition to the platform.

{{Short description|Hindu Bhakti Saint from the medieval era}}
{{EngvarB}}
{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| name = Namdev
| image = namdev maharaj.JPG
| caption = Shri Sant Namdev Maharaj
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = {{circa|26 October 1270}} CE
| birth_place = Narsi, Bamani [[Maharashtra]], India
| birth_name =
| death_date = {{circa|3 July 1350}} CE
| death_place = Pandharpur
| philosophy = [[Warkari]]
| literary_works = [[Abhanga]] devotional poetry
| honorific prefix = Shri Sant
| honorific suffix = Maharaj
}}

'''Namdev''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[naːmdeʋ]]]), also transliterated as Nam Dayv, Namdeo, Namadeva, (traditionally, {{circa|26 October 1270|3 July 1350}}) was a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Vaishnav]] [[saint]] from [[Narsi, Hingoli|Narsi]], [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] within the [[Warkari|Varkari]] tradition of Hinduism. He lived as a devotee of Lord [[Vithoba|Vitthal]] of Pandharpur.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Beck|first=Guy L.|url=|title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8341-1|pages=118|language=en}}</ref> He is widely regarded as the founder of Varkari tradition.

Namdev was influenced by [[Vaishnavism]] and became widely known in India for his devotional songs set to music (''bhajan-kirtans''). His philosophy contains both ''[[nirguna brahman]]'' and ''[[saguna brahman]]'' elements, with [[Monism#Vedanta|monistic]] themes.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|p=39|ps=}} Namdev's legacy is remembered in modern times in the ''Varkari'' tradition, along with those of other ''gurus'', with masses of people walking together in biannual pilgrimages to [[Pandharpur]] in Maharashtra.{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|p=186|ps=}}{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=83-84|ps=}} He is also recognised in the North Indian traditions of the Dadu Panthis, Kabir Panthis and Sikhs.<ref name=":0" />

Some hymns of Namdev are included in the [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/little-maharashtra-in-punjab-village-62948|title=Little Maharashtra in Punjab village|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref>

==Life==
[[File:Saint Kabir with Namdeva, Raidas and Pipaji. Jaipur, early 19century, National Museum New Delhi (2).jpg|thumb|left|Namdev (second from right) with other [[bhagat]]s of Hinduism: Ravidas, Kabir and Pipa.]]
{{Hinduism}}
{{Sikhism sidebar}}
Details of the life of Namdev are vague.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} His family name was believed to be as Relekar which is common in Bhavsar and Namdev shimpi caste. He is traditionally believed to have lived between 1270 and 1350 but S. B. Kulkarni has suggested that 1207-1287 is more likely, based on textual analysis.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=45-46|ps=}} Some scholars date him to around 1425{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|p=184|ps=}} and another, R. Bharadvaj, proposes 1309-1372.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|p=48|ps=}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Namdev {{!}} Indian poet|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Namdev|access-date=2020-11-01|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> He is, according to Christian Novetzke, "one of the most prominent voices in the historical study of Maharashtrian ''Sant'' figures". His well-known and first miracle is that, in childhood, he got an idol of Lord Vitthal drink milk.{{citation needed}}

Namdev was married to Rajai and had a son, Vitha, both of whom wrote about him, as did his mother, Gonai. Contemporary references to him by a disciple, a potter, a guru and other close associates also exist. There are no references to him in the records and inscriptions of the then-ruling family and the first non-Varkari noting of him appears possibly to be in the ''[[Leela Charitra]]'', a [[Mahanubhava]]-sect biography dating from 1278. ''Smrtisthala'', a later Mahanubhava text from around 1310, may also possibly refer to him; after that, there are no references until a ''[[bakhar]]'' of around 1538.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=42-44, 46|ps=}}{{efn|There was a revival of interest in the Marathi-language [[bhakti movement]], of which Namdev had been a part, in the 16th century following the collapse of the [[Vijayanagara empire]].{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|p=185|ps=}}}}

According to [[Mahipati]], a [[Hagiography|hagiographer]] of the 18th century, Namdev's parents were Damashet and Gonai, a childless elderly couple whose prayers for parenthood were answered and involved him being found floating down a river. As with various other details of his life, elements such as this may have been invented to sidestep issues that might have caused controversy. In this instance, the potential controversy was that of [[Caste system in India|caste]] or, more specifically, his position in the Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna system]] of ritual ranking. He was born into what is generally recognised as a [[Shudra]] caste, variously recorded as ''[[shimpi]]'' (tailor) in the [[Marathi language]] and as ''Chhipa'', ''Chhimpa'', ''Chhimba'', ''chimpi'' ([[Calico (textile)|calico]]-printer) in northern India. His followers in Maharashtra and northern India who are from those communities prefer to consider their place, and thus his, as [[Kshatriya]].{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|p=185|ps=}}{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=54-55|ps=|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EeU8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA54]}}

There are contrary traditions concerning his birthplace, with some people believing that he was born at [[Narsi, Hingoli|Narsi Bahmani]], on the [[Krishna River]] in [[Marathwada]] and others preferring somewhere near to [[Pandharpur]] on the [[Bhima]] river.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|p=55|ps=}} that he was himself a calico-printer or tailor and that he spent much of his life in Punjab.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}}{{sfnp|Prill|2009|ps=}} The ''Lilacaritra'' suggests, however, that Namdev was a cattle-thief who was devoted to and assisted [[Vithoba]].{{sfnp|Prill|2009|ps=}}{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|p=43|ps=}}{{efn|The Mahanubhavs and [[Varkari]]s were antagonists and this is often reflected in their writings, especially in those of the former sect. Novetzke discusses the chronological and [[Philology|philological]] difficulties relating to the purported origins of the ''Lilacaritra'' and the traditionally-accepted year of birth and spelling of Namdev.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=44|ps=}}}}

A friendship between Namdev and [[Jñāneśvar]], a [[yogi]]-saint,{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|p=42|ps=}} has been posited at least as far back as circa 1600 CE when Nabhadas, a hagiographer, noted it in his ''[[Bhaktamal]]''.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} Jñāneśvar, also known as Jñāndev, never referred to Namdev in his writings but perhaps had no cause to do so; Novetzke notes that "Jnandev's songs generally did not concern biography or autobiography; the historical truth of their friendship is beyond my ken to determine and has remained an unsettled subject in Marathi scholarship for over a century."{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=42-43|ps=}}

Namdev is generally considered by [[Sikh]]s to be a holy man ([[bhagat]]), many of whom came from lower castes and so also attracted attention as social reformers. Such men, who comprised both Hindus and Muslims, traditionally wrote devotional poetry in a style that was acceptable to the Sikh belief system.{{sfnp|Prill|2009|ps=}}

A tradition in Maharashtra is that Namdev died at the age of eighty in 1350 CE.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} Sikh tradition maintains that his death place was the Punjabi village of [[Ghuman (Gurdaspur)|Ghuman]], although this is not universally accepted. Aside from a shrine there that marks his death, there are monuments at the other claimant places, being Pandharpur and the nearby [[Narsi, Hingoli|Narsi Bahmani]].{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=43, 48|ps=}}{{sfnp|Sadarangani|2004|p=146|ps=}}

===Reliability of hagiographies===
Scholars note that many miracles and specifics about Namdev's life appear only in manuscripts written centuries after Namdev's death.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=11-12; see also pp. 14-20 for examples of biographical inconsistencies among manuscripts}}{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=53, 55|ps=}} The birth theory with Namdev floating down a river, is first found in Mahipati's ''Bhaktavijay'' composed around 1762, and is absent in all earlier biographies of Namdev.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=53, 55|ps=}} Mahipati's biography of Namdev adds numerous other miracles, such as buildings rotating and sun rising in the west to show respect to Namdev.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=62-64|ps=}}

The earliest surviving Hindi and Rajasthani biographies from about 1600 only mention a few miracles performed by Namdev.<ref name= CallewaertNamdevParcai/>{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=11-12; see also pp. 14-20 for examples of biographical inconsistencies among manuscripts}} In Namdev biographies published after 1600 through the end of the 20th century, new life details and more miracles increasingly appear with the passage of time.<ref name= CallewaertNamdevParcai>Winand Callewaert (2003), Pilgrims, Patrons, and Place: Localizing Sanctity in Asian Religions (Editors: Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara), University of British Columbia Press, {{ISBN|978-0774810395}}, page 205</ref> The earliest biographies never mention the caste of Namdev, and his caste appears for the first time in manuscripts with statements from Ravidas and Dhana in early 17th century.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=11-12; see also pp. 14-20 for examples of biographical inconsistencies among manuscripts}} Namdev's ''Immaculate Conception'' miracle mentioned in later era manuscripts, adds Novetzke, is a story found regularly for other sants in India.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|p=54|ps=}} The Namdev biographies in medieval manuscripts are inconsistent and contradictory, feeding questions of their reliability.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=11-12; see also pp. 14-20 for examples of biographical inconsistencies among manuscripts}}

==Work==
The literary works of Namdev were influenced by [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] philosophy{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} and a belief in [[Vithoba]]. Along with the ''[[Jñānēśvarī]]'', a sacred work of Jñānēśvar, and of [[Bhakti movement]] teacher-writers such as [[Tukaram]], the writings of Namdev form the basis of the beliefs held by the Varkari sect of Hinduism.{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|p=186|ps=}} He was thus among those responsible for disseminating the monotheistic Varkari faith that had emerged first in [[Karnataka]] in the mid-to-late 12th century and then spread to Pandharpur in Maharashtra.{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|pp=184-185|ps=}}

Namdev and Jñānēśvar used the [[Marathi language]] to convey their beliefs. Namdev's style was to compose simply worded praise for Vithoba and to use a [[melody|melodic device]] called ''[[samkirtana]]'', both of which were accessible to common people. Shima Iwao says that "He taught that all can be saved equally, without regard to caste, through devotion (''bhakti'') to Vithoba" and that he greatly influenced groups of people who were forbidden by the Brahmin elite from studying the [[Vedas]], such as women and members of the Shudra and [[Untouchability|untouchable]] communities.{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|pp=184-185|ps=}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=संत नामदेव महाराज ने दुनिया को मानवता का संदेश िदया : धर्मवीर|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/state/haryana/news/haryana-news-saint-namdev-maharaj-gave-the-message-of-humanity-to-the-world-dharmaveer-082118-6535121.html|access-date=2020-11-01|website=Dainik Bhaskar|language=hi}}</ref>

The earliest anthological record of Namdev's works occurs in the ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'', the Sikh scriptures compiled in 1604,{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} although Novetzke notes that while the manuscript records of Namdev mostly date from the 17th and 18th centuries, there exists a manuscript from 1581 that presents a rarely recounted variant version of Namdev's ''Tirthavli'', a Marathi-language autobiographical piece.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=41-42|ps=}} It is evident that the ''Guru Granth Sahib ji'' record is an accurate rendition of what Namdev wrote: the oral tradition probably accounts significantly for the changes and additions that appear to have been made by that time. The numerous subsequently produced manuscripts also show variant texts and additions that are attributed to him. Of around 2500 [[abhang]]s that were credited to him and written in the Marathi language, perhaps only 600 - 700 are authentic.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} The surviving manuscripts are geographically dispersed and of uncertain provenance.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|p=41|ps=}}

===Bhajans===
Namdev's ''padas'' are not mere poems, according to Callewaert and Lath.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=55}} Like other Bhakti movement sants, Namdev composed ''bhajans'', that is songs meant to be sung to music.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=55-56}} A ''Bhajan'' literally means "a thing enjoyed or shared".{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|p=276|ps=}} Namdev's songs were composed to be melodious and carry a spiritual message. They built on one among the many ancient Indian traditions for making music and singing.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=55-56}} Namdev's bhajans, note Callewaert and Lath, deployed particular species of ''Raag'', used ''Bhanita'' (or ''Chhap'', a stamp of the composer's name inside the poem, in his case ''Nama''), applied a ''Tek'' (or ''dhruva'', repeated refrain) and a meter than helps harmonise the wording with the musical instrument, all according to ''Sangita'' manuals refined from the 8th to 13th centuries.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=55-56}}

The musical genre of Namdev's literary works was a form of ''Prabandha'' – itself a very large and rich genre that includes ''dhrupad'', ''thumri'', ''tappa'', ''geet'', ''bhajan'' and other species.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=56-57}} In some species of Indian music, it is the music that dominates while words and their meaning are secondary.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=57-58}} In contrast, in Namdev's bhajan the spiritual message in the words has a central role, and the structure resonates with the singing and music.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=57-58}} The songs and music that went with Namdev's works were usually transmitted verbally across generations, in a ''guru-sisya-parampara'' (teacher-student tradition), within singing ''gharanas'' (family-like musical units).{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=57-58}}

Callewaert and Lath state that, "each single song of Namdev is a musical and textual unit and this unit is the basis for textual considerations".{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=64-65}} The unit contained ''Antaras'', which are the smallest independent unit within that can be shifted around, dropped or added, without affecting the harmony or meaning, when a bhajan is being sung with music.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=67-68}} In Namdev's songs, the dominant pattern is ''Caturasra'', or an avarta with the 4x4 square pattern of musical matras (beat).{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp=68-70}}

===Compilations===
Namdev's work is known for ''abhangs'', a genre of hymn poetry in India.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} His poems were transmitted from one generation to the next within singing families, and memory was the only recording method in the centuries that followed Namdev's death.{{sfnp|McGregor|1992|pp=29-30|ps=}} The repertoires grew, because the artists added new songs to their repertoire. The earliest surviving manuscripts of songs attributed to Namdev, from these singing families, are traceable to the 17th century.{{sfnp|McGregor|1992|p=29|ps=}} A diverse collection of these manuscripts exist, which have been neither compiled nor archived successfully in a single [[critical edition]].{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=41-42|ps=}}{{sfnp|McGregor|1992|pp=29-33|ps=}} The state Government of Maharashtra made an effort and compiled Namdev's work from various manuscripts into the ''Sri Namdev Gatha'' in 1970.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=41-42|ps=}}
[[File:Trilok Singh Chitarkar 1933.jpg|thumb|Oil painting work of [[Trilok Singh Chitarkar]] from 1933 depicting bhagat Namdev in his hut]]
The ''Adi Granth'' of Sikhism includes a compilation of 61 songs of Namdev.{{sfnp|McGregor|1992|pp=31-33|ps=}} However, of these only 25 are found in surviving Namdev-related manuscripts of Rajasthan.{{sfnp|McGregor|1992|pp=31-33|ps=}}{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| p= 8}} Winand Callewaert suggests that Namdev's poems in the Adi Granth and the surviving Rajasthani manuscripts are considerably different musically and morphologically, but likely to have evolved from a very early common source.{{sfnp|McGregor|1992|pp=30|ps=}}

===Anamnetic authorship===
Of thousands of ''Abhang'' poems credited to Namdev, 600 - 700 are probably authentic.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} The other poems are attributed to Namdev, in a phenomenon Novetzke calls, "anamnetic authorship".{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=137-138|ps=}} The later compositions and their authors hid the true authorship purposefully and collectively over the 14th to 18th centuries, a period described in Maharashtra culture as the dark age.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=138-139|ps=}} This was a period of Muslim conquest and repression of Hindus under the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and the [[Mughal Empire]].{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=138-139|ps=}} The literary works not composed by Namdev, but attributed to Namdev were partly a product of this historical suffering and political situation in [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region of India.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=137-140|ps=}} Some of the poetries of another Poet named Vishnudas Namadev who lived in 15th century are also attributed to this Namadev, the Saint. This includes the popular Marathi Aartis of Vithoba "Yuge Atthavis" & "Yei O Vitthale"

==Philosophy==
Namdev was influenced by Vaishnavite philosophy.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} His poems sometimes invoked Vithoba, sometimes [[Vishnu]]-[[Krishna]] as Govind-Hari, but in the larger context of Rama, which states [[Ronald Stuart McGregor|Ronald McGregor]], was not referring to the hero described in the Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]'', but to a [[pantheism|pantheistic]] Ultimate Being.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|p=41|ps=}} Namdev's view of Rama can be visualised, adds McGregor, "only as the one true, or real Teacher of man (''satguru'')".{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|p=41|ps=}}. However, this is an observation based on hymns for which Namdev is not definitively known to the author, and might well be interpolated. For example, the following hymn talks about worshipping One Omnipresent God rather than Hindu deities [[Rama]] or [[Shiva]]

{{Quotation|<poem>O Pandit, I saw your great god Shiva, riding along on a white bull. In the merchant's house, a banquet was prepared for him - he killed the merchant's son. O Pandit, I saw your Raam Chand coming too; he lost his wife, fighting a war against Raawan. The Hindu is sightless; the Muslim has only one eye. The spiritual teacher is wiser than both of them. The Hindu worships at the temple, the Muslim at the mosque. Naam Dayv serves that Lord, who is not limited to either the temple or the mosque.</poem>|Namdev|Guru Granth Sahib 874-875 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=874|title=Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib|website=www.srigranth.org}}</ref>}}

{{Quotation|<poem>One stone is lovingly decorated, while another stone is walked upon. If one is a god, then the other must also be a god. Says Naam Dayv, I serve the Lord.</poem>|Namdev|Guru Granth Sahib 525 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.srigranth.org/servlet/gurbani.gurbani?Action=Page&Param=525|title=Sri Granth: Sri Guru Granth Sahib|website=www.srigranth.org}}</ref>}}

Indian traditions attribute varying theosophical views to Namdev. In north India, Namdev is considered as a ''[[Bhakti movement#Philosophy: Nirguna and Saguna Brahman|nirguna bhakta]]'', in Marathi culture he is considered a ''[[Bhakti movement#Philosophy: Nirguna and Saguna Brahman|saguna bhakta]]''.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=66, 160|ps=}}

In Namdev literature, devotion as the path to liberation is considered superior to alternative paths. Novetzke states that the envisioned devotion is not one way from the devotee to Vishnu, but it is bidirectional, such that "Krishna (Vishnu) is Namdev's slave, and Namdev is Vishnu's slave". To Namdev, mechanical rituals are futile, pilgrimage to holy places is pointless, deep meditation and loving mutual devotion is what matters.{{sfnp|Novetzke|2006|pp=124-126|ps=}} Namdev and other sant poets of India "were influenced by the [[monism|monist]] view of the ultimate being ([[Brahman]])", which was expressed, in vernacular language, as the loving devotion not of a specific deity but to this ultimate, according to McGregor.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|p=39|ps=}} Namdev's songs suggested the divine is within oneself, its [[Nondualism|non-duality]], its presence and oneness in everyone and everything.<ref>Justin Abbott and NR Godbole (2014), ''Stories of Indian Saints'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120804692}}, pp. 62-63</ref>{{efn|Callewaert and Lath translate Hindi Pada 20 of Namdev as, I worship only God-within, nothing else, says Namdev.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989|p=156}}}}{{efn|Callewaert and Lath translate Namdev's Hindi Pada 6 as, [[Rama]] speaks, Rama alone speaks, Who can speak without Rama, brother? The elephant and the ant, are one, being both dust. These are the vessels, many and varied. The worm and the moth, whatever moves or is still, everything is filled with Rama.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989|p=146}}}}

In Namdev's literary works, summarises Klaus Witz, as with virtually every Bhakti movement poet, the "Upanishadic teachings form an all-pervasive substratum, if not a basis. We have here a state of affairs that has no parallel in the West. Supreme Wisdom, which can be taken as basically nontheistic and as an independent wisdom tradition (not dependent on the Vedas), appears fused with highest level of bhakti and with highest level of God realization."<ref>Klaus G Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120815735}}, page 10</ref>

==Legacy==
[[File:Namdev 1970 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Namdev on a 1970 stamp of India]]
Along with the works of sants such as [[Jnanesvar]] and [[Tukaram]], the writings of Namdev are at the foundation of beliefs held by the Varkari sect of Hinduism.{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|p=186|ps=}} He was among those responsible for disseminating the Vithoba faith that had emerged first in the 12th century {{sfnp|Iwao|1988|pp=184-185|ps=}} Namdev used the Marathi language to compose his poetry, which made it accessible to the wider public. Namdev's simple words of devotion and his use melody appealed to common people. This helped spread his message and songs widely. Namdev thus played a role, states McGregor, in shaping the religious base for the "premodern and modern culture of north India".{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|p=41|ps=}}

Namdev attracted individuals from diverse classes and castes during community-driven bhajan singing sessions. His companions during worship sessions included Kanhopatra (a dancing girl), Sena (a barber), Savata (a gardener), Chokhamela (an untouchable), Janabai (a maid), Gora (a potter), Narahari (a goldsmith) and Jñāneśvar (also known as Dnyandev, a Brahmin).<ref>Karine Schomer and WH McLeod (1987), The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802773}}, page 93</ref> The close friendship between Namdev and the influential Jnanesvar, a Brahmin [[yogi]]-saint,{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|p=42|ps=}} is mentioned in ''[[Bhaktamal]]''.{{sfnp|McGregor|1984|pp=40-42|ps=}} The songs of Namdev, also called ''kirtans'', use the term ''loka'', which Novetzke states is a reference to "we the people" and the "human world" as a social force.<ref name=chrisnovijhs>{{cite journal|author=Christian Lee Novetzke |year=2007|jstor=25691067 |title=Bhakti and Its Public|journal=International Journal of Hindu Studies|volume =11|issue=3| pages =264–265}}</ref>

Namdev is considered one of the five revered ''gurus'' in the ''Dadupanth'' tradition within Hinduism, the other four being [[Dadu Dayal|Dadu]], [[Kabir]], [[Ravidas]] and [[Haridasa|Hardas]].{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| p= 4}}<ref>K Schomer and WH McLeod (1987), ''The Sants: Studies in a Devotional Tradition of India'', Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-8120802773}}, pp. 76, 193-194</ref> Dadupanthi Hindus thrived in [[Rajasthan]], creating and compiling Bhakti poems including one of the largest collection of Namdev's songs.{{sfnp|Callewaert|1989| pp= 84-89}} They were also among the warrior-ascetics of Rajput heritage who became a widespread phenomena in the 17th- and 18th-century North India, and were [[sannyasa|sannyasis]] who participated in armed resistance to the Islamic Mughal empire, inspired by their Nath yogi heritage and five revered ''gurus''.<ref>Karine Schomer, JL Erdman and DO Lodrick (1994), Idea of Rajasthan, Explorations in Regional Identity, Volume 2, South Asia Books, {{ISBN|978-0945921264}}, pp. 242-250</ref><ref>James Hastings (2002), ''Poets, sants, and warriors: the Dadu Panth, religious change and identity formation in Jaipur State circa 1562-1860 CE'', PhD Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, {{oclc|652198959}}, pp. 16-17, 113-127</ref> Like Dadupanth, another north Indian warrior ascetic group, the Niranjani Sampraday tradition within Hinduism reveres Namdev as a holy person. The ''Niranjani Vani'', which is their scripture just like the scriptures of Dadu Panthi and Sikhs, includes poetry of Namdev, and is dated to be from the 17th and 18th centuries.<ref>Tyler Williams (2014), ''Sacred Sounds and Sacred Books: A History of Writing in Hindi'', PhD Thesis, Columbia University, Reviewers: John Hawley, [[Sheldon Pollock]], Sudipta Kaviraj and [[Francesca Orsini]], pp. 298-300, 337-340. {{doi|10.7916/D8VX0DQG}}</ref>

Namdev is one of the revered holy men in Sikhism as well.{{sfnp|Prill|2009|ps=}} He is mentioned in Guru Granth Sahib, where Novetzke notes, "Namdev is remembered as having been summoned to confront a Sultan."{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|p=182|ps=}} There is a controversy among scholars if the Namdev hymns recorded in the Guru Granth of Sikhs were composed by the Marathi Namdev, or a different sant whose name was also Namdev.<ref>[[Charlotte Vaudeville]] (1996), Myths, Saints and Legends in Medieval India, Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0195634143}}, p. 217: "The question of the identity of the Marathi Namdev with the Hindi Namdev, author of the hymns recorded in the Guru-Granth of the Sikhs, is also a matter for controversy."</ref>

Namdev's legacy continues through the biannual pilgrimage to [[Pandharpur]], near Bhima river, in Maharashtra. His ''paduka'' (footprints) are among those of revered [[Sant (religion)|sant]]s that Varkari communities from various parts of Maharashtra carry with a ''palkhi'' (palanquin) to the Vithoba temple in Pandharpur, every year in modern times.{{sfnp|Iwao|1988|p=186|ps=}}{{sfnp|Novetzke|2013|pp=83-84|ps=}} Namdev composed ''bhajan-kirtans'' are sung during the pilgrimage-related festivities.<ref>Christian Lee Novetzke (2008), ''Shared Idioms, Sacred Symbols, and the Articulation of Identities in South Asia''. Kelly Pemberton and Michael Nijhawan (eds.), Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0415958288}}, pp. 218-219</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
* {{citation| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LNtQsB6KX7IC | last= Callewaert|first= Winand M. and Mukunda Lāṭh|year=1989|title= The Hindi Songs of Namdev| publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn= 978-906831-107-5}}
* {{citation |url= http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |title= The Vithoba Faith of Maharashtra: The Vithoba Temple of Pandharpur and Its Mythological Structure | journal=Japanese Journal of Religious Studies |volume=15 |issue=2–3 |first=Shima |last=Iwao |pages=183–197 |issn=0304-1042 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326062749/http://www.ic.nanzan-u.ac.jp/SHUBUNKEN/publications/jjrs/pdf/276.pdf |archive-date=2009-03-26}}
* {{citation |title=A History of Indian Literature |first=Ronald Stuart |last=McGregor |author-link=Ronald Stuart McGregor |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=1984 |isbn=978-3-44702-413-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SGsOGT8Xej8C&pg=PA40}}
* {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-X5Nv3gkdGoC |title=Devotional Literature in South Asia |first=Ronald Stuart |last=McGregor |author-link=Ronald Stuart McGregor |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-52141-311-4}}
* {{citation |first=Christian Lee |last=Novetzke |chapter=A Family Affair |year=2006 |title=Alternative Krishnas: Regional and Vernacular Variations on a Hindu Deity |editor-first=Guy |editor-last=Beck |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-79146-416-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8z-v1p2qrwsC}}
* {{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SqUdRVOv9TUC |title=Religion and Public Memory: A Cultural History of Saint Namdev in India |first=Christian Lee |last=Novetzke |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-23151-256-5}}
* {{citation |last=Prill |first=Susan |year=2009 |title=Representing Sainthood in India: Sikh and Hindu Visions of Namdev |journal=Material Religion |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=156–179|doi=10.2752/174322009X12448040551602 |s2cid=194036093 }}
* {{citation |title=Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India: Its Inception, Cultural Encounter and Impact |first=Neeti M. |last=Sadarangani |publisher=Sarup & Sons |year=2004 |isbn=978-8-17625-436-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVQrKJbJ2JIC&pg=PA146}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation| url=https://archive.org/details/sant-namdev-gatha |title=Sant Namdev Abhang Gatha |year=1250 }}
* {{citation| url=https://archive.org/details/001SantNaamDevachiAbhangGathaMarathi |title=Sant Namdev Abhang Gatha }}
* {{citation| url=https://www.searchgurbani.com/guru-granth-sahib/author/bhagat-namdev |title=Bhagat Namdev Bani in Guru Granth Sahib }}

{{Writers of Guru Granth Sahib}}

[[Category:Warkari]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Bhakti movement]]
[[Category:People from Hingoli district]]
[[Category:Sant Mat]]
[[Category:Kirtan performers]]
[[Category:Vaishnava saints]]
[[Category:Marathi Hindu saints]]

Haryana women's cricket team

2022-01-18T11:55:35Z

Bharats20101998: Update

{{short description|Indian women's cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Haryana Women
| image =
| captain = [[Mansi Joshi]]
| founded = Unknown{{-}}''First recorded match: 1973''
| ground = [[Chaudhary Bansi Lal Cricket Stadium]], Lahli
| title1 = [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|WSODT]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy|WSTT]]
| title2wins = 0
}}
The '''Haryana women's cricket team''' is a women's [[cricket]] team that represents the [[India]]n state of [[Haryana]]. The team competes in the [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] and the [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]].<ref name="CAprof">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4740/4740.html |title=Haryana Women |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Haryana cricket team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:Cricket in Haryana]]
[[Category:Women's sports in Haryana]]

Gujarat women's cricket team

2022-01-18T11:51:12Z

Bharats20101998:

{{short description|Indian women's cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Gujarat Women
| image =
| captain = Renuka Chaudhari
| founded = Unknown{{-}}''First recorded match: 1975''
| ground = [[Lalabhai Contractor Stadium]], [[Surat]]
| title1 = [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|WSODT]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy|WSTT]]
| title2wins = 0
}}
The '''Gujarat women's cricket team''' is a women's [[cricket]] team that represents the [[India]]n state of [[Gujarat]]. The team competes in the [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] and the [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]].<ref name="CAprof">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4738/4738.html |title=Gujarat Women |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Gujarat cricket team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Cricket in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

Goa women's cricket team

2022-01-18T11:45:44Z

Bharats20101998: Update

{{short description|Indian women's cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Goa Women
| image =
| captain = [[Shikha Pandey]]
| founded = Unknown{{-}}''First recorded match: 1990''
| ground = [[Goa Cricket Association Academy Ground]], [[Porvorim]]
| title1 = [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy|WSODT]]
| title1wins = 0
| title2 = [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy|WSTT]]
| title2wins = 0
}}
The '''Goa women's cricket team''' is a women's [[cricket]] team representing the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Goa]]. The team competes in the [[Women's Senior One Day Trophy]] and the [[Women's Senior T20 Trophy]].<ref name="CAprof">{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/4/4040/4040.html |title=Goa Women |publisher=CricketArchive |access-date=18 January 2022}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Goa cricket team]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Cricket in India}}
{{Women's Inter State Cricket in India}}

[[Category:Cricket in Goa]]
[[Category:Women's cricket teams in India]]