https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Bharatprspecialist 2026-08-16T21:55:47Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.6 https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhavani_Assembly_constituency&diff=491063 2026-05-05T18:45:00Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: Created a details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|State Legislative Assembly Constituency in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | type = SLA<br /> | constituency_no = 104<br /> | map_image = Constitution-Bhavani.svg<br /> | district = [[Erode district|Erode]]<br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruppur]]<br /> | established = 1951<br /> | state = [[Tamil Nadu]]<br /> | mla = [[K. C. Karuppannan]]<br /> | party = {{Party index link|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> <br /> | alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}<br /> <br /> | latest_election_year = [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> | name = Bhavani<br /> | electors = 223,172 <br /> | reservation = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Bhavani''' is a state assembly constituency in [[Erode district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/Const_map/map.htm |title= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Constituency Map |website= Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly |access-date= 25 January 2017 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120614070155/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/const_map/map.htm |archive-date= 14 June 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Its State Assembly Constituency number is 104. It is one of the 234 State Legislative Assembly Constituencies in Tamil Nadu, in India.<br /> <br /> It covers Bhavani and some parts of [[Erode]] City.<br /> <br /> It is included in [[Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url = http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |title = List of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies<br /> |access-date = 2008-10-10<br /> |work = Tamil Nadu<br /> |publisher = Election Commission of India<br /> |url-status = dead<br /> |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090206012938/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S22/TN_ACPC.pdf<br /> |archive-date = 2009-02-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> The constituency has a significant number of [[Vanniyar]], [[Kongu Vellalar]] [[Gounder]], and [[Senguntha Mudaliar]], Reddiyar and Adi Dravida communities.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/election-2016/erode/82216-104.html |title=104 - பவானி &amp;#124; 104 - பவானி - hindutamil.in |access-date=11 January 2021 |archive-date=14 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214072420/https://www.hindutamil.in/news/election-2016/erode/82216-104.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Members of Legislative Assembly ==<br /> === Madras State ===<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; width=&quot;50%&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Year<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot;|Winner<br /> ! style=&quot;background-color:#666666; color:white&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<br /> | B. K. Nallaswami<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<br /> | G. G. Gurumurthi and P. G. Manickam<br /> |-<br /> | [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<br /> | N. K. Ranganayaki<br /> |-<br /> | [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<br /> | [[A. M. Raja (politician)|A. M. Raja]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Tamil Nadu ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Winner<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Party<br /> |-<br /> | [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1971]]<br /> | [[A. M. Raja (politician)|A. M. Raja]]<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<br /> | M. R. Soundarrajan<br /> | {{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=3}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<br /> |rowspan=2| [[P. G. Narayanan]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1984]]<br /> |-<br /> | [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br /> | G. G. Gurumoorthy<br /> | {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br /> |-<br /> | [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1991]]<br /> |[[S. Muthusamy]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|1996]]<br /> |[[S. N. Balasubramanian]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Tamil Maanila Congress}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2001]]<br /> |[[K. C. Karuppannan]]<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2006]]<br /> |R. V. Ramanathan<br /> |{{Full party name with color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2011]]<br /> |P. G. Narayanan<br /> |{{Full party name with color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|rowspan=4}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016]]<br /> |rowspan=3|K. C. Karuppannan<br /> |-<br /> |[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2021]]<br /> |-<br /> |[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2026]]<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> <br /> === 2026 ===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Karuppannan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. A. Chandrasekar |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|candidate=Arumugam&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dinamalar.com/amp/news/tamil-nadu-district-news-chennai/fifth-list-released-by-ramadoss/4189822&lt;/ref&gt;|party=[[Ayya Pattali Makkal Katchi|APMK]] |color= #FFFF00 |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=R.Mohana Devi |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= M. P. Balakrishnan|party=Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam |votes= |percentage= |change= ''New'' }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA |party=None of the above |votes= |percentage= |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes= |percentage= |change=}}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage= }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors =221393 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=AIADMK|loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2021===<br /> <br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Karuppannan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,00,915 |percentage=50.10% |change=4.72% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Durairaj. K. P |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=78,392 |percentage=38.92% |change=6.71% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathya. M |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=10,471 |percentage=5.20% |change=4.25% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sadhanandham. K |party=Makkal Needhi Maiam |votes=4,221 |percentage=2.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=2,079 |percentage=1.03% |change=-0.41% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Satheesh Kumar. P |party=Independent politician |votes=1,224 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,523 |percentage=11.18% |change=-1.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=2,01,433 |percentage=84.40% |change= 1.55% }}<br /> {{Election box rejected|votes=69 |percentage=0.03% }}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,38,667 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 4.72% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2016===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Karuppannan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=85,748 |percentage=45.38% |change=-8.90% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sivakumar N |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=60,861 |percentage=32.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanathan K V |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=20,727 |percentage=10.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopal P |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=6,927 |percentage=3.67% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chandrasekar S |party=Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi |votes=4,389 |percentage=2.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=None Of The Above |party=None of the above |votes=2,716 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shithivinayagan K A |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,480 |percentage=1.31% |change=-0.83% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Seethalakshmi M K |party=Naam Tamilar Katchi |votes=1,784 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ponnudurai P |party=INMMK |votes=608 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Baladhandapani V S |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=560 |percentage=0.30% |change=-0.37% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|candidate=Ramasamy S |party=GMI |votes=527 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,887 |percentage=13.17% |change=-4.30% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,88,950 |percentage=82.85% |change= 1.03% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,28,069 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -8.90% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2011===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report|url=http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf|title=Detailes Result|work=Election Commission of Tamil Nadu|access-date=9 May 2021 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20170215085458/http://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/Index_card_TNLA2011/10-DETAILEDRESULT_ver4.3.pdf | archive-date =15 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanan. P. G |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=87,121 |percentage=54.28% |change=16.77% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mahendran. K. S |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=59,080 |percentage=36.81% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Shithi Vinayagan. K. A |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=3,432 |percentage=2.14% |change=0.58% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kumar. M |party=Loktantrik Samajwadi Party (India) |votes=1,534 |percentage=0.96% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatachalam. K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,325 |percentage=0.83% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathiya D |party=Independent politician |votes=1,270 |percentage=0.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Saravanan. K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,236 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangarasu. S |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,065 |percentage=0.66% |change=-0.10% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ananthamoorthy. S |party=Independent politician |votes=980 |percentage=0.61% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ravi. A |party=Independent politician |votes=954 |percentage=0.59% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy. M |party=Independent politician |votes=904 |percentage=0.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,041 |percentage=17.47% |change=13.44% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,96,163 |percentage=81.82% |change= 7.22% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,60,496 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Pattali Makkal Katchi |swing= 12.74% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2006===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 2006 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | access-date = 12 May 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007200819/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K V Ramanathan |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=52,603 |percentage=41.55% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Karuppannan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=47,500 |percentage=37.52% |change=-20.68% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Gopal. P |party=Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam |votes=17,001 |percentage=13.43% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy K. A. P |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=1,971 |percentage=1.56% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Aruljothi. P. K |party=Independent politician |votes=1,549 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumal. V. M |party=Independent politician |votes=1,540 |percentage=1.22% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Rangasamy. P |party=Independent politician |votes=1,087 |percentage=0.86% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Kandasamy. S. K |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=971 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Raju. E |party=Independent politician |votes=969 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumal. C |party=Independent politician |votes=632 |percentage=0.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thiyagarajan. M |party=Independent politician |votes=351 |percentage=0.28% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,103 |percentage=4.03% |change=-25.66% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,26,612 |percentage=74.60% |change= 13.84% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,69,720 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Pattali Makkal Katchi |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -16.65% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===2001===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = 2001 Tamil Nadu Election Results |url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[K. C. Karuppannan]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=64,405 |percentage=58.20% |change=32.76% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate|candidate=Sudhanandhen. J. |party=Puthiya Needhi Katchi |votes=31,546 |percentage=28.50% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thiyagarajan. S. K. |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=8,921 |percentage=8.06% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Velmurugan. V. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=2,305 |percentage=2.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Karuppusamy. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=1,159 |percentage=1.05% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Arumugham. C. M. |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=825 |percentage=0.75% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Perumal. V. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=595 |percentage=0.54% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paramasivam. S. L. |party=Independent politician |votes=534 |percentage=0.48% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palani. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=381 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=32,859 |percentage=29.69% |change=3.90% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,10,671 |percentage=60.76% |change= -11.56% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,82,155 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Tamil Maanila Congress |swing= 6.97% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1996===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1996 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007221700/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-TN96.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Balasubramanian. S. N. |party=Tamil Maanila Congress |votes=57,256 |percentage=51.23% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manivannan. K. S. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=28,427 |percentage=25.43% |change=-35.81% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatachalam. M. P. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=18,768 |percentage=16.79% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Palanisamy. P. |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=4,216 |percentage=3.77% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Nallasamy. A. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=758 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Subramanian. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=432 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Vinayagamoorthy. E. |party=Independent politician |votes=367 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Sathiyamoorthy. K. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=325 |percentage=0.29% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Paulraj. B. |party=Independent politician |votes=294 |percentage=0.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Mohanaraj. S. |party=Independent politician |votes=231 |percentage=0.21% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Siva. A. |party=Independent politician |votes=160 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,829 |percentage=25.79% |change=-14.61% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,769 |percentage=72.31% |change= 4.11% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,62,004 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Tamil Maanila Congress |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -10.02% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1991===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1991 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007161404/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/StatisticalReport-Tamil%20Nadu91.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[S. Muthusamy]] |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,337 |percentage=61.24% |change=50.66% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Duraisamy M. C. |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=20,867 |percentage=20.84% |change=-1.80% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ramanathan V. V. |party=Pattali Makkal Katchi |votes=16,358 |percentage=16.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Neelagandan S. |party=Tharasu Makkal Mandram |votes=378 |percentage=0.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Peetharan K. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=305 |percentage=0.30% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Thangavelu K. G. |party=Independent politician |votes=159 |percentage=0.16% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Veerappa Gounder V. T. R. |party=Independent politician |votes=128 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Ganesan K. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=110 |percentage=0.11% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatachalam V. N. |party=Independent politician |votes=103 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Murugesan B. M. |party=Independent politician |votes=101 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Venkatesan P. |party=Independent politician |votes=96 |percentage=0.10% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=40,470 |percentage=40.41% |change=20.86% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,00,153 |percentage=68.21% |change= 5.51% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,51,501 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Independent politician |swing= 19.06% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1989===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1989 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006153620/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/StatisticalReportTamilNadu89.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G.G. Gurumoorthy |party=Independent politician |votes=36,371 |percentage=42.18% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P.S. Kiruttinasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=19,518 |percentage=22.64% |change=-13.29% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.N. Balasubramanian |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,291 |percentage=22.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P.N. Govindan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=9,125 |percentage=10.58% |change=-52.72% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=586 |percentage=0.68% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Chandrasekaran |party=Independent politician |votes=283 |percentage=0.33% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K.M. Petharan |party=Independent politician |votes=278 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P.L. Siddha Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=130 |percentage=0.15% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P.S. Palanisamy |party=Independent politician |votes=118 |percentage=0.14% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T.G. Ranganathan |party=Independent politician |votes=116 |percentage=0.13% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.A. Subramanian |party=Independent politician |votes=107 |percentage=0.12% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,853 |percentage=19.55% |change=-7.83% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=86,226 |percentage=62.69% |change= -14.57% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,40,948 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -21.12% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1984===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1984 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1984/StatisticalReportTamilNadu84.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. G. Narayanan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=58,350 |percentage=63.30% |change=2.42% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. K. K. Periasmy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=33,116 |percentage=35.93% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. N. Krishnaswamy |party=Independent politician |votes=709 |percentage=0.77% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=25,234 |percentage=27.38% |change=-1.89% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=92,175 |percentage=77.26% |change= 15.69% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,24,086 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 2.42% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1980===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1980 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006231656/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu%201980.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=Narayanan. P. G. |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=44,152 |percentage=60.89% |change=29.48% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Madeswaran. M. P. V. |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,926 |percentage=31.61% |change=8.48% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Manickam. N. |party=Janata Party |votes=4,719 |percentage=6.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chitha Gounder. E. |party=Independent politician |votes=720 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,226 |percentage=29.27% |change=23.84% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=72,517 |percentage=61.57% |change= -5.13% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,19,674 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 29.48% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1977===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1977 Election Statistical Report | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101007141448/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/StatisticalReportTamil%20Nadu77.pdf | archive-date = 7 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=M.R. Soundarrajan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,989 |percentage=31.41% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=G. Gurumoorthy |party=Janata Party |votes=19,013 |percentage=25.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S.N. Balasubramaniam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,931 |percentage=23.13% |change=-16.13% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N.K.K. Periasamy |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=14,258 |percentage=19.48% |change=-39.88% }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,976 |percentage=5.43% |change=-14.67% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=73,191 |percentage=66.70% |change= -2.33% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,11,262 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -27.95% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1971===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1971 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Election Commission of India | title = 1971 Tamil Nadu Election Results | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | access-date = 19 April 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101006131227/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1971/StatReport_TN_71.pdf | archive-date = 6 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Raja (politician)|A. M. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=38,527 |percentage=59.36% |change=-5.80% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Kuppusamy Mudaliar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,480 |percentage=39.26% |change=6.19% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. Manickkam |party=Independent politician |votes=893 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,047 |percentage=20.10% |change=-11.99% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=64,900 |percentage=69.03% |change= -7.76% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 96,870 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -5.80% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1967===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= 1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |date=19 April 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. M. Raja |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,353 |percentage=65.16% |change=30.79% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=P. K. Mudaliar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=21,999 |percentage=33.07% |change=-16.03% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=C. V. V. Samy |party=Independent politician |votes=1,177 |percentage=1.77% |change= }}<br /> <br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=21,354 |percentage=32.10% |change=17.37% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,529 |percentage=76.79% |change= 8.24% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,290 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 16.07% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1962===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1962 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |title=1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India |access-date= 19 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201143/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Madras_1962.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=[[N. K. Ranganayaki]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=32,739 |percentage=49.10% |change=15.27% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[A. M. Raja (politician)|A. M. Raja]] |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=22,919 |percentage=34.37% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=J. I. Mohammad Ibrahim |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,649 |percentage=9.97% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. A. Kuppusami Chettiar |party=Swatantra Party |votes=1,588 |percentage=2.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. Vaiyapuri Madali |party=Independent politician |votes=1,200 |percentage=1.80% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Sayad Abdul Razak |party=Independent politician |votes=1,010 |percentage=1.51% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. C. Latchumana Pathan |party=Independent politician |votes=315 |percentage=0.47% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kavari Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=261 |percentage=0.39% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,820 |percentage=14.73% |change=8.15% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=66,681 |percentage=68.55% |change= -15.36% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,02,272 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 15.27% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1957===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1957 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2015-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127200447/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Madras_1957.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=G. G. Gurumurthi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=49,926 |percentage=33.83% |change=-2.53% }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. G. Manickam (Sc) |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,224 |percentage=27.26% |change=-9.11% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Komaraswami Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=26,944 |percentage=18.26% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=A. Subramanian (Sc) |party=Independent politician |votes=17,580 |percentage=11.91% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. M. Chenroyam |party=Independent politician |votes=12,899 |percentage=8.74% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,702 |percentage=6.57% |change=0.19% }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,47,573 |percentage=83.91% |change= 13.82% }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,75,870 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.53% }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===1952===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1952 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Bhavani&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf | title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 : To the Legislative Assembly of Madras | publisher=Election Commission of India | access-date=2014-10-14 |archive-date=27 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127201450/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/STATISTICALREPORTS_51_MADRAS.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=B. K. Nallaswami |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,649 |percentage=36.36% |change=36.36% }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Palaniswami Gounder |party=Tamil Nadu Toilers' Party |votes=15,375 |percentage=29.98% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. M. Sambuselli Gounder |party=Independent politician |votes=11,321 |percentage=22.08% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=B. N. Balu |party=Communist Party of India |votes=5,938 |percentage=11.58% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,274 |percentage=6.38% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=51,283 |percentage=70.09% |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 73,169 |change = }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> * {{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|title= Statistical reports of assembly elections|access-date= 8 July 2010|publisher= Election Commission of India|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp|archive-date= 5 October 2010}}<br /> <br /> {{Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> {{coord|11.45|N|77.68|E|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Erode district]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br /> [[Category:1951 establishments in Madras State]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Chinnappa&diff=506855 2026-05-04T07:26:09Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: starting basic details added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = K. Chinnappa<br /> | office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start = 2 May 2021<br /> | term_end = 4 May 2026<br /> | constituency = [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]<br /> | party = [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> | predecessor = S. Rajendran<br /> | successor = S. Rajendran<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''K. Chinnappa''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055614/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC149.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC149.pdf|access-date= 1 May 2022 |archive-date=22 Dec 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ariyalur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a149|access-date= 1 May 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Elections contested ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! Election<br /> ! Constituency<br /> ! Party<br /> ! Result<br /> ! Vote %<br /> ! Runner-up<br /> ! Runner-up Party<br /> ! Runner-up vote %<br /> ! Ref.<br /> |- style=&quot;background:#cfc;&quot;<br /> |bgcolor=#98FB98 | [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] || [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]|| [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] || Won ||46.45% || S. Rajendran|| [[AIADMK]] || 45.01%|| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chinnappa, K}}<br /> [[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{DMK-politician-stub}}<br /> {{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neerav_Patel&diff=521529 2026-05-01T04:22:18Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: post - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Gujarati and English language poet (1950–2019)}}<br /> {{Infobox writer<br /> | name = Neerav Patel<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = Poets Translating Poets @ Max Mueller Bhavan, Goethe-Institut Mumbai<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date|1950|12|2|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;The Shared Mirror 2001&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Neerav Patel « The Shared Mirror | website=The Shared Mirror | date=2001-01-26 | url=http://roundtableindia.co.in/lit-blogs/?tag=neerav-patel | accessdate=2016-10-13 | archive-date=2016-10-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023212804/http://roundtableindia.co.in/lit-blogs/?tag=neerav-patel | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | birth_place = Bhuvaldi, [[Daskroi Taluka]], [[Gujarat]], India<br /> | death_date = {{death date and age|2019|5|15|1950|12|2|df=y}}<br /> | death_place = [[Ahmedabad]], Gujarat, India<br /> | occupation = Poet, translator, editor<br /> | language = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[English language|English]]<br /> | nationality = [[India]]n<br /> | education = [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]]<br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | period = <br /> | genre = [[Free verse]]<br /> | subject = <br /> | movement = [[Dalit literature]] in Gujarati<br /> | notableworks = * ''Burning From Both The Ends'' (1980)<br /> * ''What Did I Do To Be Black and Blue'' (1987)<br /> * ''Bahishkrut Phulo'' (2006)<br /> | spouse = <br /> | children = <br /> | awards = <br /> | signature = Poet Neerav Patel Autograph.svg<br /> | years_active = <br /> | module = {{Infobox academic<br /> | child = yes<br /> | nocat_wdimage=yes<br /> | doctoral_advisor = D. S. Mishra<br /> | thesis_title = Gujarati Dalit Poetry 1978 to 2003: A study<br /> | thesis_url= http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/7303<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> '''Neerav Patel''' (2 December 1950 – 15 May 2019) was a [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] and [[English language]] poet, translator and editor; primarily known for his contribution in Gujarati [[Dalit literature]] such as ''Burning From Both The Ends'' (1980, English poems), ''What Did I Do To Be Black and Blue'' (1987, English poems) and ''Bahishkrut Phulo'' (2006, Gujarati). He edited ''Swaman'', a journal of [[Dalit]] writings in Gujarati.&lt;ref name=&quot;Welcome to Muse India 1950&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Welcome to Muse India | website=Welcome to Muse India | date=1950-10-02 | url=http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=369 | accessdate=2016-08-02 | archive-date=2016-10-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023053918/http://www.museindia.com/authprofile.asp?id=369 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Biography ==<br /> Neerav Patel was born in Bhuvaldi, a village in [[Daskroi Taluka]] of [[Ahmedabad district]], in the Indian state of [[Gujarat]]. His birth name was Somo Hiro Chamar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Agarwal2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Agarwal|first1=Beena|last2=Patel|first2=Neerav|title=Conversing With Neerav Patel|url=http://impressions.org.in/jul09/int_beenaa.html|journal=Impressions (A Bi-Annual Refereed e-Journal English Studies)|volume=III|issue=II|date=July 2009|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522130124/http://impressions.org.in/jul09/int_beenaa.html|archive-date=22 May 2019|issn=0974-892X}}&lt;/ref&gt; He changed his name to Neerav Patel because he faced atrocities due to [[Caste system in India|casteism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Agarwal2009&quot;/&gt; He earned a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in English literature. He served as a Bank Officer. After his retirement, he devoted his time to Dalit literature.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Shared Mirror 2001&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He started writing poetry in college, in 1967.&lt;ref name=&quot;Firstpost 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Inequity of inequality: A lament in Gujarati | website=Firstpost | date=2017-01-30 | url=http://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/inequity-of-inequality-a-lament-in-gujarati-3514613.html | access-date=2017-06-04 | archive-date=2017-06-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606042552/http://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/inequity-of-inequality-a-lament-in-gujarati-3514613.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He wrote only Dalit poetry based on Dalit people who are suffering atrocities, exploitation, discrimination and segregation.&lt;ref name=&quot;Firstpost 2017&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> He pioneered the movement of Gujarati Dalit literature, publishing the first ever Gujarati Dalit literary magazine ''Akrosh'' in 1978 under the auspices of the [[Dalit Panther]] of Gujarat. He edited short-lived Gujarati magazines with others namely ''Kalo Suraj'', ''Sarvanam'', ''Swaman'' and ''Vacha''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Poets - Goethe-Institut&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Poets translating Poets | website=Poets - Goethe-Institut | url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/lp/prj/ptp/dic/en14927356.htm | language=la | accessdate=2016-10-13 | archive-date=2016-10-18 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018200524/http://www.goethe.de/ins/in/lp/prj/ptp/dic/en14927356.htm | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> He died on 15 May 2019 at [[Ahmedabad]] following cancer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Firstpost2019&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Maitreya|first=Yogesh|title=Neerav Patel, poet and pioneer of Dalit literature in Gujarat, passes away; but power of his verses lives on|website=[[Firstpost]]|date=21 May 2019|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/neerav-patel-poet-and-pioneer-of-dalit-literature-in-gujarat-passes-away-but-power-of-his-verses-lives-on-6670581.html|access-date=22 May 2019|archive-date=22 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522084926/https://www.firstpost.com/living/neerav-patel-poet-and-pioneer-of-dalit-literature-in-gujarat-passes-away-but-power-of-his-verses-lives-on-6670581.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kothari2019&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kothari|first=Rita|author-link=Rita Kothari|title=Farewell, Neeravbhai|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=54|issue=22|location=Mumbai|date=1 June 2019|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/22/postscript/farewell-neeravbhai.html|pages=70–71|issn=0012-9976|eissn=2349-8846|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190602103717/https://www.epw.in/journal/2019/22/postscript/farewell-neeravbhai.html|archive-date=2 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Works==<br /> Patel explored Dalit sensibility in his poems.&lt;ref name=&quot;Welcome to Muse India&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=59&amp;id=5412|title=Welcome to Muse India|website=Welcome to Muse India|accessdate=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820014728/http://museindia.com/focuscontent.asp?issid=59&amp;id=5412|archive-date=2016-08-20|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prasad2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg0rOOqvBMkC&amp;pg=PA156|title=Dalit Literature: A Critical Exploration|author1=Amar Nath Prasad|author2=M. B. Gaijan|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Sarup &amp; Sons|isbn=978-81-7625-817-3|location=New Delhi|page=156|accessdate=4 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He published two poetry collections in English, ''Burning From Both The Ends'' (1980) and ''What Did I Do To Be Black and Blue'' (1987). He published an anthology of Gujarati poems ''Bahishkrut Phulo'' in 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;Welcome to Muse India 1950&quot; /&gt; His other works are ''Severed Tongue Speaks Out'' (2014) and ''Wanted Poets'' (2019, posthumous).<br /> <br /> ==Recognition==<br /> He received the Mahendra Bhagat Prize (2004–2005) from [[Gujarati Sahitya Parishad]], and the Sant Kabir Dalit Sahitya Award (2005) from the [[Government of Gujarat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Parmar|first=Manoj|title=Pratiti|date=October 2017|publisher=Rannade Prakashan|location=Ahmedabad|page=276|isbn=978-93-86685-28-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.firstpost.com/long-reads/inequity-of-inequality-a-lament-in-gujarati-3514613.html Translated poems of Neerav Patel on Firstpost]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321971013_In_Conversation_with_Neerav_Patel In Conversation with Neerav Patel] (Interview of Neerav Patel in 'Le Simplegadi')<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Patel, Neerav}}<br /> [[Category:1950 births]]<br /> [[Category:2019 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Poets from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:Indian male poets]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati-language poets]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ahmedabad district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian magazine editors]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Osthe&diff=523208 2026-04-30T11:36:40Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2011 film by S. Dharani}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | image = Osthe poster.jpg<br /> | alt = Poster of Osthe Velan in a red shirt and dark glasses<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]]<br /> | screenplay = Dharani<br /> {{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes<br /> | label1= Dialogues by<br /> | data1 = {{Ubl |[[Bharathan (Tamil director)|Bharathan]]}}<br /> }}<br /> | story = [[Abhinav Kashyap]]&lt;br /&gt;Dileep Shukla<br /> | based_on = {{based on|''[[Dabangg]]''|Abhinav Kashyap}}<br /> | producer = T. Ramesh &amp; Renny Johnson <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> * [[Silambarasan]]<br /> * [[Richa Gangopadhyay]]<br /> * [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]]<br /> * [[Jithan Ramesh]]<br /> * [[Sonu Sood]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Gopinath<br /> | editing = [[V. T. Vijayan]]<br /> | music = [[Thaman S]]<br /> | studio = Balaji Real Media<br /> | distributor = [[Reliance Entertainment]]<br /> | released = {{Film date|2011|12|08|df=yes}}<br /> | runtime = 155 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | budget = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> | gross = &lt;!--Must cite a reliable published source with a reputation for fact-checking. No blogs, no IMDb. no fan-sites.--&gt;<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Osthe''''' ({{IPA|ta|ost̪i}} {{Translation|Pinnacle}})&lt;ref name=&quot;Foot-tapping five&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=22 October 2011 |title=Foot-tapping five |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2562509.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124162146/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2562509.ece |archive-date=24 January 2012 |access-date=27 October 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a 2011 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[action comedy]] film directed and co-written by [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]]. A remake of the 2010 [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film ''[[Dabangg]]'', it stars [[Silambarasan]], [[Richa Gangopadhyay]], [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]], [[Jithan Ramesh]] and [[Sonu Sood]]. The film follows a police officer, Osthe Velan and his troubled relationship with his stepfather and half-brother. He seeks to take down a corrupt politician, who exploits the hostility between Velan and his stepfamily for his personal gain.<br /> <br /> Produced by Balaji Real Media, the film began production in June 2011 and ended that November. It was shot mainly in [[Mysore]], with sporadic schedules in [[Chennai]]. The music was composed by [[Thaman S]], with cinematography by Gopinath and editing by [[V. T. Vijayan]]. The film was released in theatres on 8 December 2011.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Velan, a young boy, lives with his mother, younger half-brother Balan, and stepfather Subbaiah Pillai, whom he despises. Fifteen years later, Boxer Daniel, a corrupt politician, attempts to bribe the residents of 14 villages to win the [[by-election]]. When Daniel's goons try to distribute the money, Velan, now a police officer named Osthe Velan, confronts them and seizes the funds. Velan still harbours hatred towards his stepfamily. Balan falls in love with Nirmala, but his father disapproves due to a loan he took to start an oil mill, which he can only repay if Balan marries a wealthy woman.<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Daniel becomes enraged when he learns the money has not been distributed and attempts to contact his goons. The goons mistakenly go to the [[Kattupakkam]] Police Station while searching for Velan's house, leading to a chase between them and the police team. During the pursuit, Velan falls in love with Neduvalli, whose father is a drunkard. Daniel tries to retrieve the money with the collector's support, but Velan refuses to return it and mocks him instead. Daniel confronts Velan at the check post, but Velan displays his attitude, irritating Daniel. Daniel hires a [[Contract killing|contract killer]] to eliminate Velan.<br /> <br /> Balan steals the money from Velan to marry Nirmala and gives it to her father, who accepts their marriage. Velan asks for Neduvalli's hand in marriage, but she declines, citing her need to care for her ailing father. Upon returning home, Velan discovers his mother's lifeless body. At her funeral, he unsuccessfully urges his stepfather and brother to reconcile. A fight ensues between the contract killer's goons and Velan at the railway station, resulting in the contract killer's death. Velan deceives the [[Commissioner of Police (India)|Police Commissioner]], claiming the contract killer was hiding to assassinate Daniel.<br /> <br /> Daniel devises a plan to make Velan his bodyguard, but it fails. Velan asks Neduvalli's father to allow him to marry her, and he agrees, sacrificing himself since his daughter would not accept while he was alive. Velan then takes Neduvalli to Balan's wedding, interrupts the ceremony, and marries Neduvalli instead. Subbaiah Pillai is now ashamed of him, but Velan confronts him aggressively. Daniel requests Minister Kalaipandian to suspend Velan, but Kalaipandian requires a valid reason. Balan assaults an employee due to a small mishap at his father's factory, leading to Velan beating up Balan. The people of Kattupakam demand Velan's suspension, prompting him to apologise to Balan.<br /> <br /> Kalaipandian informs Velan of his suspension, but Velan aligns himself with Kalaipandian, leading to the revocation of the suspension order. Velan poisons Daniel's adulterated alcohol and raids the location where Daniel is present, confiscating the additional money. In retaliation, Daniel sets fire to Subbaiah Pillai's factory, resulting in a heart attack. Needing to pay for his father's operation, Balan becomes Daniel's henchman and is told to give a fruit basket to Kalaipandian at his house. Unknown to Balan, Daniel has placed a bomb inside the basket, which explodes after Balan leaves, killing Kalaipandian.<br /> <br /> Daniel instructs Balan to kill Velan, but Balan refuses, and Velan fakes his death. The next day, Velan visits Subbaiah Pillai in the hospital and pays for his operation. Daniel praises Balan but reveals that he murdered Velan's mother, takes Balan hostage, and engages in a fight with Velan. Velan rescues Balan and both suffocate Daniel to death with the exhaust pipe of a tractor. Balan later marries Nirmala.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> {{cast listing|<br /> * [[Silambarasan]] as Inspector Osthe Velan<br /> * [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] as Neduvaali<br /> * [[Santhanam (actor)|Santhanam]] as Constable Selvam<br /> * [[Jithan Ramesh]] as Balan<br /> * [[Sonu Sood]] as Boxer Daniel<br /> * [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Minister Kalaipandian<br /> * [[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Thangaperumal<br /> * [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Subbaiah Pillai<br /> * [[Revathi]] as Velan and Balan's mother<br /> * [[Saranya Mohan]] as Nirmala<br /> * [[Thambi Ramaiah]] as Constable K. Masanamoorthy<br /> * [[Mayilsamy]] as Constable Sennamadan<br /> * [[Vaiyapuri]] as Constable Seethapathi<br /> * [[Azhagam Perumal]] as Shankaralingam<br /> * [[VTV Ganesh]] as Neduvaali's father<br /> * [[John Kokken]] as Local Don<br /> * [[Bala Singh]] as District Collector<br /> * [[Aadukalam Naren]] as Police Commissioner Alexander<br /> * [[Mallika Sherawat]] as Mallika (special appearance in the song &quot;Kalasala&quot;)<br /> * Nagesh Krishnamoorthy as the astrologer<br /> * [[Bava Lakshmanan]] as Veeralingam<br /> * [[Chaplin Balu]]<br /> * [[Bonda Mani]]<br /> * [[Kottachi]]<br /> * [[Karate Raja]] as Boxer Daniel's henchman<br /> * [[Senthi Kumari]] as Masana Moorthy's wife&lt;!-- credited as Senthiya --&gt;<br /> * J. Ram as Boxer Daniel's henchman&lt;!--credited as Fighter Ram?--&gt;<br /> * Rithu Mangal as Journalist<br /> * [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] (in the song &quot;Neduvaali&quot;)<br /> * [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]] as himself (in the song &quot;Osthe Maamey&quot;)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> === Development ===<br /> By February 2011, the production company Balaji had acquired the rights to remake the [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] film ''[[Dabangg]]'' (2010) in Tamil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 February 2011 |title=Dabangg to be remade in Tamil |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Feb/23/dabangg-to-be-remade-in-tamil-230154.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260317033930/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Feb/23/dabangg-to-be-remade-in-tamil-230154.html |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=7 November 2025 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Producer T. Ramesh revealed that actor [[Silambarasan]] urged him to do so and recommended [[Dharani (director)|Dharani]] as director.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foot-tapping five&quot; /&gt; While the screenplay was written by Dharani, the dialogues were written by [[Bharathan (Tamil director)|Bharathan]], cinematography was handled by Gopinath and editing by [[V. T. Vijayan]]. [[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]] and [[Robert (choreographer)|Robert]] served as the dance choreographers, while [[Ram Lakshman (stunt choreographers)|Ram Lakshman]], [[Kanal Kannan]] and Silva&lt;!-- is this [[Stun Silva]]? --&gt; served as the action choreographers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kamath |first=Sudhish |author-link=Sudhish Kamath |date=5 November 2011 |title=Punchtantra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/punchtantra/article2601160.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109175149/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/punchtantra/article2601160.ece |archive-date=9 January 2026 |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> [[Richa Gangopadhyay]] was cast as the lead actress after Dharani was impressed with her performance in the [[Telugu language|Telugu]] film ''[[Mirapakay]]'' (2011).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |date=8 December 2011 |title='Osthe is similar to Dabbang in many ways' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/2011/dec/08/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-richa-gangopadhyay.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109175825/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/2011/dec/08/slide-show-1-south-interview-with-richa-gangopadhyay.htm |archive-date=9 January 2026 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sonu Sood]] reprised his role from the original as the antagonist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Sangeetha |first=P |date=10 May 2011 |title=Osthi is Simbu's next |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-10/news-interviews/29528002_1_simbu-t-rajendar-dabangg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412021505/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-10/news-interviews/29528002_1_simbu-t-rajendar-dabangg |archive-date=12 April 2012 |access-date=10 September 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[VTV Ganesh]], after acting with Silambarasan in ''[[Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa]]'' (2010) and ''[[Vaanam]]'' (2011) was signed to play the role played by [[Mahesh Manjrekar]] in the original.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 June 2011 |title=VTV Ganesh in Osthi! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vtv-ganesh-in-osthi-news-tamil-lg4kEXbdijf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703100947/http://www.sify.com/movies/vtv-ganesh-in-osthi-news-tamil-lg4kEXbdijf.html |archive-date=3 July 2011 |access-date=10 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A number of actresses were considered for appearing in an [[item number]]. Silambarasan and Dharani wanted either [[Katrina Kaif]] or [[Vidya Balan]], but neither actress was able to accommodate dates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |author=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=10 September 2011 |title=Mallika Sherawat, Simbu to shake a leg? |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/mallika-sherawat-simbu-shake-leg-674 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910135341/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/kollywood/mallika-sherawat-simbu-shake-leg-674 |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=10 September 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sood expressed interest in seeing [[Bipasha Basu]] in the role,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=5 September 2011 |title=Sonu feels Bipasha best for 'Munni' song! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sonu-feels-bipasha-best-for-munni-song-news-bollywood-ljfsEfehdhc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211215033/http://www.sify.com/movies/sonu-feels-bipasha-best-for-munni-song-news-bollywood-ljfsEfehdhc.html |archive-date=11 December 2017 |access-date=10 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; but [[Mallika Sherawat]] was eventually cast.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=15 September 2011 |title=Mallika Sherawat's the new Munni! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mallika-sherawats-the-new-munni/articleshow/9978414.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260317030317/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/mallika-sherawats-the-new-munni/articleshow/9978414.cms |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=1 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> The film was launched with a [[Puja (Hinduism)|puja]] at [[AVM Studios]] in [[Chennai]] on 10 May 2011,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; and filming began on 26 June in [[Mysore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 June 2011 |title=Simbu's Osthi starts rolling in Mysore |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/simbu-s-osthi-starts-rolling-in-mysore-news-tamil-lg1l2teeahc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110630215509/http://www.sify.com/movies/simbu-s-osthi-starts-rolling-in-mysore-news-tamil-lg1l2teeahc.html |archive-date=30 June 2011 |access-date=10 September 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nearly all of the film was shot in and around Mysore in a single shooting schedule,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 July 2011 |title=Silambarasan is missing Biriyani |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/silambarasan-is-missing-biriyani-news-tamil-lh3td7agdee.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818105403/http://www.sify.com/movies/silambarasan-is-missing-biriyani-news-tamil-lh3td7agdee.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=13 August 2011 |title=Osthi is very close to my heart: Silambarasan |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/osthi-is-very-close-to-my-heart-silambarasan-news-tamil-limlEtdbhba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818002644/http://www.sify.com/movies/osthi-is-very-close-to-my-heart-silambarasan-news-tamil-limlEtdbhba.html |archive-date=18 August 2016 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; which was finished by mid-August.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 August 2011 |title=Munni song is yet to be composed: STR |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/munni-song-is-yet-to-be-composed-str-news-tamil-liylIMhafbb.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205191746/http://www.sify.com/movies/munni-song-is-yet-to-be-composed-str-news-tamil-liylIMhafbb.html |archive-date=5 February 2018 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Silambarasan began a fitness regime with Sood serving as his coach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=29 July 2011 |title=Sonu Sood trains Simbu for Dabangg remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sonu-sood-trains-simbu-for-dabangg-remake/articleshow/9409570.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260317030319/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sonu-sood-trains-simbu-for-dabangg-remake/articleshow/9409570.cms |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=1 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gangopadhyay put on weight for ''Osthe'' and shot for the film simultaneously with ''[[Mayakkam Enna]]'' (2011) which she considered &quot;hectic&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 November 2011 |title=Richa gets bigger for 'Osthi' |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Nov/29/richa-gets-bigger-for-osthi-315297.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109174041/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Nov/29/richa-gets-bigger-for-osthi-315297.html |archive-date=9 January 2026 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherawat began shooting for the item number &quot;Kalasala&quot; from late September in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 September 2011 |title=Mallika Sherawat in Chennai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mallika-sherawat-in-chennai-news-tamil-lj3kJmbebdc.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001123811/http://www.sify.com/movies/mallika-sherawat-in-chennai-news-tamil-lj3kJmbebdc.html |archive-date=1 October 2011 |access-date=18 October 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In late October, the song &quot;Pondatti&quot; was filmed in Dubai,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=17 October 2011 |title=STR &amp; Richa shoots Pondatti song in Dubai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-richa-shoots-pondatti-song-in-dubai-news-tamil-lkrkfGgahba.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206054954/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-richa-shoots-pondatti-song-in-dubai-news-tamil-lkrkfGgahba.html |archive-date=6 December 2011 |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 October 2011 |title=Simbu refuses to shoot? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/simbu-refuses-to-shoot/articleshow/10475166.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260317030352/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/simbu-refuses-to-shoot/articleshow/10475166.cms |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=1 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the climax was filmed in Chennai shortly thereafter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=28 October 2011 |title=STR's Osthi climax in Chennai |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-s-osthi-climax-in-chennai-news-tamil-lk2itNfigbi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111030202258/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-s-osthi-climax-in-chennai-news-tamil-lk2itNfigbi.html |archive-date=30 October 2011 |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=4 November 2011 |title=Rains in Chennai ruins Osthi release |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/rains-in-chennai-ruins-osthi-release-news-tamil-llejJ9gbhjd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106233344/http://www.sify.com/movies/rains-in-chennai-ruins-osthi-release-news-tamil-llejJ9gbhjd.html |archive-date=6 November 2011 |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming ended in November.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 November 2011 |title=STR`s Osthi censored |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-s-osthi-censored-news-tamil-llunqRbbeeg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223070433/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-s-osthi-censored-news-tamil-llunqRbbeeg.html |archive-date=23 December 2011 |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=10 November 2011 |title=STR goes on a Biriyani binge |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/str-goes-on-a-biriyani-binge-news-tamil-llkkqBdjjag.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112190501/http://www.sify.com/movies/str-goes-on-a-biriyani-binge-news-tamil-llkkqBdjjag.html |archive-date=12 November 2011 |access-date=8 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Music==<br /> ''Osthe''{{'s}} [[soundtrack album]] and [[Film score|background score]] were composed by [[Thaman S]]. Silambarasan said that composer [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], with whom he usually collaborates, had suggested signing Thaman as music composer.&lt;ref name=&quot;Foot-tapping five&quot; /&gt; The music rights were acquired by [[Sony Music India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=19 October 2011 |title=Osthe (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/osthe-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/472961709 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260317030315/https://music.apple.com/in/album/osthe-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/472961709 |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=OSTHE&amp;nbsp;– Thaman. S Tamil Audio Cd (FACTORY SEALED PACK) |url=https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/osthe-thaman-s-tamil-audio-cd-factory-sealed-pack/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260109152714/https://www.audiocdworld.com/product/osthe-thaman-s-tamil-audio-cd-factory-sealed-pack/ |archive-date=9 January 2026 |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=Audio CDs World |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The audio launch was held on 19 October in Chennai.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 October 2011 |title=Osthi audio launch on October 19 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Oct/12/osthi-audio-launch-on-october-19-299327.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250816002934/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2011/Oct/12/osthi-audio-launch-on-october-19-299327.html |archive-date=16 August 2025 |access-date=4 July 2020 |website=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]], who had worked with Dharani in ''[[Ghilli]]'' (2004) and ''[[Kuruvi]]'' (2008), was the guest of honour and unveiled the audio CD.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=21 October 2011 |title=Osthe audio launch |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/osthe-audio-launch/articleshow/10437140.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260317030341/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/regional/osthe-audio-launch/articleshow/10437140.cms |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=2 January 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 October 2011 |title=Osthi audio launched by Vijay |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/osthi-audio-launched-by-vijay-news-tamil-lkuk4dhghfg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021140740/http://www.sify.com/movies/osthi-audio-launched-by-vijay-news-tamil-lkuk4dhghfg.html |archive-date=21 October 2011 |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Pavithra Srinivasan of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' praised the soundtrack's &quot;mildly appealing combination of masala beats&quot;, rating it 2.5 out of five.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=24 October 2011 |title=Review: Osthe is mildly appealing |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-osthi-is-mildly-appealing/20111024.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122215349/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-osthi-is-mildly-appealing/20111024.htm |archive-date=22 January 2025 |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Karthik Srinivasan|Karthik]] of ''[[Milliblog]]'' wrote that the soundtrack &quot;is high on masala, the kind Thaman reserves for [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]], topped by the standout Kalasala!&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Karthik |author-link=Karthik Srinivasan |date=19 October 2011 |title=Osthe (Music review), Tamil&amp;nbsp;– Thaman S |url=https://milliblog.com/2011/10/19/osthe-music-review-tamil-thaman-s/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251006002753/https://milliblog.com/2011/10/19/osthe-music-review-tamil-thaman-s/ |archive-date=6 October 2025 |access-date=9 January 2026 |website=[[Milliblog]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The linez &quot;Zarda Beeda&quot; in &quot;Kalasala Kalasala&quot; were changed to &quot;Bombay Halwa&quot; post release for certain broadcasts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite tweet |number=144882496599883776 |user=Chinmayi |title=Heard 'zarda beeda' was changed to 'Bombay Halwa' in Kalasala in the film. Most know the lyrics already. I guess. |author=Chinmayi Sripaada |author-link=Chinmayi Sripada |access-date=16 January 2026 |language=en |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/GGQXS |archive-date=16 January 2026 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elements of &quot;Kalasala Kalasala&quot; were sampled in &quot;[[Demonstration (Tinie Tempah album)|Don't Sell Out]]&quot; by rapper [[Tinie Tempah]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=20 September 2013 |title=Kalasala inspires rapper Tinie Tempah's track |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Kalasala-inspires-rapper-Tinie-Tempahs-track/articleshow/22762535.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920040959/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Kalasala-inspires-rapper-Tinie-Tempahs-track/articleshow/22762535.cms |archive-date=20 September 2013 |access-date=20 September 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 20:40<br /> | title1 = Kalasala Kalasala<br /> | length1 = 4:12<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]<br /> | extra1 = [[L. R. Eswari]], [[T. Rajendar]], Solar Sai<br /> | title2 = Pondaati<br /> | length2 = 4:26<br /> | lyrics2 = [[Silambarasan]]<br /> | extra2 = Silambarasan<br /> | title3 = Osthi Maamey<br /> | length3 = 3:54<br /> | lyrics3 = Vaali<br /> | extra3 = [[Thaman S]], [[Baba Sehgal]], [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Naveen Madhav<br /> | title4 = Unnale Unnale<br /> | length4 = 3:47<br /> | lyrics4 = [[Yugabharathi]]<br /> | extra4 = Thaman S, [[Rita Thyagarajan|Rita]]<br /> | title5 = Neduvaali<br /> | length5 = 4:21<br /> | lyrics5 = Yugabharathi<br /> | extra5 = [[Rahul Nambiar]], [[Mahathi]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Osthe'' was initially scheduled to release in theatres on 18 November 2011 but was pushed to 25 November due to production delays caused by heavy rain.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The film eventually released on 8 December.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Prior to release, an attempt was made to stop the film's release over unpaid dues.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2 December 2011 |title=Osthe runs into trouble! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/osthe-runs-into-trouble/articleshow/10945640.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260317040348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/movie-details/news-interviews/osthe-runs-into-trouble/articleshow/10945640.cms |archive-date=17 March 2026 |access-date=1 November 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Separately, a pro-Tamil organisation named [[:ta:தமிழ்க் காப்புக் கழகம் (மதுரை)|Tamizh Kappu Kazhagam]] (TKK) objected to the film's title, alleging it was not a pure Tamil term, but the title remained unchanged.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=27 November 2011 |title=Is STR's Osthi, a Tamil title? |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/is-str-s-osthi-a-tamil-title-news-tamil-ll1seXecijf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231174612/http://www.sify.com/movies/is-str-s-osthi-a-tamil-title-news-tamil-ll1seXecijf.html |archive-date=31 December 2011 |access-date=9 January 2026 |work=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was distributed by [[Reliance Entertainment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Aman |date=7 November 2013 |title=Competition watchdog fines TN theatre owners for boycotting Osthe |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/r8ez4OLs5Hd5o9DgieQPWJ/Competition-watchdog-fines-TN-theatre-owners-for-boycotting.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260108221428/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/r8ez4OLs5Hd5o9DgieQPWJ/Competition-watchdog-fines-TN-theatre-owners-for-boycotting.html |archive-date=8 January 2026 |access-date=8 January 2026 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> A reviewer from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' said, &quot;Unfortunately it's unable to recreate the same magic of the earlier version, the film a passable routine masala entertainer&quot; and the film lacked the punch in original.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 December 2011 |title=Osthi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Dec/10/osthi-319070.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101060253/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2011/Dec/10/osthi-319070.html |archive-date=1 November 2025 |access-date=1 November 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' reviewer gave the film three stars and said, &quot;''Osthe'' is worth watching once.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;chronicle&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |author=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=10 December 2011 |title=Osthe review: Dabangg remake remains just a remake |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/osthe-review-dabangg-remake-remains-just-remake-804 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211213231/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/showbiz/movie-reviews/osthe-review-dabangg-remake-remains-just-remake-804 |archive-date=11 December 2011 |access-date=10 December 2011 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malathi Rangarajan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' said, &quot;If Dabangg could make it, Osthe should! And if Salman could do it, so can STR.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 December 2011 |title=Goodness! Greatness! |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2704079.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107214833/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2704079.ece |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=15 December 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pavithra Srinivasan of ''Rediff.com'' rated the film two out of five: &quot;''Osthe'' lacks the magic that made Dabangg work.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;rediff&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=8 December 2011 |title=Review: Osthe lacks the magic that made Dabangg work |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-osthe/20111208.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928172104/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-osthe/20111208.htm |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=15 December 2011 |website=[[Rediff.com]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Sify]]'' called it a &quot;time-pass entertainer.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Osthi |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/osthi-review-tamil-14985187.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328042740/http://www.sify.com/movies/osthi-review-tamil-14985187.html |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=15 December 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes}}<br /> <br /> {{Dabangg}}<br /> {{Dharani (director)}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2010s police films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 masala films]]<br /> [[Category:2011 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films about corruption in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]<br /> [[Category:Films about elections]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Dharani (director)]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Chennai]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Mysore]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Tirunelveli]]<br /> [[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br /> [[Category:Indian police films]]<br /> [[Category:Reliance Entertainment films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language action comedy films]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raktha_Kashmira&diff=528922 2026-04-27T13:28:16Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: creating info</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian Kannada-language adventure drama film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Raktha Kashmira<br /> | image = Raktha Kashmira.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Rajendra Singh Babu]]<br /> | writer = <br /> | screenplay = Rajendra Singh Babu<br /> | story = Rajendra Singh Babu<br /> | producer = MDM Productions<br /> | starring = [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Parvati Melton]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = Manohar Joshi<br /> | editing = Deepu S. Kumar<br /> | music = [[Gurukiran]]<br /> | studio = MDM Productions<br /> | distributor = Mars Suresh &lt;br /&gt; Vishala Karnataka<br /> | released = {{Film date|2026|01|30|df=y|ref1=}}<br /> | runtime = 133 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Raktha Kashmira''''' is a 2026 Indian [[Kannada language|Kannada]]-language [[adventure drama]] film written and directed by [[S. V. Rajendra Singh Babu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2024/Dec/06/raktha-kashmira-has-no-connection-with-bhimoos-bang-bang-kids-rajendra-singh-babu|title='Raktha Kashmira' has no connection with 'Bhimoos Bang Bang Kids': Rajendra Singh Babu|work=The New Indian Express|date=6 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Produced by MDM productions, the film was announced and launched in 2007 and underwent significant production delays, spanning over eighteen years and was in [[Development hell|development hell]] before the makers announced the release date in 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/upendra-and-ramya-acted-raktha-kashmir-movie-ready-for-release-after-eighteen-years-rvj-2219351.html|title=Upendra Movie: ರಕ್ತ ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರ ಕೊನೆಗೂ ರಿಲೀಸ್‌ಗೆ ರೆಡಿ; ಇದು ಉಪ್ಪಿ-ರಮ್ಯಾ 18 ವರ್ಷ ಹಿಂದಿನ ಸಿನಿಮಾ!|work=News18|date=2 November 2025|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] and [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] in the lead roles. The music is composed by [[Gurukiran]] and cinematography is handled by Manohar Joshi. <br /> <br /> The film's plot revolves around the aftermath impact of terror attacks on citizens in the [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] disputed areas &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2026/Jan/28/kannadanews2026jan27raktha-kashmira-was-always-meant-for-the-big-screen-says-rajendra-singh-babu|title=Raktha Kashmira was always meant for the big screen, says Rajendra Singh Babu|work=The New Indian Express|date=20 November 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the film's highlight is reported to be a 18-minute song featuring leading stars of Kannada cinema including [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]], [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]], [[Ambareesh]], [[Shiva Rajkumar]], [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Puneeth Rajkumar]], [[Jaggesh]], [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]] and [[Aditya (Kannada actor)|Aditya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/vishnuvardhan-ambareesh-puneeth-in-one-song-all-we-know-about-upendras-film-2858953-2026-01-28|title=Vishnuvardhan, Ambareesh, Puneeth in 18-minute song of Upendra's Raktha Kashmira?|work=India Today|date=28 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The film was theatrically released on 30 January 2026 across Karnataka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://udayavani.com/sandalwood-news/rakta-kashmir-to-release-on-january-30th-real-star-upendra-ramya-pair-182603?lang=kn|title=ರಕ್ತ ಕಾಶ್ಮೀರ ಜ.30ಕ್ಕೆ ತೆರೆಗೆ- ರಿಯಲ್‌ ಸ್ಟಾರ್ ಉಪೇಂದ್ರ-|work=Udayavani|date=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Premise ==<br /> ''Raktha Kashmira'' follows the story of a stunt trainer who runs a school for orphans. His peaceful life takes a dramatic turn when his students accidentally uncover terrorist bombing plans. The terrorists abduct the children and take them to Kashmir, forcing the protagonist into a high‑risk rescue mission. Alongside a strong emotional subplot involving his love interest, the story expands into a larger anti‑terror narrative inspired by alleged real‑world incidents in [[Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] and terror attacks in Indian cities such as Bengaluru, highlighting the impact of terrorism on ordinary citizens.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Castlist|<br /> * [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]] as Devendra and Bheema<br /> * [[Ramya (actress)|Ramya]] <br /> * [[Parvati Melton]]<br /> * [[Mukesh Rishi]] <br /> * [[Doddanna]] <br /> * [[Om Prakash Rao]]<br /> * [[Kuri Prathap]] <br /> * Anil<br /> }}<br /> <br /> === Special appearance in the song &quot;Star Star&quot; ===<br /> {{Cast listing|<br /> * [[Vishnuvardhan (actor)|Vishnuvardhan]]<br /> * [[Ambareesh]]<br /> * [[Puneeth Rajkumar]]<br /> * [[Shiva Rajkumar]]<br /> * [[Darshan (Kannada actor)|Darshan]]<br /> * [[Jaggesh]]<br /> * [[Aditya (actor)|Aditya]]<br /> * [[Ramesh Aravind]]<br /> * [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]<br /> * [[Jai Jagadish]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Raktha Kashmira<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = [[Gurukiran]]<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 5 January 2026<br /> | recorded = 19 June 2007<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | language = Kannada&lt;!--Do not link per WP:OL--&gt;<br /> | label =<br /> | producer = Gurukiran<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year =<br /> | year =<br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The film’s soundtrack is composed by [[Gurukiran]], with [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]] writing the lyrics. The music rights are associated with Vedasya Music, which has released the trailer.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Kashmira<br /> | length1 = 4:39<br /> | lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[K. S. Chithra]]<br /> | title2 = Bang Bang India<br /> | length2 = 1:23<br /> | lyrics2 = Kaviraj<br /> | extra2 = [[Mame Khan]]<br /> | title3 = Star Star<br /> | length3 = 18:02<br /> | lyrics3 = Kaviraj<br /> | extra3 = [[Udit Narayan]], [[Vishal Dadlani]] <br /> | title4 = Buguri<br /> | length4 = 4:02<br /> | lyrics4 = Kaviraj<br /> | extra4 = [[Parakkal Unnikrishnan]]<br /> | total_length = 28:02<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> ''Raktha Kashmira'' was theatrically released across Karnataka on 30 January 2026, after repeated delays spanning nearly two decades. Distribution is handled by Mars Suresh and Vishala Karnataka, who have earlier collaborated with director Rajendra Singh Babu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/raktha-kashmira-a-child-centric-patriotic-film-from-a-throwback-era/movie-review/127833202.cms|title=Raktha Kashmira Movie Review: A Child-Centric Patriotic Film from a Throwback Era|website=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt39165336}}<br /> <br /> {{Rajendra Singh Babu}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Raktha Kashmira}}<br /> [[Category:2026 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian adventure drama films]]<br /> [[Category:2026 adventure films]]<br /> [[Category:2026 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Rajendra Singh Babu]]<br /> [[Category:Films scored by Gurukiran]]<br /> [[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Jammu Kashmir Police]]<br /> [[Category:Films about Islamic terrorism in India]]<br /> [[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br /> [[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lalitendu_Bidyadhar_Mohapatra&diff=511778 2026-04-19T23:47:10Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: new</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{distinguish|Lalatendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Lalitendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | constituency = [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency|Brahmagiri]]<br /> | term_start = 2019<br /> | term_end = 2024<br /> | predecessor = [[Sanjay Kumar Das Burma]]<br /> | successor = [[Upasna Mohapatra]]<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | profession = Politician<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | relatives = [[Lalatendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra]] (brother)&lt;br/&gt;[[Upasna Mohapatra]] (niece)<br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> '''Lalitendu Bidyadhar Mohapatra''' is a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Brahmagiri Assembly constituency]]. He was elected in the [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election]] as a candidate of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Odisha Assembly Elections 2024: Bramhagiri Constituency result |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/odisha/odisha-assembly-elections-2024-bramhagiri-constituency-result-3009732 |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-15 |title=Family of Cong's youth icon joins BJP |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/odisha/2017/Oct/15/family-of-congs-youth-icon-joins-bjp-1674469.html |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-10-14 |title=Congress leader Lulu Mohapatra's family members join BJP in Bhubaneswar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-leader-lulu-mohapatras-family-members-join-bjp-4890153/ |access-date=2024-10-24 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mohapatra, Lalitendu Bidyadhar}}<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Odisha MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> <br /> {{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yamunanagar_Assembly_constituency&diff=546042 2026-04-15T23:52:36Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: added the pg more to come!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Constituency of the Haryana legislative assembly in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox Indian constituency<br /> | name = Yamunanagar<br /> | type= SLA <br /> | map_image = Yamunanagar Assembly constituency map.svg<br /> | map_caption = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | mla = [[Ghanshyam Dass]]<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | alliance = &lt;!--Name of the current MLA's party alliance. Leave blank for former constituencies--&gt;<br /> | latest_election_year = 2019<br /> | state = [[Haryana]]<br /> | district = <br /> | division = <br /> | loksabha_cons = [[Ambala Lok Sabha constituency|Ambala]]<br /> | constituency_no = 9<br /> | established = 1967<br /> | electors = 2,41,610<br /> | reservation = None<br /> }}<br /> '''Yamunanagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|90 assembly seats]] of [[Haryana]], [[India]].&lt;ref name=delimitation2008&gt;{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&amp;type=order&amp;filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a part of [[Yamunanagar district]] and includes [[Yamunanagar]] city.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/yamunanagar.html|title=Live Yamunanagar (Haryana) Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Election Results 2019, Assembly Winner and Runner-up Candidates 2019 Udates, Current MLA and Previous MLAs 2014|website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.travelindia-guide.com/assembly-elections/haryana/constituency-results/kalka.php|title=Kalka Election Results for Haryana Assembly Polls|website=www.travelindia-guide.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/haryana/yamunanagar.html|title=Yamunanagar Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) Constituency Map and Election Results|website=www.mapsofindia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It comes under [[Ambala (Lok Sabha constituency)]] for national elections.<br /> <br /> == Members of the Legislative Assembly ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !Year<br /> !Member&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Yamunanagar Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates &amp; News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/yamunanagar.html |access-date= |website=www.elections.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> !colspan=2|Party<br /> |- <br /> | [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || B. Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]] || Malikchand Gambhir || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Girish Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || [[Kamla Verma]]|| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Rajesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || [[Kamla Verma]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]] || Rajesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]] || [[Kamla Verma]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]] || Jai Prakash Shrama || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]] || Krishna Pandit <br /> |- <br /> | [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Dilbagh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Ghanshyam Dass]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}<br /> |- <br /> | [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]] <br /> |-<br /> |[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Election results==<br /> ===Assembly Election 2024===<br /> {{Election box begin|<br /> |title=[[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar&lt;ref name=&quot;Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024: Constituency-wise winners list&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-results-2024-winners-loser-candidates-list-from-haryana-assembly-elections/articleshow/114029115.cms|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024: Constituency-wise winners list|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 October 2024|access-date=9 October 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009163250/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-results-2024-winners-loser-candidates-list-from-haryana-assembly-elections/articleshow/114029115.cms|archive-date=9 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Yamunanagar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=Haryana Assembly Election Results 2024 - Yamunanagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/candidateswise-S079.htm |accessdate=26 October 2024 |date=8 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Dass]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=73,185 |percentage=44.62 |change={{increase}}1.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raman Tyagi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=50,748 |percentage=30.94 |change={{increase}}24.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbag Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=36,067 |percentage=21.99 |change={{decrease}}20.06 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lalit Kumar Tyagi |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,655 |percentage=1.01 |change={{increase}}0.60 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=735 |percentage=0.45 |change={{decrease}}0.32 }}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=22,437 |percentage=13.68 |change= {{increase}}12.71 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,64,013 |percentage=67.49 |change= {{increase}}0.27 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,41,610 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.37 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}1.60 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2019 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar&lt;ref name=results2019&gt;{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Dass]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=64,848 |percentage=43.02 |change={{decrease}}8.47 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbagh Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=63,393 |percentage=42.05 |change={{increase}}8.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nirmal Chauhan |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,784 |percentage=6.49 |change={{increase}}0.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yogesh Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,731 |percentage=5.13 |change={{decrease}}1.57 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Salesh Tyagi |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=2,039 |percentage=1.35 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=1,164 |percentage=0.77 |change={{increase}}0.20 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvinder Singh Khalsa |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=615 |percentage=0.41 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,455 |percentage=0.97 |change= {{decrease}}17.27 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,50,749 |percentage=67.22 |change= {{decrease}}9.17 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,24,251 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.61 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.47 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2014 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar&lt;ref name=results2014&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Dass]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=79,743 |percentage=51.49 |change={{increase}}37.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbagh Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=51,498 |percentage=33.25 |change={{decrease}}8.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arvind Kumar Sharma |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=10,367 |percentage=6.69 |change={{decrease}}1.90 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Krishna Pandit |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,603 |percentage=6.20 |change={{decrease}}23.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=882 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=28,245 |percentage=18.24 |change= {{increase}}6.22 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,54,873 |percentage=76.39 |change= {{increase}}2.79 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,02,733 |ref = |change= {{increase}}32.13 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{increase}}9.88 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2009 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilbagh Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=46,984 |percentage=41.61 |change={{increase}}22.96 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Devinder Chawla |party=Indian National Congress |votes=33,411 |percentage=29.59 |change={{decrease}}18.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Dass]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=15,526 |percentage=13.75 |change={{decrease}}9.51 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Roshan Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=9,702 |percentage=8.59 |change={{increase}}2.04 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shushil Kumar |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=1,631 |percentage=1.44 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harjinder Singh |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=1,514 |percentage=1.34 |change={{increase}}0.59 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Suresh Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=1,007 |percentage=0.89 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jarib Hassan |party=Independent politician |votes=619 |percentage=0.55 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=13,573 |percentage=12.02 |change= {{decrease}}12.92 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,12,928 |percentage=73.60 |change= {{increase}}6.82 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,53,439 |ref = |change= {{increase}}4.27 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.59 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2005 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar&lt;ref name=results2005&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Krishna Pandit |party=Indian National Congress |votes=47,360 |percentage=48.20 |change={{increase}}24.45 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ghanshyam Dass]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=22,851 |percentage=23.25 |change={{increase}}2.67 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahib Singh |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=18,319 |percentage=18.64 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nand Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,436 |percentage=6.55 |change={{decrease}}12.80 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surya Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=749 |percentage=0.76 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Noor Mohmed |party=Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes=734 |percentage=0.75 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Gupta |party=Independent politician |votes=627 |percentage=0.64 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=24,509 |percentage=24.94 |change= {{increase}}21.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=98,267 |percentage=66.78 |change= {{increase}}7.14 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,154 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.48 }}<br /> {{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}24.45 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 2000 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar&lt;ref name=results2000&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|title= STATISTICAL REPORT ON GENERAL ELECTION, 2000 TO THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF HARYANA|publisher=eci.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204615/https://eci.gov.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_2000/STAT_REPORT_HY_LA_2000.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Jai Parkash Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,742 |percentage=23.75 |change={{increase}}10.03 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Verma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=17,978 |percentage=20.58 |change={{decrease}}14.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randhir Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=16,897 |percentage=19.35 |change={{increase}}8.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sahib Singh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=13,953 |percentage=15.98 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=12,013 |percentage=13.75 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pawan Kumar Dhiman |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,944 |percentage=2.23 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satpal Mehta Ghoriwala |party=Independent politician |votes=1,456 |percentage=1.67 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Joginder Pal Saini |party=Janata Dal (Secular) |votes=1,144 |percentage=1.31 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kinker Dass |party=Samajwadi Party |votes=624 |percentage=0.71 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gorakh Nath Bhardwaj |party=Independent politician |votes=588 |percentage=0.67 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,764 |percentage=3.16 |change= {{decrease}}14.13 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=87,339 |percentage=59.65 |change= {{decrease}}4.64 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,46,445 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}6.74 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}11.75 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1996 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Verma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=35,825 |percentage=35.50 |change={{increase}}8.33 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malik Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=18,369 |percentage=18.20 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,842 |percentage=13.71 |change={{decrease}}20.26 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shamsher Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,361 |percentage=11.26 |change={{decrease}}4.08 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Tyagi |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=8,301 |percentage=8.22 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Dutta |party=Samata Party |votes=7,208 |percentage=7.14 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Janata Dal |votes=841 |percentage=0.83 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naresh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=634 |percentage=0.63 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dev Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=619 |percentage=0.61 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kikkar Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=599 |percentage=0.59 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Maghru Parshad |party=Independent politician |votes=532 |percentage=0.53 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,456 |percentage=17.30 |change= {{increase}}10.49 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=1,00,928 |percentage=66.16 |change= {{increase}}3.62 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,57,026 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.00 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}1.52 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1991 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf |title= Statistical Report of General Election, 1991 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820040556/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/stat_rep_HR_91.pdf|archive-date=20 August 2018|format=pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=25,885 |percentage=33.97 |change={{increase}}5.62 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Verma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,699 |percentage=27.17 |change={{decrease}}17.21 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balinde Singh |party=Janata Party |votes=13,036 |percentage=17.11 |change={{increase}}13.09 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tayub Hussain |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=11,688 |percentage=15.34 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Dia |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=2,886 |percentage=3.79 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=5,186 |percentage=6.81 |change= {{decrease}}9.21 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=76,197 |percentage=62.38 |change= {{decrease}}6.57 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,25,617 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.58 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}10.40 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1987 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical20Report20Haryana201987.pdf |title=Statistical Report of General Election, 1987 to the Legislative Assembly of Haryana |publisher=Election Commission of India |accessdate=2018-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114081216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1987/Statistical20Report20Haryana201987.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Verma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=31,336 |percentage=44.37 |change={{increase}}15.24 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,024 |percentage=28.35 |change={{decrease}}0.89 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,830 |percentage=11.09 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahinder Kumar |party=Janata Party |votes=2,841 |percentage=4.02 |change={{decrease}}2.39 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=2,332 |percentage=3.30 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Daulat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,628 |percentage=2.31 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pratap Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,349 |percentage=1.91 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashok Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=947 |percentage=1.34 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Brahm Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=935 |percentage=1.32 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,312 |percentage=16.02 |change= {{increase}}15.90 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=70,623 |percentage=68.04 |change= {{decrease}}1.85 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,051 |ref = |change= {{increase}}30.27 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.13 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1982 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,289 |percentage=29.24 |change={{increase}}6.91 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Verma |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,226 |percentage=29.13 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prem Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=5,994 |percentage=10.76 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joga Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,204 |percentage=9.34 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Deveshwar |party=Communist Party of India |votes=4,477 |percentage=8.04 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahandar Gupta |party=Janata Party |votes=3,571 |percentage=6.41 |change={{decrease}}57.74 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vimal Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=1,191 |percentage=2.14 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shiv Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=959 |percentage=1.72 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bakharu Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=527 |percentage=0.95 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahesh |party=Independent politician |votes=407 |percentage=0.73 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=381 |percentage=0.68 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=63 |percentage=0.11 |change= {{decrease}}41.71 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=55,707 |percentage=70.20 |change= {{increase}}4.14 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,639 |ref = |change= {{increase}}17.48 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}34.91 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1977 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamla Devi |party=Janata Party |votes=28,596 |percentage=64.15 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Girish Chandra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=9,953 |percentage=22.33 |change={{decrease}}17.35 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalip Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=5,832 |percentage=13.08 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=18,643 |percentage=41.82 |change= {{increase}}36.66 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=44,574 |percentage=65.46 |change= {{decrease}}3.90 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 68,640 |ref = |change= {{increase}}0.99 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1972 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Garish Chander |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,565 |percentage=39.68 |change={{increase}}13.29 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Malik Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=16,147 |percentage=34.51 |change={{decrease}}2.61 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=6,787 |percentage=14.51 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tulsi Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=2,676 |percentage=5.72 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Babu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,347 |percentage=5.02 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surjit Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=268 |percentage=0.57 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,418 |percentage=5.17 |change= {{decrease}}3.81 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=46,790 |percentage=70.47 |change= {{increase}}18.03 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 67,969 |ref = |change= {{increase}}25.14 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |swing= {{increase}}2.56 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1968 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Malik Chand |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=10,243 |percentage=37.12 |change={{increase}}0.44 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhupinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,765 |percentage=28.14 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Shannd Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,281 |percentage=26.38 |change={{decrease}}26.05 }}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhakheru Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=3,984 |percentage=14.44 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jishan Lal |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=3,971 |percentage=14.39 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Puna |party=Independent politician |votes=521 |percentage=1.89 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Paul |party=Swatantra Party |votes=486 |percentage=1.76 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Natha Ram |party=Republican Party of India |votes=470 |percentage=1.70 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Takki Mohamad |party=Independent politician |votes=256 |percentage=0.93 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,478 |percentage=8.98 |change= {{decrease}}6.78 }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=27,598 |percentage=52.51 |change= {{decrease}}22.39 }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 54,313 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.43 }}<br /> {{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}15.32 }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ===Assembly Election 1967 ===<br /> {{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Yamunanagar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haryana Assembly Election Results in 1967|url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=Elections in India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228150129/https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/1967-election-results.html/|archive-date=28 February 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}<br /> {{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Dayal |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,043 |percentage=52.43 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Lal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=15,419 |percentage=36.68 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Gopal |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes=4,121 |percentage=9.80 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Chander |party=Independent politician |votes=456 |percentage=1.08 |change= ''New''}}<br /> {{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,624 |percentage=15.76 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box turnout |votes=42,039 |percentage=75.87 |change= }}<br /> {{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,429 |ref = |change= }}<br /> {{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}<br /> {{Election box end}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Haryana constituencies}}<br /> {{coord|30.13|77.27|display=title}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Yamunanagar district]]<br /> [[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Yamunanagar]]<br /> [[Category:Politics of Haryana]]<br /> [[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]<br /> [[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gurpreet_Singh_Palheri&diff=501545 2026-04-15T00:02:35Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian writer, line producer, and director}}<br /> {{AI-generated|date=April 2026|reason=since v1; note [[WP:AISIGNS]], most obviously markdown in original diff, but also vocab indicators typical of mid-2024 LLM text}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Gurpreet Singh Palheri<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | known_for = Gyani ji<br /> | notable_works = Sajjan Singh Rangroot, Nikka <br /> Zaildar 3 , Sarpanchi<br /> | birth_place = Palheri, Punjab, India<br /> | occupation = Writer, Line Producer, Director<br /> | years_active = 2004–present<br /> | website = [http://www.GurpreetSinghPalheri.com www.GurpreetSinghPalheri.com]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gurpreet Singh Palheri''' (born in Palheri village, Punjab) is an Indian writer, line producer, and director&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gurpreet Singh Palheri Filmography {{!}} Biography of Gurpreet Singh Palheri {{!}} Gurpreet Singh Palheri |url=https://www.indianfilmhistory.com/crew/gurpreet-singh-palheri |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.indianfilmhistory.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; known for his work in Bollywood and the Punjabi film industry. He has made significant contributions as a writer and line producer and recently made his directorial debut with the web series ''[[Sarpanchi]]''.<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> <br /> Gurpreet Singh Palheri was born to a dairy farmer in Palheri village near Chandigarh, Punjab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2019-07-07 |title=Deol's 'double' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/sunny-deol-representative-gurpreet-singh-palheri-gurdaspur-5818916/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He initially pursued a career in the merchant navy and obtained a diploma in welding. However, his career took a turn towards the film industry after meeting film producer Darshan Aulakh. Aulakh was scouting locations in Punjab for the film ''Veer-Zaara'' (2004)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Chitleen K. |date=2019-07-04 |title=Like Sunny Deol, his 'representative' Gurpreet Palheri is political novice, linked to movies |url=https://theprint.in/politics/like-sunny-deol-his-representative-gurpreet-palheri-is-political-novice-linked-to-movies/258005/ |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; and sought Gurpreet's help in finding a suitable plot of land and convincing villagers to participate in the film. This pivotal moment marked the beginning of Gurpreet's long-standing association with the film industry.<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> <br /> === Line producer ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Films as Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> ! Film !! Year !! Role<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana]]'' || 2011 || Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Son of Sardaar]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sunny Deol Appoints Screenwriter Gurpreet Singh Palheri To Represent Him In Constituency {{!}} SpotboyE |url=https://www.spotboye.com/bollywood/news/sunny-deol-appoints-screenwriter-gurpreet-singh-palheri-to-represent-him-in-constituency/5d1b2f785fd43e548cc7a35f |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=www.spotboye.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;|| 2012 || Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Yamla Pagla Deewana 2]]'' || 2013 || Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jatt James Bond]]'' || 2014 || Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Punjab 1984]]'' || 2014 || Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ghayal: Once Again|Ghayal Once Again]]'' || 2016 || Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ardaas (film)|Ardaas]]'' || 2016 || Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Ambarsariya]]'' || 2016 || Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Manje Bistre]]'' || 2017 || Line Producer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Super Singh]]'' || 2017 || Line Producer<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Writer ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Films as Writer<br /> |-<br /> ! Film !! Year !! Role<br /> |-<br /> | ''Dhan Guru Nanak'' || 2016 || Writer (Music Video)<br /> |-<br /> | ''Saab Bahadar'' || 2017 || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Sajjan Singh Rangroot]]'' || 2018 || Writer&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-02-09 |title=Diljit Dosanjh's Sajjan Singh Rangroot depicts patriotism and the bravery of the Sikh soldiers |url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/diljit-dosanjh's-sajjan-singh-rangroot-depicts-patriotism-and-the-bravery-of-the-sikh-soldiers-20300 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=Mumbai Live |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | ''Aar Nanak Paar Nanak'' || 2018 || Writer<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Nikka Zaildar 3]]'' || 2019 || Writer<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Recent projects ===<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |+ Recent Projects<br /> |-<br /> ! Project !! Year !! Role<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Jodi (2023 film)|Jodi]]'' || 2023 || Project Supervisor<br /> |-<br /> | ''Shukar Dattea'' || 2016 || Associate Director<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Maurh]]'' || 2023 || Special Thanks<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Laung Laachi]]'' || 2018 || Special Thanks<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Gadar 2]]'' || 2023 || Team Member of Sunny Deol<br /> |-<br /> | ''[[Bambukat]]'' || 2016 || Project Design<br /> |}<br /> <br /> === Director ===<br /> Gurpreet Singh Palheri made his directorial debut with the web series ''[[Sarpanchi]]'', set to premiere on [[Chaupal (streaming service)|Chaupal]] from August 15. The series delves into the vibrant and tumultuous political landscape of Punjab's villages. It follows the journey of Bant, a young man played by [[Jass Bajwa]], who navigates the complexities of [[Sarpanchi]] elections. ''[[Sarpanchi]]'' offers an unflinching look at the political dynamics and challenges of rural communities. The series has been shot in villages Rupalheri and Kheri Bir Singh, and other areas near Bassi Pathana in Punjab.<br /> <br /> === Cast ===<br /> * [[Jass Bajwa]] as Bant Singh<br /> * [[Sardar Sohi]]<br /> * [[Kuljinder Singh Sidhu]]<br /> * Gurinder Makhna<br /> * Irwin Meet Kaur<br /> * Manna Mand<br /> <br /> === Production ===<br /> [[Sarpanchi]] has been filmed in several villages including Rupalheri and Kheri Bir Singh, as well as areas near Bassi Pathana, Punjab.<br /> <br /> == Personal life ==<br /> Gurpreet Singh is better known by his nickname &quot;Gyaniji&quot;. He started his own company, Kisan Productions, in 2009. He has been associated with [[Diljit Dosanjh]] for several years and has made notable contributions to the Punjabi film industry.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable works ==<br /> <br /> === Films ===<br /> * [[Veer-Zaara|''Veer-Zaara'' (2004)]]<br /> * [[Yaaran Naal Baharan|''Yaara Naal Bahara'' (2005)]]<br /> * [[Kisaan|''Kisaan'' (2009)]]<br /> * [[Yamla Pagla Deewana|''Yamla Pagla Deewana'' (2011)]]<br /> * [[Son of Sardaar|''Son of Sardaar'' (2012)]]<br /> * [[Yamla Pagla Deewana 2|''Yamla Pagla Deewana 2'' (2013)]]<br /> * [[Punjab 1984|''Punjab 1984'' (2014)]]<br /> * [[Jatt James Bond|''Jatt James Bond'' (2014)]]<br /> * [[Ghayal: Once Again|''Ghayal Once Again'' (2016)]]<br /> * [[Ardaas (film)|''Ardaas'' (2016)]]<br /> * [[Ambarsariya|''Ambarsariya'' (2016)]]<br /> * ''Dhan Guru Nanak'' (2016) (Music Video)<br /> * ''Saab Bahadar'' (2017)<br /> * [[Manje Bistre|''Manje Bistre'' (2017)]]<br /> * [[Super Singh|''Super Singh'' (2017)]]<br /> * [[Sajjan Singh Rangroot|''Sajjan Singh Rangroot'' (2018)]]<br /> * ''Aar Nanak Paar Nanak'' (2018)<br /> * [[Nikka Zaildar 3|''Nikka Zaildar 3'' (2019)]]<br /> * [[Maurh|''Maurh'' (2023)]]<br /> * [[Gadar 2|''Gadar 2'' (2023)]]<br /> * [[Jodi (2023 film)|''Jodi'' (2023)]]<br /> <br /> === Web series ===<br /> * ''[[Sarpanchi]]'' (2024)<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm9827799}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Punjabi-language film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film directors]]<br /> [[Category:Indian screenwriters]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film producers]]<br /> [[Category:People from Punjab, India]]<br /> [[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ramawat_ChavliChandu_Naik&diff=529174 2026-04-11T20:51:27Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: creating new page</p> <hr /> <div>{{Orphan|date=August 2019}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Ramawat ChavliChandu Naik<br /> | image = ChavliChandu.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | order = <br /> | office = Zilla Parishad Territorial Constituency<br /> | governor = [[Narayan Dutt Tiwari]]<br /> | constituency = [[Madgul]], [[Kalwakurthy]]<br /> | term_start = December 2006<br /> | term_end = May 2011<br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | majority = <br /> | birth_date = 1972<br /> | birth_place = [[Balu Naik Thanda]], [[Madgul]], [[Telangana]], India<br /> | party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br /> | other_party = <br /> | spouse = <br /> | parents = <br /> | relations = <br /> | children = <br /> | alma_mater = <br /> | occupation = <br /> | profession = <br /> | cabinet = <br /> | committees = <br /> | portfolio = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Ramawat ChavliChandu Naik''' (also known as Ramavath Chavlichandu Naik) is an Indian politician and Zilla Parishad Territorial Constituency (Z.P.T.C) from Andhra Pradesh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=List ZPTC's|url=http://www.apsec.gov.in/ELECTIONRESULTS/ZP%20ELECTED%20RESULTS%202006/MBNR.pdf|publisher= Apsec.gov.in}}&lt;/ref&gt; He represents [[Madgul]], [[Kalwakurthy]] constituency.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Madgul, Kalwakurthy (Assembly constituency)|url=http://villagemap.in/andhra-pradesh/mahbubnagar/madgul/631500.html|publisher= Villagemap.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aponline.gov.in/APPORTAL/List-of-ZPTCs.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=13 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He belongs to Scheduled Tribe, Lamabadi community.<br /> <br /> He was elected to Mahabubnagar Territorial Constituency in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Biography of Ramawat ChavliChandu Naik|url=http://www.lambadiwala.tk/p/biography-of-chandu-naik-ramawat.html|publisher = Lambadiwala}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Ramawat ChavliChandu Naik was born in [[Balu Naik Thanda]], a hamlet/thanda of Madgul Mandal in Mahbubnagar District, (now this place in located in Rangareddy District) Telangana State. He has been an agriculturist.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Began his political Career / Journey in 2003 with the Indian National Congress from Madugul, Mahabubnagar dist., Telangana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mini Biography of Chandu Naik Ramawat|url=http://www.lambadiyouth.tk/p/mini-biography-of-chandu-naik-ramawat.html|publisher =Lambadi Youth Association}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Ramawat ChavliChandu}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Telangana]]<br /> [[Category:1972 births]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=B._Sudershan_Reddy&diff=488685 2026-04-06T00:50:15Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: Created new stub...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1946)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = B. Sudershan Reddy<br /> | image = [[File:B. Sudarshan Reddy, former Judge of Supreme Court of India.png|200px|]]<br /> | caption = Official portrait, 2007<br /> | office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]<br /> | term_start = 12 January 2007<br /> | term_end = 7 July 2011<br /> | office1 = Chief Justice of the [[Gauhati High Court]]<br /> | term_start1 = 5 December 2005<br /> | term_end1 = 12 January 2007<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Binod Kumar Roy]]<br /> | successor1 = [[Jasti Chelameswar]]<br /> | nominator = [[Yogesh Kumar Sabharwal]]<br /> | appointer = [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1946|07|8}}<br /> | birth_place = Akula Mylaram, [[Ranga Reddy district]], [[Hyderabad State]] (present–day [[Telangana]]), [[India]]<br /> | alma_mater = [[Osmania University]] ([[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]])<br /> | spouse =<br /> | birth_name = Buchireddy Sudershan Reddy<br /> | party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Buchireddy Sudershan Reddy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title= List of Contesting Candidates | url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2Fzznw5Qtyss%2B8ILdni0Z0RBIqvs60RqYF%2FabZ%2F1ehiaHsWTt2CbG8Do4Z8PWKfFVvbZZXm1hzWBOdRVjBUcspX8g%3D%3D|website=Election Commission of India|date= 25 August 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' (born 8 July 1946) is an Indian [[jurist]] who served as a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] from 2007 to 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=High Court for the State of Telangana |url=https://tshc.gov.in/showFormerJudgeProfile?id=310 }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] (INDIA) candidate for the [[2025 Indian vice presidential election|2025 vice presidential election]], losing to [[C. P. Radhakrishnan]].<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Buchireddy Sudershan Reddy was born on 8 July 1946 in Akula Mylaram, [[Ranga Reddy district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] ( [[Telangana]]), in an agricultural family. He studied in [[Hyderabad]] and obtained a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree from [[Osmania University]] in 1971. He enrolled as an advocate at the [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]] the same year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://supremecourtcaselaw.com/jus_bsudershanreddy.htm|title=Hon'ble Mr. Justice B. Sudershan Reddy|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=20 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720094052/http://www.supremecourtcaselaw.com/jus_bsudershanreddy.htm|url-status=usurped}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> In his early legal career, he started practice on civil and constitutional matters under K. Pratap Reddy, a [[senior advocate]] of the [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]. On 8 August 1988, Reddy was appointed as a government pleader in the High Court and became the additional standing counsel for the [[Government of India]], serving until 1990. In 1993, he was elected as president of the Andhra Pradesh High Court Advocates Association and also served as a legal adviser to Osmania University.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-b-sudershan-reddy/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 2 May 1993, Reddy became a judge of the Andhra Pradesh High Court. In 2005, he was appointed as the chief justice of the [[Gauhati High Court]]. Reddy was appointed to the post of judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]] on 12 January 2007. He retired on 7 July 2011, with one of his last cases being the influential [[Salwa Judum]] case.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ghconline.gov.in/fcjusticesGHC.html|title=Judges Profile|access-date=23 November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.107.37/judges/bio/128_bsreddy.htm|title=Former Judges|access-date=23 November 2018|archive-date=23 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123200747/http://164.100.107.37/judges/bio/128_bsreddy.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the passage of [[The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013]], he became the first [[Goa Lokayukta|Lokayukta of Goa]] in March 2013. In October 2013, Reddy resigned from the role due to personal reasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/goa-lokayukta-b-sudarshan-reddy-resigns/articleshow/24294666.cms|title=Goa Lokayukta B Sudarshan Reddy resigns|agency=PTI|date=17 October 2013|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=7 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == 2025 vice presidential election ==<br /> On 19 August 2025, [[Mallikarjun Kharge]], the chairman of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] bloc, announced Reddy as their candidate for the [[2025 Indian vice presidential election|2025 vice presidential election]], following the resignation of [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]. He received the endorsement of the [[Indian National Congress]], among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vice President election 2025: INDIA Bloc fields former SC judge Sudershan Reddy against NDA’s C.P. Radhakrishnan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=19 August 2025 |title=Vice President election 2025: INDIA Bloc fields former SC judge Sudershan Reddy against NDA's C.P. Radhakrishnan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-sc-judge-sudershan-reddy-is-oppositions-candidate-for-vice-president-elections/article69950720.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819124214/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-sc-judge-sudershan-reddy-is-oppositions-candidate-for-vice-president-elections/article69950720.ece |archivedate=19 August 2025 |accessdate=19 August 2025 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was defeated by the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] candidate, [[C. P. Radhakrishnan|C.P. Radhakrishnan]], by a margin of 152 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Swastika Das |date=2025-09-09 |title=CP Radhakrishnan is India's new Vice President, defeats opposition's B Sudershan Reddy {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cp-radhakrishnan-is-indias-new-vice-president-defeats-oppositions-b-sudershan-reddy-vice-presidential-elections-11757421013204.html |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=mint |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral history==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> |-<br /> |+ |[[Vice President of India]]<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Year<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Candidate<br /> !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Party<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Home State<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Election<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Result<br /> |-<br /> !Votes<br /> !%<br /> |-<br /> ![[2025 Indian vice presidential election|2025]]<br /> |B. Sudershan Reddy<br /> |{{Party name with color|Independent}}<br /> |[[Telangana]]<br /> |300<br /> |39.9%<br /> |{{Lost}}<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Reddy, B. Sudershan}}<br /> [[Category:1946 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Osmania University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]<br /> [[Category:Chief justices of the Gauhati High Court]]<br /> [[Category:Judges of the Andhra Pradesh High Court]]<br /> [[Category:Ombudsmen in India]]<br /> [[Category:Indian vice-presidential candidates]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]<br /> [[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Supreme Court of India lawyers]]<br /> [[Category:Senior advocates in India]]<br /> <br /> {{India-law-bio-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swapna_Mantapa&diff=538859 2026-04-01T03:36:28Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: added new entry basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2025 Indian Kannada-language drama film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Swapna Mantapa<br /> | image = Swapna Mantapa.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]<br /> | writer = Baraguru Ramachandrappa<br /> | producer = A M Babu<br /> | starring = [[Vijay Raghavendra]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Ranjani Raghavan]]<br /> | narrator = <br /> | cinematography = Nagaraj Adavani<br /> | editing = [[Suresh Urs]]<br /> | music = [[Shamitha Malnad]]<br /> | studio = Malai Madeshwara Enterprises<br /> | distributor = Mars Distributors<br /> | released = {{Film date|2025|07|25|df=y|ref1=}}<br /> | runtime = 132 minutes<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Swapna Mantapa''''' ({{translation|Dream Pavilion}}) is a 2025 Indian Kannada-language [[historical drama film]] directed by [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]] and produced by A. M. Babu under the banner Malai Mahadeshwara Enterprises.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/kannada/writer-director-baraguru-ramachandrappa-wraps-up-shoot-of-swapna-mantapa-article-110155646|title=Writer-Director Baraguru Ramachandrappa Wraps Up Shoot Of Swapna Mantapa|work=Times Now News|date=15 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film stars [[Vijay Raghavendra]] and [[Ranjani Raghavan]] in dual roles,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://vijaykarnataka.com/entertainment/news/vijay-raghavendra-ranjani-raghavan-starrer-swapna-mantapa-movie-sensar-complete/articleshow/112512134.cms|title=Vijay Raghavendra 'ಸ್ವಪ್ನ ಮಂಟಪ' ಸಿನಿಮಾದಲ್ಲಿ ದ್ವಿಪಾತ್ರ ಪೋಷಾಕು ಧರಿಸಿದ 'ಕನ್ನಡತಿ' ರಂಜನಿ ರಾಘವನ್|work=Vijay Karnataka|date=14 August 2024|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; alongside Ambarish Sarangi, Rajini Gowda, [[Sundar Raj]], and Shobha Raghavendra in pivotal parts. The music is composed by [[Shamitha Malnad]], with cinematography by Nagaraj Adavani and editing by [[Suresh Urs]].<br /> <br /> It was released theatrically on 25 July 2025 with a runtime of 132 minutes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2025/Jul/16/swapna-mantapa-to-release-next-week-2|title=Swapna Mantapa to release next week|work=The New Indian Express|date=16 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on Ramachandrappa's 25-year-old novel of the same name, the film is interwoven with contemporary social themes, focusing on heritage preservation and gender dynamics across time.<br /> <br /> The film has been selected to premiere at International film festivals such as Delhi International Film Festival and Chicago International Film Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/kannada/entertainment/swapna-mantapa-movie-gets-selected-for-international-film-festival-280944|title=ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಚಿತ್ರೋತ್ಸವಗಳಿಗೆ ‘ಸ್ವಪ್ನ ಮಂಟಪ’..!|work=Zee News|date=24 January 2025|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot summary ==<br /> Manjula (Ranjani Raghavan), a high school social studies teacher, arrives in a remote village and becomes intrigued by the ruins of Swapna Mantapa, an ancient structure steeped in legend. While staying at Sidappa's (Sundar Raj) house, she meets Shivakumar (Vijay Raghavendra), an unemployed history graduate. Shivakumar narrates the tale of King Chanderaya, his queens Nagaladevi and Madanike, and daughter Madalase. As Manjula imagines herself as Madanike, the lines between past and present blur. The duo faces opposition from Bheemaraju (Ambarish Sarangi), who plans to sell the site to resort developers, and encounters Rajkumari (Rajini Gowda), a mentally unstable woman. Together, they fight to preserve the monument as a cultural legacy.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> {{Castlist|<br /> * [[Vijay Raghavendra]] as Shivakumar / King Chanderaya<br /> * [[Ranjani Raghavan]] as Manjula / Madanike<br /> * Ambarish Sarangi as Bheemaraju<br /> * Rajini Gowda as Rajkumari<br /> * [[Sundar Raj]] as Sidappa<br /> * Shobha Raghavendra<br /> * Mahaalakshmi TR<br /> * Sundararaja Urs<br /> * Rajappa Dalawayi<br /> * Mysore Manjula<br /> * Ummatthuru Basavaraju<br /> * Venkataraju<br /> * Shivalinga Prasad<br /> * Bharathi Ramesh<br /> * Gundi Ramesh<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was produced under Malai Mahadeshwara Enterprises with an estimated budget of ₹4 crore. It emphasizes heritage conservation and draws inspiration from Ramachandrappa's own novel. Ramachandrappa wrote the screenplay, dialogues, and lyrics, adapting his novel into a film.<br /> <br /> === Filming ===<br /> Principal photography and dubbing were completed by mid-2024. The shoot took place in a village near Kanakapura Road, Karnataka, with elaborate sets designed by Hosamane Murthy to recreate historical aesthetics.<br /> <br /> === Marketing ===<br /> The film's teaser and songs were released on social media and YouTube under the Jhankar Music label. Vijay Raghavendra also sang one track, which was highlighted during promotions.<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack ==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Swapna Mantapa<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = Shamitha Malnad<br /> | cover =<br /> | alt =<br /> | released = 2025<br /> | recorded = 2024<br /> | venue =<br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = <br /> | language = Kannada&lt;!--Do not link per WP:OL--&gt;<br /> | label =<br /> | producer = Shamitha Malnad<br /> | prev_title =<br /> | prev_year =<br /> | year =<br /> | next_title =<br /> | next_year =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The music and background score of the film is composed by [[Shamitha Malnad]] with lyrics by Baraguru Ramachandrappa. The soundtrack was launched under Jhankar Music label.<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | title1 = Ibbara Manasali<br /> | length1 = <br /> | lyrics1 = [[Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]<br /> | extra1 = [[Shamitha Malnad]]<br /> | title2 = Premave Premave<br /> | length2 =<br /> | lyrics2 = Baraguru Ramachandrappa<br /> | extra2 = [[Hemanth (singer)|Hemanth Kumar]], Amulya Mysore<br /> | title3 = Kannada Naadu<br /> | length3 = <br /> | lyrics3 = Baraguru Ramachandrappa<br /> | extra3 = [[Vijay Raghavendra]]<br /> | title4 = Banniri Banniri<br /> | length4 = <br /> | lyrics4 = Baraguru Ramachandrappa<br /> | extra4 = Mohan Kumar<br /> | total_length = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The film was released theatrically on 25 July 2025 across Karnataka with a U/A certification.<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2/5 stars, praising its noble message but criticizing its dated execution and slow pacing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/swapna-mantapa-a-cinematic-reflection-on-forgotten-histories/movie-review/122931630.cms|title=Swapna Mantapa Movie Review: A Cinematic Reflection on Forgotten Histories|work=The Times of India|date=27 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Prajavani]]'' noted that the film feels like a stage play, with theatrical storytelling overshadowing cinematic appeal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.prajavani.net/entertainment/movie-review/baraguru-ramachandrappas-swapna-mantapa-movie-review-a-history-lesson-in-the-mantapa-3427569|title=ಬರಗೂರು ರಾಮಚಂದ್ರಪ್ಪರ ಸ್ವಪ್ನಮಂಟಪ ಸಿನಿಮಾ ವಿಮರ್ಶೆ|work=Prajavani|date=25 July 2025|language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt37659145}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Swapna Mantapa}}<br /> [[Category:2025 films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br /> [[Category:Films based on novels]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian epic films]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Kannada-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:History of India on film]]<br /> [[Category:Films directed by Baraguru Ramachandrappa]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prasar_Bharati&diff=470591 2026-03-28T05:56:07Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: reworked citations additionally and added references</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Public broadcaster in India}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox government agency<br /> | agency_name = Prasar Bharati<br /> | native_name_a = <br /> | nativename_r = <br /> | logo = <br /> | formed = {{Start date and age|df=y|1997|11|23}}<br /> | headquarters = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]<br /> | preceding2 = <br /> | jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]<br /> | chief7_name = <br /> | chief7_position = <br /> | chief8_name = <br /> | chief8_position = <br /> | chief9_name = <br /> | chief9_position = <br /> | parent_department = [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]<br /> | chief1_name = Gaurav Dwivedi, IAS<br /> | chief1_position = CEO<br /> | chief2_name = <br /> | chief2_position = <br /> | chief3_name = <br /> | chief3_position = <br /> | chief4_name = <br /> | chief4_position = <br /> | chief5_name = <br /> | chief5_position = <br /> | chief6_name = <br /> | chief6_position = <br /> | child1_agency = [[Doordarshan]]&lt;br&gt;([[Television network]])<br /> | child2_agency = [[All India Radio]]&lt;br&gt;([[Radio network]])<br /> | child3_agency = [[Waves]]&lt;br&gt;([[Over-the-top media service|OTT Platform]])<br /> | child4_agency = [[DD Free Dish]]&lt;br&gt;([[Satellite television|DTH Service]])<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.prasarbharati.gov.in}}<br /> | minister8_pfo = [[Ashwini Vaishnaw]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Prasar Bharati''' ([[Sanskrit]]: {{lang|sa|प्रसार भारती}}, lit. 'Spreading the Indian Voice'), officially translated in English as '''Indian Broadcasting Corporation''', is [[India]]'s [[State media|state-owned]] [[public broadcaster]], headquartered in [[New Delhi]], [[India]]. It is a [[Statutory body|statutory autonomous body]] set up by an [[Act of parliament|Act of Parliament]]. It comprises [[Doordarshan]], the television broadcaster, and [[All India Radio]], the radio broadcaster, both of which were previously media units of the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]. The [[Parliament of India]] passed the Prasar Bharati Act in 1990 to grant this autonomy, but it was not enacted until 15 September 1997.&lt;ref name=nic&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/focus/fomore/prasar.html|title=Prasar Bharati Act, 1990|access-date=21 March 2012|archive-date=3 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603032158/http://pib.nic.in/focus/fomore/prasar.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prasar Bharati |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/ |website=Prasar Bharati |access-date=8 May 2024 |archive-date=2 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240502124018/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Navneet Kumar Sehgal took office as chairman of Prasar Bharati in March, 2024 following Dr. A. Surya Prakash who served till February, 2020 .&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A Surya Prakash demits Prasar Bharati chairman's office after two terms|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-surya-prakash-demits-prasar-bharati-chairmans-office-after-two-terms/articleshow/74034480.cms|access-date=31 August 2020|archive-date=13 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413062005/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-surya-prakash-demits-prasar-bharati-chairmans-office-after-two-terms/articleshow/74034480.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gaurav Dwivedi is the CEO of Prasar Bharati, having succeeded Shashi Shekhar Vempati, who served until June 2022.<br /> <br /> The Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2021 stated that [[DD News]] and All India Radio are the most trusted news brands in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Digital News Report 2021 |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report/2021 |agency=reutersinstitute}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Prasar Bharati Act ==<br /> The Prasar Bharati Act provides for the establishment of a broadcasting corporation, known as Prasar Bharati, and defines its composition, functions, and powers.&lt;ref name=pb&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prasarbharati.gov.in/Corporate/pb+act|title=The Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act, 1990|access-date=21 March 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321145716/http://prasarbharati.gov.in/Corporate/pb+act|archive-date=21 March 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Act grants autonomy to All India Radio and to Doordarshan, both of which were previously under government control.&lt;ref name=pb /&gt; The Act received the assent of the President of India on 12 September 1990 after being unanimously passed by the Parliament. It was finally implemented in November 1997. The passage of the Prasar Bharati Act transferred all property, assets, debts, liabilities, payments due, as well as all suits and legal proceedings involving [[All India Radio]] and [[Doordarshan]] ({{Translation|Television}}) to Prasar Bharati.<br /> <br /> The organisation began as All India Radio (AIR) and later expanded to include Doordarshan (DD) to provide television services. Finally, Prasar Bharati (PB) was established through an Act of Parliament.&lt;ref name=&quot;nic&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Composition ==<br /> The Prasar Bharati Act vests the general superintendence, direction, and management of affairs of the Corporation in the Prasar Bharati Board, which may exercise all such powers and do all such acts and things as may be exercised or done by the corporation.&lt;ref name=pb /&gt;<br /> <br /> The Prasar Bharati Board consists of:<br /> *Chairman<br /> *One Executive Member<br /> *One Member (Finance)<br /> *One Member (Personnel)<br /> *Six Part-time Members<br /> *Director-General ([[All India Radio|Akashvani]]), ''ex officio''<br /> *Director-General ([[Doordarshan]]), ''ex officio''<br /> *One representative of the Union [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], to be nominated by that Ministry; and<br /> *Two representatives of the employees, of whom one shall be elected by the engineering staff from amongst themselves, and one shall be elected by the other employees from amongst themselves.<br /> <br /> The [[President of India]] appoints the chairman and the other members, except the ''ex officio'' members, nominated members, and the elected members. Board meetings must be held at least once every three months each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;pb&quot; /&gt;<br /> [[File:The CEO, MyGov, Gaurav Dwivedi briefing the media on the ‘Town Hall’ to mark second anniversary of MyGov, in New Delhi on August 04, 2016 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Gaurav Dwivedi in 2016]]<br /> <br /> === Current members of the Prasar Bharati board ===<br /> * Chairman – Vacant &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Prasar bharati board |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/prasar-bharati-board/ |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-date=6 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206221426/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/prasar-bharati-board/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Chief Executive Officer – Gaurav Dwivedi<br /> * Member (Personnel) – Additional charge with CEO Gaurav Dwivedi<br /> * Member (Finance) – DPS Negi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=DPS Negi appointed Member (Finance) Prasar Bharati |url=http://www.uniindia.com/dps-negi-appointed-member-finance-prasar-bharati/north/news/2580047.html |publisher=uniindia |date=1 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==== Part-time members ====<br /> * Additional Secretary and Representative of Ministry of Information &amp; Broadcasting – Ms. Neerja Sekhar&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ms Neerja Sekhar appointed as Additional Secretary of I&amp;B |url=https://whispersinthecorridors.com/detail/55564-Ms-Neerja-Sekhar-appointed-as-Additional-Secretary,-IandB |access-date=2 November 2021 |agency=whispersinthecorridors}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * ''Ex Officio'' members – Vacant<br /> *Part-time member – [[Shaina NC]], Alok Agrawal, Ashok Kumar Tandon, Sanjay Gupta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prasar Bharati gets 5 new board members |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/11623615_Prasar-Bharati-gets-5-new-board-members.html |access-date=7 July 2021 |agency=PTI |archive-date=2 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102111050/http://www.ptinews.com/news/11623615_Prasar-Bharati-gets-5-new-board-members.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=A Surya Prakash demits Prasar Bharati chairman's office after two terms |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/a-surya-prakash-demits-prasar-bharati-chairmans-office-after-two-terms/articleshow/74034480.cms |publisher=economictimes |date=February 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The chairman is appointed by the President.<br /> *Member (Personnel) – Additional charge with CEO Gaurav Dwivedi<br /> *Ex-Officio Members – Vacant<br /> *Nominated Members – 2 Vacancies<br /> <br /> == Strategic interventions (2017 onwards) ==<br /> In May 2020, Doordarshan and All India Radio began broadcasting weather reports for Mirpur, Muzaffarabad, and Gilgit in [[Azad Kashmir|Pakistan-administered Kashmir]] during their prime time news bulletins. Pakistan rejected this move, calling it a &quot;legally void&quot; action aimed at altering the region's status.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=8 May 2020 |title=PoK weather forecasts will now be a regular feature on DD, AIR news bulletins |url=https://theprint.in/india/pok-weather-forecasts-will-now-be-a-regular-feature-on-dd-air-news-bulletins/417252/ |publisher=theprint |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501011415/https://theprint.in/india/pok-weather-forecasts-will-now-be-a-regular-feature-on-dd-air-news-bulletins/417252/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reforms in public broadcasting in India (2017 onwards) ==<br /> Obsolete technologies are being replaced with newer ones. Starting in 2017, over 1,200 old analog transmitters have been phased out, and 23 digital transmitters have been installed at 19 locations across the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prasar Bharati to phase out analogue Terrestrial TV transmitters by March |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/prasar-bharati-to-phase-out-analogue-terrestrial-tv-transmitters-by-march/article36912242.ece |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501011425/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/prasar-bharati-to-phase-out-analogue-terrestrial-tv-transmitters-by-march/article36912242.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Transformation of All India Radio (2017 onwards) ==<br /> The number of All India Radio stations increased from 413 in 2017 to 485 in 2021. All India Radio's FM stations now reach 70 percent of the Indian population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Oneindia&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date=26 April 2022 |title=Prasar Bharti to close FY-21-22 with strong revenue growth of 13% |url=https://www.oneindia.com/india/prasar-bharti-to-close-fy-21-22-with-strong-revenue-growth-of-13-3400522.html |work=Oneindia |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501011415/https://www.oneindia.com/india/prasar-bharti-to-close-fy-21-22-with-strong-revenue-growth-of-13-3400522.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Digital Growth since 2017 ==<br /> <br /> Since 2017, Prasar Bharati has shifted its focus to a digital-first approach, yielding promising results. Its digital network now includes over 300 Twitter handles, 190 YouTube channels, multiple news websites, and the NewsOnAir app, which has over two million downloads. Viewership growth of the digital network has increased by 66% since 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prasar Bharati set to close year with 13% growth |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/prasar-bharati-set-to-close-year-with-13-growth-101650976964350.html |publisher=hindustantimes |date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501044240/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/prasar-bharati-set-to-close-year-with-13-growth-101650976964350.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Digital has now become integral to all Prasar Bharati activities, with over 800 digital uploads happening daily across the network. This ensures that all in-house-produced news and non-news content is available for on-demand consumption on digital platforms. The NewsOnAir app has been a game-changer, offering over 270 live streams of radio and TV broadcasts.<br /> <br /> Between 2017 and 2022, Prasar Bharati's digital platforms experienced significant growth, with many of its YouTube channels joining the Million Club, and several others nearing the milestone. This has contributed to a total YouTube subscription base of over two [[crore]]. In 2021, more than 185 YouTube channels from Doordarshan and All India Radio collectively garnered over a billion views, with their total 'watch time' reaching 94 million hours for the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prasar Bharati in 2021 – Digital/TV Viewership Highlights |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/PIB1786588.pdf |publisher=PIB |date=31 December 2021 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226183644/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/PIB1786588.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, YouTube channels of both DD News and DD National surpassed 4 million subscribers. Prasar Bharati's NewsOnAir app recorded a listenership of over 214 million. Additionally, Prasar Bharati's digital platforms in the remote areas of Northeast India achieved notable milestones, collectively amassing more than 220 million views and over 1 million subscribers on YouTube.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Northeast powers Prasar Bharati's Digital Growth |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/PressReleaseI-21-September.pdf |publisher=PIB |date=21 September 2021 |archive-date=2 April 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402072906/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/PressReleaseI-21-September.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Archives – Preserving India’s history and culture ==<br /> <br /> Prasar Bharati's National Archives, India's oldest and largest audio-visual archive, houses an exclusive collection of rare historical recordings, including interviews, documentaries, features, music, radio plays, and more. It serves as a treasure trove of performances by great artists who have enriched India's cultural, music, and dance heritage. The archive also holds rare media assets related to significant events such as Independence Day celebrations, Republic Day parades, national addresses by prime ministers and presidents, and other important broadcasts since the inception of broadcasting in India. These invaluable assets are preserved in various formats, including sound recordings and audio-visual footage across genres like music, dance, drama, interviews, short films, documentaries, and feature films.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=About PB Archives |url=https://prasarbharati.gov.in/pb-archives/ |archive-date=23 January 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123144447/https://prasarbharati.gov.in/pb-archives/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Archival activities in India began with the transcription service for radio recordings on 3 April 1954, focusing on transcribing speeches by dignitaries, especially the presidents and prime ministers of India. While informal archiving existed before 1954, the establishment of the transcription service formalised the process. Doordarshan Archives was founded in 2004 with the goal of digitising and preserving valuable audio-visual footage. Initially, the archival departments of AIR and Doordarshan operated separately under their respective divisions. However, in 2018, these separate setups were merged to form a unified entity, Prasar Bharati Archives, which operates under a single umbrella.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Radio autobiographies are a unique collection in the archives of Prasar Bharati. These recordings feature the audio autobiographies of eminent personalities&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=19 June 2021 |title=When Milkha Singh recorded a multi-part radio autobiography for Prasar Bharati |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/trending/on-air-milkha-singh-recorded-multi-part-autobiography-for-prasar-bharati-101624071459859.html |publisher=hindustantimes}}&lt;/ref&gt; who have made significant contributions to various fields of nation-building. Beyond offering personal anecdotes about their lives and achievements, these Radio Autobiographies also serve as a chronicle of contemporary Indian history, narrated through the life stories of these influential figures.<br /> <br /> In his radio autobiography recorded by All India Radio in 1986, India's leading industrialist and former chairman of the [[Tata Group]], Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata, recalled his memories of the [[The Emergency (India)|Emergency]] era and his conversations with [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Sanjay Gandhi]] about the excesses during that period. Reflecting on one of his interactions with Indira Gandhi at the beginning of the Emergency, [[J. R. D. Tata|JRD Tata]] said, “When she declared Emergency, I went to see her. I said, Indira ji, why did you have to put all these people in jail, including old people like [[Morarji Desai]]? She said that because they were plotting against me. I can't have people against me from within.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=J.R.D. Tata |url=https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqtVCj5iilH524g4JjTG25DNW7cEL8fWB |publisher=Youtube |archive-date=20 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520194016/https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLqtVCj5iilH524g4JjTG25DNW7cEL8fWB |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In an interaction with All India Radio in January 1986, ''Sahitya Akademi Award'' winner and renowned poet [[Amrita Pritam]] stated that in popular culture, people often categorise Hinduism as one of the religions alongside Islam, Christianity, and others. However, she emphasised that in reality, Hinduism is not just a religion; rather, everyone born in Hindustan is a Hindu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Everyone born in India is a Hindu&quot; – Amrita Pritam to AIR in 1986 |url=https://ddnews.gov.in/national/everyone-born-india-hindu-amrita-pritam-air-1986 |date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805080521/https://ddnews.gov.in/national/everyone-born-india-hindu-amrita-pritam-air-1986 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> This treasure trove is being digitised and made available on the Prasar Bharati Archives YouTube channel&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prasar Bharati Archives YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/c/ddarchives |archive-date=12 February 2025 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212015205/https://www.youtube.com/c/DDARCHIVES |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Archives with DD,AIR should be freely available or monetised' |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/archives-with-ddair-should-be-freely-available-or-monetised/articleshow/46686290.cms |publisher=economictimes |date=25 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the public interest for academic purposes. In addition to the content mentioned above, audio recordings of around 50 original Constituent Assembly speeches from 1946 to 1949 have been uploaded to this channel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prasar Bharati to make Constituent Assembly debates available online |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/oct/30/prasar-bharati-to-make-constituent-assembly-debates-available-online-2054654.html |publisher=newindianexpress |date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430104238/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/oct/30/prasar-bharati-to-make-constituent-assembly-debates-available-online-2054654.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Priceless recordings of maestros such as [[Bismillah Khan|Ustad Bismillah Khan]], MS Subbulakshmi, Begum Akhtar, M. Balamuralikrishna, and the epic ''Ramcharitmanas'', among others, are part of the Prasar Bharati archives and are available at the counter at Akashvani Bhawan on Parliament Street in Delhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Now, purchase Prasar Bharati's rare recordings at AIR office |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/now-purchase-prasar-bharatis-rare-recordings-at-air-office/article9418320.ece |publisher=thehindu |date=16 January 2018 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501044238/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/now-purchase-prasar-bharatis-rare-recordings-at-air-office/article9418320.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Prasar Bharati Archives has made a significant contribution to the [[Pradhanmantri Sangrahalaya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Prasar Bharati Archives enliven PradhanMantri Sangrahalaya |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1817269 |access-date=16 April 2022 |archive-date=16 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416091449/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1817269 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; inaugurated by PM Modi on 14 April 2022, providing about 206 hours of audio and 53 hours of video content. This includes key historical broadcasts such as Nehru's address to the Constituent Assembly (Tryst with Destiny), Broadcast to the Nation on the 1st Independence Day, Oath-taking ceremony, Inauguration of the Atomic Energy Establishment and Opening of the 1st Atomic Reactor, Declaration of Emergency, Address to the UN General Assembly, Non-Aligned Conference, Inauguration of Delhi Metro, and much more.<br /> <br /> Prasar Bharati Archives has created decade-wise YouTube playlists of rare audio-video content of historical, political, and cultural significance, starting from the 1930s to the 2000s. These playlists feature invaluable material that captures pivotal moments and milestones in India's history, offering a rich repository for academic and public interest.<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto; margin:auto;&quot;<br /> ! Decade !! Playlist<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1930s<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#9fc;&quot;|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqfGcPvP14o&amp;list=PL97ZfRkZjejJQd8XKfoDhAX_Iv32h-5yu<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1940s<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#9fc;&quot;|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8n9c9qdZoVI&amp;list=PL97ZfRkZjejLA2EXa_gO4VJIqtg21T4et<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1950s<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#9fc;&quot;|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tOAkGtIU0Zg&amp;list=PL97ZfRkZjejKZjtmI4-3ZsmsNYtiSj0vs<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1960s<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#9fc;&quot;|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qPgMZuu-7cc&amp;list=PL97ZfRkZjejJFDr8ekjLYMJvo4b2vFQcH<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1970s<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#9fc;&quot;|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBOZ_urMxEU&amp;list=PL97ZfRkZjejI3FjN30c4H4NDcc6_W2Mm4<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1980s<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#9fc;&quot;|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tmxKnDi7xMY&amp;list=PL97ZfRkZjejIXgrMm_2OvdA9EBi4516Vs<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 1990s<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#9fc;&quot;|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zwjLzbr0Dxk&amp;list=PL97ZfRkZjejJvPBCQxGiVUwDru4ZydyrJ<br /> |-<br /> ! style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 2000s<br /> |style=&quot;text-align:center; background:#9fc;&quot;|https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6p75IT4_8xg&amp;list=PL97ZfRkZjejJkq1H9oQ-u6mPXFEf557Qe<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == Controversies ==<br /> In 2010, 24 out of the 30 candidates selected for journalist positions at Doordarshan News were alleged to have been appointed based on political considerations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CAT quashes DD selection of minister's kin|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CAT-quashes-DD-selection-of-ministers-kin/articleshow/6549960.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103105427/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-09-14/india/28260251_1_selection-merit-list-interview|url-status=live|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=14 September 2010|first1=Abhinav|last1=Garg|date=14 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Notably, one successful candidate was closely related to a former Congress Minister of State for Information and Broadcasting, another was the daughter of a sitting Congress Union minister, and a third was a close relative of Union Commerce Minister Anand Sharma.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doordarshan appointments quashed&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Jebaraj|first1=Priscilla|title=Doordarshan appointments quashed|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/doordarshan-appointments-quashed/article634685.ece|access-date=19 January 2015|work=the Hindu|date=14 September 2010 |location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Quashing of 25 Doordarshan employees' appointment stayed|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/quashing-of-25-doordarshan-employees-appointment-stayed_691880.html|access-date=19 January 2015|publisher=Zee|date=7 March 2011|archive-date=19 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119163453/http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/quashing-of-25-doordarshan-employees-appointment-stayed_691880.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The number of applicants called for interviews was increased from 25 to 35 to accommodate the daughter of a Congress politician, who held the 33rd rank and would have otherwise been eliminated at the cut-off stage. Another successful candidate, Anika Kalra Kalha, was not even called for an audition or reporting skills test, with the remark &quot;Did not qualify for this stage&quot; noted in the relevant columns. Additionally, the weightage given to interviews was arbitrarily increased two days before they were held.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doordarshan appointments quashed&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2014, following allegations that Doordarshan had edited out portions of an interview with then BJP's PM candidate Narendra Modi, Prasar Bharati CEO Jawhar Sircar admitted that some parts of the interview &quot;were apparently edited.&quot; He pointed a finger at the I&amp;B Minister Manish Tewari for failing to grant the &quot;operational autonomy&quot; that the public broadcaster had been seeking for years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prasar Bharati CEO admits editing, points to Tewari |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-interview-prasar-bharati-ceo-admits-editing-points-to-tewari-191370-2014-05-02 |access-date=5 May 2014 |agency=indiatoday |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614162256/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/modi-interview-prasar-bharati-ceo-admits-editing-points-to-tewari-191370-2014-05-02 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In August 2017, [[Manik Sarkar]], the then [[List of chief ministers of Tripura|Chief Minister of Tripura]] and a member of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], alleged that Doordarshan and All India Radio had refused to broadcast his Independence Day speech unless he revised it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Censoring the Tripura CM: How Prasar Bharati became a propaganda tool for the Modi government |url=https://scroll.in/article/847522/censoring-the-tripura-cm-how-prasar-bharati-became-a-propaganda-tool-for-the-modi-government |access-date=18 August 2017 |agency=scroll |archive-date=9 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709074425/https://scroll.in/article/847522/censoring-the-tripura-cm-how-prasar-bharati-became-a-propaganda-tool-for-the-modi-government |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2017, following instructions from the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], Doordarshan put on hold the prime time slots that had been auctioned to [[Ekta Kapoor]]'s [[Balaji Telefilms]] and Saaibaba Telefilms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Doordarshan has put on hold the prime time slots auctioned to Ektaa Kapoor-managed Balaji Telefilms and Saaibaba |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/regulators/ib-ministry/mib-minister-smriti-irani-orders-review-of-dd-prime-time-auction-process-170920 |access-date=20 September 2017 |agency=indiantelevision |archive-date=24 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924014943/http://www.indiantelevision.com/regulators/ib-ministry/mib-minister-smriti-irani-orders-review-of-dd-prime-time-auction-process-170920 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In September 2017, following a complaint of alleged abuse of dominance regarding infrastructural facilities for FM radio broadcasting, the [[Competition Commission of India]] ordered a fresh investigation into Prasar Bharati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Competition Commission Orders Fresh Probe Against Prasar Bharti |url=https://www.news18.com/news/business/competition-commission-orders-fresh-probe-against-prasar-bharti-1512397.html |access-date=7 September 2017 |agency=news18 |archive-date=7 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907185817/http://www.news18.com/news/business/competition-commission-orders-fresh-probe-against-prasar-bharti-1512397.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In March 2018, then Prasar Bharati Chairman Dr. A. Surya Prakash stated that the I&amp;B Ministry had been withholding funds from Prasar Bharati since December 2017, and that the broadcaster had used its contingency funds to pay employees' salaries for January and February.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Mystery deepens as Prasar Bharati CEO Shashi Shekhar Vempati denies rumours |url=https://www.exchange4media.com/media-tv-news/mystery-deepens-as-prasar-bharati-ceo-shashi-shekhar-vempati-denies-rumours-88700.html |access-date=5 March 2018 |agency=exchange4media}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In early 2019, the Union Information and Broadcasting Ministry introduced the draft 'Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Amendment Bill, 2019,' which proposed granting the Ministry the power to directly appoint the Directors General of Doordarshan and All India Radio,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=9 April 2019 |title=Government floats draft Bill to directly appoint DGs of DD, AIR; pulls it down |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/government-floats-draft-bill-to-directly-appoint-dgs-of-dd-air-pulls-it-down-5665883/ |publisher=indianexpress}}&lt;/ref&gt; replacing the existing practice of recruitment through the Prasar Bharati Board. The Bill also sought to abolish the provision for establishing a 'Prasar Bharati Recruitment Board' (PBRB). According to the explanatory note, the PBRB could not be established as required by the Prasar Bharati Act, and the Ministry decided to remove the relevant section of the Act. Shortly after, the notification seeking public feedback on the draft Bill was taken down from the Ministry's website, followed by a notice stating that the matter had been put on hold until further notice.<br /> <br /> In April 2019, the office of then Congress President [[Rahul Gandhi]] did not respond to Prasar Bharati CEO's request for an interview with Gandhi by DD News. Earlier that month, Congress had submitted a memorandum to the [[Election Commission of India|Election Commission]], alleging bias in the political coverage by the public broadcaster.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Doordarshan seeks Rahul Gandhi interview amid allegations of bias |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/doordarshan-seeks-rahul-gandhi-interview-amid-allegations-of-bias/articleshow/68824561.cms |access-date=11 April 2019 |agency=economictimes |archive-date=11 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411155207/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/media/entertainment/media/doordarshan-seeks-rahul-gandhi-interview-amid-allegations-of-bias/articleshow/68824561.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In October 2019, Prasar Bharati suspended an official from the Chennai Doordarshan Kendra,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chennai Doordarshan official suspended as channel skips PM Modi's IIT speech |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chennai-doordarshan-official-r-vasumathi-suspended-for-blocking-pm-modi-speech-1605527-2019-10-02 |access-date=2 October 2019 |agency=indiatoday |archive-date=4 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191004022610/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/chennai-doordarshan-official-r-vasumathi-suspended-for-blocking-pm-modi-speech-1605527-2019-10-02 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; citing &quot;disciplinary proceedings.&quot; Media reports suggested that Doordarshan Kendra Assistant Director R Vasumathi had allegedly blocked the telecast of Prime Minister Narendra Modi's speech at IIT Madras.<br /> <br /> In March 2020, Prasar Bharati CEO Shashi Shekhar Vempati declined an invitation from the BBC for an awards function,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Prasar Bharati CEO declines BBC invite |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/prasar-bharati-ceo-declines-bbc-invite/article31003627.ece |access-date=7 March 2020 |agency=thehindu}}&lt;/ref&gt; citing the BBC's &quot;one-sided&quot; reporting on the Delhi violence that occurred in February 2020. In his letter to the [[Director-General of the BBC|BBC Director General]], Vempati stated, &quot;I must respectfully decline the invitation in view of the recent coverage of the BBC of certain incidents of violence in Delhi.&quot;<br /> <br /> In October 2021, media reports alleged that Prasar Bharati was shutting down transmissions from DD Kalaburagi and DD Silchar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Kalaburagi DD centre moves on from analogue |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kalaburagi-dd-centre-moves-on-from-analogue/article37080825.ece |work=the hindu |date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=8 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503054053/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/kalaburagi-dd-centre-moves-on-from-analogue/article37080825.ece |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Taking note of these reports, In response to these reports, Prasar Bharati clarified that the broadcast reform steps to phase out obsolete analog terrestrial TV transmitters were being misrepresented.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=क्या प्रसार भारती बंद कर रही है DD के रीजनल चैनल? जानिए क्या है इस वायरल ख़बर की सच्चाई! |url=https://twitter.com/newstakofficial/status/1448166616408240128 |publisher=News Tak |date=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Indian law copyright|[https://prasarbharati.gov.in/PBAct.php Prasar Bharati (Broadcasting Corporation of India) Act, 1990]}}<br /> *[https://prasarbharati.gov.in/ Prasar Bharati India]<br /> *[https://newsonair.gov.in/ NewsOnAir]<br /> *[https://ddnews.gov.in/ DD News]<br /> <br /> {{MIBI}}<br /> {{Prasara Bharathi Network}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Publicly funded broadcasters]]<br /> [[Category:Television broadcasting companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 1997]]<br /> [[Category:State media]]<br /> [[Category:Radio broadcasting companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:1997 establishments in Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]]<br /> [[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kho-Kho_(2013_film)&diff=509769 2026-03-27T03:05:53Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: starting some article w/ infobox</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2013 Marathi-language film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Kho-Kho<br /> | image = Kho kho Marathi film.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | native_name = <br /> | director = [[Kedar Shinde]]<br /> <br /> | writer = Kedar Shinde&lt;br /&gt;Omkar mangesh datt&lt;br /&gt;Siddharth salvi<br /> | screenplay = <br /> | producer = Shobhna Desai<br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Bharat Jadhav]]<br /> *[[Kranti Redkar]]<br /> *[[Prajakta Mali]]<br /> *[[Siddhartha Jadhav]]<br /> }}<br /> | cinematography = Suresh Deshmane<br /> | editing = Manish Mistry<br /> | music = Shashank Powar<br /> | studio = Shobhana Desai Productions<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2013|05|31}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | budget = <br /> | gross = <br /> }}<br /> '''''Kho-Kho''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] film directed by [[Kedar Shinde]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=12 March 2013 |title=&amp;nbsp;Kedarh Shinde promises a hilarious summer with Kho Kho |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/kedarh-shinde-promises-a-hilarious-summer-with-kho-kho/articleshow/18925683.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218154906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/kedarh-shinde-promises-a-hilarious-summer-with-kho-kho/articleshow/18925683.cms |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; and produced by Shobhna Desai. The film starring [[Bharat Jadhav]], [[Kranti Redkar]], [[Prajakta Mali]] and [[Siddhartha Jadhav]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 February 2013 |title=&amp;nbsp;First look of Khokho launched |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nana-patekar-launches-promotional-song-of-khokho/articleshow/20307811.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218154159/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/first-look-of-khokho-launched/articleshow/18588696.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Music by Shashank Powar. The film was theatrically released on 31 May 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2013 |title=&amp;nbsp;'खो खो' आणि शूटिंगच्या गमती |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/-/articleshow/20155069.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218155636/https://maharashtratimes.com/maharashtra/pune-news/-/articleshow/20155069.cms |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=21 May 2013 |title=&amp;nbsp;खोखो |url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-PRE-movie-preview---kho-kho-4259143-NOR.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218160136/https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-PRE-movie-preview---kho-kho-4259143-NOR.html |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[DB Corp|Divya Marathi]] |language=Marathi <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Synopsis ==<br /> A school teacher goes back to his village to settle in his ancestral house, but a builder troubles him to sell it so that a mall can be built. The teacher is then haunted by the spirits of his ancestors that are waiting to be liberated.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * [[Bharat Jadhav]] as Shrirang Deshmukh&amp;nbsp;<br /> * [[Kranti Redkar]] as Koynabai Deshmukh<br /> * [[Prajakta Mali]] as Suman<br /> * [[Siddhartha Jadhav]] <br /> * Kamlakar Satpute as Pakya<br /> * [[Vijay Chavan]] as Ghatpade <br /> * Uday Tikekar as builder Mehta<br /> <br /> == Soundtrack==<br /> {{Infobox album<br /> | name = Kho-Kho<br /> | type = Soundtrack<br /> | artist = Shashank Powar<br /> | cover = <br /> | alt = <br /> | released = 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=28 May 2013 |title=&amp;nbsp;Nana Patekar launches promotional song of Khokho |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nana-patekar-launches-promotional-song-of-khokho/articleshow/20307811.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218153719/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/nana-patekar-launches-promotional-song-of-khokho/articleshow/20307811.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | recorded = 2013<br /> | venue = <br /> | studio = <br /> | genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br /> | length = 19:34<br /> | language = Marathi <br /> | label = <br /> | producer = <br /> | prev_title = <br /> | prev_year = 2012<br /> | year = 2014<br /> | next_title = <br /> | next_year = 2013<br /> | misc = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Track listing<br /> | headline = Track listing<br /> | extra_column = Singer(s)<br /> | total_length = 19:34<br /> | title1 = Hey Ranga<br /> | extra1 = - [[Adarsh Shinde]], [[Neha Rajpal]]<br /> | length1 = 5:49<br /> | title2 = Udo Udo<br /> | extra2 = [[Adarsh Shinde]]<br /> | length2 = 3:34<br /> | title3 = Halkech Nazar<br /> | extra3 = [[Neha Rajpal]]<br /> | length3 = 3:23<br /> | title4 = Kadhi Hanste <br /> | extra4 = [[Arati Ankalikar-Tikekar]]<br /> | length4 = 3:41<br /> | title5 = Life Is Kho <br /> | extra5 = Usha Uthup <br /> | length5 = 3:47<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==Critical response==<br /> ''Kho-Kho'' received mixed reviews from critics. A reviewer of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and wrote &quot;With so much going for this film, there are some twists and turns in the second half and a Marathi asmita awakening dialogues, which though are justified and in parts fun too, they remind you of the film&amp;nbsp;Mee Shivaji Raje Boltoy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=6 May 2016 |title=&amp;nbsp;KHO KHO MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/kho-kho/movie-review/20378655.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218161056/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/kho-kho/movie-review/20378655.cms |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jaydeep Pathak of ''[[Maharashtra Times]]'' gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and wrote &quot;The mansion created using high production values, the polygonal lighting scheme used to underline the mystique of the mansion and the special effects all make Srirang's entanglement with his ancestors handsome on screen. Sudhakar Manjrekar's art direction has to be specially appreciated&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 June 2013 |title=&amp;nbsp;सिनेरिव्ह्यू: पाठ‌शिवणीचा 'थोर'खेळ! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/khokho-review/moviereview/20375579.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218162048/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/khokho-review/moviereview/20375579.cms |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer of ''[[Loksatta]]'' wrote &quot;The use of graphics, the film based on the plot of the drama, strong actors like Bharat, Siddharth, Kranti, all of them are not very good. This play, staged in the frame of the stage, is clearly messed up from the camera's point of view&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 June 2013 |title=&amp;nbsp;'लोच्या झाला रे..' |url=https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta/review-of-marathi-movies-kho-by-rohan-tillu-123178/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218162521/https://www.loksatta.com/vruthanta/review-of-marathi-movies-kho-by-rohan-tillu-123178/ |archive-date=18 December 2022 |access-date=18 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|tt2953500}}<br /> * {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/kho_kho}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2013 films]]<br /> [[Category:2013 Marathi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amir_Khasru_Mahmud_Chowdhury&diff=455007 2026-03-22T13:13:22Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Bangladeshi politician}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | name = Amir Khasru Mahmud Chowdhury<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable#Bangladesh|The Honourable]]<br /> | honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|MP]]<br /> | native_name = {{nobold|আমীর খসরু মাহমুদ চৌধুরী}} <br /> | image = Amir Khasru Mahmud Chowdhury.jpg<br /> | caption = Chowdhury at US Embassy Dhaka in 2018<br /> | office = [[Ministry of Finance (Bangladesh)|Minister for Finance]]<br /> | primeminister = [[Tarique Rahman]]<br /> | term_start = 17 February 2026<br /> | term_end =<br /> | predecessor = [[Salehuddin Ahmed (economist)|Salehuddin Ahmed]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | office1 = [[Ministry of Planning (Bangladesh)|Minister for Planning]]<br /> | primeminister1 = [[Tarique Rahman]]<br /> | term_start1 = 17 February 2026<br /> | term_end1 =<br /> | predecessor1 = [[Wahiduddin Mahmud]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | office2 = [[Member of Parliament (Bangladesh)|Member of Parliament]]<br /> | term_start2 = 17 February 2026<br /> | term_end2 =<br /> | predecessor2 = [[M. Abdul Latif]]<br /> | successor2 =<br /> | constituency2 = [[Chittagong-11]]<br /> | term_start3 = September 1991<br /> | term_end3 = 29 October 2006<br /> | predecessor3 = [[Khaleda Zia]]<br /> | successor3 = [[Nurul Islam (minister)|Nurul Islam]]<br /> | constituency3 = [[Chittagong-8]]<br /> | office4 = [[Minister of Commerce (Bangladesh)|Minister for Commerce]]<br /> | primeminister4 = [[Khaleda Zia]]<br /> | term_start4 = 10 October 2001<br /> | term_end4 = 25 March 2004<br /> | predecessor4 = [[Abdul Jalil (politician)|Abdul Jalil]]<br /> | successor4 = [[Altaf Hossain Chowdhury]]<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|11|10}}<br /> | birth_place = [[North Kattali Ward|North Kattali]], [[Chittagong]], [[East Bengal]] now [[Bangladesh]]<br /> | death_date = <br /> | death_place = <br /> | nationality = Bangladeshi<br /> | party = [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]<br /> | children = Israfil Khosru<br /> | father = [[Mahmudunnabi Chowdhury]]<br /> | occupation = Politician<br /> | education =<br /> | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Chittagong College]]|[[Chittagong Collegiate School]]}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Amir Khasru Mahmud Chowdhury''' (born 10 November 1949) is a standing committee member of [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]], and current minister of finance and planning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Gazette notification on allocation of portfolios to ministers, state ministers |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/government/nlsgfo6hl9 |access-date=19 February 2026 |work=[[Prothom Alo]]|date=18 February 2026 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2009-04-16 |title=The Week That Was |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-84224 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He hails from a political family in Chittagong and headed the city's BNP unit momentarily to organize the party.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=President will form acceptable EC, hopes Fakhrul |url=http://www.thefinancialexpress-bd.com/2017/01/20/59671/President-will-form-acceptable-EC,-hopes-Fakhrul |work=The Financial Express |location=Dhaka |access-date=21 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chittagong to get garment village |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/business/chittagong-get-garment-village-122905 |work=The Daily Star |access-date=21 January 2017 |language=en |date=7 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life and education==<br /> Amir Khosru was born on 20 February 1950 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family of [[Muslim]] [[Chowdhury|Chowdhuries]] in the Nazir Bari of North Kattali, [[Pahartali Thana|Pahartali]] in the [[Chittagong District]] of [[East Bengal]], [[Pakistan]] (now [[Bangladesh]]). His father, [[Mahmudunnabi Chowdhury]], was a minister during the [[East Pakistan]] period and a member of the [[East Pakistan Legislative Assembly]]. Chowdhury graduated with a [[Bachelor's degree]] from [[Chittagong College]] in 1969. He then studied [[accountancy]] in [[London]], [[England]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite Banglapedia|author=Kamal, Mohammad Mostafa|article=Chowdhury, Mahmudun Nabi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Amir Khosru was elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Chittagong-8]] thrice from the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]]. First in 1991 which was a by-election and again in 1996 and again in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Akhter |first=Muhammad Yeahia |title=Electoral corruption in Bangladesh |date=2001 |publisher=Ashgate |isbn=0-7546-1628-2 |location=Aldershot, Hampshire, England |pages=243 |oclc=45592557}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdhury is a businessman and former chairman and founder of [[Chittagong Stock Exchange]], a former president of [[Chittagong Chamber of Commerce &amp; Industry|Chittagong Chamber of Commerce and Industries]] and the first president of Federation of South Asian Exchanges.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc25Mar2005&quot; /&gt; He was the former commerce minister in the BNP government from 2001 to 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc25Mar2005&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdhury resigned on 25 March 2004 from the cabinet.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc25Mar2005&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Shock at Bangladesh resignation |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3568677.stm |publisher=BBC News |access-date=21 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He resigned following allegations that he had allowed a syndicate to raise the price of essential commodities in Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;ds17Apr2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2012-04-17 |title=None resigned voluntarily |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-230484 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another reason for the resignation was his supposed rivalry with the Minister of Finance, [[Saifur Rahman (Bangladeshi politician)|Saifur Rahman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ds17Apr2012&quot; /&gt; Speculation at the time suggest that it could be linked to Chowdhury approving opening of a commerce office of Taiwan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |title=Khasru Resigns |url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/magazine/2004/04/01/news.htm |access-date=2022-01-10 |magazine=Star Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 31 October 2007, arrest warrants were issued against Chowdhury on a corruption case filled by the [[Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh)|Anti-Corruption Commission]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2007-10-31 |title=Arrest warrant against Amir Khasru, Harris Chowdhury, 10 others |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-9635 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110162521/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-9635 |archive-date=2022-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had fled Bangladesh during the crackdown on corruption by the Caretaker Government.&lt;ref name=&quot;ds21Aug2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Manik |first=Julfikar Ali |date=2008-08-21 |title=Most graft convicts absconding abroad |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-51236 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> <br /> Chowdhury called for the removal of acting mayor of Chittagong City Corporation, Zahirul Alam Dobhash, ahead of mayoral elections in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-05-26 |title=Remove Dobhash to ensure fair CCC polls: Khasru |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-140129 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the chief election agent of [[M Manjur Alam]], the [[Bangladesh Nationalist Party]] candidate for mayor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Correspondent&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2010-06-16 |title=Magistrate withdrawn after BNP objection |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-142873 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following a complaint by Chowdhury against executive magistrate [[Salehin Tanvir Gazi]] of favoring the Awami League candidate the Election Commission withdrew Gazi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Correspondent&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdhury's, then President of Chittagong unit of Bangladesh Nationalist Party, [[Jatiyatabadi Jubo Dal]] supporters clashed with the supporters of the General Secretary of Chittagong City unit of Bangladesh Nationalist Party Dr Shahadat Hossain in December 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-12-08 |title=20 hurt as Jubo Dal rivals clash in Chittagong |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-213194 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110174517/https://www.thedailystar.net/news-detail-213194 |archive-date=2022-01-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdhury was part of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party delegation to the ''Democracy, good governance and human rights in Bangladesh'', held in July 2013 in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-07-16 |title=AL, BNP teams leave for London to join |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/al-bnp-teams-leave-for-london-to-join |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chowdhury's, then President of Chittagong unit of Bangladesh Nationalist Party, [[Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal]] supporters clashed with the supporters of the General Secretary of Chittagong City unit of Bangladesh Nationalist Party Dr Shahadat Hossain on 15 August 2013 at a cake cutting function celebrating former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia's birthday.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2013-08-15 |title=JCD men clash over Khaleda birthday celebration |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/jcd-men-clash-over-khaleda-birthday-celebration |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Secretary_Kerry_Greets_Begum_Khaleda_Zia_at_the_U.S._Embassy_Dhaka_(28695344064).jpg|thumb|Chowdhury part of a delegation led by former Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]] that met US Secretary of State [[John Kerry]].]]<br /> On 23 June 2014, Chowdhury criticized the government for various loan scams at a conference of [[Bangladesh Economists Forum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2014-06-23 |title=Good governance: need of the time |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/good-governance-need-of-the-time-29867 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdhury was the chief of BNP's [[Chittagong City Corporation|Chittagong city]] unit in 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;bdn22Mar2015&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Chittagong BNP leader Amir Khasru says he will not run for mayor |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/chittagong-bnp-leader-amir-khasru-says-he-will-not-run-for-mayor |work=bdnews24.com |date=22 March 2015 |access-date=21 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He announced in March 2015 that he will not contest in the upcoming mayoral elections of the [[Chittagong City Corporation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bdn22Mar2015&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdhury is the chief adviser of [[Khaleda Zia]], the chairperson of Bangladesh Nationalist Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;bdn16May2016&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=BNP leaders attend meeting at US ambassador's residence |url=https://bdnews24.com/politics/bnp-leaders-attend-meeting-at-us-ambassadors-residence |work=bdnews24.com |date=16 May 2016 |access-date=21 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He met William Todd, the Principal Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs at the State Department of the United States, at the residence of the Ambassador of the United States to Bangladesh, [[Marcia Bernicat]] on 16 May 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;bdn16May2016&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2017, Chowdhury was a Standing Committee member of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;Report&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2017-12-04 |title=Country being run by rulers' law: Amir Khasru |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/country-being-run-rulers-law-amir-khasru-1500130 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He spoke against the arrest of former Prime Minister [[Khaleda Zia]] and claimed the rule of law was absent in Bangladesh.&lt;ref name=&quot;Report&quot;/&gt; Chowdhury asked the government to make a clear stand in regards to the [[Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh]] in September 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=BNP seeks clear stance of government over Rohingya issue |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/255711/BNP-seeks-clear-stance-of-government-over-Rohingya-issue |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=Daily Sun |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Anti-Corruption Commission issued summons against Chowdhury to interrogate him on corruption charges on 16 August 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;ds5Sep2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-09-05 |title=ACC notices: HC bench refuses to hear Amir Khasru's plea |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/city/bnp-leader-amir-khasru-mahmud-chowdhury-corruption-allegation-acc-notices-hc-bench-refuses-hear-1629487 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chowdhury filed a petition with the Bangladesh High Court, on 3 September 2018, challenging it's order from the Anti-Corruption Commission as not being valid.&lt;ref name=&quot;ds5Sep2018&quot; /&gt; A Bangladesh High Court bench refused to hear the appeal while another bench, composed of Justice [[Borhanuddin (justice)|Borhanuddin]] and Justice Md Mostafizur Rahman, dropped the appeal from their schedule without any explanations on 5 October.&lt;ref name=&quot;ds5Sep2018&quot;/&gt; The day before the commission had placed a travel ban on him and his wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;ds4Oct2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-04 |title=Khasru, wife can't leave country: ACC |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/embargo-on-bnp-leader-amir-khasru-mahmud-his-wife-to-leave-bangladesh-1642525 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 16 September 2018, Justice [[Md Nazrul Islam Talukder]] and Justice [[KM Hafizul Alam]] of the High Court Bench rejected his petition challenging the summons by the Anti-Corruption Commission.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-09-17 |title=HC rejects Amir Khasru's challenge |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/amir-khasru-acc-interrogation-high-court-clears-way-1634557 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-09-12 |title=HC order on Sept 16 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/news/bnp-leader-amir-khasru-mahmud-chowdhury-plea-against-acc-notice-september-16-1632397 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Justice [[Muhammad Imman Ali|M Imman Ali]] of the [[Bangladesh Supreme Court, Appellate Division|Appellate Division]] of Bangladesh Supreme Court set 1 October 2021 as the hearing date on his petition against the High Court Division verdict on the summons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-09-17 |title=Graft case: SC to hear Khasru's plea Oct 1 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/graft-case-sc-hear-khasrus-plea-oct-1-1634980 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Supreme Court bench upheld the order issued by the High Court.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-02 |title=SC upholds ACC notices to quiz Amir Khasru |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/supreme-court-upholds-anti-corruption-commission-notices-amir-khasru-mahmud-quizzing-1641151 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> [[File:Amir_Khasru_Mahmud_Chowdhury,_Tofail_Ahmed_and_Badiul_Alam_Majumdar.jpg|thumb|Chowdhury with [[Tofail Ahmed (politician)|Tofail Ahmed]] and [[Badiul Alam Majumdar]] at the [[Embassy of the United States, Dhaka]]]]<br /> On 24 August 2018, Chowdhury secured anticipatory bails from the High Court Division in two cases, one alleged that he &quot;provoked&quot; the [[2018 Bangladesh road-safety protests]] and the second stemmed from a leaked cellphone conversation between him and a leader of Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal (Mizanur Rahman Naomi who was later arrested&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-08-06 |title=Detectives pick up Naomi in Comilla |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/backpage/highlights-ofthe-day-1616587 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;), the student front of Bangladesh Nationalist Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-08-28 |title=Amir Khasru gets anticipatory bail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/city/bnps-khasru-secures-bail-2-cases-1625182 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ds4Oct2018&quot; /&gt; The General Secretary of Chittagong City unit of Bangladesh Chhatra League, Jakaria Dastagir, filed the case against Chowdhury under the Section 57 of Information and Communication Technology Act for the phone conversation leak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-08-05 |title=Amir Khasru sued over 'phone conversation' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-amir-khasru-sued-over-phone-conversation-under-ict-special-power-acts-1616179 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chowdhury was sent to Chittagong jail on 22 October after his request for an extension of bail was denied.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-22 |title=Khasru sent to jail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/bnp-leader-amir-khasru-sent-chattogram-jail-1649923 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was taken on remand on 26 October by the Chattogram Metropolitan Police.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-10-26 |title=Amir Khasru remanded |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/news/bnp-leader-amir-khasru-remanded-1651666 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 4 November 2018, Chowdhury received his bail and 12 November he was released from Chittagong Jail.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-11-12 |title=Amir Khasru freed from Chattogram jail on bail |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/city/bnp-leader-amir-khasru-mahmud-chowdhury-freed-chattogram-jail-on-bail-1659409 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |agency=UNB |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 18 December 2018, a couple of weeks before the election, Chowdhury alleged that the website of Bangladesh Nationalist Party, www.bnpbangladesh.com, was blocked in Bangladesh by the government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-12-18 |title=BNP's website 'blocked' |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/bnp-official-website-blocked-amir-khasru-1675492 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had been nominated by Bangladesh Nationalist Party to contest the election from [[Chittagong-11]] in the 2018 national elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-12-08 |title=BNP candidates |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/all-bnp-candidates-1670812 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He lost to [[M. Abdul Latif|M Abdul Latif]] of Awami League, who received 283,169 votes while Chowdhury had received 52,898 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2018-11-25 |title=Chattogram-11 - Constituency detail of Bangladesh General Election 2018 |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-election-2018/seats?s=Chattogram-11&amp;d=chattogram |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdhury criticized the 2019-2020 national budget of Bangladesh for a 1.45 trillion deficit and said the budget would increase the sufferings of regular people who would have to pay more revenue to the government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2019-06-13 |title=People to suffer for budget deficit: Amir Khasru |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/bangladesh-national-budget-2019-20/people-suffer-for-budget-deficit-1756555 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He complained to the Election Commission over irregularities in the two Dhaka city corporation elections in February 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-02-01 |title=BNP submits written complaint to EC over polls irregularities |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/dhaka-city-elections-2020/news/bnp-submits-written-complaint-ec-over-polls-irregularities-1862149 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had also spoken against the usage of Electronic Voting Machine in the election.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-01-06 |title=City polls: BNP places 21-point demand to EC |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/politics/dhaka-city-election-2020-bnp-places-21-point-demand-1850407 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Chowdhury criticized the 2020-2021 budget for ignoring people and their livelihoods.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-06-11 |title=People's lives, livelihoods ignored in budget: says Amir Khashru |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/peoples-lives-livelihoods-ignored-budget-2020-21-1912777 |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 23 December 2021, Chittagong Police pressed charges against Chowdhury over the 2018 cases against him regarding the student protests and leaked phone call.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2021-12-23 |title=Leaked phone call: Ctg police press charges against BNP's Amir Khasru |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/phone-call-leaked-ctg-police-press-charges-against-bnps-amir-khasru-2923946 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-01-10 |work=The Daily Star |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223071047/https://www.thedailystar.net/news/bangladesh/crime-justice/news/phone-call-leaked-ctg-police-press-charges-against-bnps-amir-khasru-2923946 |archive-date=2021-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Commons category-inline}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Chowdhury, Amir Khasru Mahmud}}<br /> [[Category:1949 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Chittagong District]]<br /> [[Category:Politicians from Chittagong Division]]<br /> [[Category:Bangladesh Nationalist Party politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Chittagong College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:5th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:6th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:7th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:8th Jatiya Sangsad members]]<br /> [[Category:Ministers of commerce of Bangladesh]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stone_Age&diff=458336 2026-03-19T13:24:40Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: further rework lead per standard format and updated info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Prehistoric period before metal tools}}<br /> {{Other uses}}<br /> {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=October 2022}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox historical era<br /> | name = Stone Age<br /> | location = [[10th millennium BC#Holocene epoch|Global]]<br /> | start = 3.4 MYA<br /> | end = 3000 BC<br /> | duration = <br /> | image = Ggantija Temples, Xaghra, Gozo.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = [[Ġgantija]] temples in [[Gozo]], Malta, {{Circa|3600}}–2500 BC, some of the world's oldest free-standing structures<br /> | before = [[Pliocene]]<br /> | including = <br /> | after = {{unbulleted list|[[Bronze Age]]|[[Copper Age]]}}<br /> | monarch = <br /> | leaders = <br /> | presidents = <br /> | primeministers = <br /> | key_events =<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Stone Age|260}}<br /> {{History of technology sidebar}}<br /> <br /> The '''Stone Age''' was a broad [[prehistory|prehistoric]] period during which [[Rock (geology)|stone]] was widely used to make [[stone tool]]s with an edge, a point, or a percussion surface. The period lasted for roughly 3.4&amp;nbsp;million years&lt;ref name=&quot;nhm.ac.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818123718/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2010/august/oldest-tool-use-and-meat-eating-revealed75831.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 August 2010|title=Oldest tool use and meat-eating revealed &amp;#124; Natural History Museum|date=18 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ended between 4000 [[Anno Domini|BC]] and 2000&amp;nbsp;BC, with the advent of [[metalworking]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stone Age|url=https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/stone-age|website=HISTORY|language=en|access-date=2020-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of its enormous timescale, it encompasses 99% of human history. <br /> <br /> Though some simple metalworking of malleable metals, particularly the use of [[Goldsmith|gold]] and [[Coppersmith|copper]] for purposes of ornamentation, was known in the Stone Age, it is the melting and [[smelting]] of copper that marks the end of the Stone Age.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Goody |first=Jack |title=Metals, Culture, and Capitalism |date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Western Asia]], this occurred by about 3000&amp;nbsp;BC, when [[bronze]] became widespread. The term [[Bronze Age]] is used to describe the period that followed the Stone Age, as well as to describe cultures that had developed techniques and technologies for working copper alloys (bronze: originally copper and arsenic, later copper and tin) into tools, supplanting stone in many uses.<br /> <br /> Stone Age artifacts that have been discovered include tools used by modern humans, by their predecessor species in the [[genus]] ''[[Homo]]'', and possibly by the earlier partly contemporaneous genera ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and ''[[Paranthropus]]''. [[Bone tool]]s have been discovered that were used during this period as well but these are rarely preserved in the [[archaeological record]]. The Stone Age is further subdivided by the types of [[stone tool]]s in use.<br /> <br /> The Stone Age is the first period in the [[three-age system]] frequently used in [[archaeology]] to divide the timeline of human technological prehistory (especially in Europe and western Asia) into functional periods, with the next two being the [[Bronze Age]] and the [[Iron Age]], respectively. The Stone Age is also commonly divided into three distinct periods: the earliest and most primitive being the [[Paleolithic]] era; a transitional period with finer tools known as the [[Mesolithic]] era; and the final stage known as the [[Neolithic]] era. Neolithic peoples were the first to transition away from [[hunter-gatherer]] societies into the settled lifestyle of inhabiting [[List of Neolithic settlements|towns and villages]] as [[Neolithic Revolution|agriculture became widespread]]. In the chronology of prehistory, the Neolithic era usually overlaps with the [[Chalcolithic]] (&quot;Copper&quot;) era preceding the Bronze Age.<br /> <br /> The [[Archaeology of the Americas]] uses different markers to assign five periods which have different dates in different areas; the oldest period is the similarly named [[Lithic stage]].<br /> <br /> {{TOC limit|4}}<br /> <br /> ==Historical significance==<br /> [[File:Awashrivermap.png|thumb|left|Modern [[Awash River]], Ethiopia, descendant of the Palaeo-Awash, source of the sediments in which the oldest Stone Age tools have been found]]<br /> {{Human timeline}}<br /> <br /> The Stone Age is contemporaneous with the evolution of the genus ''[[Homo]]'', with the possible exception of the early Stone Age, when species prior to ''Homo'' may have manufactured tools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Ko|first1=Kwang Hyun|title=Origins of human intelligence: The chain of tool-making and brain evolution|journal=Anthropological Notebooks|date=2016|volume=22|issue=1|pages=5–22|url=http://www.drustvo-antropologov.si/AN/PDF/2016_1/Anthropological_Notebooks_XXII_1_Ko.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the age and location of the current evidence, the cradle of the genus is the [[East African Rift]] System, especially toward the north in [[Ethiopia]], where it is bordered by [[grasslands]]. The closest relative among the other living [[primate]]s, the genus ''[[Pan (genus)|Pan]]'', represents a branch that continued on in the deep forest, where the primates evolved. The rift served as a conduit for movement into [[southern Africa]] and also north down the [[Nile]] into North Africa and through the continuation of the rift in the [[Levant]] to the vast grasslands of Asia.<br /> <br /> Starting from about 4&amp;nbsp;million years ago ([[mya (unit)|mya]]) a single [[biome]] established itself from South Africa through the rift, North Africa, and across Asia to modern China. This has been called &quot;transcontinental 'savannahstan{{'&quot;}} recently.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=106}}&lt;/ref&gt; Starting in the grasslands of the rift, ''[[Homo erectus]]'', the predecessor of modern humans, found an [[ecological niche]] as a tool-maker and developed a dependence on it, becoming a &quot;tool-equipped [[savanna]] dweller&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=147}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Stone Age in archaeology==<br /> <br /> ===Beginning of the Stone Age===<br /> [[File:Arrowhead.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Obsidian]] [[projectile point]]]]<br /> <br /> The oldest indirect evidence found of stone tool use is fossilised animal bones with tool marks; these are 3.4&amp;nbsp;million years old and were found in the Lower Awash Valley in Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;nhm.ac.uk&quot;/&gt; Archaeological discoveries in Kenya in 2015, identifying what may be the oldest evidence of hominin use of tools known to date, have indicated that ''[[Kenyanthropus]] platyops'' (a 3.2 to 3.5-million-year-old [[Pliocene]] hominin fossil discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya, in 1999) may have been the earliest tool-users known.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32804177|title=Oldest tools pre-date first humans|first=Rebecca|last=Morelle|author-link=Rebecca Morelle|date=20 May 2015|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The oldest stone tools were excavated from the site of [[Lomekwi]] 3 in West [[Turkana County|Turkana]], northwestern Kenya, and date to 3.3&amp;nbsp;million years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harmand 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Harmand|first1=Sonia|title=3.3-million-year-old stone tools from Lomekwi 3, West Turkana, Kenya|journal=Nature|date=21 May 2015|volume=521|issue=7552|pages=310–315|doi=10.1038/nature14464|display-authors=etal|pmid=25993961|bibcode=2015Natur.521..310H|s2cid=1207285}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to the discovery of these &quot;Lomekwian&quot; tools, the oldest known stone tools had been found at several sites at [[Gona, Ethiopia]], on sediments of the paleo-[[Awash River]], which serve to date them. All the tools come from the Busidama Formation, which lies above a [[disconformity]], or missing layer, which would have been from 2.9 to 2.7&amp;nbsp;[[mya (unit)|mya]]. The oldest sites discovered to contain tools are dated to 2.6–2.55&amp;nbsp;mya.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rogers|Semaw|2009|pp=162–163}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the most striking circumstances about these sites is that they are from the Late [[Pliocene]], where prior to their discovery tools were thought to have evolved only in the [[Pleistocene]]. Excavators at the locality point out that:&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rogers|Semaw|2009|p=155}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{blockquote|...&amp;nbsp;the earliest stone tool makers were skilled [[flintknappers]]&amp;nbsp;... The possible reasons behind this seeming abrupt transition from the absence of stone tools to the presence thereof include&amp;nbsp;... gaps in the geological record.}}<br /> <br /> The species that made the Pliocene tools remains unknown. Fragments of ''[[Australopithecus garhi]]'', ''[[Australopithecus aethiopicus]]'',&lt;ref&gt;As to whether ''aethiopicus'' is the genus ''[[Australopithecus]]'' or the genus ''[[Paranthropus]]'', broken out to include the more robust forms, anthropological opinion is divided and both usages occur in the professional sources.&lt;/ref&gt; and ''Homo'', possibly ''[[Homo habilis]]'', have been found in sites near the age of the Gona tools.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rogers|Semaw|2009|p=164}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In July 2018, scientists reported the discovery in [[China]] of what may possibly be, if confirmed, the oldest known stone tools outside Africa, estimated at 2.12&amp;nbsp;million years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-20180711cz&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Zimmer |title=Archaeologists in China Discover the Oldest Stone Tools Outside Africa |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/science/hominins-tools-china.html |date=11 July 2018 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=13 July 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===End of the Stone Age===<br /> Innovation in the technique of [[smelting]] [[ore]] is regarded as the end of the Stone Age and the beginning of the [[Bronze Age]]. The first highly significant metal manufactured was [[bronze]], an alloy of copper and [[tin]] or [[arsenic]], each of which was smelted separately. The transition from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age was a period during which modern people could smelt copper, but did not yet manufacture bronze, a time known as the [[Copper Age]] (or more technically the [[Chalcolithic]] or Eneolithic, both meaning 'copper–stone'). The Chalcolithic by convention is the initial period of the Bronze Age. The Bronze Age was followed by the [[Iron Age]].<br /> <br /> The transition out of the Stone Age occurred between 6000 and 2500&amp;nbsp;[[Common Era|BC]] for much of humanity living in [[North Africa]] and [[Eurasia]].{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}<br /> <br /> The first evidence of human [[metallurgy]] dates to between the [[6th millennium BC|6th]] and [[5th millennium BC|5th millennia]]&amp;nbsp;BC in the archaeological sites of the [[Vinča culture]], including [[Majdanpek]], [[Jarmovac]], [[Pločnik (archaeological site)|Pločnik]], [[Rudna Glava]] in modern-day Serbia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | journal = [[Journal of World Prehistory]] | year = 2021 | issue = 2 | title = Early Balkan Metallurgy: Origins, Evolution and Society, 6200–3700 BC | first1 = Miljana | last1 = Radivojević | first2 = Benjamin W. | last2 = Roberts | volume = 34 | pages = 195–278 | doi = 10.1007/s10963-021-09155-7 | s2cid = 237005605 | doi-access = free }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Ötzi the Iceman]], a [[mummy]] from about 3300 BC, carried with him a copper axe and a flint knife.<br /> <br /> In some regions, such as [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], the Stone Age was followed directly by the Iron Age.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=S.J.S. Cookey|editor1-last=Swartz|editor1-first=B.K.|editor2-last=Dumett|editor2-first=Raymond E.|title=West African Culture Dynamics: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives|date=1980|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter|isbn=978-90-279-7920-9|page=329|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8_Z5N0gmNlsC&amp;q=africa+Stone+Age+was+followed+directly+by+the+iron+age&amp;pg=PA329|access-date=3 June 2016|chapter=An Ethnohistorical Reconstruction of Traditional Igbo Society}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Middle East and [[Southeast Asia]]n regions progressed past Stone Age technology around 6000&amp;nbsp;BC.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} Europe, and the rest of Asia became post-Stone Age societies by about 4000&amp;nbsp;BC.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} The [[Cultural periods of Peru|proto-Inca]] cultures of South America continued at a Stone Age level until around 2000&amp;nbsp;BC, when gold, copper, and silver made their entrance. The peoples of the Americas notably did not develop a widespread behavior of smelting bronze or iron after the Stone Age period, although the technology existed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Easby|first1=Dudley T.|title=Pre-Hispanic Metallurgy and Metalworking in the New World|journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society|date=April 1965|volume=109|issue=2|pages=89–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; Stone tool manufacture continued even after the Stone Age ended in a given area. In Europe and North America, [[millstone]]s were in use until well into the 20th century, and still are in many parts of the world.<br /> <br /> ===Concept of the Stone Age===<br /> The terms &quot;Stone Age&quot;, &quot;Bronze Age&quot;, and &quot;Iron Age&quot; are not intended to suggest that advancements and time periods in prehistory are only measured by the type of tool material, rather than, for example, [[social organization]], [[food sources]] exploited, adaptation to climate, adoption of agriculture, cooking, [[Human settlement|settlement]], and religion. Like [[pottery]], the typology of the stone tools combined with the relative sequence of the types in various regions provide a chronological framework for the evolution of humanity and society. They serve as diagnostics of date, rather than characterizing the people or the society.<br /> <br /> [[Lithic analysis]] is a major and specialised form of archaeological investigation. It involves the measurement of [[stone tool]]s to determine their typology, function and technologies involved. It includes the scientific study of the [[lithic reduction]] of the raw materials and methods used to make the prehistoric artifacts that are discovered. Much of this study takes place in the laboratory in the presence of various specialists. In [[experimental archaeology]], researchers attempt to create replica tools, to understand how they were made. [[Flintknapper]]s are craftsmen who use sharp tools to reduce [[flint]]stone to [[Flint (tool)|flint tool]].<br /> <br /> [[File:National park stone tools.jpg|thumb|A variety of [[stone tool]]s]]<br /> <br /> In addition to lithic analysis, field prehistorians use a wide range of techniques derived from multiple fields. The work of archaeologists in determining the paleocontext and relative sequence of the layers is supplemented by the efforts of geologic specialists in identifying layers of rock developed or deposited over geologic time; of paleontological specialists in identifying bones and animals; of palynologists in discovering and identifying pollen, spores and plant species; of physicists and chemists in laboratories determining ages of materials by [[carbon-14]], [[K–Ar dating|potassium-argon]] and other methods. The study of the Stone Age has never been limited to stone tools and archaeology, even though they are important forms of evidence. The chief focus of study has always been on the society and the living people who belonged to it.<br /> <br /> Useful as it has been, the concept of the Stone Age has its limitations. The date range of this period is ambiguous, disputed, and variable, depending upon the region in question. While it is possible to speak of a general 'Stone Age' period for the whole of humanity, some groups never developed metal-[[smelting]] technology, and so remained in the so-called 'Stone Age' until they encountered technologically developed cultures. The term was innovated to describe the [[archaeological culture]]s of Europe. It may not always be the best in relation to regions such as some parts of the [[Indies]] and Oceania, where [[farmers]] or [[hunter-gatherer]]s used stone for tools until European [[colonisation]] began.<br /> <br /> [[File:Kiuruveden reikäkirves - Stone axe of Kiuruvesi.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Stone Age [[hand axe]] engraved with human face found from [[Kiuruvesi]], [[Finland]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.finna.fi/Record/musketti.M012:AKD32380:1#image|title=KM 11708 Kiuruveden kirves; Esinekuva|via=finna.fi|language=fi|access-date=2022-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Archaeologists of the late 19th and early 20th centuries CE, who adapted the [[three-age system]] to their ideas, hoped to combine cultural anthropology and archaeology in such a way that a specific contemporaneous tribe could be used to illustrate the way of life and beliefs of the people exercising a particular Stone-Age technology. As a description of people living today, the term ''Stone Age'' is controversial. The [[Association of Social Anthropologists]] discourages this use, asserting:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=ASA Statement on the use of 'primitive' as a descriptor of contemporary human groups | newspaper=ASA News | date=27 August 2007 | publisher=Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth | url=http://www.theasa.org/news.shtml#asa | access-date=31 October 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114155909/http://www.theasa.org/news.shtml#asa | archive-date=14 November 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;To describe any living group as 'primitive' or 'Stone Age' inevitably implies that they are living representatives of some earlier stage of human development that the majority of humankind has left behind.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Three-stage system===<br /> In the 1920s, South African archaeologists organizing the stone tool collections of that country observed that they did not fit the newly detailed Three-Age System. In the words of [[J. Desmond Clark]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Clark|1970|p=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;blockquote&gt;It was early realized that the threefold division of culture into Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages adopted in the nineteenth century for Europe had no validity in Africa outside the Nile valley.&lt;/blockquote&gt;<br /> <br /> Consequently, they proposed a new system for Africa, the Three-stage System. Clark regarded the Three-age System as valid for North Africa; in sub-Saharan Africa, the Three-stage System was best.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Clark|1970|pp=18–19}}&lt;/ref&gt; In practice, the failure of African archaeologists either to keep this distinction in mind, or to explain which one they mean, contributes to the considerable equivocation already present in the literature. There are in effect two Stone Ages, one part of the Three-age and the other constituting the Three-stage. They refer to one and the same artifacts and the same technologies, but vary by locality and time.<br /> <br /> The three-stage system was proposed in 1929 by Astley John Hilary Goodwin, a professional archaeologist, and [[Clarence van Riet Lowe]], a civil engineer and amateur archaeologist, in an article titled &quot;Stone Age Cultures of South Africa&quot; in the journal ''Annals of the South African Museum''. By then, the dates of the Early Stone Age, or [[Paleolithic]], and Late Stone Age, or [[Neolithic]] (''neo'' = new), were fairly solid and were regarded by Goodwin as absolute. He therefore proposed a relative chronology of periods with floating dates, to be called the Earlier and Later Stone Age. The Middle Stone Age would not change its name, but it would not mean [[Mesolithic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Deacon|Deacon|1999|pp=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The duo thus reinvented the Stone Age. In Sub-Saharan Africa, however, iron-working technologies were either invented independently or came across the Sahara from the north (see ''[[iron metallurgy in Africa]]''). The Neolithic was characterized primarily by herding societies rather than large agricultural societies, and although there was [[copper metallurgy in Africa]] as well as bronze smelting, archaeologists do not currently recognize a separate Copper Age or Bronze Age. Moreover, the technologies included in those 'stages', as Goodwin called them, were not exactly the same. Since then, the original relative terms have become identified with the technologies of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, so that they are no longer relative. Moreover, there has been a tendency to drop the comparative degree in favor of the positive: resulting in two sets of Early, Middle and Late Stone Ages of quite different content and chronologies.<br /> <br /> By voluntary agreement,{{citation needed|reason=what does this even mean? Which archeologists? What did they agree to? Why? This is very dubious sounding without a good source|date=December 2018}} archaeologists respect the decisions of the [[Pan-African Congress on Prehistory]], which meets every four years to resolve the archaeological business brought before it. Delegates are actually international; the organization takes its name from the topic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Arnott|first=D. W.|date=June 1959|title=J. Desmond Clark and Sonia Cole (ed.): Third Pan-African Congress on Prehistory, Livingstone, 1955. xxxix, 440 pp., 7 col. plates. London: Chatto &amp; Windus, 1957. 75s.|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies|language=en|volume=22|issue=2|pages=400|doi=10.1017/S0041977X00069135|s2cid=162906190|issn=1474-0699}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Louis Leakey]] hosted the first one in [[Nairobi]] in 1947. It adopted Goodwin and Lowe's 3-stage system at that time, the stages to be called Early, Middle and Later.<br /> <br /> ===Problem of the transitions===<br /> The problem of the transitions in archaeology is a branch of the general philosophic continuity problem, which examines how discrete objects of any sort that are [[wikt:contiguity|contiguous]] in any way can be presumed to have a relationship of any sort. In archaeology, the relationship is one of [[causality]]. If Period B can be presumed to descend from Period A, there must be a boundary between A and B, the A–B boundary. The problem is in the nature of this boundary. If there is no distinct boundary, then the population of A suddenly stopped using the customs characteristic of A and suddenly started using those of B, an unlikely scenario in the process of [[evolution]]. More realistically, a distinct border period, the A/B transition, existed, in which the customs of A were gradually dropped and those of B acquired. If transitions do not exist, then there is no proof of any continuity between A and B.<br /> <br /> The Stone Age of Europe is characteristically in deficit of known transitions. The 19th and early 20th-century innovators of the modern [[three-age system]] recognized the problem of the initial transition, the &quot;gap&quot; between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic. [[Louis Leakey]] provided something of an answer by proving that man evolved in Africa. The Stone Age must have begun there to be carried repeatedly to Europe by migrant populations. The different phases of the Stone Age thus could appear there without transitions. The burden on African archaeologists became all the greater, because now they must find the missing transitions in Africa. The problem is difficult and ongoing.<br /> <br /> After its adoption by the First Pan African Congress in 1947, the Three-Stage Chronology was amended by the Third Congress in 1955 to include a First Intermediate Period between Early and Middle, to encompass the [[Fauresmith (industry)|Fauresmith]] and [[Sangoan]] technologies, and the Second Intermediate Period between Middle and Later, to encompass the [[Magosian]] technology and others. The chronologic basis for the definition was entirely relative. With the arrival of scientific means of finding an absolute chronology, the two intermediates turned out to be [[will-of-the-wisp]]s. They were in fact [[Middle Paleolithic|Middle]] and [[Lower Paleolithic]]. Fauresmith is now considered to be a [[facies]] of [[Acheulean]], while Sangoan is a facies of [[Lupemban]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | first=Glynn | last=Isaac | author-link=Glynn Isaac | title=The Earliest Archaeological Traces | editor-first=J. Desmond | series=Volume | editor-last=Clark | encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of Africa | volume=I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC | page=246 | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1982 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Magosian is &quot;an artificial mix of two different periods&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last=Willoughby | first=Pamela R. | year=2007 | title=The evolution of modern humans in Africa: a comprehensive guide | location=Lanham, Maryland | publisher=AltaMira Press | page=54}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Once seriously questioned, the intermediates did not wait for the next Pan African Congress two years hence, but were officially rejected in 1965 (again on an advisory basis) by Burg Wartenstein Conference #29, ''Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary'',&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=477}}&lt;/ref&gt; a conference in anthropology held by the Wenner-Gren Foundation, at Burg Wartenstein Castle, which it then owned in Austria, attended by the same scholars that attended the Pan African Congress, including Louis Leakey and [[Mary Leakey]], who was delivering a pilot presentation of her typological analysis of Early Stone Age tools, to be included in her 1971 contribution to ''Olduvai Gorge'', &quot;Excavations in Beds I and II, 1960–1963.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=History: Systematic Investigation of the African Later Tertiary and Quaternary | url=http://wennergren.org/history/conferences-seminars-symposia/wenner-gren-symposia/cumulative-list-wenner-gren-symposia/we-23 | publisher=The Wenner-Gren Foundation | access-date=3 March 2011 | archive-date=28 July 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728172827/http://wennergren.org/history/conferences-seminars-symposia/wenner-gren-symposia/cumulative-list-wenner-gren-symposia/we-23 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> However, although the intermediate periods were gone, the search for the transitions continued.<br /> <br /> ==Chronology==<br /> [[File:Five Myr Climate Change.svg|thumb|upright=1.4|Time series plot of temperature over the previous 5&amp;nbsp;million years]]<br /> <br /> In 1859 [[Jens Jacob Worsaae]] first proposed a division of the Stone Age into older and younger parts based on his work with Danish [[kitchen midden]]s that began in 1851.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | title=Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the subsequent decades this simple distinction developed into the archaeological periods of today. The major subdivisions of the Three-age Stone Age cross two [[epoch (geology)|epoch]] boundaries on the [[geologic time scale]]:<br /> * The geologic [[Pliocene]]–[[Pleistocene]] boundary (highly glaciated climate)<br /> ** The [[Paleolithic]] period of archaeology<br /> * The geologic [[Pleistocene]]–[[Holocene]] boundary (modern climate)<br /> ** [[Mesolithic]] or [[Epipaleolithic]] period of archaeology<br /> ** [[Neolithic]] period of archaeology<br /> The succession of these phases varies enormously from one region (and [[archaeological culture|culture]]) to another.<br /> <br /> ===Three-age chronology===<br /> {{Main|Paleolithic|Human evolution|Three-age system}}<br /> The Paleolithic or Palaeolithic (from Greek: παλαιός, ''palaios'', &quot;old&quot;; and λίθος, ''[[lithos]]'', &quot;stone&quot; lit. &quot;old stone&quot;, coined by archaeologist [[John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury|John Lubbock]] and published in 1865) is the earliest division of the Stone Age. It covers the greatest portion of humanity's time (roughly 99% of &quot;human technological history&quot;,&lt;ref name=Thoth&amp;Schick&gt;{{Cite book |title=Handbook of Paleoanthropology | first1=Nicholas | last1=Toth |series=Volume | first2=Kathy | last2=Schick | year=2007 | volume=3 | contribution=21 Overview of Paleolithic Archaeology | editor-first=H.C. Winfried | editor-last=Henke | editor2-first=Thorolf | editor2-last=Hardt | editor3-first=Ian | editor3-last=Tattersall | location=Berlin; Heidelberg; New York | publisher=Springer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-540-32474-4 | page=1944 |doi=10.1007/978-3-540-33761-4_64 }}&lt;/ref&gt; where &quot;human&quot; and &quot;humanity&quot; are interpreted to mean the genus ''[[Homo]]''), extending from 2.5 or 2.6&amp;nbsp;million years ago, with the first documented use of stone tools by [[hominin]]s such as ''[[Homo habilis]]'', to the end of the [[Pleistocene]] around 10,000&amp;nbsp;BC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Thoth&amp;Schick&quot;/&gt; The Paleolithic era ended with the [[Mesolithic]], or in areas with an early [[Neolithic Revolution|Neolithisation]], the [[Epipaleolithic]].<br /> <br /> ====Lower Paleolithic====<br /> {{main|Lower Paleolithic}}<br /> [[File:Shaping marks on the upper surfaces of object 1033 and on the underlying treetrunk.webp|thumb|[[Kalambo structure]]]]<br /> At sites dating from the Lower Paleolithic Period (about 2,500,000 to 200,000 years ago), simple pebble tools have been found in association with the remains of what may have been the earliest human ancestors. A somewhat more sophisticated Lower Paleolithic tradition, known as the [[Chopping tool|Chopper chopping tool]] industry, is widely distributed in the Eastern Hemisphere. This tradition is thought to have been the work of the hominin species named ''[[Homo erectus]]''. Although no such fossil tools have yet been found, it is believed that ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' probably made tools of wood and bone as well as stone.<br /> About 700,000 years ago, a new Lower Paleolithic tool, the hand axe, appeared. The earliest European hand axes are assigned to the [[Abbevillian Industry|Abbevillian industry]], which developed in northern France in the valley of the [[Somme River]]; a later, more refined hand-axe tradition is seen in the [[Acheulean industry|Acheulian industry]], evidence of which has been found in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Some of the earliest known hand axes were found at [[Olduvai Gorge]] (Tanzania) in association with remains of ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus''. Alongside the hand-axe tradition, there developed a distinct and very different stone-tool industry, based on flakes of stone: special tools were made from worked (carefully shaped) flakes of flint. In Europe, the [[Clactonian Industry|Clactonian industry]] is one example of a flake tradition. The early flake industries probably contributed to the development of the [[Middle Paleolithic]] flake tools of the [[Mousterian Industry|Mousterian industry]], which is associated with the remains of [[Neanderthal Man|Neanderthal man]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/439507/Paleolithic-Period | title=Paleolithic Period &amp;#124; Definition, Dates, &amp; Facts| date=7 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Oldowan in Africa=====<br /> {{Main|Oldowan}}<br /> [[File:Canto tallado 2-Guelmim-Es Semara.jpg|thumb|A Mode 1, or Oldowan, [[stone tool]] from the western Sahara]]<br /> <br /> The earliest documented [[stone tool]]s have been found in eastern Africa, manufacturers unknown, at the 3.3 million-year-old site of Lomekwi 3 in Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Harmand 2015&quot; /&gt; Better known are the later tools belonging to an [[archaeological industry|industry]] known as [[Oldowan]], after the type site of [[Olduvai Gorge]] in Tanzania.<br /> <br /> The tools were formed by knocking pieces off a river pebble, or stones like it, with a hammerstone to obtain large and small pieces with one or more sharp edges. Typically, but not necessarily, small pieces are detached from a larger piece, in which case the larger piece may be called the [[lithic core|core]] and the smaller pieces the [[lithic flake|flakes]]. The prevalent usage, however, is to call all the results flakes, which can be confusing. A split in half is called bipolar flaking.<br /> <br /> Consequently, the method is often called &quot;core-and-flake&quot;. More recently, the tradition has been called &quot;small flake&quot; since the flakes were small compared to subsequent [[Acheulean#Acheulean stone tools|Acheulean tools]].&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=130}}.&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|The essence of the Oldowan is the making and often immediate use of small flakes.{{attribution needed|date=October 2024}}}}<br /> <br /> Another naming scheme is &quot;Pebble Core Technology (PBC)&quot;:&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Shea|2010|p=49}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|Pebble cores are ... artifacts that have been shaped by varying amounts of hard-hammer percussion.{{attribution needed|date=October 2024}}}}<br /> <br /> Various refinements in the shape have been called choppers, discoids, polyhedrons, subspheroid, etc. To date no reasons for the variants have been ascertained:&lt;ref name=Shea50&gt;{{harvnb|Shea|2010|p=50}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|From a functional standpoint, pebble cores seem designed for no specific purpose.{{attribution needed|date=October 2024}}}}<br /> <br /> However, they would not have been manufactured for no purpose:&lt;ref name=Shea50/&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|Pebble cores can be useful in many cutting, scraping or chopping tasks, but ... they are not particularly more efficient in such tasks than a sharp-edged rock.{{attribution needed|date=October 2024}}}}<br /> <br /> The whole point of their utility is that each is a &quot;sharp-edged rock&quot; in locations where nature has not provided any. There is additional evidence that Oldowan, or Mode 1, tools were used in &quot;percussion technology&quot;; that is, they were designed to be gripped at the blunt end and strike something with the edge, from which use they were given the name of [[Chopper (archaeology)|choppers]]. Modern science has been able to detect mammalian blood cells on Mode 1 tools at [[Sterkfontein]], Member 5 East, in South Africa. As the blood must have come from a fresh kill, the tool users are likely to have done the killing and used the tools for butchering. Plant residues bonded to the [[silicon]] of some tools confirm the use to chop plants.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barham 2008 132&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=132}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Although the exact species authoring the tools remains unknown, Mode 1 tools in Africa were manufactured and used predominantly by ''[[Homo habilis]]''. They cannot be said to have developed these tools or to have contributed the tradition to technology. They continued a tradition of yet unknown origin. As [[Common chimpanzee|chimpanzee]]s sometimes naturally use percussion to extract or prepare food in the wild, and may use either unmodified stones or stones that they have split, creating an Oldowan tool, the tradition may well be far older than its current record.{{citation needed|reason=Original Research?|date=November 2015}}<br /> <br /> Towards the end of Oldowan in Africa the new species ''Homo erectus'' appeared over the range of ''Homo habilis''. The earliest &quot;unambiguous&quot; evidence is a whole [[cranium]], KNM-ER 3733 (a find identifier) from [[Koobi Fora]] in Kenya, dated to 1.78&amp;nbsp;mya.&lt;ref name=B&amp;M126-127&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|pp=126–127}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An early skull fragment, KNM-ER 2598, dated to 1.9&amp;nbsp;mya, is considered a good candidate also.&lt;ref name=B&amp;M128&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transitions in paleoanthropology are always hard to find, if not impossible, but based on the &quot;long-legged&quot; [[Comparative foot morphology|limb morphology]] shared by ''H.&amp;nbsp;habilis'' and ''[[H. rudolfensis|H.&amp;nbsp;rudolfensis]]'' in East Africa, an evolution from one of those two has been suggested.&lt;ref name=B&amp;M145&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=145}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The most immediate cause of the new adjustments appears to have been an increasing aridity in the region and consequent contraction of parkland [[savanna]], interspersed with trees and groves, in favor of open grassland, dated 1.8–1.7 mya. During that transitional period the percentage of grazers among the fossil species increased from around 15–25% to 45%, dispersing the food supply and requiring a facility among the hunters to travel longer distances comfortably, which ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' obviously had.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=146}}.&lt;/ref&gt; The ultimate proof is the &quot;dispersal&quot; of ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' &quot;across much of Africa and Asia, substantially before the development of the Mode 2 technology and use of fire&quot;.&lt;ref name=B&amp;M145/&gt; ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' carried Mode 1 tools over Eurasia.<br /> <br /> According to the current evidence (which may change at any time) Mode 1 tools are documented from about 2.6&amp;nbsp;mya to about 1.5&amp;nbsp;mya in Africa,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=112}}&lt;/ref&gt; and to 0.5&amp;nbsp;mya outside of it.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Shea|2010|p=57}}&lt;/ref&gt; The genus Homo is known from ''H.&amp;nbsp;habilis'' and ''H.&amp;nbsp;rudolfensis'' from 2.3 to 2.0&amp;nbsp;mya, with the latest habilis being an upper jaw from Koobi Fora, Kenya, from 1.4&amp;nbsp;mya. ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' is dated 1.8–0.6 mya.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=73}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Tool manufacture is not species-specific: It had been an early Leakey hypothesis at Olduvai that Mode 1 tools implied ''Homo habilis'' and Mode 2, ''Homo erectus''. Subsequent methods of obtaining more precise dates made that hypothesis at least partially obsolete.&lt;ref name=B&amp;M126-127&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|pp=126–127}}.&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;<br /> <br /> According to this chronology Mode 1 was inherited by ''Homo'' from unknown [[Hominina|Hominans]], probably ''[[Australopithecus]]'' and ''[[Paranthropus]]'', who must have continued on with Mode 1 and then with Mode 2 until their extinction no later than 1.1&amp;nbsp;mya. Meanwhile, living contemporaneously in the same regions ''H.&amp;nbsp;habilis'' inherited the tools around 2.3&amp;nbsp;mya. At about 1.9&amp;nbsp;mya ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' came on stage and lived contemporaneously with the others. Mode 1 was now being shared by a number of Hominans over the same ranges, presumably subsisting in different niches, but the archaeology is not precise enough to say which.<br /> <br /> =====Oldowan out of Africa=====<br /> Tools of the Oldowan tradition first came to archaeological attention in Europe, where, being intrusive and not well defined, compared to the Acheulean, they were puzzling to archaeologists. The mystery would be elucidated by African archaeology at Olduvai, but meanwhile, in the early 20th century, the term &quot;Pre-Acheulean&quot; came into use in [[climatology]]. C.&amp;nbsp;E.&amp;nbsp;P. Brooks, a British climatologist working in the United States, used the term to describe a &quot;chalky boulder clay&quot; underlying a layer of gravel at [[Hoxne]], central England, where Acheulean tools had been found.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation | first=Charles E. P. |last=Brooks | contribution=The Correlation of the Quaternary Deposits of the British Isles with Those of the Continent of Europe | title=Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution 1917 | year=1919 | location=Washington | publisher=Government Pronting Office | page=277}}&lt;/ref&gt; Whether any tools would be found in it and what type was not known. [[Hugo Obermaier]], a contemporary German archaeologist working in Spain, stated:&lt;!--previously &quot;quipped&quot; which implies humour, but this is not humorous--&gt;<br /> <br /> {{quote|Unfortunately, the stage of human industry which corresponds to these deposits cannot be positively identified. All we can say is that it is pre-Acheulean.}}<br /> <br /> This uncertainty was clarified by the subsequent excavations at Olduvai; nevertheless, the term is still in use for pre-Acheulean contexts, mainly across Eurasia, that are yet unspecified or uncertain but with the understanding that they are or will turn out to be pebble-tool.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | first=Hugo |last=Obermaier | author-link=Hugo Obermaier |author2=Christine Matthew |author3=Henry Osborne | title=Fossil Man in Spain | location=New Haven | publisher=Yale University Press for the Hispanic Society of America | year=1924 | page=272}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> There are ample associations of Mode 2 with ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' in Eurasia. ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus''&amp;nbsp;– Mode 1 associations are scantier but they do exist, especially in the Far East. One strong piece of evidence prevents the conclusion that only ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' reached Eurasia: at [[Yiron]], Israel, Mode 1 tools have been found dating to 2.4&amp;nbsp;mya,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|pp=106–107}}&lt;/ref&gt; about 0.5&amp;nbsp;my earlier than the known ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' finds. If the date is correct, either another Hominan preceded ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' out of Africa or the earliest ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' has yet to be found.<br /> <br /> After the initial appearance at Gona in Ethiopia at 2.7 mya, pebble tools date from 2.0&amp;nbsp;mya at [[Sterkfontein]], Member 5, South Africa, and from 1.8&amp;nbsp;mya at El Kherba, Algeria, North Africa. The manufacturers had already left pebble tools at [[Yiron]], Israel, at 2.4 mya, [[Riwat]], Pakistan, at 2.0&amp;nbsp;mya, and Renzidong, South China, at over 2&amp;nbsp;mya.&lt;ref name=Shea55-57&gt;{{harvnb|Shea|2010|pp=55–57}}&lt;/ref&gt; The identification of a fossil skull at Mojokerta, Pernung Peninsula on [[Java]], dated to 1.8&amp;nbsp;mya, as ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'', suggests that the African finds are not the earliest to be found in Africa, or that, in fact, erectus did not originate in Africa after all but on the plains of Asia.&lt;ref name=B&amp;M145/&gt; The outcome of the issue waits for more substantial evidence. Erectus was found also at [[Dmanisi]], Georgia, from 1.75&amp;nbsp;mya in association with pebble tools.<br /> <br /> Pebble tools are found the latest first in southern Europe and then in northern Europe. They begin in the open areas of Italy and Spain, the earliest dated to 1.6&amp;nbsp;mya at Pirro Nord, Italy. The mountains of Italy are rising at a rapid rate in the framework of geologic time; at 1.6&amp;nbsp;mya they were lower and covered with grassland (as much of the highlands still are). Europe was otherwise mountainous and covered over with dense forest, a formidable terrain for warm-weather savanna dwellers. Similarly there is no evidence that the Mediterranean was passable at Gibraltar or anywhere else to ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' or earlier hominins. They might have reached Italy and Spain along the coasts.<br /> <br /> In northern Europe, pebble tools are found earliest at [[Happisburgh]], United Kingdom, from 0.8&amp;nbsp;mya. The last traces are from [[Kent's Cavern]], dated 0.5&amp;nbsp;mya. By that time ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' is regarded as having been extinct; however, a more modern version apparently had evolved, ''[[Homo heidelbergensis]]'', who must have inherited the tools.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=24}}&lt;/ref&gt; He{{who?|date=October 2024}} also explains the last of the Acheulean in Germany at 0.4&amp;nbsp;mya.<br /> <br /> In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, archaeologists worked on the assumption that a succession of hominins and cultures prevailed, that one replaced another. Today the presence of multiple hominins living contemporaneously near each other for long periods is accepted as proven true; moreover, by the time the previously assumed &quot;earliest&quot; culture arrived in northern Europe, the rest of Africa and Eurasia had progressed to the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic, so that across the earth all three were for a time contemporaneous. In any given region there was a progression from Oldowan to Acheulean, Lower to Upper, no doubt.<br /> <br /> =====Acheulean in Africa=====<br /> {{Main|Acheulean}}<br /> [[File:Raedera.png|thumb|upright|An [[Acheulean]] tool, not worked over the entire surface]]<br /> <br /> The end of Oldowan in Africa was brought on by the appearance of [[Acheulean]], or Mode 2, [[stone tool]]s. The earliest known instances are in the 1.7–1.6 mya layer at [[Kokiselei]], West Turkana, Kenya.&lt;ref name=B&amp;M128/&gt; At [[Sterkfontein]], South Africa, they are in Member 5 West, 1.7–1.4 mya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Barham 2008 132&quot;/&gt; The 1.7 is a fairly certain, fairly standard date. Mode 2 is often found in association with ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus''. It makes sense that the most advanced tools should have been innovated by the most advanced hominin; consequently, they are typically given credit for the innovation.<br /> <br /> A Mode 2 tool is a biface consisting of two concave surfaces intersecting to form a cutting edge all the way around, except in the case of tools intended to feature a point. More work and planning go into the manufacture of a Mode 2 tool. The manufacturer hits a slab off a larger rock to use as a blank. Then large flakes are struck off the blank and worked into bifaces by hard-hammer percussion on an anvil stone. Finally the edge is retouched: small flakes are hit off with a bone or wood soft hammer to sharpen or resharpen it. The core can be either the blank or another flake. Blanks are ported for manufacturing supply in places where nature has provided no suitable stone.<br /> <br /> Although most Mode 2 tools are easily distinguished from Mode 1, there is a close similarity of some Oldowan and some Acheulean, which can lead to confusion. Some Oldowan tools are more carefully prepared to form a more regular edge. One distinguishing criterion is the size of the flakes. In contrast to the Oldowan &quot;small flake&quot; tradition, Acheulean is &quot;large flake&quot;: &quot;The primary technological distinction remaining between Oldowan and the Acheulean is the preference for large flakes (&gt;10 cm) as blanks for making large cutting tools (handaxes and cleavers) in the Acheulean.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=130}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Large Cutting Tool&quot; (LCT) has become part of the standard terminology as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shea50&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> In North Africa, the presence of Mode 2 remains a mystery, as the oldest finds are from Thomas Quarry in [[Morocco]] at 0.9&amp;nbsp;mya.&lt;ref name=Shea55-57/&gt; Archaeological attention, however, shifts to the Jordan Rift Valley, an extension of the East African Rift Valley (the east bank of the Jordan is slowly sliding northward as East Africa is thrust away from Africa). Evidence of use of the Nile Valley is in deficit, but Hominans could easily have reached the palaeo-[[Jordan River]] from [[Ethiopia]] along the shores of the [[Red Sea]], one side or the other. A crossing would not have been necessary, but it is more likely there than over a theoretical but unproven land bridge through either [[Gibraltar]] or [[Sicily]].<br /> <br /> Meanwhile, Acheulean went on in Africa past the 1.0&amp;nbsp;mya mark and also past the extinction of ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' there. The last Acheulean in East Africa is at [[Olorgesailie]], Kenya, dated to about 0.9&amp;nbsp;mya. Its owner was still ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'',&lt;ref name=Shea55-57/&gt; but in South Africa, Acheulean at [[Hopefield, South Africa|Elandsfontein]], 1.0–0.6 mya, is associated with [[Saldanha man]], classified as ''H.&amp;nbsp;heidelbergensis'', a more advanced, but not yet modern, descendant most likely of ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus''. The Thoman Quarry Hominans in [[Morocco]] similarly are most likely [[Homo rhodesiensis]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | journal=Quaternary International | issue=223–224 | year=2010 | pages=369–382 | title=Hominid Cave at Thomas Quarry I (Casablanca, Morocco): Recent findings and their context | author=Jean-Paul Raynal | url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/hublin/pdf/Raynal%20et%20al%202010%20Quat%20Intl.pdf | display-authors=etal | doi=10.1016/j.quaint.2010.03.011 | volume=223–224 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228231758/http://www.eva.mpg.de/evolution/staff/hublin/pdf/Raynal%20et%20al%202010%20Quat%20Intl.pdf | archive-date=28 February 2011 | df=dmy-all | bibcode=2010QuInt.223..369R }}&lt;/ref&gt; in the same evolutionary status as ''H.&amp;nbsp;heidelbergensis''.<br /> &lt;!--''H. erectus'' learned to control fire and created more complex chopper tools, as well as expanding [[Single-origin hypothesis|out of Africa]] to reach Asia, as shown by sites such as [[Zhoukoudian]] in China. By 1 million years ago, the earliest evidence of humans in Europe is known, as well as use of the more advanced [[handaxe]] tool.--&gt;<br /> <br /> =====Acheulean out of Africa=====<br /> Mode 2 is first known out of Africa at '[[Ubeidiya prehistoric site|Ubeidiya]], Israel, a site now on the [[Jordan River]], then frequented over the long term (hundreds of thousands of years) by [[Homo]] on the shore of a variable-level palaeo-lake, long since vanished. The geology was created by successive &quot;transgression and regression&quot; of the lake&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=9}}&lt;/ref&gt; resulting in four cycles of layers. The tools are located in the first two, Cycles Li (Limnic Inferior) and Fi (Fluviatile Inferior), but mostly in Fi. The cycles represent different ecologies and therefore different cross-sections of fauna, which makes it possible to date them. They appear to be the same faunal assemblages as the Ferenta Faunal Unit in Italy, known from excavations at Selvella and Pieterfitta, dated to 1.6–1.2&amp;nbsp;mya.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|pp=119–120}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At 'Ubeidiya the marks on the bones of the animal species found there indicate that the manufacturers of the tools butchered the kills of large predators, an activity that has been termed &quot;scavenging&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=149}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are no living floors, nor did they process bones to obtain the marrow. These activities cannot be understood therefore as the only or even the typical economic activity of Hominans. Their interests were selective: they were primarily harvesting the meat of [[Cervid]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=147}}&lt;/ref&gt; which is estimated to have been available without spoiling for up to four days after the kill.<br /> <br /> The majority of the animals at the site were of &quot;Palaearctic biogeographic origin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=67}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, these overlapped in range on 30–60% of &quot;African biogeographic origin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=21}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[biome]] was Mediterranean, not savanna. The animals were not passing through; there was simply an overlap of normal ranges. Of the Hominans, ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus'' left several cranial fragments. Teeth of undetermined species may have been ''H.&amp;nbsp;ergaster''.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Belmaker|2006|p=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tools are classified as &quot;Lower Acheulean&quot; and &quot;Developed Oldowan&quot;. The latter is a disputed classification created by [[Mary Leakey]] to describe an Acheulean-like tradition in Bed II at [[Olduvai Gorge|Olduvai]]. It is dated 1.53–1.27 mya. The date of the tools therefore probably does not exceed 1.5&amp;nbsp;mya; 1.4 is often given as a date. This chronology, which is definitely later than in Kenya, supports the &quot;out of Africa&quot; hypothesis for Acheulean, if not for the Hominans.<br /> <br /> [[File:Biface (trihedral) Amar Merdeg, Mehran, Ilam, Lower Paleolithic, National Museum of Iran.jpg|thumb|upright=.8|Biface (trihedral) from [[Amar Merdeg]] at [[Zagros]] foothill, [[Ilam, Iran|Ilam]], National Museum of Iran]]<br /> <br /> From Southwest Asia, as the Levant is now called, the Acheulean extended itself more slowly eastward, arriving at [[Isampur]], India, about 1.2&amp;nbsp;mya. It does not appear in China and Korea until after 1mya and not at all in Indonesia. There is a discernible boundary marking the furthest extent of the Acheulean eastward before 1&amp;nbsp;mya, called the [[Movius Line]], after its proposer, [[Hallam L. Movius]]. On the east side of the line the small flake tradition continues, but the tools are additionally worked Mode 1, with flaking down the sides. In Athirampakkam at [[Chennai]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] the Acheulean age started at 1.51&amp;nbsp;mya and it is also prior than North India and Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Acheulian stone tools discovered near Chennai|url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/25/stories/2011032564021300.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823111619/http://www.hindu.com/2011/03/25/stories/2011032564021300.htm|url-status=dead|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2011-03-25|archive-date=2011-08-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The cause of the Movius Line remains speculative, whether it represents a real change in technology or a limitation of archeology, but after 1&amp;nbsp;mya evidence not available to Movius indicates the prevalence of Acheulean. For example, the Acheulean site at Bose, China, is dated 0.803±3K mya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Bose, China | work=What Does It Mean to be Human? | publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History | url=http://humanorigins.si.edu/research/asian-research/bose-china| date=28 January 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The authors of this chronologically later East Asian Acheulean remain unknown, as does whether it evolved in the region or was brought in.<br /> <br /> There is no named boundary line between Mode 1 and Mode 2 on the west; nevertheless, Mode 2 is equally late in Europe as it is in the Far East. The earliest comes from a rock shelter at Estrecho de Quípar in Spain, dated to greater than 0.9&amp;nbsp;mya. Teeth from an undetermined Hominan were found there also.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | first=Rex | last=Dalton | title=Europe's oldest axes discovered | journal=Nature News | date=2 September 2009 | url=http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090902/full/news.2009.878.html | doi=10.1038/news.2009.878| url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; The last Mode 2 in Southern Europe is from a deposit at Fontana Ranuccio near [[Anagni]] in Italy dated to 0.45&amp;nbsp;mya, which is generally linked to ''[[Homo cepranensis]]'', a &quot;late variant of ''H.&amp;nbsp;erectus''&quot;, a fragment of whose skull was found at Ceprano nearby, dated 0.46&amp;nbsp;mya.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume=286 | issue=1–2 | year=2009 | pages=255–268 | doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2009.06.032 |author=Giovanni Muttoni | title=Pleistocene magnetochronology of early hominid sites at Ceprano and Fontana Ranuccio, Italy | url=http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~dvk/dvk_REPRINTS/Muttoni+2009b.pdf|display-authors=etal | bibcode=2009E&amp;PSL.286..255M}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Middle Paleolithic====<br /> {{main|Middle Paleolithic}}<br /> This period is best known as the era during which the [[Neanderthal]]s lived in Europe and the Near East (c. 300,000–28,000 years ago). Their technology is mainly the [[Mousterian]], but Neanderthal physical characteristics have been found also in ambiguous association with the more recent [[Châtelperronian]] archeological culture in Western Europe and several local industries like the [[Szeletian]] in Eastern Europe/Eurasia. There is no evidence for Neanderthals in Africa, Australia or the Americas.<br /> <br /> Neanderthals nursed their elderly and practised [[ritual]] burial indicating an organised society. The earliest evidence ([[Mungo Man]]) of settlement in Australia dates to around [[Prehistory of Australia|40,000 years ago]] when modern humans likely crossed from Asia by island-hopping. Evidence for symbolic behavior such as body ornamentation and burial is ambiguous for the Middle Paleolithic and still subject to debate. The [[Bhimbetka rock shelters]] exhibit the earliest traces of human life in India, some of which are approximately 30,000 years old.<br /> <br /> ====Upper Paleolithic====<br /> {{main|Upper Paleolithic}}<br /> [[File:Bradshaw rock paintings.jpg|thumb|[[Gwion Gwion rock paintings]] found in the north-west [[Kimberley region of Western Australia]]]]<br /> <br /> From 50,000 to 10,000 years ago in Europe, the Upper Paleolithic ends with the end of the Pleistocene and onset of the Holocene era (the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]]). Modern humans spread out further across the Earth during the period known as the Upper Paleolithic.<br /> <br /> The Upper Paleolithic is marked by a relatively rapid succession of often complex stone artifact technologies and a large increase in the creation of art and personal ornaments. During period between 35 and 10&amp;nbsp;kya evolved: from 38 to 30 kya [[Châtelperronian]], 40–28 [[Aurignacian]], 28–22 [[Gravettian]], 22–17 [[Solutrean]], and 18–10 [[Magdalenian]]. All of these industries except the Châtelperronian are associated with anatomically modern humans. Authorship of the Châtelperronian is still the subject of much debate.<br /> <br /> Most scholars date the arrival of [[Indigenous Australians|humans in Australia]] at 40,000 to 50,000 years ago, with a possible range of up to 125,000 years ago. The earliest [[modern human|anatomically modern human]] remains found in Australia (and outside of Africa) are those of [[Mungo Man]]; they have been dated at 42,000 years old.&lt;ref name = &quot;pmid1259451&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nature01383| pmid = 12594511| title = New ages for human occupation and climatic change at Lake Mungo, Australia| journal = Nature| volume = 421| issue = 6925| pages = 837–840| year = 2003| last1 = Bowler | first1 = J.M. | last2 = Johnston | first2 = H. | last3 = Olley | first3 = J. M. | last4 = Prescott | first4 = J. R. | last5 = Roberts | first5 = R. G. | last6 = Shawcross | first6 = W. | last7 = Spooner | first7 = N. A. | bibcode = 2003Natur.421..837B| s2cid = 4365526}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = &quot;doisj.quascirev.2005.07.022&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/j.quascirev.2005.07.022| title = Single-grain optical dating of grave-infill associated with human burials at Lake Mungo, Australia| journal = Quaternary Science Reviews| volume = 25| issue = 19–20| pages = 2469–2474| year = 2006| last1 = Olley | first1 = J. M. | last2 = Roberts | first2 = R. G. | last3 = Yoshida | first3 = H. | last4 = Bowler | first4 = J. M. | bibcode = 2006QSRv...25.2469O}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Americas were colonised via the [[Bering land bridge]] which was exposed during this period by lower sea levels. These people are called the [[Paleo-Indians]], and the earliest accepted dates are those of the [[Clovis culture]] sites, some 13,500 years ago. Globally, societies were [[hunter-gatherer]]s but evidence of regional identities begins to appear in the wide variety of stone tool types being developed to suit very different environments.<br /> <br /> ====Epipaleolithic/Mesolithic====<br /> {{main|Epipaleolithic|Mesolithic}}<br /> The period starting from the end of the last [[ice age]], 10,000 years ago, to around 6,000 years ago was characterized by [[sea level rise|rising sea levels]] and a need to adapt to a changing environment and find new food sources. The development of Mode 5 ([[microlith]]) tools began in response to these changes. They were derived from the previous Paleolithic tools, hence the term Epipaleolithic, or were intermediate between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic, hence the term [[Mesolithic]] (Middle Stone Age), used for parts of Eurasia, but not outside it. The choice of a word depends on exact circumstances and the inclination of the archaeologists excavating the site. Microliths were used in the manufacture of more efficient composite tools, resulting in an intensification of hunting and fishing and with increasing social activity the development of more complex settlements, such as [[Lepenski Vir]]. Domestication of the dog as a hunting companion probably dates to this period.<br /> <br /> The earliest known battle occurred during the Mesolithic period at a site in Egypt known as [[Cemetery 117]].<br /> <br /> ====Neolithic====<br /> {{Main|Neolithic}}<br /> [[File:Skara Brae house 9.jpg|thumb|[[Skara Brae]], Scotland: Europe's most complete [[Neolithic]] village]]<br /> [[File:Fleche Cartailhac MHNT PRE 2009.0.9232.1.jpg|thumb|Different views of one arrowhead from [[chert]], 3300 to 2400&amp;nbsp;BC, [[Saint-Léons]], France]]<br /> <br /> The [[Neolithic]], or New Stone Age, was approximately characterized by the adoption of agriculture. The shift from food gathering to food producing, in itself one of the most revolutionary changes in human history, was accompanied by the so-called [[Neolithic Revolution]]: the development of [[pottery]], polished stone tools, and construction of more complex, larger settlements such as [[Göbekli Tepe]] and [[Çatalhöyük]]. Some of these features began in certain localities even earlier, in the transitional Mesolithic. The first Neolithic cultures started around 7000&amp;nbsp;BC in the [[Fertile Crescent]] and spread concentrically to other areas of the world; however, the Near East was probably not the only nucleus of agriculture, the cultivation of maize in Meso-America and of [[Oryza sativa|rice]] in the Far East being others.<br /> <br /> Due to the increased need to harvest and process plants, ground stone and polished stone artifacts became much more widespread, including tools for grinding, cutting, and chopping. [[Skara Brae]], located in [[Orkney]], [[Scotland]], is one of Europe's best examples of a Neolithic village. The community contains stone beds, shelves and even an indoor toilet linked to a stream. The first large-scale constructions were built, including settlement towers and walls, e.g., Jericho ([[Tell es-Sultan]]) and ceremonial sites, e.g. [[Stonehenge]]. The [[Ġgantija]] temples of Gozo in the Maltese archipelago are the oldest surviving free-standing structures in the world, erected {{Circa|3600}}–2500 BC. The earliest evidence for established trade exists in the [[Neolithic]] with newly settled people importing exotic goods over distances of many hundreds of miles.<br /> <br /> These facts show that there were sufficient resources and co-operation to enable large groups to work on these projects. To what extent this was a basis for the development of elites and social hierarchies is a matter of ongoing debate.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | first=Ian | last=Kuijt | editor-first=Ian |editor-last=Kuijt | year=2000 | title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and differentiation | contribution=Chapter 13: Near Eastern Neolithic Research: Directions and Trends | series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology | page=317 | location=New York | publisher=Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although some late Neolithic societies formed complex stratified chiefdoms similar to Polynesian societies such as the [[Ancient Hawaii]]ans, based on the societies of modern tribesmen at an equivalent technological level, most Neolithic societies were relatively simple and [[egalitarian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Evolutionary Origins of Morality: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives | editor-first=Leonard D. | editor-last=Katz |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=inmTyPPdR5oC&amp;q=Neolithic+egalitarianism&amp;pg=RA1-PA158 | year=2000 | first=Christopher | last=Boehm | contribution=The Origin of Morality as Social Control | location=Thorverton | page=158 | publisher=Imprint Academic | series=Journal of Consciousness Studies |volume=7 | isbn=978-0-7190-5612-3 }}&lt;/ref&gt; A comparison of art in the two ages leads some theorists to conclude that Neolithic cultures were noticeably more hierarchical than the [[Paleolithic]] cultures that preceded them.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3u6JNwMyMCEC&amp;q=paleolithic+history+violence&amp;pg=PA422 | title=The Nature of Paleolithic Art | first=Russell Dale | last=Guthrie | pages=419–420 | location=Chicago | publisher=University of Chicago Press | year=2005 | isbn=978-0-226-31126-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===African chronology===<br /> {{main|African archaeology}}<br /> <br /> ====Early Stone Age (ESA)====<br /> {{main|Paleolithic|Lower Paleolithic}}<br /> [[File:Obsidienne biface ethiopie.jpg|thumb|upright=.7|Acheulean biface from Lake Langano area, Ethiopia]]<br /> <br /> The [[Africa#Early Stone Age Africa|Early Stone Age in Africa]] is not to be identified with &quot;Old Stone Age&quot;, a translation of Paleolithic, or with Paleolithic, or with the &quot;Earlier Stone Age&quot; that originally meant what became the Paleolithic and Mesolithic. In the initial decades of its definition by the Pan-African Congress of Prehistory, it was parallel in Africa to the [[Upper Paleolithic|Upper]] and [[Middle Paleolithic]]. However, since then [[Radiocarbon dating]] has shown that the Middle Stone Age is in fact contemporaneous with the [[Middle Paleolithic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia | first=J. Desmond | last=Clark | author-link=J. Desmond Clark | title=The Culture of the Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age | editor-first=J. Desmond | series=Volume | editor-last=Clark | encyclopedia=The Cambridge History of Africa | volume=I: From the Earliest Times to C. 500 BC | page=248 | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1982 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Early Stone Age therefore is contemporaneous with the [[Lower Paleolithic]] and happens to include the same main technologies, [[Oldowan]] and [[Acheulean]], which produced Mode 1 and Mode 2 [[stone tool]]s respectively. A distinct regional term is warranted, however, by the location and chronology of the sites and the exact typology.<br /> <br /> ====Middle Stone Age (MSA)====<br /> {{main|Middle Stone Age}}<br /> The Middle Stone Age was a period of African prehistory between Early Stone Age and Late Stone Age. It began around 300,000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago.&lt;ref&gt;McBrearty and Brooks 2000&lt;/ref&gt; It is considered as an equivalent of European [[Middle Paleolithic]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.accessexcellence.org/BF/bf02/klein/bf02e3.html|title=Biological origins of modern humans}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is associated with anatomically modern or almost modern ''[[Homo sapiens]]''. Early physical evidence comes from Omo&lt;ref&gt;McDougall et al. 2005&lt;/ref&gt; and Herto,&lt;ref&gt;White et al. 2003&lt;/ref&gt; both in Ethiopia and dated respectively at c. 195 ka and at c. 160 ka.<br /> <br /> ====Later Stone Age (LSA)====<br /> {{main|Later Stone Age}}<br /> The Later Stone Age (LSA, sometimes also called the '''Late Stone Age''') refers to a period in African prehistory. Its beginnings are roughly contemporaneous with the European Upper Paleolithic. It lasts until historical times and this includes cultures corresponding to Mesolithic and Neolithic in other regions.<br /> <br /> ==Material culture==<br /> ===Tools===<br /> [[Stone tool]]s were made from a variety of stones. For example, [[flint]] and [[chert]] were shaped (or ''[[chipped stone|chipped]]'') for use as cutting tools and [[weapon]]s, while [[basalt]] and [[sandstone]] were used for [[ground stone]] tools, such as [[quern-stone]]s. Wood, bone, [[Exoskeleton|shell]], [[antler]] (deer) and other materials were widely used, as well. During the most recent part of the period, [[sediment]]s (such as [[clay]]) were used to make [[pottery]]. Agriculture was developed and certain animals were [[Domestication|domesticated]] as well.<br /> <br /> Some species of non-[[primate]]s are able to use stone tools, such as the [[sea otter]], which breaks [[abalone]] shells with them. [[Primate]]s can both use and manufacture stone tools. This combination of abilities is more marked in [[ape]]s and humans, but only humans, or more generally [[hominin]]s, depend on tool use for survival.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=74}}&lt;/ref&gt; The key anatomical and behavioral features required for tool manufacture, which are possessed only by hominins, are the larger thumb and the ability to hold by means of an assortment of grips.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Barham|Mitchell|2008|p=108}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Food and drink===<br /> {{main|Paleolithic diet|Paleolithic#Diet and nutrition|l2=Paleolithic diet and nutrition}}<br /> Food sources of the Palaeolithic [[hunter-gatherer]]s were wild plants and animals harvested from the [[environment (biophysical)|environment]]. They liked animal [[organ (anatomy)|organ]] meats, including the [[liver]]s, [[kidney]]s and [[brain]]s. Large seeded [[legume]]s were part of the human diet long before the [[Neolithic Revolution|agricultural revolution]], as is evident from archaeobotanical finds from the [[Mousterian]] layers of [[Kebara Cave]], in Israel.&lt;ref name=&quot;doi10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Efraim |last1=Lev | first2=Mordechai E. |last2=Kislev|first3= Ofer |last3=Bar-Yosef |title=Mousterian vegetal food in Kebara Cave, Mt. Carmel |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=475–484 |date=March 2005 |doi=10.1016/j.jas.2004.11.006 | bibcode=2005JArSc..32..475L}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moreover, recent evidence indicates that humans processed and consumed wild cereal grains as far back as 23,000 years ago in the [[Upper Paleolithic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15295598&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Dolores R. |last1=Piperno |first2=Ehud |last2=Weiss |first3=Irene |last3=Holst |first4=Dani |last4=Nadel |title=Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starch grain analysis |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=7000 |pages=670–673 |date=5 August 2004 |pmid=15295598 |doi=10.1038/nature02734 |url=http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/Ohalo%20II%20Nature.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504082225/http://anthropology.si.edu/archaeobio/Ohalo%20II%20Nature.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2011 |bibcode=2004Natur.430..670P |s2cid=4431395 }}&lt;/ref&gt; An example of grain-based Stone Age food is [[flatbread]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Colin Barras |title=Stone Age bread predates farming |journal=New Scientist |volume=239 |issue=3187 |pages=6 |date=21 July 2018 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931873-800-stone-age-bakers-made-first-bread-thousands-of-years-before-farming/ |bibcode=2018NewSc.239....6B |doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(18)31274-0 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=20 February 2019 |access-date=19 March 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220111654/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23931873-800-stone-age-bakers-made-first-bread-thousands-of-years-before-farming/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Near the end of the [[Wisconsin glaciation]], 15,000 to 9,000 years ago, mass extinction of [[Megafauna]] such as the [[woolly mammoth]] occurred in Asia, Europe, North America and Australia. This was the first [[Holocene extinction event]]. It possibly forced modification in the dietary habits of the humans of that age and with the emergence of [[agricultural practices]], plant-based foods also became a regular part of the diet. A number of factors have been suggested for the extinction: certainly over-hunting, but also deforestation and climate change.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | editor-first=Samuel T. | editor-last=Turvey | first=Samuel T. |last=Turvey | title=Holocene Extinctions | contribution=Chapter 2: In the shadow of the megafauna: prehistoric mammal and bird extinctions across the Holocene | series=Oxford Biology | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | year=2009 | pages=16–17 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The net effect was to fragment the vast ranges required by the large animals and extinguish them piecemeal in each fragment.<br /> <br /> ===Shelter and habitat===<br /> Around 2 million years ago, ''[[Homo habilis]]'' is believed to have constructed the first man-made structure in East Africa, consisting of simple arrangements of stones to hold branches of trees in position. A similar stone circular arrangement believed to be around 380,000 years old was discovered at [[Terra Amata (archaeological site)|Terra Amata]], near [[Nice]], France. (Concerns about the dating have been raised: see [[Terra Amata (archaeological site)|Terra Amata]].) Several human habitats dating back to the Stone Age have been discovered around the globe, including:<br /> * A tent-like structure inside a cave near the [[Grotte du Lazaret]], Nice, France.<br /> * A [[Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)|structure]] with a roof supported with timber, discovered in [[Dolní Věstonice]], the [[Czech Republic]], dates to around 23,000 BC. The walls were made of packed clay blocks and stones.<br /> * Many huts made of [[mammoth]] bones have been found in East-Central Europe and [[Siberia]]. The people who made these huts were expert mammoth hunters. Examples have been found along the [[Dniepr]] river valley of [[Ukraine]], including near [[Chernihiv]], in [[Moravia]], Czech Republic and in southern Poland.<br /> * An animal hide tent dated to around 15000 to [[10000 BCE|10000 BC]], in the [[Magdalenian]], was discovered at Plateau Parain, France.<br /> <br /> ===Art===<br /> [[Prehistoric art]] is visible in the artifacts. [[Prehistoric music]] is inferred from found instruments, while [[parietal art]] can be found on rocks of any kind. The latter are petroglyphs and rock paintings. The art may or may not have had a religious function.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ranger1976&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Ranger|first1=Terence O.|last2=Kimambo|first2=Isaria N.|title=The Historical Study of African Religion|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-03179-1|page=30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPcGrcVAlowC&amp;pg=PA30|access-date=25 September 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ====Petroglyphs====<br /> {{main|Petroglyph}}<br /> [[File:Aboriginal rock carvings, Terrey Hills, New South Wales, Sydney - Wiki0157.jpg|thumb|Petroglyph in [[Sydney]], Australia]]<br /> <br /> [[Petroglyph]]s appeared in the [[Neolithic]]. A Petroglyph is an [[intaglio (sculpture)|intaglio]] abstract or symbolic image engraved on natural stone by various methods, usually by prehistoric peoples. They were a dominant form of pre-writing symbols. Petroglyphs have been discovered in different parts of the world, including Australia ([[Sydney rock engravings]]), Asia ([[Bhimbetka|Bhimbetka, India]]), North America ([[Death Valley National Park]]), South America ([[Cumbe Mayo]], Peru), and Europe ([[Rock carvings at Alta|Finnmark, Norway]]).<br /> <br /> ====Rock paintings====<br /> {{main|Cave painting}}<br /> In Paleolithic times, mostly animals were painted, in theory ones that were used as food or represented strength, such as the [[rhinoceros]] or large [[Felidae|cats]] (as in the [[Chauvet Cave]]). Signs such as dots were sometimes drawn. Rare human representations include handprints and half-human/half-animal figures. The Cave of Chauvet in the [[Ardèche]] department, France, contains the most important cave paintings of the Paleolithic era,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=12 February 2017|first=Emma|last=Groeneveld |title=Chauvet Cave|url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Chauvet_Cave/|website=[[World History Encyclopedia]]|access-date=24 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; dating from about 36,000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Anita |last1=Quiles |first2=Hélène |last2=Valladas |first3=Hervé |last3=Bocherens |first4=Emmanuelle |last4=Delqué-Kolic |first5=Evelyne |last5=Kaltnecker |first6=Johannes |last6=van der Plicht |first7=Jean-Jacques |last7=Delannoy |first8=Valérie |last8=Feruglio |first9=Carole |last9=Fritz |first10=Julien |last10=Monney |first11=Michel |last11=Philippe |first12=Gilles |last12=Tosello |first13=Jean |last13=Clottes |first14=Jean-Michel |last14=Geneste |display-authors=6 |title=A high-precision chronological model for the decorated Upper Paleolithic cave of Chauvet-Pont d'Arc, Ardèche, France |journal=PNAS |volume=113 |issue=17 |pages=4670–4675 |date=11 April 2016 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1523158113 |doi-access=free |pmid=27071106 |pmc=4855545 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.4670Q }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Netburn&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Netburn|first1=Deborah|title=Chauvet cave: The most accurate timeline yet of who used the cave and when|url=http://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-chauvet-caves-timeline-20160412-story.html|access-date=22 December 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|date=December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Altamira (cave)|Altamira]] cave paintings in Spain were done 14,000 to 12,000 BC and show, among others, [[bison]]s. The hall of bulls in [[Lascaux]], Dordogne, France, dates from about 15,000 to 10,000 BC.<br /> <br /> [[File:Bhimbetka rock paintng1.jpg|thumb|Rock painting at [[Bhimbetka]], India, a [[World Heritage Site]]]]<br /> <br /> The meaning of many of these paintings remains unknown. They may have been used for seasonal rituals. The animals are accompanied by signs that suggest a possible magic use. Arrow-like symbols in Lascaux are sometimes interpreted as [[calendar]] or [[almanac]] use, but the evidence remains interpretative.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | first=Amir D. | last=Aczel | title=The Cave and the Cathedral: How a Real-Life Indiana Jones and a Research Scholar Decoded the Ancient Art of Man | place=Hoboken | publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons | pages=157–158 | year=2000 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Some scenes of the Mesolithic, however, can be typed and therefore, judging from their various modifications, are fairly clear. One of these is the battle scene between organized bands of archers. For example, &quot;the marching warriors&quot;, a rock painting at Cingle de la Mola, [[Castellón de la Plana|Castellón]] in Spain, dated to about 7,000–4,000 BC, depicts about 50 bowmen in two groups marching or running in step toward each other, each man carrying a bow in one hand and a fistful of arrows in the other. A file of five men leads one band, one of whom is a figure with a &quot;high crowned hat&quot;.<br /> <br /> In other scenes elsewhere, the men wear head-dresses and knee ornaments but otherwise fight nude. Some scenes depict the dead and wounded, bristling with arrows.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | pages=48–51 | title=Rock art of the Spanish Levant | first=Antonio Beltrán | last=Martínez | series=The Imprint of Man | location=Cambridge | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year=1982 | orig-year=1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; One is reminded of [[Ötzi the Iceman]], a Copper Age mummy revealed by an Alpine melting glacier, who collapsed from loss of blood due to an arrow wound in the back.{{opinion|date=October 2024}}<br /> <br /> ===Stone Age rituals and beliefs===<br /> {{main|Paleolithic religion|Prehistoric religion|Mother goddess}}<br /> [[File:Paulnabrone.jpg|thumb|[[Poulnabrone dolmen]] in [[County Clare]], Ireland]]<br /> <br /> Modern studies and the in-depth analysis of finds dating from the Stone Age indicate certain [[ritual]]s and [[belief]]s of the people in those prehistoric times. It is now believed that activities of the Stone Age humans went beyond the immediate requirements of procuring food, body coverings, and shelters. Specific [[Ritual|rite]]s relating to death and burial were practiced, though certainly differing in style and execution between cultures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kilroy |first1=Debbie |title=Death in the Stone Age |url=https://gethistory.co.uk/articles/prehistory/stone-age/death-in-the-stone-age |website=gethistory.co.uk |access-date=7 August 2025 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Megalithic tomb]]s, multichambered, and [[dolmen]]s, single-chambered, were [[Grave (burial)|graves]] with a huge stone slab stacked over other similarly large stone slabs; they have been discovered all across Europe and Asia and were built in the [[Neolithic]] and the [[Bronze Age]].<br /> <br /> ==Modern popular culture==<br /> [[File:Каменный век (1).jpg|thumb|Imaginative depiction of the Stone Age, by [[Viktor Vasnetsov]]]]<br /> <br /> The image of the [[caveman]] is commonly associated with the Stone Age. For example, a 2003 documentary series showing the evolution of humans through the Stone Age was called ''[[Walking with Cavemen]]'', but only the last programme showed humans living in caves. While the idea that human beings and [[dinosaur]]s coexisted is sometimes portrayed in popular culture in cartoons, films and computer games, such as ''[[The Flintstones]]'', ''[[One Million Years B.C.]]'' and ''[[Chuck Rock]]'', the notion of hominids and non-[[bird|avian]] dinosaurs [[Human–dinosaur coexistence|co–existing]] is not supported by any scientific evidence. (See: [[Young Earth creationism]] and [[Discovery of human antiquity|Human antiquitism]])<br /> <br /> Other depictions of the Stone Age include the best-selling ''[[Earth's Children]]'' series of books by [[Jean M. Auel]], which are set in the [[Paleolithic]] and are loosely based on archaeological and [[anthropology|anthropological]] findings.<br /> <br /> The 1981 film ''[[Quest for Fire (film)|Quest for Fire]]'' by [[Jean-Jacques Annaud]] tells the story of a group of early homo sapiens searching for their lost fire. A 21st-century series, ''[[Chronicles of Ancient Darkness]]'' by [[Michelle Paver]] tells of two New Stone Age children fighting to fulfil a prophecy and save their clan.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> {{Portal|History}}<br /> * [[List of Stone Age art]]<br /> * [[Prehistoric warfare]]<br /> * [[Timeline of prehistory]]<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> {{Reflist|23em}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{refbegin|30em}}<br /> * {{cite book | first1=Lawrence | last1=Barham | first2=Peter | last2=Mitchell | title=The First Africans: African Archaeology from the Earliest Toolmakers to Most Recent Foragers | year=2008 | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | series=Cambridge World Archaeology}}<br /> * {{cite book | first=Miriam | last=Belmaker | title=Community Structure through Time: 'Ubeidiya, a Lower Pleistocene Site as a Case Study (Thesis) | date=March 2006 | publisher=Paleoanthropology Society | url=http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf | access-date=19 March 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430044435/http://www.paleoanthro.org/dissertations/Miriam%20Belmaker.pdf | archive-date=30 April 2011 | url-status=dead | df=dmy-all }}<br /> * {{cite book | first=J. Desmond | last=Clark | title=The Prehistory of Africa | url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoryofafri00clar | url-access=registration | series=Ancient People and Places, Volume 72 | location=New York; Washington | publisher=Praeger Publishers | year=1970}}<br /> * {{cite book | last1=Deacon | first1=Hilary John | first2=Janette | last2=Deacon | year=1999 | title=Human beginnings in South Africa: uncovering the secrets of the Stone Age | location=Walnut Creek, California [u.a.] | publisher=Altamira Press}}<br /> * {{Cite book |editor-last=Camps i Calbet |editor-first=Marta | editor2-first=Parth R. | editor2-last=Chauhan |year=2009 | title=Sourcebook of paleolithic transitions: methods, theories, and interpretations | location=New York | publisher=Springer |first1=Michael J. | last1=Rogers | first2=Sileshi | last2=Semaw | contribution=From Nothing to Something: The Appearance and Context of the Earliest Archaeological Record}}<br /> * {{Cite book | first=John J. | last=Shea | contribution=Stone Age Visiting Cards Revisited: a Strategic Perspective on the Lithic Technology of Early Hominin Dispersal | pages=47–64 | editor-first=John G. | editor-last=Fleagle | editor2-first=John J. | editor2-last=Shea | editor3-first=Frederick E. | editor3-last=Grine | editor4-first=Andrea L. | editor4-last=Boden | editor5-first=Richard E | editor5-last=Leakey | title=Out of Africa I: the First Hominin Colonization of Eurasia | year=2010 | location=Dordrecht; Heidelberg; London; New York | publisher=Springer}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book | first=Salvatore | last=Piccolo | title=Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily | location=Thornham/Norfolk (UK)| publisher=Brazen Head Publishing | year=2013}}<br /> * {{Cite book|editor-last=Scarre|editor-first=Christopher |year=1988|title=Past Worlds: The Times Atlas of Archaeology|publisher=Times Books|location=London|isbn=978-0-7230-0306-9}}<br /> * {{Cite book|last1=Schick|first1=Kathy D.|first2=Nicholas|last2= Toth|title=Making Silent Stones Speak: Human Evolution and the Dawn of Technology|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|year=1993|isbn=978-0-671-69371-8}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category}}<br /> {{Americana Poster}}<br /> {{Library resources box |by=no |onlinebooks=yes |others=yes |about=yes |label=Stone Age<br /> |viaf= |lccn= |lcheading= |wikititle= }}<br /> *''[https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74170 The Stone Age in North America]'' Vol. 1 of 2, [[Warren K. Moorehead]] 1910, Boston: Houghton Mifflin company<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070626045040/http://history-world.org/stone_age.htm ''The Stone Age''] Robert A. Giusepi, 2000. History World International<br /> * {{cite web | title=Stone Age Hand-axes | url=http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/ | first=D.R. | last=Kowalski | publisher=AerobiologicalEngineering.com | access-date=22 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317061830/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Handaxes/ | archive-date=17 March 2011 | url-status=usurped }}<br /> * {{cite web | title=Stone Age Habitats | url=http://www.aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/ | first=D.R. | last=Kowalski | publisher=AerobiologicalEngineering.com | access-date=22 February 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317081415/http://aerobiologicalengineering.com/wxk116/StoneAge/Habitats/ | archive-date=17 March 2011 | url-status=usurped }}<br /> * {{cite web | title=PanAfrican Archaeological Association | url=http://www.panafprehistory.org/index.php/ | access-date=28 February 2011}}<br /> * {{cite web | title=Society of Africanist Archaeologists | url=http://www.safa.rice.edu/ | access-date=3 March 2011 | archive-date=17 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417165203/http://safa.rice.edu/ | url-status=dead }}<br /> * {{cite web | title=The ASA | url=http://www.theasa.org/ | publisher=Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and Commonwealth}}<br /> * [http://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-evolution-timeline-interactive Human Timeline (Interactive)] – [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]], [[National Museum of Natural History]] (August 2016).<br /> {{Three-age system of Archaeology}}<br /> {{Prehistoric technology| state=expanded}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Stone Age| ]]<br /> [[Category:Holocene]]<br /> [[Category:Pliocene]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Death_and_state_funeral_of_Manmohan_Singh&diff=495841 2026-03-15T12:15:34Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: adding a bio first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 death of former Indian prime minister}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox event<br /> | title = Death and state funeral of Manmohan Singh<br /> | image = File:Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in March 2014.jpg<br /> | image_size = 225px<br /> | caption = Singh in March 2014 two months before leaving office as prime minister <br /> | date = {{start date|df=yes|2024|12|26}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(death)}}&lt;br /&gt;28 December 2024&lt;br /&gt;{{small|(state funeral)}}<br /> | location = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|AIIMS]], Delhi &lt;br /&gt;{{small|(death)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Nigambodh Ghat]], Delhi &lt;br /&gt;{{small|(state funeral)}}<br /> | cause =<br /> | burial =<br /> | url =<br /> | blank_label =<br /> | blank1_label =<br /> | blank2_label =<br /> | website =<br /> | notes =<br /> }}<br /> {{Manmohan Singh series}}<br /> On 26 December 2024, [[Manmohan Singh]], the 13th [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister of India]] and 24th [[Minister of Finance (India)|minister of finance]], died due to various health complications at the age of 92.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=27 December 2024 |title=Manmohan Singh's funeral at Nigambodh ghat, Congress calls it deliberate insult to first Sikh PM |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-singhs-final-journey-on-december-28-cremation-at-nigambodh-ghat/article69034552.ece/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=29 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229210812/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-singhs-final-journey-on-december-28-cremation-at-nigambodh-ghat/article69034552.ece/amp/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following his death, the [[Government of India]] announced a nationwide seven-day state mourning period until 1 January 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Livemint |date=27 December 2024 |title=LIVE {{!}} Manmohan Singh laid to rest with full state honours at Nigambodh Ghat |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/manmohan-singh-death-news-live-updates-funeral-former-pm-congress-leader-condolences-rahul-sonia-gandhi-pm-modi-27-dec-11735259782262.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228151507/https://www.livemint.com/news/manmohan-singh-death-news-live-updates-funeral-former-pm-congress-leader-condolences-rahul-sonia-gandhi-pm-modi-27-dec-11735259782262.html |archive-date=28 December 2024 |access-date=29 December 2024 |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was given a state funeral on 28 December 2024. His [[lying in state]] occurred at the [[All India Congress Committee]] headquarters in [[Delhi]].<br /> <br /> ==Background==<br /> Singh, a chronic [[diabetes|diabetic]], underwent two [[Cardiac bypass surgery|cardiac bypass surgeries]], the latter of which took place in January 2009, when he was the Prime Minister.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=SNS |date=2020-05-11 |title=Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh now 'stable', under observation at AIIMS |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/former-prime-minister-dr-manmohan-singh-now-stable-observation-aiims-1502886899.html#:~:text=Manmohan%20Singh,%20who%20currently,a%20history%20of%20diabetes. |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Statesman |language=en |archive-date=14 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614140041/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/former-prime-minister-dr-manmohan-singh-now-stable-observation-aiims-1502886899.html#:~:text=Manmohan%20Singh,%20who%20currently,a%20history%20of%20diabetes. |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He also suffered from [[prostate enlargement]], for which he underwent surgery in September 2007.&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-undergoes-surgery-for-prostate/articleshow/2373038.cms&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In May 2020, Singh was hospitalised at the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi|All India Institute of Medical Sciences]] (AIIMS) due to a negative reaction to some new medication.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-05-11 |title=Manmohan Singh stable, developed reaction to medication: Hospital sources |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manmohan-singh-hospitalised-health-update-6404101/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226221538/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/manmohan-singh-hospitalised-health-update-6404101/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2021, Singh was hospitalised after testing positive for [[COVID-19]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Beaumont |first=Peter |date=2021-04-21 |title=Ex-Indian PM Manmohan Singh admitted to hospital with Covid |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/21/ex-indian-pm-manmohan-singh-admitted-hospital-covid |access-date=2025-01-01 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2021, Singh was hospitalised again at the AIIMS after experiencing weakness and fever.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Former PM Manmohan Singh Admitted To AIIMS With Fever And Weakness |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-pm-manmohan-singh-admitted-to-aiims-with-fever-and-weakness-2574412 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101134535/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-pm-manmohan-singh-admitted-to-aiims-with-fever-and-weakness-2574412 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Death and subsequent events==<br /> In the evening of 26 December 2024, Singh collapsed at his home in New Delhi and was admitted to the emergency department of All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi. He died a few hours after his hospitalisation at the age of 92.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gan |first=Aishwarya S. Iyer, Abel Alvarado, Nectar |date=2024-12-26 |title=Manmohan Singh, India's former prime minister, dies aged 92 |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/26/india/india-manmohan-singh-prime-minister-dies-intl-latam/index.html |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=CNN |language=en |archive-date=30 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230115150/https://edition.cnn.com/2024/12/26/india/india-manmohan-singh-prime-minister-dies-intl-latam/index.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=India announces seven days of mourning for ex-PM Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/12/27/india-announces-seven-days-of-mourning-for-former-pm-manmohan-singh |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official statement by AIIMS stated that Singh died at 9:51 pm, after being treated for age-related illnesses and &quot;had sudden loss of consciousness at home&quot; earlier that day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/dr-manmohan-singhs-dies-aiims-releases-statement-on-former-pms-demise-cites-sudden-loss-of-consciousness-11735236233322.html | title=Ex-PM Manmohan Singh passes away: AIIMS releases statement on former PM's demise, cites 'sudden loss of consciousness' &amp;#124; Today News | work=mint | date=26 December 2024 | author1=Livemint | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228081528/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/dr-manmohan-singhs-dies-aiims-releases-statement-on-former-pms-demise-cites-sudden-loss-of-consciousness-11735236233322.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Following his death, the Government of India declared seven days of state mourning throughout India from 26 December to 1 January, both days inclusive, with flags at half mast throughout India during the period of state mourning. The government also announced that Singh will be accorded a state funeral.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Government of India announces with profound sorrow the death of Dr. Manmohan Singh, former Prime Minister of India|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088262|date=27 December 2024|work=Ministry of Home Affairs|via=Press Information Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On 27 December, the Union Cabinet, chaired by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], passed a Condolence Resolution in the memory of Singh. The Cabinet also observed a two-minute silence. The resolution read, in part:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cabinet condoles the demise of former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088345|date=27 December 2024|work=Cabinet|via=Press Information Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {{blockquote|Dr. Manmohan Singh has left his imprint on our national life. In his passing away, the Nation has lost an eminent statesman, renowned economist and a distinguished leader.}}<br /> <br /> Further, it was announced by the president's secretariat that the change of guard ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan on 28 December will not take place due to national mourning.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NO CHANGE OF GUARD CEREMONY TOMORROW|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088443|date=27 December 2024|work=President's Secretariat|via=Press Information Bureau|access-date=28 December 2024|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227130736/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088443|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==State funeral==<br /> The state funeral for Manmohan Singh occurred in New Delhi on 28 December 2024. His eldest daughter lit the funeral pyre at the crematorium in front of President [[Droupadi Murmu]], Vice President [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]], Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], and senior members of Singh's Congress Party. Foreign dignitaries such as the [[King of Bhutan]] [[Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck]] and Mauritius Foreign Minister [[Ritish Ramful]] were also in attendance. Singh received full state honours in a ceremony that included a 21-gun salute.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manmohan Singh: Former India PM mourned in state funeral |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c878w5175n4o |access-date=28 December 2024 |website=BBC |language=en-GB |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228094401/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c878w5175n4o |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Reactions==<br /> ===India===<br /> {{flag|India}}:<br /> * President [[Droupadi Murmu]] said: &quot;He will always be remembered for his service to the nation, his unblemished political life and his utmost humility. His passing is a great loss to all of us. I pay my respectful homage to one of the greatest sons of Bharat and convey my heartfelt condolences to his family, friends and admirers&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 December 2024 |title=President Droupadi Murmu mourns Manmohan Singh's demise: 'One of greatest sons of Bharat' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/president-droupadi-murmu-mourns-manmohan-singhs-demise-one-of-greatest-sons-of-bharat-101735236537266.html |website=The Hindustan Times |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=26 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226183828/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/president-droupadi-murmu-mourns-manmohan-singhs-demise-one-of-greatest-sons-of-bharat-101735236537266.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Vice President [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] said he was &quot;deeply pained&quot; to learn about Singh's death. He hailed Singh as &quot;a distinguished economist who transformed India's economic landscape&quot;. &quot;A Padma Vibhushan awardee and architect of India's economic liberalisation in 1991, he boldly steered our nation through a critical transition, opening new pathways for growth and prosperity&quot;, the vice-president added.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Vice-President condoles the passing of former Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088260|date=26 December 2024|work=Vice President's Secretariat|via=Press Information Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] wrote on X: &quot;India mourns the loss of one of its most distinguished leaders, Dr. Manmohan Singh Ji. Rising from humble origins, he rose to become a respected economist. He served in various government positions as well, including as Finance Minister, leaving a strong imprint on our economic policy over the years. His interventions in Parliament were also insightful. As our Prime Minister, he made extensive efforts to improve people's lives&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Prime Minister condoles passing away of former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088259|date=26 December 2024|work=Prime Minister's Office|via=Press Information Bureau|access-date=28 December 2024|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227153451/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088259|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 December, Modi paid tribute to Singh in a video message, saying: &quot;His commitment to the people and the nation's development will forever be held in high regard. Dr. Manmohan Singh ji's life was a reflection of honesty and simplicity. He was an extraordinary parliamentarian. His humility, gentleness, and intellect defined his parliamentary life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi condoles the passing of former PM Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088297|date=27 December 2024|work=Prime Minister's Office|via=Press Information Bureau|access-date=28 December 2024|archive-date=27 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227081315/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088297|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dr. Manmohan Singh will always be remembered as a kind person, a learned economist and a leader dedicated to reforms: PM|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/text-of-prime-minister-narendra-modi-s-condolence-message-on-the-demise-of-former-pm-dr-manmohan-singh-589374|date=27 December 2024|work=Narendra Modi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Former prime minister [[H.D. Deve Gowda]] said: &quot;[Manmohan was a] simple and honest man&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Dec/28/manmohan-singh-pulled-country-out-of-economic-distress-gowda | title=Manmohan Singh pulled country out of economic distress: Gowda | date=28 December 2024 | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228084944/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Dec/28/manmohan-singh-pulled-country-out-of-economic-distress-gowda | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gowda became the only living former Prime Minister of India following Singh's death.<br /> * Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation [[Amit Shah]] expressed deep grief over Singh's death and said that &quot;from being Governor of the Reserve Bank of India to Finance Minister of the country and Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh ji played an important role in the governance of the country&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Union Home Minister and Minister of Cooperation Shri Amit Shah expresses deep grief over the demise of former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088304|date=26 December 2024|work=Ministry of Home Affairs|via=Press Information Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * Union Commerce Minister [[Nirmala Sitharaman]] called him: &quot;Soft-spoken and gentle.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/he-presented-milestone-budget-of-1991-which-liberalised-indian-economy-fm-nirmala-sitharaman-condoles-manmohan-singhs-demise20241227091238/ | title=&quot;He presented milestone budget of 1991 which liberalised Indian economy&quot;: FM Nirmala Sitharaman condoles Manmohan Singh's demise | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=27 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227051836/https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/he-presented-milestone-budget-of-1991-which-liberalised-indian-economy-fm-nirmala-sitharaman-condoles-manmohan-singhs-demise20241227091238/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===International===<br /> {{Quote box<br /> | width = 320px<br /> | border = 1px<br /> | align = right<br /> | quote = Not many people know this, and it is time that I share it with Malaysians: during the years of my incarceration, he extended a kindness that he didn't have to – one that was neither politically expedient nor, as one can imagine, appreciated by the Malaysian government at that time. Yet, true to his character, he did it anyway. He offered scholarships for my children, particularly my son, Ihsan. Although I had declined the gracious offer, such a gesture undoubtedly showed his extraordinary humanity and generosity, demonstrative, as the Bard would have it, of a man so full of the &quot;milk of human kindness&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-an-outstanding-statesman-says-putin-anwar-terms-him-my-mitra-my-bhai/article69034567.ece| title=Manmohan an outstanding statesman, says Putin; Anwar terms him 'my mitra, my bhai'| date=28 December 2024| work=The Hindu| access-date=28 December 2024| archive-date=27 December 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227185722/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/manmohan-an-outstanding-statesman-says-putin-anwar-terms-him-my-mitra-my-bhai/article69034567.ece| url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | salign = right<br /> | source = [[Anwar Ibrahim]], [[Prime Minister of Malaysia]], paying tribute to Manmohan Singh<br /> }}<br /> <br /> Several countries sent condolences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sentinels |first=India |title=World leaders pay tribute to Manmohan Singh on his demise |url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/general-news/world-leaders-pay-tribute-to-manmohan-singh-on-his-demise-6650 |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=www.indiasentinels.com |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227175955/https://www.indiasentinels.com/general-news/world-leaders-pay-tribute-to-manmohan-singh-on-his-demise-6650 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> * {{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}}: Former president [[Hamid Karzai]] said: &quot;India has lost one of its most illustrious sons&quot;. He described Singh as &quot;an unwavering ally and friend to the people of Afghanistan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Manmohan Singh was unwavering ally to Afghanistan: Karzai |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/commentary/2024/dec/27/manmohan-singh-was-unwavering-ally-to-afghanistan-karzai/e5b77970ad5ed834d3395ed16c25e98d |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=m.rediff.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Bangladesh}}: Chief Adviser [[Muhammad Yunus]] conveyed his &quot;profound grief and deep condolences&quot; over the demise of Manmohan Singh, calling him a &quot;close friend&quot;. Yunus described Singh as &quot;a person of great humility, a visionary leader, a statesman, who was known for his unwavering commitment to ensuring the welfare of the people of India&quot;. Yunus also recalled a congratulatory message he received from Singh after winning the Nobel Peace Prize in October 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Bangladesh's Yunus Offers Condolences On 'Close Friend' Manmohan Singh's Demise |url=https://www.news18.com/world/bangladesh-muhammad-yunus-condolences-on-manmohan-singh-demise-close-friend-9170114.html |work=News18 |date=27 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=27 December 2024 |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227130952/https://www.news18.com/world/bangladesh-muhammad-yunus-condolences-on-manmohan-singh-demise-close-friend-9170114.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Chief Adviser Yunus expresses shock at death of Manmohan Singh |url=https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/chief-adviser-yunus-expresses-shock-at-death-of-manmohan-singh |work=The Financial Express |date=27 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101064615/https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/chief-adviser-yunus-expresses-shock-at-death-of-manmohan-singh |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 31 December 2024, he visited the Indian High Commission in Dhaka and paid floral tributes to Singh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Dr Yunus pays homage to Manmohan Singh at Indian High Commission |url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/qykep1sqfg |work=[[Prothom Alo]] |date=31 December 2024 |language=en |archive-date=1 January 2025 |access-date=1 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101064347/https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/qykep1sqfg |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=CA Yunus pays tribute to Manmohan Singh at Indian High Commission |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/bangladesh/ca-yunus-pays-tribute-manmohan-singh-indian-high-commission-1031151 |work=[[The Business Standard]] |date=31 December 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Brazil}}: President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] said he and Singh &quot;were government contemporaries in the first decade of the 21st century and we worked together to grow relations between our countries and build a fairer world&quot;. &quot;Singh participated in the creation of IBSA, bringing together Brazil, South Africa and India, and in the founding of BRICS. In 2012, when I was no longer president, we met in New Delhi and talked a lot about development, combating poverty and hunger, and cooperation in the Global South,&quot; he said.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.ap7am.com/en/92401/brazilian-prez-recalls-former-pm-manmohan-singhs-role-in-building-a-fairer-world | title=Brazilian Prez recalls former PM Manmohan Singh's role in building 'a fairer world' | date=27 December 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Bhutan}}:<br /> **Prime Minister [[Tshering Tobgay]] described Singh as &quot;a remarkable statesman and a cherished friend of Bhutan&quot;, whose &quot;wisdom, compassion, and leadership touched many lives, and also strengthened the bond between our two countries&quot;. He added, &quot;India's loss is immense, and his legacy will remain in our hearts forever&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tobgay |first=Tshering |date=27 December 2024 |title=We are deeply saddened by the passing of Dr. Manmohan Singh, a remarkable statesman and a cherished friend of Bhutan. His wisdom, compassion, and leadership touched many lives, and also strengthened the bond between our two countries. India's loss is immense, and his legacy will remain in our hearts forever. On behalf of the Royal Government and people of Bhutan, we offer our heartfelt condolences to his family, the people of India, and all those mourning his passing. |url=https://www.facebook.com/tsheringtobgay/posts/pfbid02jLrYXmGqpvZ4TgbXvrGttgwMxRn5saHEKBcNvhdNVXZavRbwbs1PfMVP9TbjywCjl |website=Facebook}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **The King of Bhutan, the Fourth Druk Gyalpo and the Queen Mothers offered prayers and butterlamps at the Kuenray of Tashichhodzong for Manmohan Singh on 27 December. Similar prayer ceremonies were also held across all 20 Dzongkhags. Additionally, all Bhutanese flags across the country and at Bhutan's embassies, missions, and consulates abroad were flown at half-mast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.mfa.gov.bt/butter-lamp-for-late-pm-of-india/ | title=Offering of Prayers and Butterlamps for Late Dr. Manmohan Singh, former Prime Minister of India – Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=27 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227115239/https://www.mfa.gov.bt/butter-lamp-for-late-pm-of-india/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **The King of Bhutan was also in attendance at Singh's state funeral in New Delhi.&lt;ref name=guests&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/mauritius-foreign-minister-bhutan-king-arrive-in-delhi-to-attend-funeral-of-former-pm-manmohan-singh20241228123815/ | title=Mauritius Foreign Minister, Bhutan King arrive in Delhi to attend funeral of former PM Manmohan Singh | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228080923/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/mauritius-foreign-minister-bhutan-king-arrive-in-delhi-to-attend-funeral-of-former-pm-manmohan-singh20241228123815/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Canada}}:<br /> ** Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] said: &quot;Manmohan Singh's passing is a loss for India and the world. As one of its longest-serving leaders, he transformed the country's economy, lifted millions out of poverty, and built strong bridges with the world — including Canada.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.news18.com/world/justin-trudeau-pays-homage-to-manmohan-singh-built-strong-bridges-with-canada-9170566.html | title=Justin Trudeau Pays Homage to Manmohan Singh: 'Built Strong Bridges with Canada' | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228053758/https://www.news18.com/world/justin-trudeau-pays-homage-to-manmohan-singh-built-strong-bridges-with-canada-9170566.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Former prime minister [[Stephen Harper]] said: &quot;I am saddened to learn of the passing of my former colleague, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. He was an individual of exceptional intelligence, integrity, and wisdom&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/excanadian-pm-harper-mourns-manmohan-singh-s-demise-101735297339994.html | title=Ex-Canadian PM Harper mourns Manmohan Singh's demise | work=Hindustan Times | date=27 December 2024 | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=27 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227112351/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/excanadian-pm-harper-mourns-manmohan-singh-s-demise-101735297339994.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|China}}: <br /> ** [[Foreign Ministry of China]] spokesperson [[Mao Ning (diplomat)|Mao Ning]] said: &quot;Mr. Singh, a senior statesman and renowned economist, will be remembered for his vital contribution to closer China-India ties. As India's Prime Minister, he oversaw the establishment of China-India strategic and cooperative partnership for peace and prosperity and the agreement on the political parameters and guiding principles for the settlement of the boundary question. We mourn for his passing and extend sincere condolences to his family and the government and people of India.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xw/fyrbt/lxjzh/202412/t20241227_11521820.html|title=Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning's Regular Press Conference on December 27, 2024|newspaper=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China|access-date=29 December 2024|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228132235/https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/eng/xw/fyrbt/lxjzh/202412/t20241227_11521820.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **[[List of ambassadors of China to India|Chinese ambassador to India]] [[Xu Feihong]] said: &quot;Deeply saddened by the passing of former Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh, an outstanding leader who is widely revered by the Indian people. Heartfelt condolences to his family and loved ones.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theprint.in/world/envoys-from-around-the-world-pay-tribute-to-former-pm-manmohan-singh/2420596/|title=Envoys from around the world pay tribute to former PM Manmohan Singh|newspaper=The Print|date=27 December 2024|access-date=29 December 2024|archive-date=28 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228132235/https://theprint.in/world/envoys-from-around-the-world-pay-tribute-to-former-pm-manmohan-singh/2420596/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|France}}: President [[Emmanuel Macron]] said: &quot;India has lost a great man, and France a friend, in the person of Dr. Manmohan Singh. He had dedicated his life to his country. Our thoughts are with his family and the people of India.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/manmohan-singh-dies-france-president-emmanuel-macron-says-india-lost-a-great-man-france-a-friend-11735284390649.html | title=Manmohan Singh dies: France President Emmanuel Macron says 'India lost a great man, France a friend' &amp;#124; Today News | work=mint | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=27 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227125936/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/manmohan-singh-dies-france-president-emmanuel-macron-says-india-lost-a-great-man-france-a-friend-11735284390649.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Iran}}: President [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] offered his condolences, describing Singh as &quot;a great leader for India and a great supporter of relations between the two nations of Iran and India&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iran-president-pezeshkian-offers-condolences-on-manmohan-singhs-demise-101735533611401.html | title=Iran President Pezeshkian offers condolences on Manmohan Singh's demise | work=Hindustan Times | date=30 December 2024 | access-date=9 January 2025 | archive-date=31 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241231142724/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iran-president-pezeshkian-offers-condolences-on-manmohan-singhs-demise-101735533611401.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Japan}}: Prime Minister [[Shigeru Ishiba]], and Minister for Foreign Affairs [[Takeshi Iwaya]], respectively sent letters of condolences to Indian prime minister Narendra Modi, and Minister of External Affairs of India [[Subrahmanyam Jaishankar]], expressing &quot;sincere condolences&quot; and paying tribute to Manmohan Singh for &quot;his endeavors which built the foundation for the development of Japan-India relations of today&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.mofa.go.jp/s_sa/sw/in/pageite_000001_00722.html | title=Letters of Condolence by Prime Minister Ishiba and Foreign Minister Iwaya, following the passing of H.E. Dr. Manmohan Singh, former Prime Minister of India | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=27 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227150852/https://www.mofa.go.jp/s_sa/sw/in/pageite_000001_00722.html | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Malaysia}}: Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim paid tribute to Singh describing him as &quot;my mitra, my bhai&quot;. He said: &quot;Obituaries, essays and books a plenty there will surely be about this great man, celebrating him as the architect of India’s economic reforms. As Prime Minister, Dr Manmohan Singh was the midwife of India's emergence as one of the world's economic giants&quot;. Ibrahim also shared a personal anecdote involving Singh's offer of scholarships for his children during his imprisonment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/goodbye-my-mitra-my-bhai-malaysian-prime-minister-anwar-ibrahim-pays-tribute-to-manmohan-singh/articleshow/116715637.cms | title='Goodbye, my mitra, my bhai': Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim pays tribute to Manmohan Singh | work=The Times of India | date=27 December 2024 | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228220853/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/goodbye-my-mitra-my-bhai-malaysian-prime-minister-anwar-ibrahim-pays-tribute-to-manmohan-singh/articleshow/116715637.cms | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Maldives}}: President [[Mohamed Muizzu]] sent condolences and said &quot;On behalf of Maldivian people and myself, I join the people of India in mourning the passing of former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=President sends message of condolence following the passing of India's Former Prime Minister |url=https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/32651 |date=27 December 2024 |website=[[The President's Office]] |access-date=29 December 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228114756/https://presidency.gov.mv/Press/Article/32651 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Mauritius}}:<br /> ** Prime Minister [[Navin Ramgoolam]] said: &quot;It is with profound sadness that I have just learnt of the passing away of Dr. Manmohan Singh, former Prime Minister of India. I first met him when I was Leader of the opposition and he came to Mauritius on an official visit, prior to the 2005 election. Dr. Manmohan Singh was a gentleman politician and an eminent economist, who transformed India's economic landscape. His humility, integrity &amp; calmness will always be remembered.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;aninews.in&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/prime-ministers-of-nepal-mauritius-condole-demise-of-former-pm-manmohan-singh-call-him-gentleman-politician-eminent-economist20241227174701/ | title=Prime Ministers of Nepal, Mauritius condole demise of former PM Manmohan Singh, call him &quot;gentleman politician, eminent economist&quot; | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228055505/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/prime-ministers-of-nepal-mauritius-condole-demise-of-former-pm-manmohan-singh-call-him-gentleman-politician-eminent-economist20241227174701/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Minister of Foreign Affairs [[Ritish Ramful]] said: &quot;The former prime minister was a very close friend of the people of Mauritius during his terms of office, between 2004 to 2014. During that term, he had always done his best to promote this special relationship, this special bond between the two nations.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wionews.com/world/dr-manmohan-singh-was-a-close-friend-of-mauritius-says-fm-dhananjay-ramphul-8573139 | title=Dr Manmohan Singh was a close friend of Mauritius says FM Dhananjay Ramful | date=28 December 2024 | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228135543/https://www.wionews.com/world/dr-manmohan-singh-was-a-close-friend-of-mauritius-says-fm-dhananjay-ramphul-8573139 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ramful was also in attendance at Singh's state funeral in New Delhi.&lt;ref name=guests/&gt;<br /> ** The Mauritian government announced that all flags would be flown at half-mast on all government buildings until sunset on the day of Singh's funeral.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/as-mark-of-respect-for-manmohan-singh-mauritius-flag-to-be-flown-half-mast-till-sunset-on-december-28/article69036428.ece | title=As mark of respect for Manmohan Singh, Mauritius flag to be flown half-mast till sunset on December 28 | work=The Hindu | date=28 December 2024 | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228092953/https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/as-mark-of-respect-for-manmohan-singh-mauritius-flag-to-be-flown-half-mast-till-sunset-on-december-28/article69036428.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Nepal}}: Prime Minister [[KP Sharma Oli]] called Singh &quot;a visionary leader&quot;, whose &quot;wisdom, humility, and dedication shaped India and inspired the region&quot;. He added, &quot;Nepal will forever remember his support for democracy and lasting friendship&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;aninews.in&quot;/&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Pakistan}}:<br /> **Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister [[Ishaq Dar]] said, &quot;Born in a village in Pakistan's Chakwal district, Dr. Singh was a distinguished economist and political leader. He will be remembered for his wisdom and gentle demeanor&quot;. Dar noted that Singh &quot;played a notable role in improving Pakistan-India bilateral relations during his tenure as Prime Minister&quot;. He added, &quot;The people and the Government Pakistan extend their heartfelt condolences to Dr. Manmohan Singh’s family, and to the people and the Government of India&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php/?id=2377497 | title=India's Former PM Manmohan Singh Promoted Regional Peace, Says Pakistan | date=28 December 2024 | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=30 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230235334/https://www.bernama.com/en/news.php/?id=2377497 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Former Foreign Minister [[Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri]] said that Singh &quot;will be remembered in history as a man who devoted himself to the improvement of bilateral relations between the two countries&quot;. Kasuri credited Singh for the creation of &quot;a congenial atmosphere&quot; in the entire SAARC region, and said Singh looked forward to the day when it would be possible to have &quot;breakfast in Amritsar, lunch in Lahore, and dinner in Kabul&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-former-foreign-minister-kasuri-recalls-fond-memories-of-dr-manmohan-singh/article69034095.ece | title=Pakistan's former Foreign Minister Kasuri recalls fond memories of Dr. Manmohan Singh | work=The Hindu | date=27 December 2024 | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228080931/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/pakistans-former-foreign-minister-kasuri-recalls-fond-memories-of-dr-manmohan-singh/article69034095.ece | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Palestine}}:<br /> **President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] sent letters of condolence to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Congress President Mallikarjun Kharge. Abbas described Singh as &quot;a distinguished leader who dedicated years of service to his country and its people&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/middle-east/palestine-president-writes-to-pm-modi-congress-president-kharge-offers-condolences-on-manmohan-singhs-demise20241228190349/ | title=Palestine President writes to PM Modi, Congress President Kharge, offers condolences on Manmohan Singh's demise }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Abed Elrazeg Abu Jazer, the chargé d'affaires of the Palestine embassy in India, appreciated Singh's support for Palestine and his role in allocating land for the Palestinian embassy in Delhi. He also laid a wreath on behalf of the president of Palestine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://m.rediff.com/news/commentary/2024/dec/28/appreciate-manmohan-singhs-support-for-palestine-says-diplomat/2a568256eab90ce9db8e2f1158d3949d | title=Appreciate Manmohan Singh's support for Palestine, says diplomat }}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> * {{Flag|Portugal}}: Prime Minister [[Luis Montenegro]] said: &quot;I deeply regret the passing away of former Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh. A life dedicated to his country, a reference in the international concert of nations. The Government of Portugal offers its condolences to the family and the Indian people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/a-life-dedicated-to-his-country-portuguese-pm-condoles-demise-of-former-pm-manmohan-singh20241227222947/ | title=&quot;A life dedicated to his country&quot;: Portuguese PM condoles demise of former PM Manmohan Singh | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228023218/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/a-life-dedicated-to-his-country-portuguese-pm-condoles-demise-of-former-pm-manmohan-singh20241227222947/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Russia}}: President [[Vladimir Putin]] offered his condolences to President Droupadi Murmu and Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Singh's death, describing him as &quot;an outstanding statesman&quot;. Putin said, &quot;As prime minister and when serving in other high-ranking positions, he accomplished a lot in promoting India's economic development and asserting its interests on the world stage&quot;. &quot;I had the occasion of talking with this remarkable man several times. We will cherish the memory of him,&quot; he added.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Putin recalls ex-PM Manmohan Singh's role in elevating India-Russia ties |url=https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/putin-recalls-ex-pm-manmohan-singh-s-role-in-elevating-india-russia-ties-124122701089_1.html |website=Business Standard |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228193607/https://www.business-standard.com/external-affairs-defence-security/news/putin-recalls-ex-pm-manmohan-singh-s-role-in-elevating-india-russia-ties-124122701089_1.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}: [[King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud]] sent condolence to President Droupadi Murmu on Singh's death and expressed his &quot;deepest condolences and sincere sympathy to the Indian President, the family of the deceased, and the friendly people of India.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques Condoles President of India on Death of Former Prime Minister |url=https://spa.gov.sa/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Seychelles}}: In his message of condolence, President [[Wavel Ramkalawan]] commented Singh's &quot;efforts to enhance India’s diplomatic ties with several countries, including Seychelles, and for establishing economic partnerships that have immensely benefited India’s global position&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://mfa.gov.sc/news/president-ramkalawan-sends-a-message-of-condolence-following-the-passing-of-former-prime-minister-singh-of-india/ | title=President Ramkalawan sends a message of condolence following the passing of former Prime Minister Singh of India - Foreign Affairs Department Republic of Seychelles | date=27 December 2024 | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=1 January 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101135730/https://mfa.gov.sc/news/president-ramkalawan-sends-a-message-of-condolence-following-the-passing-of-former-prime-minister-singh-of-india/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Singapore}}: <br /> ** Prime Minister [[Lawrence Wong]] sent a letter of condolence to Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in which he said, &quot;Dr Singh was a statesman who reshaped and liberalised India’s economy through his vision and determination. This set the stage for India’s remarkable growth and emergence as a key regional and global player&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2024/12/20241228-Condolenceindia | title=Condolence Letter on the Passing of Former Prime Minister of the Republic of India Dr Manmohan Singh | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228150821/https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Newsroom/Press-Statements-Transcripts-and-Photos/2024/12/20241228-Condolenceindia | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> **Simon Wong, Singaporean High Commissioner to India, described Singh as &quot;a statesman whose wisdom and leadership shaped India’s growth&quot;, and who &quot;played a pivotal role in developing our bilateral relations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/singapore-high-commissioner-simon-wong-condoles-demise-of-former-pm-manmohan-singh20241227014245/ | title=Singapore High Commissioner Simon Wong condoles demise of former PM Manmohan Singh | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=28 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228024537/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/singapore-high-commissioner-simon-wong-condoles-demise-of-former-pm-manmohan-singh20241227014245/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}:<br /> ** President [[Anura Kumara Dissanayake]] described Singh as &quot;a visionary leader&quot;, whose &quot;influence transcended national boundaries&quot;. Dissanayake said, &quot;A tireless advocate of international collaboration, he forged lasting alliances, contributed to coalitions like BRICS, and showcased remarkable diplomacy through achievements such as the Indo-US nuclear agreement&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.presidentsoffice.gov.lk/president-expresses-condolences-on-the-passing-of-former-indian-prime-minister-dr-manmohan-singh/ | title=President Expresses Condolences on the Passing of Former Indian Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh - President's Office | work=President's Office | date=27 December 2024 | author1=Psofzdmp | access-date=28 December 2024 | archive-date=27 December 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227173931/https://www.presidentsoffice.gov.lk/president-expresses-condolences-on-the-passing-of-former-indian-prime-minister-dr-manmohan-singh/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Former President [[Ranil Wickremesinghe]] said: &quot;Late Prime Minister Singh assisted Sri Lanka in its war against the LTTE terrorism. He is remembered for the Indian-funded project to provide 50,000 houses for the Sri Lankans in the areas which were affected by war. During his tenure as the Prime Minister assisted Sri Lanka in resolving humanitarian and human rights issues. Therefore, his death is a loss for Sri Lanka as well.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 December 2024 |title=Manmohan Singh's demise a loss for Sri Lanka as well: RW |url=https://www.dailymirror.lk/print/front-page/Manmohan-Singhs-demise-a-loss-for-Sri-Lanka-as-well-RW/238-298984}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Tibet}}: The [[Dalai Lama]] expressed his sadness and offered condolences, and said: &quot;Whenever we met over the years I deeply appreciated his concern and good counsel. I felt he was like an elder brother to me... He was also a good friend to the Tibetan people&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Condolences on the Passing Away of Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.dalailama.com/news/condolences-on-the-passing-away-of-former-prime-minister-manmohan-singh |access-date=10 January 2025 |archive-date=29 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241229123710/https://www.dalailama.com/news/condolences-on-the-passing-away-of-former-prime-minister-manmohan-singh |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|United Kingdom}}:<br /> ** Foreign Secretary [[David Lammy]] said: &quot;Dr Manmohan Singh’s bold economic reforms transformed India’s economy. His legacy continues to shape modern India, and his vision laid the foundations for today’s thriving UK-India partnership.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=28 December 2024 |title=UK Foreign Secretary pays tributes to former PM Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/uk-foreign-secretary-pays-tributes-to-former-pm-manmohan-singh20241228005445/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=27 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241227205502/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/europe/uk-foreign-secretary-pays-tributes-to-former-pm-manmohan-singh20241228005445/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Former Prime Minister [[Sir Tony Blair]] offered his condolences to Singh's family, and said: &quot;He was the kindest, most gentle and unassuming political leader I ever met, but also one of the most clever. He was a true servant of India and the world, and deserves a place of honour in the history of both&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Tony Blair's tribute to Manmohan Singh |url=https://institute.global/insights/news/tony-blairs-tribute-to-manmohan-singh |access-date=10 January 2025 |archive-date=10 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250110100218/https://institute.global/insights/news/tony-blairs-tribute-to-manmohan-singh |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Former Prime Minister [[Gordon Brown]] said he was saddened to learn about Singh's death, crediting him as a friend and for his efforts during the [[2008 financial crisis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title='I remember him as the incorruptible Indian PM' |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/commentary/2024/dec/27/i-remember-him-as-the-incorruptible-indian-pm/9955a54bb22e560b124e853deb033fcd}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|United States}}:<br /> ** President [[Joe Biden]] said: &quot;He was a true statesman. A dedicated public servant. And above all, he was a kind and humble person&quot;. He added, &quot;During this difficult time, we recommit to this vision to which Prime Minister Singh dedicated his life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Statement from President Joe Biden on the Passing of Former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/12/27/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-the-passing-of-former-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-of-india/ |access-date=28 December 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228053457/https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2024/12/27/statement-from-president-joe-biden-on-the-passing-of-former-prime-minister-manmohan-singh-of-india/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ** Secretary of State [[Antony Blinken]] offered condolences on behalf of the United States, and said, &quot;We mourn Dr. Singh’s passing and will always remember his dedication to bringing the United States and India closer together&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 December 2024 |title=Condolences on the Passing of Former Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.state.gov/condolences-on-the-passing-of-former-indian-prime-minister-manmohan-singh/ |access-date=29 December 2024 |website=United States Department of State |language=en |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228040502/https://www.state.gov/condolences-on-the-passing-of-former-indian-prime-minister-manmohan-singh/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * {{Flag|Venezuela}}: The Venezuelan government led by [[Nicolás Maduro]] recognized Singh for significantly transforming the country through creating and promoting economic reforms. They also said he left &quot;an indelible legacy&quot; on boosting on developing and modernizing India as a &quot;visionary leader&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=27 December 2024 |title=The Government of Venezuela regrets the death of former Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/el-gobierno-de-venezuela-lamenta-la-muerte-del-ex-primer-ministro-de-india-manmohan-sing/88649048 |access-date=18 January 2025 |website=SWI swissinfo.ch |language=es-ES}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Memorial==<br /> The Government of India announced that a trust will be formed for a memorial to Manmohan Singh, following which space will be allocated for it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Facts of the matter regarding memorial for Former Prime Minister Late Dr Manmohan Singh|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2088525|date=27 December 2024|work=Ministry of Home Affairs|via=Press Information Bureau}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[List of awards and honours received by Manmohan Singh]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Manmohan}}<br /> [[Category:2024 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:December 2024 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths by person in India]]<br /> [[Category:Deaths and funerals of politicians]]<br /> [[Category:State funerals in India]]<br /> [[Category:2020s in New Delhi]]<br /> [[Category:Manmohan Singh|Death]]<br /> [[Category:State funerals]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1957_Indian_general_election_in_Assam&diff=481801 2026-03-13T16:31:53Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: Created post...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br /> {{For|State Assembly election|1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election}}<br /> {{Infobox election<br /> | election_name = 1957 Indian general election in Assam<br /> | country = India<br /> | type = parliamentary<br /> | ongoing = no<br /> | previous_election = 1951–52 Indian general election in Assam<br /> | previous_year = 1951<br /> | next_election = 1962 Indian general election in Assam<br /> | next_year = 1962<br /> | election_date = <br /> | seats_for_election = 12 (of 494) seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]<br /> | registered = 44,95,359<br /> | turnout = {{Nowrap|20,74,158 (46.14%) {{decrease}}1.82%}}<br /> | image1 = {{eppt|Indian National Congress|height=100|width=80}}<br /> | leader1 = <br /> | party1 = Indian National Congress<br /> | leaders_seat1 = <br /> | seats1 = '''9'''<br /> | seat_change1 = {{decrease}}2<br /> | popular_vote1 = '''11,84,708'''<br /> | percentage1 = '''51.68%'''<br /> | swing1 = {{increase}}5.94%<br /> | image2 = {{eppt|Praja Socialist Party|height=100|width=80}}<br /> | leader2 = <br /> | leaders_seat2 = <br /> | party2 = Praja Socialist Party<br /> | seats2 = 2<br /> | seat_change2 = {{increase}}2<br /> | popular_vote2 = 4,57,643<br /> | percentage2 = 19.96%<br /> | swing2 = ''new party''<br /> | map_image = Wahlergebnisse in Indien 1957.svg<br /> | map_size = 200px<br /> | map_caption = [[1957 Indian general election]]<br /> | title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]<br /> | posttitle = Prime Minister after election<br /> | before_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> | before_party = Indian National Congress<br /> | after_election = [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]<br /> | after_party = Indian National Congress<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The [[1957 Indian general election]] in [[Assam]] were held to elect the 12 members from 10 constituencies in the state. The result was a victory for [[Indian National Congress]] winning 9 out of the 12 seats. And 2 seats were won by the [[Praja Socialist Party]]. The remaining seat was won by an [[Independent politician]].<br /> <br /> == Voting and results ==<br /> <br /> {{Election results<br /> |party1=[[Indian National Congress]]<br /> |votes1=1184708<br /> |sw1={{increase}}5.94%<br /> |seats1=9<br /> |sc1={{decrease}}2<br /> |party2=[[Praja Socialist Party]]<br /> |votes2=457643<br /> |sw2=<br /> |seats2=2<br /> |sc2={{increase}}2<br /> |party3=[[Communist Party of India]]<br /> |votes3=235044<br /> |sw3=<br /> |seats3=0<br /> |sc3=<br /> |party4=[[Independent politician|Independents]]<br /> |votes4=415217<br /> |sw4={{increase}}4.37%<br /> |seats4=1<br /> |sc4={{increase}}1<br /> |valid=2292612<br /> |invalid=<br /> |total_sc={{increase}}<br /> |electorate=2074158<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == List of Elected MPs ==<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Constituency<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |{{abbr|NoS|No. of Seats}}<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Winner<br /> ! colspan=&quot;5&quot; |Runner-up<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Margin<br /> |-<br /> !Candidate<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> ! data-sort-type=number | Votes<br /> ! data-sort-type=number | %<br /> !Candidate<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Party<br /> !data-sort-type=number | Votes<br /> !data-sort-type=number | %<br /> !data-sort-type=number | Votes<br /> !data-sort-type=number | %<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Cachar Lok Sabha constituency|Cachar]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2<br /> |[[Dwarika Nath Tewari]] (SC)<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |2,19,704<br /> |55.85<br /> |Dev Dhirendra Mohan<br /> |{{Party color cell|Independent}}<br /> |[[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |1,73,675<br /> |44.15<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Nibaran Chandra Laskar]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Returned Uncontested{{Efn|The reserved seat was won by election, and the unreserved seat was won unopposed}}<br /> |-<br /> !2<br /> |[[Autonomous District Lok Sabha constituency|Autonomous Districts]] (ST)<br /> |1<br /> |[[Hoover Hynniewta]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Independent}}<br /> |[[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |58,428<br /> |49.86<br /> |[[George Gilbert Swell|G. Gilbert Swell]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |40,580<br /> |34.63<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;&quot;|17,848<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Independent}} ; color:black;&quot;|15.23<br /> |-<br /> !3<br /> |[[Dhubri Lok Sabha constituency|Dhubri]]<br /> |1<br /> |[[Amjad Ali (Assam politician)|Amjad Ali]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}<br /> |[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]<br /> |1,01,303<br /> |57.98<br /> |Nazmul Haque<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |73,410<br /> |42.02<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}} ; color:white;&quot;|27,893<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}} ; color:white;&quot;|15.97<br /> |-<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |4<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Goalpara Lok Sabha constituency|Goalpara]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2<br /> |[[D. Basumatari|Dharanidhar Basumauari]] (ST)<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |1,83,774<br /> |26.40<br /> |[[Bishnu Prasad Rabha]] (ST){{Efn|Runner up for reserved seat}}<br /> |{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br /> |98,180<br /> |14.11<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Rani Manjula Devi|Rani Manjula Debi]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |1,83,974<br /> |26.43<br /> |Bhabananda Datta{{Efn|Runner up for unreserved seat}}<br /> |{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br /> |1,03,151<br /> |14.82<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{abbr|N/A|Not applicable}}<br /> |-<br /> !5<br /> |[[Gauhati Lok Sabha constituency|Gauhati]]<br /> |1<br /> |[[Hem Barua]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}<br /> |[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]<br /> |1,43,497<br /> |59.76<br /> |Devendra Nath Sarma<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |96,624<br /> |40.24<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}} ; color:white;&quot;|46,873<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Praja Socialist Party}} ; color:white;&quot;|19.52<br /> |-<br /> !6<br /> |[[Darrang Lok Sabha constituency|Darrang]]<br /> |1<br /> |[[Bijoy Chandra Bhagavati]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;9&quot; |Returned Uncontested<br /> |-<br /> !7<br /> |[[Nowgong Lok Sabha constituency|Nowgong]]<br /> |1<br /> |[[Liladhar Kotoki|Liladhar Kataki]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |1,19,002<br /> |61.74<br /> |Sukadev Goswami<br /> |{{Party color cell|Independent}}<br /> |[[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |53,947<br /> |27.99<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;&quot;|65,055<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;&quot;|33.75<br /> |-<br /> !8<br /> |[[Jorhat Lok Sabha constituency|Jorhat]]<br /> |1<br /> |[[Mofida Ahmed]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |80,028<br /> |45.36<br /> |Syed Abdul Malik<br /> |{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}<br /> |[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]<br /> |33,713<br /> |19.11<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;&quot;|46,315<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;&quot;|26.25<br /> |-<br /> !9<br /> |[[Sibsagar Lok Sabha constituency|Sibsagar]]<br /> |1<br /> |Profulla Chandra Borua<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |92,374<br /> |56.12<br /> |Kedarnath Goswami <br /> |{{Party color cell|Independent}}<br /> |[[Independent politician|IND]]<br /> |32,633<br /> |19.83<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;&quot;|59,741<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;&quot;|36.29<br /> |-<br /> !10<br /> |[[Dibrugarh Lok Sabha constituency|Dibrugarh]]<br /> |1<br /> |[[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]]<br /> |{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}<br /> |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]<br /> |95,238<br /> |69.32<br /> |Nibaron Chandra Bora<br /> |{{Party color cell|Praja Socialist Party}}<br /> |[[Praja Socialist Party|PSP]]<br /> |25,712<br /> |18.71<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;&quot;|69,526<br /> |style=&quot;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;&quot;|50.60<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> * [[Elections in Assam]]<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> <br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409234842/http://eci.nic.in/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf Volume I, 1957 Indian general election, 2nd Lok Sabha]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://eci.gov.in/ Website of Election Commission of India]<br /> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090303040541/http://ibnlive.in.com/politics/stats.php CNN-IBN Lok Sabha Election History]<br /> <br /> {{Assam elections|state=expanded}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1957 Indian general election by state or union territory|Assam]]<br /> [[Category:Indian general elections in Assam]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deoband&diff=451013 2026-03-08T11:14:49Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: Expanded content with additional details</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Town in Uttar Pradesh, India}}<br /> {{For|the Islamic movement|Deobandi}}<br /> {{More citations needed|date=February 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br /> &lt;!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Indian cities]] for details --&gt;{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Deoband<br /> | official_name = <br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = Town<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_skyline = Darul Uloom Deoband.jpg<br /> | image_size = 310<br /> | image_caption = [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> | nickname = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = <br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|29.692|N|77.677|E|region:IN-UP_type:city|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Nagar Palika parishad Deoband<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 256<br /> | population_total = 97037<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011Gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = Deobandi<br /> | demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=18 February 2019|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Additional&amp;nbsp;official<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Urdu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;langoff&quot;/&gt;<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = &lt;!-- [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] --&gt;<br /> | postal_code = 247554<br /> | area_code = 01336<br /> | registration_plate = UP-11<br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> '''Deoband''' is a town and a [[municipality]] in [[Saharanpur district]] in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]], about 150 km (93 miles) from [[Delhi]]. [[Darul Uloom Deoband]], an [[Islam]]ic seminary and one of the largest Islamic institutions of India is located there.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011Gov&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Etymology ==<br /> The native [[Hindustani language|Hindi-Urdu]] name for the place is &quot;Devband&quot;. According to one theory, it derives from &quot;[[devi]]&quot; (goddess) and &quot;van&quot; (forest), when this place was full of forests in the [[Mahabharata]]-era. A related argument is that it is derived from &quot;devi&quot; and &quot;vandan&quot; (praise), referring to the local [[Durga]] temples.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=देवबंद का नाम बदलना कितना आसान? |language=hi |work=[[BBC Hindi]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-39304337 |access-date=2022-10-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-03-26 |title=Changing the Name of Deoband Will Not Have Any Impact on Darul-Uloom, Mr MLA |url=https://www.urdumediamonitor.com/2017/03/26/changing-name-deoband-will-not-impact-darul-uloom-mr-mla/ |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=Urdu Media Monitor |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> An apocryphal legend states that it gets its name from [[daeva]] (demon) and band (imprison), the story being that prophet [[Solomon in Islam|Suleiman]] had imprisoned wicked demons here.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The 16th century [[Bhakti]] saint [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu|Shri Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu]] and the founder of the [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya|Radhavallabh Sampradaya]] of [[Vaishnavism]] based in [[Vrindavan]], lived in Deoband before his renunciation. He also established a temple here, dedicated to Radha-Krishna and named it &quot;Radha-Navrangilal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Deoband witness of childhood days of Sri Harivansh Mahaprabhu |url=https://www.radhavallabh.com/deoband.html |website=www.radhavallabh.com |access-date=20 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Deoband is listed in the [[Ain-i-Akbari]] as a [[pargana]] under [[Saharanpur]] [[sarkar (administrative division)|sarkar]], producing a revenue of 6,477,977 [[dam (Indian coin)|dam]]s for the imperial treasury and supplying a force of 300 infantry and 60 cavalry. It had a brick fort at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Abū al-Faz̤l ibn Mubārak |url=http://archive.org/details/ainiakbarivolum00mubgoog |title=The Ain I Akbari |last2=Blochmann |first2=H. (Henry) |date=1873 |publisher=Calcutta : Asiatic Society of Bengal |others=Harvard University |access-date=21 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Darul Uloom Deoband]] learning centre was established on 21 May 1866 by [[Fazlur Rahman Usmani]], [[Sayyid Muhammad Abid]], [[Muhammad Qasim Nanotawi]], [[Usmani family of Deoband#Shaykh Fateh Ali|Mehtab Ali]], [[Usmani family of Deoband#Karamat Hussain|Nehal Ahmad]] and [[Usmani family of Deoband#Karamat Hussain|Zulfiqar Ali Deobandi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Muḥammad Miyan Deobandi |author1-link=Muhammad Miyan Deobandi |title=Ulama-e-Haq ke mujāhidāna kārnāme |publisher=Faisal Publications |location=New Delhi |pages=44–47 |language=ur}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Roshen Dalal |title=The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths |date=2014 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184753967 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=87k0AwAAQBAJ&amp;q=darul+uloom+deoband+30+may&amp;pg=PT381 |access-date=30 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.darululoom-deoband.com/english/aboutdarululoom/introduction.htm|title=Introduction|website=www.darululoom-deoband.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Deobandi Islamic movement]] originated in the [[Darul Uloom Deoband|Darul Uloom]].&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot;&gt;<br /> File:Central Jama Masjid Deoband 1.jpg|Central Jama Masjid Deoband<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> Deoband is located at {{Coord|29.7|N|77.68|E|region:IN-UP_type:city}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/36/Deoband.html|work=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc|title=Deoband Shareef}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has an average elevation of {{convert|256|m}}.<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> Deoband has a population of 97,037 of which 53,538 are males while 43,499 are females as per the report released by Census India 2011. The population of children aged zero–six is 12,200 which is 12.57% of the total population. The [[sex ratio]] is 812 females per 1000 males against the state average of 912. The child sex ratio in Deoband is around 917 compared to the Uttar Pradesh state average of 902. The effective literacy rate (for population seven years and above) is 75.23%, higher than the state average of 67.68% with male literacy of 79.59% and the female literacy rate is 69.77%. Out of the total population, 24,559 were engaged in work or business activity. Of this, 22,551 were males while 2,008 were females and 89.91% were engaged in main work. The [[Scheduled Caste]] population was 3,576. Deoband had a total of 16,530 households in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;Census2011Gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Census 2011 - Deoband |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=125789 |website=censusindia.gov.in |access-date=26 March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Deoband Nagar Palika Parishad has a total administration over 15,630 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and [[sewage]]. It is also authorised to build roads within Nagar Palika Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction.{{cn|date=March 2022}}{{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Deoband tehsil (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-001 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|59.80}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|39.77}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.43}}<br /> }}<br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Deoband town(2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011|title=Table C-001 Population by Religion: Uttar Pradesh|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11394/download/14507/DDW09C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam in Uttar Pradesh|Islam]]|green|71.06}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|27.87}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|1.07}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Radha Vallabha Sampradaya]]<br /> * [[Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu|Hit Harivansh Mahaprabhu]]<br /> * [[Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br /> * [[Deobandi]]<br /> * [[Islam in India]]<br /> * [[Tabligh]]<br /> * [[Usmani family of Deoband]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Saharanpur district}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Cities and towns in Saharanpur district]]<br /> [[Category:Deoband]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kundannoor_flyover&diff=511158 2026-03-04T06:03:40Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: starting the pg basic info</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Flyover in Kerala}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}<br /> {{infobox bridge<br /> | name = Kundannoor flyover<br /> | native_name = കുണ്ടന്നൂർ മേൽപ്പാലം<br /> | native_name_lang =ml<br /> | maint = [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]<br /> | length = {{cvt|730|m|ft}}<br /> | open = {{start date|2021|01|09|df=y}}<br /> | location = [[Kundannoor]]<br /> | carries = {{jct|country=IND|NH|66}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kundannoor flyover''' is a [[Overpass|flyover]], that is a part of the [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] in [[Kerala]], India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Daily |first=Keralakaumudi |title=Completion of Vyttila, Kundannoor flyovers is proud achievement |url=https://keralakaumudi.com/en/news/news.php?id=468884 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Keralakaumudi Daily |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The six lane flyover runs above the [[Kundannoor|Kundannoor junction]] in [[Kochi]], which is one of the busiest junctions in the state.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2020-11-30 |title=Kundannoor flyover to undergo load test |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kundannoor-flyover-to-undergo-load-test/article33217131.ece |access-date=2023-07-04 |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Overview==<br /> The Kundannoor flyover is 731m long in total which also includes the approach roads. It was constructed at an expense of Rs 80 - 88 crore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ഭാരപരിശോധന പൂർത്തിയായി; പുതുവർഷ സമ്മാനമായി വൈറ്റില, കുണ്ടന്നൂർ പാലങ്ങൾ ഉടൻ തുറക്കും |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/local-news/ernakulam/kochi-vyttila-and-kundanoor-bridges-will-be-opened-soon/articleshow/80042810.cms |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Samayam Malayalam |language=ml}}&lt;/ref&gt; The flyover facilitate six-lane traffic at a collective width of 24.1 metres. There are 14 spans on both sides. The construction was done by the Kerala Roads and Bridges Development Corporation (RBDCK). It was opened to public in January 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Work of Kochi's Kundannoor flyover set to begin on March 31 - The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2018/Mar/26/work-of-kochis-kundannoor-flyover-set-to-begin-on-march-31-1792457.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.newindianexpress.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Ernakulam district}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:NH bypasses in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:National highways in Kerala|66]]<br /> [[Category:Roads in Ernakulam district]]<br /> [[Category:2021 establishments in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Bridges completed in 2021]]<br /> [[Category:Bridges and flyovers in Kochi]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{india-bridge-struct-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Puzha_(film)&diff=467701 2026-03-03T21:10:11Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: fix article for accuracy and added references to improve readability</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Puzha<br /> | image =<br /> | caption =<br /> | director = [[Jeassy]]<br /> | producer =<br /> | writer = Pampadi Ramakrishnan&lt;br&gt;Sherif (dialogues)<br /> | screenplay = Sherif<br /> | starring = [[Sukumari]]&lt;br&gt;[[Srividya]]&lt;br&gt;[[Manavalan Joseph]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sankaradi]]<br /> | music = [[M. K. Arjunan]]<br /> | cinematography = Vipin Das<br /> | editing = G. Venkittaraman<br /> | studio = Salkkala Films<br /> | distributor = Salkkala Films<br /> | released = {{Film date|1980|09|05|df=y}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Puzha''''' is a 1980 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[Jeassy]]. The film stars [[Sukumari]], [[Srividya]], [[Manavalan Joseph]] and [[Sankaradi]] in the lead roles. The film has a musical score by [[M. K. Arjunan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=1084|title=Puzha|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?254|title=Puzha|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/puzha-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011093634/http://spicyonion.com/title/puzha-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=11 October 2014|title=Puzha|accessdate=2014-10-07|publisher=spicyonion.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[M. G. Soman]] <br /> *[[Ravikumar (actor)|Ravikumar]] <br /> *[[Alummoodan]] <br /> *[[Manavalan Joseph]] <br /> *[[Sankaradi]] <br /> *[[Sukumari]] <br /> *[[Srividya]] <br /> *[[Ambika (actress)|Ambika]] <br /> *[[Meena (Malayalam actress)|Meena]] <br /> *[[Reena (actress)|Reena]]<br /> <br /> ==Soundtrack==<br /> The music was composed by [[M. K. Arjunan]] and the lyrics were written by [[P. Bhaskaran]]. <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;<br /> ! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)<br /> |- <br /> | 1 || &quot;Anuvaadamillaathe Akathu Vannu&quot; || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || [[P. Bhaskaran]] || <br /> |- <br /> | 2 || &quot;Cheppadi Vidya Ithuverum&quot; || K. J. Yesudas || P. Bhaskaran || <br /> |- <br /> | 3 || &quot;Kizhakkonnu Thuduthal&quot; || [[Vani Jairam]] || P. Bhaskaran || <br /> |- <br /> | 4 || &quot;Thappo Thappo&quot; || Vani Jairam || P. Bhaskaran || <br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Accolades==<br /> *1980 [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam]] – Srividya&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-actor-srividya-s-property-put-auction-78140 | title=Veteran actor Srividya's property put up for auction | date=18 March 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb title|0334187|Puzha}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1980 films]]<br /> [[Category:1980 Malayalam-language films]]<br /> [[Category:1980 Indian films]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{1980s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Driver_Jamuna&diff=497738 2026-03-03T02:39:59Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: adding new place w/ sources</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2022 Tamil language thriller film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Driver Jamuna<br /> | image = Driver Jamuna.jpg<br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = P. Kinslin<br /> | producer = S. P. Chowthari<br /> | writer = <br /> | starring = {{plainlist|<br /> *[[Aishwarya Rajesh]]<br /> *[[Aadukalam Naren]]<br /> *Kavitha Bharathi<br /> }}<br /> | music = [[Ghibran]]<br /> | cinematography = Gokul Benoy<br /> | editing = R. Ramar<br /> | studio = 18 Reels<br /> | distributor = <br /> | runtime = 103 minutes<br /> | released = {{Film date|df=y|2022|12|30}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> }}<br /> '''''Driver Jamuna''''' is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language [[thriller film|thriller]] film directed by P. Kinslin and starring [[Aishwarya Rajesh]] in the eponymous role, with [[Aadukalam Naren]] and Kavitha Bharathi in the lead roles. It was released on 30 December 2022. The film started streaming on [[aha (streaming service)|aha]] from 20 January 2023.<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> Jamuna (Aishwarya Rajesh) is a cab driver, who happens to take a shared ride with a musician (Abishek Kumar) and three other men travelling to a wedding. But as it turns out, the three passengers are contract killers en route to take down an ex-MLA. Caught between the goons and police, Jamuna tries to survive and also save the killers' target.<br /> <br /> Social media star and comedian Abhishek Kumar plays the ambitious musician.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *[[Aishwarya Rajesh]] as Jamuna<br /> *[[Aadukalam Naren]] as Maragathavel <br /> * Daffe Naveen as Mathi/Magizh (Jamuna's brother)<br /> *Kavitha Bharathi<br /> *Abhishek Kumar<br /> *Ilaya Pandi<br /> *Manikandan Rajesh<br /> *[[Sriranjani (Tamil actress)|Sriranjani]] as Jamuna's mother<br /> *Pandian as Jamuna's father<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The film was officially announced in January 2021, coinciding with [[Aishwarya Rajesh]]'s birthday. Touted to be a &quot;crime thriller&quot;, production began by March 2021 with Kinslin of ''[[Vathikuchi]]'' (2013) fame, making his return as director.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=10 January 2021 |title=Aishwarya Rajesh to play cabbie in 'Driver Jamuna' |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-rajesh-play-cabbie-driver-jamuna-141217 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119113137/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/aishwarya-rajesh-play-cabbie-driver-jamuna-141217 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=The News Minute}}&lt;/ref&gt; To incorporate their body language into her character, Aishwarya Rajesh met many taxi drivers during her research for the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 April 2021 |title='Driver Jamuna' to release in three languages |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/apr/14/driver-jamuna-to-release-inthree-languages-2289705.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119113137/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2021/apr/14/driver-jamuna-to-release-inthree-languages-2289705.html |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Release==<br /> The film was theatrically released on 30 December 2022 across Tamil Nadu, alongside a [[Telugu language|Telugu]] dubbed version. The film started streaming on [[aha (streaming service)|aha]] from 20 January 2023 while the film's satellite rights were brought by [[Kalaignar TV]].<br /> <br /> ==Reception==<br /> The film opened to mixed reviews; while Aishwarya Rajesh's performance received positive reviews, the film received criticism for its writing.<br /> <br /> A reviewer from ''[[Times of India]]'' noted &quot;Aishwarya Rajesh tries her best to save this hastily written road thriller&quot; adding that &quot;''Driver Jamuna'' has engaging moments, but it's definitely not the road movie one would willingly opt for&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Driver Jamuna Movie Review: Aishwarya Rajesh tries her best to save this hastily written road thriller |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/driver-jamuna/movie-review/96599706.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117005652/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/driver-jamuna/movie-review/96599706.cms |archive-date=17 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; A reviewer from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' noted &quot;the Aishwarya Rajesh-starrer is all over the place all at once&quot; adding that &quot;the earnestness of the filmmaker's vision probably withered away due to a lack of focused writing and prosaic filmmaking techniques&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=31 December 2022 |title='Driver Jamuna' Movie Review: The Aishwarya Rajesh-starrer is all over the place all at once |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/dec/31/driver-jamuna-movie-review-the-aishwarya-rajesh-starrer-is-all-over-the-place-all-at-once-2533269.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119113138/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2022/dec/31/driver-jamuna-movie-review-the-aishwarya-rajesh-starrer-is-all-over-the-place-all-at-once-2533269.html |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=The New Indian Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote &quot;for a thriller, it reserves most of its thrills for the last 10 minutes, and that’s a move that may not appeal to everybody&quot;, while ''[[India Today]]'' noted the &quot;lacklustre film that suffers from logical loopholes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2022 |title=Driver Jamuna Movie Review: Aishwarya Rajesh's film lacks logic and inventiveness |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/driver-jamuna-movie-review-aishwarya-rajeshs-film-lacks-logic-and-inventiveness-2315015-2022-12-30 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119113137/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/driver-jamuna-movie-review-aishwarya-rajeshs-film-lacks-logic-and-inventiveness-2315015-2022-12-30 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=India Today}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=30 December 2022 |title=Driver Jamuna movie review: Aishwarya Rajesh's film is slow yet engaging thriller; looks predictable, but isn't |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/driver-jamuna-movie-review-aishwarya-rajesh-film-is-slow-but-engaging-thriller-101672315462235.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119113138/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/driver-jamuna-movie-review-aishwarya-rajesh-film-is-slow-but-engaging-thriller-101672315462235.html |archive-date=19 January 2023 |access-date=19 January 2023 |website=Hindustan Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|21302152}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2022 films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Tamil-language films]]<br /> [[Category:2022 Indian films]]<br /> {{2020s-Tamil-film-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pushtaini&diff=527474 2026-03-02T04:39:19Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: creating new post</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2024 Hindi drama film}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox film<br /> | name = Pushtaini<br /> | image = Pushtaini.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = Theatrical release poster<br /> | director = Vinod Rawat<br /> | writer = {{ubl|Vinod Rawat|Rita Heer}}<br /> | producer = {{ubl|Ankit Gandhi|Vinod Rawat}}<br /> | starring = {{ubl|Vinod Rawat|Rita Heer|Ankur Bhalla|Hemant Pandey|Preme Karayat|Maya Dharakoti|Mithilesh Pandey}}<br /> | cinematography = Dhawalika Singh<br /> | editing = Charu Takkar<br /> | music = Krishna Purohit<br /> | studio = Lotus Dust Pictures, VinRaw Films<br /> | distributor = <br /> | released = {{Film date|2024|06|21|df=y}}<br /> | runtime = <br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Hindi<br /> }}<br /> '''Pushtaini''' is a 2024 [[Hindi]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Vinod Rawat&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Vinod Rawat opens up on Pushtaini, his jugalbandi with Hrithik Roshan, and more |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vinod-rawat-opens-up-on-pushtaini-his-jugalbandi-with-hrithik-roshan-and-more-101718862797469.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; and produced by Ankit Gandhi and Vinod Rawat under the banners Lotus Dust Pictures and VinRaw Films. The film stars Vinod Rawat, Rita Heer, Ankur Bhalla, [[Hemant Pandey]], Preme Karayat, Maya Dharakoti, and Mithilesh Pandey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title='Pushtaini' review: A small indie film that takes on the big, taboo topic of men's sexual abuse |url=https://www.theweek.in/review/movies/2024/06/21/pushtaini-review-a-small-indie-film-that-takes-on-the-big-taboo-topic-of-mens-sexual-abuse.html |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=The Week |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also features [[Rajkummar Rao]] in a cameo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=11 June 2024 |title=Pushtaini: Hrithik Roshan's shout-out to acting coach Vinod Rawat's debut film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/pushtaini-hrithik-roshans-shout-out-to-acting-coach-vinod-rawats-debut-film-2551619-2024-06-11 |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=India Today |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 June 2024 |title=Pushtaini director Vinod Rawat details his journey – floor manager at McDonald's, theater days with Rajkummar Rao to Hrithik Roshan's acting coach |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/pushtaini-director-vinod-rawat-journey-floor-manager-at-mcdonalds-theater-rajkummar-rao-hrithik-roshan-acting-coach-9413326/ |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Plot summary ==<br /> The story revolves around a struggling actor named Bhuppi (played by Vinod Rawat) who, after getting caught in an embarrassing scandal, decides to visit his [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] hometown. Unaware of what the journey has in store for him, Bhuppi faces his past and undergoes a transformative experience.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> <br /> * Vinod Rawat as Bhuppi<br /> * Rita Heer as Dimple<br /> * [[Rajkummar Rao]] as Ankur Bhalla<br /> * Hemant Pandey as Bhuppi's childhood friend and taxi driver<br /> * Mithilesh Pandey as Yashpal, Bhuppi's father's employer<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> The film was released on 21 June 2024. It is a production of Lotus Dust Pictures and VinRaw Films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=11 June 2024 |title='Pushtaini': Hrithik Roshan to present acting coach Vinod Rawat's directorial debut; trailer out |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pushtaini-hrithik-roshan-to-present-acting-coach-vinod-rawats-directorial-debut-trailer-out/article68276309.ece |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Critical reception ==<br /> Ronak Kotecha of ''[[The Times of India|Times of India]]'' rated ''Pushtaini'' 2.5 out of 5, noting, &quot;In essence, ''Pushtaini'' unfolds as a deeply personal journey, constrained by its own narrative limitations. Rawat's directorial debut attempts to weave a tapestry of themes—past regrets, present struggles, and future aspirations—yet occasionally feels tangled within its own web.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Pushtaini Movie Review : Vinod Rawat's debut film on his journey hits narrative bumps |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/pushtaini/movie-review/111120694.cms |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anuj Kumar of ''[[The Hindu]]'' praised the film, stating, &quot;''Pushtaini'' is better than many decorative products on display in theatres at present. One hopes it finds a way through the heartless distribution system that is skewed towards tentpoles and where ancestral hold on the system still works.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=23 June 2024 |title='Pushtaini' movie review: A gentle yet gripping indie that scratches beneath the surface |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/pushtaini-movie-review-a-gentle-yet-gripping-indie-that-scratches-beneath-the-surface/article68324044.ece |access-date=13 November 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Tanushree Ghosh of ''[[Network18 Group|Money Control]]'' remarked, &quot;Vinod Rawat’s gentle story of homecoming and hill life is inspiriting yet bumpy.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pushtaini movie review: Vinod Rawat's gentle story of homecoming and hill life is inspiriting yet bumpy |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/pushtaini-movie-review-article-12757811.html |website=Moneycontrol}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Deepa Gahlot]] from ''[[Scroll.in|Scroll]]'' described ''Pushtaini'' as &quot;a blend of melancholy with gentle humour. A newbie enthusiasm makes the film a surprisingly satisfying watch. No expectations are raised, so none are dashed.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Gahlot |first=Deepa |date=21 June 2024 |title='Pushtaini' review: A gentle, satisfying watch |url=https://scroll.in/reel/1069387/pushtaini-review-a-gentle-satisfying-watch |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[The Free Press Journal|Free Press Journal]]'' awarded the film 3 out of 5 stars, stating, &quot;''Pushtaini'' is a great effort, and the highlight is the performances by the real family members.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Pushtaini Review: Vinod Rawat, RajKummar Rao's Film Is A Heartwarming Tale Of Self Discovery |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/movie-review/pushtaini-review-vinod-rawat-rajkummar-raos-film-is-a-heartwarming-tale-of-self-discovery |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Soumyabrata Gupta from ''[[Times Now]]'' rated it 4 out of 5, writing, &quot;''Pushtaini'' works partly because of Rawat’s stellar act as a man fighting his demons, but works more due to the supporting cast, many of whom are his real kin, who bring about a nonchalant innocence in their act.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 June 2024 |title=Pushtaini Movie Review: Vinod Rawat's Film Is A Poignant Odyssey Into One's Soul |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/pushtaini-movie-review-and-rating-vinod-rawats-film-is-a-poignant-odyssey-into-ones-soul-review-111120910 |access-date=13 November 2024 |website=Times Now |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb title|id=29454072|title=Pushtaini}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2024 films]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anando_Mukerjee&diff=486312 2026-03-01T22:25:49Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: Created details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian singer (born 1977)}}<br /> {{Infobox musical artist<br /> | honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]]<br /> | name = Anando Mukerjee<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = Mukerjee in concert at Shikwa Haveli, Valentine’s Day, New Delhi, 2014<br /> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1977-4-14}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Patna]], [[Bihar,]] INDIA<br /> | occupation = Opera singer ([[Tenor]])<br /> | years_active = 2006–present<br /> | website = {{URL|http://www.anandomukerjee.com}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Anando Mukerjee''' (born 1977) is an Indian tenor and [[deacon]]. He is considered to be the only internationally recognized operatic tenor from India&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=David |first= Lalmalsawma |date= 2015-01-28 |title= India's lone male tenor aims to sing opera in local key |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-opera-singer-idUKKBN0L10GE20150128 |website=Reuters |access-date=2021-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has been described as 'India's finest tenor'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=George |first=G |date= 2009-04-17 |title= Delightful Fare |work=The Statesman}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also a self-supporting curate in the Church of England parish of [[St James Church, Muswell Hill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://www.st-james.org.uk/team |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=St James Muswell Hill |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Early life==<br /> Anando Mukerjee was born in [[Patna]], [[Bihar,]] India, on April 14, 1977. A native of India, he received degrees in Zoology &amp; Natural Sciences from Delhi and Cambridge Universities respectively, where he was an Inlaks scholar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.inlaksfoundation.org/alumni/anando-mukerjee/ |title=Anando Mukerjee |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |website= |publisher= |access-date=2021-06-29 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Niyogy |first=Kingshuk |date= 2009-01-10 |title= A tenor for your thoughts |work=TimeOut Mumbai}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Study==<br /> He pursued his vocal studies privately in London but has said that the highlight of his vocal training was seven years of discipleship under legendary Swedish tenor [[Nicolai Gedda]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://indianquarterly.com/?p=3913|title=His Master's Voice |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=April–June 2017 |publisher=The Indian Quarterly |access-date=2021-06-29 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=David |first= Lalmalsawma |date= 2015-01-28 |title= India's lone male tenor aims to sing opera in local key |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-opera-singer-idUKKBN0L10GE20150128 |work= |location= NEW DELHI |access-date=2021-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> He was granted a Charles Wallace India Trust British Council Award in 2001 and was a finalist in the UK National Mozart Competition in 2007 and the Wagner Society Bayreuth Bursary Competition in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wagnersociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/Wagner-News-208.pdf |title=WAGNER SOCIETY 2013 BAYREUTH BURSARY FINAL |last=Barnes |first=Katie |date=2012-12-01 |page=36 |publisher= |access-date=2021-06-29 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> Anando Mukerjee's significant operatic debut took place in 2006 when he sang Rodolfo (La bohème) at the Belgrade National Opera, Serbia at the personal invitation of HRH [[Princess Elizabeth of Yugoslavia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=David |first= Lalmalsawma |date=2015-01-28 |title= India's lone male tenor aims to sing opera in local key |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-india-opera-singer-idUKKBN0L10GE20150128 |work= |location= NEW DELHI |access-date=2021-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; It was followed by the period of intense learning of new roles and performing across the UK, including Beppe (Pagliacci, Dorset Opera), Tobias (Tobias and the Angel, New Sussex Opera), Macduff (Macbeth, White Horse Opera), Nemorino (L’elisir d’amore, Somerset Opera), Alfred (Die Fledermaus, Surrey Opera), Don Jose (Carmen, Plymouth Operatic Society, Windsor &amp; Eton Opera Royal Command Performance&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://hrhthecountessofwessex.wordpress.com/2016/07/17/trhs-attended-windsor-eton-operas-performance-of-bizets-carmen-on-the-15th-of-july/ |title=TRH's attended Windsor &amp; Eton Opera's Performance of Bizet's 'Carmen on the 15th of July |author=Anna |date=2016-07-17 |access-date=2021-07-31 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;), Alfredo (La traviata, Stentorphon Opera, Somerset Opera, Windsor &amp; Eton Opera), The Duke of Mantua (Rigoletto, Bury Court Opera, Anghiari Festival, [[Scottish Opera]]), Cavaradossi (Tosca, Little Venice Music Festival, Philharmonia Britannica), Riccardo ([[Un ballo in maschera]], Windsor &amp; Eton Opera).{{Citation needed|date= July 2022}}<br /> <br /> Mukerjee made his Italian debut at the Teatro dei Rozzi, Sienna, taking part in the Concordia International Ensemble Gala. Other concert appearances include his [[Cadogan Hall]] debut in London Lyric Opera's cycle A Feast of Orchestral Songs; the opening of the 9th season of the Symphony Orchestra of India at the NCPA Bhabha Opera House, Bombay;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.soimumbai.com/archives |title=Archives |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=September 2009 |website= |publisher=SOI: Symphony Orchestra of India |access-date=2021-06-29 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Maximum India Festival, Kennedy Center, Washington DC, with the Washington National Opera;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/m/mo-mz/anando-mukerjee/ |title=Anando Mukerjee |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |website=The Kennedy Center |access-date=2021-06-29 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and his debut at the Al-Madinat Opera House in Dubai. His notable recitals include his Wigmore Hall appearance accompanied by Leslie Howard and featured on [[BBC Radio 3]]'s In Tune; the [[Maria Callas]] International Club's 30th Anniversary Celebration at the Royal Opera House;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.belgianoperaguide.be/column/contentscol35.htm |title=Essay: Tribute to Maria Callas |last=Byrne |first=Patrick C. |date=2007-09-17 |website= |publisher= |access-date=2021-06-29 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a lieder programme performed with the pianist Babette Hierholzer at the Allensbach Festival, Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pressreader.com/germany/heuberger-bote/20150812/281900181937480 |title=Essay: Liederabend in Kulturhaus |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2015-08-12 |publisher=Heuberger Bote |access-date=2021-06-29 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Anando Mukerjee gave the orchestral world premiere of Ian Venables’ Venetian Songs accompanied by the Orchestra of St. John Bromsgrove&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Collis |first=Emily |date=2017-11-01 |title=Bromsgrove Orchestra of St John premieres composer Ian Venables' Venetian So|url=https://www.herefordtimes.com/news/regional/15632975.bromsgrove-orchestra-of-st-john-premieres-composer-ian-venables-venetian-songs/ |work= |location=Bromsgrove |access-date=2021-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; which he repeated at the English Music Festival.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Barnett |first=Rob |date=2019-04-23 |title=2019 English Music Festival from 24 to 27 May|url=https://seenandheard-international.com/2019-04/-019-english-music-festival-from-24-to-27-may/ |access-date=2021-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Mukerjee has also been featured by the [[BBC World Service]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wDn_XYNUcqE |title=Anando Mukerjee sings &quot;Granada&quot; by Lara and &quot;Nessun Dorma&quot; by Puccini<br /> |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2014-01-24 |website= [[YouTube]]|publisher= |access-date=2021-06-29 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; All India Radio &amp; Radio 3 In-Tune.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Derham |first=Katie |date=2019-05-23 |title=BLOCK4, Anando Mukerjee, Martin Yates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00057j7 |access-date=2021-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On the oratorio stage Anando's repertoire encompasses Handel, Bach, Mendelssohn, Rossini, Gounod, Verdi and Puccini. As the tenor soloist he has appeared in Puccini's Messa di Gloria with the Birmingham Philharmonic Orchestra; in Verdi's Requiem and Rossini's Petite Messe Solennelle at the Great Hall, Dartington; in Stanford's Requiem with the Birmingham Choral Union; and in William Lloyd-Webber's The Saviour, performed in celebration of the composer's centenary at Westminster Central Hall.<br /> <br /> Mukerjee trained for ordination as a self-supporting minister at [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford]], completing his studies in 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Class of 2025 |url=https://www.wycliffe.ox.ac.uk/class-2025 |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=www.wycliffe.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was subsequently ordained to the diaconate by the [[Bishop of Ebbsfleet]] at [[St James's Church, Clerkenwell]] on 30 June 2025, and is serving his curacy at [[St James Church, Muswell Hill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title=Ordinations 2025 |url=https://www.london.anglican.org/articles/ordinations-2025/ |access-date=2025-12-06 |website=Diocese of London |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{Official website|http://www.anandomukerjee.com}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mukerjee, Anando}}<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1977 births]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian male singers]]<br /> [[Category:Tenors]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century male opera singers]]<br /> [[Category:Musicians from Bihar]]<br /> [[Category:Alumni of Hughes Hall, Cambridge]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kareena_Kapoor_Khan&diff=445721 2026-03-01T20:13:02Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: update</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian actress (born 1980)}}<br /> {{pp|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2025}}<br /> {{EngvarB|date=May 2020}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | image = Kareena Kapoor Khan in 2023 (1) (cropped).jpg<br /> | alt = Kareena Kapoor Khan is smiling away from camera.<br /> | caption = Kapoor Khan in 2023<br /> | birth_name = Kareena Kapoor<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1980|09|21}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Bombay]], Maharashtra, India<br /> | occupation = Actress<br /> | years_active = 2000–present<br /> | works = [[Kareena Kapoor Khan filmography|Full list]]<br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Saif Ali Khan]]|2012}}<br /> | children = 2<br /> | family = {{hlist|[[Kapoor family]]|&lt;br /&gt;[[Pataudi family]]&lt;br /&gt;''(via marriage)''}}<br /> | awards = [[List of awards and nominations received by Kareena Kapoor Khan|Full list]]<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Kareena Kapoor Khan''' ({{IPA|hns|kəˈriːna kəˈpuːr xɑːn|pron}}; {{nee|'''Kapoor'''}}; born 21 September 1980) is an Indian actress. She has been known [[Kareena Kapoor Khan filmography|her leading roles]] in [[Hindi cinema]] since 2000. Kapoor is the recipient of [[List of awards and nominations received by Kareena Kapoor Khan|several awards]], including six [[Filmfare Awards]], and as of 2024, is one of Hindi cinema's highest-paid actresses.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 July 2024|title=Exclusive: Jaw-Dropping star fees of Bollywood's leading ladies revealed - Deepika Padukone, Alia Bhatt and Kareena Kapoor are the highest paid actresses|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-jaw-dropping-star-fees-bollywoods-leading-ladies-revealed-deepika-padukone-alia-bhatt-kareena-kapoor-highest-paid-actresses/|url-status=live|access-date=23 July 2024|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|archive-date=23 July 2024|archive-url=https://archive.today/20240723134744/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/exclusive-jaw-dropping-star-fees-bollywoods-leading-ladies-revealed-deepika-padukone-alia-bhatt-kareena-kapoor-highest-paid-actresses/}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Born into the [[Kapoor family]], she is the daughter of actors [[Babita]] and [[Randhir Kapoor]], and the younger sister of actress [[Karisma Kapoor]]. After making her acting debut in 2000 in ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]'', Kapoor established herself the following year with several roles, including in the top-grossing drama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''. This was followed by a series of commercial failures and negative reviews for her repetitive roles. An against-[[typecasting (acting)|type]] performance as a [[sex worker]] in the 2004 drama ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'' marked a turning point in her career. She earned critical recognition for her portrayal of a riot victim in the 2004 drama ''[[Dev (2004 film)|Dev]]'' and a character based on [[Desdemona]] in the 2006 crime film ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]''. Her performance as a loquacious woman in the romantic comedy ''[[Jab We Met]]'' (2007) earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]].<br /> <br /> Further praise came for her dramatic performances in ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]'' (2009), ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]'', ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]'' (both 2012), ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' (2016) and ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]'' (2022). Her highest-grossing releases include the comedy-dramas ''[[3 Idiots]]'' (2009) and ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015), the action films ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'' (2011) and ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014), and the comedies ''[[Golmaal 3]]'' (2010) and ''[[Good Newwz]]'' (2019). She has also starred in the female-led comedies ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' (2018) and ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]'' (2024).<br /> <br /> Kapoor Khan is married to actor [[Saif Ali Khan]], with whom she has two sons. Her off-screen life is the subject of widespread coverage in India. She is known for being outspoken and assertive and is recognised for her fashion style. Beside film acting, Kapoor participates in stage shows, hosts a radio show and has contributed as a co-writer to two autobiographical memoirs and two books of nutrition guides. She has started her own line of clothing and cosmetics for women, and has worked with [[UNICEF]] since 2014 to advocate for the [[Female education|education of girls]] and an increase in [[Education in India|quality based education in India]].<br /> <br /> == Early life ==<br /> Born on 21 September 1980 in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-how-kareena-kapoor-made-it-big/article1-931961.aspx |title=Happy Birthday! How Kareena Kapoor made it big |access-date=20 December 2012 |author=Saini, Minakshi |date=18 September 2012 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218003859/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/happy-birthday-how-kareena-kapoor-made-it-big/article1-931961.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor (often informally referred to as 'Bebo')&lt;ref name=&quot;Little girl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/30indu.htm |title=She is just a little girl trying to find her way |access-date=16 July 2008 |author=Verma, Sukanya |date=30 October 2002 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090407022112/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/oct/30indu.htm |archive-date=7 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; is the younger daughter of [[Randhir Kapoor]] and [[Babita]] (''née'' Shivdasani);&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/30sotw.htm |title=Star of The Week-Kareena Kapoor |access-date=24 July 2008 |date=30 October 2002 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630033903/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/oct/30sotw.htm |archive-date=30 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; her elder sister [[Karisma Kapoor|Karisma]] is also an actress. Kapoor is the paternal granddaughter of actor and filmmaker [[Raj Kapoor]], maternal granddaughter of actor [[Hari Shivdasani]], and great-granddaughter of filmmaker [[Prithviraj Kapoor]]. The actors [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Neetu Kapoor]] are her uncle and aunt respectively, and actor [[Ranbir Kapoor]] is also her cousin.<br /> <br /> [[File:Kapoor Women.jpg|thumb|alt=Kareena and Karisma Kapoor with their mother Babita|Pictured with mother [[Babita]] (left) and sister [[Karisma Kapoor|Karisma]]. In an interview with journalist [[Vir Sanghvi]], Kapoor stated that growing up with the two of them helped her become strong and independent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Star Talk Int&quot;&gt;{{cite video |people=Kapoor, Kareena (Actress) |date=10 September 2008 |title=People take advantage of me: Kareena |url=http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1726552/people_take_advantage_of_me_kareena/ |publisher=[[Metacafe]] |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=8 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118185904/http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1726552/people_take_advantage_of_me_kareena/ |archive-date=18 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> According to Kapoor, her name &quot;Kareena&quot; was derived from the book ''[[Anna Karenina]]'', which her mother read while she was pregnant with her.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2004/12/29/486/index.html |title=What's a book got to do with Kareena? |access-date=27 January 2007 |date=29 December 2004 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629172741/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2004/12/29/486/index.html |archive-date=29 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor is of [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] descent on her father's side,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060108/spectrum/main4.htm |title=Punjabi colours of Bollywood |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Dhawan, M. L. |date=8 January 2006 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060108/spectrum/main4.htm |archive-date=21 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and on her mother's side she is of [[Sindhis|Sindhi]] and [[British people|British]] descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/dec/231208-Saif-Ali-Khan-Kareena-Kapoor-Mt-Mary-Babita-Karisma-Shivdasani-Christmas-Samaira.htm |title=Saif to join girlfriend Kareena and her family for midnight mass |access-date=1 July 2015 |author=Upala KBR |date=23 December 2008 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701223912/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2008/dec/231208-Saif-Ali-Khan-Kareena-Kapoor-Mt-Mary-Babita-Karisma-Shivdasani-Christmas-Samaira.htm |archive-date=1 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wedding&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121017/jsp/frontpage/story_16099644.jsp |title=Sajid beats Saif to the altar&amp;nbsp;– After civil marriage, a suspense at play |access-date=2 February 2014 |date=16 October 2012 |work=[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219182545/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121017/jsp/frontpage/story_16099644.jsp |archive-date=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Describing herself as a naughty, spoilt child, Kapoor's exposure to films from a young age kindled her interest in acting;&lt;ref name=&quot;Star Talk Int&quot; /&gt; she was particularly inspired by the work of actresses [[Nargis]] and [[Meena Kumari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview&quot; /&gt; Despite her family background, her father disapproved of women entering films because he believed it conflicted with the traditional maternal duties and responsibility of women in the family.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kapoor dynasty&quot;&gt;{{harv|Chatterjee|Deenvi|Nihalani|2003|p=483}}&lt;/ref&gt; This led to a conflict between her parents and they lived separately before reconciling in October 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Randhir-Babita-back-together/articleshow/2443349.cms?referral=PM |title=Randhir-Babita back together! |access-date=20 October 2007 |author=Lalwani, Vickey |date=10 October 2007 |work=[[The Times of India]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917171639/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Randhir-Babita-back-together/articleshow/2443349.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=17 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was raised by her mother, who worked several jobs to support her daughters until Karisma debuted as an actress in 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;Full-On&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/Bebo-Full-On/articleshow/15767311.cms |title=Bebo, Full-On |access-date=27 December 2007 |author=Thakraney, Anil |date=16 December 2007 |work=[[Mumbai Mirror]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201221919/http://www.mumbaimirror.com/news/india/Bebo-Full-On/articleshow/15767311.cms |archive-date=1 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although her father was not present for most her childhood, Kapoor remarked that he played an important role in her life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Full-On&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kapoor attended [[Jamnabai Narsee School]] in Mumbai, followed by [[Welham Girls' School]] in Dehradun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2000/may/18kar.htm |title=I do not intend doing the David Dhawan kind of films |access-date=21 October 2006 |author=Verma, Sukanya |date=18 May 2000 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103191530/http://rediff.com/entertai/2000/may/18kar.htm |archive-date=3 November 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; She attended the institution primarily to satisfy her mother, though later admitted to liking the experience.&lt;ref name=&quot;Star Talk Int&quot; /&gt; According to Kapoor, she was not inclined towards academics though received good grades in all her classes except mathematics.&lt;ref name=&quot;Star Talk Int&quot; /&gt; Upon graduating from Welham, she returned to Mumbai and studied commerce for two years at [[Mithibai College]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview&quot; /&gt; Kapoor then registered for a three-month summer course in microcomputers at [[Harvard Summer School]] in the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview&quot; /&gt; She later developed an interest in law, and enrolled at the [[Government Law College, Mumbai]]; during this period, she developed a long-lasting passion for reading.&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview&quot; /&gt; However, after completing her first year, she decided to pursue her interest in acting, though she later regretted not having completed her education.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/05/26/1236/index.html |title=Socha tha kya, kya ho gaya? |access-date=26 May 2006 |author=Kelkar, Reshma |date=26 May 2006 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003204436/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2006/05/26/1236/index.html |archive-date=3 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/171216/i-regret-skipping-education-kareena-kapoor-khan.html |title=I regret skipping education: Kareena Kapoor Khan |access-date=4 May 2020 |author=Bhakoo, Shivani |date=17 December 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicle |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802203312/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/171216/i-regret-skipping-education-kareena-kapoor-khan.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She began training at an acting institute in Mumbai mentored by Kishore Namit Kapoor, a member of the [[Film and Television Institute of India]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060811/ldh2.htm#7 |title=Trainer of Saif, Hrithik in city |access-date=11 August 2006 |author=Bhakoo, Shivani |date=11 August 2006 |work=The Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060811/ldh2.htm |archive-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career and personal life ==<br /> === Career beginnings, breakthrough and setback (2000–2003) ===<br /> While training at the institute, Kapoor was cast as the lead in [[Rakesh Roshan]]'s ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'' (2000), opposite [[Hrithik Roshan]]. Several days into the filming, however, she abandoned the production since more prominence was given to the director's son than her. She debuted later that year alongside [[Abhishek Bachchan]] in [[J. P. Dutta]]'s ''[[Refugee (2000 film)|Refugee]]''. Set during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], Kapoor was introduced as Naaz, a Bangladeshi girl with whom Bachchan's character falls in love. Dutta cast her for the combination of youthfulness and innocence he found in her, and Kapoor considered their collaboration to be a learning experience that helped her personally and professionally.&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/refugee-completes-17-years-jp-dutta-used-to-stop-abhishek-kareena-from-over-eating/story-WiVVgZZY9ARt94FBjIzMBO.html |title=17 years of Refugee: JP Dutta reveals he used to stop Abhishek, Kareena from over eating |access-date=4 May 2020 |author=Mathur, Yashika |date=1 July 2017 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803075445/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/refugee-completes-17-years-jp-dutta-used-to-stop-abhishek-kareena-from-over-eating/story-WiVVgZZY9ARt94FBjIzMBO.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' noted &quot;the ease with which she emotes the most difficult of scenes&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/540318 |title=Movie Review: Refugee |access-date=15 September 2007 |author=Adarsh, Taran |date=30 June 2000 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809012238/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/540318 |archive-date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and ''[[India Today]]'' reported that she belonged to a new breed of Hindi film actors that breaks away from character stereotypes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/films/story/20000918-new-generation-bollywood-actresses-break-free-from-straitjacket-stereotypes-778064-2000-09-17 |title=Sassy Sirens |access-date=12 March 2014 |author=Chopra, Anupama |date=18 September 2000 |work=[[India Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509121432/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/new-generation-bollywood-actresses-break-free-from-straitjacket-stereotypes/1/244756.html |archive-date=9 May 2016 |author-link=Anupama Chopra}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Refugee'' was a moderate box-office success in India and Kapoor's performance earned her the [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KK BOI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_detail/kareena_kapoor/actor |title=Kareena Kapoor: Box Office Details and Filmography |access-date=30 January 2014 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205043108/http://boxofficeindia.com/Star_Cast/actor_detail/kareena_kapoor/actor |archive-date=5 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8746/index.html |title=Kareena Kapoor: Awards &amp; Nominations |access-date=23 July 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806140053/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/awards/8746/index.html |archive-date=6 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Kareena at K3G book launch.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Kareena Kapoor smiling away from the camera|Kapoor at the launch of a book on ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]'' in 2001]]<br /> <br /> Kapoor was paired opposite [[Tusshar Kapoor]] in [[Satish Kaushik]]'s box-office hit ''[[Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai]]'' (2001).&lt;ref name=&quot;KK BOI&quot; /&gt; A review in ''[[The Hindu]]'' noted that based on her first two films, she was &quot;definitely the actress to watch out for&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/30/stories/09300221.htm |title=Stars and Starlets on the block |access-date=17 May 2009 |author=Kamath, Sudhish |date=30 May 2001 |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226223107/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/30/stories/09300221.htm |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She next starred in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s flop ''[[Yaadein (2001 film)|Yaadein]]'', followed by [[Abbas–Mustan]]'s moderately successful thriller ''[[Ajnabee (2001 film)|Ajnabee]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK BOI&quot; /&gt; Later that year, she appeared in [[Santosh Sivan]]'s period epic ''[[Aśoka (film)|Aśoka]]'', a partly fictionalised account of the life of the Indian emperor [[Ashoka]]. Featured opposite [[Shah Rukh Khan]], Kapoor found herself challenged playing the complex personality of her character [[Kaurwaki]] with whom Ashoka falls in love.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020602/spectrum/tv.htm |title=Asoka revisited |access-date=24 February 2014 |author=Khosla, Mukesh |date=2 June 2002 |work=[[Sunday Tribune]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107044454/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020602/spectrum/tv.htm |archive-date=7 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Aśoka'' was screened at the [[Venice Film Festival|Venice]] and [[2001 Toronto International Film Festival]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm |title=Hype 'n' Hoopla |access-date=31 December 2008 |author=Chhabra, Aseem |date=24 October 2001 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630033853/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/oct/24mkt.htm |archive-date=30 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and received generally positive reviews internationally but failed to do well in India, which critics attributed to famed actor Shah Rukh Khan's portrayal of the emperor Ashoka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm |title=Keep date with Asoka |access-date=24 February 2014 |author=Geetanath, V |date=23 May 2002 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226223107/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/lf/2002/05/23/stories/2002052304230200.htm |archive-date=26 February 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jeff Vice of ''[[The Deseret News]]'' commended her compelling screen presence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700003037/Asoka.html?pg=all |title=Film review: Asoka |access-date=20 February 2014 |author=Vice, Jeff |date=13 September 2002 |work=[[The Deseret News]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228040156/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/700003037/Asoka.html?pg=all |archive-date=28 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the [[47th Filmfare Awards]], ''Aśoka'' was nominated for five awards including a [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] nomination for Kapoor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> A breakthrough in Kapoor's career came when she was cast by [[Karan Johar]] as Pooja (&quot;Poo&quot;, a good-natured, superficial girl) in the 2001 melodrama ''[[Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1368/ |title=Exploring 10 years journey of Kareena Kapoor&amp;nbsp;— Part I |access-date=15 October 2013 |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=31 August 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019223147/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/1368/ |archive-date=19 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She found little resemblance between herself and her &quot;[[wikt:over the top|over-the-top]]&quot; character, and modeled Poo's personality on that of Johar.&lt;ref name=&quot;20years&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/20-years-of-kareena-kapoor-khan-the-actress-on-her-top-5-roles/|title=20 Years Of Kareena Kapoor Khan – The Actress On Her Top 5 Roles|access-date=3 June 2020|date=22 February 2020|publisher=Film Companion|archive-date=3 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603040042/https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/20-years-of-kareena-kapoor-khan-the-actress-on-her-top-5-roles/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filming the big-budget production, alongside an ensemble cast was a new experience for Kapoor, and she recalls it fondly as a dream come true.&lt;ref name=&quot;Model&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/videos/india/catch-a-star-3-266950.html |title='I don't want to model my career on anyone' |access-date=15 October 2013 |author=Masand, Rajeev |date=19 July 2007 |website=[[News18]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513153200/http://www.news18.com/videos/india/catch-a-star-3-266950.html |archive-date=13 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'' was an immensely popular release, finishing as India's second highest-grossing film of the year and Kapoor's highest-grossing film to that point.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&amp;catName=MjAwMQ== |title=Box Office 2001 |access-date=8 January 2008 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115223304/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=207&amp;catName=MjAwMQ%3D%3D |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It became one of the biggest Bollywood success of all time in the overseas market, earning over {{INRConvert|1|b}} worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Worldwide gross&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (IND Rs) |access-date=16 September 2010 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115031852/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taran Adarsh described Kapoor as &quot;one of the main highlights of the film&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/201895 |title=Movie Review: Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham |access-date=30 September 2007 |author=Adarsh, Taran |date=11 December 2001 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114053900/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/201895 |archive-date=14 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and she received her second Filmfare nomination for the role—her first for [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]—as well as nominations at the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|International Indian Academy]] (IIFA) and [[Screen Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Box Office India]] reported that the success of ''Mujhe Kucch Kehna Hai'' and ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'' established Kapoor as a leading actress of Hindi cinema,&lt;ref name=&quot;Top Actress&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |title=Top Actress |access-date=17 February 2014 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017104803/http://boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actress |archive-date=17 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Rediff.com published that with ''Aśoka'' she had become the highest-paid Indian actress to that point earning {{INRConvert|15|m}} per film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/nov/05karr.htm |title=More than a woman |access-date=17 February 2014 |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=5 November 2001 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221163053/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2001/nov/05karr.htm |archive-date=21 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; During 2002 and 2003, Kapoor continued to work in a number of projects but experienced a setback. All six films in which she starred—''[[Mujhse Dosti Karoge!]]'', ''[[Jeena Sirf Merre Liye]]'', ''[[Talaash: The Hunt Begins...]]'', ''[[Khushi (2003 Hindi film)|Khushi]]'', ''[[Main Prem Ki Diwani Hoon]]'', and the four-hour war epic ''[[LOC Kargil]]''—were critically and commercially unsuccessful.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK BOI&quot; /&gt; Critics described her performances in these films as variations of the character she played in ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'', and expressed concern that she was becoming [[Typecasting (acting)|typecast]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Change&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.anupamachopra.com/media/pdf/Kareena_Kapoor_Starry_Heights_Sep_08_2003.pdf |title=Starry Heights |access-date=11 July 2012 |author=Chopra, Anupama |date=8 September 2003 |work=India Today |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422132238/http://www.anupamachopra.com/media/pdf/Kareena_Kapoor_Starry_Heights_Sep_08_2003.pdf |archive-date=22 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She later spoke positively of this period, recalling it as a beneficial lesson which taught her to work harder.&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Jhunjhunwala|2012|p=258}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Professional expansion (2004–2006) ===<br /> By 2004, Kapoor, who had confessed to having entered the film industry strictly for financial reasons,&lt;ref name=&quot;Charming&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040118/spectrum/main5.htm |title=Charming Chameli(on) |access-date=6 May 2020 |author=Kalla, Avinash |date=18 January 2004 |work=The Tribune |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802220208/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040118/spectrum/main5.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; was eager on broadening her range as an actor and thus decided to accept more challenging roles in addition to the archetypical glamorous lead.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Journey&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1375 |title=Exploring 10 years journey of Kareena Kapoor&amp;nbsp;— Part II |access-date=8 September 2010 |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=4 September 2010 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130808230812/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/1375 |archive-date=8 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the direction of [[Sudhir Mishra]], Kapoor starred in ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'' as a [[Hooker with a heart of gold|golden-hearted prostitute]] who meets with a widowed investment banker ([[Rahul Bose]]). When Kapoor was first offered the part, she passed on it, explaining that she would be uncomfortable in the role. She relented when Mishra approached her for the second time, and in preparation for the role, visited several of Mumbai's [[red-light district]]s at night to study the mannerisms of sex workers and the way they dressed.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change&quot; /&gt; With a production budget of {{INRConvert|20|m}}, the independent film marked a departure from the high-profile productions Kapoor previously starred in.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Charming&quot; /&gt; ''[[The Times of India]]'' praised her for having exceeded all expectations;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/417769.cms |title=Chameli: Movie Review |access-date=15 September 2007 |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=12 January 2004 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703211607/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/articleshow/417769.cms |archive-date=3 July 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rediff.com, however, found her portrayal unconvincing and excessively stereotypical, comparing her mannerisms to a [[caricature]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/09chameli.htm |title=Kareena walks the walk |access-date=19 May 2009 |author=Someshwar, Savera |date=9 January 2004 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308082134/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2004/jan/09chameli.htm |archive-date=8 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Chameli'' marked a significant turning point in Kapoor's career and she received a [[Filmfare Special Award|special jury recognition]] at the [[49th Filmfare Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Journey&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/512087.cms |title=Awards 2003: Winners of the 49th Manikchand Filmfare Awards |access-date=29 March 2013 |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709111513/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/512087.cms |archive-date=9 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kapoor next co-starred in [[Mani Ratnam]]'s ''[[Yuva]]'', a [[composite film]] about three youngsters from different strata of society whose lives intersect by a car accident; she featured as [[Vivek Oberoi]]'s romantic interest. Despite not having &quot;much of a role&quot;, she agreed to the project due to her desire to work with Ratnam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/18sld1.htm |title=Kareena: Mani Ratnam is in a class of his own |access-date=29 April 2020 |author=Ashraf, Syed Firdaus |date=18 May 2004 |work=Rediff.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204114912/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/may/18sld1.htm |archive-date=4 December 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Film critic Subhash K. Jha concurred that her role was insubstantial, but further stated that Kapoor uses her &quot;character traits to her ... advantage to create a girl who is at once enigmatic and all-there&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/690545.cms |title=Yuva: A work of popular art |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=21 May 2004 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041011235329/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/690545.cms |archive-date=11 October 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; She then appeared alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Fardeen Khan]] in [[Govind Nihalani]]'s critically acclaimed film ''[[Dev (2004 film)|Dev]]'', which revolved around the [[2002 Gujarat violence|2002 Hindu-Muslim riots]] in [[Gujarat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/733684.cms |title=Dev: Gujarat in Bollywood, finally |access-date=19 November 2007 |author=Gupta, Parul |date=11 June 2004 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408184017/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/movie-review/733684.cms |archive-date=8 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor starred as a Muslim victim and contributed in the soundtrack by providing the vocals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dev&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/08kareena.htm |title=I have so many flops, but my fans are increasing |access-date=6 May 2020 |author=Ashraf, Syed Firdaus |date=8 June 2004 |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802220045/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/jun/08kareena.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nihalani was initially hesitant to cast a mainstream commercial actress but found that Kapoor displayed a level of intelligence and sensitivity beyond her years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040613/spectrum/main6.htm |title=It's a cop's life |access-date=6 May 2020 |author=Chatterjee, Saibal |date=13 June 2004 |work=The Tribune |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802214727/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040613/spectrum/main6.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was eager to work with him, as his films ''[[Ardh Satya]]'' (1983) and ''[[Tamas (film)|Tamas]]'' (1988) gave her a deeper appreciation for cinema, and identified with her character's ability to be strong yet simple.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dev&quot; /&gt; It earned her critical acclaim and a [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/201702 |title=Movie Review: Dev |access-date=19 November 2007 |author=Adarsh, Taran |date=11 June 2004 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216213111/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/review/id/201702 |archive-date=16 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Kareena &amp; Shahid at 36CT audio launch.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kareena Kapoor and Shahid Kapoor pose for the camera|Pictured with co-actor [[Shahid Kapoor]] at the audio release of ''[[36 China Town]]'' in 2006. During the filming of ''[[Fida]]'', the actress began a romantic relationship with Kapoor, whom she later described as having &quot;a major positive influence in my life.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/03/01/2319/index.html |title=&quot;Lolo's chin was always up when she met me&quot;&amp;nbsp;– Shahid |access-date=28 May 2009 |date=1 March 2007 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629172757/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/03/01/2319/index.html |archive-date=29 June 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Kapoor was cast for the first time as a villain in ''[[Fida]]'' (2004), a thriller about an online heist. Critics noted a distinct progression from her earlier roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/20fidar.htm |title=Fida is paisa vasool! |access-date=20 November 2007 |author=Bharatan-Iyer, Shilpa |date=10 August 2004 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205054356/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/20fidar.htm |archive-date=5 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; That same year, she starred in Abbas–Mustan's thriller ''[[Aitraaz]]'' and [[Priyadarshan]]'s comedy ''[[Hulchul (2004 film)|Hulchul]]''. ''Aitraaz'' follows the story of a man (Akshay Kumar) accused of sexual harassment by his female superior ([[Priyanka Chopra]]). Kapoor was offered Chopra's part, but decided to play Kumar's wife, knowing that [[Women in India|Indian women]] would better identify with her character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/11sld3.htm |title=Watch Mughal-e-Azam first! |access-date=6 May 2020 |author=Ashraf, Syed Firdaus |date=11 November 2004 |work=Rediff.com |archive-date=5 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705175447/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/nov/11sld3.htm |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jitesh Pillai of ''The Times of India'' found Kapoor to have a small role, but noted that she &quot;shines through brightly earning her big moment in the courtroom sequence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Aitraaz |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Aitraaz/articleshow/923438.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109175504/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/bollywood/Aitraaz/articleshow/923438.cms |archive-date=9 January 2017 |author=Pillai, Jitesh |author-link=Jitesh Pillai |work=The Times of India |access-date=6 May 2020 |date=15 November 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, ''Hulchul'' became Kapoor's first commercial success in three years.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK BOI&quot; /&gt; Her next film, ''[[Bewafaa (2005 film)|Bewafaa]]'', in 2005, was panned by critics. [[Nikhat Kazmi]] believed that to become a serious actress Kapoor was embodying a maturer, more-jaded character beyond her years in ''Bewafaa''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1039149,prtpage-1.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050507061349/http://movies.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-1039149%2Cprtpage-1.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 May 2005 |title=Bewafaa: Movie Review |access-date=19 November 2007 |author=Kazmi, Nikhat |date=3 March 2005 |work=The Times of India}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her final two releases of the year included the romantic dramas ''[[Kyon Ki]]'' and ''[[Dosti: Friends Forever]]'', both of which underperformed at the box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK BOI&quot; /&gt; In her next two releases—the thriller ''[[36 China Town]]'' and the comedy ''[[Chup Chup Ke]]'' (both 2006)—she starred opposite [[Shahid Kapoor]]. ''36 China Town'' was a commercial success and ''Chup Chup Ke'' performed moderately well.&lt;ref name=&quot;KK BOI&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The filmmaker [[Vishal Bhardwaj]] saw Kapoor in ''Yuva'', and was sufficiently impressed to cast her in his next project, ''[[Omkara (2006 film)|Omkara]]'', an adaptation of [[William Shakespeare]]'s tragedy ''[[Othello]]'' set against the backdrop of the political system in [[Uttar Pradesh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/interview-with-vishal-bharadwaj |title=Interview with Vishal Bharadwaj |access-date=15 October 2013 |author=Bhandari, Rohini |date=24 July 2006 |publisher=BusinessofCinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150620134402/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/interview-with-vishal-bharadwaj |archive-date=20 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor featured as [[Desdemona]] and was challenged on portraying the character's inner turmoil, which she believed was much more subtle and subdued.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolly&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-the-passion-with-which-dolly-(in-omkara)-loved-trusted-sacrificed-everything-.-.-.-i-think-i-m-like-that-/258561/ |title='The passion with which Dolly (in Omkara) loved, trusted, sacrificed everything ... I think I'm like that' |access-date=7 May 2020 |date=7 January 2008 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=28 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328091438/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-the-passion-with-which-dolly-(in-omkara)-loved-trusted-sacrificed-everything-.-.-.-i-think-i-m-like-that-/258561/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She subsequently attended several [[Read-through|script-reading sessions]] with the entire cast, and described the project as a special one for her.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dolly&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/27slide1.htm |title=Omkara will make people cry, says Kareena |access-date=15 October 2013 |author=Nair, P |date=27 July 2006 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201065238/http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/jul/27slide1.htm |archive-date=1 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Omkara'' premiered at the [[2006 Cannes Film Festival]] and was screened at the [[Cairo International Film Festival]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/05/omkara_preview.shtml |title=Omkara |access-date=19 May 2009 |author=Gajjar, Manish |date=May 2006 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111074642/http://www.bbc.co.uk/shropshire/films/bollywood/2006/05/omkara_preview.shtml |archive-date=11 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061206/asp/nation/story_7101465.asp |title=Omkara puzzle here, prize there |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Roy, Amit |date=6 December 2006 |work=The Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024102206/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061206/asp/nation/story_7101465.asp |archive-date=24 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Filmfare]]'' praised her ability to convey the various emotions her character went through,&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfareperformance4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=954 |title=Filmfare&amp;nbsp;– 80 Iconic Performances 4/10 |access-date=8 July 2010 |date=5 June 2010 |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719204029/https://www.filmfare.com/details.php?id=954 |archive-date=19 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and her portrayal earned her a fourth [[52nd Filmfare Awards#Critics' awards|Filmfare]] and first [[Screen Award for Best Actress|Screen Award]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards&quot; /&gt; Kapoor considers it to be a favourite among her roles and compared her portrayal of Dolly with her own evolving maturity as a woman.&lt;ref name=&quot;20years&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-im-not-scared-of-marriage-says-kareena-kapoor-1042620 |title=I'm not scared of marriage, says Kareena Kapoor |access-date=20 May 2009 |author=Ruhani, Faheem |date=19 July 2006 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202214225/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-im-not-scared-of-marriage-says-kareena-kapoor-1042620 |archive-date=2 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Established actress (2007–2011) ===<br /> [[File:Saif &amp; Kareena2.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Kareena Kapoor and Saif Ali Khan being interviewed|Kapoor alongside [[Saif Ali Khan]] at the [[53rd Filmfare Awards]], 2008. Following her breakup with Shahid Kapoor, she started dating Khan who announced their relationship to the media at the 2007 [[Lakme Fashion Week]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Relationship&quot; /&gt;]]<br /> <br /> Kapoor next teamed with Shahid Kapoor for a fourth time in the romantic comedy ''[[Jab We Met]]'' (2007), in which she portrayed Geet Dhillon, a vivacious [[Sikh]] girl with a zest for life. Director [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]] was not a well-known figure before its production, but Kapoor agreed to the film after being fascinated with his script.&lt;ref name=&quot;Model&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-40953020090710 |title=Just A Minute With: director Imtiaz Ali |access-date=15 October 2013 |author=Jamkhandikar, Shilpa |date=10 July 2009 |work=Reuters |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019071939/http://in.reuters.com/article/2009/07/10/idINIndia-40953020090710 |archive-date=19 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She collaborated closely with Ali to build her character and was challenged on effectively portraying Dhillon's exuberant personality without making it caricaturish.&lt;ref name=&quot;20years&quot; /&gt; ''Jab We Met'' was received favourably by critics and became successful at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=248 |title=Jab We Met |access-date=3 June 2020 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-date=5 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180205001030/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=248 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[BBC]] commented that the role required a mixture of naivety and spontaneity, and was impressed with Kapoor's effort;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/10/22/jab_we_met_2007_review.shtml |title=Jab We Met (When We Met) (2007) |access-date=17 February 2014 |author=Pandohar, Jaspreet |date=22 October 2006 |publisher=BBC |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925051649/http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2007/10/22/jab_we_met_2007_review.shtml |archive-date=25 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Rajeev Masand]] labelled her the film's &quot;biggest strength&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/review-jab-we-met-an-engaging-watch-making/ |title=Review: Jab We Met an engaging watch |access-date=19 November 2007 |author=Masand, Rajeev |date=26 October 2007 |publisher=RajeevMasand.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710195312/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/uncategorized/review-jab-we-met-an-engaging-watch-making/ |archive-date=10 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor was awarded the [[53rd Filmfare Awards|Filmfare Award for Best Actress]] and her second Screen Award.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards&quot; /&gt; While shooting for ''Jab We Met'', Kapoor and Shahid ended their four-year relationship.&lt;ref name=&quot;Relationship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/12/31/3419/index.html |title=Controversies of 2007 |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Abraham, Letty Mariam |date=31 December 2007 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623204340/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2007/12/31/3419/index.html |archive-date=23 June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; She admitted to being heartbroken by the split and hoped that they would reconcile their friendship in the future.&lt;ref name=&quot;Full-On&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The following year, Kapoor co-starred in Vijay Krishna Acharya's ''[[Tashan (film)|Tashan]]'', where she met her future husband in actor [[Saif Ali Khan]]. Although highly anticipated by the audience before release, the film underperformed at the box office.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/08/3550/index.html |title=The Most Awaited movies of 2008 |access-date=19 May 2009 |date=8 February 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126145213/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/08/3550/index.html |archive-date=26 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&amp;catName=MjAwOA== |title=Box Office 2008 |access-date=20 January 2009 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115223107/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=215&amp;catName=MjAwOA%3D%3D |archive-date=15 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; After providing her voice for the character of the love interest of a street dog in the [[Yash Raj Films]] and [[Walt Disney Pictures]] animated film ''[[Roadside Romeo]]'', Kapoor played a mistrustful wife who believed her husband was unfaithful in [[Rohit Shetty]]'s comedy ''[[Golmaal Returns]]''. A sequel to the 2006 film ''[[Golmaal: Fun Unlimited]]'', the film had an ambivalent reception from critics. ''[[The Indian Express]]'' believed the screenplay was derivative, concluding that her character and performance lacked originality.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/golmaal-returns/379847/ |title=Golmaal Returns |access-date=13 November 2008 |author=Gupta, Shubhra |date=31 October 2008 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219113312/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/golmaal-returns/379847/ |archive-date=19 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Golmaal Returns'' was a financial success with global revenues of {{INRConvert|793|m}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Worldwide gross&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, Kapoor was cast as Simrita Rai, a surgeon who moonlights as a model, in [[Sabbir Khan]]'s [[wikt:battle of the sexes|battle-of-the-sexes]] comedy ''[[Kambakkht Ishq]]''. Set in Los Angeles, it was the first Indian film shot at [[Universal Studios Hollywood|Universal Studios]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/nadiadwala-takes-akshay-kumar-to-hollywood/article1-282116.aspx |title=Nadiadwala takes Akshay Kumar to Hollywood |access-date=27 May 2012 |agency=[[Indo-Asian News Service]] |date=14 March 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023121936/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/archived-stories/nadiadwala-takes-akshay-kumar-to-hollywood/article1-282116.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was poorly received by critics but became an economic success.&lt;ref name=&quot;Worldwide gross&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Kambakkht-Ishq/movie-review/4735358.cms |title=Kambakkht Ishq&amp;nbsp;– Movie Review |access-date=11 August 2009 |author=Kazmi, Nikhat |date=3 July 2009 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118114000/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Kambakkht-Ishq/movie-review/4735358.cms |archive-date=18 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The box-office flop ''[[Main Aurr Mrs Khanna]]'' came next, following which she played the leading lady in the dramatic thriller ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''. Starring Kapoor as a woman confined to house arrest after discovering that her husband is a terrorist, she found the film to be an emotionally draining experience due to how difficult it was to disconnect from her character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/471 |title=&quot;My mind kept getting diverted towards Kurbaan&quot;&amp;nbsp;– Kareena Kapoor |access-date=16 April 2010 |author=Tuteja, Joginder |date=18 November 2009 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712020235/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/471 |archive-date=12 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor received her fourth Filmfare Best Actress nomination.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards&quot; /&gt; Gaurav Malani of ''[[The Economic Times]]'' commented that after a long time the actress was given a substantial role with a potential to boost her career,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-20/news/27662531_1_kurbaan-love-story-vivek-oberoi/2 |title=Kurbaan: Movie Review |access-date=19 February 2014 |author=Malani, Gaurav |date=20 November 2009 |work=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226201258/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-11-20/news/27662531_1_kurbaan-love-story-vivek-oberoi/2 |archive-date=26 February 2014 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; while Subhash K. Jha described it as her &quot;most consistently pitched performance to date&quot; played with sensitivity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/482 |title=Subhash K Jha speaks on Kurbaan |access-date=16 April 2010 |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=21 November 2009 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809003955/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/482 |archive-date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kapoor's [[55th Filmfare Awards|second Filmfare nomination that year]] came for [[Rajkumar Hirani]]'s ''[[3 Idiots]]'', based on the novel ''[[Five Point Someone]]'' by [[Chetan Bhagat]], co-starring [[Aamir Khan]], [[R. Madhavan]] and [[Sharman Joshi]]. Her role is that of Pia, a medical student and Khan's love interest.&lt;ref name=&quot;3I&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/23/slide-show-1-rajkumar-hirani-on-3idiots.htm |title=An exclusive interview with Raju Hirani |access-date=18 October 2013 |author=Nair, Patcy |date=23 December 2009 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019125041/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2009/dec/23/slide-show-1-rajkumar-hirani-on-3idiots.htm |archive-date=19 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film emerged as the [[List of highest-grossing Bollywood films|highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time up until then]], grossing {{INRConvert|2.03|b}} in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=303&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |title=All Time Grossers |access-date=16 September 2010 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121227105607/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=303&amp;catName=TGlmZXRpbWU= |archive-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also did well internationally, earning over {{INRConvert|1.08|b}}, the second biggest Bollywood success ever in the overseas market.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/01/09/3-idiots-a-bollywood-film-makes-waves-in-india-and-america/ |title=&quot;3 Idiots&quot;: A Bollywood Film Makes Waves in India and America |access-date=16 April 2010 |author=Weigel, Moira G |date=9 January 2010 |work=The Wall Street Journal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420061637/https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2010/01/09/3-idiots-a-bollywood-film-makes-waves-in-india-and-america/ |archive-date=20 April 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' opined that Kapoor &quot;brings a dollop of sunshine and feminine grace to an otherwise masculine tale&quot;, taking note of her spontaneity while playing her character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/43303/3-idiots.html |title=Three Idiots: Movie Review |access-date=24 November 2011 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |year=2009 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809003632/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/43303/3-idiots.html |archive-date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''3 Idiots'' received several Best Film recognitions at major Indian award functions, and Kapoor was awarded the [[IIFA Award for Best Actress]], among others.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kapoor began the new decade with a leading role in the poorly received romantic comedy ''[[Milenge Milenge]]'' (2010). Critics found the film to be outdated with [[Romantic comedy#Description|stereotypical characters]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BO 2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2010&amp;pageId=4 |title=Top India Total Nett Gross 2010 |access-date=10 June 2020 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-date=16 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616222728/https://boxofficeindia.com/years.php?year=2010&amp;pageId=4 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/masand-verdict-32-343786.html |title=Masand: 'Milenge Milenge' is regressive |access-date=17 September 2010 |author=Masand, Rajeev |date=9 July 2010 |website=[[News18]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513153515/http://www.news18.com/news/india/masand-verdict-32-343786.html |archive-date=13 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; A supporting role in ''[[We Are Family (2010 film)|We Are Family]]'', an official adaptation of the Hollywood tearjerker ''[[Stepmom (1998 film)|Stepmom]]'' (1998), proved more rewarding. In an attempt to bring her interpretation to the part originally played by [[Julia Roberts]], Kapoor refrained from watching ''Stepmom'' again and was drawn to the complexity of her character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-karisma-can-t-play-kajol-s-role-in-we-are-family-kareena-kapoor-1430325 |title=Karisma can't play Kajol's role in 'We are family': Kareena Kapoor |access-date=27 March 2016 |author=Jadhav, Prashant |date=29 August 2010 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818095546/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-karisma-can-t-play-kajol-s-role-in-we-are-family-kareena-kapoor-1430325 |archive-date=18 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Priyanka Roy of ''[[The Telegraph (Kolkata)|The Telegraph]]'' criticised it for being melodramatic, but praised Kapoor for enhancing the whole film.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100904/jsp/entertainment/story_12893017.jsp |title=Target: Tear&amp;nbsp;— We Are Family Review |date=4 September 2010 |access-date=18 April 2011 |author=Roy, Priyanka |work=The Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100909010658/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1100904/jsp/entertainment/story_12893017.jsp |archive-date=9 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor was awarded the Best Supporting Actress at the [[56th Filmfare Awards]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3428 |title=Kareena Kapoor&amp;nbsp;— Awards |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=27 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130129093714/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebritymicro/awards/id/3428 |archive-date=29 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She reunited with director Rohit Shetty for ''[[Golmaal 3]]'', which received mixed reviews but earned more than {{INRConvert|1|b}} domestically.&lt;ref name=&quot;BO 2010&quot; /&gt; For her performance, Kapoor received Best Actress nominations at various award ceremonies including Filmfare.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Further success came to Kapoor in 2011 when she starred as the love interest of [[Salman Khan]]'s character in ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'', a remake of the [[Body Guard (2010 film)|2010 Malayalam film of the same name]]. The film was not well received by critics, though became a financial success, with a domestic total of {{INRConvert|1.4|b}}—India's highest-earning film of the year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=3554&amp;nCat= |title=Bodyguard v Dabangg Territory Figures |access-date=24 January 2013 |author=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network |date=12 October 2011 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722032803/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=3554&amp;nCat= |archive-date=22 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; A review in ''[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]'' dismissed Kapoor's role as ornamental;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rKHmnp9uyLzOSfzSpxn61N/Film-Review--Muscle-and-the-maiden.html |title=Film Review: Muscle and the maiden |access-date=21 December 2011 |author=Sharma, Sanjukta |date=31 August 2011 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216010015/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/rKHmnp9uyLzOSfzSpxn61N/Film-Review--Muscle-and-the-maiden.html |archive-date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Mid-Day]]'' argued she &quot;actually manages to bring her caricature of a role alive&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/aug/310811-Bodyguard-review-mid-day-mumbai.htm |title=Predictable, but Salman's fans won't complain |access-date=21 December 2011 |author=Shetty-Saha, Shubha |date=1 September 2011 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915093811/https://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2011/aug/310811-Bodyguard-review-mid-day-mumbai.htm |archive-date=15 September 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She next appeared in the [[Anubhav Sinha]]-directed sci-fi film ''[[Ra.One]]'', revolving on a villainous videogame character (Shah Rukh Khan) who escapes into the real world. Made on a budget of {{INRConvert|1.5|b}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-13/news/30149445_1_indian-cinema-raone-film |title=Indian cinema must evolve; Ra.One not urban centric: Shahrukh Khan |access-date=21 December 2011 |author=Raghavendra, Nandini |date=13 September 2011 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121121553/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-09-13/news/30149445_1_indian-cinema-raone-film |archive-date=21 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; the film became one of the biggest earners of the year with a worldwide total of over {{INRConvert|2.4|b}}—despite negative media coverage of its box-office performance—and Kapoor's fourth major commercial success in three consecutive years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/news/30490618_1_three-films-eros-international-cinema |title=About 40–45% of our revenue comes from box office: Eros International |access-date=21 April 2016 |author=Jain, Kamal |date=8 December 2011 |work=The Economic Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004201623/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-08/news/30490618_1_three-films-eros-international-cinema |archive-date=4 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Marriage, continued success and motherhood (2012–2017) ===<br /> [[File:Kareena kjo bday.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Kareena in 2012]]<br /> Kapoor followed her success in ''Bodyguard'' and ''Ra.One'' with a role in [[Shakun Batra]]'s ''[[Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu]]'' (2012) opposite [[Imran Khan (Bollywood actor)|Imran Khan]]. Set in [[Las Vegas Valley|Las Vegas]], the romantic comedy follows the story of two strangers who get married one night after getting drunk. She played Riana Braganza, a carefree young woman, and was particularly drawn to the qualities of her character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-wanted-to-work-with-a-younger-hero-Kareena/articleshow/11698416.cms?referral=PM |title=I wanted to work with a younger hero: Kareena |access-date=4 March 2012 |author=Sinha, Seema |date=1 February 2012 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123073809/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-wanted-to-work-with-a-younger-hero-Kareena/articleshow/11698416.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=23 January 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film received positive reviews and was an economic success, grossing a total of {{INRConvert|530|m}} in India and abroad.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Content-is-queen-in-Bollywood/Article1-836416.aspx |title=Content is queen in Bollywood |access-date=15 February 2013 |author=Bhattacharya, Roshmila |author-link=Roshmila Bhattacharya |date=6 April 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621073353/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Content-is-queen-in-Bollywood/Article1-836416.aspx |archive-date=21 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' found her &quot;endearingly natural&quot;;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/one-me-one-you-ek-290006 |title=One Me And One You (Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu): Film Review |access-date=4 March 2012 |author=Tsering, Lisa |date=13 February 2012 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809061411/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/one-me-one-you-ek-290006 |archive-date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com complimented her for playing a non-ornamental role since that in ''Jab We Met''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-ek-main-aur-ekk-tu-is-a-treat/20120210.htm |title=Review: Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu is a treat |access-date=4 March 2012 |author=Verma, Sukanya |date=10 February 2012 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309191611/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-ek-main-aur-ekk-tu-is-a-treat/20120210.htm |archive-date=9 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; She next appeared in ''[[Agent Vinod (2012 film)|Agent Vinod]]'', an [[Spy fiction|espionage thriller]] directed by [[Sriram Raghavan]]. Kapoor was enthusiastic about the project, but it met with a tepid response and she was described as miscast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/agent-vinod-196.html |title=Agent Vinod |access-date=2 April 2013 |author=Gupta, Rachit |date=26 March 2012 |journal=Filmfare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209224102/http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/agent-vinod-196.html |archive-date=9 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asked why she took the role, Kapoor described it as an opportunity to attempt something she had never done before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/apr/290410-Agent-Vinod-Kareena-Kapoor-spy-Pakistani-character.htm |title=Kareena to play a spy |access-date=2 April 2013 |author=Upala KBR |date=29 April 2010 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201090826/http://archive.mid-day.com/entertainment/2010/apr/290410-Agent-Vinod-Kareena-Kapoor-spy-Pakistani-character.htm |archive-date=1 February 2016 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> For her next feature, Kapoor was cast as a fading [[movie star]] in [[Madhur Bhandarkar]]'s ''[[Heroine (2012 film)|Heroine]]''. Initially skeptical about taking on the part whose personality she felt to be far removed from her own,&lt;ref name=&quot;Heroine&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1364507 |title=Kareena gets over her reservations in the Heroine script |access-date=20 May 2012 |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=24 September 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012004957/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/news/type/view/id/1364507 |archive-date=12 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; she agreed after Bhandarkar enforced his faith in her.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heroine&quot; /&gt; Although not a [[method actor]], Kapoor believed that the intense role had left her on edge in her personal life and refrained from taking on any other projects.&lt;ref name=&quot;20years&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/no-new-films-for-kareena-till-heroine-wraps-up/article1-753786.aspx |title=No new films for Kareena till Heroine wraps up |access-date=20 May 2012 |author=Bhattacharya, Roshmila |date=5 October 2011 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218003852/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/no-new-films-for-kareena-till-heroine-wraps-up/article1-753786.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reviewers found the film monotonous, but noted that it was watchable primarily due to Kapoor's performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/09/21/review-round-up-kareena-a-lone-heroine/ |title=Review Round-Up: Kareena, a Lone 'Heroine' |access-date=27 April 2012 |author=Rana, Preetika |date=21 September 2012 |work=The Wall Street Journal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214061623/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/09/21/review-round-up-kareena-a-lone-heroine/ |archive-date=14 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rajeev Masand described it as &quot;a deliciously camp performance&quot; that was played &quot;with utmost sincerity&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Masand |first=Rajeev |title=Rajeev Masand review |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-heroine-is-melodramatic-boring-and-sloppy/293933-47-84.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923150903/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-heroine-is-melodramatic-boring-and-sloppy/293933-47-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 September 2012 |website=CNN-IBN |access-date=22 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bollywood Hungama opined that it was her best work to date and concluded that despite an inconsistent character, Kapoor embellished it &quot;with a rare vulnerability and an exceptional inner life&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3983 |title=Subhash K Jha speaks about Heroine |access-date=6 December 2012 |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=22 September 2012 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003033957/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3983 |archive-date=3 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the annual [[Stardust Awards]], Kapoor garnered the [[Stardust Awards#Editor's choice|Editor's Choice for Best Actress]], and received additional nominations at [[58th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]], IIFA, [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Producers Guild]], Screen and Stardust.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Saif &amp; Kareena marriage.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor pose for the camera|Kapoor and Saif Ali Khan at their [[Civil marriage|registry marriage]] ceremony in 2012. In a blog published by ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'', Rupa Subramanya described the marriage as India's &quot;wedding and social event of the year&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/17/economics-journal-saifeena-wedding-follows-an-indian-trend/ |title=Economics Journal: 'Saifeena' Wedding Follows a Trend |access-date=23 October 2012 |author=Subramanya, Rupa |date=17 October 2012 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020010521/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/10/17/economics-journal-saifeena-wedding-follows-an-indian-trend/ |archive-date=20 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]<br /> <br /> On 16 October 2012, Kapoor married actor Saif Ali Khan in a private ceremony in [[Bandra]], Mumbai,&lt;ref name=&quot;Wedding&quot; /&gt; and she gave birth to their sons in 2016 and 2021 respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;taimur&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-saif-ali-khan-are-happy-parents-now-kareena-delivers-baby-boy-4411736/ |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan, Saif Ali Khan blessed with a baby boy, name him Taimur |work=The Indian Express |date=20 December 2016 |access-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220174500/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-saif-ali-khan-are-happy-parents-now-kareena-delivers-baby-boy-4411736/ |archive-date=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Babyboy&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Saif Ali Khan shares update after Kareena Kapoor gives birth to second child: 'Mom and baby are safe and healthy' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-shares-update-after-kareena-kapoor-gives-birth-to-second-child-mom-and-baby-are-safe-and-healthy-101613902292789.html |access-date=17 April 2021 |date=21 April 2021 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416223010/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/saif-ali-khan-shares-update-after-kareena-kapoor-gives-birth-to-second-child-mom-and-baby-are-safe-and-healthy-101613902292789.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor stated that despite adding Khan to her name she would continue practising Hinduism after marriage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/what-sharmila-couldnt-do-in-her-time-kareena-manages-easily_5725.html |title=What Sharmila couldn't do in her time, Kareena manages easily |access-date=15 August 2013 |author=Sen, Shomini |date=13 October 2012 |publisher=[[Zee News]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804062512/http://zeenews.india.com/exclusive/what-sharmila-couldnt-do-in-her-time-kareena-manages-easily_5725.html |archive-date=4 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Talaash: The Answer Lies Within]]'', in which she played the prostitute Rosie (as Kareena Kapoor Khan), was her final release of 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/reviews/anupama-chopra-review-talaash/article1-966638.aspx |title=Anupama Chopra review: Talaash |access-date=25 January 2013 |author=Chopra, Anupama |date=30 November 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218003857/http://www.hindustantimes.com/reviews/anupama-chopra-review-talaash/article1-966638.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film is set against the backdrop of Mumbai's red-light districts and follows the travails of a police officer ([[Aamir Khan]]) who is assigned the duty of solving a mysterious car accident. ''The Telegraph'' found Kapoor Khan a standout among the other performers, adding that &quot;she brings an unseen mix of oomph and emotion&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121201/jsp/entertainment/story_16259714.jsp |title=Howler hunt! |access-date=20 December 2012 |author=Gupta, Pratim D |date=1 December 2012 |work=The Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204144533/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1121201/jsp/entertainment/story_16259714.jsp |archive-date=4 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; With global revenues of {{INRConvert|1.74|b}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=5301&amp;nCat= |title=Top Ten Worldwide Grossers 2012 |access-date=21 January 2013 |author=Boxofficeindia.Com Trade Network |date=17 January 2013 |publisher=Box Office India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602044123/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&amp;articleid=5301&amp;nCat= |archive-date=2 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; the film emerged as a box office hit, and earned Kapoor Khan Best Actress nominations at the Screen, Stardust and [[Zee Cine Awards|Zee Cine]] award ceremonies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2013, Kapoor Khan collaborated with [[Ajay Devgn]] for the fourth time in [[Prakash Jha]]'s ''[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]]'', a socio-political drama loosely inspired by social activist [[Anna Hazare]]'s [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|fight against corruption in 2011]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Satyagraha&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-satyagraha-review-a-mission-left-unaccomplished-1882077 |title='Satyagraha' review: A mission left unaccomplished |access-date=17 February 2014 |author=Sengar, Resham |date=30 August 2013 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222083637/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-satyagraha-review-a-mission-left-unaccomplished-1882077 |archive-date=22 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film received little praise from critics and underperformed at the box office earning {{INRConvert|675|m}} domestically.&lt;ref name=&quot;Satyagraha&quot; /&gt; Following an appearance in the poorly received romantic comedy ''[[Gori Tere Pyaar Mein]]'' (2013),&lt;ref name=&quot;KK BOI&quot;/&gt; Kapoor Khan decreased her workload for the next two years to focus on her marriage and family.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rolereversal&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Role reversal |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/role-reversal/article8396223.ece |access-date=13 April 2016 |author=Chaudhuri, Mohini |date=25 March 2016 |work=[[Business Line]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227093734/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/watch/role-reversal/article8396223.ece |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She took on smaller parts where she played the love-interest of [[Ajay Devgn]] in the action film ''[[Singham Returns]]'' (2014) and Salman Khan in the drama ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]'' (2015). The former, in which Kapoor Khan had a role written specifically for her, met with mixed reviews and Kapoor received criticism for taking a role of minimal importance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=I wrote Singham 2 for Kareena: Rohit Shetty |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-wrote-Singham-2-for-Kareena-Rohit-Shetty/articleshow/30034784.cms |access-date=29 August 2014 |author=Pathak, Ankur |date=8 February 2014 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029044705/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/I-wrote-Singham-2-for-Kareena-Rohit-Shetty/articleshow/30034784.cms |archive-date=29 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SR1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ms. Sunshine |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ms-sunshine/article6319362.ece |access-date=29 August 2014 |author=Kumar, Anuj |date=15 August 2014 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226223107/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ms-sunshine/article6319362.ece |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Conversely, the film was a financial success with a revenue of over {{INRConvert|1.4|b}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-box-office-blockbusters-of-2014-pk-kick-happy-new-year-bang-bang-and-singham-returns-2046963 |title=Box office blockbusters of 2014: 'PK', 'Kick', 'Happy New Year', 'Bang Bang' and 'Singham Returns' |access-date=15 March 2016 |author=Rakshit, Nayandeep |date=26 December 2014 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222214122/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-box-office-blockbusters-of-2014-pk-kick-happy-new-year-bang-bang-and-singham-returns-2046963 |archive-date=22 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]'s ''Bajrangi Bhaijaan'' emerged as India's highest-earning film of the year grossing a total of {{INRConvert|3.20|b}},&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Top ten Bollywood grossers of 2015 |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zNF1p35kKdqnYkOpb9oQKI/Top-ten-Bollywood-grossers-of-2015.html |access-date=15 March 2016 |author=Jha, Lata |date=4 January 2016 |work=Mint |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316063440/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zNF1p35kKdqnYkOpb9oQKI/Top-ten-Bollywood-grossers-of-2015.html |archive-date=16 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and earned the [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Proud to be a part of National Award winning film 'Bajrangi Bhaijaan': Kareena Kapoor |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bajrangi-bhaijaan-kareena-kapoor-national-awards-2016-proud-to-be-part-of/ |access-date=13 April 2016 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=28 March 2016 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414145042/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bajrangi-bhaijaan-kareena-kapoor-national-awards-2016-proud-to-be-part-of/ |archive-date=14 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2016, Kapoor Khan took on a starring role in ''[[Ki &amp; Ka]]'', about [[gender stereotypes]], to which she was particularly drawn for its relevance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rolereversal&quot; /&gt; Critics were divided in their opinion of the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Third biggest opening for Ki &amp; Ka |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/third-biggest-opening-for-ki-ka/article8452860.ece |access-date=13 April 2016 |date=9 April 2016 |work=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226223107/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/third-biggest-opening-for-ki-ka/article8452860.ece |archive-date=26 February 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but it emerged a financial success grossing over {{INRConvert|1|b}} worldwide.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/601 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Ki &amp; Ka |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=21 April 2016 |date=2 April 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421181944/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office/special-features/id/601/ |archive-date=21 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meena Iyer of ''The Times of India'' mentioned Kapoor as remarkable,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Ki-Ka/movie-review/51642514.cms |title=Ki &amp; Ka Movie Review |access-date=13 April 2016 |author=Iyer, Meena |date=1 April 2016 |work=The Times of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413020558/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Ki-Ka/movie-review/51642514.cms |archive-date=13 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Sukanya Verma considered the actress to be the film's prime asset.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ki--ka-is-good-but-averagely-executed/20160401.htm |title=Ki &amp; Ka Review: Ace idea, average execution! |access-date=13 April 2016 |author=Verma, Sukanya |date=1 April 2016 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413012335/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ki--ka-is-good-but-averagely-executed/20160401.htm |archive-date=13 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; She next featured in ''[[Udta Punjab]]'' (2016), a crime drama that documents the [[substance abuse]] endemic in the Indian state [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. Kapoor Khan was initially reluctant to do the film due to the length of her role, but agreed after reading the completed script and partially waived her fees to star in it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kareena-kapoor-khan-i-get-scared-by-negative-reactions/17339187 |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan: I get scared by negative reactions |access-date=22 June 2016 |author=Shetty-Saha, Shubha |date=16 June 2016 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621062656/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/kareena-kapoor-khan-i-get-scared-by-negative-reactions/17339187 |archive-date=21 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Udta Punjab actors slash fees by half |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/280416/udta-punjab-actors-slash-fees-by-half.html |access-date=22 June 2016 |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=28 April 2016 |work=The [[Deccan Chronicle]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619045624/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/bollywood/280416/udta-punjab-actors-slash-fees-by-half.html |archive-date=19 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Udta Punjab'' generated controversy when the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] deemed that the film represented Punjab in a negative light.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How the Movie Udta Punjab Sparked a Debate About Drug Use in India |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/06/09/how-the-movie-udta-punjab-sparked-a-debate-about-drug-use-in-india/ |access-date=22 June 2016 |author=Parussini, Gabriele |date=9 June 2016 |work=The Wall Street Journal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160619081944/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2016/06/09/how-the-movie-udta-punjab-sparked-a-debate-about-drug-use-in-india/ |archive-date=19 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Bombay High Court]] later cleared the film for exhibition with one scene cut.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Udta Punjab row: Bombay HC clears film with just one cut, tells CBFC not to act like grandmother |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/udta-punjab-censor-board-cuss-word-cbfc-bombay-high-court-anurag-kashyap2850443/ |access-date=22 June 2016 |date=13 June 2016 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627103545/http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/udta-punjab-censor-board-cuss-word-cbfc-bombay-high-court-anurag-kashyap2850443/ |archive-date=27 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rediff.com stated that the film relies on her character,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Review: Udta Punjab is a must-watch |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-udta-punjab-is-a-must-watch/20160617.htm |access-date=22 June 2016 |author=Verma, Sukanya |date=17 June 2016 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160620191922/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-udta-punjab-is-a-must-watch/20160617.htm |archive-date=20 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Mehul S. Thakkar of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' wrote that she was successful in delivering such a strong performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Udta Punjab movie review: A brave story not many would have dared to tell |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/170616/udta-punjab-movie-review-a-brave-story-not-many-would-have-dared-to-tell.html |access-date=22 June 2016 |author=Thakkar, Mehul S |date=17 June 2016 |work=Deccan Chronicle |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622055249/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/170616/udta-punjab-movie-review-a-brave-story-not-many-would-have-dared-to-tell.html |archive-date=22 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; For her performance, Kapoor Khan received a nomination for Best Supporting Actress at the [[62nd Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]] and Zee Cine award ceremonies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards/ |title=Nominations for the 62nd Jio Filmfare Awards |access-date=20 May 2017 |date=10 January 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113224215/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-62nd-jio-filmfare-awards/ |archive-date=13 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-zee-cine-awards-2017/ |title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2017 |access-date=20 May 2017 |date=2 March 2017 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170612160354/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/nominations-zee-cine-awards-2017/ |archive-date=12 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Comedies and professional expansion (2018–present) ===<br /> [[File:VDW cast.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.1|alt=Kareena Kapoor, Sonam K Ahuja, Swara Bhaskar and Shikha Talsania posing together|Kapoor Khan with co-stars [[Swara Bhaskar]], [[Sonam Kapoor]] and Shikha Talsania (l-r) at a promotional event for ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' in 2018]]<br /> <br /> Following the birth of her first child, Kapoor Khan was persuaded by her husband to return to acting.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-says-saif-ali-khan-pushed-her-to-go-back-to-work-27863.html |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan says Saif Ali Khan pushed her to go back to work |access-date=2 May 2020 |author=Singh, Raghuvendra |date=25 April 2018 |magazine=Filmfare |archive-date=12 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012034251/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-says-saif-ali-khan-pushed-her-to-go-back-to-work-27863.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was keen to work on a project that would accommodate her parental commitments and found it in [[Shashanka Ghosh]]'s [[female buddy film]], ''[[Veere Di Wedding]]'' (2018).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Exclusive: 'I prefer to do one film at a time' – Kareena Kapoor Khan on Veere Di Wedding and more |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-exclusive-i-prefer-to-do-one-film-at-a-time-kareena-kapoor-khan-on-veere-di-wedding-and-more-2617772 |access-date=28 April 2020 |author=Kotwani, Hiren |date=23 May 2018 |work=Daily News and Analysis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114172048/https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/interview-exclusive-i-prefer-to-do-one-film-at-a-time-kareena-kapoor-khan-on-veere-di-wedding-and-more-2617772 |archive-date=14 January 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Initially approached for the project in 2016, the makers rewrote Kapoor Khan's role to accommodate her pregnancy, but the lack of maternity insurance in India led filming to begin after she gave birth.&lt;ref name=&quot;VDW&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kareena-reveals-why-she-almost-opted-out-of-veere-di-wedding-28410.html |title=Kareena reveals why she almost opted out of Veere Di Wedding |access-date=2 May 2020 |author=Deshmukh, Ashwini |date=22 May 2018 |magazine=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180522212954/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kareena-reveals-why-she-almost-opted-out-of-veere-di-wedding-28410.html |archive-date=22 May 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She liked the idea of telling a story of friendship and love from a female perspective, which she believed was rare in Hindi film, and was pleased to work with three other leading ladies.&lt;ref name=&quot;VDW&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title='Veere Di Wedding' a progressive film: Kareena Kapoor Khan |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/veere-di-wedding-a-progressive-film-kareena-kapoor-khan-118052500030_1.html |access-date=2 May 2020 |date=25 May 2018 |work=Business Standard |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180527110628/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/veere-di-wedding-a-progressive-film-kareena-kapoor-khan-118052500030_1.html |archive-date=27 May 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Anna M. M. Vetticad]] praised the film for portraying women with &quot;agency, flaws, humanity and, above all, a sense of humour&quot;, and took note of Kapoor Khan's restrained performance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Veere Di Wedding movie review: Kareena, Sonam, Swara, Shikha play relatable non-conformists in a fun buddy flick |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/veere-di-wedding-movie-review-kareena-sonam-swara-shikha-play-relatable-non-conformists-in-a-fun-buddy-flick-4491491.html |access-date=2 June 2018 |author=Vetticad, Anna M. M. |date=1 June 2018 |publisher=[[Firstpost]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180233/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/veere-di-wedding-movie-review-kareena-sonam-swara-shikha-play-relatable-non-conformists-in-a-fun-buddy-flick-4491491.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; With a worldwide gross of over {{INRConvert|1.38|b}}, ''Veere Di Wedding'' emerged as one of the highest-grossing female-led Hindi films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-veere-di-wedding/ |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections and Day wise breakup of Veere Di Wedding |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=2 June 2018 |access-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614192232/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-day-wise-breakup-veere-di-wedding/ |archive-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kapoor Khan reteamed with Akshay Kumar in ''[[Good Newwz]]'' (2019), a comedy about two couples' tryst with [[in vitro fertilisation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/-good-news-kareena-kapoor-akshay-kumar-diljit-dosanjh-announce-their-due-date-with-loud-sirens/754636.html |title='Good News': Kareena Kapoor, Akshay Kumar, Diljit Dosanjh announce their due date with loud sirens |date=7 April 2019 |work=The Tribune |access-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427214329/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/-good-news-kareena-kapoor-akshay-kumar-diljit-dosanjh-announce-their-due-date-with-loud-sirens/754636.html |archive-date=27 April 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Mint''{{'s}} Udita Jhunjunwala wrote that it is &quot;hard to keep your eyes off Kapoor Khan&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/good-newwz-film-movie-review-11577426417153.html |title=Film review: 'Good Newwz' pairs 'spam' and cheese with humour |date=27 December 2019 |work=Mint |access-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227101639/https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/good-newwz-film-movie-review-11577426417153.html |archive-date=27 December 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She received Best Actress nominations at [[65th Filmfare Awards|Filmfare]], [[21st IIFA Awards|IIFA]] and Zee Cine Awards,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations |title=Nominations for Filmfare Awards 2020 |work=Filmfare |access-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203105210/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2020/nominations |archive-date=3 February 2020 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the film earned over {{INRConvert|3|b}} to emerge as the [[List of Bollywood films of 2019|fifth highest-grossing Hindi film of the year]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |title=Bollywood Top Grossers Worldwide: 2019 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118064625/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/box-office-collections/worldwide/2019/ |archive-date=18 November 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She next took a supporting role in ''[[Angrezi Medium]]'' (2020), a spiritual sequel to ''[[Hindi Medium]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Irrfan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/re-watching-irrfan-from-salaam-bombay-to-angrezi-medium-1672387-2020-04-29 |title=Re-watching Irrfan: From Salaam Bombay to Angrezi Medium |work=India Today |date=29 April 2020 |access-date=10 June 2020 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145034/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/re-watching-irrfan-from-salaam-bombay-to-angrezi-medium-1672387-2020-04-29 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to her, it was a deliberate attempt to move away from her comfort zone; she filmed her role in 10 days while she was accompanying her husband on his film shoot in London.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=How Angrezi Medium has ushered in the new era of Kareena Kapoor Khan |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-angrezi-medium-has-ushered-in-the-new-era-of-kareena-kapoor-khan/story-ky2SvVnP0Iv1QkFm19pfgM.html#:~:text=With%20the%20change%20in%20her,something%20great%20out%20of%20it. |access-date=10 June 2020 |author=Ghosh, Samrudhi |date=13 March 2020 |work=Hindustan Times |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610030621/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/how-angrezi-medium-has-ushered-in-the-new-era-of-kareena-kapoor-khan/story-ky2SvVnP0Iv1QkFm19pfgM.html#:~:text=With%20the%20change%20in%20her,something%20great%20out%20of%20it. |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The feature released in India amid the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and its commercial performance was affected due to the closing of the cinemas.&lt;ref name=&quot;Irrfan&quot; /&gt; Nandini Ramnath of [[Scroll.in]] commended her &quot;ability to glitter in a handful of moments&quot;, but Vinayak Chakravorty for ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' thought the portions involving Kapoor Khan were inessential to the story.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Ramnath, Nandini |url=https://scroll.in/reel/955884/angrezi-medium-movie-review-from-udaipur-to-london-and-then-all-over-the-place |title='Angrezi Medium' movie review: From Udaipur to London – and then all over the place |date=13 March 2020 |publisher=[[Scroll.in]] |access-date=13 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316111642/https://scroll.in/reel/955884/angrezi-medium-movie-review-from-udaipur-to-london-and-then-all-over-the-place |archive-date=16 March 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Chakravorty, Vinayak |title=''Angrezi Medium'': Irrfan, Deepak Dobriyal shine in aimless film |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/angrezi-medium-irrfan-deepak-dobriyal-shine-in-aimless-film-ians-review-rating---amp-12-/1759032 |access-date=10 June 2020 |work=Outlook |date=12 March 2020 |archive-date=10 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610030633/https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/angrezi-medium-irrfan-deepak-dobriyal-shine-in-aimless-film-ians-review-rating---amp-12-/1759032 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2022, Kapoor Khan starred in an adaptation of ''[[Forrest Gump]]'', titled ''[[Laal Singh Chaddha]]'', starring Aamir Khan in the title role. She played Rupa, a troubled aspiring actress; Devesh Sharma of ''Filmfare'' opined that her performance &quot;filled with angst and grit&quot; was one of the best in her career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=Filmfare|url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-55210.html|title=Laal Singh Chaddha Movie Review|date=12 August 2022|last=Sharma|first=Devesh|access-date=18 August 2022|archive-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817171548/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/laal-singh-chaddha-movie-review-55210.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amidst a significant campaign by [[Hindu nationalists]] to boycott the film due to Aamir Khan's political affiliations, ''Laal Singh Chaddha'' failed to recoup its estimated production budget of {{INRConvert|1.5|b}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |date=5 August 2022 |title=Hindu nationalists push boycott of Aamir Khan's 'Laal Singh Chaddha' |work=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/aug/05/hindu-nationalists-push-boycott-of-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-2484413.html |access-date=26 August 2022 |quote=More than 200,000 tweets, many from supporters of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), have been shared since last month calling for people to spurn the movie with the hashtag #BoycottLaalSinghChaddha |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826114835/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2022/aug/05/hindu-nationalists-push-boycott-of-aamir-khans-laal-singh-chaddha-2484413.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Laal Singh Chaddha box office collection day 5: Aamir Khan's biggest flop since Mela; five-day total lower than Thugs of Hindostan's opening day |date=16 August 2022 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-box-office-collection-day-5-aamir-khan-biggest-flop-since-mela-8092401/ |access-date=17 August 2022 |work=The Indian Express|archive-date=17 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817124915/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/laal-singh-chaddha-box-office-collection-day-5-aamir-khan-biggest-flop-since-mela-8092401/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She received another Best Actress nomination at Filmfare.&lt;ref name=&quot;ff23&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |date=24 April 2023 |title=Nominations for the 68th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2023 with Maharashtra Tourism |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-68th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2023-with-maharashtra-tourism-58094.html |work=Filmfare |access-date=24 April 2023 |archive-date=24 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424083516/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-68th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2023-with-maharashtra-tourism-58094.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Kareena Kapoor, Tabu and Kriti Sanon at Crew trailer launch (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|left|alt=Kareena Kapoor, Tabu and Kriti Sanon posing together|Kapoor Khan with co-stars [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], and [[Kriti Sanon]] (l-r) at an event for ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]'' in 2024]]<br /> <br /> Eager to work in the thriller genre, Kapoor Khan signed on for two such films: ''[[Jaane Jaan (2023 film)|Jaane Jaan]]'' and ''[[The Buckingham Murders]]'' (both 2023).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first=Udita|last=Jhunjhunwala|url=https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/kareena-kapoor-khan-i-am-looking-for-a-really-good-thriller-11576212158776.html|title=Kareena Kapoor Khan: 'I am looking for... a really good thriller'|date=13 December 2019|access-date=1 December 2022|work=Mint|archive-date=30 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130182457/https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/kareena-kapoor-khan-i-am-looking-for-a-really-good-thriller-11576212158776.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kareena-kapoor-khan-receives-a-warm-welcome-from-ekta-kapoor-as-she-begins-her-journey-as-a-producer-always-believed-that-women-have-an-equal-part-or-play-in-the-business-and-success-of-a-film/articleshow/85237170.cms |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan receives a warm welcome from Ekta Kapoor, as she begins her journey as a producer 'always believed that women have an equal play in the business and success of a film |date=11 August 2021 |work=The Times of India |access-date=17 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815192729/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kareena-kapoor-khan-receives-a-warm-welcome-from-ekta-kapoor-as-she-begins-her-journey-as-a-producer-always-believed-that-women-have-an-equal-part-or-play-in-the-business-and-success-of-a-film/articleshow/85237170.cms |archive-date=15 August 2021 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has said that these projects would mark the beginning of a new phase in her career, in which she would focus more on artistic merit than stardom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Ramnath|first=Nandini|website=Scroll.in|url=https://scroll.in/reel/1056245/whats-behind-the-kareena-kapoor-khan-swerve-its-important-to-keep-changing-yourself|title=What's behind the Kareena Kapoor Khan swerve: 'It's important to keep changing yourself'|date=20 September 2023|access-date=21 September 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928092609/https://scroll.in/reel/1056245/whats-behind-the-kareena-kapoor-khan-swerve-its-important-to-keep-changing-yourself|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her roles in them marked a departure from the glamorous roles she had a reputation for portraying.&lt;ref name=&quot;indiewire23&quot;/&gt; ''Jaane Jaan'', a [[Netflix]] film adaptation of [[Higashino Keigo]]'s novel ''[[The Devotion of Suspect X]]'' from filmmaker [[Sujoy Ghosh]], starred her as a single mother involved in a murder.&lt;ref name=&quot;variety23&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaane-jaan-teaser-kareena-kapoors-ott-debut-film-to-be-out-on-her-birthday-101692944348567.html|title=Jaane Jaan teaser: Kareena Kapoor, Jaideep Ahlawat, Vijay Varma's first looks out; film to have OTT release on this date|date=25 August 2023|access-date=25 August 2023|archive-date=25 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230825072949/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaane-jaan-teaser-kareena-kapoors-ott-debut-film-to-be-out-on-her-birthday-101692944348567.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Hindu''{{'s}} Shilajit Mitra commended her &quot;brisk, unfussy performance&quot; and appreciated her for playing &quot;as part of a team, complementing instead of trying to commandeer scenes&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mitra|first=Shilajit|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jaane-jaan-movie-review-jaideep-ahlawat-shines-in-this-howcatchem/article67329453.ece|title='Jaane Jaan' movie review: Jaideep Ahlawat shines in this howcatchem|date=21 September 2023|access-date=21 September 2023|archive-date=27 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927064922/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/jaane-jaan-movie-review-jaideep-ahlawat-shines-in-this-howcatchem/article67329453.ece|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In terms of global viewing hours, the film emerged as the most-watched Indian film on Netflix in 2023.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=From romantic tear-jerker to psychological thrillers, here's Livemint's OTT watch recommendations for New Year 2024|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/berlin-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-gulmohar-when-harry-met-sally-livemints-ott-watch-recommendations-for-new-year-2024-11704005279060.html|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=31 December 2023|access-date=3 January 2024|quote=The Kareena Kapoor Khan, Jaideep Ahlawat, and Vijay Varma starrer was tagged the number one movie by Netflix, based on global viewing hours.|archive-date=3 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103091144/https://www.livemint.com/news/india/berlin-kho-gaye-hum-kahan-gulmohar-when-harry-met-sally-livemints-ott-watch-recommendations-for-new-year-2024-11704005279060.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Hansal Mehta]]'s ''The Buckingham Murders'' starred her as a detective in a small town in [[Buckinghamshire]], for which she modelled her character on [[Kate Winslet]]'s role in ''[[Mare of Easttown]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;variety23&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Naman|last=Ramachandran|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/kareena-kapoor-khan-the-devotion-of-suspect-x-detective-thriller-1235505648/|title=India's Kareena Kapoor Khan Wraps 'The Devotion of Suspect X,' Detective Thriller: 'Films Are Shockingly Different'|date=29 January 2023|access-date=30 January 2023|work=Variety|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130053034/https://variety.com/2023/film/asia/kareena-kapoor-khan-the-devotion-of-suspect-x-detective-thriller-1235505648/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film, shot predominantly in English, marked her first production venture.&lt;ref name=&quot;variety23&quot;/&gt; It premiered at the [[2023 BFI London Film Festival]].&lt;ref name=&quot;indiewire23&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first=Proma|last=Khosla|url=https://www.indiewire.com/features/interviews/kareena-kapoor-khan-buckingham-murders-interview-1234916516/|title=Kareena Kapoor Khan Is Bollywood Royalty — but Her Constantly Evolving Career Speaks for Itself|date=15 October 2023|access-date=16 October 2023|website=IndieWire|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015233333/https://www.indiewire.com/features/interviews/kareena-kapoor-khan-buckingham-murders-interview-1234916516/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[WION]]'s Shomini Sen commended Kapoor Khan's restrained portrayal of a deglamourised character.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Shomini |date=13 September 2024 |title=The Buckingham Murders review: Kareena Kapoor shines in a slow-paced murder mystery |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-the-buckingham-murders-review-kareena-kapoor-shines-in-a-slow-paced-murder-mystery-758416 |access-date=13 September 2024 |website=[[WION]] |archive-date=13 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913183234/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-the-buckingham-murders-review-kareena-kapoor-shines-in-a-slow-paced-murder-mystery-758416 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; It had a theatrical release the following year, where it had poor box-office returns.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=19 September 2024 |title=The Buckingham Murders box office day 6: Kareena film struggles to mint money |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-buckingham-murders-box-office-day-6-kareena-kapoor-film-struggles-to-mint-money-2602572-2024-09-19 |access-date=10 November 2024 |work=India Today |archive-date=10 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110115043/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/the-buckingham-murders-box-office-day-6-kareena-kapoor-film-struggles-to-mint-money-2602572-2024-09-19 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kapoor Khan returned to commercial cinema with the female-led heist comedy ''[[Crew (film)|Crew]]'' (2024), co-starring [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] and [[Kriti Sanon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;variety23&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/tabu-kareena-kapoor-khan-kriti-sanon-unite-ektaa-kapoors-next-crew/ |title=Tabu, Kareena Kapoor Khan, and Kriti Sanon unite for Ektaa Kapoor and Rhea Kapoor's next The Crew |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=8 November 2022 |access-date=9 November 2022 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109000642/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/tabu-kareena-kapoor-khan-kriti-sanon-unite-ektaa-kapoors-next-crew/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For their roles as flight attendants, the trio received training from former cabin crew members.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-and-tabu-received-training-from-former-air-hostesses-crew-writers-article-12537171.html |title='Kareena Kapoor, Kriti Sanon and Tabu received training from former air hostesses': Crew writers |website=Money Control |date=28 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329070111/https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/movies/kareena-kapoor-kriti-sanon-and-tabu-received-training-from-former-air-hostesses-crew-writers-article-12537171.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Outlook''{{'s}} Garima Das praised her look and comic timing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Das |first=Garima |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/crew-movie-review-kareena-kapoor-tabu-and-kriti-sanon-shine-in-this-well-crafted-heist-comedy |title='Crew' Movie Review: Kareena Kapoor, Tabu And Kriti Sanon Shine In This Well-Crafted Heist Comedy |work=Outlook |date=29 March 2024 |access-date=29 March 2024 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329045714/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/crew-movie-review-kareena-kapoor-tabu-and-kriti-sanon-shine-in-this-well-crafted-heist-comedy |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film emerged as another female-led commercial success for Kapoor Khan after ''Veere Di Wedding'', and its success led Box Office India to credit her amongst the most successful Hindi film actresses of all time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=8 April 2024 |title=Ektaa R Kapoor, Rhea Kapoor Celebrate Success of Kareena Kapoor Khan, Tabu, Kriti Sanon's 'Crew,' Tease Sequel: 'The Chemistry Is Banging' |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kareena-kapoor-khan-tabu-kriti-sanons-crew-sequel-1235963663/ |access-date=8 April 2024 |work=Variety |archive-date=8 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408100447/https://variety.com/2024/film/news/kareena-kapoor-khan-tabu-kriti-sanons-crew-sequel-1235963663/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top Ten Female Lead Driven Opening Days - Kareena Alia Dominate |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8408 |work=Box Office India |date=30 March 2024 |access-date=30 March 2024 |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330184740/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=8408 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; She next reprised her role as Avni Kamat Singham amongst an ensemble cast in the [[Cop Universe]] sequel ''[[Singham Again]]'', representing the character of [[Sita]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=8 October 2024 |title=Kareena Kapoor on her role in Singham Again: 'Ramayana is incomplete without Sita as is Rohit Shetty's film without me' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-on-her-role-in-singham-again-ramayana-is-incomplete-without-sita-as-is-rohit-shettys-film-without-me-9609926/lite/ |access-date=1 November 2024 |work=The Indian Express |archive-date=10 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010073805/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-on-her-role-in-singham-again-ramayana-is-incomplete-without-sita-as-is-rohit-shettys-film-without-me-9609926/lite/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; In his negative review for [[NDTV]], [[Saibal Chatterjee]] lamented how Kapoor Khan's character was reduced to being &quot;projected as hapless and vulnerable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Chatterjee |first=Saibal |title=Singham Again Review: Bloated, Scattershot Addition To Cop Universe |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/singham-again-review-bloated-scattershot-addition-to-cop-universe-2-stars-6920085 |access-date=1 November 2024 |website=NDTV}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Singham Again'' had modest box-office returns on its high production budget.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-01 |title=Singham Again Box Office Collection {{!}} India {{!}} Day Wise {{!}} Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/singham-again/box-office/ |access-date=2025-12-24 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She will next star in [[Meghna Gulzar]]'s thriller film ''Daayra'' with [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Kareena Kapoor Begins Filming &lt;i&gt;Daayra&lt;/i&gt; With Prithviraj Sukumaran Amid Luxury Tax Evasion Row |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kareena-kapoor-khan-begins-filming-her-68th-film-daayra-with-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-meghna-gulzar-9340942 |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251004033144/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/kareena-kapoor-khan-begins-filming-her-68th-film-daayra-with-prithviraj-sukumaran-and-meghna-gulzar-9340942 |archive-date=2025-10-04 |access-date=2026-02-02 |work=NDTV |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Other work ==<br /> <br /> === Fashion and publication ===<br /> [[File:Kareena unveils Head&amp;Shoulders.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Kareena Kapoor smiling at the camera|Kapoor at an event for [[Head &amp; Shoulders]] in 2014]]<br /> <br /> Alongside her acting work, Kapoor has established a career as a designer. During her five-year association with the retail chain [[Globus (clothing retailer)|Globus]], Kapoor became the first Indian actress to launch her own line of clothing for women; she described the collaboration as being &quot;special&quot; and &quot;reflective of my personal sense of style&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oldbh.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/16/3582/index.html |title=&quot;I am launching my clothesline with Globus&quot;&amp;nbsp;– Kareena |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Narayan, Anant |date=16 February 2008 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227035452/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/features/2008/02/16/3582/index.html |archive-date=27 February 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her collection made its debut several months later in stores across India, and was well received.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-entertainmentsectionpage-bollwood/bollywood-gets-haute/article1-306171.aspx |title=Bollywood gets haute |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Mehta, Kirti |date=22 April 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218003851/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chunk-ht-ui-entertainmentsectionpage-bollwood/bollywood-gets-haute/article1-306171.aspx |archive-date=18 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the end of her contract with Globus, she expressed a desire to work with a design house to release her clothing line internationally,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-wanna-buy-kareena-1332523 |title=Wanna buy Kareena? |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Ganguly, Prithwish |date=8 January 2010 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216211735/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-wanna-buy-kareena-1332523 |archive-date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; but later explained that those plans were on hold.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-may-win-a-Padma-Shri-Kareena-Kapoor/Article1-520495.aspx |title=I may win a Padma Shri: Kareena Kapoor |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Bhattacharya, Roshmila |date=18 March 2010 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018112929/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-may-win-a-Padma-Shri-Kareena-Kapoor/Article1-520495.aspx |archive-date=18 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2018, Kapoor Khan collaborated with [[Lakmé Cosmetics]] to launch her own line of cosmetics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/why-kareena-kapoor-khan-is-a-diva |title=Why Kareena Kapoor Khan is a Diva |access-date=30 August 2018 |author=Assomull, Sujata |date=28 August 2018 |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831035346/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/why-kareena-kapoor-khan-is-a-diva |archive-date=31 August 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2009, Kapoor worked with nutritionist Rujuta Diwekar on ''Don't Lose Your Mind, Lose Your Weight'', a book on the principles of healthy eating habits.&lt;ref name=&quot;Book&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/getahead/2009/mar/02sli1-rujuta-diwekar-book-excerpt.htm |title='My size zero': Kareena Kapoor |access-date=20 January 2013 |date=2 March 2009 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427051246/http://specials.rediff.com/getahead/2009/mar/02sli1-rujuta-diwekar-book-excerpt.htm |archive-date=27 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Published by [[Random House]], the book was well received by critics, and sold 10,000 copies within its first twenty days.&lt;ref name=&quot;Book&quot; /&gt; A follow-up, ''Women and The Weight Loss Tamasha'', was released two years later. It addressed the weight loss concerns and eating habits of women in various parts of their life, and featured Kapoor in a voice-over for the audiobook.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/kareena-kapoor-to-launch-women-and-the-weight-loss-tamasha/32590 |title=Kareena Kapoor to launch Women and the Weight Loss Tamasha |work=Business Of Cinema |access-date=20 January 2013 |date=15 January 2011 |publisher=BusinessofCinema |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201212518/http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/kareena-kapoor-to-launch-women-and-the-weight-loss-tamasha/32590 |archive-date=1 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, Kapoor released her autobiographical memoir, ''The Style Diary of a Bollywood Diva'', which was criticised by ''Mint'' for its &quot;too-breezy&quot; writing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3mSijg3PNUeC6bU5r1rt4L/How-to-throw-your-weight-and-maintain-it-too.html |title=Kareena Kapoor: How to throw your weight and maintain it too |access-date=20 January 2013 |author=Vasudev, Shefalee |date=10 January 2013 |work=Mint |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113213105/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/3mSijg3PNUeC6bU5r1rt4L/How-to-throw-your-weight-and-maintain-it-too.html |archive-date=13 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Co-written alongside Rochelle Pinto, it became the first book to be launched under the [[Shobhaa De]] imprint of [[Penguin Books]]—a set of series that included celebrity memoirs, guides and biographies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kareena-Kapoor-to-reveal-her-fashion-secrets-in-book/Article1-924907.aspx |title=Kareena Kapoor to reveal her fashion secrets in book |access-date=20 January 2013 |agency=Press Trust of India |date=5 September 2012 |work=Hindustan Times |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130113095749/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Kareena-Kapoor-to-reveal-her-fashion-secrets-in-book/Article1-924907.aspx |archive-date=13 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later that year, she collaborated with Diwekar for the third time on ''The Indian Food Wisdom and The Art of Eating Right'', a documentary film about nutrition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kareena-karishma-saif-come-together-for-film-on-nutrition-113072501021_1.html |title=Kareena, Karishma-Saif come together for film on nutrition |access-date=15 March 2014 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=25 July 2013 |work=[[Business Standard]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316021718/http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/kareena-karishma-saif-come-together-for-film-on-nutrition-113072501021_1.html |archive-date=16 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2021, Kapoor Khan released ''Pregnancy Bible'' (co-authored with Aditi Shah Bhimjani), which became a commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/kareena-kapoor-khans-book-pregnancy-bible-trends-as-number-one-bestseller-23182223 |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan's book 'Pregnancy Bible' trends as 'Number One Bestseller' |access-date=15 March 2014 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=11 July 2021 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |url-status=live |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711145121/https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/bollywood-news/article/kareena-kapoor-khans-book-pregnancy-bible-trends-as-number-one-bestseller-23182223}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Philanthropy ===<br /> <br /> During her years in the film industry, Kapoor has been actively involved in promoting children's education and the safety of women.&lt;ref name=&quot;humanitarian&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a548661/kareena-discusses-child-malnutrition-in-india-with-valerie-trierweiler.html |title=Kareena discusses child malnutrition in India with Valerie Trierweiler |access-date=19 March 2014 |author=Joshi, Priya |date=3 February 2014 |work=[[Digital Spy]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319222353/http://www.digitalspy.com/bollywood/news/a548661/kareena-discusses-child-malnutrition-in-india-with-valerie-trierweiler.html |archive-date=19 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/665382/education-is-very-important-kareena/ |title=Education is very important: Kareena |access-date=19 March 2014 |date=30 January 2014 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140402180914/http://tribune.com.pk/story/665382/education-is-very-important-kareena/ |archive-date=2 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2010, she took part in the international campaign [[1GOAL Education for All]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-kareena-to-join-hillary-clinton-1403229 |title=Aamir, Kareena to join Hillary Clinton |access-date=18 May 2011 |author=Ganguly, Prithwish |date=30 June 2010 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106133311/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-aamir-kareena-to-join-hillary-clinton-1403229 |archive-date=6 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was appointed ambassador for the Shakti Campaign—a project launched by NDTV to combat violence against women—in commemoration of the [[International Women's Day#2011|100th anniversary of International Women's Day]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kareena-joins-shakti-campaign-bats-for-women-news-national-lditujgagjb.html |title=Kareena joins Shakti campaign, bats for women |access-date=18 May 2011 |date=8 March 2011 |work=Sify |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311120702/http://www.sify.com/movies/kareena-joins-shakti-campaign-bats-for-women-news-national-lditujgagjb.html |archive-date=11 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years later, Kapoor Khan launched [[Channel V India|Channel V]]'s anti-rape mobile app 'VithU'; she stated that with an increasing amount of [[Rape in India|violence against women in India]], &quot;[i]t [was] important for actors to stand up for issues because they can reach out to a lot of people.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kareena-kapoor-saif-ali-khan-gori-tere-pyaar-mein-ranbir-katrina-kaif-221610-2013-12-22 |title=Kareena Kapoor bats for women safety |access-date=7 May 2020 |date=22 December 2013 |work=India Today |archive-date=2 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802225711/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/kareena-kapoor-saif-ali-khan-gori-tere-pyaar-mein-ranbir-katrina-kaif-221610-2013-12-22 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In January 2014, Kapoor Khan began working with [[UNICEF]] to advocate the [[Female education|education of girls]] and increase [[Education in India|quality based education in India]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cfss&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kareena-kapoor-launches-child-friendly-schools-for-unicef/ |title=Kareena Kapoor launches child-friendly schools for UNICEF |access-date=20 May 2017 |date=4 September 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722061027/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kareena-kapoor-launches-child-friendly-schools-for-unicef/ |archive-date=22 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Speaking of her association, she expressed hope in creating places &quot;where children feel safe and secure, and where interactive and creative tools are used to ensure that children are happy and learning.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;cfss&quot; /&gt; During the first year, Kapoor Khan visited schools in the states of Rajasthan and [[Maharashtra]] where she interacted with students and participated in fundraising events hosted by the [[Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya]] organisation in the [[Jalna district]].&lt;ref name=&quot;unicef&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2593682/Kareena-Kapoor-Khan-celebrated-Eid-with-underprivileged-girls |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan celebrated Eid with underprivileged girls |access-date=17 March 2016 |date=4 August 2014 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323063901/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/2593682/Kareena-Kapoor-Khan-celebrated-Eid-with-underprivileged-girls |archive-date=23 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along with [[List of UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors#India|UNICEF India's Goodwill Ambassador]] ([[Sharmila Tagore]]), Kapoor Khan hosted a charity dinner to help raise awareness for the development of underprivileged kids,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.theasiantoday.com/index.php/2014/08/21/bollywood-stars-show-support-for-childrens-education-in-india/ |title=Bollywood Stars Show Support For Children's Education in India |access-date=20 May 2017 |date=21 August 2014 |work=[[The Asian Today]] |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226223107/http://www.theasiantoday.com/index.php/2014/08/21/bollywood-stars-show-support-for-childrens-education-in-india/ |archive-date=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and launched the 'Child-Friendly School and Systems' (CFSS) package.&lt;ref name=&quot;cfss&quot; /&gt; She later donated an equivalent amount of the funds raised during a joint initiative by UNICEF and [[Groupon]] for a higher-quality learning environment in Indian schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/groupon-partners-unicef-to-raise-funds-for-children-education-114111401050_1.html |title=Groupon partners UNICEF to raise funds for children education |access-date=17 March 2016 |agency=Press Trust of India |date=14 November 2014 |work=Business Standard |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324175945/http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/groupon-partners-unicef-to-raise-funds-for-children-education-114111401050_1.html |archive-date=24 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was elevated as a national UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador for India in May 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kareena Kapoor |url=https://www.unicef.org/india/our-partners/celebrities/kareena-kapoor |website=[[UNICEF India]] |language=en |access-date=4 May 2024 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808085648/https://www.unicef.org/india/our-partners/celebrities/kareena-kapoor |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The following year, she awarded 31 students and 5 teachers for their contribution towards the field of education in [[Chhattisgarh]] at the concluding ceremony of Child Rights Protection week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-star-Kareena-Kapoor-presents-31-kids-with-Chhattisgarh-jewel-award/articleshow/49860396.cms |title=Bollywood star Kareena Kapoor presents 31 kids with 'Chhattisgarh jewel' award |access-date=17 March 2016 |author=Tinal, Rashmi |date=20 November 2015 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029102339/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Bollywood-star-Kareena-Kapoor-presents-31-kids-with-Chhattisgarh-jewel-award/articleshow/49860396.cms |archive-date=29 October 2017 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also that year, Kapoor Khan provided a voice-over for the documentary film ''Girl Rising: Woh Padhegi, Woh Udegi'' [She will learn, she will fly] for the [[Girl Rising|organisation of the same name]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/943433/bollywood-divas-rise-to-the-occasion/ |title=Bollywood divas rise to the occasion |access-date=17 March 2016 |agency=Indo-Asian News Service |date=23 August 2015 |work=[[The Express Tribune]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323205348/http://tribune.com.pk/story/943433/bollywood-divas-rise-to-the-occasion/ |archive-date=23 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and produced a documentary on women's empowerment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Kareena-goes-behind-the-scenes/articleshow/48978131.cms |title=Kareena goes behind the scenes |access-date=20 May 2017 |author=Iyer, Sanyukta |date=16 September 2015 |work=Mumbai Mirror |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228042818/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/Kareena-goes-behind-the-scenes/articleshow/48978131.cms |archive-date=28 February 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2016, she spoke at an event organised by UNICEF in [[Lucknow]] to promote [[Menstrual hygiene day|menstrual hygiene management]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-menstruation-should-not-be-talked-about-behind-closed-doors-kareena-kapoor-khan-2220125 |title=Menstruation should not be talked about behind closed doors: Kareena Kapoor Khan |access-date=20 May 2017 |author=Asian News International |date=5 June 2016 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811024233/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-menstruation-should-not-be-talked-about-behind-closed-doors-kareena-kapoor-khan-2220125 |archive-date=11 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018 she launched UNICEF's &quot;Every Child Alive&quot; campaign to promote affordable and quality health care for mothers and their newborn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/heres-unicef-ambassador-kareena-kapoor-khan-say-every-child-alive-campaign/ |title=Here's what UNICEF ambassador Kareena Kapoor Khan had to say about Every Child Alive campaign! |access-date=3 July 2018 |date=22 February 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704034556/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/heres-unicef-ambassador-kareena-kapoor-khan-say-every-child-alive-campaign/ |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2018, she was invited as a keynote speaker for a [[Mother's Day]] event in New Delhi organised by UNICEF.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kareena-kapoor-khan-unicef-debate-top-3-revelations-raising-taimur-hubby-saif-ali-khan-importance-women-empowerment/ |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan at UNICEF debate: Top 3 revelations on raising Taimur with hubby Saif Ali Khan and importance of women empowerment |access-date=3 July 2018 |date=14 May 2018 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704034638/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/kareena-kapoor-khan-unicef-debate-top-3-revelations-raising-taimur-hubby-saif-ali-khan-importance-women-empowerment/ |archive-date=4 July 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additionally, Kapoor has made public appearances to support other charitable organisations. She performed at a fundraiser for the World Youth Peace Summit in November 2003,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Kareena-ka-jadoo-chal-gaya/articleshow/274262.cms?referral=PM |title=Kareena ka jadoo chal gaya |access-date=20 December 2007 |date=8 November 2003 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227093734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Kareena-ka-jadoo-chal-gaya/articleshow/274262.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and participated in a concert to raise money for victims of the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp |title=Bollywood unites to present caring face |date=8 February 2005 |access-date=3 February 2007 |work=The Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118103831/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050208/asp/nation/story_4351693.asp |archive-date=18 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; She visited Indian ''[[jawans]]'' (troops) in [[Rajasthan]], for a special [[Holi]] weekend episode of [[NDTV]]'s reality show ''Jai Jawaan''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/17kar1.htm |title=Kareena's Holi with jawans! |access-date=19 November 2007 |author=Kuckian, Uday |date=17 March 2005 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205054409/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2005/mar/17kar1.htm |archive-date=5 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, Kapoor adopted the village of [[Chanderi]] in Madhya Pradesh as part of NDTV's Greenathon Campaign, to provide the village with a regular supply of electricity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite video |people=Kapoor, Kareena (Actress) |date=6 March 2010 |title=Greenathon: Kareena Kapoor adopts Chanderi village |url=http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/greenathon-kareena-kapoor-adopts-chanderi-village/131380 |publisher=Prannoy Roy Publications |location=Mumbai, India |access-date=8 July 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128041701/http://www.ndtv.com/video/player/news/greenathon-kareena-kapoor-adopts-chanderi-village/131380 |archive-date=28 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Four years later, she participated in a campaign to raise awareness on hunger and malnutrition in the world and made donations to the [[2014 India–Pakistan floods#Relief|Kashmir flood relief]].&lt;ref name=&quot;humanitarian&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/4487171/Kareena-Kapoor-Khan-to-do-charity-for-Kashmir-flood-victims |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan to do charity for Kashmir flood victim |access-date=5 February 2015 |date=4 February 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205172122/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/4487171/Kareena-Kapoor-Khan-to-do-charity-for-Kashmir-flood-victims |archive-date=5 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2016, Kapoor Khan attended the inaugural of Global Citizen India—a joint initiative by the [[Global Citizen Festival#2016|music festival of the same name]] and The Global Education and Leadership Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-launch-global-citizen-movement-india/ |title=Amitabh Bachchan, Farhan Akhtar, Aamir Khan, Kareena Kapoor Khan launch the Global Citizen Movement in India |access-date=20 May 2017 |date=13 September 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018032334/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/amitabh-bachchan-farhan-akhtar-aamir-khan-kareena-kapoor-khan-launch-global-citizen-movement-india/ |archive-date=18 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, she became the brand ambassador for Swasth Immunised India, a campaign launched by the [[Network18 Group]] and [[Serum Institute of India]] to promote immunisation for children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/swasth-immunised-india-kareena-kapoor-khan-launches-nation-wide-vaccination-campaign-2044323.html |title=Swasth Immunised India: Kareena Kapoor Khan Launches Nation-Wide Vaccination Campaign |access-date=24 February 2019 |author=Bengani, Sneha |date=22 February 2019 |publisher=[[Network18 Group]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044752/https://www.news18.com/news/india/swasth-immunised-india-kareena-kapoor-khan-launches-nation-wide-vaccination-campaign-2044323.html |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Stage performances, radio and television presenting ===<br /> [[File:Kapoor TReloaded-08.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Kareena Kapoor performing dance on a stage, alongside a group of performers|Kapoor performing at Temptation Reloaded in 2008]]<br /> <br /> Kapoor has participated in several stage shows and world tours since 2002. Her first tour (Heartthrobs: Live in Concert (2002) with Hrithik Roshan, Karisma Kapoor, Arjun Rampal and [[Aftab Shivdasani]]) was successful in the United States and Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/27hrit.htm |title=Why Britney bowled over Hrithik |access-date=16 April 2008 |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=27 June 2002 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093103/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/jun/27hrit.htm |archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of that year, she performed with several other Bollywood stars at [[Kings Park Stadium]] in [[Durban]], South Africa in the show Now or Never.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021230/world.htm#12 |title=Bollywood holds Durban captive |access-date=8 July 2010 |agency=Press Trust of India |date=30 December 2002 |work=The Tribune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121110907/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021230/world.htm |archive-date=21 November 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Four years later, Kapoor returned to the stage with six other Bollywood celebrities in the successful Rockstars Concert world tour. The concert was originally scheduled to commence in April 2006, but was postponed due to [[Salman Khan#Blackbuck hunting and Arms Act violations cases|the arrest of Salman Khan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-rockstars-overseas-concert-postponed-1024565 |title=Rockstars overseas concert postponed |access-date=30 January 2014 |date=17 April 2006 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202214114/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-rockstars-overseas-concert-postponed-1024565 |archive-date=2 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; It later began the following month and was staged in 19 cities across the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada. In 2008, Kapoor performed in Shah Rukh Khan's Temptation Reloaded 2008, a series of concerts in a number of countries. The show (which also featured Arjun Rampal, [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Ganesh Hegde]], [[Javed Ali]] and [[Anusha Dandekar]]) debuted at the [[Rotterdam Ahoy]] venue in [[Rotterdam]], the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm |title=SRK's Temptations Reloaded 2008 kick starts! |access-date=8 July 2010 |date=27 June 2008 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410203435/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/27sld1.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several months later she again joined Khan, Rampal and Kaif to perform for an audience of 15,000 at [[Dubai]]'s [[Dubai Festival City|Festival City Arena]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dhamaka-In-Dubai/articleshow/3640572.cms?referral=PM |title=Dhamaka In Dubai |access-date=30 January 2014 |last1=Ahmed |first1=Afsana |last2=Sharma |first2=Smrity |date=26 October 2008 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915234007/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Dhamaka-In-Dubai/articleshow/3640572.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=15 September 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2018, Kapoor Khan collaborated with [[Ishq FM]] to host a radio show &quot;What Women Want&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/girl-talk-for-kareena-kapoor-masaba-gupta/articleshow/66157099.cms |title=Girl talk for Kareena Kapoor, Masaba Gupta |access-date=13 October 2018 |author=Coutinho, Natasha |date=11 October 2008 |work=Mumbai Mirror |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013132957/https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/girl-talk-for-kareena-kapoor-masaba-gupta/articleshow/66157099.cms |archive-date=13 October 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show was well-received, earning Kapoor Khan a nomination at the New York Festivals Radio Awards for &quot;Best Talk Show Host&quot;, and later renewed for three more seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kareena-kapoor-we-celebrated-women-who-broke-stereotypes/21085162 |title=Kareena Kapoor: We celebrated women who broke stereotypes |access-date=13 June 2019 |author=Basu, Mohar |date=5 June 2019 |work=[[Mid-Day]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612093340/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kareena-kapoor-we-celebrated-women-who-broke-stereotypes/21085162 |archive-date=12 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-brings-back-her-radio-show-as-saif-ali-khan-sania-mirza-pay-a-visit-see-pics/story-rncYYHrMi0cJ77hfTrz8yL.html |title=Kareena Kapoor brings back her radio show as Saif Ali Khan, Sania Mirza pay a visit. See pics |access-date=30 September 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=30 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930141704/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-brings-back-her-radio-show-as-saif-ali-khan-sania-mirza-pay-a-visit-see-pics/story-rncYYHrMi0cJ77hfTrz8yL.html |archive-date=30 September 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-shoots-for-her-podcast-from-her-home-44686.html |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan shoots for her podcast from her home |access-date=9 November 2020 |publisher=Filmfare |date=4 November 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110182906/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-shoots-for-her-podcast-from-her-home-44686.html |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/what-women-want-promo-kareena-kapoor-ranbir-kapoor-discuss-their-bad-reputation-101678441662844.html |title=What Women Want promo: Kareena Kapoor, Ranbir Kapoor discuss their bad reputation; blame it on Karan Johar |access-date=13 April 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=10 March 2023 |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604204849/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/what-women-want-promo-kareena-kapoor-ranbir-kapoor-discuss-their-bad-reputation-101678441662844.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, she featured as a talent judge for the seventh season of the dance reality show ''[[Dance India Dance]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kareena-kapoor-khan-turns-judge-for-dance-india-dance/cid/1692102 |title=What better platform than Dance India Dance to make my TV debut on: Kareena Kapoor |access-date=13 June 2019 |author=Banerjee, Sudeshna |date=10 June 2019 |work=The Telegraph |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190610142423/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/kareena-kapoor-khan-turns-judge-for-dance-india-dance/cid/1692102 |archive-date=10 June 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Public image ==<br /> Known for her nonchalant relationship with the media, Kapoor has gained a reputation for discussing her private life with no reservations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versatile&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Highlights&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/15/slide-show-1-looking-at-kareenas-10-best-films.htm |title=Ten years of Kareena, the highlights |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Sen, Raja |date=15 June 2010 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100627025629/http://movies.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/jun/15/slide-show-1-looking-at-kareenas-10-best-films.htm |archive-date=27 June 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a child she regularly attended award ceremonies and events with her family, and would also accompany Karisma on-set during filming.&lt;ref name=&quot;Little girl&quot; /&gt; In an interview with ''Filmfare'', she explained that growing up in a film family helped her develop a sense of professionalism and dedication towards her craft.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/march2002/sp2.html |title=Kareena Kapoor simmers |access-date=29 May 2009 |author=Chaudhary, Anuradha |date=March 2002 |work=The Times of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090820223046/http://downloads.movies.indiatimes.com/site/march2002/sp2.html |archive-date=20 August 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor's private life has been the subject of media attention in India, with frequent press coverage of her weight and of her relationship with actor Saif Ali Khan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versatile&quot; /&gt; The couple—dubbed &quot;Saifeena&quot; by the entertainment media—has been one of the country's most-reported celebrity stories since 2007,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/QDXQbBUI8346JsXpRAGChN/8216Saifeena8217-the-Rs6-crore-brand.html |title='Saifeena': the Rs6 crore brand |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Shah, Gouri |date=5 February 2009 |work=Mint |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216000757/http://www.livemint.com/Consumer/QDXQbBUI8346JsXpRAGChN/8216Saifeena8217-the-Rs6-crore-brand.html |archive-date=16 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Kapoor Khan gave birth to their sons in 2016 and 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;taimur&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Babyboy&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Kareena with her statue.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|alt=Kareena Kapoor stands beside her wax sculpture|Kapoor with her wax sculpture at [[Madame Tussauds]] in 2011]]<br /> <br /> While a segment of the press has described Kapoor as friendly and extremely close to her family,&lt;ref name=&quot;Little girl&quot; /&gt; others have criticised her for being arrogant and vain—an image she gained in the wake of her superficial character, Poo, in ''Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham'' (2001).&lt;ref name=&quot;Journey&quot; /&gt; She subsequently featured in films portraying similar characters, and this further established her off- and on-screen personae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bio&quot; /&gt; Before the release of ''Chameli'' (2004), in which she played a sex worker, Kapoor stated that &quot;there is a certain image that people identify you with [and] [i]t always follows you whichever role you play. I am trying to transgress this image and become more screen-friendly than image-friendly.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/01/15/stories/2004011500650200.htm |title=Kareena's career... Fragrance lingers |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Siddiqui, Rana |date=15 January 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915233942/https://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/01/15/stories/2004011500650200.htm |archive-date=15 September 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Chameli'' helped Kapoor reinvent her on-screen persona,&lt;ref name=&quot;Journey&quot; /&gt; and she later explained that her honesty and openness was often perceived by the media as arrogance.&lt;ref name=&quot;Image&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Kapoor is also known for her assertive and moody nature,&lt;ref name=&quot;Image&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-love-the-way-I-am-Kareena/articleshow/773524.cms?referral=PM |title=I love the way I am: Kareena |access-date=11 July 2012 |author=Times News Network |date=10 July 2004 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227093734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/I-love-the-way-I-am-Kareena/articleshow/773524.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;QueenB&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kareena-reigns-as-2011s-queen-b/828349/0 |title=Kareena reigns as 2011's Queen B |access-date=11 July 2012 |author=Pereira, Priyanka |date=7 August 2011 |work=The Indian Express |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306040726/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/kareena-reigns-as-2011s-queen-b/828349/0 |archive-date=6 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and her outspoken views and independence have been singled out for making major contributions to her career.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vervepower&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.verveonline.com/109/people/power-women.shtml |title=Young Power Women |journal=Verve |volume=20 |issue=6 |access-date=11 July 2012 |last1=Mehta |first1=Shirin |last2=Jahagirdar-Saxena |first2=Shraddha |last3=Modak |first3=Nasrin |last4=Sah |first4=Malvika |date=June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619051144/http://www.verveonline.com/109/people/power-women.shtml |archive-date=19 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In an early interview, she confessed to being an introvert yet blunt, reasoning: &quot;Total faith and complete belief in myself is my attitude towards life, films and virtually everything else. I am all about doing what I feel is right. It is not easy to pin me down as I can be a bundle of contradictions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Image&quot; /&gt; Journalist Subhash K. Jha explained that while this approach has sometimes cost her professionally and made her lose out significant projects, it has made her &quot;a favourite among the generation that believes in self-regard being the highest form of creativity&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-importance-of-being-Kareena-Kapoor/articleshow/16277870.cms?referral=PM |title=The importance of being Kareena Kapoor |access-date=6 December 2012 |author=Jha, Subhash K |date=6 September 2012 |work=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180227093735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-importance-of-being-Kareena-Kapoor/articleshow/16277870.cms?referral=PM |archive-date=27 February 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, Anu Ahuja suggested that Kapoor's demeanour is an act; she is &quot;cold and unapproachable so that no one will act funny with her&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{harv|Dewey|2008|p=36}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Kapoor is considered one of the most popular Bollywood celebrities in India.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/06sli4-most-powerful-actresses-in-india.htm |title=The Most Powerful Actresses in India |access-date=6 August 2010 |date=6 April 2009 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606074105/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/apr/06sli4-most-powerful-actresses-in-india.htm |archive-date=6 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her look and performances have established her as a style icon for young women.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kapoor dynasty&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101401020300.htm |title=Invoking the goddess of style |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Nandal, Archana |date=14 October 2002 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908194529/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/10/14/stories/2002101401020300.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=8 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2009 poll conducted by ''Daily News and Analysis'', Kapoor was voted one of India's most popular icons;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-sach-a-icon-1311240 |title=Sach-a icon |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Thombare, Suparna |date=13 November 2009 |work=Daily News and Analysis |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121020442/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-sach-a-icon-1311240 |archive-date=21 January 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; with her partner Saif Ali Khan, she was listed amongst the top celebrity endorsers for brands and products worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saifeena1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110316/jsp/entertainment/story_13719013.jsp |title=Power couples |access-date=11 July 2012 |date=16 March 2011 |work=The Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012044423/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110316/jsp/entertainment/story_13719013.jsp |archive-date=12 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; She became the only Indian actress to be featured on [[CNN]]Go's list of &quot;Who Mattered Most in India&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot; /&gt; and was later selected by ''Verve'' for its list of the country's most powerful women from 2008 to 2013 and in 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vervepower&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.verveonline.com/62/people/powerwomen.shtml |title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2008 |journal=Verve |volume=16 |issue=6 |access-date=11 July 2012 |date=June 2008 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501150401/http://www.verveonline.com/62/people/powerwomen.shtml |archive-date=1 May 2012}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.verveonline.com/74/people/powerlist03.shtml |title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2009 |journal=Verve |volume=17 |issue=6 |access-date=11 July 2012 |date=June 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430133814/http://verveonline.com/74/people/powerlist03.shtml |archive-date=30 April 2012}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.verveonline.com/86/people/powerwomen03.shtml |title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2010 |journal=Verve |volume=18 |issue=6 |access-date=11 July 2012 |date=June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121219054922/http://www.verveonline.com/86/people/powerwomen03.shtml |archive-date=19 December 2012}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.verveonline.com/109/people/absolute-power.shtml |title=Absolute Power |journal=Verve |volume=20 |issue=6 |access-date=12 March 2014 |author=Talati-Parikh, Sitanshi |date=June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001656/http://www.verveonline.com/109/people/absolute-power.shtml |archive-date=13 March 2014}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.verveonline.com/121/people/power-rush.shtml |title=Verve's 50 Power Women 2013 |journal=Verve |volume=21 |issue=6 |access-date=12 March 2014 |author=Talati-Parikh, Sitanshi |date=June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001556/http://www.verveonline.com/121/people/power-rush.shtml |archive-date=13 March 2014}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/verve-power-women-2016-kareena-kapoor-khan |title=Power Inheritor: Kareena Kapoor Khan |journal=Verve |volume=16 |issue=7 |access-date=24 February 2019 |author=Tata, Huzan |date=7 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225102955/http://www.vervemagazine.in/people/verve-power-women-2016-kareena-kapoor-khan |archive-date=25 February 2019 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2010, Kapoor was named &quot;India's Most Beautiful Woman&quot; by the Indian edition of ''[[People (magazine)|People]]'' magazine.&lt;ref name=&quot;HT&quot; /&gt; In 2013, she was selected by ''India Today'' for its list of the country's most influential women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/entertainment/photo/indias-25-most-influential-women-369340-2013-03-13 |title=India's 25 most influential women |access-date=18 April 2013 |date=13 March 2013 |work=India Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130418181500/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/indias-25-most-influential-women/1/8871.html |archive-date=18 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2024, [[PVR INOX]] launched the &quot;Kareena Kapoor Khan Film Festival&quot; to celebrate her 25 years in Hindi cinema,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first1=Naman|last1=Ramachandran|first2=Patrick|last2=Frater|title=Kareena Kapoor Khan Film Festival Set for India's PVR Inox Cinemas – Global Bulletin|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/kareena-kapoor-khan-film-festival-pvr-inox-1236147121/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=17 September 2024|access-date=25 September 2024|archive-date=18 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918013427/https://variety.com/2024/film/asia/kareena-kapoor-khan-film-festival-pvr-inox-1236147121/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Kareena Kapoor Khan Film Festival to be announced as a grand tribute as the actress completes 25 years|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-film-festival-announced-grand-tribute-actress-completes-25-years/|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=14 September 2024|access-date=25 September 2024|archive-date=17 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240917220342/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kareena-kapoor-khan-film-festival-announced-grand-tribute-actress-completes-25-years/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; marking the first film festival dedicated to an Indian actress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=After Dilip Kumar And Amitabh Bachchan, Kareena Kapoor Gets A Film Festival Dedicated To Her As She Marks 25 Years In Bollywood|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/after-dilip-kumar-and-amitabh-bachchan-kareena-kapoor-gets-a-film-festival-dedicated-to-her-as-she-marks-25-years-in-bollywood-watch-video/articleshow/113403473.cms|newspaper=[[Times of India]]|date=16 September 2024|access-date=25 September 2024|archive-date=18 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240918044617/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/after-dilip-kumar-and-amitabh-bachchan-kareena-kapoor-gets-a-film-festival-dedicated-to-her-as-she-marks-25-years-in-bollywood-watch-video/articleshow/113403473.cms|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 2012 to 2018, Kapoor Khan has featured on ''[[Forbes India]]''{{'}}s &quot;Celebrity 100&quot;, a list based on the income and popularity of India's celebrities,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2016/kareena-kapoor-khan/1587/75 |title=Kareena Kapoor Khan |work=[[Forbes India]] |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227061642/http://www.forbesindia.com/celebprofile2016/kareena-kapoor-khan/1587/75 |archive-date=27 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all |title=2017 Celebrity 100 List – Forbes India Magazine |work=Forbes India |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711185628/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2017-celebrity-100/1665/all |archive-date=11 July 2018 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all |title=2018 Celebrity 100 List – Forbes India Magazine |work=Forbes India |access-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213130303/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2018-celebrity-100/1735/all |archive-date=13 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; peaking at the seventh position in 2012 with an estimated annual earning of {{INRConvert|735|m}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |title=2012 Celebrity 100 List – Forbes India Magazine |work=Forbes India |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902072052/http://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2012-celebrity-100/1395/1 |archive-date=2 September 2017 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2024, Kapoor is India's highest tax-paying female celebrity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=5 September 2024 |title=Kareena Kapoor leaves Deepika Padukone and Shraddha Kapoor behind; becomes the highest tax-paying female celebrity in India in 2024 - Deets inside |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kareena-kapoor-leaves-deepika-padukone-and-shraddha-kapoor-behind-becomes-the-highest-tax-paying-female-celebrity-in-india-in-2024-deets-inside/articleshow/113095381.cms |access-date=6 September 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=6 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240906022133/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kareena-kapoor-leaves-deepika-padukone-and-shraddha-kapoor-behind-becomes-the-highest-tax-paying-female-celebrity-in-india-in-2024-deets-inside/articleshow/113095381.cms |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Artistry and analysis ==<br /> [[File:Kareena Walk-of-the-Stars.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A hand-print of Kareena Kapoor|On 28 March 2012, Kapoor inaugurated the [[Walk of the Stars|Bollywood Walk of the Stars]] where she received a hand-print of her own.]]<br /> <br /> Kapoor relies on her instincts and spontaneity as an actor.&lt;ref name=&quot;QueenB&quot; /&gt; She is known to commit heavily to each role, and refrains from rehearsing for a project.&lt;ref name=&quot;QueenB&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/kareena-kapoor-ahead-of-other-bollywood-performers/1/20640.html |title=Lady Luck |access-date=11 July 2012 |last1=Subramanian |first1=Anusha |last2=J |first2=Anand |date=25 December 2011 |journal=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418045544/http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/kareena-kapoor-ahead-of-other-bollywood-performers/1/20640.html |archive-date=18 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Commenting on this, director Rajkumar Hirani said &quot;I usually have a habit of conducting rehearsals for my actors, but she insisted on not having them as it would affect her spontaneity. She really surprised me with a couple of emotional scenes which we canned in just one take.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;QueenB&quot; /&gt; Karan Johar described Kapoor as a &quot;natural&quot;, explaining that &quot;she has no craft, grammar or process attached to her acting [...] It is a great sense of cinema that can keep her going.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;QueenB&quot; /&gt; According to [[Rensil D'Silva]] (who directed her in ''Kurbaan''), &quot;Kareena [..] is instinctive and has emotional intelligence. She absorbs the situation and performs accordingly. Discussing the scene, in fact, harms her.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/rensil-dsilva-kissntell-219.html |title=Rensil D'Silva: Kiss-n-Tell |access-date=11 July 2012 |date=18 November 2009 |journal=Filmfare |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091121020408/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/rensil-dsilva-kissntell-219.html |archive-date=21 November 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In 2010, Rediff.com noted: &quot;[E]ven though a lot of her starring roles have been forgettable, [a] look at her filmography now, however, would show a more thoughtful selection of roles [...] playing to her strengths.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Highlights&quot; /&gt; Her portrayal of a series of superficial characters at the start of her career were criticised; film historian [[Gyan Prakash]] explained that these roles &quot;tended to infantilise her, packaging her as daddy's little girl, all bubble and no fizz&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Change&quot; /&gt; Critics noted ''Chameli'' (2004) as her [[coming of age]], claiming that &quot;a new actor in her was discovered&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Journey&quot; /&gt; Following her portrayal of a variety of character types in ''Chameli'', ''Dev'' (2004), ''Omkara'' (2006) and ''Jab We Met'' (2007), Kapoor was noted for her versatility.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versatile&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081109/jsp/7days/story_10084489.jsp |title=Heyy, Bebo |access-date=8 July 2010 |author=Sen, Manjula |date=9 November 2008 |work=The Telegraph |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024102149/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081109/jsp/7days/story_10084489.jsp |archive-date=24 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, ''Filmfare'' magazine included two of her performances—from ''Omkara'' and ''Jab We Met''—in its list of &quot;80 Iconic Performances&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Filmfareperformance4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performance-910-990.html |title=80 Iconic Performances 9/10 |date=9 June 2010 |publisher=Filmfare |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002080726/http://www.filmfare.com/articles/80-iconic-performance-910-990.html |archive-date=2 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''India Today'' labelled her &quot;the most versatile female lead in the industry&quot;, noting that she &quot;play[s] her roles with trademark spunk&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20120319-25-most-influential-women-vidya-balan-kareena-kapoor-757654-2012-03-08 |title=25 Power Women and their inspiring stories |access-date=11 July 2012 |date=9 March 2012 |work=India Today |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204051840/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/25-most-influential-women-vidya-balan-kareena-kapoor/1/177016.html |archive-date=4 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Manjula Sen of ''The Telegraph'' wrote in 2008 that although Kapoor had the worst success ratio among her contemporaries, her marketability remained unaffected.&lt;ref name=&quot;Versatile&quot; /&gt; Sen believed Kapoor's strength lies in her being versatile; she is &quot;effortlessly honest in her performances. It is a candour that spills over in her personal conduct.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Versatile&quot; /&gt; Writing for [[News18]], Rituparna Chatterjee spoke of her transformation to date: &quot;[A]fter 40 films and 10 years of fighting off competition from some of the most versatile actors of her generation, Kareena has matured into a bankable actor reinventing herself with surprising ease.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/sorry-priyanka-and-katrina-2012-is-kareenas-447055.html |title=Sorry, Priyanka and Katrina, 2012 is Kareena's year |access-date=20 January 2013 |author=Chatterjee, Rituparna |date=16 February 2012 |website=[[News18]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513134244/http://www.news18.com/news/india/sorry-priyanka-and-katrina-2012-is-kareenas-447055.html |archive-date=13 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2004, Kapoor placed third on Rediff's list of &quot;Top Bollywood Female Stars&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/29sld3.htm |title=Best Actress 2004 |access-date=20 November 2007 |author=Sen, Raja |date=29 December 2004 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231111701/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2004/dec/29sld3.htm |archive-date=31 December 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was later ranked seventh and fifth in 2005 and 2006 respectively,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend7.htm |title=Ten best Bollywood actresses of 2005 |access-date=20 November 2007 |author=Kulkarni, Ronjita |date=23 December 2005 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205054429/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2005/dec/23yend7.htm |archive-date=5 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/05sld6.htm |title=Readers' Pick: Top Bollywood Actresses |access-date=29 November 2006 |author=Sen, Raja |date=5 September 2006 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061126141108/http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/05sld6.htm |archive-date=26 November 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; and returned to third place in 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2007/dec/18yrpoweractress9.htm |title=The most powerful actresses of 2007 |access-date=4 January 2008 |author=Sen, Raja |date=18 December 2007 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080103011103/http://specials.rediff.com/yearend/2007/dec/18yrpoweractress9.htm |archive-date=3 January 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2011, Kapoor placed fourth on Rediff's list of &quot;Top 10 Actresses of 2000–2010&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Decade&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-the-decade/20110105.htm |title=How The Decade Has Treated These Actresses |access-date=11 July 2012 |author=Verma, Sukanya |date=5 January 2011 |work=Rediff.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112211603/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-top-10-bollywood-actresses-of-the-decade/20110105.htm |archive-date=12 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kapoor featured in Box Office India's &quot;Top Bollywood Actresses&quot; list for thirteen years, and ranked first for five consecutive years (2007–2011) and in its &quot;All Time Top Actress&quot; list.&lt;ref name=&quot;Top Actress&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2011 |title=Top Actress 2011 |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=Box Office India |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209162504/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2012 |title=Top Actress 2012 |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=Box Office India |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230080130/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2012 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2013 |title=Top Actress 2013 |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=Box Office India |archive-date=30 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230004621/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2013 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2014 |title=Top Actress 2014 |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=Box Office India |archive-date=27 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227223419/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2015 |title=Top Actress 2015 |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=Box Office India |archive-date=26 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226212030/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php?txtYearlyData=2010-2019&amp;year=2015 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3940 |title=Alia Bhatt Topples Deepika Padukone To Be Number One |access-date=12 April 2024 |date=17 May 2018 |work=Box Office India |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519033228/https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=3940 |url-status=live }}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5793 |title=The Top Ten Heroines Today |access-date=12 April 2024 |date=9 January 2019 |work=Box Office India |archive-date=8 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008073635/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=5793 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php |title=Top Actresses All Time |access-date=12 April 2024 |work=Box Office India |archive-date=27 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327214337/https://boxofficeindia.com/hit-down-actoress.php |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> {{Main|Kareena Kapoor Khan filmography}}<br /> <br /> == Accolades ==<br /> {{Main|List of awards and nominations received by Kareena Kapoor Khan}}<br /> <br /> Kapoor has received six Filmfare Awards out of fifteen nominations. For her role in ''Refugee'', Kapoor was awarded the Best Female Debut in 2000. She earned a special jury recognition for ''Chameli'' (2003), and two Critics Award for Best Actress for ''Dev'' (2004) and ''Omkara'' (2006). Kapoor later received the Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress for ''Jab We Met'' (2007) and ''We Are Family'' (2010) respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Awards1&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of Indian film actresses]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> == Bibliography ==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite book |last1=Chatterjee |first1=Saibal |author-link1=Saibal Chatterjee |last2=Deenvi |first2=Gulzar |author-link2=Gulzar |last3=Nihalani |first3=Govind |author-link3=Govind Nihalani |title-link=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |year=2003 |publisher=[[Popular Prakashan]] |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Dewey |first=Susan |title=Making Miss India Miss World: Constructing Gender, Power, and the Nation in Postliberalization India |year=2008 |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]] |url=https://archive.org/details/makingmissindiam0000dewe |url-access=registration |isbn=978-0-8156-3176-7}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Jhunjhunwala |first=Udita |editor-last=Patel |editor-first=Bhaichand |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema |publisher=Penguin Books India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQL4dkVAnPIC |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-670-08572-9}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * {{IMDb name|nm0004626}}<br /> * {{BH person}}<br /> <br /> {{Kapoor family}}<br /> {{Navboxes<br /> | title = Awards for Kareena Kapoor<br /> | list =<br /> {{FilmfareAwardBestActress 2001–2020}}<br /> {{FilmfareAwardBestSupportingActress 2001–2020}}<br /> {{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestActress}}<br /> {{FilmfareAwardBestFemaleDebut}}<br /> {{IIFAAwardBestActress}}<br /> {{IIFAAwardBestFemaleDebut}}<br /> {{ProducersGuildFilmAwardBestActress}}<br /> {{ScreenAwardBestActress}}<br /> {{StardustAwardFemaleActor}}<br /> {{ZeeCineAwardBestActorFemale}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Subject bar<br /> |commons = yes<br /> |commons-search = Category:Kareena Kapoor Khan<br /> |d = yes<br /> |d-search = Q184885<br /> |portal1 = Biography<br /> |portal2 = Bollywood<br /> |portal3 = Films<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{Featured article}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapoor Khan, Kareena}}<br /> [[Category:1980 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br /> [[Category:Indian voice actresses]]<br /> [[Category:Mithibai College alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Sindhi people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian people of English descent]]<br /> [[Category:Kapoor family|Kareena]]<br /> [[Category:Tagore family]]<br /> [[Category:Harvard Summer School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Screen Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Zee Cine Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:International Indian Film Academy Awards winners]]<br /> [[Category:Welham Girls' School alumni]]<br /> [[Category:UNICEF goodwill ambassadors]]<br /> [[Category:Saif Ali Khan]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Castleton_Tea_Estate&diff=492933 2026-02-20T23:38:50Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: adding a data v1</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Tea garden in West Bengal, India}}<br /> {{Infobox park<br /> | name = Castleton Tea Estate<br /> | alt_name = <br /> | photo =<br /> | photo_width = 250<br /> | photo_caption =<br /> | type = <br /> | location = [[Darjeeling district]], West Bengal, India<br /> | nearest_city = <br /> | map = <br /> | coords = {{coord|26.869478|N|88.277652|E||display=inline,title}}<br /> | area = {{convert|170|ha}} <br /> | open = {{Start date|1885}}<br /> | elevation = {{convert|980 to 2300|m}}<br /> | owner = Goodricke Group<br /> | operator = <br /> | visitation_num = <br /> | status =<br /> | website =<br /> }}<br /> '''Castleton Tea Estate''' is a [[Tea garden (cultivation)|tea garden]] in the [[Kurseong (community development block)|Kurseong]] [[Community development blocks in India|CD block]] in the [[Kurseong subdivision]] of the [[Darjeeling district]] in the [[India]]n state of [[West Bengal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Besky |first=Sarah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tqXMDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Castleton+Tea+Estate&amp;pg=PA64 |title=Tasting Qualities: The Past and Future of Tea |date=2020 |publisher=Univ of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-30325-6 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==History==<br /> The garden was planted by Dr. Charles Graham in 1885. The [[Goodricke Group Limited|Goodricke Group]] took over the garden in 1984.&lt;ref name=&quot;teaboutique&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeelingteaboutique.com/castleton-tea-estate/ | title= Castleton Tea Estate - Kumseri Tea Garden| publisher= Darjeeling Tea Bouquet |access-date = 14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;holy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url =https://www.holymtn.com/homepage/tea/tea-estates/castleton-estate-tea-garden/ | title= Castleton Estate Tea Garden| publisher= Holy Mountain Trading Company |access-date = 14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The tea estate was earlier named Kumseri. There was a building named “Bank Ghar’’, which had the look of a castle and from that building, the place became Castleton. &lt;ref name=&quot;teaboutique&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> ==Geography==<br /> {{OSM Location map<br /> | width=350| height=370| zoom=10<br /> | coord={{coord|26|57|0|N|88|20|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Places and tea estates in the north-eastern portion of Darjeeling Sadar subdivision (including Rangli Rangliot CD block) and Kurseong subdivision in Darjeeling district'''&lt;br/&gt;CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, N: neighbourhood, H: hill centre, NP: national park/ wildlife sanctuary, TE: tea estate, TA: tourist attraction&lt;br/&gt;Abbreviations used in names – TG for Tea Garden (town/village), TE for Tea Estate&lt;br/&gt;Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly<br /> <br /> |mark-coord1={{coord|27|1|20|N|88|21|21|E}}| label-pos1=right|label1= Rangli Rangliot| numbered1=R| mark-title1= [[Rangli Rangliot]] (CT)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C42222|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2<br /> |mark-coord2={{coord|27|2|10|N|88|22|0|E}}| label-pos2=right|label2=Takdah| numbered2=R| mark-title2= [[Takdah]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord3={{coord|27|3|30|N|88|23|12|E}}| label-pos3=right|label3=Peshok TG| numbered3=R| mark-title3= [[Peshok Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord4={{coord|27|0|30|N|88|24|13|E}}| label-pos4=right|label4=Teesta Valley TG| numbered4=R| mark-title4= [[Teesta Valley Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord5={{coord|26|48|35|N|88|15|38|E}}| label-pos5=right|label5=Longview TG| numbered5=R| mark-title5= [[Longview Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord6={{coord|26|57|57|N|88|22|20|E}}| labelpos6=right| label6=Mangpu| numbered6=R| mark-title6= [[Mangpu]] (R)| <br /> |mark-coord7={{coord|26|54|20|N|88|16|40|E}}| label-pos7=left|label7=Monteviot TG| numbered7=R| mark-title7= [[Monteviot Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord8={{coord|26|49|30|N|88|17|22|E}}| label-pos8=left|label8=Rohini TG| numbered8=R| mark-title8= [[Rohini Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord9={{coord|26|46|20|N|88|21|35|E}}| label-pos9=left|label9=Sukna| numbered9=R| mark-title9= [[Sukna, Darjeeling]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord10={{coord|26|50|25|N|88|19|45|E}}| label-pos10=right|label10=Tindharia| numbered10=R| mark-title10= [[Tindharia]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord11={{coord|26|52|5|N|88|17|55|E}}| label-pos11=right|label11=Giddapahar| numbered11=R| mark-title11= [[Giddapahar]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord12={{coord|26|47|42|N|88|18|15|E}}| label-pos12=left|label12=Simulbari TG| numbered12=R| mark-title12= [[Simulbari Tea Garden]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord13={{coord|26|56|11|N|88|28|2|E}}| label-pos13=right|label13=Sittong| numbered13=R| mark-title13= [[Sittong]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord14={{coord|26|53|49|N|88|28|22|E}}| label-pos14=right|label14=Sevoke| numbered14=R| mark-title14= [[Sevoke]] (R)<br /> |mark-coord15={{coord|26|52|15|N|88|15|50|E}}| label-pos15=left|label15=Ambootia| numbered15=R| mark-title15= [[Ambootia]] (R)| shape-color15=#C42222<br /> |mark-coord16={{coord|26|49|30|N|88|19|0|E}}| label-pos16=right|label16=Cart Road| numbered16=CT| mark-title16= [[Cart Road]] (CT) | shape-color16=#800000<br /> |mark-coord17={{coord|26|53|30|N|88|17|30|E}}| label-pos17=left |label17=Kurseong| numbered17=M| mark-title17= [[Kurseong]] (M)| shape-color17=#800000<br /> |mark-coord18={{coord|27|5|55|N|88|20|50|E}}| label-pos18=left|label18=Glenburn TE| numbered18=TE| mark-title18= [[Glenburn Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color18=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord19={{coord|27|4|28|N|88|22|10|E}}| label-pos19=left|label19=Lopchu TE| numbered19=TE| mark-title19= [[Lopchu Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color19=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord20={{coord|26|51|25|N|88|14|8|E}}| label-pos20=left|label20=Balasun TE| numbered20=TE| mark-title20= [[Balasun Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color20=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord21={{coord|26|51|15|N|88|17|0|E}}| label-pos21=right|label21=Castleton TE| numbered21=TE| mark-title21= Castleton Tea Estate (TE) |shape-color21=black| label-size21=13|label-color21=black &lt;!-- make the subject of the article stand out with black colors --&gt;<br /> |mark-coord22={{coord|26|53|35|N|88|20|0|E}}| label-pos22=right|label22=Goomtee TE| numbered22=TE| mark-title22= [[Goomtee Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color22=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord23={{coord|26|54|35|N|88|20|20|E}}| label-pos23=right|label23=Jungpana TE| numbered23=TE| mark-title23= [[Jungpana Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color23=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord24={{coord|26|50|30|N|88|16|20|E}}| label-pos24=left|label24=Makaibari TE| numbered24=TE| mark-title24= [[Makaibari Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color24=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord25={{coord|26|55|30|N|88|17|50|E}}| label-pos25=right|label25=Margaret’s Hope TE| numbered25=TE| mark-title25= [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate]] (TE)| shape-color25=#87A96B<br /> |mark-coord26={{coord|26|52|25|N|88|26|20|E}}| label-pos26=bottom|label26=Mahananda |labela26= Wildlife| labelb26= Sanctuary| numbered26=NP| mark-title26= [[Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary]] (NP)| shape-color26=#228B22<br /> |mark-coord27={{coord|26|49|0|N|88|31|0|E}}|label27=Teesta River| label-color27 = #77A1CB| label-angle27=45| label-pos27=top| label-size27=10| mark-size27=0| mark-title27=none<br /> |mark-coord28={{coord|26|47|0|N|88|23|30|E}}|label28=Mahananda|labela28= River| label-color28 = #77A1CB| label-angle28=45| label-pos28=top| label-size28=10| mark-size28=0| mark-title28 =none<br /> |mark-coord29={{coord|26|45|0|N|88|17|0|E}}|label29= Balason River| label-color29 = #77A1CB| label-angle29=35| label-pos29=top| label-size29=10| mark-size29=0| mark-title29 =none<br /> |arc-coordA={{coord|27|9|0|N|88|11|50|E}}|arc-textA= SIKKIM| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-161| arc-gapA=-4| arc-radiusA=0.7 <br /> |arc-coordB={{coord|26|50|0|N|88|7|0|E}}|arc-textB= NEPAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=60| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4 }}<br /> <br /> ===The garden===<br /> The most renowned of all the gardens of the Goodricke Group is Castleton Tea Estate. The earth, sun, mist and dew bless the mountain slopes to grow the world’s best teas that are in demand around the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;teacup&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.teacupsfull.com/blogs/blog/castleton-tea-estate | title= Castleton Tea Estate – Producers of the Best Darjeeling Tea|publisher= tea cups full |access-date = 14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Castleton Tea Estate, with a planted area of {{convert|170|ha}}, is spread over the mountain slopes of [[Kurseong]] and Pankhabari, at an altitude of {{convert|980 to 2300|m}} above mean sea level.&lt;ref name=&quot;teaboutique&quot;/&gt; <br /> <br /> The names of garden sections are loaded with nostalgic emotions about the place – Bhalu Khop is a bear cave, Jim Basha means an erstwhile manager’s domain, Dhobitar was a washerman’s clothesline and Baseri means a resting place.&lt;ref name=&quot;teacup&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;small&gt;Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Economy==<br /> Quality is the essence of Castleton Tea Estate. It has been awarded the ISO9000/HACCP/ISO 22000 Quality Systems Certification. The quality levels are so high that it has fetched world record prices.&lt;ref name=&quot;teacup&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/agri-business/castleton-tea-fetches-record-price/article23078416.ece# | title = Castleton tea fetches record price|first=Santanu| last= Sanyal| publisher = The Hindu Businessline, 12 June 2012 |access-date = 14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The main products of Castleton Tea Estate are [[black tea]], [[green tea]], [[white tea]], Muscatel, and Moonlight,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.thunderbolttea.com/teas/castleton-moonlight-imperial-first-flush/ | title = Most Sought after Castleton Moonlight Imperial Tea | work=Castleton Tea Estate| publisher = TB |access-date = 18 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; which are picked from delicate Chinese bushes. The [[Darjeeling tea]] produced here has a rose like fragrance and the unique Muscatel flavour.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_0000bf.htm#an0 | title = Darjeeling Tea Estates| work=Castleton Tea Estate| publisher = Darjeeling Tourism |access-date = 14 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===The Goodricke Group===<br /> The Goodricke Group owns five tea estates in Darjeeling: [[Thurbo Tea Estate|Thurbo]], [[Badamtam Tea Estate|Badamtam]], [[Barnesbeg]], Castleton and [[Margaret's Hope Tea Estate|Margaret's Hope]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://goodricke.com/tea-garden/darjeeling/margarets-hope | title = Our gardens| publisher = Goodricke|access-date = 27 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kurseong}}<br /> <br /> {{Darjeeling District}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Tea estates in Darjeeling district]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Udupi_district&diff=458949 2026-02-19T05:07:09Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: update references per sources and improved wording</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=October 2021}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Udupi district<br /> | native_name = &lt;!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --&gt;<br /> | native_name_lang = Tulu<br /> | other_name = <br /> | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Karnataka|District]] of [[Karnataka]]<br /> | image_skyline = {{photomontage<br /> | photo1a = UdupiTemplePond.JPG<br /> | photo1b = Chaturmukha Basadi - Aranatha,Mallinatha,Munisuvrata Swamy, VRVTMRKOLLUR2015 (27).jpg<br /> | photo2a = Mookambika Temple, Kollur.jpg<br /> | photo2b = Kaup beach, Udupi, Karnataka 10.jpg<br /> | photo3a = St. Mary's Islands, Malpe beach, Karnataka 08.jpg<br /> | size = 250<br /> }}<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: [[Udupi Sri Krishna Matha]], [[Chaturmukha Basadi, Karkala|Chaturmukha Basadi]] in [[Karkala]], [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kapu Beach]], [[St. Mary's Islands]] near [[Malpe]], [[Mookambika Temple, Kollur|Mookambika Temple]] in [[Kollur, Udupi district|Kollur]]<br /> | nickname = Temple City<br /> | image_map = Udupi in Karnataka (India).svg<br /> | image_map1 = <br /> | map_alt = <br /> | map_caption = Location in Karnataka<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|13.35|N|74.75|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of India|Region]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Tulunadu]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news <br /> |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/13/stories/2006081317290300.htm <br /> |title=Tulu Nadu movement gaining momentum <br /> |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] <br /> |access-date=27 May 2009 <br /> |location=Chennai, India <br /> |date=13 August 2006 <br /> |url-status=unfit <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924043309/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/13/stories/2006081317290300.htm<br /> |archive-date=24 September 2012<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | established_title = Established<br /> | established_date = 25 August 1997<br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | seat_type = Headquarters<br /> | seat = [[Udupi]]<br /> | parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br /> | parts = [[Udupi]], [[Karkala]], [[Kundapura]], [[Hebri]], [[Byndoor]], [[Brahmavara]] &amp; [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kaup]]<br /> | government_type = [[District council (India)|District Administration]]<br /> |governing_body = Zilla panchayat<br /> | leader_title1 = Deputy Commissioner and District Magistrate<br /> | leader_name1 = Swaroopa T. K., [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]<br /> | leader_title2 = Chief Executive Officer<br /> | leader_name2 = Prateek Bayal ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])<br /> | leader_title3 = [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]]<br /> | leader_name3 = Hariram Shankar [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<br /> | leader_title4 = District Incharge Minister<br /> | leader_name4 = [[Lakshmi Hebbalkar]]<br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;cens&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Know India - Karnataka|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/districts/andhra1.php?stateid=KA|publisher=Government of India|access-date=6 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | area_total_km2 = 3,880<br /> | area_rank = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = <br /> | population_total = 1,177,361<br /> | population_as_of = 2011<br /> | population_footnotes = &lt;ref name=&quot;cens&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&amp;state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=1 November 2008|publisher= Census Commission of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_title2 = Regional<br /> | demographics1_info2 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]],[[Kundagannada|Kundapra bhashi]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Beary language|Beary]]&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 576 101<br /> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KA-UD]]<br /> | registration_plate = KA-20<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Coastline<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = {{Convert|98|km|mi}}<br /> | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]]<br /> | blank1_info_sec2 = {{convert|4302|mm|in}}<br /> | website = {{URL|udupi.nic.in/}}<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = Largest city<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Udupi]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = 1094 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]] [https://www.census2011.co.in/census/district/268-udupi.html]<br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = Literacy<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = 86.24%<br /> | blank5_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank5_info_sec1 = [[Udupi Chikmagalur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Udupi-Chikmagalur]]<br /> | official_name = <br /> }}<br /> '''Udupi district''' (also [[Udipi]] ({{IPA|kn|uɖupi|IPA}}) in Kannada or [[Odipu]] ({{IPA|tcy|oɖipu|IPA}}) in [[Tulu language]]) is an &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Coastal Karnataka |url=http://karenvis.nic.in/Database/Coastal_Karnataka_7956.aspx |access-date=2022-06-24 |website=karenvis.nic.in |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916153709/http://karenvis.nic.in/Database/Coastal_Karnataka_7956.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; administrative subdivision in the [[Karnataka]] state of [[India]], with the district headquarters in the city of [[Udupi]]. It is situated in the [[Canara]] old north Malabar coastal region. There are seven&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2018|title=Thimmappa inaugurates four new taluks (tehsils) in Udupi|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/thimmappa-inaugurates-three-new-taluks-in-udupi/article22758000.ece|access-date=2 September 2018|issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; taluks, 233 villages and 21 towns in Udupi district. The three northern [[tehsil]]s of [[Udupi]], [[Kundapur]] and [[Karkala]], were partitioned from [[Dakshina Kannada district]] ([[South Canara]]) to form Udupi district on 25 August 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Prabhu |first=Ganesh |date=28 June 2019 |title=Proposal submitted for new building for District Hospital in Udupi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/proposal-submitted-for-new-building-for-district-hospital-in-udupi/article28219993.ece |access-date=20 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Moodabidri]] was officially declared as new tehsil (taluk) in 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=3 August 2018 |title=Kadaba, Moodbidri taluks to be inaugurated on I-Day |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/kadaba-moodbidri-taluks-be-685271.html |access-date=2024-09-21 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> In February 2018, the district was split to into 3 more taluks, with [[Byndoor]] being carved out of [[Kundapur]] taluk and the Udupi taluk being split into three parts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last= |date=14 February 2018 |title=Udupi dist gets 3 new taluks |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/udupi-dist-gets-3-taluks-1920395 |access-date=20 September 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Along with the initial Udupi taluk, [[Kapu, Karnataka|Kapu]], [[Brahmavar]] and [[Hebri]] were created.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=15 February 2018 |title=Thimmappa inaugurates three new taluks in Udupi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Mangalore/thimmappa-inaugurates-three-new-taluks-in-udupi/article22758000.ece |access-date=20 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language= |issn=0971-751X}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Dinakar Babu and Sheela K Shetty of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] are the current president ([[Sarpanch]]) and vice-president of the Udupi Zilla Panchayat, respectively, after the election held at the Zilla Panchayat on 27 April 2016.{{citation needed|date=October 2021}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/13/stories/2006081317290300.htm <br /> |title=Tulu Nadu movement gaining momentum <br /> |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] <br /> |access-date=27 May 2009 <br /> |location=Chennai, India <br /> |date=13 August 2006 <br /> |url-status=unfit <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924043309/http://www.hindu.com/2006/08/13/stories/2006081317290300.htm<br /> |archive-date=24 September 2012<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Location ==<br /> Udupi district is surrounded by [[Uttara Kannada]] district in north, [[Dakshina Kannada]] district in southern direction. [[Shimoga district]] borders on north east side and [[Chikmagalur district]] on east. The [[Arabian Sea]] is west of Udupi district.<br /> <br /> ==Transportation==<br /> Udupi district is connected by road and railway line. The National highway 66 (previously NH-17) is the main highway road of Udupi district. National highway 169A connects this district with [[Thirthahalli]] in Shivamogga district but it is very narrow at many places and only mini buses and mini lorries are allowed on [[Agumbe]] ghat through which this national highway 169A passes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/feb/19/thirthahalli-malpe-nh-takes-off-in-phases-400-trees-marked-1940725.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220160112/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/feb/19/thirthahalli-malpe-nh-takes-off-in-phases-400-trees-marked-1940725.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 February 2019|title=Thirthahalli-Malpe National Highway takes off in phases, 400 trees marked|date=19 February 2019|work=The New Indian Express |access-date=30 September 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The national highway 169 (previously NH 13) from Mangaluru to Shivamogga passes through Sanoor, Karkala, Bajagoli, Mudar of this district. There are few state highways(SH) built and maintained by Karnataka public works department (P.W.D.). Main District Roads (M.D.R) connect villages and towns of the district.<br /> <br /> [[Konkan Railway]] connects Udupi with Goa, Maharashtra and Kerala states. [[Udupi]], [[Byndoor]], [[Kundapura]], [[Barkur]], Innanje, and [[Padubidre]] are few railway stations on Konkan railway line. There are trains from Udupi to state capital [[Bangalore]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Margao]], [[Thane]] and [[Mumbai]].<br /> <br /> ==Demographics==<br /> <br /> {{historical populations|11=1901|12=4,13,076|13=1911|14=4,25,607|15=1921|16=4,37,908|17=1931|18=4,66,756|19=1941|20=5,07,316|21=1951|22=5,75,817|23=1961|24=6,48,798|25=1971|26=7,75,647|27=1981|28=9,48,696|29=1991|30=10,38,099|31=2001|32=11,12,243|33=2011|34=11,77,361|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]&lt;/ref&gt;|align=center}}<br /> <br /> {{bar box<br /> |title=Religions in Udupi district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;religion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Table C-01 Population by Religion: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11378/download/14491/DDW29C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |titlebar=#Fcd116<br /> |left1=Religion<br /> |right1=Percent<br /> |float=left<br /> |bars=<br /> {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Karnataka|Hinduism]]|darkorange|85.72}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|green|8.22}}<br /> {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Karnataka|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|5.59}}<br /> {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.47}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Udupi district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,177,361.&lt;ref name=districtcensus&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=District Census Handbook: Udupi |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/636/download/2192/DH_2011_2915_PART_A_DCHB_UDUPI.pdf |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; This gives it a ranking of 403rd in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt; The district has a population density of {{convert|304|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt; Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 5.9%.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> Udupi district has {{formatnum:253078}} households, population of {{formatnum:1177361}} of which {{formatnum:562131}} are males and {{formatnum:615230}} are females. The population of children between age 0-6 is {{formatnum:103160}} which is 8.76% of the total population. The sex-ratio of Udupi district is around 1094 compared to 973 which is average of Karnataka state. The literacy rate of Udupi district is 78.69% out of which 82.85% males are literate and 74.89% females are literate. The total area of Udupi is {{cvt|3,582|sqkm}} with a population density of {{cvt|329|sqkm}}.<br /> <br /> Udupi has a [[sex ratio]] of 1093 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 86.29%. 28.37% of the population lives in urban areas. [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes]] make up 6.41% and 4.49% of the population respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;districtcensus&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Pie chart<br /> |caption = Languages of Udupi district (2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;language&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX|website=[[Census of India]] |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |label1 = [[Kannada]] |value1 = 42.70 |color1 = darkslateblue<br /> |label2 = [[Tulu language|Tulu]] |value2 = 31.44 |color2 = deepskyblue<br /> |label3 = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] |value3 = 12.16 |color3 = salmon<br /> |label4 = [[Urdu]] |value4 = 4.61 |color4 = green<br /> |label5 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value5 = 2.83 |color5 = red<br /> |label6 = [[Malayalam]] |value6 = 2.13 |color6 = cornflowerblue<br /> |label7 = [[Beary language|Beary]] |value7 = 2.01 |color7 = limegreen<br /> |label8 = Others |value8 = 2.12 |color8 = grey<br /> }}<br /> <br /> At the 2011 census, 42.70% of the population spoke [[Kannada]], 31.44% [[Tulu language|Tulu]], 12.16% [[Konkani language|Konkani]], 4.61% [[Urdu]], 2.83% [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 2.13% [[Malayalam]] and 2.01% [[Beary language|Beary]] as their first language.&lt;ref name=&quot;languages&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Karnataka |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10208/download/13320/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2900.XLSX |website=www.censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Climate==<br /> Udupi district has a tropical monsoon climate with hot, humid summers and very heavy monsoon rainfall. The hot pre-monsoon/summer period runs from March to May, when daytime temperatures typically range from about 30–34 °C and humidity rises before the onset of the south-west monsoon. The main rainy season is from June to September, with frequent heavy showers, strong coastal winds and high humidity; October–November are the retreating monsoon months with occasional rainfall, and December–February are comparatively dry and mild. <br /> <br /> Udupi is one of Karnataka’s wettest districts. Long-term district averages reported by state/meteorological sources put Udupi’s average annual rainfall in the range of about 4,200–4,500 mm (IMD/state reports give figures such as ~4,535 mm in recent state summaries). This places Udupi among the highest-rainfall districts in Karnataka and India.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;Udupi pips Agumbe to be Karnataka’s wettest place” — Deccan Herald (May 2022) — notes very high totals in 2016 and local records.https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/udupi-pips-agumbe-to-be-karnatakas-wettest-place-1111614.html &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The district has recorded exceptionally high totals in some years. For example, Udupi recorded very high annual totals in the mid-2010s (reports note 2016 totals exceeding 5,900 mm in the district), and nearby taluks (Karkala) recorded exceptional localized totals the following year. In June 2025 Udupi received an unusually large monthly total (about 1,140 mm for June) and was reported as the highest-rainfall district in India for that month in IMD/press summaries. These event years are often cited when describing Udupi’s status as one of India’s wettest districts.<br /> &lt;ref&gt;IMD / news coverage — Udupi recorded the highest district rainfall for June 2025 (monthly total ≈1,140 mm) — reported in Daijiworld / NewsKarnataka [https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1285453&amp;utm_source] &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Udupi has a tropical climate.&lt;ref&gt;India Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic By Arnold P. Kaminsky, Roger D. Long [https://books.google.com/books?id=wWDnTWrz4O8C&amp;dq=udupi+district+geography&amp;pg=PA401]&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Udupi had record rainfall during September 2020, with mass floods following soon after. The district received 315.3&amp;nbsp;mm rainfall which is a record in Udupi taluk during the last 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Udupi: Untimely rain catches district administration off guard, inept relief measures in place|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay.aspx?newsID=753189|access-date=10 October 2020|website=daijiworld.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Commerce and industry ==<br /> A [[Udupi Power Plant|thermal power plant]] has been set up at [[Nandicoor|Nandikoor]] in Udupi district, with installed capacity of 1200 MW and a further 1600 MW proposed.<br /> <br /> [[Suzlon]] has a manufacturing facility at [[Padubidri|Padubidre]] for making blades for wind mills. The project has been mired in controversies, with the company announcing a lock-out in November 2017 that lasted for more than a month. Activities were again suspended in July 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/mangaluru/suzlon-unit-shuts-down-680805.html|title=Suzlon unit shuts down temporarily|date=12 July 2018|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=1 December 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> A [[Strategic Petroleum Reserve (India)|strategic petroleum reserve]] is set up at an underground location in the village of Padur ([[Padoor, Karnataka|Padoor]]) in the Udupi district.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/28/stories/2009052854580500.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531092954/http://www.hindu.com/2009/05/28/stories/2009052854580500.htm | url-status=dead | archive-date=31 May 2009 | location=Chennai, India | work=[[The Hindu]] | title=Work begins on strategic petroleum reserve in Mangalore | date=28 May 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At Shivalli Industrial Estate in [[Manipal]] a few small scale industries have set up factories. There are few clay roof tiles (Mangalore tiles) industry, Cashew nut processing industry, Coconut oil mills and fish meal industry in Udupi district. There are many small entrepreneurs who make Pickles, Happala (Pappad), Spices powder and other food products in this district. Prior to nationalisation of commercial banks and insurance companies in early 1960s the district had many private banks and insurance companies. Syndicate Bank, Corporation Bank and Canara Bank had genesis in this district (then South Kanara district) before independence of India from British in 1947 A.D.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |url=http://gazetteer.kar.nic.in/gazetteer/distGazetteer.html#|title=District Gazetteer|year=2012|work= Govt of Karnataka|access-date=30 September 2019|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Notable people ==<br /> {{alumni|people|date=September 2017}}<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> {{Div col|colwidth=30em}}<br /> * [[V. S. Acharya]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |agency=Press Trust of India |date=2012-02-15 |title=V S Acharya passes away |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/v-s-acharya-passes-away-112021500019_1.html |access-date=2022-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> * [[Ravi Basrur]]<br /> * [[Siddharth Basrur]]<br /> * [[P. Gururaja Bhat]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.barkuronline.com/article/post/about-barkur/educationist-historian-father-south-kanara-archaeology-dr-p-gururaja-bhatt|title=Dr P. Gururaja Bhatt, An educationist, historian, 'Father of South Kanara Archaeology'..|access-date=2 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; historian of Tulunadu<br /> * [[K. Raghupati Bhat]]<br /> * [[Ramesh Bhat]]<br /> * [[Bannanje Govindacharya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bannanje-govindacharya-sanskrit-scholar-passes-away-7103456/|title=Bannanje Govindacharya, Sanskrit scholar and Padma Shri awardee, passes away|date=13 December 2020 |access-date=2 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Madhva philosophy scholar<br /> * [[Guru Dutt]]<br /> * [[Oscar Fernandes]]<br /> * [[Harini (Kannada actress)|Harini]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/Forever-remembered-in-Jaganmohini/article17138010.ece|title=Forever remembered in Jaganmohini|newspaper=The Hindu |date=2 February 2017 |access-date=2 November 2023 |last1=Khajane |first1=Muralidhara }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kannada movie heroine<br /> * [[K. Jayaprakash Hegde]]<br /> * [[N. Santosh Hegde]]<br /> * [[Pooja Hegde]]<br /> * [[K. Shivaram Karanth]]<br /> * [[Kashinath (actor)|Kashinath]]<br /> * [[V. Sunil Kumar]]<br /> * [[Pramod Madhwaraj]]<br /> * [[Veerappa Moily]]<br /> * [[Ramdas Pai]]<br /> * [[T. M. A. Pai]]<br /> * [[Kota Srinivas Poojary]]<br /> * [[Vinaya Prasad]]<br /> * [[Udupi Ramachandra Rao]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/science/indian-space-pioneer-udupi-ramachandra-rao-passes-away-at-85/articleshow/59732093.cms|title=Indian space pioneer Udupi Ramachandra Rao passes away at 85|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=24 July 2017 |access-date=2 November 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; space scientist and former chairman of ISRO<br /> * [[Ravi Shastri]]<br /> * [[B. R. Shetty]]<br /> * [[Dayanand Shetty]]<br /> * [[Raj Shetty]]<br /> * [[Rakshit Shetty]]<br /> * [[Rishab Shetty]]<br /> * [[Upendra (actor)|Upendra]]<br /> * [[B. Vittalacharya]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/a-face-to-the-faceless-the-b-vittalacharya-birthday-tribute/|title=A Face to the Faceless: The B Vittalacharya Tribute|publisher=silverscreenindia|access-date=2 November 2023|archive-date=5 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230805093749/https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/a-face-to-the-faceless-the-b-vittalacharya-birthday-tribute/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; film director in Telugu, Tamil cinema<br /> <br /> {{Div col end}}<br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Bharatpedia ♦♦♦---&gt; <br /> &lt;!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by the LAST NAME ♦♦♦---&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of villages in Udupi district]]<br /> *[[Udupi cuisine]]<br /> * [[Kere Basadi]]<br /> *[[South Kanara (North) (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> *[[South Kanara (South) (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> *[[Kukkikatte]]<br /> *[[Bankerkatta]]<br /> *[[Kuthpady]]<br /> *[[Malpe]]<br /> *[[Tonse East|Tonse]]<br /> *[[St. Mary's Islands]]<br /> *[[Udyavara]]<br /> *[[Yenagudde]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = S. Muhammad Hussain Nainar | year=1942<br /> | title= Tuhfat-al-Mujahidin: An Historical Work in The Arabic Language | publisher=University of Madras<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/Tuhfat-al-MujahidinAnHistoricalWorkInTheArabicLanguage<br /> |isbn= 9789839154801}} <br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = J. Sturrock | year=1894<br /> | title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-I) | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3200/page/n1/mode/2up<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = Harold A. Stuart | year=1895<br /> | title= Madras District Manuals - South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281736/mode/2up<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = Government of Madras | year=1905<br /> | title= Madras District Gazetteers: Statistical Appendix for South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177471/page/n1/mode/2up<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = Government of Madras | year=1915<br /> | title= Madras District Gazetteers South Canara (Volume-II) | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.16591/page/n5/mode/2up<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = Government of Madras | year=1953<br /> | title= 1951 Census Handbook- South Canara District | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6023/1/7746_1951.pdf<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation<br /> | author = J. I. Arputhanathan | year=1955<br /> | title= South Kanara, The Nilgiris, Malabar and Coimbatore Districts (Village-wise Mother-tongue Data for Bilingual or Multilingual Taluks) | publisher=Madras Government Press<br /> | url= http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6447/1/50056_1951_SOU.pdf<br /> }}<br /> * {{Citation |title=Statistical Atlas of the Madras State (1951)|last=Rajabhushanam|first=D. S.|publisher=Director of Statistics, Government of Madras|year=1963|location=Madras (Chennai)|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6454/1/9111_1951_STA.pdf}}<br /> *Studies in Tuluva History and Culture (1975) by [[P. Gururaja Bhat]], Published by Padur Gururaj Bhat Memorial Trust, Udupi, Reprint year 2014.<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{Commons category|Udupi district}}<br /> * [http://udupi.nic.in/ Official Website of Udupi district]<br /> <br /> {{Udupi District}}<br /> <br /> {{Karnataka topics}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Udupi district| ]]<br /> [[Category:Districts of Karnataka]]<br /> [[Category:1997 establishments in Karnataka]]<br /> <br /> [[kn:ಉಡುಪಿ]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kamaljeet&diff=507938 2026-02-07T23:20:57Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: starting basic pg added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian actor}}<br /> {{other uses|Kamaljit (disambiguation)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Kamaljeet<br /> | image = Shashi Rekhi.jpg<br /> | image_size =<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_name = Shashi Rekhi<br /> | birth_date = <br /> | birth_place = <br /> | death_date = 21 November 2000<br /> | death_place = <br /> | othername = Kamal Jeet, Kamaljit, Kamaljit Singh <br /> | known_for = ''[[Son of India (1962 film)|Son of India]], [[Shagoon]]''<br /> | occupation = Actor<br /> | years_active = <br /> | spouse = {{marriage|[[Waheeda Rehman]]|1974}}<br /> | children = 2<br /> | relatives = [[Priya Rajvansh]] (sister)<br /> | family = [[Anand family]] (through sister)<br /> | awards = <br /> }}<br /> '''Kamaljeet''' (born '''Shashi Rekhi''') was an Indian actor in [[Hindi film|Hindi language films]]. His major work includes ''[[Son of India (1962 film)|Son of India]]'' and ''[[Shagoon]]'' (co-starring Waheeda Rehman).<br /> <br /> ==Personal life==<br /> Rekhi married Indian actress [[Waheeda Rehman]] in 1974. The couple had a daughter and son – Kashvi and Sohail.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Exclusive: Waheeda Rehman's Son Has A Dream Wedding In Bhutan|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/waheeda-rehman-son-wedding-bhutan-asha-parekh-helen-bhawana-somaaya|website=The Quint|publisher=The Quint|accessdate=11 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mirror on a Full Moon|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/mirror-on-a-full-moon/290301|website=Outlook India|publisher=Outlook India|accessdate=11 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Secrets: Unknown Husbands Of Bollywood|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/secrets-unknown-husbands-of-bollywood-actresses-277717-26.html|website=Indiatimes|publisher=Times Internet Limited|accessdate=11 March 2018|archive-date=12 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083326/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/secrets-unknown-husbands-of-bollywood-actresses-277717-26.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Filmography==<br /> * 1992 ''Heer Ranjha''<br /> * 1988 ''[[Tamacha]]''<br /> * 1970 ''Veer Ghatotkach''<br /> * 1964 ''Qawwali Ki Raat''<br /> * 1964 ''[[Shagoon]]''<br /> * 1964 ''Vidyapati''<br /> * 1962 ''Sher Khan''<br /> * 1962 ''[[Son of India (1962 film)|Son of India]]''<br /> * 1961 ''[[Mr. India (1961 film)|Mr. India]]''<br /> * 1957 ''Kitna Badal Gaya Insaan''<br /> * 1957 ''Zamana''<br /> * 1956 ''[[Kismet Ka Khel]]''<br /> * 1956 ''[[Mr. Lambu]]''<br /> *1956 &quot; Shart&quot;<br /> *1956 &quot;Hum rahe na hum&quot;<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references /&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * {{IMDb name|id=0436405|name=Kamaljit Singh}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Kamaljeet}}<br /> [[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]<br /> [[Category:Anand–Sahni family]]<br /> [[Category:2000 deaths]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._John%27s_Church,_Gorakhpur&diff=537356 2026-02-06T07:49:45Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: added basic bio more to come!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Infobox church<br /> | name = St. John's Church, Gorakhpur<br /> | image = St johns church building gorakhpur.jpg<br /> | caption = St. John's Church, Gorakhpur<br /> | location = Basharatpur, Gorakhpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]], India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|26.78535|N|83.38434|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | country = India<br /> | denomination = [[Church of North India]]<br /> | churchmanship = [[Protestantism|Protestant]]<br /> | website = {{URL|https://stjohnschurchgkp.org}}<br /> | founder = Rev. Michael Wilkinson (1797–1848), Church Missionary Society<br /> | status = Church<br /> | functional_status = Active<br /> | capacity = 1000<br /> | parish = Gorakhpur<br /> | deanery = Gorakhpur Deanery<br /> | diocese = [[Diocese of Lucknow (CNI)|Lucknow]]<br /> | province = Church of North India<br /> | bishop = Rt. Rev. Moris Edgar Dan<br /> | vicar = Rev. Roshan Lal<br /> | architecture_type = Church<br /> | style = Originally Gothic; later altered through renovation<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''St. John's Church, Gorakhpur''' is a [[Protestantism|Protestant]] church located in the Basharatpur region of [[Gorakhpur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is affiliated with the [[Church of North India]] and falls under the [[Diocese of Lucknow (CNI)|Diocese of Lucknow]]. The church has a seating capacity of approximately 1,000 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Christian community of Gorakhpur looking forward to Easter celebrations |url=https://m.economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/christian-community-of-gorakhpur-looking-forward-to-easter-celebrations/articleshow/57831182.cms |website=The Economic Times |date=25 March 2017 |access-date=31 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Easter celebrations in Gorakhpur: Processions and prayers unite Christian community |newspaper=Live Hindustan |date=25 March 2017 |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-easter-celebrations-in-gorakhpur-processions-and-prayers-unite-christian-community-201745191949285.html |access-date=2025-05-31 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> Historical sources indicate that Christian mission activity began in Gorakhpur in the early 19th century. [[Robert Merttins Bird]], who served as the Collector of Gorakhpur under the British administration&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=Syed Najmul |title=Some Little Known or Unknown Freedom Fighters of the War of Independence, 1857–58 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=69 |year=2008 |pages=493–497 |jstor=44147212 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147212 |access-date=2025-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is known for his role in the [[Mahalwari]] land revenue system, is recorded to have requested the [[Church Missionary Society]] to send a missionary to the region, after which Rev. Michael Wilkinson was appointed to the station.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Church Missionary Tracts, Volume 19 |publisher=Seeleys |year=1852 |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-04_e84vMO4C |access-date=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Colonial Systems of Land Revenue: Mahalwari, Ryotwari |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/colonial-systems-land-revenue-mahalwari-ryotwari |website=Indian Culture |publisher=Ministry of Culture, Government of India |access-date=9 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wilkinson is recorded as having begun his work in Gorakhpur by 1824.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson1859&quot;&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Wilkinson<br /> | first = Michael<br /> | title = Memorials of an Indian Missionary<br /> | publisher = Wertheim, Macintosh &amp; Hunt<br /> | year = 1859<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AyJBAAAAcAAJ<br /> | pages = 27, 157<br /> | access-date = 2025-05-31<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | title = Further Recollections of an Indian Missionary<br /> | last = Leupolt<br /> | first = Carl Benjamin<br /> | publisher = J. Nisbet<br /> | year = 1884<br /> | page = 313<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vcsHAAAAQAAJ<br /> | access-date = 2025-06-01<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Barney<br /> | first = A. M.<br /> | title = The Star in the East: An Account of the Church Missionary Society's Work in North India<br /> | publisher = John F. Shaw and Co.<br /> | year = 1860<br /> | page = 106<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=9ewCAAAAQAAJ<br /> | access-date = 2025-06-01<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1828, Bishop [[Daniel Corrie]] noted in his journal that a new church was being built in Gorakhpur according to plans by Bishop [[Reginald Heber]], although he did not specify its name. He also referenced the assistance of Mr. Wilkinson and Mr. Robert Merttins Bird, both known to have been active in the area at the time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Corrie |first=Daniel |title=Memoirs of the Right Rev. Daniel Corrie, LL.D., First Bishop of Madras |publisher=Seeley, Burnside, and Seeley |location=London |year=1847 |page=441 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73309 |access-date=2025-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The church observes the Feast of the [[Nativity of John the Baptist]], traditionally held on 24 June, as its foundation day.<br /> <br /> Rev. Michael Wilkinson oversaw the construction of the church, initially named the &quot;Church in the Wilderness,&quot; which was completed in 1832.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson1859&quot; /&gt; The church was part of a mission settlement in Basharatpur, to establish an agricultural community.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson1859&quot; /&gt; These converts cultivated land granted by [[Lord William Bentinck]] to support the mission.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson1859&quot; /&gt; By 1846, the mission supported a congregation of 217 native Christians and schools educating over 300 children.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson1859&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The original structure, constructed in the Gothic style, experienced damage during the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]. On 13 August 1857, the mission, including the church, was evacuated due to rebel threats, and the 162 native Christians were placed under the protection of a Hindu king named Raja Krishna Kishore Chand of Gopalpur.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson1859&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Atkinson1881&quot;&gt;Alexander, E. B.; Conybeare, H. C.; Wright, F. N. (1881). ''Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the North-Western Provinces of India, Vol. VI: Cawnpore, Gorakhpur, Basti''. Edited by Edwin T. Atkinson. Allahabad: North-Western Provinces and Oudh Government Press. p. 456. [https://books.google.co.in/books?id=YUZDm98WSbsC Available at Google Books]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rizvi |first=Syed Najmul |title=Some Little Known or Unknown Freedom Fighters of the War of Independence, 1857–58 |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=2008 |volume=69 |pages=493–497 |jstor=44147212 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44147212 |access-date=2025-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the Rajah's deposition by Muslim rebels, the Christians fled Basharatpur on 20 October 1857, with 141 reaching Aligunje, near Chupra.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson1859&quot; /&gt; The church and mission properties were damaged but restored after British forces reoccupied Gorakhpur, with the community returning under Rev. H. Stern.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilkinson1859&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Church Missionary Intelligencer and Record, Vol. V (New Series) |year=1880 |publisher=Church Missionary House |location=London |page=243 |url=https://archive.org/details/churchmissionar05unkngoog/page/n253/mode/2up |access-date=2025-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; The church was subsequently repaired.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=St. John's Church Gorakhpur celebrates 200 years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/st-john-s-church-gorakhpur-celebrates-200-years-101687123456789.html |date=24 June 2023 |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2000, renovation efforts led to changes in the church's architectural appearance, incorporating contemporary elements while retaining some traditional features.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=गोरखपुर के सेंट जॉन चर्च की 197 साल पुरानी ऐतिहासिक धरोहर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/gorakhpur/special-story-of-st-john-s-church-gorakhpur-church-history-197-years-old |website=Amar Ujala |access-date=2025-05-31 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Additional documentation about the church's early activities in Basharatpur appears in 19th-century missionary publications, including *Missionary Sketches in North India* by F. Weitbrecht.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Weitbrecht |first=Mrs. J.J. |title=Missionary Sketches in North India |year=1858 |publisher=Nisbet &amp; Co. |page=347 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.195822/page/n371/mode/2up |access-date=2025-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Administration and Services ==<br /> The Church is part of the [[Church of North India]] (CNI) and comes under the jurisdiction of the [[Diocese of Lucknow (Church of North India)|Diocese of Lucknow]]. The church falls within the Gorakhpur Deanery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gorakhpur: St. John's Church Celebrates Two Hundred Years of Journey |date=23 June 2023 |url=https://gogorakhpur.com/gorakhpur-st-johns-church-celebrates-two-hundred-years-of-journey/ |access-date=2025-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Church of North India, established in 1970 through a union of several Protestant denominations, functions as a united church across northern and central India. It emphasizes mission, education, and community outreach across its dioceses.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Church of North India |url=https://cnisynod.org/about-cni/ |access-date=2025-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The church conducts worship services in both Hindi and English. It hosts regular liturgical celebrations and community outreach activities, particularly during major Christian observances such as Easter and Christmas.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveHindustan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=ईस्टर पर गोरखपुर के सेंट जॉन चर्च में हुआ भव्य आयोजन |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur/story-easter-celebrations-in-gorakhpur-processions-and-prayers-unite-christian-community-201745191949285.html |newspaper=Live Hindustan |date=25 March 2017 |access-date=2025-05-31 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The bicentenary of the church was marked in June 2023 through a series of religious and community programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Historic St. John's Church commemorates 200th anniversary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gorakhpur/historic-st-johns-church-commemorates-200th-anniversary/articleshow/101230123.cms |date=25 June 2023 |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2025-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;News18Hindi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=गोरखपुर का सेंट जॉन चर्च मना रहा 200वीं वर्षगांठ |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-saint-john-church-is-celebrating-its-200th-anniversary-6561071.html |website=News18 Hindi |date=24 June 2023 |access-date=2025-06-01 |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/gorakhpur-gorakhpurs-oldest-church-is-celebrating-200-years-of-celebration-it-was-established-in-1823-6641399.html<br /> |title=गोरखपुर का सबसे पुराना चर्च 200 वर्ष पूरा कर मना रहा जयंती, इसकी स्थापना 1823 में हुई थी<br /> |publisher=News18 हिंदी (उत्तर प्रदेश)<br /> |language=hi<br /> |date=2025-06-06<br /> |access-date=2025-06-06<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Mary Bird (author)]]<br /> *[[Isabella Bird]]<br /> *[[William Wilberforce Bird (governor)|William Wilberforce Bird]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> &lt;references/&gt;<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [https://stjohnschurchgkp.org Official website]<br /> * [https://lucknowdiocese.org Diocese of Lucknow, Church of North India]<br /> * [https://cnisynod.org Church of North India Synod]<br /> <br /> {{Portal|Christianity|Uttar Pradesh}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:John's Church, Gorakhpur}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Churches in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:Gorakhpur]]<br /> [[Category:Christianity in Uttar Pradesh]]<br /> [[Category:19th-century churches in India]]<br /> [[Category:Churches in India]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Homfreyganj_massacre&diff=503044 2026-02-02T14:15:43Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: starting first pg added tags</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|1944 massacre of Indians by Japan}}<br /> {{Infobox civilian attack<br /> |title=Homfreyganj massacre<br /> |image=File:Andaman Islands.PNG<br /> |caption=Location of the [[Andaman Islands]]<br /> |coordinates = {{coord|11|40|48|N|92|46|12|E}}<br /> |image_size = 275px<br /> |date=30 January 1944<br /> |time=<br /> |timezone=<br /> |type= [[mass murder]], [[wikt:massacre|massacre]]<br /> |fatalities= 44 Indian civilians<br /> |perps = [[Imperial Japanese Army]]<br /> |weapons =<br /> }}<br /> {{Campaignbox Indian Ocean Theatre}}<br /> {{Campaignbox Pacific Ocean}}<br /> The '''Homfreyganj massacre''' was a [[massacre]] of suspected spies during [[World War II]] in the occupied [[Andaman Islands]].<br /> <br /> On January 30, 1944, 44 Indian civilians, suspected of spying, were put to death by the Japanese.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=854237 |title=WWII &amp;#124; pacific &amp;#124; Event view |access-date=2011-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402052514/http://www.xtimeline.com/evt/view.aspx?id=854237 |archive-date=2012-04-02 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; They were all shot dead at point-blank range. The majority of the victims were members of the [[Indian Independence League]].&lt;ref&gt;Dasgupta ''Red Sun over Black Water'' pp67, 87, 91-5; Mathur ''Kala Pani'' pp249-51&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> At the time of the massacre, the Andaman Islands were technically under [[Azad Hind]] control, although in fact, the [[Japanese people|Japanese]] were very much in charge. Despite the lack of practical authority, the Azad Hind government was often accused of &quot;failing its people&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Iqbal Singh ''The Andaman Story'' p249&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> The [[Andaman Islands]], although part of British India, was occupied by the Japanese without resistance. The Japanese maintained a hefty garrison on the islands until the end of World War II. They wanted to use the Andaman Islands as a strategic outpost on the eastern edge of the Indian Ocean, and use it as a [[naval base]]. The Japanese wanted to prevent the British from using the islands as a naval and air base to attack the maritime supply line between [[Singapore]] and [[Rangoon]] (now known as Yangon). They also intended to use the islands to establish a seaplane base to patrol the Bay of Bengal. The British also saw the islands to have military value, especially because they could launch both air raids and invasions against [[Burma]] and [[British Malaya|Malaya]] (both occupied by Japan). This led to close interest and naval attacks.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Miller|first=David|title=Special Operations South-East Asia 1942–1945: Minerva, Baldhead &amp; Longshank/Creek|publisher=Pen &amp; Sword Military|year=2015|isbn=9781473874237|pages=e.g.50–53}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Japanese invasion ==<br /> [[File:Andaman nicobar 76.jpg|thumb|{{center|Map of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}]]<br /> By early 1942, the islands had a population of about 40,000, of which 3,000–5,000 were indigenous people, and the rest being several hundred Europeans, and Indians. Previously, the Japanese had overwhelming success in Malaya and Singapore. This led to a reappraisal of the defense of the Andaman Islands and the people. It was decided that the islands were indefensible. On 10 March 1942, Indian Hindu priests, British women, and British children were evacuated. Led by Captain Kawasaki Harumi, the Japanese quickly dispatched an invasion force coming from [[Penang]]. They arrived at [[Port Blair]] on 23 March 1942. The invaders landed at [[Ross Island, South Andaman district|Ross Island]] and Port Blair; detachments were also sent to other populated areas of the islands, like [[Port Cornwallis]]. Even though there was no resistance to the invaders, the Japanese were ruthless. They arrested eight senior officials in Port Blair and forced them to dig pits up until only their heads would show. Once they were done, they were stabbed and shot. In another atrocity, an Englishman was publicly beheaded because he communicated with one of his clerks upon being arrested. Other British officials and officers were detained and shipped to Singapore, where they spent the rest of the war in Changi or Sime Road jails. The Japanese also used many local women as [[comfort girls]]. Until August 1945, as many as 30,000 out of 40,000 of the population were killed.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Japanese occupation ==<br /> The Japanese set up a seaplane base at Port Blair, and land forces grouped around Port Blair and Ross Island. They often went on patrols looking for enemies in small motorboats but their noisy vehicles often made their presence clear. There were also many aircraft searches but no British activity was ever spotted. The Japanese wanted to make political capital from their occupation by appearing to transfer the administration of the Andaman Islands to the [[Indian independence movement|Indian Independence Movement]] ([[Azad Hind]]) but the Japanese retained all their power. The Indian leader [[Subhas Chandra Bose]] visited Port Blair in 1943 and the islands were given governors appointed by him, as well as new names but no authority was handed over to Azad Hind by the Japanese Navy. During his trip, the Japanese were still arresting and torturing members of Azad Hind. After Bose had left, on 30 January 1944, 44 Indians, the majority of them being part of the Indian Independence League, were accused of spying and shot in what was known as the Homfreyganj Massacre.The Japanese took the care of it in such a way that he never came to know about this massacre.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> == Aftermath ==<br /> The worst atrocities were saved for last. Food became increasingly scarce, so the Japanese decided to get rid of the old and unemployable. On 13 August 1945, 300 Indians were loaded onto 3 boats which were taken to an uninhabited island. When the boats were several hundred yards from the beach, they were forced to jump into the ocean. About ⅓ of them drowned, and the ones who made it ashore starved to death. Only 11 were alive when British rescuers arrived 6 weeks later. The following day 800 civilians were taken to another uninhabited island where they were left on the beach. 19 Japanese troops came ashore and shot or bayoneted every last one of them. Later, troops came to burn and bury all the dead bodies.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:1944 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Conflicts in 1944]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in 1944]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres committed by Japan]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in World War II]]<br /> [[Category:History of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]<br /> [[Category:January 1944 in Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Massacres in India]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century mass murders in India]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Robertson_Murray&diff=485489 2026-01-29T19:21:50Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: Created new post...</p> <hr /> <div>'''Sir Alexander Robertson Murray''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KCIE|CBE}} (29 November 1872 &amp;nbsp;– 19 March 1956) was a former President of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Sir Alexander Murray|work=[[The Times]] |page= 13 |date= 21 March 1956}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> A native of Elgin, he commenced his business career in the town clerk's office at Montrose, coming to Dundee some years later, when he entered the service of Messrs Andrew Hendry &amp; Sons, solicitors, although he did not actually become articled to the legal profession. He went to India in 1899, where he had a distinguished career in commercial and public life.&lt;ref&gt;'' Courier &amp; Advertiser (Dundee)'' Wed 24 Jun 1936 p14&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The son of a Scottish railway official, as a young accountant he went out to Calcutta, working his way up to become head of two firms based in Clive Street, then the bastion of English mercantile trade in imperial Calcutta, Thomas Duff and Co., and [[Jardine, Skinner and Company|Jardine, Skinner and Co.]] He was evidently a prominent figure in the commercial life of Bengal, becoming President of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and representing it in the Bengal Legislature. He sat on various committees and commissions relating to Indian business and economics. In 1913 and 1917-19 he was selected Chairman of the Indian Jute Mills Association and in 1927 was named Chairman of the Indian Mining Association. He represented the Bengal Chamber of Commerce in the Bengal Legislative Council (1919) and in the [[Imperial Legislative Council]] (1920) and in the Council of State (1921–23). In 1920 he became President of the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and of the Associated Chambers of Commerce of India and Ceylon. He represented employers of at International Labour Conferences: 1919 in Washington, D.C. and 1924 in Geneva. The Government on India placed Murray on the Indian Retrenchment Committee (1922–23). From 1922 to 1927 he served as Governor of the [[Imperial Bank of India]]. He held memberships on the Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance (1925–26) and the Royal Commission on Indian Labour (1929–31). He presided over the Indian Special Tariff Board (1935–36).&lt;ref&gt;''The History of British India: A Chronology'' By John F. Riddick&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> On retiring from Bengal in 1928, he moved to England where he was appointed director on numerous company boards, such as Lloyds Bank Ltd., Bank of London and South America Ltd., the Samnuggur, Titaghur and Victoria Jute Companies and was Deputy Governor of [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. He was also on the governing body of the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] from 1935 to 1948.&lt;ref&gt;''Who's Who, Men and Women of the Time'', 1935&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> <br /> In recognition of his work he was made [[CBE]] in the [[1919 New Year Honours]], knighted in [[1921 New Year Honours|1921]], made Knight of Grace of the Order of St. John of Jerusalem (KGStJ) in 1924 and created Knight Commander of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in [[1936 Birthday Honours|1936]].<br /> <br /> ==Family==<br /> <br /> He was born to Alexander Murray and Catherine Robertson. He married Margaret Allan Grant and had a son and two daughters. ''The Times'' of 19 April 1944 carried a notice of the marriage of Captain Alexander Grant Murray, The Seaforth Highlanders, only son of Sir Alexander Murray, K.C.I.E, C.B.E., and Lady Murray, Uplands, Hughenden to Pamela Mary Upham, A.T.S. Tragically Captain Murray was to die later that year whilst serving with his regiment, probably in Normandy. His name is included on the plaque in the north aisle of Hughenden Parish Church which commemorates the men of the parish who died on active service during World War II.<br /> <br /> == Notes and references ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.bucksas.org.uk/documents/hbg/Uplands.pdf]<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Murray, Alexander Robertson}}<br /> [[Category:1872 births]]<br /> [[Category:1956 deaths]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Bachelor]]<br /> [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Commanders of the Order of the British Empire]]<br /> [[Category:Businesspeople from British India]]<br /> [[Category:British people in British India]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tushar_Durgeshbhai_Shukla&diff=542163 2026-01-29T15:12:01Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: added a info from scratch!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian poet and author (born 1955)}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox person<br /> | name = Tushar Durgeshbhai Shukla<br /> | image = Tushar Shukla.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1955|06|29}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]], India<br /> | education = Master's degree in Gujarati and English literature (Gujarat University), LLB<br /> | alma_mater = [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat University]]<br /> | occupation = Poet, author, lyricist, playwright, media personality<br /> | notable_works = ''Tari Hatheli Ne'', ''Maaro Varsad'', ''Puchhine Thay Nahi Prem''<br /> | father = Durgesh Shukla<br /> | awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2025)<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Tushar Durgeshbhai Shukla''' (born 29 June 1955) is an Indian poet, author, and media personality known for his contributions to [[Gujarati literature]] and culture. He was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], India's fourth-highest civilian honor, in the field of literature and education in 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=25 Jan 2025 |title=Padma Awards 2025 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2096285 |access-date={{TODAY}} |website=Press Information Bureau—Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;I happily accept this award&quot;: Poet Tushar Shukla on receiving Padma Shri |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/i-happily-accept-this-award-poet-tushar-shukla-on-receiving-padma-shri20250126201813/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=ANI News |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Early life and education ==<br /> Tushar Shukla was born into a family with a literary background; his father, Durgesh Shukla, was a Gujarati playwright, author, and poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;CreativeYatraBio2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2019-02-21 |title=Meet the Beloved Gujarati Poet Tushar Shukla |url=https://creativeyatra.com/culture/meet-beloved-gujarati-poet-tushar-shukla/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Creative Yatra}}&lt;/ref&gt; He completed his schooling in Gujarati medium from Swastik Shishu Vihar School in Ahmedabad.&lt;ref name=&quot;CreativeYatraBio2&quot; /&gt; He pursued higher education at [[St. Xavier's College, Ahmedabad]], studying Gujarati and English literature, followed by a Master's degree from [[Gujarat University]]'s School of Languages.&lt;ref name=&quot;CreativeYatraBio2&quot; /&gt; He also completed an LLB degree, though he did not practice law.&lt;ref name=&quot;CreativeYatraBio2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Career ==<br /> === All India Radio ===<br /> Shukla has had an extensive career with [[All India Radio]], where he started as an announcer. He anchored popular shows and produced programs for children and youth at AIR, including 'Shanabhai and Shakrabhai.'&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Tushar Shukla @ R R Sheth Books |url=https://rrsheth.com/rr_author/tushar-shukla/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=R R Sheth Books |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; He retired as the station director of AIR Rajkot.&lt;ref name=&quot;CreativeYatraBio2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> === Literary works ===<br /> Tushar Shukla has authored over 30 published books, primarily poetry and essays exploring family issues and social observations.&lt;ref name=&quot;GujSahityaForum2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Tushar Shukla - Gujarati Sahitya Forum |url=https://www.gujaratisahitya.org/people/tushar-shukla |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=Gujarati Sahitya Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CreativeYatraBio2&quot; /&gt; His poetry collections include ''Tari Hatheli Ne'', ''Maaro Varsad'', ''Puchhine Thay Nahi Prem'', ''Mann Masti ane Motor Cycle'', and ''Aashka''.&lt;ref name=&quot;CreativeYatraBio2&quot; /&gt; His poems have been included in textbooks in Gujarat and Maharashtra.&lt;ref name=&quot;GujSahityaForum2&quot; /&gt; Shukla has also contributed as a columnist for Gujarati newspapers such as ''[[Gujarat Samachar]]'' and ''[[Divya Bhaskar]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;GujSahityaForum2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TenNewsPadma2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |date=2025-04-29 |title=India's changemakers speak: Padma awardees reflect on recognition and responsibility |url=https://tennews.in/indias-changemakers-speak-padma-awardees-reflect-on-recognition-and-responsibility/ |access-date=2024-05-20 |website=tennews.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Media and other contributions ===<br /> Shukla has also written songs and dialogues for television programs and Gujarati films.&lt;ref name=&quot;GujSahityaForum2&quot; /&gt; Several well-known singers, including [[Kavita Krishnamurthy]], [[Roopkumar Rathod]], Shyamal Munshi, Aarti Munshi, Mitali Singh, and [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]], have performed his lyrics.&lt;ref name=&quot;CreativeYatraBio2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GujSahityaForum2&quot; /&gt; Music duo [[Shyamal-Saumil]] released a special CD featuring his poems.&lt;ref name=&quot;GujSahityaForum2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> He has also appeared as a guest artist in Gujarati films like ''Bey Yaar'', ''Shubharambh'', ''Vitamin She'', and ''Love Ni Bhavai''.&lt;ref name=&quot;GujSahityaForum2&quot; /&gt; Shukla teaches journalism at [[Gujarat University]] and the R.J. training center of L.J. College, and provides training at the regional training center of All India Radio.&lt;ref name=&quot;GujSahityaForum2&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Selected works ==<br /> * ''Tari Hatheli Ne'' (Poetry)<br /> * ''Maaro Varsad'' (Poetry)<br /> * ''Puchhine Thay Nahi Prem'' (Poetry)<br /> * ''Coffee Break'' (Essays){{citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> * ''Kanku no Suraj''{{citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> * ''Lemon Tea'' (Essays){{citation needed|date=July 2025}}<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> * [[List of Gujarati-language writers]]<br /> * [[List of Padma Shri award recipients (2020–2029)]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Literature &amp; Education}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in literature and education]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarati writers]]<br /> [[Category:Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]<br /> [[Category:Writers from Gujarat]]<br /> [[Category:People from Ahmedabad]]<br /> [[Category:All India Radio people]]<br /> [[Category:Gujarat University alumni]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:1955 births]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongsen_Ao_language&diff=467252 2026-01-25T19:12:20Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: small adjust information per standard format</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Sino-Tibetan language spoken in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox language <br /> |name=Mongsen Ao<br /> |states=[[India]]<br /> |region=[[Nagaland]]<br /> |ethnicity=[[Ao Naga]]<br /> |speakers=104,003&lt;!--Mongsen is estimated to be spoken by 40% of speakers of broader &quot;Ao&quot; grouping - Chungli, Mongsen and others. Indian census data includes people who returned that &quot;Ao&quot; was their mother tongue, which could be either Chungli or Mongsen, in addition to those who marked their language as Chungli or Mongsen.--&gt;<br /> |date=2011 census<br /> |ref=&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language_MTs.html|title=Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011|publisher=Office of the Registrar General &amp; Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=2018-07-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;grammar&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1mZVhbG7TtYC&amp;q=mongsen+ao&amp;pg=PR1|title=A Grammar of Mongsen Ao|last=Coupe|first=A. R.|date=2007-01-01|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=9783110198522|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |familycolor=Sino-Tibetan<br /> |fam2=[[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]]<br /> |fam3=[[Central Tibeto-Burman languages|Central Tibeto-Burman]] (?)<br /> |fam4=[[Kuki-Chin–Naga languages|Kuki-Chin–Naga]] <br /> |fam5=[[Central Naga languages|Central Naga]]<br /> |fam6=[[Ao languages]]<br /> |fam7=[[Ao language]]<br /> |iso3=none<br /> |glotto=mong1332<br /> |glottorefname=Mongsen<br /> |notice=IPA<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:WIKITONGUES- Imtimeren speaking Mongsen and English.webm|thumb|A Mongsen Ao speaker speaking Mongsen and English.]]<br /> <br /> '''Mongsen Ao''' is a member of the [[Ao languages]], a branch of the [[Sino-Tibetan languages]], predominantly spoken in central [[Mokokchung District|Mokokchung district]] of [[Nagaland]], northeast [[India]]. Its speakers see the language as one of two varieties of a greater &quot;[[Ao language]],&quot; along with the prestige variety [[Chungli Ao language|Chungli Ao]].&lt;ref name=&quot;grammar&quot;/&gt;<br /> <br /> A chapter in the anthropological monograph of Mills (1926) provides a grammatical sketch of the variety of Mongsen Ao spoken in Longjang village. Coupe (2003) is one of the few [[Acoustic phonetics|acoustic]] studies published on a Kuki-Chin-Naga language (only three exist). Coupe (2007) is a reference grammar of the language, based on a revision of his PhD dissertation (Coupe 2004).<br /> <br /> ==Phonology==<br /> This section describes the sound system of Mongsen Ao as spoken in Mangmetong village and is based on Coupe (2007).<br /> <br /> ===Vowels===<br /> Mongsen Ao has 6 [[vowel]]s:<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> |- <br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Front vowel|Front]]<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Central vowel|Central]]<br /> ! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Back vowel|Back]]<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Phonation#Types of phonation|modal]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> !&lt;small&gt;[[Creaky voice|creaky]]&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ![[Close vowel|Close]]<br /> |{{IPA link|i}}<br /> |{{IPA link|ʉ}}<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|u}}<br /> |-<br /> ![[Mid vowel|Mid]]<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|ə}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> ![[Open vowel|Open]]<br /> |<br /> |{{IPA link|a}}<br /> |{{IPA link|a̰}}<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * The [[Close central rounded vowel|high central]] {{IPA|/ʉ/}} is [[roundedness|rounded]].<br /> * The two low vowels {{IPA|/a, a̰/}} differ in terms of [[phonation]] type. {{IPA|/a/}} has modal voice (i.e. normal phonation); {{IPA|/a̰/}} has [[creaky voice]] (also known as ''vocal fry'', ''laryngealization''). Coupe (2003) argues that this is a separate vowel [[phoneme]] and not a [[tone (linguistics)|tone]], a [[glottal stop]], or resulting from [[prosodic]] effects.<br /> <br /> ===Consonants===<br /> Mongsen Ao has 27 [[consonant]]s:<br /> <br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> !colspan=2|<br /> ![[Labial consonant|Labial]]<br /> ![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]<br /> ![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]<br /> ![[Velar consonant|Velar]]<br /> ![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2|[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|m̥}}<br /> | {{IPA link|n̥}}<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|ŋ̊}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|m}}<br /> | {{IPA link|n}}<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|ŋ}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2|[[Plosive]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|pʰ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|tʰ}}<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|kʰ}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;tenuis&lt;/small&gt;<br /> | {{IPA link|p}}<br /> | {{IPA link|t}}<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|k}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2| [[Affricate]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;aspirated&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|t͡sʰ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;tenuis&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|t͡s}}<br /> | {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2|[[Fricative]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|s}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|h}}<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|z}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2|[[Approximant]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|ɹ̥}}<br /> | {{IPA link|j̊}}<br /> | {{IPA link|ʍ}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|ɹ}}<br /> | {{IPA link|j}}<br /> | {{IPA link|w}}<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=2|[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiceless&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|l̥}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> !&lt;small&gt;voiced&lt;/small&gt;<br /> |<br /> | {{IPA link|l}}<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |}<br /> <br /> * Dental consonants {{IPA|/t, tʰ, ts, tsʰ, s, z, n, l/}} are [[laminal consonant|laminal]] [[denti-alveolar consonant|denti-alveolar]].<br /> * The post-alveolar approximant {{IPA|/ɹ/}} varies from an [[Apical consonant|apical]] post-alveolar to [[subapical consonant|subapical]] [[retroflex consonant|retroflex]]: {{IPA|[ɹ̠~ɻ]}}.<br /> * The [[glottal stop]] {{IPA|/ʔ/}} occurs only at the end of words. However, in this position it contrasts with words ending in vowels: {{IPA|/āmī/}} 'spear' vs. {{IPA|/āmīʔ/}} 'person'. When a suffix is added to such words, the {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is deleted: {{IPA|/tʃàʔ/}} 'to eat' + {{IPA|/-ʉ̄ʔ/}} &lt;small&gt;CAUS&lt;/small&gt; → {{IPA|/tʃàʉʔ/}} 'to cause to eat'. Thus, the glottal stop has a somewhat marginal phonemic status.<br /> <br /> ===Tone===<br /> Ao is a [[Tone (linguistics)|tonal language]] with 3 contrasting lexical tones:<br /> * high<br /> * mid<br /> * low<br /> <br /> All are register tones.<br /> <br /> ===Syllable and phonotactics===<br /> The generalized [[syllable]] structure of Ao is abbreviated as the following:<br /> <br /> :: (C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;)V(G)(C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)+T<br /> <br /> '''(C&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;)'''<br /> <br /> * Any of the 20 consonants may appear as an optional [[syllable onset]] (excluding the word-final {{IPA|/ʔ/}}).<br /> <br /> '''V'''<br /> <br /> * All 6 vowels may occur as the syllable nucleus.<br /> <br /> '''(G)'''<br /> <br /> * The optional [[Semivowel|glide]] elements following the head vowel are essentially non-syllabic offglide realizations of the 4 vowels {{IPA|/i, ʉ, u, a/}}. For example, {{IPA|/jàuŋ/}} → {{IPA|[jàu̯ŋ]}} 'species of centipede'.<br /> * The following are the possible tautsyllabic combinations: {{IPA|[iu̯, ia̯, əʉ̯, əu̯, ai̯, aʉ̯, au̯]}}.<br /> <br /> '''(C&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)'''<br /> <br /> * The following consonants may occur in the optional [[syllable coda]]: unaspirated stops, nasals, and the rhotic {{IPA|/p, t, k, m, n, ŋ, ɹ/}}. The glottal stop with its restricted distribution also occurs but only word-finally.<br /> <br /> '''T'''<br /> <br /> All syllables occur with one of the three tones. In a VG sequence, tone only occurs the vowel head.<br /> <br /> {{Expand section|date=May 2008}}<br /> <br /> ==Syntax==<br /> Ao is an [[Subject–object–verb|SOV]] language with postpositions. Adjectives, numerals and demonstratives follow the nouns they modify, whilst relative clauses may be either externally or internally headed. [[Adverbial subordinator]]s are [[suffix]]es attached to the verb and the end of the subordinate clause.<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Ao Naga]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{cite book |last=Clark |first=E. W. |year=1981 |title=The Ao-Naga Grammar with Illustrations, Phrases, and Vocabulary |location=Delhi |publisher=Gian Publications, Mittal Publishers Distributors |orig-date=1893}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Coupe |first=Alexander R. |year=2003 |title=A Phonetic and Phonological Description of Ao: A Tibeto-Burman Language of Nagaland, North-east India |series=Pacific Linguistics |volume=543 |location=Canberra |publisher=The Australian National University |isbn=0-85883-519-3 |doi=10.15144/PL-543 |doi-access=free}}<br /> * {{cite thesis |last=Coupe |first=Alexander R. |year=2004 |title=The Mongsen Dialect of Ao: a language of Nagaland |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=La Trobe University}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Coupe |first=Alexander R. |year=2007 |title=A grammar of Mongsen Ao |series=Mouton Grammar Library |volume=39 |publisher=Mouton de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-019088-5 |doi=10.1515/9783110198522|s2cid=142215440 }}<br /> * {{cite thesis |last=Escamilla |first=Ramón Matthew Jr. |year=2012 |title=An Updated Typology of Causative Constructions: Form-Function Mappings in Hupa (California Athabaskan), Chungli Ao (Tibeto-Burman), and Beyond |type=PhD dissertation |publisher=University of California, Berkeley |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4556v4g6 }}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Gowda |first=K. S. Gurubasave |year=1972 |title=Ao-Naga Phonetic Reader |series=CIIL Phonetic Reader Series |volume=7 |location=Mysore |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Gowda |first=K. S. Gurubasave |year=1975 |title=Ao Grammar |series=Grammar series |volume=1 |location=Mysore |publisher=Central Institute of Indian Languages}}<br /> * {{cite book |last=Mills |first=J. P. |year=1926 |title=The Ao Nagas |location=London |publisher=MacMillan &amp; Co. |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.143112/ |others=Foreword by Henry Balfour, supplementary notes and bibliography by J. H. Hutton}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Incubator|njo}}<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080309011200/http://aonaga.com/ Ao Naga Tribe]<br /> *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050914012710/http://www.iitg.ernet.in/rcilts/ao.htm Ao]<br /> *[https://www.languageinindia.com/sep2001/bibleaonaga.html Bible Translation in Ao Naga] &lt;small&gt;(Language in India)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> *[https://www.languageinindia.com/nov2001/aofolktale.html Narrating an Ao Naga Folktale] &lt;small&gt;(Language in India)&lt;/small&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Sino-Tibetan languages}}<br /> {{Kuki-Chin–Naga languages}}<br /> {{Languages of Northeast India}}<br /> <br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Mongsen Ao Language}}<br /> [[Category:Ao languages]]<br /> [[Category:Languages of Nagaland]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thirunelli_Temple&diff=453356 2026-01-24T03:32:09Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Temple in India}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox temple<br /> | name = Thirunelli Temple<br /> | image = Thirunelli Temple, Brahmagiri 2007.jpg<br /> | alt = <br /> | caption = <br /> | map_type = India Kerala <br /> | map_caption = Thirunelli Mahavishnu Temple, [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]], [[Kerala]]<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|11.91173|75.99583|format=dms|region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br /> | country = {{flag|India}}<br /> | state = [[Kerala]]<br /> | district = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]<br /> | location = [[Brahmagiri (Karnataka)|Brahmagiri]]<br /> | elevation_m = 890.02<br /> | deity = Lord [[Maha Vishnu]]<br /> | year_completed = <br /> | architecture =<br /> | temple_quantity = One<br /> | creator = <br /> | website = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File:Thirunelly Temple.JPG|thumb|Thirunelli Temple front view]]<br /> <br /> '''Thirunelli Temple''' (also spelled ''Tirunelli'') is an ancient temple dedicated to [[Maha Vishnu]] on the side of [[Brahmagiri (hill)|Brahmagiri]] hill in [[Kerala]], India, near the border with [[Karnataka]] state. The temple is classified one among the '''108 [[Abhimana Kshethram]]''' of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnavate]] tradition. The temple is at an altitude of about 900m in north [[Wayanad]] in a valley surrounded by mountains and forests. It is 32&amp;nbsp;km away from [[Manathavady]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Praveen |first1=V |title=Thirunelli Temple Darshan Guide Timings, Entry Fee, Online Booking |url=https://gokshetra.com/thirunelli-temple-darshan-guide/ |website=Gokshetra |publisher=Gokshetra |access-date=17 April 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The temple lies at an altitude of 3000 feet<br /> <br /> == History ==<br /> === In Puranas and folklore ===<br /> The name ''Thirunelli'' derives from the ''nelli'', the [[Tamil language|Tamil]]/[[Malayalam]] word for [[Indian gooseberry]] of the Amla tree. The [[Matsya Purana]], [[Skanda Purana]], [[Narasimha Purana]] and [[Padma Purana]], said the Vishnu temple was built by [[Brahma]], in the Sahya valley and in these texts, it is referred to as &quot;Sahyamalaka Kshetra.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kamakotimandali.com/misc/thirunelli.html |title=Sahyamalaka Kshetra |website=www.kamakotimandali.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627133323/http://www.kamakotimandali.com/misc/thirunelli.html |archive-date=2009-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to tradition, Brahma was traveling round the Universe on his [[Hamsa bird|hamsa]], when he became attracted by the beauty of the area now known as [[Brahmagiri (hill)|Brahmagiri Hill]]. Descending on that spot, Brahma noticed an idol, set in an Amla tree. Brahma recognized the idol as [[Vishnu]] himself and the place as [[Vaikuntha]] (Vishnuloka) itself.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eastrovedica.net/?p=227 |title=Unknown Spiritual Spots - Tirunelli - A mystic journey at Transcendental Wisdom Blog- about the Science of the Absolute and psychic sciences of the Intuitive Mind |access-date=21 February 2009 |archive-date=23 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623044444/http://www.eastrovedica.net/?p=227 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news<br /> | last = Rema Devi R. Tondaiman<br /> | title = A mystic journey<br /> | access-date = 2014-11-02<br /> | date = 2002-07-07<br /> | url = http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/07/07/stories/2002070700270800.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050502170522/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/07/07/stories/2002070700270800.htm<br /> | url-status = dead<br /> | work = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | archive-date = 2005-05-02<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Appapara]]<br /> * [[Thirunelly]]<br /> * [[Palvelicham]]<br /> * [[Valliyoorkkavu]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{commons category}}<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Wayanad district}}<br /> {{Hindu temples in Kerala}}<br /> {{Wayanad}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Abhimana temples of Vishnu]]<br /> [[Category:Vishnu temples in Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:Hindu temples in Wayanad district]]<br /> [[Category:Mananthavady Area]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_revenue_divisions_of_Kerala&diff=469237 2026-01-07T06:57:00Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: basic expand references as per guidelines also and corrected details</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> The State of [[Kerala]] consists of [[List of districts of Kerala|14]] districts, which are further divided into 27 revenue divisions.<br /> <br /> A [[revenue division]] is positioned below the [[District#India|district]] and encompasses several [[Tehsil|taluks]] within its administrative purview. Each revenue division is headed by a '''Revenue Divisional Officer''' ('''RDO'''), who may be a Sub-Collector from the [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] cadre or a [[Deputy collector|Deputy Collector]] from the state service.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2025-01-22 |title=Organisation Structure |url=https://clr.kerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/department/organisation-structure |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=Department of Land Revenue |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; The RDO also functions as the [[Sub-divisional magistrate]] and assisted by Senior Superintendent among others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=category&amp;layout=blog&amp;id=96&amp;Itemid=306|title=Kerala State Portal}}&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> Revenue divisions are subdivisions of districts under the [[Department of Revenue and Land Survey|Revenue Department]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2025-01-22 |title=Organisation Structure |url=https://clr.kerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/department/organisation-structure |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Department of Land Revenue |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> [[File:Administrative Divisions of Kerala (2020).svg|thumbnail|Administrative map of Kerala]]<br /> The below table details the 27 revenue divisions with respect to their districts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! District<br /> ! No. of&lt;br /&gt;Divisions<br /> ! Revenue Divisions (RDO)<br /> ! [[List of taluks of Kerala|Taluks]] under RDO<br /> ! Revenue Divisions Map<br /> ! {{Tooltip|Ref|References}}<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Kasaragod&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | [[Manjeshwaram]] (HQ: [[Uppala]]), [[Kasaragod]]<br /> |<br /> | &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Subdivisions {{!}} Website of Kasargod {{!}} India |url=https://kasargod.nic.in/en/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Kanhangad<br /> |[[Vellarikundu]], [[Hosdurg taluk|Hosdurg]] (HQ: [[Kanhangad]])<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Subdivisions {{!}} Website of Kasargod {{!}} India |url=https://kasargod.nic.in/en/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Kannur district|Kannur]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Taliparamba<br /> | [[Payyanur]], [[Taliparamba]], [[Kannur]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Subdivisions(2) {{!}} Kannur District , Government of kerala {{!}} India |url=https://kannur.nic.in/en/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Thalassery <br /> |Thalassery, [[Iritty taluk|Iritty]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]<br /> | 1<br /> | Mananthavady<br /> | [[Mananthavady]], [[Sulthan Bathery]], [[Vythiri]] (HQ: [[Kalpetta]])<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Subdivision {{!}} Welcome to Wayanad {{!}} India |url=https://wayanad.gov.in/en/subdivision-blocks/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Vatakara&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | [[Vatakara]], [[Koyilandy]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Divisions {{!}} Kozhikode District Website {{!}} India |url=https://kozhikode.nic.in/en/about-district/adminstration/revenue-divisions/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Kozhikode<br /> |Thamarassery, Kozhikode<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Divisions {{!}} Kozhikode District Website {{!}} India |url=https://kozhikode.nic.in/en/about-district/adminstration/revenue-divisions/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Perinthalmanna<br /> | [[Nilambur taluk|Nilambur]], [[Eranad taluk|Eranad]] (HQ: [[Manjeri]]), [[Perinthalmanna taluk|Perinthalmanna]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2025-01-28 |title=Malappuram |url=https://clr.kerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/malappuram |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Department of Land Revenue |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Tirur<br /> |[[Kondotty taluk|Kondotty]], [[Tirurangadi taluk|Tirurangadi]], [[Tirur Taluk|Tirur]], [[Ponnani taluk|Ponnani]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2025-01-28 |title=Malappuram |url=https://clr.kerala.gov.in/eng/index.php/malappuram |access-date=2026-01-06 |website=Department of Land Revenue |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Ottappalam<br /> | [[Pattambi]], [[Ottappalam]], [[Mannarkkad]], [[Attappady]] (HQ: [[Agali, Palakkad|Agali]])<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Division {{!}} Palakkad {{!}} India |url=https://palakkad.nic.in/en/revenue-division/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Palakkad<br /> |[[Palakkad Taluk|Palakkad]], [[Chittur taluk|Chittur]], Alathur<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Division {{!}} Palakkad {{!}} India |url=https://palakkad.nic.in/en/revenue-division/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Thrissur&lt;br /&gt;<br /> | [[Thalapilly]] (HQ: [[Wadakkancheri]]), [[Kunnamkulam]], [[Chavakkad]], [[Thrissur]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Divisions {{!}} District Thrissur, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://thrissur.nic.in/en/revenue-divisions/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Irinjalakuda<br /> |Kodungallur, [[Mukundapuram Taluk|Mukundapuram]] (HQ: Irinjalakuda), [[Chalakudy taluk|Chalakudy]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Divisions {{!}} District Thrissur, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://thrissur.nic.in/en/revenue-divisions/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Ernakulam<br /> | [[Kanayannur]] (HQ: [[Ernakulam]]), [[Kochi]] (HQ: [[Fort Kochi]]), [[North Paravur]], [[Aluva]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://ernakulam.nic.in/en/subdivision/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Muvattupuzha<br /> |Kothamangalam, [[Muvattupuzha taluk|Muvattupuzha]], Kunnathunad (HQ: Perumbavoor)<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Idukki district|Idukki]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Devikulam<br /> | [[Peermade]], [[Udumbanchola]] (HQ: [[Nedumkandam]]), [[Devikulam]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue {{!}} District Idukki, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/revenue/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Idukki<br /> |[[Idukki taluk|Idukki]] (HQ: Painavu), Thodupuzha<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue {{!}} District Idukki, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://idukki.nic.in/en/revenue/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Kottayam<br /> | [[Changanasserry]], [[Kottayam]], [[Kanjirappally]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Palai<br /> |Meenachil (HQ: Pala), Vaikom<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Chengannur<br /> | [[Chengannur]], [[Mavelikkara]], [[Karthikappally]] (HQ: [[Haripad]])<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Divisions (2) {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/en/revenue-divisions/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Alappuzha<br /> |[[Kuttanad]] (HQ: Mankombu), Ambalappuzha (HQ: Alappuzha), Cherthala<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Revenue Divisions (2) {{!}} District Alappuzha, Government of Kerala {{!}} India |url=https://alappuzha.nic.in/en/revenue-divisions/ |access-date=2026-01-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Adoor<br /> | [[Adoor]], [[Konni, India|Konni]], [[Kozhencherry]] (HQ: [[Pathanamthitta]])<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Thiruvalla<br /> |Ranni, Mallappally, Thiruvalla<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Kollam district|Kollam]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Kollam<br /> | [[Kollam]], [[Kunnathoor]] (HQ: [[Sasthamcotta]]), [[Karunagappally]]<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> |Punalur<br /> |Punalur, Pathanapuram, Kottarakkara<br /> |<br /> |<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2<br /> | Thiruvananthapuram <br /> | [[Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Chirayinkeezhu]] (HQ: [[Attingal]]), [[Varkala]], [[Neyyattinkara]]<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://trivandrum.nic.in/en/revenue-divisions/&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |Nedumangad<br /> |Kattakkada,<br /> Nedumangad<br /> |<br /> |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> <br /> ==Bibliography==<br /> * {{Cite book|title=Mathrubhumi Yearbook Plus - 2019|publisher=P. V. Chandran, Managing Editor, Mathrubhumi Printing &amp; Publishing Company Limited, Kozhikode|year=2018|location=Kozhikode|last=Chandran |first=VP|edition=Malayalam}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> {{Kerala}}<br /> {{Kerala topics}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * [http://www.revenue.kerala.gov.in Revenue Department]<br /> <br /> [[Category:Kerala geography-related lists|Revenue divisions]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dravidian_parties&diff=460073 2025-12-20T16:42:41Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Political parties in Tamil Nadu, India}}<br /> {{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}<br /> {{Dravidian politics-col}}<br /> {{Dravidian}}<br /> {{Socialism sidebar}} <br /> '''Dravidian parties''' include an array of [[List of political parties in India|regional political parties]] in the [[States and union territories of India|state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India, which trace their origins and ideologies either directly or indirectly to the [[Justice Party (India)|Justice Party]] and the [[Self-Respect Movement|Dravidian movement]] of [[C. Natesa Mudaliar|C. Natesanar]] and [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]].&lt;ref name=Cho&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Ramaswamy<br /> | first = Cho<br /> | title = E.V. Ramaswami Naicker and C.N. Annadurai<br /> | work = India Today<br /> | url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-19<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081024183112/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/millennium/100people/durai.html<br /> | archive-date = 24 October 2008<br /> <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=frontline3&gt;{{cite news <br /> |last=Viswanathan <br /> |first=S <br /> |title=A history of agitational politics <br /> |publisher=Frontline, The Hindu publishing <br /> |date=10–23 April 2004 <br /> |url=http://www.flonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423007201600.htm <br /> |access-date=2008-04-19 <br /> <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302175523/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2108/stories/20040423007201600.htm <br /> |archive-date=2 March 2008<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Dravidian movement was based on the linguistic divide in India,&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Omvedt<br /> | first = Gail<br /> | title = The Dravidian movement<br /> | publisher = Ambedkar.org<br /> | url = http://www.ambedkar.org/gail/Dravidianmovement.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-19}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=rediff1&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Warrier<br /> | first = Shobha<br /> | title = Karunanidhi's ode to Ravana has political significance<br /> | publisher = Rediff News<br /> | url = http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/1998/oct/29ravan.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-07-16<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080530210713/http://www.indiaabroad.com/news/1998/oct/29ravan.htm<br /> | archive-date = 30 May 2008<br /> <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; where most of the [[North India|Northern Indian]], [[East India|Eastern Indian]] and [[West India|Western Indian]] languages are classified as [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]], whereas the [[South Indian]] languages are classified as [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |title=Dravidian Language Family <br /> |publisher=University of Pennsylvania <br /> |url=http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/DravidianLanguageFamily.htm <br /> |access-date=2008-04-19 <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409180023/http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/april/DravidianLanguageFamily.htm <br /> |archive-date=9 April 2008 <br /> <br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Dravidian politics has developed by associating itself to the [[Dravidian people|Dravidian community]]. The original goal of Dravidian politics was to achieve social equality,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Political Theory and Political Thought |first1= N.D. |last1=Arora |first2=S.S. |last2=Awasthy|isbn=978-81-241-1164-2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=szBpnYfmH0cC&amp;pg=PA425 |year=2007 |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |location=New Delhi}}&lt;/ref&gt; but it later championed the cause of ending the domination of North India over the politics and economy of the South Indian province known as [[Madras Presidency]].<br /> <br /> Most Dravidian parties are offshoots of [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (DK).&lt;ref name=Cho/&gt; There are also a few other parties in Tamil Nadu that did not arise from DK directly. Nevertheless, both the former and the latter are considered as Dravidian parties because of the similarities of their ideals and goals.&lt;ref name=frontline1/&gt;&lt;ref name=jayanth&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Jayanth<br /> | first = V<br /> | title = Vijaykanth ready for political innings<br /> | work = The Hindu<br /> | date = 16 March 2005<br /> | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/03/16/stories/2005031608530400.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-02-19<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080303222811/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2005/03/16/stories/2005031608530400.htm<br /> | archive-date = 3 March 2008<br /> | url-status = usurped<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) and its political rival [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) have been the major players among the Dravidian parties since the mid-1960s.&lt;ref name=Wyatt&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Wyatt<br /> | first = AKJ<br /> | title = New Alignments in South Indian Politics: The 2001 Assembly Elections in Tamil Nadu<br /> | journal = Asian Survey<br /> | volume = 42<br /> | issue = 5<br /> | pages = 733–753<br /> | date = September–October 2002<br /> | doi = 10.1525/as.2002.42.5.733| hdl = 1983/1811<br /> | url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/3022152/asian%20survey%20article.pdf<br /> | hdl-access = free<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Since the [[1967 Tamil Nadu state assembly election|1967 legislative assembly]] elections, only the DMK and the AIADMK have formed governments in Tamil Nadu. These two parties are political rivals.&lt;ref name=Venkat&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Venkatasubramanian<br /> | first = V<br /> | title = DMK-AIADMK direct fight in Uthiramerur, Alandur<br /> | work = The Hindu<br /> | date = 17 April 2006<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Barring [[electoral alliance|political alliances]] with the DMK or AIADMK, since the 1990s no other political party has won more than a few seats in the Indian parliament or state legislative assembly of Tamil Nadu. Since 1996, members of the DMK and AIADMK have held portfolios in the [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet]] of the [[Central government of India|central Indian government]].&lt;ref name=Murasoli/&gt;&lt;ref name=murmaran/&gt;&lt;ref name=vajpayee/&gt;&lt;ref name=BBC/&gt; Another Dravidian party is [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<br /> <br /> [[Political media]] is pervasive in Dravidian politics, with five of the seven chief ministers from these parties being directly involved in [[Tamil cinema]], either as script writers or actors. Recently [[television channels]] owned by these parties have been used for political propaganda purposes.&lt;ref name=tvwar&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Sivapriyan<br /> | first = ETB<br /> | title = When TV became the new political battlefield<br /> | publisher = Rediff News<br /> | date = 6 March 2008<br /> | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2008/mar/06channel.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-02-19}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Rise of Dravidian politics==<br /> <br /> ===Background===<br /> <br /> Most of the [[Indian people|population of India]] are classified as [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Aryans]] and [[Dravidians]].&lt;ref name=hg1&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hardgrave |first=Robert |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=54–68 |year=1993 |url=http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/india/Hardgrave.html |access-date=2008-11-16 |doi=10.1353/jod.1993.0052 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517082845/http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/countries/india/Hardgrave.html |archive-date=17 May 2008 |title=India: The Dilemmas of Diversity |s2cid=154848818 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Based on [[language families]],&lt;ref name=hg1/&gt; most northern Indian languages are classified as [[Indo-Aryan languages|Aryan]], whereas most southern Indian languages are [[Dravidian languages]]. One of the first European scholars to expound the concept of &quot;Aryans&quot; as a race was German philologist and Orientalist [[Friedrich Max Müller|Max Müller]], who claimed that a group of people called Aryans had invaded the [[Indian subcontinent]] {{circa|1500}} B.C.&lt;ref&gt;Dorothy Matilda Figueira (2002) ''Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority Through Myths of Identity'', SUNY Press. p. 45. {{ISBN|0-7914-5532-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;F. Max Müller (1888) [https://archive.org/details/biographiesword01mlgoog/page/n8 ''Biographies of Words and the Home of the Aryas'']. Kessinger Publishing reprint, 2004, p.120&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sanskrit]], a [[classical language]] of the Aryan group, was considered to be a sacred language, whereas in the [[Madras Presidency]] of [[British Raj|British India]], it was a commonly held opinion in that the Dravidian tongues were inferior.&lt;ref name=epw&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Pinto<br /> | first = Ambrose<br /> | title = End of Dravidian Era in Tamil Nadu<br /> | journal = Economic and Political Weekly<br /> | pages = 1483–1490<br /> | year = 1999<br /> | volume = 34<br /> | issue = 24<br /> | jstor = 4408067}}&lt;/ref&gt; The linguistic divide was even more pronounced given the political dominance of [[Brahmin]]s in South India.&lt;ref name=hardriots/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Brahmins, who occupied the highest strata in the society, accounted for 3% of the population in Madras Presidency, but held 60 to 79% of the positions in major government departments in the early 20th century.&lt;ref name=Votes1&gt;<br /> {{cite conference<br /> | first = Steven I<br /> | last = Wilkinson<br /> | title = Caste mobilization in Pre-independence Madras<br /> | book-title = Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India<br /> | pages = 189–192<br /> | publisher = Cambridge University Press<br /> | year = 2006<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=tLpRFbLSxvAC&amp;pg=PA189<br /> | isbn =0-521-53605-7<br /> | access-date = 2008-12-16}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; It was observed by some non-Brahmin leaders from the south that Brahmins were Aryans, and hence non-natives, who had taken positions in the government that should rightfully be filled by people indigenous to the area.&lt;ref name=hardriots&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Hardgrave<br /> | first = Robert<br /> | title = The Riots in Tamilnad: Problems and Prospects of India's Language Crisis<br /> | journal = Asian Survey<br /> | volume = 5<br /> | issue = 8<br /> | pages = 399–407<br /> | year = 1965<br /> | doi = 10.2307/2642412| jstor = 2642412<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The antipathy towards Sanskrit compounded with the animosity against the hegemony of Brahmins paved the way for the rise of Dravidian politics in Madras Presidency.&lt;ref name=hardriots/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Early Dravidian politics===<br /> [[File:Theagaroya Chetty.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sir P. Theagaroya Chetty]] was one of the founders of Justice Party in 1916.]]<br /> An early pioneer in Dravidian politics was [[Iyothee Thass]] in the late 19th century. His efforts brought together the non-Brahmin caste Dravidians with the establishment of the ''Dravida Mahajana Sabha'' organisation in 1891.&lt;ref name=&quot;politics_of_naming&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last= Ravikumar| title= Iyothee Thass and the Politics of Naming | date=28 September 2005 | url =http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-ravikumar280905.htm | work = The Sunday Pioneer | access-date = 2008-09-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; A major leap in Dravidian politics was the formation of the ''Madras United League'' by non-Brahmin intellectuals, who considered the dominance of Brahmins in civil administration a threat to the non-Brahmin majority.&lt;ref name=EPP&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Ralhan<br /> | first = O.P.<br /> | title = Encyclopaedia of Political Parties<br /> | publisher = Anmol Publications<br /> | year = 2002<br /> | pages = 125–128<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=P4lCjG1DUV4C&amp;q=Madras+Dravidian+Association&amp;pg=PA423<br /> | isbn = 978-81-7488-865-5<br /> }}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The League was initially started as a workgroup that helped non-Brahmin students in [[Madras]] with accommodation by Dr C. Natesan. It later grew into a [[political party]] under the efforts of leaders like [[C. Natesa Mudaliar|C Natesa Mudaliar]], [[Sir Pitti Theagaroya Chetty]] and [[Dr. T. M. Nair]]. The party was named ''South Indian Liberal Federation (S. I. L. F.)'' – popularly known as the [[Justice party (India)|Justice party]].&lt;ref name=EPP/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Justice Party era===<br /> {{main|Justice Party (India)}}<br /> A limited form of self governance was introduced in [[British Raj#World War I|British India]] after [[World War I]].&lt;ref name=Votes1/&gt; While the Justice Party saw this as an opportunity to displace Brahmin dominance, the British colonial government considered it favourable, since the [[Indian National Congress]], which spearheaded the [[Indian independence movement]] was dominated by Brahmins.&lt;ref name=Votes1/&gt; The Justice party emerged as a winner in the 1920 general elections and brought about the reforms it had campaigned for,&lt;ref name=Votes1/&gt; including establishing [[Reservation in India|communal reservation]] through [[affirmative action]] for the first time in the country, and brought [[Hindu temple|temples]] under state control.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; Soon after their electoral success the animosity between [[Tamil people|Tamil]] and non-Tamil members deepened, thus weakening the party.&lt;ref name=Votes1/&gt; Nevertheless, the Justice Party electorally dominated the presidency for 17 years until it was defeated by the Indian National Congress party in 1937.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; Although out of power, the Justice Party was involved in demonstrations across the Province against the introduction of [[Hindi]] as a compulsory subject of study in schools by a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-led government, which led to the detainment of scores of Tamil scholars, academics and Justice Party leaders.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; This and other struggles for social justice helped create the social base of what emerged as the Dravidian Movement.&lt;ref name=frontline2/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Dravidar Kazhagam===<br /> {{main|Dravidar Kazhagam}}<br /> {{see also|Periyar E. V. Ramasamy}}<br /> The next few years saw a decline in the Justice Party's popularity. In 1938, the by then badly weakened party sought the leadership of [[Periyar E. V. Ramasamy]], a leader of the Dravidian Movement, who became its president. In 1944, Periyar changed the name of the party to Dravidar Kazhagam (&quot;Dravidian Organisation&quot; in English).&lt;ref name=Dickey/&gt; This move was opposed by some members of the Party who continued contesting elections as the Justice Party under the leadership of [[P. T. Rajan]] until 1957. Periyar as the president of Dravidiar Kazhagam considered that contesting in elections would lead to compromises in principles and withdrew Dravida Kazhagam from parliamentary politics.&lt;ref name=Dickey/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam==<br /> <br /> ===Birth of DMK===<br /> <br /> {{main|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> In 1947, when India attained independence, Periyar called for members of the Dravidar Kazhagam to boycott the celebrations.&lt;ref name=Swarna&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> | last = Rajagopalan<br /> | first = Swarna<br /> | title = State and Nation in South Asia<br /> | publisher = Lynne Rienner Publishers<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | pages = 152–154<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=q7Yz5aGeoTsC&amp;pg=PA152<br /> | isbn = 978-1-55587-967-9}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; According to him, the Indian National Congress was dominated by Brahmins.&lt;ref name=Swarna/&gt; He predicted that an independent India would bring South Indians, especially Tamils, under the dominance of Brahmins and North Indians.&lt;ref name=Swarna/&gt; In other words, according to Periyar, independence would lead to the replacement of British dominance with Brahmin and North Indian dominance. He felt an independent nation called [[Dravida Nadu]] for the South Indians would be the best solution.&lt;ref name=Swarna/&gt; Periyar declared 15 August 1947, the day of [[Partition of India|Indian independence]], as a day of mourning.&lt;ref name=Swarna/&gt; This move was opposed by other leaders within the party, including [[C. N. Annadurai]].&lt;ref name=Cho/&gt; Annadurai viewed independence as an achievement for all of India rather than solely of the North.&lt;ref name=encyc&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Rajwat<br /> | first = Mamta<br /> | title = Encyclopaedia of Dalits in India<br /> | publisher = Anmol Publications PVT. LTD<br /> | year = 2004<br /> | pages = 246–247<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ocjlRwK1y5cC&amp;pg=PA246<br /> | isbn = 978-81-261-2084-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> On 9 July 1948 Periyar married woman 40 years his junior, leading to a split in the party.&lt;ref name=Cho/&gt;&lt;ref name=periyar&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |title=Periyar's Movement <br /> |publisher=Counter Currents <br /> |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-periyar280603.htm <br /> |access-date=2008-02-19 <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080217005411/http://www.countercurrents.org/dalit-periyar280603.htm <br /> |archive-date=17 February 2008 <br /> <br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The leaders of the splitting faction eventually formed a new party, [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] or DMK ('''Progressive Dravidian Organisation''' in English), in 1949.&lt;ref name=halfcent&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Subramanian<br /> | first = RS<br /> | title = Celebrating a half century<br /> | publisher = Frontline, The Hindu Publishing<br /> | date = 26 September – 9 October 1998<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1520/15201330.htm <br /> | access-date = 2008-02-19}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Independent Dravida Nadu===<br /> {{see also|Dravida Nadu}}<br /> Although initially both DK and DMK sought an independent Dravida Nadu, DK later moved on to work on bringing social changes whereas DMK leaders such as [[C. N. Annadurai]] and [[E. V. K. Sampath]] endeavoured to achieve their goals through parliamentary election processes.&lt;ref name=Swarna/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hardgrave1/&gt;<br /> Sampath, who had earlier forfeited his seniority with Periyar's party to join DMK, saw the call for an independent Dravida Nadu was turning out to be an unrealistic goal.&lt;ref name=Urmila&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Phadnis<br /> | first = Urmila<br /> | author-link1 = Urmila Phadnis<br /> |author2=Rajat Ganguly<br /> | title = Ethnicity and Nation-building in South Asia<br /> | publisher = SAGE<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | page = 227<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=wbf2wzyuWkUC&amp;pg=PA227<br /> | isbn = 978-0-7619-9439-8}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Sampath expressed concerns over using film stars to increase the popularity of the party.&lt;ref name=Urmila/&gt; His views led him to cross swords with the major leaders of the party and eventually caused the first split in DMK. Sampath left DMK to begin his own party&lt;ref name=Urmila/&gt; called the [[Tamil National Party]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Hardgrave<br /> | first = Robert. L<br /> | title = Essays in the Political Sociology of South India<br /> | publisher = Usha, 1979 (Originally published by [[University of Michigan]]<br /> | year = 1979<br /> | page = 70<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a6IsAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA70<br /> | isbn = 978-81-7304-052-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Although leaders like Annadurai were firm in their separatist stance, the [[States Reorganisation Act|reorganisation of states in India]] on a linguistic basis removed [[Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Malayalam]] speaking regions from Madras Presidency, leaving behind a predominantly Tamil [[Madras State]].&lt;ref name=Jeanie&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Bukowski<br /> | first = Jeanie J<br /> |author2=Swarna Rajagopalan<br /> | title = Re-distribution of Authority<br /> | publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group<br /> | year = 2000<br /> | pages = 19–21<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=mgK1Fltsh4cC&amp;pg=PA19<br /> | isbn = 978-0-275-96377-4}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Giving in to political realities, Annadurai and his DMK changed their call for an independent ''Dravida Nadu for Dravidians'' to an independent ''Tamil Nadu for Tamils''.&lt;ref name=Jeanie/&gt; Annadurai saw that remaining in union with India meant accepting linguistic domination and economic backwardness.&lt;ref name=Jeanie/&gt; However, the [[Sino-Indian war]] brought about changes in the [[Indian constitution]].&lt;ref name=1963I/&gt; The Sixteenth Amendment (also known as the ''Anti-Secessionist Amendment''&lt;ref name=1963I&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Fisher<br /> | first = Margaret W<br /> | title = India in 1963: A Year of Travail<br /> | journal = Asian Survey<br /> | volume = 4<br /> | issue = 3<br /> | pages = 737–745<br /> | year = 1964<br /> | doi = 10.2307/3023561<br /> | jstor = 3023561}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;) banned any party with sectarian principles from contesting elections.&lt;ref name=Jeanie/&gt; Consequently, DMK preferred to keep the issue of Dravida Nadu on the backburner.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt;<br /> From then on DMK's main focus targeted the dominance of North Indians in the [[Union Government of India]].&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===DMK government===<br /> {{main|Rise of Dravidian parties to power in Tamil Nadu}}<br /> <br /> After dropping the demand for an independent Dravida Nadu, DMK changed its focus to the problems arising out of the disparity between North and South India.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; The DMK considered that the south was neglected by delays in sanctioning development projects and allotment of funds.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; Thus the Congress-led Central government became its major target for calls for reform.&lt;ref name=Swarna/&gt; Immediately after Indian independence the Congress Party was popular throughout India and thus formed the government in many states including Madras Presidency.&lt;ref name=Swarna/&gt; Even so, the Congress Party failed to obtain an absolute majority in the presidency in the state's first election.&lt;ref name=frontline1&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Viswanathan<br /> | first = S<br /> | title = Dravidian power<br /> | publisher = Frontline<br /> | date = 10–23 April 2004<br /> | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2108/stories/20040423007701500.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-02-19}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; By the 1960s the popularity of the Congress party was in a steady decline.&lt;ref name=postnehru&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Kochanek<br /> | first = Stanley<br /> | title = Post Nehru India: The Emergence of the New Leadership<br /> | journal = Asian Survey<br /> | volume = 6<br /> | issue = 5<br /> | pages = 288–299<br /> | year = 1966<br /> | doi = 10.2307/2642538<br /> | jstor = 2642538}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> DMK leaders also perceived that the attempts to declare Hindi as the sole national language of India was an attempt impose an Aryan language unwilling people in the South.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; According to the terms of the Indian constitution dated 26 January 1965, English as an [[official language of India]] would come to an end and Hindi would become the sole official language. However, the Madras [[Anti-Hindi agitations|Anti-Hindi agitation]] in 1965 compelled the Central Government in India change its language policy, allowing English to continue as an official language.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Forrester<br /> | first = DB<br /> | title = The Madras Anti-Hindi Agitation, 1965: Political Protest and its Effects on Language Policy in India<br /> | journal = Pacific Affairs<br /> | volume = 39<br /> | issue = 1/2<br /> | pages = 19–36<br /> | year = 1966<br /> | doi = 10.2307/2755179<br /> | jstor = 2755179}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> |title=Tongue tied <br /> |work=India Today<br /> |date=20 December 2007 <br /> |url=http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/tongue-tied-5.html <br /> |access-date=2008-04-21 <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226020518/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/tongue-tied-5.html <br /> |archive-date=26 February 2008 <br /> <br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Although DMK was not directly involved in the violence that marred the agitation,&lt;ref name=hardriots/&gt; the protest itself catapulted DMK to political power in the State in the [[1967 Madras State legislative assembly election|1967 legislative elections]].&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; Annadurai became the first non-Congress Chief Minister of the post-1950 Madras state as a result.<br /> <br /> The electoral victory in 1967 led to an [[electoral fusion]] among the non-Congress parties to avoid a split in the [[Opposition (parliamentary)|Opposition]] votes. [[Rajaji|Rajagopalachari]], a former senior leader of the Congress Party, had by then left the Congress and launched the right-wing [[Swatantra Party]]. He played a vital role in bringing about the electoral fusion amongst the opposition parties to align against the Congress.&lt;ref name=frontline1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Split in DMK and birth of AIADMK==<br /> <br /> ===M.G.R. and the split from DMK===<br /> {{main|M. G. Ramachandran|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> M. G. Ramachandran, popularly known as M.G.R., was an [[actor]] in [[Tamil Cinema Industry|Tamil cinema]] and a well-known propagator of Dravidian ideologies in his movies since 1953. In the 1970s, as the then [[treasurer]] of DMK, he played a vital role in popularizing the party, bringing many of his fans as supporters.<br /> <br /> A political feud between M.G.R. and the party's president [[M. Karunanidhi]] has been ongoing since the death of Annadurai in 1969. MGR helped Karunanidhi to become Chief minister.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}It arose from Karunanidhi calling himself the &quot;[[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman|Mujib]] of Tamil Nadu&quot;.&lt;ref name=Dickey/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hardgrave/&gt; Soon after the electoral victory of the DMK in 1971, some senior members expressed concern that M.G.R.'s popularity was growing strong within the party cadres.<br /> <br /> Karunanidhi made several attempts to weaken M.G.R.'s position within the party. M.G.R. retaliated with corruption charges&lt;ref name=Dickey/&gt; and a call for a boycott of the party's General Council.&lt;ref name=Prasad&gt;{{cite journal|last=Prasad|first=Madiraju Madhava|title=From Virtual to Real Political Power: Film Stars Enter Electoral Politics|journal=Asia Research Institute ● Singapore|volume=ARI working paper #59|publisher=National University of Singapore|date=March 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; DMK's General Council suspended M.G.R. from the party stating that he had involved himself in &quot;anti-party activities&quot;.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave/&gt;&lt;ref name=Prasad/&gt; Although M.G.R. had lost support from top-ranking leaders within the DMK, the strong public reaction following his suspension demonstrated his popular support among the party's volunteers. Inspired by this support from the party's lower cadres and his fans,&lt;ref name=Prasad/&gt; M.G.R. launched his own party, the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK). It was named after his mentor [[C. N. Annadurai]] fondly known as Anna.&lt;ref name=Dickey/&gt;&lt;ref name=Hardgrave&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hardgrave|first=Robert L Jr|title=Politics and the Film in Tamilnadu: The Stars and the DMK|journal=Asian Survey|volume=13|issue=3|pages=288–305|jstor=2643038|date=March 1973|doi=10.2307/2643038|hdl=2152/34387|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===AIADMK government===<br /> M.G.R. presented his new party to [[Indira Gandhi]] as the regional equivalent of her [[Congress (I)]] party.&lt;ref name=frontline1/&gt; Indira Gandhi was the head of her party, which she split from the [[Indian National Congress]] with the support of lower cadres and opposition from senior party leaders.&lt;ref name=Congress&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Hardgrave<br /> | first = Robert L Jr<br /> | title = The Congress in India – Crisis and Split<br /> | journal = Asian Survey<br /> | volume = 10<br /> | issue = 3<br /> | pages = 256–262<br /> | jstor = 2642578<br /> |date=March 1970<br /> | doi = 10.2307/2642578| hdl = 2152/34540<br /> | url = https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/2152/34540/1/congressinindia.pdf<br /> | hdl-access = free<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Thus AIADMK could show itself as an equally strong alternative to that of DMK with which Congress (I) could ally. From then on, the Congress (I) Party fought elections in the State in alliance with one of the two parties. Ever since then the Dravidian parties have helped the Congress (I) sustain itself in the State, but with limited ambitions.&lt;ref name=frontline1/&gt;<br /> <br /> In 1976, the DMK government, led by Karunanidhi, was dismissed under corruption charges by the Central government of India, led by Congress (I), which had by then allied with AIADMK.&lt;ref name=Murasoli/&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Further divisions==<br /> <br /> ===Further offshoots of DMK===<br /> {{see also|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani}}<br /> [[Sivaji Ganesan]], a veteran actor of [[Tamil Cinema]], was a founding member of DMK party.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave/&gt; The actor himself was nicknamed Sivaji by Periyar E. V. Ramasami after his role portraying the [[Maratha]] king.&lt;ref name=lode&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Viswanathan<br /> | first = S<br /> | title = Tamil cinema's lodestar<br /> | publisher = Frontline<br /> | date = 17 August 2001<br /> | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1816/18161140.htm<br /> | access-date = 22 January 2010<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021124144532/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1816/18161140.htm<br /> | archive-date = 24 November 2002<br /> | url-status = usurped<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nevertheless, differences between the party leadership and the actor widened since he perceived that M. G. Ramachandran, his acting contemporary, was given more prominence than himself.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave/&gt; Furthermore, he started distancing himself from the party's anti-religious atheistic stance to satisfy his religious fans.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave/&gt; Hence when E. V. K. Sampath launched his own splinter from DMK (in the name of Tamil National Party), Sivaji left DMK and joined Sampath.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave1/&gt; However, Tamil National Party itself was short-lived and was merged into Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web<br /> | title = Sivaji Ganesan<br /> | date = 22 July 2001<br /> | publisher = Upperstall<br /> | url = http://www.upperstall.com/people/sivaji-ganesan<br /> | access-date = 2009-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sivaji, although a member of Congress party, maintained distance from the party activities and concentrated more on his film career.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave/&gt; After the death of M. G. Ramachandran in 1987, Sivaji re-launched his political career with his own party Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani (&quot;Tamil Nadu Development Front&quot; in English).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Subramaniamn<br /> | first = TS<br /> | title = Celluloid connections<br /> | publisher = Frontline<br /> | date = 30 July 2004<br /> | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2115/stories/20040730003803600.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060705002207/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2115/stories/20040730003803600.htm<br /> | url-status = usurped<br /> | archive-date = 5 July 2006<br /> | access-date = 2009-01-21}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; The party lost every single seat it contested for in [[1989 Tamil Nadu legislative assembly election|the 1989 elections]]. Sivaji dissolved the party, asked his party cadres to join the [[Janata Dal]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Ramachandran<br /> | first = K<br /> | title = He strode Kollywood like a colossus<br /> | date = 22 July 2001<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/22/stories/0222000f.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030704115342/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/22/stories/0222000f.htm<br /> <br /> | archive-date = 4 July 2003<br /> | work = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | access-date = 2009-01-21}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; and openly regretted his decision to have ever launched his own party.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Kantha<br /> | first = Sachi Sri<br /> | title = Book Review: Autobiography of Actor-Politician Sivaji Ganesan<br /> | publisher = Sangam<br /> | date = 9 November 2008<br /> | url = http://www.sangam.org/2008/11/Sivaji_Ganesan.php?uid=3155&amp;print=true<br /> | access-date = 2009-01-21}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (&quot;Progressive Dravidian Renaissance Organisation&quot; in English, or MDMK) is yet another offshoot of the DMK. It was formed in May 1994, after [[V. Gopalswamy]] (popularly known as Vaiko), a senior leader and [[Member of Parliament]] from DMK, was expelled from the party.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; Barring, perhaps, their more radical support for an independent [[Tamil Eelam]] in the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan crisis]],&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Mayilvaganan<br /> | first = M<br /> | title = The Re-emergence of the Tamil Nadu Factor in India's Sri Lanka Policy<br /> | journal = Strategic Analysis<br /> | volume = 31<br /> | issue = 6<br /> | pages = 943–964<br /> | year = 2007<br /> | doi = 10.1080/09700160701740504| s2cid = 154485740<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> the MDMK do not have major ideological differences with the other Dravidian parties. MDMK shares its goals with the DMK and AIADMK in respect to State [[autonomy]], constitutional protection for the [[Reservation in India|reservation]] formula and making Tamil an official language of the Indian Union.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; In 2004, Tamil film director and actor [[T. Rajendar]] who was earlier expelled from DMK launched the All India Latchiya Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (&quot;All India Principled Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam&quot; in English).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = Tamil film artiste launches new party<br /> | website = Sify News<br /> | date = 26 April 2004<br /> | url = http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=13462493<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20041226234943/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=13462493<br /> <br /> | archive-date = 26 December 2004<br /> | access-date = 2008-12-01}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Offshoots of AIADMK===<br /> Soon after MGR's death in 1987, his wife [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]] took over as Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref name=Janaki1&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Cashing in on kinship<br /> | work = The Hindu<br /> | date = 15 February 2004<br /> | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/02/15/stories/2004021500141500.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061214070259/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/02/15/stories/2004021500141500.htm<br /> | url-status = usurped<br /> | archive-date = 14 December 2006<br /> | access-date = 2008-02-19}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> This appointment was opposed by former actress and politician [[J. Jayalalithaa]].&lt;ref name=Janaki1/&gt; The resistance from Jayalalithaa eventually led to the dismissal of the AIADMK government, the shortest lived government in the history of Tamil Nadu, by the Central Government of India then led by [[Rajiv Gandhi]]. The antagonism built up and the AIADMK split into two fragments.&lt;ref name=Dickey/&gt;<br /> <br /> The [[Election Commission of India]] refused to accept either of them as the successor of the original party and [[List of political party symbols in India|separate electoral symbols]] were allocated.&lt;ref name=iconic&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |title=Iconic change <br /> |work=India Today<br /> |url=http://www.indiatoday.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20021209/web2.html <br /> |access-date=2008-02-19 <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209175730/http://www.indiatoday.com/webexclusive/dispatch/20021209/web2.html <br /> |archive-date=9 February 2008 <br /> <br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The faction led by MGR's widow chose to use ''two doves'', with a large dove holding leafy branch in its beak, as if feeding the smaller dove. Jayalalithaa's faction was represented by a ''crowing cock''.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite web<br /> |last=Miller <br /> |first=Eric <br /> |title=Tamil Nadu's Silappathikaram Epic of the Ankle Bracelet: Ancient Story and Modern Identity <br /> |url=http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/storytelling/silappathikaram_essay.html <br /> |access-date=2008-05-04 <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080314150457/http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/storytelling/silappathikaram_essay.html <br /> |archive-date=14 March 2008 <br /> <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Although both factions lost the 1989 state elections, Janaki's AIADMK won 2 seats when compared to 27 won by Jayalalithaa.&lt;ref name=Divided&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> | last = Thakurta<br /> | first = Paranjoy Guha<br /> |author2=Shankar Raghuraman<br /> | title = A Time of Coalitions<br /> | publisher = SAGE<br /> | year = 2004<br /> | pages = 235–236<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=pjzyK_gEBcwC<br /> | isbn = 978-0-7619-3237-6}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Following the election defeat, Janaki retired from active politics and the two party factions rejoined into one party.&lt;ref name=Janaki1/&gt;&lt;ref name=iconic/&gt;<br /> <br /> Other breakaways in AIADMK were witnessed in 1990s, when [[R. M. Veerappan]] and [[S. Tirunavukkarasu]], due to personal differences with Jayalalithaa, formed [[MGR Kazhagam]] (MGR's Organisation) and [[MGR Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MGR ADMK]] (MGR's and Anna's DMK) respectively.&lt;ref name=Trouble&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Subbramanian<br /> | first = TS<br /> | title = Trouble in the AIADMK<br /> | publisher = Frontline, The Hindu publishing<br /> | date = 29 April – 12 May 2000<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1709/17090380.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-02-19<br /> | archive-date = 16 April 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110416221355/http://www.hindu.com/fline/fl1709/17090380.htm<br /> <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> === Factions and reunification genealogy of contemporary Dravidian parties ===<br /> {{DP-genealogy}}<br /> <br /> ==Dravidian parties in central government==<br /> Although the DMK and the AIADMK started playing a minimal role in the decision-making process in the [[Government of India|Central government]] in the late 1960s, their actual participation in [[coalition government]]s came only in 1979, when two AIADMK Members of Parliament, [[Sathiavani Muthu]] and [[Aravinda Bala Pajanor|A. Bala Pajanor]], joined the short-lived [[Chaudhary Charan Singh]] Ministry, which followed the [[Morarji Desai]]-led [[Janata Party]] government (1977–79). The DMK's [[Murasoli Maran]] joined the [[V. P. Singh]] Ministry in 1989. The DMK shared power with the subsequent [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] governments led by [[H. D. Deve Gowda]] and [[I. K. Gujral]]. In the [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] Ministry (1998–99), three parties from Tamil Nadu, the AIADMK, the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (MDMK) were represented. In the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance (NDA) Ministry, headed by Vajpayee (1999–2004), the DMK, the MDMK and the PMK all had representatives. In fact, it was in this Ministry that Tamil Nadu had the largest representation. At one stage there were 10 Ministers from Tamil Nadu, seven of them from the Dravidian parties. In the Vajpayee Ministry (1998–99), the AIADMK's presence lasted only a few months.&lt;ref name=frontline1/&gt; The [[Manmohan Singh]]-led central government included cabinet members from DMK.&lt;ref name=murmaran&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Manmohan Singh, 67 ministers sworn in<br /> | publisher = Rediff News<br /> | date = 22 May 2004<br /> | url = http://in.rediff.com/election/2004/may/22man.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-02-19}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ideology==<br /> <br /> ===Dravidianism and Tamilism===<br /> The principal ideals and goals of Dravidian parties at their incipience, which were borrowed from [[Dravidar Kazhagam]], were social reforms such as ending religious beliefs, ending [[caste]] distinction,&lt;ref name=sarah/&gt; empowerment of women, ending Brahmin dominance&lt;ref name=Dickey/&gt;&lt;ref name=sarah/&gt; in Tamil Nadu educational institutions and government, ending northern domination of the politics and economy of Tamil Nadu, opposition to Hindi as India's official language, and independence for Dravida Nadu from India.&lt;ref name=Atul/&gt; The call for Dravida Nadu in the initial days during the [[British Raj]] meant a &quot;Dravidian state under the British Raj&quot;.&lt;ref name=Atul&gt;<br /> {{cite book<br /> | last = Kohli<br /> | first = Atul<br /> | title = The Success of India's Democracy<br /> | publisher = Cambridge University Press<br /> | year = 2001<br /> | pages = 87–88<br /> | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Io0NsnlRT6sC&amp;q=Dravidian+parties&amp;pg=PA78<br /> | isbn = 978-0-521-80530-8}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Although Annadurai defended his party's demand for Dravida Nadu in his maiden speech in the [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1962 and recorded his protest against a ban on demanding separation, a year later the demand had to be abandoned following the [[Sino-Indian War]].&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt; This paradigm shift is often attributed to the ''Sixteenth Amendment to the [[Indian Constitution]]'' or ''Anti-sectionist'' amendment, as it is usually called.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave1/&gt; In the 1960s, the formation of Tamil Nadu as a Tamil language state carved out of the erstwhile Madras Presidency fulfilled the goal of an encompassing Dravidian state.&lt;ref name=Dickey/&gt;<br /> <br /> Since then, state [[autonomy]] and social justice through [[reservation in India|reservation]] for the underprivileged in education and employment have been the main political planks of the DMK.&lt;ref name=frontline3/&gt;<br /> <br /> The Dravidian political ideology has evolved through the years and is now varied between parties.<br /> <br /> Starting from an initial atheistic inclination with the strict [[Anti-Brahminism|anti-Brahmin]] outlook of the DK, the DMK moved on to a strong ethnic identity – initially that of &quot;the Dravidian&quot; and later of &quot;the Tamilian&quot; or &quot;the common Tamil man&quot;.&lt;ref name=frontline2&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Harris<br /> | first = John<br /> | title = Successful populism<br /> | publisher = Oxford University Press<br /> | date = 4–17 March 2000<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In fact it is considered that Dravidian politics developed into an inclusive [[Tamil nationalism]] since it associated the [[Dravidian people|Dravidian community]] with the non-[[Sanskrit]]ic Tamil language and cultural tradition.&lt;ref name=Hasan&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Hasan<br /> | first = Zoya<br /> | title = The democratisation of politics<br /> | work = The Hindu<br /> | date = 2 February 2003<br /> | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2003/02/02/stories/2003020200180300.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-19<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080307083023/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/lr/2003/02/02/stories/2003020200180300.htm<br /> | archive-date = 7 March 2008<br /> | url-status = usurped<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The AIADMK however, never adopted the anti-Brahminism of the DK and DMK and did not have a strict ideology. After MGR's death, the dispute over whom should head the AIADMK was led by Janaki and Jayalalithaa, who were both Brahmins. The latter headed the AIADMK and served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu for multiple terms. The party's position on issues such as reservation, Hindi, federalism, Sri Lankan Tamils etc. is common with that of the other Dravidian parties.<br /> <br /> ===Leftist inclination===<br /> The Self-respect movement, which is at the root of Dravidian politics, was initially forged in the mid-1920s in emulation and in critique of the [[Mohandas K. Gandhi|Gandhian]] Congress Party, but by the 1930s it was heavily influenced by [[Leninist]] [[socialism]], [[atheism]] and [[Bertrand Russell]]'s inspired rationalism.&lt;ref name=sarah&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Hodges<br /> | first = Sarah<br /> | title = Revolutionary family life and the Self Respect movement in Tamil south India<br /> | journal = Contributions to Indian Sociology<br /> | volume = 39<br /> | issue = 2<br /> | pages = 251–277<br /> | year = 2005<br /> | doi = 10.1177/006996670503900203| s2cid = 144419547<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> C. N. Annadurai, the first Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu from the Dravidian parties, declared that the DMK (and hence its offshoots) are &quot;genuinely [[communist]] by principle&quot;.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave1&gt;<br /> {{cite journal<br /> | last = Hardgrave, Jr<br /> | first = Robert L.<br /> | title = The DMK and the Politics of Tamil Nationalism<br /> | journal = Pacific Affairs<br /> | volume = 37<br /> | issue = 4<br /> | pages = 396–411<br /> | date = Winter 1964<br /> | doi = 10.2307/2755132<br /> | jstor = 2755132}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; MGR's AIADMK adopted ''Annaism'', a political philosophy which in MGR's own words, was &quot;a proper amalgam of capitalism, socialism and communism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tamilnation.co/forum/sachisrikantha/061120friedman.htm|title = Tamil Nation &amp; Beyond – தமிழ் தேசியம்: ஓரு வளர்கின்ற ஒன்றிணையம்}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Political use of media==<br /> ===Newspaper===<br /> Mass media have been widely used by Dravidian politicians from the early days of the parties. Initially propaganda was spread through newspapers owned by benefactors or by the organisations themselves and through public gatherings.&lt;ref name=sarah/&gt; One early example of media use was the magazine [[Justice (magazine)|Justice]], which carried strong non-Brahmin viewpoints, after which the [[Indian Justice Party]] was named.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book<br /> | last = Rajagopal<br /> | first = Indhu<br /> | title = The Tyranny of Caste<br /> | publisher = Vikar (Original from the [[University of Michigan]])<br /> | year = 1985<br /> | page = 32<br /> | isbn = 978-0-7069-2663-7}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; A later example is [[Kudi Arasu]] (''The Republic'' in English).&lt;ref name=sarah/&gt; DMK had [[Murasoli (India)|Murasoli]] (''Drum Beat'' in English) as its party organ,&lt;ref name=Murasoli&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Subramanian<br /> | first = TS<br /> | title = A man of many parts<br /> | publisher = Frontline, The Hindu publishing<br /> | date = 6–19 December 2003<br /> | url = http://www.frontline.in/fl2025/stories/20031219003709700.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; and Similarly, from 1988 to 2017 AIADMK published [[Namadhu Dr. M.G.R.]] (''Our Dr. M.G.R.'' in English). Currently, it uses [[Namadhu Amma|Namadhu Puratchi Thalaivi Amma]] (''Our Revolutionary Leader Mother'' in English) for its propaganda.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Karu, Jaya wealthiest among TN candidates<br /> | website = Sify News<br /> | date = 23 April 2006<br /> | url = http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14189865<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060502133710/http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14189865<br /> <br /> | archive-date = 2 May 2006<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; [[Dinakaran]], a Tamil Daily owned by Marans, was earlier considered as an unofficial organ of DMK until the family feud within the family of Karunanidhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Pinto<br /> | first = Sanjay<br /> | title = Crucial DMK meet underway<br /> | publisher = NDTV news<br /> | date = 13 May 2007<br /> | url = http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070011830<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20<br /> | archive-date = 10 October 2007<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071010090537/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20070011830<br /> <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Tamil cinema and politics===<br /> {{main|Tamil cinema and Dravidian politics}}<br /> [[Tamil cinema]] first became politicized during the [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]]. With the advent of sound in films, large numbers of theater personnel were attracted, many of whom were already active in politics.&lt;ref name=Dickey/&gt;<br /> Annadurai was a writer, director, and producer of many films that were used as a means of propagation of Dravidian ideologies.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave1/&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Sivaji Ganesan]] was a member of DK but later moved to DMK as one of its founding members. Nevertheless, he was expelled from the DMK following his comments on the party being a &quot;glamour party&quot;, a reaction which is attributed to his frustration over lack of recognition.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave1/&gt;<br /> <br /> M. G. Ramachandran was reputedly the most famous star of any Dravidian party.&lt;ref name=Dickey&gt;<br /> {{Cite journal<br /> | last = Sarah<br /> | first = Dickey<br /> | title = The Politics of Adulation: Cinema and the Production of Politicians in South India<br /> | journal = The Journal of Asian Studies<br /> | volume = 52<br /> | issue = 2<br /> | pages = 340–372<br /> | year = 1993<br /> | doi = 10.2307/2059651<br /> | jstor = 2059651| s2cid = 153511979<br /> }}.<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Hardgrave/&gt;<br /> Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Karunanidhi has continued be active both in film script writing and politics until recent times.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Giants of Dravidian politics<br /> | publisher = Rediff news<br /> | date = April 2004<br /> | url = http://www.rediff.com/election/2004/apr/27espec1.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Former [[Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]] [[V. N. Janaki Ramachandran]] and [[J. Jayalalithaa]] were both film stars who paired with M.G.R. in many of his movies. Other stars within the Dravidian parties include [[S. S. Rajendran]], [[K. R. Ramasamy (actor)|K. R. Ramasamy]] and [[S. S. Chandran]].&lt;ref name=Hardgrave1/&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Television===<br /> DMK initially used [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] Network for its propaganda which eventually led to the birth of the alternate Tamil Channel [[Kalaignar TV]].&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Menon<br /> | first = J<br /> | title = DMK feud: Kalaignar TV to take on Sun TV<br /> | publisher = The Indian Express<br /> | date = 22 May 2007<br /> | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/story/31476.html<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> Similarly, in 1991 AIADMK earlier owned [[JJ TV]] (J. Jayalalithaa Television), which was later dissolved. It used [[Jaya TV]] From 1999 to 2017.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = AIADMK's Jayalalitha:Eclipse time for Sun TV's Kalanithi Maran?<br /> | publisher = India television<br /> | date = 22 May 2001<br /> | url = http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k1/may/may26.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; Currently, It uses [[News J]] for its propaganda.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = AIADMK launches TV channel 'News J' to take on rivals<br /> | publisher = The Indian Express<br /> | date = 15 November 2018<br /> | url = https://indianexpress.com/article/india/aiadmk-launches-tv-channel-news-j-to-take-on-rivals-5447146/<br /> | access-date = 15 November 2018}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Impact==<br /> <br /> ===Regional===<br /> One of the major impacts of the Dravidian parties is said to be the lack of or limited support to the [[Hindutva]] movement, which swept the [[Hindi belt|Hindi heartlands]] of India, in Tamil Nadu.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Kumar<br /> | first = Ashytosh<br /> | title = The roots of Jayalalithaa's politics<br /> | publisher = Tribune India<br /> | date = 23 December 2001<br /> | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2001/20011223/spectrum/book6.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The announcement in 1990 by the then Prime Minister [[V.P. Singh]] that the [[Mandal Commission]]'s recommendation to extend [[Reservation in India|reservation]] in employment in the Union government to the Other Backward Classes would be implemented was &quot;in accordance with the resolution to that effect, passed in the State Assembly&quot; is claimed by DMK to be one of its achievements.&lt;ref name=frontline1/&gt;<br /> Listing the benefits accruing to the State from sharing power at the centre, the DMK stated that &quot;the presence of the DMK Minister (Murasoli Maran) in the National Front Cabinet and the resolution passed in the (Tamil Nadu) Assembly during the DMK regime (1996–2001) resulted in a Tribunal being appointed to adjudicate the [[Kaveri River Water Dispute]] in the case filed by the [[Thanjavur]] farmers in the Supreme Court&quot;. The success of the efforts of Prime Minister Vajpayee in persuading [[Karnataka]] to accept the Tribunal's Interim Award ensuring 205 [[Tmcft|tmc.ft.]] of [[Kaveri river|Kaveri river water]] to Tamil Nadu has been seen as one of the benefits of the DMK's presence in the BJP-led government.&lt;ref name=frontline1/&gt;<br /> <br /> According to the DMK, the &quot;creation&quot; of 11 [[Navratna|Navaratnas]] and 97 [[Mini-Ratnas]] companies in the public sector, ([[Blue chip (stock market)|blue-chip]] companies which invest 30 per cent of their surplus funds in public sector mutual funds) &quot;with administrative and financial autonomy&quot;, during the United Front government at the centre (1996–98) was because of the party's presence in the Cabinet.&lt;ref name=frontline1/&gt;<br /> <br /> Another benefit cited by DMK is the substantial profits the State has received from foreign investments since the start of the liberalisation process. According to a party statement, of the total investment of [[Rupee|Rs]].13,150,170 millions that has flowed into the country since liberalisation began, Tamil Nadu has received 1,511,870 millions, which is 11.5 per cent of the total investment in the country.&lt;ref name=frontline1/&gt;<br /> <br /> It is the DMK chief Karunanidhi who played a vital role in the then central government declaring [[Tamil language|Tamil]] a [[classical language]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = TN Assembly adopts resolution thanking Centre for CICT<br /> | work = The Hindu<br /> | date = 31 January 2008<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200801311821.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20<br /> | archive-date = 2 March 2008<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302232908/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/004200801311821.htm<br /> <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===National===<br /> Between 1996 and 2014, either DMK or AIADMK has been part of the central governments of India.&lt;ref name=Murasoli/&gt;&lt;ref name=murmaran/&gt;&lt;ref name=vajpayee&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> |title=The Vajpayee cabinet: All old timers minus one <br /> |publisher=Rediff News <br /> |date=13 October 1999 <br /> |url=http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/13profc.htm <br /> |access-date=2008-04-20 <br /> <br /> |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017225145/http://www.rediff.com/election/1999/oct/13profc.htm<br /> |archive-date=17 October 2012<br /> }}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BBC&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Main parties allied to the BJP<br /> | publisher = BBC News<br /> | date = 21 May 2004<br /> | url = https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/3551067.stm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> The inclusion of DMK in the [[United Front (India, 1996)|United Front]] government, led by [[I. K. Gujral]], in 1997 came under crisis&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | last = Iype<br /> | first = G<br /> | title = UF letter ready; Gujral authorised to send it to Kesri<br /> | publisher = Rediff News<br /> | date = 21 November 1997<br /> | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/nov/21uf.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> with the interim report of [[Jain Commission]], which was appointed to oversee the assassination of [[Rajiv Gandhi]], said that the then DMK government was responsible for abetting Rajiv Gandhi's murderers.&lt;ref name=Indiatoday1&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Chawla<br /> | first = P<br /> | title = Damning the DMK<br /> | work = India Today<br /> | date = 17 November 1997<br /> | url = http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034354/http://www.india-today.com/itoday/17111997/cov.html<br /> | archive-date = 24 September 2015<br /> <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> In 2007 DMK chief Karunanidi sparked controversy with his [[M. Karunanidhi#Ram Setu remarks|remarks]] on [[Lord Rama]], causing political unrest&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Karunanidhi's effigy burnt to protest his 'Ram' remark<br /> | website = Sify News<br /> | date = 24 September 2007<br /> | url = http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14532447<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; and resulting in the filing of a [[First Information Report]] against him.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news|date=4 October 2007|title=Court: register FIR against Karunanidhi|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Court-register-FIR-against-Karunanidhi/article14850584.ece|access-date=2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===International===<br /> The Dravidian parties have played a pivotal role in the past [[Sri Lankan civil war]]. [[M. G. Ramachandran]], then AIADMK chief, is said to have donated 110 million Indian Rupees to the [[LTTE]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news<br /> | title = MGR donated 110 M. to build up the LTTE – Balasingham<br /> | publisher = Abooda.com<br /> | date = February 2004<br /> | url = http://www.abooda.com/News/Snippets020204.asp<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071030193018/http://www.abooda.com/News/Snippets020204.asp<br /> | archive-date = 30 October 2007<br /> <br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> It was also reported by the Jain Commission that the DMK regime was aligned with the LTTE between 1989 and 1991.&lt;ref name=Indiatoday1/&gt;<br /> [[S. Ramadoss]], party chief of PMK, has recently called for the Central Government of India to help work towards an &quot;early political solution in [[Sri Lanka]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Ramadoss seeks early solution to Sri Lankan problem<br /> | date = 14 November 2007<br /> | url = http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/14/stories/2007111458910100.htm<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071114201551/http://www.hindu.com/2007/11/14/stories/2007111458910100.htm<br /> <br /> | archive-date = 14 November 2007<br /> | work = [[The Hindu]]<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; In 2007 DMK, AIADMK and MDMK expressed their concerns over the arrest of [[Tamil Malaysians]] following a protest.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Karuna joins issue with Malaysia's 'lay off' remarks<br /> | work =Hindustan Times<br /> | date = 25 February 2008<br /> | url = http://www.hindustantimes.com/storypage/storypage.aspx?id=0e0859d4-737c-4827-8a55-7ec14d7c<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Release Tamils in Malaysian jails<br /> | work = The Times of India<br /> | date = 28 November 2007<br /> | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/2578107.cms<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Protect ethnic Indians in Malaysia: Vaiko<br /> | work = The Times of India<br /> | date = 27 November 2007<br /> | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Protect_ethnic_Indians_in_Malaysia_Vaiko/articleshow/2575764.cms<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Electoral symbols of the Dravidian parties==<br /> {{Politics of Tamil Nadu}}<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Image:Indian election symbol rising sun.svg|Electoral symbol of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> Image:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|Electoral symbol of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> Image:Indian Election Symbol Matchbox.png|Electoral symbol of the [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> Image:Indian Election Symbol Nagara.svg|Electoral symbol of the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Flags==<br /> Each Dravidian party is represented by its own flag. Black and Red are the usual colours used, a feature which traces its origin to Periyar's visit to [[Axis powers|Axis countries]] and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]]. On his arrival back home, he declared that his party members would wear black shirts whenever and wherever possible &quot;as a symbol of the present down-trodden condition of Dravidians&quot;.&lt;ref name=Hardgrave1/&gt; The design of the DMK flag consists of two colour rectangles, with the top half black and the bottom half red. The black color reflects the dark political, economical and social situation of Dravidians. Red is used to signify &quot;rising sunlight&quot; that removes the darkness. The red rises from the bottom and is expected to slowly remove all the darkness. Years later, when DMK contested elections, it would take the &quot;rising sun&quot; as the party symbol.&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{cite news<br /> | title = Mr. Chiranjeevi Asks for 'Rising Sun' as the Symbol of his Proposed Party<br /> | publisher = Ground report<br /> | date = 12 March 2008<br /> | url = http://www.groundreport.com/Politics/Mr-Chiranjeevi-asks-for-Rising-Sun-as-the-symbol-o<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; AIADMK uses the black and red combination with a picture of Annadurai in white in the middle and hence it is sometimes characterised as being a tricoloured flag: black and red with white in the middle.&lt;ref name=flag&gt;{{cite news<br /> | last = Nadar<br /> | first = G<br /> | title = No one will kill each other for polls<br /> | publisher = Rediff News<br /> | date = 21 April 2006<br /> | url = http://inhome.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=election/2006/apr/21ptn1.htm<br /> | access-date = 2008-04-20<br /> | archive-date = 27 September 2011<br /> | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110927225330/http://inhome.rediff.com/cms/print.jsp?docpath=election%2F2006%2Fapr%2F21ptn1.htm<br /> }}&lt;/ref&gt; The MDMK flag consists of two red stripes with a black stripe in the center.&lt;ref name=flag/&gt;<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Image:Flag of Dravidar Kazagam.svg|Flag of DK<br /> Image:Flag DMK.svg|Flag of DMK<br /> Image:AIADMK Flag.svg|Flag of AIADMK<br /> Image:MDMK.svg|Flag of MDMK<br /> Image:Flag DMDK.png|Flag of DMDK<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> *[[Dravidar Kazhagam]]<br /> *[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> *[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> *[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]<br /> *[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]]<br /> *[[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{Commons category-inline|Dravidian political parties}}<br /> <br /> {{Dravidian politics}}<br /> {{All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> {{Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}}<br /> {{Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}<br /> <br /> {{Portalbar|India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Dravidian Parties}}<br /> [[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Dravidian political parties| ]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties of minorities]]<br /> [[Category:Political parties of minorities in India]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Britto_P._M.&diff=492414 2025-12-20T01:03:36Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: adding the post first draft</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1993)}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}<br /> {{Infobox football biography<br /> | name = Britto P.M.<br /> | image = <br /> | caption = <br /> | fullname = <br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1993|03|15|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Pozhiyoor]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]<br /> | height = {{height|m=1.74}}<br /> | position = [[Midfielder#Winger|Winger]]<br /> | currentclub = [[Calicut FC]]<br /> | clubnumber = 33<br /> | youthyears1 = 2010–2011<br /> | youthclubs1 = [[Viva Kerala Football Club|Viva Kerala]]<br /> | youthyears2 = 2011–2012<br /> | youthclubs2 = [[Pune FC|Pune]]<br /> | years1 = 2012<br /> | clubs1 = [[Kerala United FC|Quartz]]<br /> | years2 = 2013<br /> | clubs2 = [[Eagles FC|Eagles Kerala]]<br /> | years3 = 2014–2018<br /> | clubs3 = [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> | caps3 = 12<br /> | goals3 = 1<br /> | years4 = 2018–2020<br /> | clubs4 = [[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]]<br /> | caps4 = 15<br /> | goals4 = 1<br /> | years5 = 2020–2021<br /> | clubs5 = [[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br /> | caps5 = 11<br /> | goals5 = 0<br /> | years6 = 2021–2022<br /> | clubs6 = [[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]<br /> | caps6 = <br /> | goals6 = <br /> | years7 = 2022–2024<br /> | clubs7 = [[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br /> | caps7 = <br /> | goals7 = <br /> | years8 = 2024–<br /> | clubs8 = [[Calicut FC]]<br /> | caps8 = 10<br /> | goals8 =2<br /> | pcupdate = 10 November 2024 <br /> | ntupdate = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Britto P.M.''' (born 15 March 1993) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Midfielder#Winger|winger]] for [[Super League Kerala]] club [[Calicut FC]].&lt;ref&gt;https://english.mathrubhumi.com/sports/football/kozhikode-welcomes-new-football-club-as-enthusiasm-soars-1.9866310&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/sports/2022/11/15/spd20-spo-foot-ld-ileague.html|title=Aizawl TRAU share spoils 10-man Rajasthan prevail over Churchill Brothers|publisher=The Week|website=theweek.in|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]|date=15 November 2022|access-date=19 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119074346/https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/sports/2022/11/15/spd20-spo-foot-ld-ileague.html|archive-date=19 November 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also worked in the [[Indian Navy]].<br /> <br /> ==Career==<br /> <br /> ===Viva Kerala===<br /> In 2010, Kerala's lone representatives in [[I-League]] [[Viva Kerala FC]], Signed Britto for their youth squad from U19 Kerala Team. Then after Viva Kerala became defunct, and signed for pune fc in 2011-12 [[Quartz S.C.|Quartz SC]] signed Britto along with other players.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kumar|first1=P K Ajith|title=Quartz SC goes on signing spree|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/quartz-sc-goes-on-signing-spree/article3935609.ece|website=thehindu.com|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=15 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ===Indian Navy===<br /> In 2014, Britto joined [[Indian Navy (football club)|Indian Navy]] the represented [[Services football team|Services]] in [[2014–15 Santosh Trophy|2014–15]], [[2015–16 Santosh Trophy|2015–16]], [[2016–17 Santosh Trophy|2016–17]] seasons of [[Santosh Trophy]] (2 times champions) and [[2015 National Games of India]] and [[Durand Cup]] as well performed.<br /> <br /> ===Mohun Bagan===<br /> In 2018, he signed for [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=I-League 2018: Midfielder PM Britto rejects NorthEast United FC offer to sign forMohunBagan|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/i-league-2018-midfielder-pm-britto-rejects-northeast-united-fc-offer-to-sign-formohunbagan|website=sportskeeda.com|accessdate=5 May 2018}}<br /> &lt;/ref&gt; He was also an integral part of the title winning [[Mohun Bagan A.C.|Mohun Bagan]] team who won [[I league]] 2019–20.<br /> <br /> == Career statistics ==<br /> === Club ===<br /> {{updated|11 March 2023}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Soccerway|britto-pm/531299}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Club<br /> !rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Season<br /> !colspan=&quot;3&quot;|League<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Cup<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]<br /> !colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total<br /> |-<br /> !Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]]<br /> |[[2017–18 I-League|2017–18]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[I-League]]<br /> |12||1||2{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||14||1<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Mohun Bagan AC|Mohun Bagan]] <br /> |[[2018–19 Mohun Bagan AC season|2018–19]]<br /> |4||1||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||4||1<br /> |-<br /> |[[2019–20 Mohun Bagan AC season|2019–20]]<br /> |11||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||11||0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mohun Bagan total<br /> !15!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!15!!1<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]<br /> |[[2019 Durand Cup|2019]]<br /> |<br /> |0||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||2|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||3||2<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]<br /> |[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Indian Super League]]<br /> |11||0||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||11||0<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[Indian Navy (football team)|Indian Navy]]<br /> |[[2021 Durand Cup|2021]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |<br /> |0||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||3||0<br /> |-<br /> |[[2022 Durand Cup|2022]]<br /> |0||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||3||0<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Indian Navy total<br /> !0!!0!!6!!0!!0!!0!!6!!0<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |[[Rajasthan United FC|Rajasthan United]]<br /> |[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |I-League<br /> |14||2||0||0|| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |—||14||2<br /> |-<br /> ! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Career total<br /> !52!!4!!11!!2!!0!!0!!63!!6<br /> |}<br /> {{notelist}}<br /> <br /> ==Honours==<br /> '''Mohun Bagan'''<br /> *[[Calcutta Football League]]: [[2018 CFL Premier Division|2018–19]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Mohun Bagan Win Calcutta Football League After Eight Years|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/football/mohun-bagan-win-calcutta-football-league-after-eight-years-1915623|work= sports.ndtv.com|access-date= 15 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> *[[I league]]: [[2019–20 I-League|2019–20]]&lt;ref&gt;<br /> {{Cite web|title= Mohun Bagan wins second I-league with win over Aizawl FC|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/mohun-bagan-wins-ileague-title-papa-diawara-win-over-aizawl-fc-kalyani-dempo-isl-india-super-league/article31032319.ece|work=sports.ndtv.com|access-date= 10 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Mohun Bagan A.C.]]<br /> <br /> '''Services'''<br /> *[[Santosh Trophy]]: 2015–16<br /> <br /> '''Indian Armed Forces'''<br /> *[[Santosh Trophy]]: 2016–17<br /> <br /> '''Churchill Brothers'''<br /> *Goa Pro League: 2017–18<br /> <br /> '''Indian Navy'''<br /> *[[Kerala Premier League]]<br /> <br /> '''Calicut FC'''<br /> *[[Super League Kerala]]: [[2024 Super League Kerala|2024]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-11-10 |title=Calicut edge Forca Kochi, emerge champions of Super League Kerala|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/sports/football/2024/11/10/super-league-kerala-final-calicut-fc-vs-forca-kochi.html |access-date=2024-11-10 |work=onmanorama |issn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{NorthEast United FC squad}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:PM, Britto}}<br /> [[Category:1993 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Thiruvananthapuram district]]<br /> [[Category:Indian men's footballers]]<br /> [[Category:Footballers from Kerala]]<br /> [[Category:I-League players]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football forwards]]<br /> [[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]<br /> [[Category:Churchill Brothers FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Mohun Bagan Super Giant players]]<br /> [[Category:Pune FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Indian Super League players]]<br /> [[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> [[Category:NorthEast United FC players]]<br /> [[Category:Rajasthan United FC players]]<br /> <br /> {{India-footy-midfielder-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Odisha_Construction_Corporation&diff=477951 2025-12-04T11:04:20Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: Stub</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Construction Corporation based in Odisha}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=August 2014}}<br /> <br /> {{Infobox company<br /> | name = '''Odisha Construction Corporation'''<br /> | logo = <br /> | caption = <br /> | type = Government<br /> | fate = <br /> | predecessor = <br /> | successor = <br /> | foundation = {{start date and age|1962|5|22|df=yes}}<br /> | founder = <br /> | defunct = <br /> | location_city = [[Bhubaneswar]], Odisha<br /> | location_country = India<br /> | location = Odisha Construction Corporation Building, Unit VIII, Gopabandhu Nagar<br /> | locations = <br /> | area_served = [[Odisha]]<br /> | key_people = Anu Garg&lt;br&gt; [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]], [[Chairman of the Board|Chairman]], [[Bibhuti Bhushan Das]] ([[Managing Director]])<br /> | industry = Construction<br /> | products = <br /> | services = <br /> | revenue = INR 4,50,58,39,661 .56<br /> | operating_income = <br /> | net_income = <br /> | aum = <br /> | assets = <br /> | equity = <br /> | owner = <br /> | num_employees = 336<br /> | parent = <br /> | divisions = <br /> | subsid = <br /> | homepage = [http://www.odishaconstruction.com/ www.odishaconstruction.com]<br /> | footnotes = <br /> | intl = <br /> }}<br /> The '''Odisha Construction Corporation''' ('''OCC''') (formerly known as Orissa Construction Corporation) is a premier [[Government of Odisha]] undertaking. Established in the year 1962 under the then [[Indian National Congress]] government of [[Biju Patnaik]](fourth Chief Minister of Odisha) to undertake specialised civil and mechanical construction works hence creating an infrastructure base in the state of Odisha. The corporation was instituted under the third Five Year plan of the Government Odisha and was part of the 'big six' companies instituted along with the Industrial Development Corporation of Orissa, Orissa Fisheries Corporation, [[Odisha State Road Transport Corporation|Orissa State Commercial Transport Corporation]], [[Odisha Mining Corporation|Orissa Mining Corporation]], Orissa Forest Corporation. It is headed by the principal secretary to government, water resources as ex-officio chairman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=About Us – Odisha Construction Corporation Ltd.- OCCL |url=https://odishaconstruction.com/about-us/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Odisha |first=Right to Information |date=1 October 2005 |title=Odisha Construction Corporation Limited |url=https://www.rtiodisha.gov.in/Pages/printAllManual/office_id:295/lang: |website=RTI Odisha}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/1049347421|title=Papers Read at the Annual Conference of the Indian Economic Association|last=Association|first=Indian Economic|journal=Indian Economic Association|issue=53|pages=47|via=World Cat}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> The Odisha Construction Corporation is well equipped with machinery, equipment and vehicle to handle construction works and gives construction services for hydroelectric projects, irrigation projects, thermal power projects, industrial projects industrial buildings, bridges, harbors, railways and building projects.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-03-07 |title=New gates at Jobra, Birupa barrages |url=https://www.orissapost.com/new-gates-at-jobra-birupa-barrages/ |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily – OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Completed projects==<br /> ===Hydroelectric projects===<br /> * Concrete, masonry &amp; earth dams, tunnels, spillways, power house, hydraulic gates, steel penstock of Balimela, Upper Kolab, Rengali &amp; Upper Indravati projects<br /> <br /> ===Irrigation projects===<br /> * Barrages, canals &amp; hydraulic structure of Mahanadi Barrage, Samal Barrage, Naraj Barrage &amp; Harbhangi irrigation projects<br /> <br /> ===Thermal power projects===<br /> * Power plants, water treatment plant &amp; cooling towers of Talcher Thermal, IB Thermal &amp; STPP (NTPC)<br /> <br /> ===Industrial projects===<br /> * Industrial building &amp; heavy fabricated structure of National Aluminium Company (NALCO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP) &amp; Neelachal Ispat Nigam Limited (NINL).<br /> <br /> ===Bridges===<br /> * Balasore fly over, express highway &amp; Kandal Bridge<br /> <br /> ===Harbors===<br /> * Breakwater &amp; berths of Paradip Port Trust<br /> <br /> ===Railway projects===<br /> *Tunnel, fabricated steel bridge &amp; embankment of Koraput-Rayagada Railway project<br /> <br /> ===Buildings===<br /> * Residential, office, school &amp; hospital buildings &amp; cyclone shelters.<br /> <br /> ===Roads===<br /> * PMGSY roads of RD Department&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/OCC/OCC.pdf |title=Completed Assignments |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=15 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815003334/http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/OCC/OCC.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Ongoing projects==<br /> * Lower Indra spillway, canals &amp; gate works<br /> * Titilagarh spillway &amp; gate works<br /> * Manjore spillway &amp; gate works<br /> * Kanupur spillway &amp; gate works<br /> * Telengiri irrigation (spillway &amp; earth dam)<br /> * Sagada Aqueduct of UIIP<br /> * Rengali right bank canal<br /> * Baghalati spillway, dam and gate works<br /> * Subarnarekha Canal work<br /> * Anandapur barrage gate works<br /> * PMGSY road works<br /> * Lower Suktel Spillway<br /> * Ret Spillway<br /> * Puri town water supply &amp; drainage work&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/OCC/OCC.pdf |title=Ongoing Assignments |access-date=18 August 2014 |archive-date=15 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815003334/http://www.dowrorissa.gov.in/OCC/OCC.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://www.odishaconstruction.com/ Official Website of Odisha Construction Corporation (OCC)]<br /> <br /> {{State agencies of Odisha}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Economy of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:State agencies of Odisha]]<br /> [[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies of India]]<br /> [[Category:Construction and civil engineering companies established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:Indian companies established in 1962]]<br /> [[Category:1962 establishments in Orissa]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ameet_Satam&diff=485949 2025-11-25T05:27:31Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: Created a pg...</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|{{External links|date=April 2025}}<br /> {{BLP one source|date=April 2025}}}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}<br /> {{Infobox officeholder<br /> | image = Ameet-satam.png<br /> | office = President of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] – Mumbai<br /> | term_start = 25 August 2025<br /> | term_end = <br /> | president = [[Ravindra Chavan]]<br /> | predecessor = [[Ashish Shelar]]<br /> | successor = <br /> | office1 = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br /> | term_start1 = 2014<br /> | term_end1 = <br /> | predecessor1 = [[Ashok Jadhav]]<br /> | successor1 = <br /> | constituency1 = [[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West]]<br /> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|08|15|df=y}}<br /> | birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra<br /> | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br /> | website = {{URL|http://ameetsatam.com}}<br /> }}<br /> '''Ameet Bhaskar Satam''' is a member of the 14th [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]. He represents the [[Andheri West Assembly constituency|Andheri West Assembly Constituency]] for the second term. He belongs to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IT-20141103&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2015/story/maharashtra-assembly-poll-results-bjp-shiv-sena-ncp-congress-223847-2014-10-19|title=Results of Maharashtra Assembly polls 2014 |work=India Today|access-date=3 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> * http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/civic/Civic-body-okays-BJPs-move-for-night-markets/articleshow/48013288.cms<br /> * http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-ameet-satam-calls-off-fast-after-better-street-light-promise-1952309<br /> * http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/civic/BMC-orders-probe-against-26-officials-for-corruption/articleshow/51920498.cms<br /> * http://www.mumbaimirror.com/mumbai/others/Saffron-vs-saffron-in-BMC-polls-as-Sena-BJP-go-solo/articleshow/51920539.cms<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Satam, Ameet Bhaskar}}<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2024–2029]]<br /> [[Category:Marathi politicians]]<br /> [[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:People from Mumbai Suburban district]]<br /> [[Category:1976 births]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Maharashtra-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gerua&diff=500290 2025-11-18T08:58:12Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|2015 Hindi song}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br /> {{Infobox song<br /> |name = Gerua<br /> | cover = Gerua cover.jpg<br /> |lyricist = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cine&quot; /&gt;<br /> |composer = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]<br /> |artist = [[Pritam]] feat. [[Arijit Singh]], [[Antara Mitra]]<br /> |type = Song<br /> |album = <br /> |label = [[Sony Music India]]<br /> |language = [[Hindi]]<br /> |misc = {{External music video|{{YouTube|AEIVhBS6baE|&quot;Gerua&quot;}}}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Gerua''' ({{IPAc-en|ɡ|eɪ|ˈ|r|u|w|ɑː}} {{translation|[[Ochre]]}})&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 20, 2015 |title=Gerua puzzles SRK fans, 'What does the word mean?' |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gerua-puzzles-srk-fans-what-does-the-word-mean/articleshow/49862266.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207041306/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/gerua-puzzles-srk-fans-what-does-the-word-mean/articleshow/49862266.cms |archive-date=7 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-07 |website=[[Bangalore Mirror]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a Hindi song from the 2015 Indian film ''[[Dilwale (2015 film)|Dilwale]]''. The song was written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]],&lt;ref name=&quot;cine&quot; /&gt; composed by [[Pritam Chakraborty]], and sung by [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Antara Mitra]]. The song's music video stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]] and [[Kajol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title='Gerua' song from 'Dilwale' released, gets 1.6&amp;nbsp;million views on YouTube |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/gerua-song-from-dilwale-released-gets-1-6-million-views-on-youtube/articleshow/49854577.cms?from=mdr |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731031358/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/gerua-song-from-dilwale-released-gets-1-6-million-views-on-youtube/articleshow/49854577.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=31 July 2017 |access-date=7 February 2022 |website=The Economic Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;expresss&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Dilwales song gerua makes Karan johar nostalgic |date=19 November 2015 |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dilwales-song-gerua-makes-karan-johar-nostalgic/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730203528/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dilwales-song-gerua-makes-karan-johar-nostalgic/ |archive-date=30 July 2017 |access-date=7 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The song has over 625 million views on [[YouTube]].<br /> <br /> == Background ==<br /> In an interview, the composer of the song [[Pritam]] said that he had sleepless nights when he was informed that Kajol had been paired opposite Shah Rukh Khan in the film, since it was a very tough task to create music that could recreate the magic of this iconic [[Bollywood]] pair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indicine&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Music video ==<br /> The music video of the song was shot in [[Iceland]]. The song's visuals are filled with scenery of lush green mountains tops, waterfalls, a rainbow, a glacial lagoon and a wrecked plane at a deserted spot.&lt;ref name=&quot;ge&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> The entertainment portals praised [[Rohit Shetty]]'s cinematography and direction of the music video, they wrote &quot;Rohit has done an amazing job of capturing the elusive beauty and thats the reason behind why this song is different from any other song. Shah Rukh and Kajol have mesmerizing and super hot chemistry. They have created the same magic which was done in [[Suraj Hua Madham]]. Rohit Shetty has given a real treat to eyes and we are quite sure audiences will fall in love with the mesmerizing beauty of Iceland.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;cine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Zainab mulla |date=9 November 2015 |title=Dilwale song Gerua review: The Shah Rukh Khan &amp; Kajol number looks wannabe Suraj Hua Madham? |url=http://www.india.com/buzz/dilwale-song-gerua-review-the-wannabe-suraj-hua-madham-716155/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728071445/http://www.india.com/buzz/dilwale-song-gerua-review-the-wannabe-suraj-hua-madham-716155/ |archive-date=28 July 2017 |access-date=12 June 2017 |publisher=India.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Song credits ==<br /> The musicians involved in making the song, as per the credits mentioned in the official music video's description, were<br /> * Music producers – [[Dhrubajyoti Phukan|Dj Phukan]], [[Sunny M.R]].<br /> * Music Arrangement and programming – [[Arijit Singh]], Prasad Sashte, Nikhil Paul George<br /> * [[Mixing engineer]] and [[mastering engineer]] – Eric Pillai<br /> * Musicians – Shirish Malhotra, Girish Vishwa, Iqbal Azad, Ishtiyak Khan, Prabhakar More, Krishna Pandurang Musale, Tapas Roy, Iqbal, Langa Zakir Langa, P.M.K. Naveen Kumar, Tushar Parte, Sanjoy Das, Dipesh Verma, Raj Kumar Dewan, Mahendra Kumar, Aditya Benia, Ensemble Strandja ('Dinyu, Valyu, Stoiko, Nikolai), Emilia Amper, Pete Whitefield&lt;!-- Song credits are mentioned in the official music videos description--&gt;<br /> <br /> == Release ==<br /> The song was officially launched on 18 November 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;Indianexpress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gerua |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/srk-kajol-back-at-maratha-mandir-after-ddlj-to-launch-the-first-song-of-dilwale-titled-gerua/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221143800/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/srk-kajol-back-at-maratha-mandir-after-ddlj-to-launch-the-first-song-of-dilwale-titled-gerua/ |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=The Indian Express|date=18 November 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Reception ==<br /> In its review, ''Indicine'' wrote, &quot;It's a case of 'love at first listen' with 'Gerua', courtesy a soothing composition filled with a traditional setting (except for the opening 20 seconds that are misfit and strange). The flute in the beginning takes your heart away while Arijit, who has perfected the art of rendering romantic numbers, only ends up raising the bar with 'Gerua'. We bet this one will stay in your playlist for long.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Indicine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Indicine Team |title=Dilwale music review |date=5 December 2015 |url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/dilwale-music-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404171454/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/dilwale-music-review/ |archive-date=4 April 2016 |access-date=12 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> Upon its release, the music video of the song garnered 1.6&amp;nbsp;million views on [[Facebook]] and [[YouTube]]. The song trended on 62 countries worldwide.&lt;ref name=&quot;ge&quot; /&gt;<br /> The composer of the song [[Pritam]] said- &quot;The reaction on Gerua from everywhere is very heartwarming&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;ge&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> In June 2016, &quot;Gerua&quot; became the first Hindi film song to cross 100 million views on [[YouTube]] and remained the highest viewed Bollywood song for a while. {{Citation needed|date=January 2025}}<br /> <br /> == Awards and nominations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;<br /> !Year<br /> !Award Ceremony<br /> !Category<br /> !Recipient<br /> !Result<br /> !Reference(s)<br /> |-<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[8th Mirchi Music Awards|2015]]<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of the Year]]<br /> | –<br /> | {{won}}<br /> | rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330062839/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/Nomination/ |archive-date=30 March 2016 |access-date=25 March 2018 |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=MMA Mirchi Music Awards |url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310043944/http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/winners/ |archive-date=10 March 2018 |access-date=25 March 2018 |website=MMAMirchiMusicAwards}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of the Year]]<br /> |[[Arijit Singh]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |-<br /> |[[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of the Year]]<br /> |[[Pritam]]<br /> | {{won}}<br /> |-<br /> |Best Song Engineer (Recording &amp; Mixing)<br /> |Ashwin Kulkarni, Kaushik Das, [[Nikhil Paul George]], Julian Mascarenhas, Emon Goswami, Milena Dobreva &amp; [[Eric Pillai]]<br /> | {{nom}}<br /> |}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> {{Arijit Singh}}<br /> <br /> {{authority control}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:2015 songs]]<br /> [[Category:Songs written for Hindi-language films]]<br /> [[Category:Arijit Singh songs]]<br /> [[Category:Music videos shot in Iceland]]<br /> [[Category:Songs with music by Pritam Chakraborty]]<br /> [[Category:Songs with lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mahendra_Gokhale&diff=455910 2025-11-14T04:41:57Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: quick reworked formatting per standard format and cleaned formatting</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|Indian cricketer}}<br /> {{no footnotes|blp=yes|date=October 2017}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}<br /> <br /> '''Mahendra Gokhale''' (born 6 October 1967) was an Indian [[cricket]]er. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm off-break bowler who played for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]. He was born in [[Poona]].<br /> <br /> Gokhale made a single first-class appearance for the side, during the 1998–99 season, against [[Orissa cricket team|Orissa]]. In the only innings in which he batted, he scored 8 not out.<br /> <br /> Gokhale bowled 20 overs in the match, conceding 67 runs and taking 8 wickets.<br /> <br /> He was a fitness trainer for the pro kabaddi team puneri paltan. He was also the fitness trainer of Mumbai Indians in the first season of 2008–09.{{Citation needed|date=October 2017}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{cricketarchive|id=8120}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Gokhale, Mahendra}}<br /> [[Category:1967 births]]<br /> [[Category:Living people]]<br /> [[Category:Indian cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Maharashtra cricketers]]<br /> [[Category:Cricketers from Pune]]<br /> [[Category:20th-century Indian sportsmen]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{India-cricket-bio-1960s-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nalgudha,_Rajasthan&diff=520106 2025-11-13T07:12:43Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: stub - done</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}<br /> {{Multiple issues|<br /> {{orphan|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{more citations needed|date=August 2024}}<br /> }}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}{{Infobox settlement<br /> | name = Nalgudha<br /> | native_name = <br /> | native_name_lang = <br /> | other_name = Gudhanal<br /> | nickname = <br /> | settlement_type = [[Village]]<br /> | image_skyline = Madhaji Junjhar.jpg<br /> | image_alt = <br /> | image_caption =Madhaji Junjhar <br /> | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India<br /> | pushpin_label_position = right<br /> | pushpin_map_alt = <br /> | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India<br /> | coordinates = {{coord|25|37|59|N|72|25|0|E|display=inline,title}}<br /> | subdivision_type = Country<br /> | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br /> | subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br /> | subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]<br /> | subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br /> | subdivision_name2 = [[Balotra district]]<br /> | established_title = &lt;!-- Established --&gt;<br /> | established_date = <br /> | founder = <br /> | named_for = <br /> | government_type = <br /> | governing_body = Grampanchayat <br /> | unit_pref = Metric<br /> | area_footnotes = <br /> | area_rank = <br /> | area_total_km2 = <br /> | elevation_footnotes = <br /> | elevation_m = 184<br /> | population_total = 1163<br /> | population_as_of = <br /> | population_rank = <br /> | population_density_km2 = auto<br /> | population_demonym = <br /> | population_footnotes = <br /> | demographics_type1 = Languages<br /> | demographics1_title1 = Official<br /> | demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]&amp; Marwari [Siwanchi]<br /> | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br /> | utc_offset1 = +5:30<br /> | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br /> | postal_code = 344044<br /> | area_code_type = Telephone code<br /> | area_code = +912901<br /> | registration_plate = RJ-39<br /> | blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br /> | blank1_info_sec1 = Balotra<br /> | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank2_info_sec1 = [[Barmer (Lok Sabha constituency)]]<br /> | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br /> | blank3_info_sec1 = Siwana<br /> | blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br /> | blank4_info_sec1 = Village <br /> | website = <br /> | footnotes = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''Nalgudha''' is a village in [[Balotra District]], of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. It is 9 [[Kilometer|km]] from [[Siwana]] and situated on [[Balotra]] . Nalguda has a total population of 1,163 peoples according to Census 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Villages &amp; Towns in Siwana Tehsil of Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/580-siwana-barmer-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-08-04 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=english |title=Gudanal Pin Code - 344044, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search barmer Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/gudanal-pincode-344044.html |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Gudanal Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Gudanal, Barmer, Rajasthan, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/rajasthan/barmer/gudanal |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Nagnechi Mata Temple Nalgudha.jpg|250px|thumb|Nagnechi Mata Temple Nalgudha.]]<br /> <br /> ==Population ==<br /> Nalgudha, Rajasthan, was 1,163 according to the 2011 Census. This village is located in the Balotra District of Rajasthan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Nal Village Population - Siwana - Barmer, Rajasthan |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/87530-nal-rajasthan.html |access-date=2024-08-04|website=www.census2011.co.in}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ==Gellery==<br /> *Hanuman temple <br /> [[File:हनुमान जी मंदिर नाल गुढ़ा.jpg|250px|thumb|Hanuman temple.]]<br /> <br /> *Nagnechi Mata Temple<br /> [[File:Nagnechi Mata Nalgudha.jpg|250px|thumb|Nagnechi Mata Nalgudha.]]<br /> ==External links==<br /> {{Commons category|Nalgudha}}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> {{Balotra district}}<br /> [[Category:Villages in Balotra district]]<br /> {{Jodhpurdivision-geo-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Budget_Kudumbam&diff=492469 2025-10-30T12:57:53Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | native_name = <br /> | image = <br /> | genre = {{ubl|<br /> * [[Comedy drama|Comedy]]<br /> * [[Drama]]<br /> }}<br /> | creator =<br /> | screenplay = V . Padmavathy <br /> | creative_director = <br /> | director = S.N. Shakthivel<br /> | starring = {{ubl|<br /> * Sushma Sunil Nair<br /> * Kurinji Nathan<br /> }}<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Tamil<br /> | num_seasons = 1<br /> | num_episodes = 100+&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kurinjinathan and Sushman Nair starrer 'Budget Kudumbam' completes 100 episodes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/kurinjinathan-and-sushman-nair-starrer-budget-kudumbam-completes-100-episodes/articleshow/110966746.cms|access-date=13 June 2024|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | producer = <br /> | company = [[Vikatan Televistas]]<br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | opentheme = <br /> | music = <br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editor = <br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = <br /> | channel = [[DD Podhigai|DD Tamizh]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|2024|01|22|df=y}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|2025|03|07|df=y}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Budget Kudumbam''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Tamil television drama|television series]] directed by S.N. Shakthivel produced by [[Vikatan Televistas]]. The show stars Sushma Sunil Nair and Kurinji Nathan in lead role. The series revolves around a [[Middle class|middle-class]] family of Vanmathi (Sushma Sunil Nair), Chanduru (Kurinji Nathan) and their three children.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=மிடில் கிளாஸ் குடும்பத்தின் கனவைப் பேசும் 'பட்ஜெட் குடும்பம்' - நெகிழ வைக்கும் புதிய தொடர்!|url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/television/vikatan-productions-new-serial-budget-kudumbam-launched-today|access-date=19 January 2024 |website=cinema.vikatan.com|date=19 January 2024 |language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> It currently airs on [[DD Podhigai|DD Tamizh]] from 21 January 2024 on Monday to Friday at 20:00. This series was launched along with ''[[Thayamma Kudumbathaar]]'' and ''Shakthi IPS''.<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> * Sushma Sunil Nair as Vanmathi<br /> * Kurinji Nathan as Chanduru<br /> * ... as Minimini<br /> * ... as Kanmanai<br /> * Sharvesh as Kannan<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> === Development ===<br /> On 17 November 2023, Actress Sushma Sunil Nair confirmed through a their [[Instagram]] page, she will act new serial for [[DD Podhigai|DD Tamizh]], to be produced by [[Vikatan Televistas]] and directed by S.N. Shakthivel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=பூஜையுடன் தொடங்கிய பட்ஜெட் குடும்பம் சீரியல்!...|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=117646|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130044802/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=117646|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 November 2023|access-date=17 November 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series tells the importance of middle-class family, and follows a Vanmathi's journey to keep the family. The first promo was released on 16 January 2024.{{fact|date=December 2024}}<br /> <br /> === Casting ===<br /> Sushma Sunil Nair who commonly joined with Vikatan's projects such as [[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]] where reprising her role as first female lead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ஹீரோயினாக மாறும் வில்லி நடிகை: 'பட்ஜெட் குடும்பம்' புதிய சீரியல் ரெடி|url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil-pothigai-channel-new-serial-budget-kudimbam-shooting-started-1699575|access-date=17 November 2023 |website=tamil.indianexpress.com|language=ta}}&lt;/ref&gt; Actor Kurinji Nathan was cast as the male lead as Chanduru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Actors Kurinji Nathan and Sushma Nair to play the titular roles in upcoming show 'Budget Kudumbam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actors-kurinji-nathan-and-sushma-nair-to-play-the-titular-roles-in-upcoming-show-budget-kudumbam/articleshow/105312996.cms|access-date=18 November 2023|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=18 November 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Podhigai TV television series]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language comedy television series]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language melodrama television series]]<br /> [[Category:2024 Tamil-language television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Television shows set in Tamil Nadu]]<br /> [[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Television series by Vikatan Televistas]]<br /> [[Category:2025 Tamil-language television series endings]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kendasampige_(TV_series)&diff=509207 2025-10-14T20:35:24Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: starting first stub needs work</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|2022 Kannada-language television drama}}<br /> {{Undisclosed paid|date=June 2024}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image =<br /> | caption = <br /> | alt_name = <br /> | genre = [[Drama]]<br /> | creator = <br /> | based_on = <br /> | developer = <br /> | writer = Girija Manjunath (Dialogues)<br /> | story = Kumareshan<br /> | director = R. Subash Arva<br /> | starring = {{ubl|Madhumitha, Kavyashiva|Akash}}<br /> | theme_music_composer = <br /> | opentheme = <br /> | endtheme = <br /> | composer = Pramod Maravanthe&lt;br/&gt;Vasuki Vaibhav&lt;br/&gt; Vijeth Manjayya<br /> | country = India<br /> | language = Kannada<br /> | num_seasons = <br /> | num_episodes = 614<br /> | list_episodes = <br /> | executive_producer = <br /> | producer = Tejasvini Bhaskar&lt;br/&gt;[[Megha Shetty]]<br /> | cinematography = <br /> | editor = <br /> | camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br /> | runtime = 22 minutes<br /> | company = Parinitha Productions<br /> | network = [[Colors Kannada]]<br /> | first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2022|08|22}}<br /> | last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2024|09|27}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Kendasampige''''' is an Indian [[Kannada]] language drama television series that premiered from 22 August 2022 on [[Colors Kannada]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-14 |title=ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 22ರಿಂದ ಕಲರ್ಸ್ ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಹರಡಲಿದೆ ಕೆಂಡಸಂಪಿಗೆ ಘಮ! ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ನೋಡಲು ರೆಡಿಯಾಗಿ |url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/colors-kannada-kendasampige-new-serial-august-22-start-sunil-acting-as-a-little-brother-kannada-serial-svl-ach-819840.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=News18 Kannada |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars Kavyashiva, Madhumitha and Akash in their lead roles. This show is produced by Megha Shetty under the banner of Parinitha Production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-03-13 |title=ಲಕ್ ಅಂದ್ರೆ ಇದೇ ಇರ್ಬೇಕು ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿ ನಿರ್ಮಾಪಕಿಯಾದ ಮೇಘಾ ಶೆಟ್ಟಿ!|url=https://kannada.news18.com/news/entertainment/jote-joteyali-fame-actress-megha-shetty-producer-for-new-serial-kenda-sampige-vdd-740973.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=News18 Kannada |language=En}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-24 |title=Colors Kannada rolls out print ad campaign for new show Kendasampige |url=https://www.adgully.com/colors-kannada-rolls-out-print-ad-campaign-for-new-show-kendasampige-121796.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=www.adgully.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Plot==<br /> The heroine of the story, Sumana, is a girl with a very simple personality who belongs to a poor family. No matter how difficult her life is, she is always at the forefront of helping the people of her colony. She makes a living by selling flowers. On the other hand, the leader, corporator Thirthankara Prasad, needs to become an MLA. For that, the vote of the people of Sumana Colony is required. For this, he starts helping Sumana to gain the trust of the people there.<br /> <br /> Sumana is very resentful of Rajesh. Rajesh and Sumana do not speak directly. Rajesh works near the theerth. One day he gets bent in the party struggle. He went there to perform a play and actually doused himself with petrol and died. To quell the anger of the colony people, the leader says that he will do a mass marriage. He decides to marry Sumana there. But, the man who will marry Sumana runs away. He marries Sumana himself to save his reputation and gain the trust of the colony. The story revolves around how Sumana lives in her husband's house after marriage, how she endures the disdain of her husband's family.<br /> <br /> ==Cast==<br /> *Madhumitha/Kavya Shaiva as Sumana-Teertha's wife; Rajesh's elder sister<br /> *Akash as Thirthankar Prasad; Sumana's husband<br /> *Sunil&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=ಹೊಸ ಧಾರಾವಾಹಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ರಫ್ ಅಂಡ್ ಟಫ್ ಪಾತ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ 'ಶನಿ' ಖ್ಯಾತಿಯ ಸುನೀಲ್ |url=https://www.headlinekarnataka.com/news/cinema/11078/Sunil-Of-Shani-Serial-Fame-Makes-Comeback-With-Kendasampige-Serial |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Headline Karanataka |language=kn}}&lt;/ref&gt; as Rajesh<br /> *Amrita Rammurthy&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-08-07 |title='ಕೆಂಡಸಂಪಿಗೆ' ಸೀರಿಯಲ್ ವೀಕ್ಷಕರಿಗೆ ಸಿಹಿ ಸುದ್ದಿ ಕಮ್ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ ಮಾಡ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ ಅಮೃತಾ ರಾಮಮೂರ್ತಿ |url=https://newsfirstlive.com/2022/08/07/kendasampige-new-serial-in-colors-kannada-actors-amrutha-ramamoorthy-come-back/ |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=News First Kannada |language=kn |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128114243/https://newsfirstlive.com/2022/08/07/kendasampige-new-serial-in-colors-kannada-actors-amrutha-ramamoorthy-come-back/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; as Sadhana; Thirthankar's sister-in-law<br /> *[[Doddanna]] as Keshav Prasad- father of Thirthanakar<br /> *Nisarga Manjunath as Janhavi- Teertha's sister <br /> *Chaitra Rao Sachin as Katyayini - Keshav Prasad's sister<br /> <br /> ==Production==<br /> The show marks the first production venture of Megha Shetty.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2022-03-13 |title=Megha Shetty turn producer with the soap Kendasampige - Times of India |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/megha-shetty-turn-producer-with-the-soap-kendasampige/articleshow/90180161.cms |access-date=2023-05-24 |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt; The show title is based on film ''[[Kendasampige]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kendasampige Serial: Suhana's Sister-In-Law Plots To Ruin Her Reputation At Home |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/kendasampige-serial-suhanas-sister-in-law-plots-to-ruin-her-reputation-at-home-6507037.html |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=News18|date=30 November 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Adaptations ==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0;&quot;<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E0CEF2; width:20%;&quot;| Language<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E0CEF2; width:24%;&quot;| Title<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E0CEF2; width:16%;&quot;| Original release<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E0CEF2; width:12%;&quot;| Network(s)<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E0CEF2; width:18%;&quot;| Last aired<br /> ! style=&quot;background:#E0CEF2; width:22%;&quot;| Notes<br /> |-<br /> | [[Kannada]]<br /> | ''Kendasampige'' &lt;br&gt; ಕೆಂಡಸಂಪಿಗೆ<br /> | 22 August 2022<br /> | [[Colors Kannada]]<br /> | 27 September 2024<br /> | Original<br /> |-<br /> | [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br /> | ''[[Kasturi (2023 TV series)|Kasturi]]'' &lt;br&gt; कस्तुरी<br /> | 26 June 2023<br /> | [[Colors Marathi]]<br /> | 13 October 2023<br /> | rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Remake<br /> |-<br /> | [[Hindi]]<br /> | ''[[Suman Indori]]'' &lt;br&gt; सुमन इंदौरी<br /> | 3 September 2024<br /> | [[Colors TV]]<br /> | 27 April 2025<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|27519624}}<br /> *[https://www.voot.com/shows/kendasampige/217311 ''Kendasampige''] at [[Voot]]<br /> <br /> [[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]<br /> [[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]<br /> [[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_villages_in_Pathardi_taluka&diff=475008 2025-10-10T15:45:34Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: </p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|None}}<br /> {{onesource|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}<br /> <br /> In the 2001 census there were 137 villages in [[Pathardi tehsil]] of [[Ahmednagar district]] of state of [[Maharashtra]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/GEO-Main.htm |title=Ahmednagar district - Information about tehsils |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721162644/http://ahmednagar.gov.in/html_docs/GEO-Main.htm |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; However the 2011 census only listed 134 villages. The list of village in Pathardi taluka:<br /> <br /> ==A==<br /> * [[Adgaon]]<br /> * [[Agaskhand]]<br /> * [[Aakola]]<br /> * [[Alhanwadi]]<br /> * Ambikanagar (Ambika Nagar)<br /> * Aurangpur (Auranjpur)<br /> <br /> ==B==<br /> * [[Badewadi]]<br /> * [[Bhalgaon]]<br /> * [[Bharajwadi]]<br /> * [[Bhawarwadi]]<br /> * [[Bhilwade]]<br /> * [[Bhose, Ahmednagar|Bhose]]<br /> * [[Bhutetakali]]<br /> * [[Bondarwadi]]<br /> * [[Borsewadi]]<br /> <br /> ==C==<br /> * [[Chekewadi]]<br /> * [[Chichondi]]<br /> * [[Chinchpur Ijade]] (Chinchpur Eejade)<br /> * [[Chinchpur Pangul]]<br /> * [[Chitali, Ahmednagar|Chitali]]<br /> * [[Chitalwadi]]<br /> * [[Chumbhali]]<br /> <br /> ==D==<br /> * [[Dagadwadi]]<br /> * [[Damalwadi]]<br /> * [[Damalwadi]]<br /> * [[Dangewadi]]<br /> * [[Devrai, Maharashtra|Devrai]]<br /> * [[Dhakanwadi]]<br /> * [[Dhakanwadi]]<br /> * [[Dhamangaon]]<br /> * [[Dhangarwadi]]<br /> * [[Dharwadi]]<br /> * [[Dhawalewadi]]<br /> * [[Dongarwadi]]<br /> * [[Dulechandgaon]]<br /> <br /> ==E==<br /> * [[Ekanathwadi]] (Eknathwadi)<br /> <br /> ==G==<br /> * [[Ghaitadakwadi]]<br /> * [[Ghatshiras]]<br /> * [[Ghumatwadi]]<br /> * [[Gitewadi]]<br /> <br /> ==H==<br /> * [[Hakewadi]]<br /> * [[Hanuman Takali]]<br /> * [[Hatra, Maharashtra|Hatra]]<br /> <br /> ==J==<br /> * [[Jambhali]]<br /> * [[Jatdeole]]<br /> * [[Jawakhede Dumala]]<br /> * [[Jawakhede Khalsa]] <br /> * [[Jawalwadi]]<br /> * [[Jirewadi]]<br /> * [[Jogewadi]]<br /> * [[Joharwadi]]<br /> <br /> ==K==<br /> * [[Kadgaon, Ahmednagar|Kadgaon]]<br /> * [[Kalas Pimpri]]<br /> * [[Kalegaon Fakir]]<br /> * [[Kalewadi, Ahmednagar|Kalewadi]]<br /> * [[Kamat Shingave]]<br /> * [[Karadwadi]]<br /> * [[Karanji, Maharashtra|Karanji]]<br /> * [[Karegaon]]<br /> * [[Karodi]]<br /> * [[Kasalwadi]]<br /> * [[Kasar Pimpalgaon]]<br /> * [[Kasarwadi, Ahmednagar|Kasarwadi]]<br /> * [[Kaudgaon]]<br /> * [[Kelwandi]]<br /> * [[Khandgaon]]<br /> * [[Kharwandi]]<br /> * [[Kherde]]<br /> * [[Kolhar, Pathardi|Kolhar]]<br /> * [[Kolsangavi]]<br /> * [[Kopare]]<br /> * [[Koradgaon]]<br /> * [[Kuttarwadi]]<br /> <br /> ==L==<br /> * [[Landakwadi]]<br /> * [[Lohasar]]<br /> <br /> ==M==<br /> * [[Madhi]]<br /> * [[Malegaon, Ahmednagar|Malegaon]]<br /> * [[Malewadi, Ahmednagar|Malewadi]]<br /> * [[Malibabhulgaon]]<br /> * [[Mandave, Ahmednagar|Mandave]]<br /> * [[Manewadi]]<br /> * [[Manik Daundi]]<br /> * [[Midsangavi]]<br /> * [[Miri, India|Miri]]<br /> * [[Mohari]]<br /> * [[Mohate]]<br /> * [[Mohoj Bk.]]<br /> * [[Mohoj Devadhe]]<br /> * [[Mohoj Kh.]]<br /> * [[Munguswade]]<br /> <br /> ==N==<br /> * [[Nandur Nimba Daitya]] (Nandur Nimbadaitya)<br /> * [[Nimbodi]]<br /> * [[Nipani Jalgaon]]<br /> * [[Nivadunge]] (Nivdunge)<br /> <br /> ==P==<br /> * [[Padali, Ahmednagar|Padali]]<br /> * [[Pagori Pimpalgaon]]<br /> * [[Palavewadi]]<br /> * [[Parewadi, Ahmednagar|Parewadi]]<br /> * [[Pattryacha Tanda]] (Patryacha Tanda)<br /> * [[Pimpalgaon Tappa]]<br /> * [[Pimpalgavhan]] (Pimapalgavan)<br /> * [[Pirewadi]]<br /> * [[Prabhupimpri]]<br /> <br /> ==R==<br /> * [[Raghohivre]]<br /> * [[Ranjani, India|Ranjani]]<br /> * [[Renukaiwadi]]<br /> * [[Rupnarwadi]]<br /> <br /> ==S==<br /> * [[Saidapur, Maharashtra|Saidapur]]<br /> * [[Sakegaon, Ahmednagar|Sakegaon]]<br /> * [[Sangavi Bk.]]<br /> * [[Sangavi Kh.]]<br /> * [[Satwad]]<br /> * [[Shankarwadi]]<br /> * [[Shekate]]<br /> * [[Shindewadi, Ahmednagar|Shindewadi]]<br /> * [[Shingave Keshav]]<br /> * [[Shiral, India|Shiral]]<br /> * [[Shirapur, Pathardi|Shirapur]]<br /> * [[Shirasathwadi]]<br /> * [[Somthane Bk.]]<br /> * [[Somthane Kh.]]<br /> * [[Somthane Nalwade]]<br /> * [[Sonoshi]]<br /> * [[Susare]]<br /> <br /> ==T==<br /> * [[Takali Manur]]<br /> * [[Tinkhadi]]<br /> * [[Tisgaon]]<br /> * [[Tondoli]]<br /> * [[Tribhuwanwadi]]<br /> <br /> ==V==<br /> * [[Vaiju Babhulgaon]] (Viajubabhulgaon)<br /> <br /> ==W==<br /> * [[Wadgaon, Pathardi|Wadgaon]] (Vadgaon)<br /> * [[Walunj]]<br /> * [[Wasu, Maharashtra|Wasu]]<br /> <br /> ==Y==<br /> * [[Yeli, India|Yeli]]<br /> <br /> ==See also==<br /> * [[Rahata tehsil]]<br /> * [[Tehsils in Ahmednagar]]<br /> * [[Villages in Akole tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Jamkhed tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Karjat tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Kopargaon tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Nagar tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Nevasa tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Parner tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Rahata taluka]]<br /> * [[Villages in Rahuri tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Sangamner tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Shevgaon tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Shrigonda tehsil]]<br /> * [[Villages in Shrirampur tehsil]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Villages in Ahmednagar district| ]]<br /> [[Category:Lists of villages in Maharashtra|Pathardi]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Delhi%E2%80%93Daurai_Shatabdi_Express&diff=461871 2025-10-09T11:29:17Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: improve article further</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[New Delhi–Daurai (Ajmer) Shatabdi Express]]<br /> <br /> {{Redirect category shell|<br /> {{R from move}}<br /> }}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Exostoma_barakense&diff=498757 2025-09-30T01:55:10Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: adding initial stub and citations!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Species of fish}}<br /> {{Speciesbox<br /> | status = DD<br /> | status_system = IUCN3.1<br /> | status_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 12 March 2024&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn |author=Ng, H.H. |year=2010 |title=''Exostoma barakensis'' |article-number=e.T168469A6498070 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-4.RLTS.T168469A6498070.en |access-date=12 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> | taxon = Exostoma barakense<br /> | authority = [[Waikhom Vishwanath|Vishwanath]] &amp; [[H. Joyshree|Joyshree]], 2007<br /> | synonyms = ''Exostoma barakensis''<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''Exostoma barakense''''' is a [[species]] of [[sisorid catfish]] in the family [[Sisoridae]]. It is found in India.&lt;ref&gt;Vishwanath, W. and H. Joyshree, 2007. A new Sisorid catfish of the genus Exostoma Blith from Manipur, India. Zoo's Print Journal 22(1):2531-2534.&lt;/ref&gt; <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> ''Exostoma barakense'' reaches a [[standard length]] of {{cvt|9.8|cm|in}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{FishBase |genus= Exostoma|species= barakense| month = March | year = 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{Reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> *Ng, H.H. and M. Kottelat, 2018. A new Glyptosternine catfish from Northern Myanmar (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Sisoridae). Copeia 106(1):63-69.<br /> <br /> {{Taxonbar|from=Q6431953}}<br /> <br /> [[Category:Catfish of Asia]]<br /> [[Category:Fish of India]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by Waikhom Vishwanath]]<br /> [[Category:Taxa named by H. Joyshree]]<br /> [[Category:Fish described in 2007]]<br /> [[Category:Exostoma|barakense]]<br /> <br /> <br /> {{Sisoridae-stub}}</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Australia_women%27s_cricket_team_in_India_in_1983%E2%80%9384&diff=488375 2025-07-18T09:04:10Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: Created new bio...</p> <hr /> <div>{{short description|none}}<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Use Australian English|date=August 2022}}<br /> {{Infobox cricket tour<br /> | series_name = Australia women's cricket team in India in 1983–84<br /> | team1_image = Flag of India.svg<br /> | team1_name = India<br /> | team2_image = Flag of Australia.svg<br /> | team2_name = Australia<br /> | from_date = 19 January<br /> | to_date = 23 February 1984<br /> | team1_captain = [[Shantha Rangaswamy]]<br /> | team2_captain = [[Jill Kennare]]<br /> | no_of_tests = 4<br /> | team1_tests_won = 0<br /> | team2_tests_won = 0<br /> | team1_tests_most_runs = [[Sandhya Agarwal]] (288)<br /> | team2_tests_most_runs = [[Peta Verco]] (367)<br /> | team1_tests_most_wickets = [[Diana Edulji]] (16)<br /> | team2_tests_most_wickets = [[Lyn Fullston]] (20)<br /> | player_of_test_series = <br /> | no_of_ODIs = 4<br /> | team1_ODIs_won = 0<br /> | team2_ODIs_won = 4<br /> | team1_ODIs_most_runs = [[Gargi Banerjee]] (83)<br /> | team2_ODIs_most_runs = [[Trish Dawson]] (182)<br /> | team1_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Shashi Gupta]] (5) &lt;br&gt; [[Diana Edulji]] (5)<br /> | team2_ODIs_most_wickets = [[Denise Martin]] (6)<br /> | player_of_ODI_series = <br /> }}<br /> <br /> The [[Australia women's national cricket team]] toured [[India]] in January and February 1984. They played against [[India women's national cricket team|India]] in four [[Women's Test cricket|Test matches]] and four [[Women's One Day International|One Day Internationals]], with the Test series ending as a 0–0 draw and Australia winning the ODI series 4–0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047 |title=Australia Women tour of India 1983/84 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=17 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Australia_Women_in_India_1983-84.html |title=Australia Women in India 1983/84 |work=CricketArchive |access-date=17 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Squads==<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;<br /> ! {{crw|IND}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IND-squad&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling_by_team.html?id=1041;team=1863;type=series |title=Records / Australia Women in India Women's Test Series, 1983/84 - India Women / Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> ! {{crw|AUS}}&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS-squad&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/averages/batting_bowling.html?class=13;id=1788;type=tour |title=Records / Australia Women tour of India, Jan-Feb 1984 / All Matches / Batting and Bowling Averages |access-date=17 July 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> |- style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;<br /> |<br /> * [[Shantha Rangaswamy]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Sandhya Agarwal]]<br /> * [[Gargi Banerjee]]<br /> * [[Runa Basu]]<br /> * [[Vrinda Bhagat]]<br /> * [[Sandra Braganza]]<br /> * [[Sharmila Chakraborty]]<br /> * [[Rita Dey]] <br /> * [[Diana Edulji]]<br /> * [[Arunadhati Ghosh]]<br /> * [[Rekha Godbole]]<br /> * [[Shashi Gupta]]<br /> * [[Nilima Jogalekar]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]]<br /> * [[Anjali Pendharker]]<br /> * [[Sudha Shah]]<br /> * [[Sujata Sridhar]]<br /> |<br /> * [[Jill Kennare]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])<br /> * [[Trish Dawson]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Annette Fellows]]<br /> * [[Lyn Fullston]]<br /> * [[Glenda Hall]]<br /> * [[Jen Jacobs]]<br /> * [[Lyn Larsen]]<br /> * [[Denise Martin]]<br /> * [[Christina Matthews]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])<br /> * [[Wendy Piltz]]<br /> * [[Karen Price (cricketer)|Karen Price]]<br /> * [[Karen Read (cricketer)|Karen Read]]<br /> * [[Lindsay Reeler]]<br /> * [[Peta Verco]]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==WODI Series==<br /> ===1st ODI===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 19 January 1984<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|AUS}}<br /> | score1 = 162/8 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 44 (–)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Denise Martin]] 3/34 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 164/7 (48.2 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Lindsay Reeler]] 60 (–)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Arunadhati Ghosh]] 3/28 (10 overs)<br /> | result = Australia Women won by 3 wickets<br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047/india-women-vs-australia-women-1st-odi-66978/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> | venue = Country Golf Club Ground, [[Faridabad]]<br /> | umpires = <br /> | motm = [[Lindsay Reeler]] (Aus)<br /> | toss = Australia Women won the toss and elected to field.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = [[Trish Dawson]], [[Annette Fellows]], [[Christina Matthews]], [[Wendy Piltz]], [[Lindsay Reeler]] (Aus), [[Rita Dey]], [[Arunadhati Ghosh]] and [[Shashi Gupta]] (Ind) all made their WODI debuts.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd ODI===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 25 January 1984<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|IND}}<br /> | score1 = 133/9 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Annette Fellows]] 35[[not out|*]] (65)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Shashi Gupta]] 3/19 (7 overs)<br /> | score2 = 106 (44 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Rita Dey]] 33 (91)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Karen Price (cricketer)|Karen Price]] 2/14 (7 overs)<br /> | result = Australia Women won by 27 runs<br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047/india-women-vs-australia-women-2nd-odi-66979/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Sawai Mansingh Stadium]], [[Jaipur]]<br /> | umpires = <br /> | motm = [[Rita Dey]] (Ind)<br /> | toss = Australia Women won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = [[Glenda Hall]] (Aus) and [[Rekha Godbole]] (Ind) both made their WODI debuts.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===3rd ODI===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 8 February 1984<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|AUS}}<br /> | score1 = 194/9 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Sudha Shah]] 53 (67)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Karen Price (cricketer)|Karen Price]] 2/40 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 196/5 (49.2 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Lindsay Reeler]] 47 (71)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Diana Edulji]] 2/21 (9.2 overs)<br /> | result = Australia Women won by 5 wickets<br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047/india-women-vs-australia-women-3rd-odi-66981/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[Nehru Stadium, Pune|Nehru Stadium]], [[Pune]]<br /> | umpires = <br /> | motm = <br /> | toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = [[Lyn Larsen]] (Aus) made her WODI debut.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===4th ODI===<br /> {{Single-innings cricket match<br /> | date = 23 February 1984<br /> | time = <br /> | daynight = <br /> | team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}<br /> | team2 = {{crw|AUS}}<br /> | score1 = 219/6 (50 overs)<br /> | runs1 = [[Sandhya Agarwal]] 64 (–)<br /> | wickets1 = [[Lyn Fullston]] 2/31 (10 overs)<br /> | score2 = 220/4 (43.4 overs)<br /> | runs2 = [[Trish Dawson]] 77[[not out|*]] (–)<br /> | wickets2 = [[Gargi Banerjee]] 1/22 (4 overs)<br /> | result = Australia Women won by 6 wickets<br /> | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047/india-women-vs-australia-women-4th-odi-66985/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> | venue = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai|Madras]]<br /> | umpires = <br /> | motm = [[Trish Dawson]] (Aus)<br /> | toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> | rain =<br /> | notes = [[Sandhya Agarwal]] (Ind) made her WODI debut.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==WTest Series==<br /> ===1st Test===<br /> {{Test match<br /> |date = 21 – 23 January 1984<br /> |team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}<br /> |team2 = {{crw|AUS}}<br /> <br /> |score-team1-inns1 = 185 (81.1 overs)<br /> |runs-team1-inns1 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 42 (–)<br /> |wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Karen Price (cricketer)|Karen Price]] 4/52 (22 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team2-inns1 = 263 (87.3 overs)<br /> |runs-team2-inns1 = [[Peta Verco]] 81 (–)<br /> |wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Diana Edulji]] 6/64 (25.3 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team1-inns2 = 240/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (112 overs)<br /> |runs-team1-inns2 = [[Gargi Banerjee]] 63 (–)<br /> |wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lyn Fullston]] 3/41 (27 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team2-inns2 = 19/1 (9 overs)<br /> |runs-team2-inns2 = [[Karen Read (cricketer)|Karen Read]] 12[[not out|*]] (–)<br /> |wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Sujata Sridhar]] 1/9 (4 overs)<br /> <br /> |result = Match drawn<br /> |venue = [[Arun Jaitley Stadium|Feroz Shah Kotla Stadium]], [[Delhi]]<br /> |umpires = [[Rajan Mehra]] (Ind) and [[Swaroop Kishen]] (Ind)<br /> |motm = [[Diana Edulji]] (Ind)<br /> |report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047/india-women-vs-australia-women-1st-test-67465/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> |toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> |rain = <br /> |notes = [[Trish Dawson]], [[Lyn Fullston]], [[Lyn Larsen]], [[Christina Matthews]], [[Denise Martin]], [[Karen Read (cricketer)|Karen Read]], [[Lindsay Reeler]] (Aus), [[Gargi Banerjee]], [[Vrinda Bhagat]], [[Shashi Gupta]], [[Nilima Jogalekar]], [[Anjali Pendharker]] and [[Sujata Sridhar]] (Ind) made their WTest debuts.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===2nd Test===<br /> {{Test match<br /> |date = 28 – 30 January 1984<br /> |team1 = {{crw-rt|AUS}}<br /> |team2 = {{crw|IND}}<br /> <br /> |score-team1-inns1 = 245/9[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (96 overs)<br /> |runs-team1-inns1 = [[Peta Verco]] 67 (–)<br /> |wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shashi Gupta]] 4/47 (21 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team2-inns1 = 198 (107.2 overs)<br /> |runs-team2-inns1 = [[Shashi Gupta]] 48[[not out|*]] (–)<br /> |wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Karen Price (cricketer)|Karen Price]] 6/72 (34 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team1-inns2 = 123/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (59 overs)<br /> |runs-team1-inns2 = [[Lindsay Reeler]] 34 (–)<br /> |wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Shashi Gupta]] 4/53 (28 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team2-inns2 = 65/7 (44 overs)<br /> |runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shashi Gupta]] 25[[not out|*]] (–)<br /> |wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Karen Price (cricketer)|Karen Price]] 4/35 (17 overs)<br /> <br /> |result = Match drawn<br /> |venue = [[K. D. Singh Babu Stadium, Lucknow|K. D. Singh Babu Stadium]], [[Lucknow]]<br /> |umpires = [[Raman Sharma]] (Ind) and TD Mukherjee (Ind)<br /> |motm = [[Shashi Gupta]] (Ind)<br /> |report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047/india-women-vs-australia-women-2nd-test-67466/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> |toss = Australia Women won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> |rain = <br /> |notes = [[Annette Fellows]] (Aus) made her WTest debut.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===3rd Test===<br /> {{Test match<br /> |date = 3 – 5 February 1984<br /> |team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}<br /> |team2 = {{crw|AUS}}<br /> <br /> |score-team1-inns1 = 343 (149.5 overs)<br /> |runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sandhya Agarwal]] 71 (–)<br /> |wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Denise Martin]] 3/42 (17.5 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team2-inns1 = 525 (156.1 overs)<br /> |runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jill Kennare]] 131 (–)<br /> |wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 3/133 (39 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team1-inns2 = 50/0 (8 overs)<br /> |runs-team1-inns2 = [[Arunadhati Ghosh]] 30[[not out|*]] (–)<br /> |wickets-team1-inns2 =<br /> <br /> |score-team2-inns2 = <br /> |runs-team2-inns2 = <br /> |wickets-team2-inns2 =<br /> <br /> |result = Match drawn<br /> |venue = [[Sardar Patel Stadium, Motera|Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Stadium]], [[Ahmedabad]]<br /> |umpires = Jaduvendrasinh Jadeja (Ind) and Sanjay (Ind)<br /> |motm = [[Jill Kennare]] (Aus)<br /> |report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047/india-women-vs-australia-women-3rd-test-67467/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> |toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> |rain = <br /> |notes = [[Glenda Hall]], [[Wendy Piltz]] (Aus), [[Sandhya Agarwal]] and [[Arunadhati Ghosh]] (Ind) all made their WTest debuts.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ===4th Test===<br /> {{Test match<br /> |date = 10 – 13 February 1984<br /> |team1 = {{crw-rt|IND}}<br /> |team2 = {{crw|AUS}}<br /> <br /> |score-team1-inns1 = 340 (191.5 overs)<br /> |runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sandhya Agarwal]] 134 (–)<br /> |wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Lyn Fullston]] 4/80 (67.5 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team2-inns1 = 358/8[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (129 overs)<br /> |runs-team2-inns1 = [[Jill Kennare]] 99 (–)<br /> |wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Shubhangi Kulkarni]] 5/124 (45 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team1-inns2 = 235/7[[Declaration and forfeiture|d]] (102 overs)<br /> |runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sandhya Agarwal]] 83 (–)<br /> |wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Jen Jacobs]] 4/72 (30 overs)<br /> <br /> |score-team2-inns2 = 139/6 (28 overs)<br /> |runs-team2-inns2 = [[Karen Price (cricketer)|Karen Price]] 32 (–)<br /> |wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Diana Edulji]] 2/33 (9 overs)<br /> <br /> |result = Match drawn<br /> |venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]<br /> |umpires = G.K. Raman (Ind) and [[M. R. Singh]] (Ind)<br /> |motm = [[Jill Kennare]] (Aus)<br /> |report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047/india-women-vs-australia-women-4th-test-67468/full-scorecard Scorecard]<br /> |toss = India Women won the toss and elected to bat.<br /> |rain = <br /> |notes = [[Rita Dey]] (Ind) made her WTest debut.<br /> }}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==Further reading==<br /> {{refbegin}}<br /> * {{cite news |last1=Huntsdale |first1=Duncan |title=Food poisoning, marriage proposals and water buffalo urine — the 1984 Australian women's cricket tour of India was a wild ride |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-12-21/india-vs-australia-womens-cricket-jill-kennare-on-1984-tour/103170096 |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)]] |date=20 December 2023 |language=en-AU}}<br /> {{refend}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/australia-women-tour-of-india-1983-84-62047 Australia Women tour of India 1983/84] from ESPNcricinfo<br /> <br /> {{Australia women's national cricket team}}<br /> {{India women's national cricket team}}<br /> {{International women's cricket tours of India}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Australia women's cricket team in India in 1983/84}}<br /> [[Category:Australia women's national cricket team tours]]<br /> [[Category:Women's international cricket tours of India]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Battle_of_Ayodhya&diff=540411 2025-07-09T13:23:17Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: added initial entry v1!</p> <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}<br /> {{Infobox television<br /> | image = The Battle of Ayodhya poster.jpg<br /> | caption = <br /> | writer = Vaibhav Bajpai<br /> | director = [[Kushal Srivastava]]<br /> | starring = [[Ravi Shankar Prasad]], [[Vinay Katiyar]], [[K. K. Muhammed|KK Muhammed]], Rahul Srivastava, Ranjana Agnihotri, Iqbal Ansari and [[Satyendra Das|Acharya Satyendra Das]]<br /> | music = [[Sanjoy Chowdhury]]<br /> | producer = Sarit Aggarwal &amp; [[Kushal Srivastava]]<br /> | cinematography = Raakesh Rawat<br /> | editor = <br /> | runtime = <br /> | company = <br /> | released = {{Start date|2024|01|20|df=yes}}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> '''''The Battle of Ayodhya''''' is an Indian television documentary miniseries directed by [[Kushal Srivastava]] and produced by Sarit Aggarwal and [[Kushal Srivastava]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sruti |first=Swastika |date=2024-01-19 |title=Documentary &quot;The Battle of Ayodhya&quot; To Release On YouTube |url=https://thedailyguardian.com/documentary-the-battle-of-ayodhya-to-release-on-youtube/ |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=The Daily Guardian |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-27 |title=The Battle of Ayodhya: Docu-Series Unveils Untold Truths Behind Ram Mandir &amp; Babri Mosque Saga |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/webseries/the-battle-of-ayodhya-docu-series-unveils-untold-truths-behind-ram-mandir-babri-mosque-saga-8756736.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=News18 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Battle Of Ayodhya: राम मंदिर निर्माण के संघर्ष का सच दिखाती है 'द बैटल ऑफ अयोध्या', जानें कहां देखें? |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/the-battle-of-ayodhya-docu-series-directed-by-kushal-srivastava-released-2024-01-24 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}&lt;/ref&gt; The documentary is based on [[Ayodhya dispute]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=राम मंदिर और बाबरी मस्जिद की कहानी बयां करता है 'द बैटल ऑफ अयोध्या', इस प्लेटफार्म पर हुई रिलीज |url=https://ndtv.in/television/the-battle-of-ayodhya-released-on-this-platform-story-of-ayodhyas-ram-temple-and-babri-masjid-4942138 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=NDTVIndia}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stars [[Ravi Shankar Prasad|Ravi Shankar Prashad]], [[Vinay Katiyar]], Rahul Srivastava, Ranjana Agnihotri, Iqbal Ansari, [[Satyendra Das|Acharya Satyendra Das]] and [[K. K. Muhammed|KK Muhammed]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; It was officially released on 20 January 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2024-01-22 |title=UP startup to stream 5-episode series on Ram temple |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/up-startup-to-stream-5episode-series-on-ram-temple-lucknow/articleshow/107040637.cms |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> == Cast ==<br /> *[[Ravi Shankar Prasad]]<br /> *Rahul Shrivastava <br /> *[[Vinay Katiyar]]<br /> *Ranjana Agnihotri <br /> *Iqbal Ansari <br /> *[[Satyendra Das|Acharya Satyendra Das]]<br /> *[[K. K. Muhammed|KK Muhammed]]<br /> <br /> == Production ==<br /> It is made under the banner of Flying Dreams Entertainment.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Indian Air Force officer-turned-filmmaker whose new show aims to unveil 'truth of Ram Mandir and Babri Masjid saga' |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/television/report-meet-air-force-officer-filmmaker-kushal-srivastava-new-show-the-battle-of-ayodhya-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-3075496 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is shot in [[Ayodhya]], [[Lucknow]], [[Delhi]] and [[Mumbai]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;<br /> <br /> == Episodes ==<br /> The documentary has 5 episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title='The Battle of Ayodhya' tells story of Ram Mandir and Babri Masjid, released on this platform |url=https://english.newstrack.com/india-news/the-battle-of-ayodhya-tells-story-of-ram-mandir-and-babri-masjid-released-on-this-platform-421764 |access-date=29 January 2024 |work=News track}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-01-22 |title=UP startup Vedshaala to stream five-episode series on Ram temple |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/startups/news-ayodhya-ram-mandir-live-news-up-startup-to-stream-five-episode-series-on-ram-lalla-temple-273111 |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Zee Business}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> <br /> {{Episode table |background=#F0D107 |overall= |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country= |episodes=<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 1<br /> |Title = The Foundation<br /> |DirectedBy = [[Kushal Srivastava]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|20|df=yes}}<br /> |LineColor = F0D107<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 2<br /> |Title = Next Friend<br /> |DirectedBy = [[Kushal Srivastava]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|20|df=yes}}<br /> |LineColor = F0D107<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 3<br /> |Title = The D-Day<br /> |DirectedBy = [[Kushal Srivastava]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|20|df=yes}}<br /> |LineColor = F0D107<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 4<br /> |Title = The Level Battle<br /> |DirectedBy = [[Kushal Srivastava]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|20|df=yes}}<br /> |LineColor = F0D107<br /> }}<br /> {{Episode list<br /> |EpisodeNumber = 5<br /> |Title = Unearthing the truth<br /> |DirectedBy = [[Kushal Srivastava]]<br /> |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|01|20|df=yes}}<br /> |LineColor = F0D107<br /> }}<br /> }}<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *{{IMDb title|tt30429429}}<br /> <br /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Battle Of Ayodhya}}<br /> [[Category:Indian documentary television series]]<br /> [[Category:Documentaries about historical events]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=1970_elections_in_India&diff=481221 2025-06-27T23:31:34Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: expanded content</p> <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}} &lt;!-- &quot;none&quot; is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --&gt;<br /> {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}<br /> {{Infobox election<br /> | election_name = Elections in India<br /> | country = India<br /> | previous_election = 1969 elections in India<br /> | previous_year = 1969<br /> | election_date = 1970<br /> | next_election = 1971 elections in India<br /> | next_year = 1971<br /> }}<br /> {{Politics of India}}<br /> '''Elections in the Republic of India''' in ''1970'' included the [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]] and elections to seats in the [[Rajya Sabha]].<br /> <br /> ==Legislative Assembly elections==<br /> ===Kerala===<br /> {{Main|1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election}}<br /> Elections were held in 1970 in Kerala State for the [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1970/StatiRep_KL_70.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Kerala |publisher=ECI, New Delhi |page=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;<br /> |+'''Party results'''<br /> !Party<br /> !Seats<br /> |-<br /> |[[Communist Party of India]] (CPI)<br /> |16<br /> |-<br /> |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPM)<br /> |29<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian National Congress]] (INC)<br /> |30<br /> |-<br /> |[[Independent politician|Independent]] (IND)<br /> |16<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian Socialist Party]]<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kerala Congress]] (KEC)<br /> |12<br /> |-<br /> |[[Kerala Socialist Party]] (KSP)<br /> |1<br /> |-<br /> |[[Indian Union Muslim League]] (IUML)<br /> |11<br /> |-<br /> |[[Praja Socialist Party]] (PSP)<br /> |3<br /> |-<br /> |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]] (RSP)<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |SOP<br /> |6<br /> |-<br /> |'''Total'''<br /> |'''133'''<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Rajya Sabha==<br /> {{Main|1970 Indian Rajya Sabha elections}}<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> {{reflist}}<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> *[http://eci.nic.in Election Commission of India]<br /> <br /> {{Indian elections}}<br /> {{Legislatures of India}}<br /> {{Authority control}}<br /> {{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}<br /> <br /> <br /> [[Category:1970 elections in India]]<br /> [[Category:1970 elections in Asia|India]]<br /> [[Category:1970 in India]]<br /> [[Category:Elections in India by year]]</div>

Bharatprspecialist https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Porur_metro_station&diff=526037 2025-06-21T10:20:18Z

<p>Bharatprspecialist: redirect</p> <hr /> <div>#REDIRECT [[Porur Junction metro station]]</div>

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