Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Arunachal Pradesh University

2026-05-08T01:57:42Z

Bharatpediatrist: Creating data

{{Short description|University in Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Arunachal Pradesh University
| other_name =
| native_name =
| latin_name =
| motto = ज्ञानम परमं बलम
| mottoeng =
| established = {{start date and age|2022|7|1}}
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| endowment =
| staff =
| chairperson =
| director =
| president =
| provost =
| rector =
| chancellor = [[List of governors of Arunachal Pradesh|Governor of Arunachal Pradesh]]
| vice_chancellor = Tomo Riba
| dean =
| head_label =
| head =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = [[Pasighat]]
| state = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| free_label =
| free =
| colors =
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| affiliations = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]
| website = {{url|https://apupsg.ac.in/}}
| image = Arunachal Pradesh University logo.png
| image_size = 172px
}}

'''Arunachal Pradesh University''' ('''APU'''), is a [[State university (India)|State university]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The ARUNACHAL PRADESH UNIVERSITY ACT, 2012|url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/3952/1/2017%20EOG%2080%20university%20bill.pdf|publisher=India Code|accessdate=12 July 2024|date=17 April 2012}}</ref> located at [[Pasighat]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. It is the sole State University of Arunachal Pradesh, which was established on 1 July 2022 (Notification No. HTE-17/16/2022-HTE-BR-HTE dated 27 May 2022) under the Arunachal Pradesh University Act, 2012 (Act-5 of 2012) of the State Legislature of Arunachal Pradesh (Notification No. LAW/LEGN-13/2012, dated 16 April 2012) as a State University and is empowered to award degrees as specified by the UGC under Section 22 of the UGC Act 1956, by conducting courses through its own departments, its constituent colleges and/or through its affiliated colleges in regular mode with the approval of concerned statutory bodies and Statutory councils, wherever it is required. The name of the University has been included in the list of Universities established as per Section 2(f) of UGC Act, 1956 maintained by the UGC on its website www.ugc.ac.in (UGC F.No.9-11/2022(CPP-I/PU 21 July 2022). The then Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh [[Nabam Tuki]] laid the foundation stone on January 11, 2013.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ete |first1=Joken |title=Arunachal undergoing transformation in education sector: CM Khandu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-undergoing-transformation-in-education-sector-cm-khandu/articleshow/127781345.cms |access-date=8 May 2026 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=29 January 2026}}</ref>

==Departments==
The university currently offers postgraduate and doctoral programmes in 11 departments namely, Commerce, Computer Science, Economics, Education, English, Hindi, Mass Communication, Mathematics, Social Work, Sociology, and Tribal Studies, aimed at fostering socio-economic development and promoting the cultural heritage of Arunachal Pradesh. The university plans to introduce more postgraduate courses to nurture intellectuals who can empower society through their knowledge.<ref>{{cite web |title=APU celebrates 2nd foundation day; to offer PhD prog|url=https://arunachaltimes.in/index.php/2024/07/03/apu-celebrates-2nd-foundation-day-to-offer-phd-prog/|work=The Arunachal Time|accessdate=12 July 2024|date=3 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ARUNACHAL PRADESH UNIVERSITY BEGINS FIRST ACADEMIC SESSION|url=https://www.easternsentinel.in/news/state/arunachal-pradesh-university-begins-first-academic-session.html|work=Eastern Sentinel|accessdate=12 July 2024|date=23 August 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Tayeng |first1=Maksam |title=Arunachal education minister inaugurates APU fest, reaffirms state govt's support for infrastructure |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/arunachal-pradesh/story/arunachal-education-minister-inaugurates-apu-fest-reaffirms-state-govts-support-for-infrastructure-1174476-2025-02-23 |access-date=8 May 2026 |work=[[India Today|India Today NE]] |date=23 February 2025 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|https://apupsg.ac.in/}}

{{Education in India}}

{{Education in Arunachal Pradesh}}

[[Category:Universities in Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2022]]

Kshudiram Tudu

2026-05-06T15:43:55Z

Bharatpediatrist:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Kshudiram Tudu
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh (ST)]]
| predecessor = [[Jyotsna Mandi]]
| term_start = 2026
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Kshudiram Tudu''' is an Indian politician and member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Ranibandh Assembly constituency|Ranibandh (ST)]] constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kshudiram Tudu(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- RANIBANDH (ST)(BANKURA) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2026/candidate.php?candidate_id=306 |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-05-04 |title=Ranibandh (ST) election results 2026: BJP’s Kshudiram Tudu secures victory by sweeping margin, defeats TMC's Tanushree Hansda |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ranibandh-st-election-results-2026/articleshow/130718190.cms |access-date=2026-05-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kshudiram Tudu, RANIBANDH (ST) constituency, BJP, WestBengal Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/WestBengal2026/kshudiram-tudu-306/ |access-date=2026-05-06 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tudu, Kshudiram}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

{{WestBengal-politician-stub}}

Aishwarya Dutta

2026-05-04T18:06:03Z

Bharatpediatrist:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Aishwarya Dutta
| image = Aishwarya Dutta.jpg
| caption =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2015–present
| homepage =
}}

'''Aishwarya Dutta''' is an Indian actress who has predominantly appeared in [[Tamil language]] films. After initially appearing in music videos and minor acting roles, she made a breakthrough as an actress with her role in the Tamil movie ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' (2015).<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinereporters.com/aishwarya-dutta-in-bigg-boss-2/30770/ |title=பிக்பாஸ் வீட்டிற்குள் நுழைந்த தமிழுக்கு எண் 1 ஐ அழுத்தவும் நாயகி - CineReporters |date=17 June 2018 |work=- CineReporters |access-date=17 June 2018 |language=ta-IN |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618002732/https://www.cinereporters.com/aishwarya-dutta-in-bigg-boss-2/30770/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, she featured in the Tamil reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2]]'' and emerged as the runner up.

==Career==
Aishwarya Dutta began her career as a dancer with the Nrithyangan Sisters troupe, appearing in several stage performances and reality shows. She then got into modelling, and notably appeared in commercials and a music video with playback singer Harshad Saxena for Sony Music Videos.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/etcetera-beware-of-this-thief/article5204246.ece |title=Etcetera: Beware of this thief! |first=Nikhil |last=Raghavan |newspaper=The Hindu |date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> As an actress, Dutta first appeared in the bilingual murder mystery film, ''Picnic'', about a group of students who go to [[Visakhapatnam|Vizag]] for an excursion with their professor. Shot in Bengali and Hindi, the film became noticed for the intimate scenes between the lead actresses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2013/Oct/17/another-bengali-beauty-in-kollywood-527284.html|title =Another Bengali beauty in Kollywood}}</ref>

Dutta made her debut in the Tamil film industry with Ramprakash Rayappa's ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' (2015), which opened to positive reviews and box office collections. In the film, Aishwarya portrayed a middle-class college student who falls for an intelligent youngster, played by [[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-tamiluku-en-ondrai-aluthavum-is-not-exciting/20150220.htm|title=Review: Tamiluku En Ondrai Aluthavum is not exciting|first=S.|last=Saraswathi|date=20 February 2015|website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> She was later listed by the [[Times of India]] as one of the best debutants of 2015, alongside the likes of [[Amyra Dastur]] and [[Keerthy Suresh]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/photo-features/debutants-of-2015/photostory/50363099.cms |title=Debutants of 2015 - The Times of India |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Soon after the release of the film, she stated that the Tamil film industry was her "favourite" and that the scripts being offered to her in Tamil were "solid", and raised her confidence level considerably.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/060516/tamil-is-my-favourite-industry-aishwarya-dutta.html |title=Tamil is my favourite industry: Aishwarya Dutta |date=6 May 2016 }}</ref> She then featured in a supporting role as [[Kajal Aggarwal]]'s sister in [[Suseenthiran]]'s action thriller, ''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]'' (2015), and described that the opportunity to work in a high-profile project was "rewarding".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/lucky-to-have-worked-in-paayum-puli-aishwarya-dutta-news-others-pi5maghiieedh.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105173027/http://www.sify.com/movies/lucky-to-have-worked-in-paayum-puli-aishwarya-dutta-news-others-pi5maghiieedh.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2016 |title=Lucky to have worked in 'Paayum Puli': Aishwarya Dutta |website=[[Sify]] }}</ref> During the period, she also worked on a film titled ''Aruthapathi'' with [[Vidharth]] as her co-star, and ''Sattam'' opposite [[Samuthirakani]], but the projects were later shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/131218/entertainment-kollywood/article/aishwarya-dutta-signs-her-second |title=Aishwarya Dutta signs her second |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=18 December 2013}}</ref>

She next appeared as a journalist in [[Arivazhagan Venkatachalam|Arivazhagan]]'s mystery film ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'' (2016), featuring alongside [[Arulnithi]] and [[Aishwarya Rajesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-dutta-in-tamil-remake-of-memories-news-others-pjhlEidjafjhi.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105170015/http://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-dutta-in-tamil-remake-of-memories-news-others-pjhlEidjafjhi.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2016 |title=Aishwarya Dutta in Tamil remake of 'Memories' |work=Sify}}</ref> The film won positive reviews from critics, though received an average response commercially.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/aarathu-sinam-review-a-taut-thriller-like-the-original-memories/story-dIdnRNQHJ542W1yyBnKvMN.html |title=Aarathu Sinam review: A taut thriller like the original, Memories |date=26 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aarathu-sinam-review-watchable-thriller-review-tamil-qc0q7whidggcd.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160227011937/http://www.sify.com/movies/aarathu-sinam-review-watchable-thriller-review-tamil-qc0q7whidggcd.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 February 2016 |title=Review : Aarathu Sinam review:Watchable thriller (2016) |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> In her next role, she portrayed a "free-spirited girl" and paired opposite [[Kavin (actor)|Kavin]] in [[S. R. Prabhakaran]]'s action drama ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'', which starred [[Vikram Prabhu]] and [[Manjima Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sathriyan-review-a-gangster-thriller-which-has-its-moments-review-tamil-rgjq65decahgf.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609153321/http://www.sify.com/movies/sathriyan-review-a-gangster-thriller-which-has-its-moments-review-tamil-rgjq65decahgf.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2017 |title=Review : Sathriyan review-A gangster thriller which has its moments |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/270517/aishwarya-dutta-doesnt-believe-in-nepotism.html |title=Aishwarya Dutta doesn't believe in nepotism |date=27 May 2017 }}</ref> In 2018, her only release was the action drama ''[[Marainthirunthu Paarkum Marmam Enna]]'', which she had shot for in 2015. During the making of the film, she fell out with the producers who subsequently decided to reduce the scope of her character.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-dutta-now-in-female-centric-film-news-others-pjol2whfijaca.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105171522/http://www.sify.com/movies/aishwarya-dutta-now-in-female-centric-film-news-others-pjol2whfijaca.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 January 2016 |title=Aishwarya Dutta now in female-centric film |work=Sify}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tamilsaga.com/english/cinemadetail/880.html|title=Case Launched Against Aishwarya Dutta |date=8 April 2016|website=tamilsaga.com}}</ref>

In 2018, she featured in the Tamil reality television show ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2]]'', and finished as the season's runner-up.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/bigg-boss-2-tamil-winner-is-riythvika-aishwarya-is-first-runner-up/story-0opRbuLsmvjYE6kKy093yL.html|title =Bigg Boss 2 Tamil winner is Riythvika, Aishwarya is first runner-up}}</ref> Recently, she showcased her talent and versatility by competing in Top Cooku Dupe Cooku, further solidifying her popularity in the entertainment industry.

==Filmography==

*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !!Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2014 || ''Chalo Picnic Manayen'' || || Bilingual film in Bengali (as ''Picnic'') and Hindi
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]'' || Harini ||
|-
|''[[Paayum Puli (2015 film)|Paayum Puli]]''|| Dhivya ||
|-
|''[[Achaaram]]''|| Nandhini|| Guest appearance
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Aarathu Sinam]]'' || Varsha ||
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Sathriyan (2017 film)|Sathriyan]]'' || Chandran's girlfriend ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Marainthirunthu Paarkum Marmam Enna]]'' || Bharathi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022||''[[Coffee with Kadhal]]'' || Neetu ||
|-
|''[[Jasper (film)|Jasper]]''||Seema ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023||''[[Irumban]]'' ||Mahima||
|-
|''[[Kannitheevu]]'' || Aishwarya ||
|-
|''[[Farhana (film)|Farhana]]'' || Sofia ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2024 || ''[[Hit List (2024 film)|Hit List]]'' || Aishwarya ||
|-
|''[[Kozhipannai Chelladurai]]'' || Chitra ||
|-
|''[[Hitler (2024 film)|Hitler]]'' || Dancer || Special appearance
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Madraskaaran]]'' || Kalyani ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Mustafa Mustafa (film)|Mustafa Mustafa]]'' || Honey|| <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/mustafa-mustafa/movie-review/129135962.cms|title=Mustafa Mustafa Movie Review: Buddy comedy that runs on fumes|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Shows !! Role !! Channel !! Notes
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 2|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2]]'' || Contestant || rowspan="5" | [[Vijay TV]]|| 1st Runner Up
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 3|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 3]]''|| rowspan="3" |Guest ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2020 || ''Murattu Singles'' ||
|-
| ''[[Bigg Boss Tamil 4|Bigg Boss Tamil Season 4]]''||Through Virtual Meet
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021 || ''[[BB Jodigal]] Season 1'' || Contestant || Reality Dance Show; Finalist
|-
|''Chat Box With Ashiq''
| rowspan="2" |Guest
|Sun Music
|Talk Show
|-
|2022
|''Stylish Tamilachi: Pongal Special'' ''Show''
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Pongal Special Show
|-
|2022
|''[[Oo Solriya Oo Oohm Solriya]]''
|Participant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Game Show
|-
|2022
|''Anda Ka Kasam''
|Participant
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Game Show
|-
|2023
|''[[Cooku with Comali (season 4)]]''
|Guest
|[[Star Vijay]]
|Special appearance
|-
|2024
|''[[Top Cooku Dupe Cooku (season 1)]]''
|Contestant
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|Eliminated episode 16
|-
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Notes
|-
|2019
|''Madras Meter Show''
|Guest
|[[ZEE5]]
|Episode 4<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 August 2020 |title=Episode 4 - Riythvika and Aishwarya Dutta's fun chat show |url=https://www.zee5.com/zee5originals/details/madras-meter-show/0-6-1947/episode-4-riythvika-and-aishwarya-duttas-fun-chat-show/0-1-256591 |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=Zee5.com}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Sshhh]]''
|Tarangani
| [[aha (streaming service)|aha]]
| Anthology series; segment ''Kamathupaal''
|}

=== Music Album ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
!Year
!Album name
!Language
!Co-artist
!Singers
|-
|2021
|Beatta Yaethi
|Tamil
|
|[[Rakshita Suresh]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-06 |title=Did you know Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestant Aishwarya Dutta shared the screen with Nakul in 'Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum'? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/did-you-know-top-cooku-dupe-cooku-contestant-aishwarya-dutta-shared-the-screen-with-nakul-in-tamizhuku-en-ondrai-azhuthavum/articleshow/110767682.cms |access-date=2024-11-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3598615}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dutta, Aishwarya}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Female models from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Top Cooku Dupe Cooku contestants]]

Zacharias Theophilus

2026-05-02T05:27:45Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding a data - done

{{Short description|Metropolitan of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church}}{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Mar Thoma
| consecrated_by = [[Alexander Mar Thoma]] Metropolitan
| parents = Mr. V K Oommen and Mrs. Mariamma
| death_place = Trivandrum
| buried = Syrian Christian Seminary, Thiruvalla
| death_date = {{d-da|27 December 2015|29 August 1938}}
| birth_date = {{birth-date|29 August 1938}}
| birth_name = Oommen Koruth
| birth_place = [[Niranam]]
| ordained_by = [[Juhanon Mar Thoma]] Metropolitan
| ordination = 9 July 1966
| consecration = 1 May 1980
| honorific_prefix = His Grace The Rt Rev Dr
| other_post = Member of the Central Committee and Executive Committee of the [[World Council of Churches]]
Member of Special Commission of Orthodox Participation in the [[World Council of Churches]]
| enthroned = As Suffragan Metropolitan:3 July 2004
| diocese = Chenganur- Mavelikara
| see = Apostolic See St Thomas
| church = [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]]
| image = Zacharias Mar Theophilus.jpg
| title = Suffragan Metropolitan
| honorific_suffix = of the Apostolic Throne of St Thomas
| name = Zacharias Mar Theophilus
| nationality = Indian
| rank = Suffragan Metropolitan to the Apostolic Throne of St Thomas
}}

'''Zacharias Mar Theophilus''' (born '''Oommen Koruth'''; 29 August 1938 – 27 December 2015) was the [[Suffragan bishop|Suffragan Metropolitan]] of the [[Mar Thoma Syrian Church]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rt. Rev. Dr. Zacharias Mar Theophilus Suffragan Metropolitan – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church|url=https://marthoma.in/bishop/suffragan-metropolitan/|access-date=2021-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref> The Mar Thoma Syrian Church is believed to be established by St Thomas, The Apostle of Jesus Christ and is believed to be the continuation of the ancient Christian community of India.

== Early days ==
Oommen Koruth was born on 29 August 1938 to V.K. Oommen and Mariamma. V.K. Oommen was a Christian and a postmaster. His mother Mariamma was a teacher and the daughter of Iykareth Joseph Asan (teacher) of Puthencavu. The family inherited a rich Christian tradition and heritage and made sure that their children understood the importance of this tradition. Oommen's parents were very particular in giving Christian education as well as [[secular education]] to all their children.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kuruvilla|first=P.T|title=An Ecumenical Odessey|publisher=Mar Thoma Sabha Council Publication|year=2005|location=Thiruvalla|pages=12}}</ref>

=== Education ===
Oommen Koruth started his early schooling in Kadapra School where his mother was a teacher. He joined the Niranam St Mary's School for his high school education and received his [[Secondary School Leaving Certificate|secondary school leaving certificate]]. He passed his intermediate level examination from NSS College, Changanassery. Oommen joined the [[Union Christian College, Aluva|Union Christian College]], Alwaye and completed his graduate studies in science. Later on he received his Bachelor's in education from Titus II Teachers College.

After receiving the call to priesthood, Oommen Koruth joined the Jabalpur Theological Seminary for his bachelor's degree in divinity. In the course of near future, he received a master's degree in theology from [[Princeton Theological Seminary]] and later completed his Doctoral studies in Missions from [[Boston University]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kuruvilla|first=P T|title=An Ecumenical Odyssey|publisher=Mar Thoma Publication|year=2005|location=Thiruvalla|pages=12–14}}</ref>

== Career ==
Before deciding to be a priest, Oommen Koruth started his career as a school teacher. He taught in Thevari School, Alwaye Settlement High School, Perumbavoor Ashram High School, Mysore St Thomas High School and Trivandrum Mar Thoma Residential School. He was a respected teacher and was imbibed with a nationalistic spirit and led a life in conformity with the Gandhian Teachings. He as a teacher used to wear a white jubba and a white dhothi at all times that represented the Indian gurus.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kuruvilla|first=P T|title=An Ecumenical Odyssey|publisher=Mar Thoma Publication|year=2005|location=Thiruvalla|pages=13}}</ref>

The time spent as a teacher in the Ashram School and Perumbavoor was more of a preparatory time of prayer and meditation which ultimately led him to the path of ministry in the Church. While he was there, he spent a lot of time in prayer with his colleagues especially Dr T M Thomas. During such a prayer, he received a call to join the Church as a minister. He declared to his colleagues of his decision to leave teaching and to join the ministry of the Church as a celibate.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kuruvilla|first=T M|title=An Ecumenical Odyssey|publisher=Mar Thoma Publication|year=2005|location=Thiruvalla|pages=14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abraham Karickam|first=Iype Joseph|title=An Ecumenical Odyssey|publisher=Mar Thoma Publication|location=Thiruvalla|pages=18}}</ref>

=== Episcopacy and suffragan metropolitanate ===
While a priest, the Sabha Pradhinidhi Mandalam (Highest Democratic Body of the Mar Thoma Church) elected him to the episcopate. On 26 April 1980 he was made a ''ramban'' by the then Suffragan Metropolitan [[Philipose Mar Chrysostom Mar Thoma|Philipose Mar Chrysostom]]. On 1 May 1980 Rev Oommen Koruth was consecrated as Bishop of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church and was given the name Zacharias Mar Theophilus by the then Mar Thoma Metropolitan Dr. [[Alexander Mar Thoma]]. Later, Thirumeni was transferred to the Diocese of North America as the Diocesan Episcopa(bishop) 1991. Under his leadership, the diocese, which was only a few churches, grew into a big institution and during this term, the Sinai Mar Thoma Centre is purchased and developed in New York (2320 Merrick Avenue). He continued in the diocese until 2001, when he was successed by Rt. Rev. Dr. Euyakim Mar Coorilos Episcopa. On 3 July 2004 Zacharias Mar Theophilus was installed as the Suffragan Metropolitan of the Church of St Thomas.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kuruvilla|first=P T|title=Bishop Dr Zacharias Mar Theophilus, A BIographical Note|publisher=Mar Thoma Publication|year=2005|location=Thiruvalla|pages=15}}</ref> As a bishop he served in the Dioceses of Adoor Mavelikara, Kottayam-Ranni, Kottayam- Kochi, Kunnamkulam-Malabar, North America and Europe and Chenganoor-Mavelikara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marthoma.in/bishop/suffragan-metropolitan/|title = Rt. Rev. Dr. Zacharias Mar Theophilus Suffragan Metropolitan – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church}}</ref>

== Ecumenism ==
Zacharias Theophilus was deeply committed to ecumenism. The Ecumenical journey of Mar Theophilus began from the beds of River Pamba. He has been an active participant of [[Bible society]], [[World Student Christian Federation|Student Christian Movement]], National Missionary Society, [[Ecumenical Christian Centre]] etc. In the 1980s he served as an executive of the [[Christian Conference of Asia]]. Bishop Theophilus's relationship with the [[World Council of Churches]] began with his attendance in the 1989 World Mission and Evangelism Conference held in [[San Antonio]]. The first WCC Assembly that he attended was held at [[Canberra]] in 1991. There he was elected to the Central Committee of the World Council of Churches and later to the Executive members of the WCC. The same process also repeated in the [[Harare]] assembly of the WCC which was held on 1998. He attended as the representative of the Mar Thoma Church in the 1998 [[Lambeth Conference]]. He was Ecumenical Advisor of the Mar Thoma Church's Delegation in the WCC General Assembly of 2006 held in [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil. He represented the WCC in various ecumenical and pastoral solidarity visits as part of the Decade to Overcome Violence (2001-2010). Zacharias Mar Theophilus was also a member of the Special Commission on Orthodox Participation in the WCC, a member of the WCC Asia Regional Group (1999-2006) and the WCC-CCA Joint Working Group.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://marthoma.in/bishop/suffragan-metropolitan/|title = Rt. Rev. Dr. Zacharias Mar Theophilus Suffragan Metropolitan – Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/resources/documents/condolence-message-from-the-wcc-general-secretary-on-the-passing-away-of-his-eminence-the-rt-rev-dr-zacharias-mar-theophilus-suffragan-metropolitan-of-the-malankara-mar-thoma-syrian-church|title = Condolence message from the WCC general secretary on the passing away of His Eminence the Rt. Rev. Dr Zacharias Mar Theophilus, Suffragan Metropolitan of the Malankara Mar Thoma Syrian Church}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Athyal|first=Leelamma|title=Mar Theophilus, Theological Insights and Ideals|publisher=Mar Thoma Publication|year=2005|pages=107–108}}</ref>

His efforts in the WCC alongside other Ecumenical leaders of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church led to the Mar Thoma Syrian Church officially being proclaimed as an Independent Family of its own, that is Independent, Oriental and Orthodox. The Church was recognized as a separate ecclesiastical traditional church which blends unique attribute from the Syriac Orient theology at the same time reformed in its social and evangelical mission.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/church-families|title = Church families}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/church-families/mar-thoma-church|title=Mar Thoma Church | World Council of Churches}}</ref>

== Death ==
On his way back from [[Muscat]] after the Christmas Programs, Theophilus suffered a brain hemorrhage mid-flight and was hospitalized in an unconscious state after reaching Kerala. On 26 December 2015 he died. His body was laid in rest at a specially constructed tomb at the headquarters of the Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2015/dec/28/zacharias-mar-theophilus-passes-away-861512.html|title = Zacharias Mar Theophilus Passes Away}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151228/nation-current-affairs/article/zacharias-mar-theophilus-passes-away|title=Zacharias Mar Theophilus passes away|date=28 December 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1938 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:Bishops of the Mar Thoma Church]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:Princeton Theological Seminary alumni]]
[[Category:Boston University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian bishops]]
[[Category:21st-century Protestant religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Protestant religious leaders]]

Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy

2026-04-28T14:57:02Z

Bharatpediatrist: Info

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
'''Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy''' (born 1973) is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is an MLA from [[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency]] in [[Nagarkurnool district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Nagarkurnool Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: INC's Dr. Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy wins Nagarkurnool with 87161 votes |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/nagarkurnool-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470994-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy - Nagarkurnool |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/dr-kuchkulla-rajesh-reddy-telangana-nagarkurnool-candidate-profile.html |access-date=28 April 2026 |website=News ABP Live |language=en|date=2023}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Reddy is from [[Nagarkurnool]]. His father’s name is Kuchkulla Damodar Reddy. He completed his Master of Dental Surgery at Bapuji Dental College, [[Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences]], [[Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- NAGARKURNOOL(NAGARKURNOOL) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=220 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Reddy won from [[Nagarkurnool Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled votes and defeated his nearest rival, Marri Janardhan Reddy of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a margin of 5,248 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Kuchkulla Rajesh Reddy, INC Candidate from Nagarkurnool Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/dr-kuchkulla-rajesh-reddy-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a081e2023c002/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nagarkurnool Constituency Election Results 2023: Nagarkurnool Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/nagarkurnool |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajesh Reddy, Kuchkulla}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Nagarkurnool district]]

Shaitani Rasmein

2026-04-26T09:04:42Z

Bharatpediatrist:

{{Short description|Indian television series}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=November 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shaitani Rasmein titlecard.jpg
| caption =
| genre = [[Fantasy]] [[Thriller film|Thriller]] [[Horror film|Horror]]
| creator = Nikhil Sinha
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director = Nikhil Sinha
| starring = {{Plain list|
* [[Naqiyah Haji]]
* [[Vibhav Roy]]
*[[Shefali Jariwala]]
*Sumit Singh
}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 303
| producer = Nikhil Sinha
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi camera]]
| runtime = 20-22 minutes
| location =
| cinematography =
| company = Triangle Film Company
| network = [[Star Bharat]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2024|01|15|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2025|01|04|df=yes}}
}}

'''Shaitani Rasmein''' is an Indian [[Hindi|Hindi-language]] [[Dark fantasy|romantic horror fantasy]] series that premiered on 15 January 2024 on [[Star Bharat]]. It is digitally available on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]. The first season starred [[Naqiyah Haji]] and [[Vibhav Roy]] as leads. Sumit Singh and Reyaansh Vir Chdha played the lead roles in the second season.

== Plot ==
{{Long plot|date=November 2025}}
Nikki, an orphan from Goa, marries Piyush and is taken to Bhurangarh, where his royal family secretly worships the demon Malik. She is forced to perform the Shaitani Rasmein—dark rituals meant to restore Malik’s power—under deception and pressure. As deaths and supernatural events unfold, Nikki learns that Piyush’s ancestor made a blood pact with Malik, binding generations of daughters-in-law to serve him. Despite resisting, Nikki continues the rituals to protect the family, unknowingly strengthening Malik while slowly discovering her own hidden divine connection.

Kapalika, Malik’s devoted but jealous follower, drives much of the early conflict. She ensures Nikki completes the rituals, orchestrates sacrifices, and eliminates anyone who threatens Malik. However, when Malik declares Nikki as the “Chosen One,” Kapalika’s jealousy intensifies. She later discovers that Nikki is the reincarnation of Swarnaprabha, a divine being destined to destroy Malik. Her growing obsession and independent actions lead to her downfall, as Malik turns her into stone. Through Kapalika’s arc, the truth about Nikki’s identity and her divine purpose begins to surface.

As Nikki embraces her destiny, the story reveals the past of Swarnaprabha and Akaal Shatru—Malik’s original human form. In ancient times, Akaal Shatru sought immortality and targeted Swarnaprabha, a powerful divine entity. To stop him, Nikki travels back in time and witnesses their story, even influencing events by bringing Swarnaprabha and Piyush’s past incarnation, Kadam, together. Despite her efforts, Akaal Shatru nearly succeeds in becoming immortal, leading to his transformation into Malik. Nikki ultimately intervenes in the past and disrupts this process, but the battle results in her own death. Around this phase, she also faces Chhaya, Malik’s dangerous sister, and defeats her through strategy. Netra, Kapalika’s sister, is introduced as a rising dark force who will later continue the legacy of evil.

Before the final war, Nikki gathers divine artifacts and unlocks her true identity. Through the Arth Swarn Pustika and deep meditation, she fully transforms into Swarnaprabha, regaining her complete divine powers. Alongside Piyush, who becomes the Naagdevta Takshak, she prepares for a final battle against Malik. However, the battle ends tragically—Piyush sacrifices himself to save Nikki, and in a moment of immense rage and divine awakening, Nikki unleashes her full power and destroys Malik. Though victorious, she later dies, and her powers are preserved by Baaldevi for the future.

Twenty-one years later, their daughter Pinni grows up away from Bhurangarh, unaware of her past, until Malik reincarnates as Veer. Through manipulation by Netra, Pinni is married to Veer as part of a plan to complete Malik’s rebirth. She is forced to perform dark rituals just like Nikki, but soon uncovers the truth about her parents, her lineage, and her destiny as a Shatbeeja. With guidance from Baaldevi and her grandparents, Pinni learns that Nikki had hidden Swarnaprabha’s divine powers inside a sacred prism located within a mystical dimension called Brahmantar. As Malik regains strength and eliminates his enemies, Pinni embarks on a dangerous journey involving ancient libraries, riddles, supernatural realms, and deadly entities to locate Brahmantar before Malik can claim the powers for himself.

In the climax, Pinni discovers that Brahmantar is hidden within the palace itself, activated at the site where Nikki once placed a divine idol. As Malik confronts her and tries to stop her, Pinni enters Brahmantar and absorbs Swarnaprabha’s divine energy, fully awakening her true form. With her powers restored, she fights Malik in a final battle and destroys him permanently, ending generations of terror and breaking the curse on the Gehlot family. With Malik gone, Nikki and Swarnaprabha’s souls attain peace, and Pinni accepts her role as their successor. She steps forward not just as a survivor, but as a protector, eventually entering Brahmantar to eliminate remaining evil forces and restore balance to the world.

==Cast==
=== Main ===

*Naqiyah Haji as
**Nikki Singh Gehlot: Swarnaprabha's Reincarnation; Piyush's wife; Maalik's enemy; Pinni's mother; Creator of Brahmantar (2024) (dead)
**Swarnaprabha: World's most powerful fairy; Akaal Shatru's enemy; Kadam's love interest (2024) (dead)
*[[Vibhav Roy]] as
**Piyush Singh Gehlot: Kadam's Reincarnation; Vikram and Sumitra's younger son; Pratik's brother; Nikki's husband; Pinni's father (2024) (dead)
**Kadam: Piyush's previous birth; Akaal Shatru's Commander in Chief; Swarnaprabha's love interest (2024) (dead)
**Akaal Shatru: Maalik's body vessel (2024) (dead)
** Naagdevtha Takshak: Head of Sarpali (2024)
*Sumit Singh as Pinni Singh Gehlot: Nikki and Piyush's daughter; Vikram and Sumitra's granddaughter; Veer's wife; Swarnaprabha's successor(2024–2025)
*Reyaansh Vir Chadha: Jackie, a Tantrik; Pinni's Protector (2024–2025)
*Siddhant Issar as
**Maalik aka Akaal Shatru: The evil entity worshipped in Bhurangarh; Chhaya-Maaya's younger brother; Swarnaprabha's enemy; Nikki's mortal enemy; Pinni's enemy (2024-2025) (dead)
**Veer Raizada: Maalik's reincarnation; Pinni's husband (2024)

=== Recurring ===

*[[Chandan K Anand]] as Vikram Singh Gehlot: Sumitra's husband; Pratik and Piyush's father; Pinni's grandfather (2024–2025) (dead)
*[[Richa Soni]] as Sumitra Devi Gehlot: Vikram's wife; Pratik and Piyush's mother; Pinni's grandmother (2024–2025)
*Priom Gujjar / [[Aniruddh Singh]] as Pratik Singh Gehlot: Vikram and Sumitra's elder son; Piyush's brother; Aarohi's husband (2024) (dead)
*Surbhi Shukla as Aarohi Singh Gehlot: Pratik's widow (2024)
*Kamal Krishna Poudial as Bhavani Singh: A priest; former guard of the Gehlot family (2024–2025)
*Hazel Shah as Baaldevi: Nikki and Pinni's protective [[goddess]] (2024–2025)
*[[Shefali Jariwala]] as Kapalika: A Yakshini; Netra's sister, Maalik's assistant and lover (2024) (dead)
*[[Nikita Sharma]] as Saudamini: a researcher; Maalik's assistant; a runaway criminal (2024)
*Neha Jha as Rachna: Gehlot family's maid (2024)
*[[Sreejita De]] as
**Chhaya: A wicked [[Daayan]]; Maalik's elder sister; Maaya's twin sister (2024) (dead)
**Maaya: A good [[Daayan]]; Maalik's elder sister; Chhaya's twin sister (2024) (dead)
*Swati Sharma as
**Netra: A Nazariya [[chudail]]; Kapalika's sister; Maalik's assistant (2024) (dead)
**Netra Raizada: Siddhart's wife; Veer and Ruhi's sister-in-law
*Amardeep Garg as Raka/Shakaal; Tantrik; Netra's assistant (2024)
*Shilpa Naik as Rakshoti (2024)
*Akshita Arora as Sugna Mai: Gehlot family's priestess (2024-2025) (dead)
*Mairina Singh as Ruhi; Veer's sister (2024) (dead)
* Prakash verma as Darpan ;journalist(2024)
*Simmi Dixitt as Kaalika Pishachini (2024) (dead)
*Deepali Saini as Narmunda Pishachini; Mayuraditya's wife; Queen of Kapaals; Maalik's enemy (2024)
*Ramnitu Chaudary as Visarpi; Goddess of Sarpali; Kadam/Piyush's obsessive one-sided lover; Swarnaprabha's enemy (2024)
*Lala Naren Pandey as Sapera of Sarpali (2024)
*Sakshi Trivedi as Yaksh (2024) (dead)
*Annapurna Vitthal as Sister Anita: Nikki's governess (2024) (dead)
*Jyoti Yadav as Veronica: Nikki's childhood friend; Piyush's obsessive one-sided lover (2024) (dead)
*[[Praneet Bhat]] as Janjal betal (2024) (dead)
*Shuman Das as Bakaar; Maalik's assistant (2024)

== Production ==

===Release===
[[Shefali Jariwala]], [[Vibhav Roy]] and Naqiyah Haji were signed as the leads.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 December 2023 |title=Vibhav Roy and Naqiyah Haji: The new pair on TV to be soon seen in the upcoming show 'Shaitani Rasmein' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vibhav-roy-and-naqiyah-haji-the-new-pair-on-tv-to-be-soon-seen-in-the-upcoming-show-shaitani-rasmein/articleshow/105907827.cms |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The first promo was released in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2023 |title=Bigg Boss 13's Shefali Jariwala to soon make her television debut with the upcoming show 'Shaitani Rasmein'- Exclusive |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-13s-shefali-jariwala-to-soon-make-her-television-debut-with-the-upcoming-show-shaitani-rasmein-exclusive/articleshow/105748366.cms |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Development ===
The series was announced by Triangle Film Company on [[Star Bharat]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2023 |title=Kaanta Laga star Shefali Jariwala to make her television debut with Shaitani Rasmein : Bollywood News |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/kaanta-laga-star-shefali-jariwala-make-television-debut-shaitani-rasmein/ |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=Bollywood Hungama}}</ref> It is a live action adaptation of Drishyam Comics series ''"Devil's Play"'' from the app Pratilipi Comics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2023 |title=Shefali Jariwala To Make Her Television Debut Soon With THIS Show; Details Inside |url=https://www.news18.com/entertainment/television/shefali-jariwala-to-make-her-television-debut-soon-with-this-show-details-inside-8693788.html |access-date=2 February 2024 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] for the show began in December 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Shefali Jariwala ventures into television with 'Shaitani Rasmein' |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/entertainment/shefali-jariwala-ventures-into-television-with-shaitani-rasmein-569947 |access-date=2 February 2024 |work=tribune india}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[List of programs broadcast by Star Bharat]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/shaitani-rasmein/1260165262/list/episodes/t-1_2_4715 ''Shaitani Rasmein''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202143237/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/shaitani-rasmein/1260165262/list/episodes/t-1_2_4715 |date=2 February 2024 }} on ''[[Disney+ Hotstar]]''

{{Star Bharat Programmes}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Star Bharat original programming]]
[[Category:Indian thriller television series]]
[[Category:Fantasy adventure television series]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2020s Indian television series]]
[[Category:Live-action television shows based on comics]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian adventure television series]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Television series about witchcraft]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Television series about marriage]]
[[Category:Indian horror fiction television series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on American comics]]
[[Category:2025 Indian television series endings]]

Vasant Velingkar

2026-04-23T08:29:08Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding data - done

{{short description|Indian politician and freedom fighter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vasant Velingkar
| image = Vasant Velingkar.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 1963
| birth_name = Vasant C. Velingkar
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]], [[Portuguese Empire]] (now in India)
| death_date = Unknown{{efn|died prior to 1990.}}
| office = [[Goa Legislative Assembly|Member of Goa Legislative Assembly]]
| majority = 6,924 (83.26%){{efn|the majority votes polled may or may not be of [[Dayanand Bandodkar]].}}
| term_start = 11 December 1963
| term_end = 30 March 1964
| constituency = [[Marcaim Assembly constituency|Marcaim]]
| predecessor = ''constituency established''
| successor = [[Dayanand Bandodkar]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|freedom fighter|[[goldsmith]]}}
| party = [[Janata Party]]{{efn|joined in {{circa|1977}} to probably until death.}}
| other_party = [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (1963–1977)
}}

'''Vasant C. Velingkar'''{{efn|also probably known as '''Vassant Madhu Velingkar''' according to [https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3844-goa-1977/].}} was an Indian politician, freedom fighter and [[goldsmith]] who was a former member of the [[Goa Legislative Assembly]], representing the [[Marcaim Assembly constituency]] from 1963 to March 1964. He was a member of the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Goa Legislative Assembly |url=https://www.goavidhansabha.gov.in/member_detail.php?mem_id=222 |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=www.goavidhansabha.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Assembly |first=Goa, Daman and Diu (India) Legislative |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ij8IAQAAIAAJ&dq=vasant+velingkar&pg=PA14 |title=Debates; Official Report |date=1967 |language=en}}</ref>

==Career==
Velingkar contested in the [[1963 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Marcaim Assembly constituency]] on the [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] (MGP) ticket and emerged victorious by defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate by 5,800 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-30 |title=Assembly Election– 1963 |url=https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |access-date=2022-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830123222/https://www.ceogoa.nic.in/pdf/PER/Assembly%20Election%20-%201963.pdf |archive-date=2022-08-30 }}</ref> He served for about three months and later resigned his office on 31 March 1964 for [[Dayanand Bandodkar]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Diu (India) |first=Goa, Daman and |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ch0bkzj3ja8C&q=vasant+velingkar |title=Government Gazette. Boletim Oficial |date=1964 |language=en}}</ref> Following this a [[by-election]] was held within the constituency which resulted in Bandodkar taking charge of the Marcaim constituency, enabling him to later run for the chief ministerial seat in Goa.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}

Velingkar then unsuccessfully contested in the [[1977 Goa, Daman and Diu Legislative Assembly election]] from the same constituency on the [[Janata Party]] ticket, he lost to MGP candidate [[Krishna Bandodkar]] by a margin of 4,606 votes. He along with his associates were also active in the [[Goa liberation movement]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Z5HAAAAMAAJ&q=vasant+velingkar |title=Who's who of Freedom Fighters, Goa, Daman, and Diu |date=1990 |publisher=Goa Gazetteer Department, Government of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman, and Diu |language=en}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Velingkar, Vasant}}
[[Category:Goa, Daman and Diu MLAs 1963–1967]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]
[[Category:Politicians from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party politicians]]
[[Category:Janata Party politicians]]

Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar

2026-04-22T02:17:54Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Vijaya Rahatkar
| honorific_prefix =
| image = Mrs. Vijaya Rahatkar, President ,BJP Mahila Morcha.jpg
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1966|08|21}}
| birth_place = [[Aurangabad]], [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]], [[Maharashtra|Maharastra]]
| office = 9th Chairperson [[National Commission for Women]]
| term_start = 19 October 2024
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Rekha Sharma (Indian politician)|Rekha Sharma]]
| successor =
| office1 = Chairperson [[Maharashtra State Commission for Woman]]
| successor1 = [[Rupali Chakankar]]
| term_start1 = 2016
| term_end1 = 2021
| office2 = Mayor [[Aurangabad Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start2 = 29 October 2007
| term_end2 = 28 April 2010
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| parents =
| spouse = Kishore Rahatkar
| profession = Politician
| children = Kalyani Rahatkar
}}
'''Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar''' (born 21 August 1966) is an Indian politician and currently serving as the 9th chairperson of the [[National Commission for Women]], India.<ref name="Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar named new National Commission for Women chief">{{cite news |last1=India Today |title=Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar named new National Commission for Women chief |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/vijaya-kishore-rahatkar-new-chairperson-of-the-national-commission-for-women-replaces-rekha-sharma-2619685-2024-10-19 |accessdate=20 October 2024 |date=19 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar appointed new NCW chairperson">{{cite news |last1=The Hindu |title=Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar appointed new NCW chairperson |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vijaya-kishore-rahatkar-appointed-new-ncw-chairperson/article68772775.ece |accessdate=20 October 2024 |date=19 October 2024 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="e224">{{cite web | title=NCW chairperson hears 48women's grievances in Saran | website=The Times of India | date=28 March 2025 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ncw-chairperson-hears-48womens-grievances-in-saran/articleshow/119656511.cms | access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="p828">{{cite web | title=Vijaya Rahatkar is Aurangabad mayor | website=oneindia.com | date=29 October 2007 | url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/10/29/vijaya-rahatkar-is-aurangabad-mayor-1193668414.html | access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref><ref name="c490">{{cite web | last=Rajput | first=Gunjan | title=Who is Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar, new NCW chief? Bio, profile and journey | website=ET Now | date=20 February 2025 | url=https://www.etnownews.com/news/who-is-vijaya-kishore-rahatkar-new-ncw-chief-bio-profile-and-journey-article-114375556 | access-date=2 April 2025}}</ref>

Vijaya Rahatkar spearheaded initiatives like “Sakshama” (support for acid attack survivors), “[[Prajwala]]” (linking self-help groups to central government schemes), and “Suhita” (24x7 helpline service for women). She also worked on legal reforms focusing on issues like POCSO, anti-triple talaq cells, and [[Human trafficking|anti-human trafficking]] units and introduced digital literacy programs, launched a publication named “Saad” dedicated to women's issues.<ref name="Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar takes over as 9th chairperson of National Commission for Women">{{cite news |last1=The Times of India |title=Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar takes over as 9th chairperson of National Commission for Women |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/vijaya-kishore-rahatkar-takes-over-as-9th-chairperson-of-national-commission-for-women/articleshow/114374608.cms |access-date=20 October 2024 |date=19 October 2024}}</ref><ref name="Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar, Former BJP Women's Wing Chief, Appointed As NCW Chairperson">{{cite news |first=Ronit |last1=Singh |title=Vijaya Kishore Rahatkar, Former BJP Women's Wing Chief, Appointed As NCW Chairperson |url=https://www.news18.com/india/vijaya-kishore-rahatkar-former-bjp-womens-wing-chief-appointed-as-ncw-chairperson-9091715.html |access-date=20 October 2024 |date=19 October 2024 |language=en}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
* Vidhilikhit (on women's legal issues)
* Aurangabad: Leading to Wide Roads

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.vijayarahatkar.com/ Vijaya Rahatkar Personal Website]
{{BJP}}

[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Savitribai Phule Pune University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Aurangabad]]

Ministry of Majority Welfare Development (Maharashtra)

2026-04-21T13:42:31Z

Bharatpediatrist: started the data needs work

{{Short description|Maharashtra government ministry responsible for Majority Welfare Development}}
{{Unreferenced|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox government agency
| native_name_a =
| type = ministry
| name = Ministry of Majority Welfare Development [[Government of Maharashtra]]
| native_name = '''मंत्रालय बहुसंख्य कल्याण विभाग, महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the state of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| jurisdiction = {{flagicon|India}} [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai|Mantralay]], [[Mumbai]]
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| deputyminister1_name = '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| deputyminister1_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]]
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency =
| website =
| formed =
| employees =
| budget =
| chief1_name = ([[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]])
| chief1_position =
| chief2_name =
| chief2_position =
| parent_department = [[Government of Maharashtra]]
}}

The '''Ministry of Majority Welfare Development''' is a Ministry of the [[Government of Maharashtra|Government of Maharashtra State]].

The Ministry is headed by a [[Cabinet (government)|cabinet level]] Minister. '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' is Minister of Majority Welfare Development and '''Chief Minister''' [[Government of Maharashtra]].

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of India]]
| department = '''Ministry of Majority Welfare Development (Maharashtra)'''
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Majority Welfare Development}} '''मंत्री बहुसंख्य कल्याण विभाग'''
|image=
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]] {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]''', 
'''[[Maharashtra Legislature]]'''
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = '''[[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]]''' on the advice of the '''[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]'''
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''Niramala Raje Bhosale''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor =
* '''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]'''
(2019- 2022)
| deputy =
* '''Vacant, TBD'''
since 29 June 2022
| formation = 1 May 1960
| body =
| flag = Flag of India.svg
| flagsize = 110px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
| flagborder = yes
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 05 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Majority Welfare
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad North Assembly constituency|Karad North Constituency No. 259]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Niramala Raje Bhosale''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Satara Constituency No. 268]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukarrao Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant|Parashuram Krishnaji Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''D. S. Palaspagar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Bhandara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="6" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Balasaheb Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Patan, Maharashtra Assembly constituency|Patan Constituency No. 261]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1969|10|27}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede|Sheshrao Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|27 October}} 1969
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1969|10|27|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|08
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1973|04|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="3" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Hari Govindrao Vartak]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Bassein-Vasai Constituency No. 180]]- [[Palghar district|Palghar District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 April}} 1973
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
!{{ayd|1973|04|04|1974|03|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Anant Namjoshi]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Girgaon Assembly constituency|Girgaon Constituency No. 185]]- [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 Match}} 1974
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1974|03|17|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantdada Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Sangli Assembly constituency|Sangli Constituency No. 282]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|16 April}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|04|16}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Madhukarrao Dhanaji Chaudhari''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Raver Assembly constituency|Raver Constituency No. 11]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 April }} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|04|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sundarrao Solanke]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Majalgaon Assembly constituency|Majalgaon Constituency No. 229]]- [[Beed District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (Indira)]]
| rowspan="1" bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|19 November}} 1979
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1979|11|19}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Bhagwantrao Gaikwad''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Kalameshwar Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|80px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1985
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|rowspan="1"|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Surupsingh Hirya Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Navapur Assembly constituency|Navapur Constituency No. 04]]- [[Nandurbar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|03|1991|01|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Jawaharlal Darda 2022 stamp of India cr.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Jawaharlal Darda]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 January}} 1991
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|01|25|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''Shankarrao Genuji Kolhe''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopargaon Assembly constituency|Kopargaon Constituency No. 219]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
|{{small|26 December}} 1991
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1991|12|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="2" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Mazgaon constituency No. 210]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 December}} 1991
|{{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|12|26|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:SHRI SHIVAJIRAO BAPUSAHEB DESHMUKH.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Shivajirao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 18 - [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|18 November}} 1994
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1994|11|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Babanrao Gholap]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Deolali Assembly constituency|Deolali Constituency No. 126]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|02|01}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Pramod Navalkar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Mumbai Graduates Constituency No. 06 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|05|11}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Leeladhar Dake]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup Constituency No. 168]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|11 May}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|05|11|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Chagan Bhujbal.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Chhagan Bhujbal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai City District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|16}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2008
!{{ayd|2004|11|01|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:R. R. Patil.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[R. R. Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Constituency No. 287]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Patangrao Kadam]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Palus-Kadegaon Assembly constituency|Palus-Kadegaon Constituency No. 285]]- [[Sangli District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 2010
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1"bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|07 June}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|06|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="2"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Madhukarrao Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Tuljapur Assembly constituency|Tuljapur Constituency No. 241]] - [[Dharashiv district|Dharashiv District]] Also Previously Known [[Osmanabad District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 June}} 2014
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2014|06|07|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2016|06|04}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|38
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 June}} 2016
|{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2016|06|04|2019|11|12}}
|rowspan="1"|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|39
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|40
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:Subhash Desai.jpg|80px]]
|'''[[Subhash Desai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 09 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|41
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vijay wadettiwar.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bramhapuri Assembly constituency|Bramhapuri Constituency No. 73]]- [[Chandrapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|42
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|43
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|07|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|44
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister) ''In Charge''
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Majority Welfare Development
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Prahar Janshakti Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Omprakash Babarao Kadu]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Achalpur Assembly constituency|Achalpur Constituency No. 42]]- [[Amravati District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|27}}
|[[Prahar Janshakti Party]] Supported Party [[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| rowspan="2"|[[Vijay Namdevrao Wadettiwar]]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|[[File:Dattatray Bharane.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Dattatray Vithoba Bharne]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Indapur Assembly constituency|Indapur Constituency No. 200]]- [[Pune District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} ''Additional_Charge''
|{{small|27 June}} 2022
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|27|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''Vacant'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|[[Eknath Shinde]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
!colspan="04"| ''''' Vacant'''''
|{{small|21 December}} 2024
|''incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|NA
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
| rowspan="1"| [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-

|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Sarada Prasad Nayak

2026-04-21T04:24:57Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{BLP sources|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sarada Prasad Nayak
| image =
| caption =
| office = 13th, 14th [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Rourkela]]
| term_start = June 2024
| term_end = 2029
| governor =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| prime_minister1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| constituency1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = Natbar Nayak
| successor2 = Arti Prava Lenka
| constituency2 =
| office3 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| constituency3 = [[Rourkela (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rourkela]]
| office4 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1959|01|05}}
| birth_place = [[Kendrapara]], [[Orissa]], [[India]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Biju Janata Dal]]
| other_party =
| father = Natbar Nayak
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician, [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]], [[social service]]
| website =
}}

'''Sarada Prasad Nayak''' is an Indian politician, belonging to the [[Biju Janata Dal]] party; who was elected as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of [[Rourkela]] [[Constituency]].<ref name="jagran">{{Cite news|last=Jagran|date=10 August 2019|title=सुंदरगढ़ जिला योजना बोर्ड के अध्यक्ष बने शारदा|work=Jagran|url=https://www.jagran.com/odisha/rourkela-sharda-nayak-planing-board-chairman-19478892.html|access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref> He is the 13th and 14th MLA of [[Rourkela]]. He was elected from General (Quota) in Fourteenth Assembly from 19 May 2009 to 18 May 2014, and has been serving the current term since then.<ref name="jagran"/> Nayak was sworn in as a Cabinet Minister<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=Odisha Cabinet reshuffle: Eye on polls, Naveen Patnaik brings back three former ministers |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/odisha-cabinet-reshuffle-naveen-patnaik-poll-manoeuvre-ex-ministers-8621957/ |access-date=2023-07-11 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> of the Naveen Patnaik-led government in May 2023. He was entrusted with the Labour & Employees’ State Insurance<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cabinet Ministers of Odisha |url=https://cm.odisha.gov.in/cabinet#:~:text=Shri%20Naveen%20Patnaik,-Chief%20Minister%20of&text=Any%20other%20Departments%20specifically%20not%20assigned. |url-status= |website=Chief Minister of Odisha}}</ref> department.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [[Rourkela (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)]]
* [http://odishahelpline.com/Profile-of-Sarada-Prasad-Nayak-of-ROURKELA-constituency-1231.html Odishahelpline.com]
* [https://www.zoomnews.in/hi/assembly-elections/2019/odisha/sundargarh/rourkela/candidate-details/9385/1.html ZoomNews.com]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Sarada Prashad}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Biju Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:People from Rourkela]]

Jia Lal

2026-04-19T18:41:59Z

Bharatpediatrist: Adding

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jia Lal
| image =
| caption = Jia Lal
| father =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|11|08|df=y}}<ref name=memberbio/>
| alma_mater =
| education = Matriculation
| children =
| parents = Laxman Das Laxmi Devi
| spouse =
| birth_place = Bharmour, [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| constituency = [[Bharmour Assembly constituency|Bharmour constituency]]
| predecessor = Thakur Singh Bharmouri
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_end = 2022
| term_start = 2017
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor = Dr. Janak Raj
| constituency1 =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| committees =
}}
'''Jia Lal''' (born 8 November 1964) is an Indian politician, who currently serves as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bharmour Assembly constituency]].<ref name=memberbio>{{Cite web|url=https://hpvidhansabha.nic.in/Member/Details/460|title=Details of MLA Jia Lal|website=hpvidhansabha.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-2017/live-updates-himachal-pradesh-legislative-assembly-election-results/article21830225.ece|title=Jia Lal won from Bharmour constituency in Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election results live|website=thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/?do=download&r=8976&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=fb6cae69c039bd3efff062035fad28a7|title=Pdf ― list of Himachal Pradesh 2017 Legislative election winning candidates|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref> Jia Lal won from Bharmour constituency in 2017 state assembly elections.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/himachal-pradesh/bharmour-mla-results|title=Jia Lal won from Bharmour constituency in Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly 2017 elections|newspaper=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/himachal-pradesh-assembly-election/article/thakur-singh-bharmouri-hp-polls-bjp-congress-bharmour-constituency/121362|title=Jia Lal won from Bharmour constituency by defeating current MLA Thakur Singh Bharmouri|newspaper=Times Now News}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Lal was born on 8 November 1964 in Bharmour, [[Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Himachal Pradesh]] to Laxman Das and Laxmi Devi.
He did his school education up to Matriculation.<ref name=memberbio/>

==Politics==
Lal's active state politics started from 1993 as he was the president of Bharatiya Janata Party Yuva Morcha, Bharmour Mandal from 1993-96. He was president of BJP for district Chamba from 2010-13.<ref name=memberbio/>
Then in 2017, he was elected to the thirteenth Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly in December, 2017.<ref name=memberbio/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/himachal-pradesh-assembly-elections-2017/himachal-pradesh-election-2017-full-list-of-winners-live-updates-4988241/|title=Jia Lal won from Bharmour constituency in Himachal Pradesh Assembly election 2017-full list winners|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Members of the 13th Vidhan Sabha from Himachal Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lal, Jia}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Himachal Pradesh MLAs 2017–2022]]

National Film Award for Best Gujarati Feature Film

2026-04-17T14:49:55Z

Bharatpediatrist: started the data w/ sources

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film award
| name = National Film Award for Best Gujarati Feature Film
| subheader = National award for contributions to [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]]
| description = Best [[Gujarati cinema|Gujarati feature film]] of the year
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 1960
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus)|{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name = National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Gujarati (1960–2021)
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Vash (film)|Vash]]'' (2023)
| previous =
| next =
}}

The '''National Film Award for Best Gujarati Feature Film''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] given by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]. It was instituted in 1960 and first awarded at [[8th National Film Awards]].<ref name="41staward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/41st_nff_1994.pdf|title=41st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=3 March 2012|format=PDF}}</ref> Per the [[Constitution of India]], [[Gujarati language]] is among the languages specified in the [[Languages with official status in India#Schedule|Schedule VIII of the Constitution]]. Since the [[70th National Film Awards]], the name was changed to "Best Gujarati Feature Film".<ref>{{cite web |author=Under Secretary to the Government of India |date=14 December 2023 |title=Report on Rationalization of Awards Conferred by the Ministry of Information & Broadcasting {{!}} Ministry of Information and Broadcasting {{!}} Government of India |url=https://mib.gov.in/filmsdocuments/report-rationalization-awards-conferred-ministry-information-broadcasting |access-date=28 August 2024 |publisher=[[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]]}}</ref>

==Winners==
Award includes 'Rajat Kamal' (Silver Lotus) and cash prize. Following are the award winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable" style="background-color:#FFFFFF;width:40%;"
|-
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"| Awards legends
|-
| style="background-color:#F4F4F4;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EFECD1;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Second Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#D6E0CC;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Third Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#E0EAEA;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Certificate of Merit for the Best Feature Film}}
|-
| style="background-color:#EBEBE0;width:20px;"|{{center|*}}
| {{small|Indicates a joint award for that year}}
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of films, showing the year (award ceremony), producer(s) and director(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:9%;" | Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;" | Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;" | Producer(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:22%;" | Director(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[8th National Film Awards|1960 {{small|(8th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Mehndi Rang Lagyo|Mendi Rang Lagyo]]''
| Bipin Gajjar
| [[Manhar Raskapur]]
| align="center" |<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[9th National Film Awards|1961 {{small|(9th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Nandanvan]]''
| Shrikumar V. Gaglani
| Ganpatrao Brahmbhatt
| align="center" |<ref name="9thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|title=9th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202115652/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm9thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[10th National Film Awards|1962 {{small|(10th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="10thaward">{{cite web |title=10th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929062243/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm10thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=29 September 2015 |access-date=9 September 2011 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[11th National Film Awards|1963 {{small|(11th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Jevi Chhun Tevi''
| Bholanath D. Trivedi
| Gajanan Mehta
| align="center" |<ref name="11thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|title=11th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=13 September 2011|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170502124428/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm11thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[12th National Film Awards|1964 {{small|(12th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="12thaward">{{cite web |title=12th National Film Awards |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225220334/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm12thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=14 September 2011 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]] |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[13th National Film Awards|1965 {{small|(13th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Kasumbi No Rang''
| Manoobhai N. Gadhvi
| G. K. Mehta
| align="center" |<ref name="13thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/13th_NFA.pdf|title=13th National Film Awards|format=PDF|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[14th National Film Awards|1966 {{small|(14th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite book |author=Gulzar, Govind Nihalani, Saibal Chatterjee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&q=teesri+kasam+national+award&pg=PT556 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=2003 |isbn=9788179910665 |page=532 |access-date=29 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106212617/https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PT556&dq=teesri+kasam+national+award&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5rXtT_j4O4_EtAbd4aWPDw&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=teesri%20kasam%20national%20award&f=false |archive-date=6 November 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[15th National Film Awards|1967 {{small|(15th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="15thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=15th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120225231524/http://dff.nic.in/2011/15th_nff_1967.pdf |archive-date=25 February 2012 |access-date=21 September 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=2,9 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[16th National Film Awards|1968 {{small|(16th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="16thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=16th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150517061411/http://dff.nic.in/2011/16th_nff_1970.pdf |archive-date=17 May 2015 |access-date=22 September 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=2 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[17th National Film Awards|1969 {{small|(17th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Kanku]]''
| [[Kantilal Rathod]]
| [[Kantilal Rathod]]
| align="center" |<ref name="17thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf|title=17th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=26 September 2011|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[18th National Film Awards|1970 {{small|(18th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="18thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=18th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226002621/http://dff.nic.in/2011/17th_NFF_1971.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=26 September 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=2 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[19th National Film Awards|1971 {{small|(19th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Seemabaddha @ SatyajitRay.org |url=http://www.satyajitray.org/films/seemabaddha.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927092825/http://www.satyajitray.org/films/seemabaddha.htm |archive-date=27 September 2011 |access-date=2 October 2010 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[20th National Film Awards|1972 {{small|(20th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''Gun Sundari No Ghar Sansar''
| Ramesh H. Saraiya, Jayant Malaviya and Chandulal Gnadhi
| Govind Saraiya
| align="center" |<ref name="20thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|title=20th National Film Awards|publisher=International Film Festival of India|access-date=26 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105220349/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm20thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[21st National Film Awards|1973 {{small|(21st)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="21stawardPDF">{{cite web |title=21st National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404122553/http://dff.nic.in/2011/21st_nff_1973.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2012 |access-date=29 September 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=2,32 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[22nd National Film Awards|1974 {{small|(22nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="22ndawardPDF">{{cite web |title=22nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404122730/http://dff.nic.in/2011/22nd_nff_1974.pdf |archive-date=4 April 2012 |access-date=1 October 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=2,33 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[23rd National Film Awards|1975 {{small|(23rd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="23rdawardPDF">{{cite web |title=23rd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724234749/http://dff.nic.in/2011/23rd_nff_1975.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=1 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[24th National Film Awards|1976 {{small|(24th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web |title=Mrigayaa @ MrinalSen.org |url=http://mrinalsen.org/mrigaya.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907032827/http://mrinalsen.org/mrigaya.htm |archive-date=7 September 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[25th National Film Awards|1977 {{small|(25th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="25thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=25th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119143000/http://dff.nic.in/2011/25th_nff_1977.pdf |archive-date=19 January 2017 |access-date=4 October 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=2,44 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[26th National Film Awards|1978 {{small|(26th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="26thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=26th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114857/http://dff.nic.in/2011/26th_NFA.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=4 October 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[27th National Film Awards|1979 {{small|(27th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m5ZtAAAAMAAJ&q=shodh+national+award |title=Asian recorder, Volume 26 |publisher=K. K. Thomas at Recorder Press |year=1980 |access-date=29 June 2012 |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120630140324/https://books.google.com/books?id=m5ZtAAAAMAAJ&q=shodh+national+award&dq=shodh+national+award&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yr_tT7ORPMTOsgb6hZGPDw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA |archive-date=30 June 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[28th National Film Awards|1980 {{small|(28th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="28thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=28th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021181343/http://dff.nic.in/2011/28th_nff_1981.pdf |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=4 October 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=6 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[29th National Film Awards|1981 {{small|(29th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="29thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=29th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004082256/http://dff.nic.in/2011/29th_nff_1982.pdf |archive-date=4 October 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=4 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[30th National Film Awards|1982 {{small|(30th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="30thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=30th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114806/http://dff.nic.in/2011/30th_nff_1983.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=4 October 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=6 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[31st National Film Awards|1983 {{small|(31st)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web |title=31st National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424114953/http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf |archive-date=24 April 2012 |access-date=9 December 2011 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=6 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[32nd National Film Awards|1984 {{small|(32nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="32ndawardPDF">{{cite web |title=32nd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029203732/http://dff.nic.in/2011/32nd_nff_1985.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=6 January 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |page=7 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[33rd National Film Awards|1985 {{small|(33rd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="33rdawardPDF">{{cite web |title=33rd National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053550/http://dff.nic.in/2011/33nfa.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=7 January 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |pages=8–9 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[34th National Film Awards|1986 {{small|(34th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="34thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=34th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200134/http://dff.nic.in/2011/34th_NFF.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=7 January 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |pages=10–11 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[35th National Film Awards|1987 {{small|(35th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="35thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=35th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322020437/http://dff.nic.in/2011/35th_nff_1988.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=9 January 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |pages=12–13 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[36th National Film Awards|1988 {{small|(36th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
|<ref name="36thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=36th National Film Awards |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104103209/http://dff.nic.in/2011/36nfa.pdf |archive-date=4 November 2016 |access-date=9 January 2012 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |pages=12–13 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[37th National Film Awards|1989 {{small|(37th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Percy (1989 film)|Percy]]''
| [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
| Pervez Merwanji
| align="center" |<ref name="37thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/37nfa.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|title=37th National Film Awards|access-date=29 January 2012|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[38th National Film Awards|1990 {{small|(38th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[39th National Film Awards|1991 {{small|(39th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[40th National Film Awards|1992 {{small|(40th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | [[41st National Film Awards|1993 {{small|(41st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Manvini Bhavai (film)|Manvini Bhavai]]''
| Aashish Trivedi and [[Upendra Trivedi]]
| [[Upendra Trivedi]]
| align="center" |<ref name="41staward" />
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[42nd National Film Awards|1994 {{small|(42nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="42ndawardPDF">{{cite web |title=42nd National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/75_42ndNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[43rd National Film Awards|1995 {{small|(43rd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="43rdawardPDF">{{cite web |title=43rd National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/74_43rdNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[44th National Film Awards|1996 {{small|(44th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="44thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=44th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[45th National Film Awards|1997 {{small|(45th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="45thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=45th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/72_45thNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[46th National Film Awards|1998 {{small|(46th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="46thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=46th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/71_46thNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[47th National Film Awards|1999 {{small|(47th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="47thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=47th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/70_47thNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[48th National Film Awards|2000 {{small|(48th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="48thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=48th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/69_48thNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[49th National Film Awards|2001 {{small|(49th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="49thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=49th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/68_49thNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[50th National Film Awards|2002 {{small|(50th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="50thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=50th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/67_50thNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="51stawardPDF2">{{cite web |title=51st National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/66_51stNfacatalogue.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF2">{{cite web |title=52nd National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF2">{{cite web |title=53rd National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="54thawardPDF2">{{cite web |title=54th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/48_54sthNfaArchives.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="55thawardPDF2">{{cite web |title=55th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[56th National Film Awards|2008 (56th)]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=56th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=57th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/45_57thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web |title=58th National Film Awards |url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/44_58thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf |access-date=29 March 2022 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="59thaward">{{cite web |title=59th National Film Awards for the Year 2011 Announced |url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page.asp?relid=80734 |access-date=7 March 2012 |publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[The Good Road]]''
|[[National Film Development Corporation Limited|NFDC]]
| Gyan Correa
| align="center" | <ref name="60thaward">{{cite press_release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[61st National Film Awards|2013 (61st)]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite web |date=16 April 2014 |title=61st National Film Awards |url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2014 |access-date=16 April 2014 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press_release |title=62nd National Film Awards |date=24 March 2015 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf |access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press_release |title=63rd National Film Awards |date=28 March 2016 |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf |access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Wrong Side Raju]]''
|[[CineMan Productions]] and [[Phantom Films]]
|[[Mikhil Musale]]
|align="center" | <ref name="64thaward">{{cite press_release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Dhh]]''
|Amruta Parande et al.
|[[Manish Saini]]
|align="center" | <ref name="65thaward">{{cite press_release|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/gujarati/movies/news/manish-sainis-dhh-wins-national-award-for-best-gujarati-film/articleshow/63746278.cms|title=Manish Saini’s Dhh wins National Award for Best Gujarati film|date=13 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Reva (film)|Reva]]''
| Paresh Vora
| Rahul Bhole and Vinit Kanojia
| align="center" |<ref name="66thaward">{{cite press release|title=66th National Film Awards|url=https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=11 August 2019|df=dmy-all|archive-date=9 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809152118/https://dff.gov.in/images/News/66th_NFA_Results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=67th National Film Awards announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1706663 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=68th National Film Awards announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1843932 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Last Film Show|Chhello Show]]''
| [[Pan Nalin]], Dheer Momaya, [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]], and Marc Duale
| [[Pan Nalin]]
| align="center" |<ref name="69NFA">{{Cite web |title=69th National Films Awards 2021 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetail.aspx?PRID=1951758|publisher=PIB}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
| colspan="3" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" | No Award
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| style="text-align:center;" |[[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | ''[[Vash (film)|Vash]]''
|Big Box Series Pvt Ltd and K S Entertainment LLP
| [[Krishnadev Yagnik]]
| align="center" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 August 2025 |title=71st National Film Awards for the year 2023 announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2151537 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India)]]
[[Category:Gujarati cinema]]

M. K. Preshow Shimray

2026-04-16T03:44:25Z

Bharatpediatrist: started a entry w/ sources...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{tone|date=January 2010}}
{{Use British English|date=November 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| order = Deputy Speaker
| name = MK Preshow Shimray
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1966|04|05}}
| birth_place = [[Poi, Ukhrul|Poi]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2020-Present)
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] (Till July 2020)
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| education =
| alma_mater = Madras University (B.E. in Civil)
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''MK Preshow Shimray''' is an Indian politician from [[Manipur]]. He was elected as the MLA from 45 - [[Chingai]] (ST) Assembly Constituency in [[Manipur]] in the [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate. He joined [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in July 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eastmojo.com/manipur/2020/07/16/manipur-former-deputy-speaker-mk-preshow-3-other-leaders-join-bjp|title = Manipur: Former deputy Speaker MK Preshow, 3 other leaders join BJP|date = 16 July 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
MK Preshow Shimray was born on April 5, 1966, in [[Poi, Ukhrul|Poi]] village to MK Somi Shimray. He did his B.E and M.E (Environment) at Salem Engineering College, Tamil Nadu. After completing his education, he was employed in the Environment and Ecology Department, Manipur, first as a Scientific Officer and later as a Senior Scientific Officer.

==Political career==
In 2012, he resigned from his engagement as a Senior Scientific Officer in order to contest the MLA election on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ticket. He got elected beating his nearest rival with a simple majority vote. In July 2013, MK Preshow Shimray was elected as the Deputy Speaker<ref>{{cite web|title=Deputy Speaker|url=http://istvimphal.net/preshow-shimray-elected-as-deputy-speaker/|accessdate=30 November 2015| work=ISTV}}</ref> of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] with a term till 2017.

==Assassination bids==
On April 30, 2013, the cavalcade of the deputy speaker was ambushed near Ukhrul by suspected NSCN (IM) cadres. However, no loss of life took place. Police claim that a bomb was detonated after the cavalcade passed leading to a 30-minute-long firefight between the security forces and the splinter group.<ref>{{cite web|title=First assassination attempt|url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=18..010513.may13|accessdate=30 November 2015| work=e-pao}}</ref>

Another assassination attempt took place on April 10, 2014, where an IED was exploded by rebels followed by a firefight as Shimray was returning to [[Imphal]] after voting in [[Chingai]]. No member of Shimray's cavalcade was injured, and security forces were unable to capture the assailants.<ref>{{cite web|title=Assassination bid|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Manipur-deputy-speaker-escapes-unhurt-in-rebel-attack/articleshow/33550172.cms|accessdate=30 November 2015| work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Deputy speaker Preshow escape|url=http://northeastnews.in/news_details.php?c=25&%20n=5479#.Vlvm8EZWXd4|accessdate=30 November 2015| work=North east news}}</ref>

==Anti tribal bills protests==
In October 2015, the Tangkhul Naga Long, a Tangkhul rights organization demanded that 3 Tangkhul Congress MLAs resign as they did not voice enough opposition to three ‘anti-tribal Bills’ passed on August 31. Shimray did not follow the demand.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-08 |title=TNL expels two Congress MLAs |url=http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/58341/tnl-expels-two-congress-mlas |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208142537/http://www.thesangaiexpress.com/page/items/58341/tnl-expels-two-congress-mlas |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2022-10-13 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Will push for holding of ADC elections: BJP candidate Shimray |url=https://www.ifp.co.in/manipur/will-push-for-holding-of-adc-elections-bjp-candidate-shimray |access-date=2024-05-06 |website=Imphal Free Press |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shimray, MK Preshow}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2012–2017]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Ukhrul district]]

Tasgaon Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:26:27Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding a data - done

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Tasgaon
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district =
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
| constituency_no =
| established = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| reservation =
| abolished = 2008
| electors =
}}
'''[[Tasgaon]]''' Vidhan Sabha seat was one of the constituencies of [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]], in [[India]]. It was a segment of [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tasgaon Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/tasgaon-maharashtra-assembly-constituency |access-date= |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref> Tasgaon seat existed until the 2004 elections after which it was succeeded by [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency]] seat in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website |accessdate=12 October 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php |archivedate=25 February 2009 }}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Ganpati Dada Lad|| {{Full party name with color|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || Dhondiram Yeshwant Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || rowspan=2 | Babasaheb Gopalrao Patil
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || rowspan=3 | Dinkarrao (Aba) Krishnaji Patil
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || rowspan=4 | [[R. R. Patil]]
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''2009 onwards : See [[Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal Assembly constituency|Tasgaon-Kavathe Mahankal]]''}}
|}

==Election results==
===Assembly Election 2004===
{{Election box begin|title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[R. R. Patil|Raosaheb Ramrao Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 70,483 |percentage = 50.36% |change={{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjaykaka Patil|Sanjay Ramchandra Patil]] |party=Independent politician |votes = 64,179 |percentage = 45.86% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dr. Prataprao (Nana) Pandharinath Patil |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 2,211 |percentage = 1.58% |change={{decrease}}2.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sankapal Popat Narayan |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 976 |percentage = 0.70% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,304 |percentage = 4.50% |change= {{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 140,097 |percentage = 79.98% |change= {{increase}}0.82 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 139,954}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 175,174|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.98 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Nationalist Congress Party |swing= {{increase}}1.69 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1999===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[R. R. Patil|Raosaheb Ramrao Patil]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 55,166 |percentage = 48.67% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=[[Sanjaykaka Patil|Sanjay Ramchandra Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 51,669 |percentage = 45.59% |change={{decrease}}20.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Sanjay Dattu Patil|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 4,119 |percentage = 3.63% |change={{increase}}0.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Alias Arun Yashwant Kulkarni |party=Independent politician |votes = 2,157 |percentage = 1.90% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,497 |percentage = 3.09% |change= {{decrease}}38.45 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,543 |percentage = 79.16% |change= {{decrease}}4.17 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 113,338}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 147,229|ref = |change= {{increase}}2.23 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Nationalist Congress Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}17.58 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1995===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[R. R. Patil|Raosaheb Ramrao Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 79,505 |percentage = 66.25% |change={{increase}}8.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Dinkarrao (Aba) Krishnaji Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 29,660 |percentage = 24.72% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Tanaji Gulabrao Jadhav|party=Shiv Sena |votes = 3,374 |percentage = 2.81% |change={{decrease}}4.80 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Pandurang Pandhare |party=Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 3,102 |percentage = 2.58% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Mallikarjun Shivling Kheradkar |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,066 |percentage = 2.55% |change={{decrease}}4.60 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Balasaheb Narhari Eadake|party=Independent politician |votes = 848 |percentage = 0.71% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 49,845 |percentage = 41.54% |change= {{increase}}8.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 122,020 |percentage = 84.72% |change= {{increase}}12.00 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 120,006}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 144,019|ref = |change= {{increase}}5.79 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}8.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1990===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=[[R. R. Patil|Raosaheb Ramrao Patil]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 56,254 |percentage = 57.93% |change={{decrease}}23.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dasharath Maruti Alias D.M. Patil|party=Independent politician |votes = 23,699 |percentage = 24.40% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Balasaheb Alias Arun Yashwant Kulkarni |party=Shiv Sena |votes = 7,389 |percentage = 7.61% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Vinayak Shinde|party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 6,952 |percentage = 7.16% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Vishvanath Sakharam Mahajan|party=Independent politician |votes = 2,236 |percentage = 2.30% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 32,555 |percentage = 33.52% |change= {{decrease}}29.33 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 98,811 |percentage = 72.58% |change= {{increase}}20.19 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 97,108}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,139|ref = |change= {{increase}}18.80 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}23.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1985===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Dinkarrao (Aba) Krishnaji Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 47,722 |percentage = 81.43% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Amrutsagar Ganpati Abaji |party=Independent politician |votes = 10,885 |percentage = 18.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,837 |percentage = 62.85% |change= {{increase}}60.66 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 59,746 |percentage = 52.14% |change= {{decrease}}14.11 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,607}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 114,594|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.14 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}45.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1980===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Dinkarrao (Aba) Krishnaji Patil |party=Independent politician |votes = 25,206 |percentage = 36.12% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganapatrao Nayaku Koli|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,678 |percentage = 33.93% |change={{increase}}31.73 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Jaysingrao Madhavrao Mane Deshmukh |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 9,656 |percentage = 13.84% |change={{decrease}}1.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Bhimrao Parwata Patil|party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 8,926 |percentage = 12.79% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shivajirao Pandurang Patil|party=Independent politician |votes = 2,324 |percentage = 3.33% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,528 |percentage = 2.19% |change= {{decrease}}40.10 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,528 |percentage = 66.87% |change= {{decrease}}7.56 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,790}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 106,959|ref = |change= {{increase}}7.24 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}26.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1978===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate= Dinkarrao (Aba) Krishnaji Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 45,178 |percentage = 62.22% |change={{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Vasudev Daji Jadhav|party=Janata Party |votes = 14,471 |percentage = 19.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattatraya Ganapati Pawar|party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 11,370 |percentage = 15.66% |change={{decrease}}7.90 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shikru Babaji Khade|party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 1,595 |percentage = 2.20% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 30,707 |percentage = 42.29% |change= {{decrease}}5.03 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 74,343 |percentage = 74.54% |change= {{increase}}2.36 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,614}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,737|ref = |change= {{decrease}}5.56 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}8.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Babasaheb Gopalrao Patil|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 52,725 |percentage = 70.87% |change={{increase}}15.48 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate= Jaysingrao Madhavrao Mane Deshmukh |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 17,524 |percentage = 23.56% |change={{decrease}}18.32 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Patil Vasant Hindurao Patil|party=Independent politician |votes = 4,147 |percentage = 5.57% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 35,201 |percentage = 47.32% |change= {{increase}}33.80 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 76,530 |percentage = 72.47% |change= {{decrease}}6.81 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 74,396}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 105,609|ref = |change= {{increase}}17.10 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}15.48 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Babasaheb Gopalrao Patil|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 38,595 |percentage = 55.39% |change={{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpati Dada Lad |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 29,177 |percentage = 41.88% |change={{increase}}6.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=H. N. Patil |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 1,104 |percentage = 1.58% |change={{increase}}0.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=M. A. Shinde |party=Independent politician |votes = 713 |percentage = 1.02% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,418 |percentage = 13.52% |change= {{decrease}}13.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 71,854 |percentage = 79.67% |change= {{increase}}0.52 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,674}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,189|ref = |change= {{increase}}29.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}6.61 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Dhondiram Yeshwant Patil |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 33,089 |percentage = 62.01% |change={{increase}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpati Dada Lad |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 18,932 |percentage = 35.48% |change={{decrease}}20.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Ganapati Nayaku Koli |party=Praja Socialist Party |votes = 999 |percentage = 1.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Shankar Pandurang Sankpal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 342 |percentage = 0.64% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,157 |percentage = 26.53% |change= {{increase}}14.27 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 55,646 |percentage = 80.02% |change= {{increase}}0.26 }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 53,362}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,538|ref = |change= {{increase}}20.68 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Peasants and Workers Party of India |swing= {{increase}}5.88 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1957===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Tasgaon<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Ganpati Dada Lad |party=Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 24,736 |percentage = 56.13% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Dattajirao Bhaurao Suryawanshi|party=Indian National Congress |votes = 19,332 |percentage = 43.87% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,404 |percentage = 12.26% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 44,068 |percentage = 76.48% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,068}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,620|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Peasants and Workers Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Maharashtra}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tasgaon Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Sangli district]]
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]

Imran Pratapgarhi

2026-04-10T13:40:59Z

Bharatpediatrist: New

{{Short description|Indian Urdu poet and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian politician

| name = Imran Pratapgarhi
| image = Imran pratapgarhi.JPG
| caption =
| birth_name = Mohammed Imran Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|08|06}}
| birth_place = [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]], India
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| office = [[All India Congress Committee|Chairman of Minority Department All India Congress Committee]]
| term_start = 3 June 2021
| term_end =
| 1blankname = [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] President
| 1namedata = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]
| predecessor = [[Nadeem Javed]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency1 = [[Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| term_start1 = 5 July 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[P. Chidambaram]]
| successor1 =
| awards = {{awd|[[Yash Bharti]] Award|2016}}
| loksabha candidate =
| education =
| occupation = Poet, politician
| genre =
| years_active =
| website =
| portaldisp =
}}

'''Imran Pratapgarhi''' (born 6 August 1987) is an Indian Urdu-language poet and politician, who is a [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|Member of Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Indian Parliament. He represents the Indian state of [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]. Pratapgarhi is known for his protest poetry that particularises the [[Muslims|Muslim]] experience and identity in India and other parts of the world; he is especially known for his Urdu [[nazm]]s "Madrasa" and "Han Main Kashmir Hoon."<ref name="Scroll"/>

Pratapgarhi was a losing candidate in the [[2019 Indian general election]] as an [[Indian National Congress]] candidate from [[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]] Lok Sabha constituency.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.elections.in/results/moradabad-up.html |date=23 May 2019| title= 2019 general election results|website=elections.in|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref> Pratapgarhi was appointed chairman of the Minority Department of the [[All India Congress Committee]] on 3 June 2021.<ref name="National Herald"/>

==Early life and poetic career==
Pratapgarhi was born as Mohammed Imran Khan to Mohammed Iliyas Khan in [[Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]].<ref name="Scroll"/> He completed his master's in [[Hindi literature]] from [[Allahabad University]].<ref name="Scroll"/> At that time he wrote poetry in [[Hindi]] and participated in ''Kavi Sammelans'' (poetry symposiums). He started participating in ''Mushairas'' in 2008 and his ''[[Nazm]]'' ''Madrasa'' became popular.<ref name="Scroll">{{cite news |last1=Manazir |first1=Wasi |title=Meet Imran Pratapgarhi, the rockstar poet who draws tens of thousands of fans at Urdu mushairas |url=https://scroll.in/magazine/860745/meet-imran-pratapgarhi-the-rockstar-poet-who-draws-tens-of-thousands-of-fans-at-urdu-mushairas |access-date=25 December 2019 |work=[[Scroll.in]] |date=25 April 2018}}</ref> Apart from ''Madarsa'', his other writings include ''Filisteen'', ''Najeeb'', and ''Umar'' out of over 100 Nazms written by him.<ref name="Scroll"/>

== Political career ==
A critic of [[Narendra Modi]], Pratapgarhi joined the [[Indian National Congress]] and contested in [[2019 Indian general election]] from [[Moradabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Moradabad]], where he lost to [[S. T. Hasan]] of [[Samajwadi Party]] with a margin of more than half a million votes (590,218 votes).<ref>{{cite news |title=राज ने खड़े किए हाथ, मुरादाबाद से चुनाव लड़ेंगे शायर इमरान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/moradabad/poet-imran-pratapgarhi-will-contest-lok-sabha-election-2019-by-congress-from-moradabad |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=Amar Ujala |date=23 March 2019 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Urdu poet Imran Pratapgarhi: Congress candidate to contest from Moradabad in Lok Sabha Election 2019 |url=https://newsd.in/who-is-imran-pratapgarhi-urdu-poet-congress-candidate-to-contest-from-moradabad-in-lok-sabha-election-2019/ |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=Newsd.in |date=23 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

Pratapgarhi was appointed [[All India Congress Committee|AICC]] minority department chairman on 3 June 2021.<ref name="National Herald">{{cite news |title=Urdu poet Imran Pratapgarhi appointed Congress minority department chairman|work=National Herald|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/national/urdu-poet-imran-pratapgarhi-appointed-congress-minority-department-chairman |access-date=3 June 2021 |date=3 June 2021}}</ref>

In June 2022, Pratapgarhi was elected to the [[Rajya Sabha]] from Maharashtra on [[Indian National Congress]] nomination.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/congress-pick-of-imran-pratapgarhi-for-rajya-sabha-polls-angers-partymen-who-is-the-34-yr-old-poet-turned-politician-10740831.html | title=Congress' pick of Imran Pratapgarhi for Rajya Sabha polls angers partymen: Who is the 34-yr-old poet-turned-politician? | date=31 May 2022 }}</ref>

== Positions held ==
| 2022
| Elected to [[Rajya Sabha]] from [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]

* Member, Standing Committee on Health and Family Welfare
* Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Commerce and Industry

2024
* Member, Standing Committee on Transport, Tourism and Culture

* Member, Consultative Committee for the Ministry of Minority Affairs

==Awards==
*[[Yash Bharti Award]] 2016 - highest Award of [[Uttar Pradesh]] Government.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://twocircles.net/2016mar22/1458664417.html#.WCAHcfp96Hs|title=UP Government confers Yash Bharti award to 46 people, list includes nine Muslims|publisher=twocircles.net|date=22 March 2016|access-date=10 January 2021}}</ref><ref name=dailypioneer>{{cite news |title=CM presented Yash Bharati awards |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2016/state-editions/cm-presented-yash-bharati-awards.html |access-date=9 January 2021 |work=The Pioneer |date=22 March 2016 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Poetry}}
* [[List of poets from Pratapgarh]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pratapgarhi, Imran}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male poets]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language poets]]
[[Category:Hindi-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian lyricists]]
[[Category:Poets from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Pratapgarh, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]

Pournami (TV series)

2026-04-05T22:48:28Z

Bharatpediatrist: New First Pg Nd Citations

{{Short description|Indian Television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| director = J N Raju
| caption =
| camera = [[Multiple camera setup|Multi camera]]
| editor = Pasupuleti Gunashekar Subrahmanyam Polisetty
| runtime = 22 minutes
| creator =
| developer =
| producer = Vaidehi Rammurthy
| executive_producer =
| writer = Mahendar Dongari (Varma) '''Dialogues''' Narasimha murthy Nallam
| starring = [[Rashmi Prabhakar]] Ek nadh Kiran kanth Samyuktha Anil Allam Bhavana
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| network = [[Gemini TV]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2018|11|12|df=yes}}
| num_episodes = 598
| related = *[[Maya (2018 TV series)|Maya]] *Iru Malargal
| image = 4 1 Pournami title.jpg
| num_seasons =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]] [[Family]]
| cinematography = Saravanan
| screenplay = Mahendar Dongari (Varma)
| company = Vision Time India Pvt Ltd
| creative_director = K V Kiran kumar
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|03|27|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Pournami''''' ({{translation|[[Full moon]]}}) is an Indian [[Telugu language]] [[Indian soap opera|soap opera]] directed by J N Raju. It premiered on [[Gemini TV]] on 12 November 2018 and ended on 27 March 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnetwork.in/program-details.aspx?IProgramID=FnkQ7sShzG8=&ShowType=What%27s%20New|title=SunNetwork - Program Detail|website=www.sunnetwork.in|access-date=2019-08-25}}</ref> The serial stars [[Rashmi Prabhakar]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onenov.in/rashmi-prabhakar-indian-television-actress/|title=Rashmi Prabhakar|date=2018-06-15|website=Onenov|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> Ek Nadh, Kiran kanth<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.todayincity.com/chit-chat-with-telugu-serial-actor-kiran-kanth/|title=Chit Chat with Telugu Serial Actor Kiran Kanth -|date=2018-05-06|language=en|access-date=2019-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720093112/https://www.todayincity.com/chit-chat-with-telugu-serial-actor-kiran-kanth/|archive-date=20 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> as main protagonists and Samyuktha, Anil Allam and Bhavana<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/telugu/tv-actress/bhavana|title=Telugu Tv Actress Bhavana Biography, News, Photos, Videos|website=nettv4u|language=en|access-date=2019-07-20}}</ref> in pivotal roles.

==Plot==
The show revolves around Pournami and her father. Pournami loses her mother at a very young age, which makes her father Chakravarthy, a widower. Chakravarthy disliked Pournami since her birth as he blames her for his wife's death and his wealth. Pournami craves for love and attention from her father. She hasn't received it from anyone. But, one day, her father asks her to leave the house. The rest of the series shows Pournami try whatever she can to win her father's heart over. Will Pournami win over her father's heart.

==Cast==
*[[Rashmi Prabhakar]] as Pournami and vennela
*Eknadh as Pardhu (Pournami's husband)
*[[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] / RajKumar / Anil Allam as
**Chakravarthy (Pournami and Pavani's father)
*Bhavana as Vasuki (Pavani's biological mother and Pournami's foster mother)
*Kiran Kanth as Rakhi, Pavani's husband
*Haritha as Vaidehi, Chakravarthi's sister
*Samyuktha as Pavani (Pournami's sister)
*Amrutha as Maha (Pournami's cousin)
*Suraj Krishna as Lokesh
*Chalapathi Raju as Yogendra (Aishwarya's father)
*Aishwarya Raj / Preethi Varma as Aishwarya
*Vinod Chakravarty as Ram
*Sharif Vikram as Sonu
*Ushasri as Chandrika, Sonu's mother
*Raja Babu as Obul Reddy, Nalini Devi's step-brother
*Naveena as Nalini Devi, Pardhu's mother
*Shilpa Reddy as Parvathi, Pardhu's sister
*Koteswara Rao as Rakhi's father
*Nakshatra as Jyothi
*Alapati Lakshmi as Vasuki's mother
*G.S Hari as Vasuki's father
*Seethamaalakshmi as Girija, Sonu's wife
*Surekha Vani as Vasundhara, Pournami's biological mother
*[[Dubbing Janaki]] as Pournami's grand mother

==Adaptations==
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"
|- style="color:white"
! Language
! Title
! Original release
! Network(s)
! Last aired
! Notes
|-
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| ''Pournami'' పౌర్ణమి
| 12 November 2018
| [[Gemini TV]]
| 27 March 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Manasaare (TV series)|Manasaare]]'' ಮನಸಾರೆ
| 24 February 2020
| [[Udaya TV]]
| 13 November 2021
| rowspan="6" | Remake
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''[[Kannana Kanne]]'' கண்ணான கண்ணே
| 2 November 2020
| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
| 4 March 2023
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Nayantara (TV series)|Nayantara]]'' নয়নতারা
| 22 March 2021
| [[Sun Bangla]]
| 30 April 2023
|-
| [[Malayalam]]
| ''[[Kana Kanmani (2021 TV series)|Kana Kanmani]]'' കാന കൺമണി
| 23 August 2021
| [[Surya TV]]
| 23 July 2022
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Jau Nako Dur... Baba]]'' जाऊ नको दूर... बाबा
| 17 October 2021
| [[Sun Marathi]]
| 4 November 2023
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Telugu-language television shows]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Sun Gemini original programming]]
[[Category:2021 Indian television series endings]]

Gandhi (TV series)

2026-03-29T12:26:52Z

Bharatpediatrist: Put up info...

{{Short description|Indian Television series}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Historical drama]]
| creator = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hansal Mehta]]
* Sameer Nair
}}
| based_on = {{based_on|''[[Gandhi Before India]]'' and ''[[Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World]]''|[[Ramachandra Guha]]}}
| writer =
| screenplay = {{Plainlist|
* Vaibhav Vishal
* Karan Vyas
* Felix von Stumm
* Yashna Malhotra
* Hema Gopinathan
* Sehaj Kaur Maini
}}
| story =
| director = Hansal Mehta
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Pratik Gandhi]]
* Bhamini Oza Gandhi
* [[Tom Felton]]
* [[Kabir Bedi]]
}}
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| music = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| country = India
| language = Gujarati Hindi English
| num_series =
| num_episodes =
| executive_producer = {{Plainlist|
* Priya Jhavar
* Prasoon Garg
* Adam Berkowitz
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sameer Nair]]
* Siddharth Khaitan
* Deepak Segal
}}
| editor = Amitesh Mukherjee
| cinematography = Pratham Mehta
| runtime =
| company = {{Plainlist|
* [[Applause Entertainment]]
}}
| budget =
| network =
| first_aired =
| last_aired =
}}
'''Gandhi''' is an Indian [[Biographical film|biographical]] [[historical drama]] television series created and directed by [[Hansal Mehta]]. Produced by [[Applause Entertainment]], the series depicts the life of [[Mahatma Gandhi]], based on the books ''[[Gandhi Before India]]'' and ''[[Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World]]'' by [[Ramachandra Guha]]. The series is planned to span three seasons. The shooting for the first season set between 1888 to 1915 was completed in August 2024.

Season one of the show follows Gandhi’s early life, starting in colonial India as a curious teenager, then as a shy law student in London, and finally as a young lawyer who spends 23 life-changing years in South Africa. The series had its world premiere in the 'Primetime Programme' of the [[2025 Toronto International Film Festival]] on 17 September 2025.<ref name="tiff:hr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporterindia.com/features/insight/hansal-mehtas-gandhi-to-have-world-premiere-at-tiff-2025 |title=TIFF 2025: Applause Entertainment, Hansal Mehta's 'Gandhi' To Have World Premiere At Festival |author=Justin Rao|website= [[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date= 11 August 2025 |access-date= 13 August 2025|lang=en}}</ref>

==Premise==
The series is expected to cover significant aspects of Gandhi's life, including his early work in [[South Africa]] to his role as the ''Father of the Nation'' in [[Indian independence movement|India's independence movement]].<ref>{{cite web|website=Times of India|access-date=24 December 2023|title= Series on Mahatma Gandhi with Ramachandra Guha, Pratik Gandhi in development|date=19 May 2022
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/series-on-mahatma-gandhi-with-ramachandra-guha-pratik-gandhi-in-development-at-applause/articleshow/91663225.cms}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Pratik Gandhi]] as [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* Bhamini Oza as [[Kasturba Gandhi]]
* [[Tom Felton]] as [[Josiah Oldfield]]<ref name=":0" />
* [[Amar Upadhyay]]
*Aseem Hattangady as Dada Abdullah
* Libby Mai
* Harry Mckeown
* Judd Berg as [[Hermann Kallenbach]]
* Joe Evans (Constable Rowling)
* R Badree
* [[Molly Wright (actress)|Molly Wright]]
* Ralph Adeniyi
* [[James Murray (English actor)|James Murray]]
* Lindon Alexander
* Joseph Steyne
* Ramdas (Priyansh Bajaj)
* [[Jonno Davies]]
* Simon Lennon
*Jaival Pathak as young [[Harilal Gandhi]]
* Leon Cole as Police Officer / Gandhi protester (uncredited)
* Harry Baker / Agent Provocateur / Gandhi protester (uncredited)
* John Todd as Boer guerilla fighter (uncredited)
* Salvatore Pulvirenti as chestnut seller (uncredited)
* Greg Macdonald as CF Andrews (Uncredited)

==Production==
===Development===
In May 2022, [[Applause Entertainment]] were reported to be working on a biographic multi-series television series on [[Mahatma Gandhi]], with a working title of ''Gandhi'', dubbed "India's ''The Crown'' after they acquired the rights to the [[Ramachandra Guha]] biographies ''[[Gandhi Before India]]'' and ''[[Gandhi: The Years That Changed the World]]''.<ref name= "Language" >{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/the-indian-crown-applause-entertainment-adapting-gandhi-biographies-from-historian-ramachandra-guha-into-multi-season-drama-series-pratik-gandhi-1235024945/|website=Desdline Hollywood|access-date=24 December 2023|title= The Indian 'Crown': Applause Entertainment Adapting Gandhi Biographies From Historian Ramachandra Guha Into Multi-Season Drama Series; Pratik Gandhi Cast As Famous Namesake|first=Jesse|last=Whittock|date=May 18, 2022}}</ref>

In July 2022, [[Hansal Mehta]], was named director and showrunner with [[Siddhartha Basu]] named as historical consultant, factual advisor and creative consultant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/mahatma-gandhi-applause-entertainment-drama-series-hansal-mehta-scam-1992-siddartha-basu-1235077888/|website=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=24 December 2023|title= Applause Entertainment Reunites With 'Scam 1992' Director Hansal Mehta And Siddhartha Basu As 'Gandhi' Drama Series Takes Shape
|first=Jesse|last=Whittock|date=July 27, 2022}}</ref> The series is written by Vaibhav Vishal, Hema Gopinathan, Sehaj Maini, Karan Vyas, Felix Von Stumm and Yashna Malhotra. Guha, Basu and ScriptUp Studio serve as script advisers. Mukesh Chhabra serves as casting director in India and Shakyra Dowling is an international casting director. Shashank Tere heads production design. Pia Benegal has designed the costumes. Pratham Mehta is a head cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Whittock |first=Jesse |date=2024-05-02 |title=Tom Felton Joins Hansal Mehta Series 'Gandhi' As British Friend Of Indian Nonviolent Resistance Icon; James Murray Among Other International Cast |url=https://deadline.com/2024/05/tom-felton-gandhi-india-streaming-series-josiah-oldfield-1235898337/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> [[A. R. Rahman]] will compose the music for series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-10-02 |title=A.R. Rahman to Score Hansal Mehta's 'Gandhi' Series for Applause Entertainment (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/ar-rahman-gandhi-hansal-mehta-applause-entertainment-1236161307/ |access-date=2025-03-14 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

The series is expected to be produced with a worldwide audience in mind.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbivision.com/2022/05/19/applause-entertainment-preps-multi-season-drama-based-on-life-of-mahatma-gandhi/|website=tbivision.com|access-date=24 December 2023|title= India's Applause preps multi-season Mahatma Gandhi drama epic|first=Mark|last=Layton|date=19 May 2022}}</ref> Filming is expected to take place in Gujarati, Hindi and English for authenticity.<ref name="Language" />

The first season will have eight episodes with 60 minute each. It will cover first 45 years of Gandhi's life including him as a law student in London and as a lawyer and activist in South Africa.The next two seasons will cover the rest of his life.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2024-05-02 |title=Pratik Gandhi, Hansal Mehta, Sameer Nair on 'Gandhi' Series: 'We Treat Him as a Character, Not as God, Nor as a Demon' |url=https://variety.com/2024/tv/news/pratik-gandhi-hansal-mehta-gandhi-series-1235989436/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Casting===
In May 2022, [[Pratik Gandhi]] was cast in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/entertainment/pratik-gandhi-to-play-mahatma-gandhi-in-applause-entertainments-web-series|website=National Herald India|access-date=24 December 2023|title= Pratik Gandhi to play Mahatma Gandhi in Applause Entertainment's web series|first=Subhash K|last=Jha|date=19 May 2022}}</ref> He has previously played Gandhi in [[Manoj Shah]]’s Gujarati play ''[[Mohan No Masalo]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/news/hansal-mehta-and-pratik-gandhi-to-start-filming-soon-for-web-series-based-on-mahatma-gandhi|website=Filmconoanion.in|access-date=24 December 2023|title= Hansal Mehta and Pratik Gandhi to Start Filming soon for Web Series based on Mahatma Gandhi|date=9 October 2023}}</ref> Speaking about his casting, he was quoted as saying it was “important” and “one of the biggest of my life”, adding that he was “I am very inspired by…his simplicity. I have seen people around me adapt to simplicity and I am most inspired by that.”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/pratik-gandhi-opens-up-about-playing-mahatma-in-web-series-gandhi|website=City Air News|access-date=24 December 2023|title=Pratik Gandhi to Start Filming soon for Web Series based on Mahatma Gandhi|date=2 October 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/pratik-gandhi-opens-up-about-playing-mahatma-in-web-series-gandhi--news-321942/amp|website=Outlook India|access-date=24 December 2023|title= Pratik Gandhi Opens Up About Playing Mahatma In Web Series 'Gandhi'|date=2 October 2023}}</ref> Pratik Gandhi's wife Bhamini Oza plays [[Kasturba Gandhi|Kasturba]], wife of Mahatma Gandhi in the series.<ref name=":1" /> In 2024, [[Tom Felton]] joined the series.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/harry-potter-tom-felton-gandhi-draco-malfoy-1235988478/|title='Harry Potter' Star Tom Felton on Playing Gandhi's Vegetarian Friend in New Series and Life After Draco Malfoy: 'Even Without the Blonde Hair,' Fans 'Still Seem to Recognize Me'|date=2 May 2024 |publisher=Variety}}</ref> Libby Mai, Molly Wright, Jaival Pathak is playing young Harilal Gandhi, Ralph Adeniyi, James Murray, Lindon Alexander, Jonno Davies Simon Lennon and , Priyansh Bajaj joined the cast in April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yount |first=Stacey |date=2024-05-02 |title=Hansal Mehta brings together incredible cast for Gandhi, including Tom Felton! |url=https://bollyspice.com/hansal-mehta-brings-together-incredible-cast-for-gandhi-including-tom-felton/ |access-date=2024-05-03 |website=BollySpice.com - The latest movies, interviews in Bollywood |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Filming===
The series entered production in India in January 2024.<ref>{{cite web|website=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=19 January 2024|url=
https://deadline.com/2024/01/gandhi-hansal-mehta-production-begins-india-1235797567/|title= Gandhi': Hansal Mehta & Applause Entertainment's Expansive Biopic Series Begins Production In India
|first=Jesse |last=Whittock|date=
January 19, 2024 }}</ref> Filming locations include Dover UK doubling as South Africa and Whitby in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/12/doctor-who-day-jackal-concordia-dramas-to-watch-2024-1235650820/|website=Desdline Hollywood|access-date=24 December 2023|title= From 'Doctor Who' To 'The Count Of Monte Cristo': Deadline's 15 Buzzy International TV Dramas To Look Out For In 2024|first1=
Max|last1= Goldbart |first2=Jesse |last2=Whittock|date= December 24, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2023/Jan/05/hansal-mehta-to-commence-filming-on-series-gandhi-later-this-year-2535002.html|website=New India Express|access-date=24 December 2023|title= Hansal Mehta to commence filming on series 'Gandhi' later this year|date=5 January 2023}}</ref> It was shot at locations in [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://deadline.com/2024/01/gandhi-hansal-mehta-production-begins-india-1235797567/ | title='Gandhi': Hansal Mehta & Applause Entertainment's Expansive Biopic Series Begins Production in India | date=19 January 2024 }}</ref> The shooting of season 1 was completed by August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-26 |title=Hansal Mehta wraps shooting for 'Gandhi' series |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/hansal-mehta-wraps-shooting-for-gandhi-series/article68568277.ece |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Release==
The series premiered at the 50th [[Toronto International Film Festival]] on 17 September, the first Indian series to do so.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-08-08 |title=Hansal Mehta's 'Gandhi' becomes 1st Indian series to be premiered at TIFF |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/news/hindi/hansal-mehtas-gandhi-becomes-1st-indian-series-to-be-premiered-at-tiff/articleshow/123173954.cms |access-date=2025-08-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiff.net/films/gandhi |title=Gandhi|date=12 August 2025|access-date=13 August 2025|website= [[Toronto International Film Festival]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|20317334}}
{{Hansal Mehta}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Television shows filmed in India]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in South Africa]]
[[Category:Television shows filmed in the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:English-language Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Multilingual television series]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indian people]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Mahatma Gandhi]]
[[Category:Television series based on actual events]]
[[Category:Upcoming drama television series]]
[[Category:Upcoming Indian television series]]

Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram

2026-03-28T23:53:45Z

Bharatpediatrist: Done

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| name = Kailasanathar Temple Kailasanatha Temple
| image = 7th century Sri Kailashnathar Temple Kanchipuram Tamil Nadu India 01 (11).jpg
| alt = Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple
| coordinates = {{coord|12|50|32.3|N|79|41|22.8|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India#India Tamil Nadu
| map_relief = yes
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram District]]
| locale = Kanchipuram
| deity = Shiva
| creator = [[Narasimhavarman II]] (Pallava dynasty)
| year_completed = c. 700 CE (with later additions)
}}

The '''Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram''', also referred to as the '''Kailasanatha temple''', is a [[Pallava Dynasty|Pallava]]-era historic Hindu temple in [[Kanchipuram]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. Dedicated to [[Shiva]], it is one of the oldest surviving monuments in Kanchipuram.<ref>Emma Stein (2017), ''All Streets Lead to Temples: Mapping Monumental Histories in Kanchipuram'', Yale University Press, pp. 23–25, 41–44</ref> It reflects a [[Dravidian architecture]] and was built around 700 CE by [[Narasimhavarman II]] with additions by Mahendravarman III.<ref name=srinivasan>K.R. Srinivasan (1972), ''Temples of South India'' (Editor: B.V. Keskar), National Book Trust, p. 115–116</ref> A square-plan temple, it has a ''mukha-mandapa'' (entrance hall), a ''maha-mandapa'' (gathering hall) and a primary ''garbha-griya'' (sanctum) topped with a four-storey ''vimana''. The main sanctum is surrounded by nine shrines, seven outside and two inside flanking the entrance of the sanctum, all with forms of Shiva. The outer walls of the temple's ''prakara'' (courtyard) is also surrounded by cells.<ref name=srinivasan/>

The Kailasanathar temple is notable for its intricately carved galaxy of Hindu art in the late 7th- and early 8th-century Tamil tradition. These largely relate to [[Shaivism]], yet also include significant number of themes from [[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaktism]] and [[Vedas|Vedic]] deities.<ref>Emma Stein (2017), ''All Streets Lead to Temples: Mapping Monumental Histories in Kanchipuram'', Yale University Press, pp. 47–51</ref> The temple is also notable for one of the early and best specimens of [[Chitra (art)|Hindu mural art]] in Tamil Nadu. This is found in the inner walls of the courtyard cells. The murals are in a style that is also found in the Ajanta Caves, as well as in the historic paintings in the 8th-century Vaikunthaperumal temple, also in Kanchipuram.<ref>S Paramasivan (1938), "Technique of the Painting Process in the Kailasanatha and Vaikunthaperumal Temples at Kanchipuram", ''Nature'', No. 3599 (October 22), Nature Publishing Group, p. 757</ref> The temple walls have many inscriptions in early scripts, important to the epigraphical study of regional history and Tamil temple traditions.<ref name="Kaimal2021">{{cite book | last=Kaimal | first=Padma | title=Opening Kailasanatha: The Temple in Kanchipuram Revealed in Time and Space | publisher=University of Washington Press | year=2021 | isbn=978-0-295-74778-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4LMhEAAAQBAJ | pages=3–4}}</ref>

The structure contains 58 small shrines which are dedicated to various forms of Shiva. These are built into niches on the inner face of the high compound wall of the [[Circumambulation|circumambulatory passage]].<ref name=Kailasa>{{cite web|url=http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/kailasanathar.htm|title=Kailasanathar Temple|access-date=27 July 2013|publisher=National Informatics Centre of Government of India|archive-date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730053532/http://www.kanchi.tn.nic.in/kailasanathar.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Top Ten Temple Towns of India|publisher=Mark Age Publication|first=S.C.|last=Karkar|location=Kolkota|isbn=978-81-87952-12-1|year=2009|page=45}}</ref> The temple is one of the most prominent tourist attractions of the city.{{sfn|Gopal |1990| p= 175}}

==Geography==
The temple is located towards the west of Kanchipuram city, and is about {{Convert|75|km|mi|0}} from [[Chennai]].{{sfn|Selby|Peterson|2008|p=109}} Its location, demarcated according to the religious faiths, is in one of two "Kanchis", the Shiva Kanchi; and the Vishnu Kanchi. The Kailasanathar Temple is one of several notable temples in Kanchipuram, the others being [[Ekambareswarar Temple (Kanchipuram)|Ekambaranatha]], [[Karchapeswarar Temple|Kachapeshwarar]], [[Kamakshi Amman Temple|Kamakshi Amman]], [[Kumarakottam Temple]], and [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja Perumal]].{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

==History==
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2021|section}}
The Kailasanathar Temple (meaning: "Lord of Kailasa"), is built in the tradition of [[Smartha]] worship of [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Devi]], [[Surya]] (Sun), [[Ganesha]] and [[Kartikeya]], in [[Hinduism]].{{cn|date=September 2021}}

Temple construction is credited to the [[Pallava dynasty]], who had established their kingdom with Kanchipuram (also known as "Kanchi" or "Shiva Vishnu Kanchi") as the capital city, considered one of the seven sacred cities under [[Hinduism]]. In Kanchi, after the Pallavas expanded their territories to the north, west and south both within Tamil, Andhra and Kannada territories under Emperor [[Narasimhavarman I]], they started expanding their capital city of Kanchipuram and built many temples of great magnificence. Among the two unique specimens of temple architecture of the period 640–730 CE are the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram]], which is also known as the Vaikunta Perumal temple and the Kailasanathar Temple.{{sfn|Ring|Salkin|La Boda|1996|p=435}}

[[File:Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple Full Temple Outside.jpg|thumb|Outer view of the temple]]
The temple was built around 700 CE with additions in the 8th century and restorations in later centuries. It is the first structural temple built in [[South India]] by [[Narasimhavarman II]] (Rajasimha), also known as Rajasimha Pallaveswaram.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mahabalipuram|publisher=The Archaeological Survey of India, Government of India|year=2004|isbn=|location=New Delhi|last=C.|first=Sivaramamurthi|page=6|ref=Malla}}</ref> His son, Mahendravarman III, completed the front façade and the [[gopuram]] (tower). Prior temples were either built of wood or hewn into rock faces in caves or on boulders, as seen in [[Mahabalipuram]].<ref name=Kailasa/> The Kailasanathar temple became the trend setter for other similar temples in [[South India]].{{CN|date=September 2023}} According to local belief, the temple was a safe sanctuary for the rulers of the kingdom during wars. A secret tunnel, built by the kings, was used as an escape route and is still visible.<ref name=Kailasa/> It is believed that [[Raja Raja Chola I]] (985–1014 CE) visited the temple and drew inspiration from this temple to build the [[Brihadeeswara Temple]].<ref name=Diwakar>{{cite book|title=Temples of South India|first=Macherla| last=Diwakar| location=Chennai| year=2011| edition=1st| page=142| isbn=978-93-83440-34-4| publisher=Techno Book House}}</ref>

Currently, Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple is maintained by [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref name=National/>

==Architecture==
{{Unreliable sources|date=September 2021|section}}
[[File:A floor plan of the Kailasanatha temple, Kanchipuram Tamil Nadu.jpg|thumb|centre|500px|The floor plan of the Kailasanathar temple]]
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = left
| width = 200
| image1 = Sculptures inside the Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram 13.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = Inner court, or the circumambulatory passage, with 58 subshrines.
| image2 = 01Kailasanathar Temple Rich Architecture in Sculptures Design.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Typical pillar design with multi-directional mythical lions.
| image3 = Kanchi Kailasanathar Temple at Kanchipuram, Namil Nadu 09.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = View of the temple
}}
The temple has retained the Pallava architecture in its original stylized form with influence of the later styles developed by the [[Chola Dynasty]] and [[Vijayanagara Emperor]]s.<ref name=Kailasa/> It is of stone built architecture unlike the rock cut architecture built into hallowed caves or carved into rock outcrops as in [[Mahabalipuram]]. The tall gopuram (tower) is to the left and the temple complex is to the right.{{CN|date=September 2023}} The temple's foundations are made of [[granite]], which could withstand the weight of the temple, while the superstructure, including the carvings, are all made of [[sandstone]]. Initially, only the main sanctuary existed with pyramidal ''[[vimana]]'' and a detached [[mandapa]] (main hall).{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rajarajan|first=R.K.K.|title=The Iconography of the Kailāsanātha Temple - Seeing beyond the replastered Images and Yoginīs|journal=Indologica Taurinensia |date=January 2015 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34973376|language=en}}</ref>

The temple complex is complete in all respects as it has ''garbagriha'' ([[sanctum sanctorum]]), [[antarala]] (inner enclosure), mandapa, a high compound wall, and an entrance gate, the gopuram.<ref name=National>{{cite web|url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_cholabt_features.asp|title=General features of a Chola temple|access-date=27 July 2013|publisher=National Informatics Centre of Government of India}}</ref> The mandapa, which was initially detached, was made part of the main shrine by interposing an ''ardhamantapa'' (smaller hall). The pillars of the mandapa have the repetitive features of mythical lion mounts.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

The structure has a simple layout with a tower or [[vimana]] at the center of the complex. The vimana of the temple, above the main shrine (sanctum sanctorum), is square in plan and rises up in a pyramidal shape. The tower has many levels rising proportionately.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}At the top of this tower, there is a small roof in the shape of a dome. The pillar elements with mythical animal shapes (lions on the base) are extra features in Pallava style.<ref name=National/>{{sfn|Ring|Salkin|La Boda|1996|p=435}} At the entrance, the ''gopuram'' walls are plastered. Its entrance wall has eight small shrines and a gopura, precursor to the main gopura. At some later stage, the mandapa and the sanctuary were joined by an intermediate hall called the ''ardhamantapa'', which is reported to have marred the beauty of the temple to some extent. The temple is enclosed within walls in a rectangular layout.

{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = right
| width = 150
| image1 = Kailayanathar4.jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = A sculpture in one of the niches of the 58 subshrines.
| image2 = Kailayanathar6.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = Sculpture depicting Shiva as Gangadhara capturing the river Ganges with a strand of his hair.
| image3 = Kailayanathar11.jpg
| alt3 =
| caption3 = Sculpture depicting Goddess Durga.
}}

The main shrine has a 16 sided [[Shivalinga]] in black [[granite]] stone deified in the sanctum sanctorum. Within the walls of the main shrine there is ''padabhanda adhisthana'' (main pedestal) with very elegantly carved images of gods with a sculpted [[Nandi (bull)|Nandi]], a little distance away giving guard to the deity. On each face of the outer walls of the main shrine there are many carvings of deities.

In the south facing wall the sculpture depicts Shiva as ''Umamaheshavara'' (Shiva with his consort [[Parvati]]) with [[Lingodbhava]] (emergence of Shiva as fiery pillar - [[Lingam|linga]]) surrounded by [[Brahma]] and [[Vishnu]] and flying amaras on the lower level.

The west facing hall has sculptures of Shiva in the form of ''Sandhya Tandavamurti'' and ''Urdhava Tandvamurti'' and the ensemble is completed with images of ''[[gana]]s'' in dancing poses and also with images of Brahma, Vishnu, Nandi and Parvati.

The carving of Shiva on the north facing wall is a composition of ''[[Tripurantaka]]'' flanked by three ''ganas'', goddess [[Durga]] with three ''ganas'', and goddesses Bhairavi, [[Kaushiki]] and [[Jyestha (goddess)|Jyestha]].

The exterior faces of the ''vimana'' (tower) have images of aspects of Shiva - [[Bhikshatana]], [[Somaskanda]] and in ''Samhara-Tandava'' (destructive dancing) pose.

[[File:Kanchi Kailasanathar Full Temple landscape.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Central shrine]]
In the inner walls of the [[prakara]] (circumambulatory passage) there is galaxy of images of Durga, Kartikeya, Bhavati, Tripurantaka, Garudarudha-[[Vishnu]], Asura Samhara (slaying of demons), [[Narasimha]] (Vishnu's avatar), [[Trivikrama]] (another Vishnu's avatar), Shiva [[Tandava]] (Shiva in a dancing pose), Shiva severing the fifth head of Brahma, desecration of [[Daksha yajna|Yagna of Daksha]], Brahma and his wife, [[Gangadhara]], ''Urdhava tandava,'' Vishnu flanked by [[Bhudevi]] and [[Sridevi]], Lingodbhava, Bhikshatana, [[Ravana]], and [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] offering prayers to ''Atmalinga Chandikeshvara.'' The image of [[Ardhanariswara]] sitting on a bull is considered the most noteworthy among all images.<ref name=Meena>{{cite book|title=Temples in South India|last=V.|first=Meena|publisher=Harikumar Arts|location=Kanniyakumari|year=1974|edition=1st|page=46}}</ref>

Vimana's south facing wall has very elegant image of Shiva in a sitting posture of peace and quietude known as [[Dakshinamurthy]], and its west wall has Shiva in the form of Lingodbhava.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

The tower has multiple shrines embodied on all its external faces which have the appearance of miniature shrines. These shrines have three features, the sala (rectangular), kuta (square) and panjara (apsidal) styles. Eight small shrines also decorate the entrance wall. The 58 small shrines are built into the niches of the compound wall that encloses the main shrine;{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} they depict Somaskanada reliefs of Shiva and his consort [[Parvathi]] in many dance forms.<ref name=Kailasa/>

The temple maybe built using a [[geopolymer]] that looks like sandstone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Conservation of a Sandstone Monument at Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu, India|url=http://www.hms.civil.uminho.pt/sahc/2006/0731.pdf|last=Vedamuthu|first=Ranee|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=15 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615113809/http://www.hms.civil.uminho.pt/sahc/2006/0731.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Other features===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| caption_align = center
| header_align = center

| image1 = Alapini vina Kanchi Kailasanathar.jpg
| width1 = 150
| alt1 = Sculpture of a kinnara playing an alapini vina
| caption1 = A small figure playing the [[alapini vina]] in a niche

| image2 = Kinnara playing a yazh, Kailasanathar Temple in Kanchipuram, India, ca 8th century CE.jpg
| width2 = 110
| alt2 = Sculpture of a kinnara playing a yazh (harp)
| caption2 = [[Kinnara]] playing a [[yazh]], c. 8th century CE
}}
The outstanding feature of sculptures is the profusion of depiction of the erect lions projecting out in several directions.{{CN|date=September 2023}}There are two sculptures of Shiva here which are seen holding the [[alapini veena]] (musical string instrument) in the hand. There is a lot of difference between the veenas found in the said sculptures and the [[Veena|present day veena]].{{sfn|Leela|1976}} There are also beautiful sculptures of ''Mathahvialasa Prakshanam.'' The temple also has the earliest stone inscription which records of the twenty eight ''Saivagamas'' (Shaiva saints) in which the Pallava King Rajasimhavarman states his faith in [[Shaivism]].{{sfn|Raj|1989}} The murals on the inner walls{{citation needed|date=August 2013}} are well preserved.{{CN|date=September 2023}}

==Circumambulatory passage==
A circumambulatory passage, with a symbolic meaning is situated along the compound wall. In order to make the circumambulation, there is a narrow entry passage which devotees must crawl through. Seven steps must be climbed in order to reach the passage. Passing through the narrow passage is indicative of passage through life. After circumambulation, the exit is through a pit or another narrow passage symbolic of death.{{CN|date=September 2023}} The entry point for this passage is called the Gate of Death (Tamil: இறப்பு வாசல்). It is believed that making the circumambulation round the various deities would usher the same blessings as visiting paradise. When one completes circumambulation, crawling and coming out of the passage indicates coming out of their mother's womb and also explains Hindus' belief of rebirth. Hence, the exit is called the Gate of Birth (Tamil: பிறப்பு வாசல்). There is another belief that by completing this circumambulatory passage, the cycle of rebirth is broken and one attains Moksha. The passage explains the life cycle including aging process, death and rebirth. [[Maha Shivaratri]] is the biggest festival held in the temple when thousand of devotees throng the temple in the evening hours to offer prayers to the main deity.<ref name=Kailasa/>

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book|title=India through the ages|url=https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada|last=Gopal|first=Madan|year= 1990| page= [https://archive.org/details/indiathroughages00mada/page/217 217]|editor=K.S. Gautam|publisher=Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India}}
*{{cite book|last=Leela|first=S. V. |title=Veena, self-taught: an introduction to Carnatic music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uGxXAAAAMAAJ|year=1976|publisher=S.l. : s.n.}}
*{{cite book|last=Raj|first=Joseph Jaswant |title=Grace in the Saiva Siddhāntham and in St. Paul: A Contribution in Inter-faith Cross-cultural Understanding|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b0cgAAAAIAAJ|year=1989|publisher=South Indian Salesain Society|isbn=978-81-900092-0-1}}
*{{cite book|last1=Ring|first1=Trudy|last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |first3=Sharon |last3=La Boda|title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&pg=PA435|date=January 1996|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers|isbn=978-1-884964-04-6}}
*{{cite book|last1=Selby|first1=Martha Ann|last2=Peterson |first2=Indira Viswanathan |title=Tamil Geographies: Cultural Constructions of Space and Place in South India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0_lLAechPcC&pg=PA109|year=2008|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-7945-2}}
*{{cite book| author1=Vinayak Bharne|author2=Krupali Krusche|title=Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ | year=2014|publisher= Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn= 978-1-4438-6734-4|ref=Bharne }}
*{{cite book| author=T. Richard Blurton|title=Hindu Art|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ-lzU_nj_MC | year=1993|publisher= Harvard University Press|isbn= 978-0-674-39189-5 |ref=R.}}
*{{cite book| author=Adam Hardy|title=The Temple Architecture of India|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ | year=2007|publisher= Wiley|isbn= 978-0-470-02827-8|ref=Hardy }}
*{{cite book| author1=Michael W. Meister|author2=Madhusudan Dhaky|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 1 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=J0fKAQAACAAJ | year=1983|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn=9780812278408 |ref=Meister }}
*{{cite book| author1=M. A. Dhaky|author2=Michael W. Meister| title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture: Volume 1 Part 2 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=oClTtAEACAAJ | year=1983 |publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn= 978-0-8122-7992-4 }}
*{{cite book| author1=Madhusudan A. Dhaky|author2=Michael Meister|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Volume 1 Part 3 South India Text & Plates|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=a1VJAQAAIAAJ | year=1996|publisher= American Institute of Indian Studies|isbn= 978-81-86526-00-2 }}
*{{cite book| author=James C. Harle|title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC | year=1994|publisher= Yale University Press|isbn= 978-0-300-06217-5 }}
*{{cite book| author1=Susan L. Huntington|author2=John C. Huntington|title=The Art of Ancient India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9g_uDwAAQBAJ| year=2014|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass|isbn= 978-81-208-3617-4}}
*{{cite book| author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple, Volume 1 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Op6dSwAACAAJ | year=1996|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass}}
*{{cite book| author=Stella Kramrisch|title=The Hindu Temple, Volume 2|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC | year=1976|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |isbn= 978-81-208-0224-7 }}
*{{cite book| author=George Michell|title=The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=sVdJAQAAIAAJ | year=1977|publisher= Harper & Row|isbn= 978-0-06-435750-0}}
*{{cite book| author=George Michell|title=The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=eqtNAAAAYAAJ | year=1989|publisher= Penguin Books|isbn= 978-0-14-008144-2 }}
*{{cite book| author=George Michell|title=Hindu Art and Architecture|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YVl2QgAACAAJ | year=2000|publisher= Thames & Hudson|isbn= 978-0-500-20337-8}}
*{{cite book| author=Benjamin Rowland|title=The Art and Architecture of India: Buddhist, Hindu, Jain|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6L2fAAAAMAAJ | year=1970|publisher= Penguin Books}}
*{{cite book| author=Heinrich Robert Zimmer|title=The Art of Indian Asia: Text|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gknqAAAAMAAJ | year=1955|publisher= Pantheon Books}}
{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Kailasanathar Temple, Kanchipuram}}
{{Shaivism}}
{{Shiva temples}}
{{HinduMythology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram]]
[[Category:Historic sites in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:8th-century Hindu temples]]
[[Category:Sandstone buildings in India]]
[[Category:Pallava architecture]]

Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016

2026-03-26T12:09:58Z

Bharatpediatrist: Creating new post - done

{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{use Indian English|date=March 2017
}}
{{Infobox legislation
| short_title = Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016
| image = Emblem of India (Government Gazette).svg
| imagesize = 100
| long_title = An Act to provide for, as a good governance, efficient, transparent, and targeted delivery of subsidies, benefits and services, the expenditure for which is incurred from the Consolidated Fund of India, to individuals residing in India through assigning of unique identity numbers to such individuals and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
| citation = [http://www.prsindia.org/administrator/uploads/media/AADHAAR/Aadhaar%20Bill,%202016.pdf 47 of 2016]
| territorial_extent = Whole of [[India]]
| enacted_by = [[Parliament of India]]
| date_passed = 11 March 2016
| bill_date = 3 March 2016
| 3rd_reading_for = Majority Voice
| 3rd_reading_against = Minority Voice
| 3rd_reading_abstention = 05
| introduced_by = [[Arun Jaitley]], 
{{small|[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]}}
| status = in force
}}

The '''Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Act, 2016''' ({{Translation|'''Unique Identification (UID) Act, 2016'''}}) is a [[money bill#India|money bill]] of the [[Parliament of India]]. It aims to provide legal backing to the [[Aadhaar]] unique identification number project. It was passed on 11 March 2016 by the [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="Empower-TOI">{{cite news|title=Lok Sabha passes Aadhaar bill to empower citizens|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lok-Sabha-passes-Aadhaar-bill-to-empower-citizens/articleshow/51358896.cms|access-date=11 March 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 March 2016}}</ref> Certain provisions of the Act came into force from 12 July 2016 and published in [[the Gazette of India]] on 12 September 2016.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://uidai.gov.in/images/notification_of_sections_13072016.pdf |title=Notification of sections|date=13 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://uidai.gov.in/images/notification_regarding_enforcing_provisions_of_sections1to10_24to47_14092016.pdf|title=Notification regarding enforcing provisions of sections 1to10 24to27|date=14 September 2016}}</ref>

==Background==
During the [[2016 Union budget of India|budget]] presentation on 29 February 2016, Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] announced that a bill will be introduced within a week which will provide legislative support to the [[Aadhaar]].<ref name="MightBeMoney-Red">{{cite news|title=Aadhaar legislation might be a Money Bill|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/report/budget-2016-aadhaar-legislation-might-be-a-money-bill/20160302.htm|access-date=6 March 2016|work=[[Rediff]]|date=2 March 2016}}</ref> On 3 March 2016, the Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Bill, 2016 was introduced in the Parliament as a [[Money bill#India|money bill]] by Jaitley as it fulfilled Article 110's provisos - 110(1)(c), 110(1)(d) and 110(1)(e) of the [[Constitution of India]].<ref name="Tabled-BL">{{cite news|title=Aadhaar legislation tabled as a money Bill|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/new-aadhaar-bill-introduced-as-money-bill-in-lok-sabha/article8309587.ece|work=[[The Hindu Business Line]]|date=3 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/72095/|title=Article 110 in The Constitution Of India 1949|website=indiankanoon.org|access-date=2016-06-13}}</ref> The decision to introduce it as a money bill was criticised by the opposition parties. [[Ghulam Nabi Azad]], an [[Indian National Congress|INC]] leader, wrote in a letter to Jaitley that the ruling party [[BJP]] was trying to bypass the [[Rajya Sabha]], as they did not have the majority in the upper house. A money bill is only required to pass in the lower house [[Lok Sabha]].<ref name="MoneyBill-TH">{{cite news|title=Opposition livid over money bill on Aadhaar|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aadhaar-opposition-livid-over-money-bill/article8318870.ece|access-date=6 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=6 March 2016}}</ref> [[Jyotiraditya Scindia]] of INC asked why a new bill was introduced when the National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010 was still pending in the Rajya Sabha.<ref name="AmidProtest-DC">{{cite news|title=Aadhaar bill tabled in LS amid protest|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/532580/aadhaar-bill-tabled-ls-amid.html|access-date=6 March 2016|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=4 March 2016}}</ref>

The bill was passed on 11 March 2016 by the [[Lok Sabha]] by a [[voice vote]] after a brief debate.<ref name="Empower-TOI"/> [[Tathagata Satpathy]] of [[Biju Janata Dal]] (BJD) had raised concerns that the project could be used for [[mass surveillance]] or [[ethnic cleansing]] in the future. He also raised questions about why a new identity card project was created despite having several identity card systems. He also questioned why the bill was introduced as a [[money bill#India|money bill]]. He also said that although the bill allows the sharing of biometric under the circumstances of national security, no concrete definition of national security was included.<ref name="MassSurveillance-NDTV">{{cite news|title=Opposition Alleges Aadhaar Data Could Be Used For Mass Surveillance|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/opposition-alleges-aadhaar-data-could-be-used-for-mass-surveillance-1286202|access-date=11 March 2016|work=[[NDTV]]|date=11 March 2016}}</ref>

Bhartruhari Mahtab of BJD requested that the bill should not be rushed and referred to a parliamentary panel. [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] of INC said that they supported the bill but wanted some suggestions to be discussed.<ref name="DirtyTrick-NDTV">{{cite news|title=As Aadhaar Bill Is Passed In Lok Sabha, Opposition Alleges Dirty Trick|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-political-difference-on-aadhar-arun-jaitley-tells-congress-1286116|access-date=11 March 2016|work=[[NDTV]]|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> [[Rajeev Satav]] of INC reminded the house that initially the ruling-party BJP had opposed the Aadhaar during the reign of [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA), before turning around and supporting it.<ref name="MassSurveillance-NDTV"/> During the debate, Finance Minister [[Arun Jaitley]] assured the house that the Aadhaar project will not be misused. Jaitley stated that 97% of the adult and 67% of children had already been registered under the project.<ref name="Adults97-NDTV">{{cite news|title=Arun Jaitley Says Aadhaar Now With 97 Per Cent Adults|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/arun-jaitley-says-aadhaar-now-with-97-per-cent-adults-1286111|access-date=11 March 2016|work=[[NDTV]]|date=11 March 2016}}</ref> He also said that the definition of national security is up to the courts to define.<ref name="AmidProtests-IE">{{cite news|title=Aadhar Bill passed in Lok Sabha amid Opposition protests|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/aadhar-card-uid-bill-lok-sabha-arun-jaitley/|access-date=11 March 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=11 March 2016}}</ref>

On 15 March 2016, Shumsher K. Sheriff, Secretary of the [[Rajya Sabha]], formally notified the house that the bill has been passed in the Lok Sabha.<ref name="TabledRS-TH">{{cite news|title=Aadhaar Bill tabled in RS, Opposition cries foul|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aadhaar-bill-tabled-in-rs-opposition-cries-foul/article8353471.ece|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 March 2016}}</ref> During the debate spanning over two days, [[Naresh Agrawal]] of [[Samajwadi Party]] (SP) said that the bill doesn't fit into the definition of a money bill. [[P. J. Kurien]], Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha, said that it was the decision of Lok Sabha Chairperson [[Sumitra Mahajan]] to allow the bill, so it should not be questioned. [[Sitaram Yechury]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI-M) argued that the bill was unconstitutional as the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] guarantees the [[Fundamental rights in India|freedom of life and liberty]] and [[privacy]] comes under it.<ref name="ClashRS-TOI">{{cite news|title=Government, opposition clash over Aadhaar Bill in Rajya Sabha|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-opposition-clash-over-Aadhaar-Bill-in-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/51426059.cms|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=16 March 2016}}</ref> Jaitley responded to Yechury by saying that privacy is not an absolute right and it can be restricted by the law.<ref name="YechurySpar-IT">{{cite news|title=Jaitley, Yechury spar in Rajya Sabha on Aadhaar as a Money Bill|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/jaitley-to-yechury-definition-of-intolerance-cant-be-different-for-you-and-me-313540-2016-03-16|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[India Today]]|date=16 March 2016}}</ref> [[Jairam Ramesh]] of INC said Aadhaar should be limited to subsidies only and not made mandatory for any purpose.<ref name="RSReturns-HT">{{cite news|title=Rajya Sabha returns Aadhaar bill to Lok Sabha with amendments|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/rajya-sabha-returns-aadhaar-bill-to-lok-sabha-with-amendments/story-uCVCaTLOVVyOVwrHqEuOSI.html|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=16 March 2016}}</ref>

On 16 March 2016, the bill was returned to the Lok Sabha by the Rajya Sabha with some suggested amendments. The Lok Sabha was free to accept or reject the amendments.<ref name="RSReturns-HT"/> But, Lok Sabha rejected the amendments and passed the bill.<ref name="RejectAmends-DNA">{{cite news|title=Aadhar bill passed in Lok Sabha after rejection of amendments introduced in Rajya Sabha|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-aadhar-bill-hits-rajya-sabha-roadblock-returned-to-lok-sabha-with-amendements-2190133|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[DNA India]]|date=16 March 2016}}</ref>

==Summary==
Most of the provisions of the Bill have been borrowed from the previous National Identification Authority of India Bill, 2010. The major difference is that the three-member committee called the Identity Review Committee of the previous bill was removed in the new bill.<ref name="AdoptUPA-BS">{{cite news|title=Government adopts UPA's Aadhaar Bill|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/government-adopts-upa-s-aadhaar-bill-116030700046_1.html|access-date=11 March 2016|work=[[Business Standard]]|date=7 March 2016}}</ref> Also, the section 8 of Aadhaar Act is significantly different from that of NIAI bill, 2010. While the NIAI bill allowed the authentication limited to the biometric match only with Yes/No option, the Aadhaar Act allows the requesting agency/person to ask for other information too, pertaining to the person's identity.<ref name="The Curious Case of Aadhaar">{{cite news|title=The Curious Case of Aadhaar|url=http://www.anupamtimes.com/2017/06/the-curious-case-of-aadhaar.html|access-date=6 July 2017|work=[[Anupamtimes]]|date=26 June 2017}}</ref>

===Chapter I: Preliminary===
The Clause 2 (g) defines "[[biometric]] information" as photograph, [[finger print]], [[iris scan]], or "other such biological attributes" of an individual. The Clause 2 (k) defines "[[demographic]] information" as name, date of birth, address and "other relevant information" of an individual. It explicitly excludes [[Race (human categorization)|race]], [[religion]], [[caste]], [[tribe]], [[ethnicity]], [[language]], records of [[Entitlement (fair division)|entitlement]], [[income]] or [[medical history]]. The Clause 2 (v) defines "resident" as an individual who has resided in India for a period or periods amounting in all to 182 days or more in the 12 months immediately preceding the date of application for enrolment.<ref name=FullAct>{{cite act |title=Aadhaar (Targeted Delivery of Financial and Other Subsidies, Benefits and Services) Bill, 2016 |type= Bill|number=47 |date=2016 |url= http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/AADHAAR/Aadhaar%20bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf|access-date=18 March 2016}}</ref>

===Chapter II: Enrolment===
The Clause 3 (1) states that every resident is entitled to obtain an Aadhaar number by submitting their biometric and demographic information. The central government may however in future require other categories of individuals to enrol by releasing a notification. According to Clause 3 (2), at the time of registration the enrolling agency must inform the resident about the manner in which the data will be used, with whom it will be shared and procedure of access. The [[UIDAI]] will issue an Aadhaar number to the resident after verifying the data. According to Clause 4, it should be unique and random. The Clause 6 states that the UIDAI may require Aadhaar number holders to submit additional biometric and demographic information, or update the information in the future.<ref name=FullAct/>
1058/13797/48987

===Chapter III: Authentication===
The Clause 7 states that the central or state government may require a person to possess an Aadhaar number if he/she is receiving some [[subsidy]]. If they do not possess an Aadhaar number, they will be required to apply for other, in meantime the government will provide them the subsidy using an alternate mean of identification. According to Clause 8, UIDAI may perform verification of Aadhaar for other private and public agencies on request in exchange for a fee. The requesting must obtain the consent of the Aadhaar holder for verification, and inform him/her of nature of the information that will be shared upon verification. The Clause 8 (4) states that UIDAI may share identity information, but it cannot share the biometric information. The Clause 9 states that Aadhaar is not a proof of [[Indian citizenship|citizenship]] or domicile.<ref name=FullAct/>

===Chapter IV: Unique Identification Authority of India===
The Chapter IV details the functions and powers of the [[UIDAI]]. The Clause 23 (2) states that the UIDAI has the power to specify the demographic and biometric information that must be collected for registration. It can issue Aadhaar numbers to residents and perform verifications. It can also specify the subsidies and services for which Aadhaar will be required.<ref name=FullAct/>

The Clause 12 states that the UIDAI will consist of a chairperson, two part-time members and a chief executive officer. The Clause 13 states the chairperson and members must have experience and knowledge of at least 10 years in matters relating to
technology, governance, law, development, economics, finance, management, public affairs or administration.<ref name=FullAct/>

===Chapter V: Grants, Accounts and Audit and Annual Report===
The Clause 25 states that any fees collected and revenue generated by the UIDAI will be deposited in the [[Consolidated Fund#India|Consolidated Fund of India]]. The Clause 27 (2) states that the UIDAI must submit an annual report to the central government detailing its activities of the past year, revenues and expenditures of the past year, and plans for the upcoming year.<ref name=FullAct/>

===Chapter VI: Protection of Information===
The Clause 28 (1) states that the UIDAI must ensure the security of identity information and authentication records. The authentication records has been as "record of the time of authentication and identity of the requesting entity and the response provided" in Clause 2 (d). The Clause 32 states that the UIDAI must maintain the authentication records for the specified period. The Aadhaar number holder may access his authentication records subject to regulation. The UIDAI is not required to maintain the record of the purpose of authentication.<ref name=FullAct/>

The Clause 33 (1) states that a District Judge or higher court may force the UIDAI to reveal a person's identity information, i.e. Aadhaar number, photograph and demographic information, and authentication records, but not the core biometric information. The Clause 33 (2) states that an official with the rank of [[Joint Secretary to Government of India|Joint Secretary]] or higher may access a person's identity information including core biometric information, if the official has an order issued in the interest of national security by the central government.<ref name=FullAct/>

===Chapter VII: Offences and Penalty===
The Clause 34 states that providing false information in an attempt to [[identity theft|impersonate]] carries a maximum penalty of 3 years in prison and/or a fine of {{currency|10,000|INR}}. The Clause 38 states that unauthorised access to the Central Identities Data Repository, causing damaging to it or leaking the information stored on it carries a maximum penalty of 3 years in prison and/or a minimum fine or {{currency|100,000|INR}}. The Clause 47 states that the complaints under this law must be tried under a [[Courts of Metropolitan Magistrate|Chief Metropolitan Magistrate]] or a [[Courts of Judicial Magistrate of First Class|Chief Judicial Magistrate]], or a higher court. No court can recognise a complaint under this law unless filed by the UIDAI or a person authorised by it.<ref name=FullAct/>

===Chapter VIII: Miscellaneous===
The Clause 48 states that the central government may supersede the UIDAI for a period of up to 6 months, if it fails to performs its duties or due to a public emergency. The Clause 57 states that state or private agencies may use Aadhaar for verifying the identity of a person for any purpose.<ref name=FullAct/>

==Reactions==

[[Nandan Nilekani]], the former chairman of [[UIDAI]], welcomed the bill.<ref name="Nilekani-MC">{{cite news|title=NDA govt 'gracious' in taking forward Aadhaar: Nilekani|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/nda-govt-gracioustaking-forward-aadhaar-nilekani_5856141.html|work=Money Control|date=12 March 2016}}</ref> He used [[Clarke's third law]] to describe the project. He also said that this technology will allow India to develop into a modern [[welfare state]]. He argued that this technology will give Indian residents a secure digital ID to access the internet and prevent "digital colonization" by foreign firms. He also said that this will check wastage of public funds, corruption, fake degrees and improve matching of jobs to employees in the labour market.<ref name="BasisRevolution-IE">{{cite news|title=Basis of a revolution|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/aadhaar-bill-lpg-subsidy-mgnrega-paperless-govt-basis-of-a-revolution/|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=9 March 2016}}</ref>

[[Jean Drèze]], [[development economist]], said that the bill was designed to evade Supreme Court orders restricting the usage of Aadhaar. He also said that bill was presented as a money bill to prevent debate. He argued that despite declaring it voluntary the government had created practical compulsions for enrolment, and an intervention of the Supreme Court was need to end the "[[doublespeak]]".<ref name="Jean-TH">{{cite news|title=The Aadhaar coup|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/jean-dreze-on-aadhaar-mass-surveillance-data-collection/article8352912.ece|access-date=16 March 2016|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=15 March 2016}}</ref>

==Supreme Court Observation==
SC has orally observed that Aadhaar cannot be made mandatory for availing of welfare schemes.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/aadhaar-cannot-be-mandatory-for-welfare-schemes-supreme-court/article17671381.ece | work=[[The Hindu]]|title=Supreme Court counters push for Aadhaar| date=27 March 2017}}</ref>

The centre has declared that Aadhaar card will be mandatory for opening new bank accounts and for transactions above Rs. 50,000. All existing account holders will also have to submit their Aadhaar details by 31 December 2017, failing which accounts will be deemed invalid.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

A five judge bench on 15 December 2017 agreed to the Central government's decision to extend the deadline of linking of "everything", including mobile phones and bank accounts, to Aadhaar card till 31 March 2018. The court however also ordered that an Aadhaar card holder opening a new bank account will have to furnish their Aadhaar card to the bank.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-orders-extension-of-aadhaar-linking-deadline-for-mobile-phone-connections-bank-accounts-to-march-31/article21669818.ece | work=[[The Hindu]]|title=SC extends Aadhaar linking deadline to March 31, but spells no relief for Aadhaar holders opening new bank accounts| date=15 December 2017| last1=Rajagopal| first1=Krishnadas}}
</ref>

==See also==
* [[Unique Identification Authority of India]]
* [[Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana]]
* [https://aadhaarguide.com/download-aadhaar-card/ Aadhaar Service Guide]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]
[[Category:Government finances in India]]
[[Category:2016 in Indian economy]]
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2016]]
[[Category:Welfare in India]]
[[Category:Anti-corruption laws]]

Suberau Gham

2026-03-13T14:52:27Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Suberau Gham
| director = Naresh Khanna
| image =
| caption =
| writer = Urmi Negi
| producer = Urmi Negi
| editing = Sushil Gotankar
| starring =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2014|12|26}}
| country = India
| language = [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]
| studio = Snowy Mountain Production
| budget = 
| runtime = 172 minutes
}}
'''''Suberau Gham''''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]:sʊbeɾɔ gʰə:m; [[Garhwali language|Garhwali]]: सुबेरौ घाम; English: The Morning Sunlight) is a Garhwali film directed by Naresh Khanna and produced by Urmi Negi. The film features Urmi Negi, Balraj Negi, Baldev Rana, and Ghananand in the lead roles. The film is against the consumption of alcohol, and the dangers of [[alcoholism]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bajeli |first=Diwan Singh |date=2015-05-07 |title=Garhwal's golden moment |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/suberau-ghaam-review/article7181002.ece |access-date=2022-08-26 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=26 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826155757/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/suberau-ghaam-review/article7181002.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Subero Ghaam Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes |newspaper=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/garhwali/movie-details/subero-ghaam/movieshow/62539724.cms |access-date=2022-08-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=गढ़वाली फिल्म सुबेरौ घाम-2 बथौं अगले साल रिलीज होगी |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-garhwali-movie-subaru-ghham-2-will-be-released-next-year--1856763.html |access-date=2022-08-31 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref>

==Cast==

* Urmi Negi
* Balraj Negi
* Baldev Rana
* Ghananand
* [[Mir Ranjan Negi]]
* Bijju as himself

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Jai Mata Bhawani"
| [[Narendra Singh Negi]] and Anuradha Nirala
|-
| 2
| "Teri Karali Nazar"
| [[Narendra Singh Negi]]
|-
| 3
| "Hita Didyaun"
| Anuradha Nirala
|-
| 4
| "Hey Bala Bijija Re"
| Anuradha Nirala
|}

==See also==
*[[Jagwal]], first Garhwali movie made in 1981 by Parasar Gaur

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title |4670548}}
* {{Facebook|1568371370088323}}
* {{cite news|title=DIWAN SINGH BAJELI's Review about Film|newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 May 2015 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/suberau-ghaam-review/article7181002.ece}}
* {{cite web|title=ETV- Uttarakhand News|url=http://hindi.news18.com/news/uttarakhand/subero-gham-released-in-dehradun-485393.html}}
* {{cite web|title=Google- Uttrakhand News|url=http://www.uttarakhandnews1.com/2015/07/uttarakhandi-film-subero-gham-is-one.html#.VbUPRbOqqko}}
* {{cite web|title=Nainital Samachar|url=http://www.nainitalsamachar.com/aaj-ki-vyathaa-kathaa-aur-kal-ka-aaswashan-hai-subero-gham/}}
* {{cite web|title=Rakesh Pundir's review- uttarakhand News|url=http://www.uttarakhandnews1.com/2015/01/uttarakhandi-film-subero-ghaam-house.html#.VbURTLOqqkp}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]

{{India-film-stub}}

Thrikkadavoor

2026-03-10T14:48:30Z

Bharatpediatrist: brief updated layout per standard format for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Thrikkadavoor
| official_name = Kadavoor
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Zone & Neighbourhood
| translit_lang1 =
| translit_lang1_type =
| translit_lang1_info =
| translit_lang1_type1 =
| translit_lang1_info1 =
| translit_lang1_type2 =
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| translit_lang2_type2 =
| translit_lang2_info2 = 
| image_skyline = Kollam Bypass UC near Thrikkadavoor, Aug 2016.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Under construction [[Kollam Bypass]] near Thrikkadavoor
| image =
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| dot_y =
| pushpin_map = India Kollam#Kerala
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_label = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_mapsize =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kollam
| pushpin_map1 =
| pushpin_label_position1 =
| pushpin_label1 = 
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| coordinates = {{coord|8|55|14.0874|N|76|35|41.2188|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint = 
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Federated state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kollam district]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Kollam Municipal Corporation|Kollam]]

| established_title = 
| established_date =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes = 
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]]
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type = Councillor
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| area_total_km2 = 14.85
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| population_footnotes = 
| population_total = 39285
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
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| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 691601
| postal2_code_type = 
| postal2_code =
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India#Fixed (landline) numbers|0474]]
| geocode =
| iso_code =
| registration_plate = '''KL-02'''
| twin2_country = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.kollam.nic.in|Kollam Municipal Corporation}}
| footnotes =
}}

''' Thrikkadavoor ''' is a town and a neighbourhood of [[Kollam]] city in the state of Kerala, India,<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx|title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10}}</ref> approximately 5 kilometres north of [[Kollam]] city centre.
Thrikkadavoor was a separate panchayath till 2015. In May 2015, [[Government of Kerala]] expanded the [[Kollam Municipal Corporation|City Corporation of Kollam]] by merging Thrikkadavoor panchayath.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/thrikadavur-becomes-part-of-kollam-city/article7300668.ece |title=Thrikadavur becomes part of Kollam city |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lsgkerala.in/thrikkadavoorpanchayat/general-information/ |title=Thrikadavur Panchayath |publisher=Thrikadavur Panchayath |access-date=11 June 2015}}</ref>

==Notable people==
*[[Eugene Pandala]], architect
*[[Kadavoor Sivadasan]], politician

==Demographics==
{{As of|2011}} India [[census]], Thrikkadavoor had a population of 39285 with 19005 males and 20280 females.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thrikkadavoor Census Town City Population Census 2011-2025 {{!}} Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/628445-thrikkadavoor-kerala.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref name="censusindia" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Thrikkadavoor}}

{{Kollam}}
{{Neighbourhoods of Kollam |state=expanded}}
{{Kollam district}}

[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Kollam]]
[[Category:Villages in Kollam district]]

Urvashi filmography

2026-03-09T18:29:11Z

Bharatpediatrist:

{{Short description|none}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
'''Kavitha Ranjini''',<ref name="Name"/> known by the [[stage name]] '''[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]]''', is an Indian actress, dubbing artist, television host, scriptwriter and producer known for her works in the [[South India|Southern]] film industry, predominantly in [[Malayalam]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/south-indian-actress-urvashi-aka-kavitha-ranjini-celebrates-her-52nd-birthday/articleshow/80442727.cms |script-title=ml:തെന്നിന്ത്യയുടെ പകരം വെക്കാനില്ലാത്ത പ്രതിഭയ്ക്ക് ഇന്ന് അൻപത്തിരണ്ടാം പിറന്നാൾ! |trans-title=Today is the fifty-second birthday of the irreplaceable talent of South India! |work=Malayalam Samayam |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |language=ml |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127143427/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/celebrity-news/south-indian-actress-urvashi-aka-kavitha-ranjini-celebrates-her-52nd-birthday/articleshow/80442727.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She has acted in more than 350 films in Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada and Hindi.

She started her acting career as a child artist, in a Malayalam movie ''[[Kathirmandapam]]'', released in 1979.<ref name="Name">{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/kavitha-ranjini-is-the-real-name-of-actress-urvashi/articleshow/64494591.cms |title=Kavitha Ranjini is the real name of actress Urvashi |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 June 2018 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=11 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911192142/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/did-you-know/kavitha-ranjini-is-the-real-name-of-actress-urvashi/articleshow/64494591.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Her first released film as heroine was ''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]'' ([[Tamil cinema|Tamil]], directed by [[K. Bhagyaraj]]) in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web |title=I have got no invitation from any political party, says actor Urvashi |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/tamil-nadu/i-have-got-no-invitation-from-any-political-party-says-actor-urvashi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210329044806/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/tamil-nadu/i-have-got-no-invitation-from-any-political-party-says-actor-urvashi |archive-date=29 March 2021 |access-date=29 March 2021 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=14 September 2013 |script-title=ta:'முந்தானை முடிச்சு' படத்தின் கதாநாயகி ஆனார், ஊர்வசி! எதிர்பாராமல் தேடிவந்த அதிர்ஷ்டம் |language=ta |trans-title=Urvashi became the heroine of 'Munthanai Mudichu'! Unexpected luck |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |url=http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/14225426/oorvasai-cinema-history.html |url-status=dead |access-date=17 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130918220231/http://cinema.maalaimalar.com/2013/09/14225426/oorvasai-cinema-history.html |archive-date=18 September 2013}}</ref> She was a prominent [[lead actress]] of the 1980s and 1990s, primarily in [[Malayalam film|Malayalam]] Films.<ref name="Name"/> She has written the films ''[[Ulsavamelam]]'' and ''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]'', the latter was also produced by her. She won the [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] for her performance in ''[[Achuvinte Amma]]'' (2005), which was her comeback film after a hiatus of 6 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/best-comebacks-by-mollywood-actors/urvashi/photostory/64352702.cms |title=Best comebacks by Mollywood actors |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=30 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180530174154/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/best-comebacks-by-mollywood-actors/urvashi/photostory/64352702.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She has won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] a record five times, which includes three consecutive wins from 1989 to 1991. She has also received two [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-urvashi-won-the-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actress-five-times/articleshow/78970630.cms |title=Did you know Urvashi won the Kerala State Film Award for best actress five times? |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=2020-10-31 |access-date=27 January 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307111952/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/did-you-know/did-you-know-urvashi-won-the-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actress-five-times/articleshow/78970630.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

Urvashi was born to popular drama actors Chavara V. P. Nair and Vijayalakshmi in [[Sooranad]] in [[Kollam district]] of [[Kerala]] .Her elder sisters are actors [[Kalaranjini]] and [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/popular-siblings-from-the-malayalam-film-industry/photostory/48708581.cms |title=Popular siblings from the Malayalam film industry |date=28 August 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 June 2021 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329165238/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/photo-features/popular-siblings-from-the-malayalam-film-industry/photostory/48708581.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She married actor [[Manoj K. Jayan]] on 2 May 1998, which ended in divorce in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Urvasi and Manoj K Jayan submit consent letter for separation |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=5003 |access-date=19 March 2013 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203092008/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/story.php?id=5003 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Court gives daughter's custody to Manoj K Jayan |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/125736/ |access-date=19 March 2013 |newspaper=Mathrubhumi |date=6 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707212231/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/english/movies/malayalam/125736/ |archive-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{{pending films key}}

===As actress===
====Malayalam films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Urvashi Malayalam film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="3" |1979||''[[Kathirmandapam]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/national-film-award-winner-malayalam-tamil-telugu-actress-childhood-photo-438428/ |script-title=ml:തെന്നിന്ത്യയുടെ മുഴുവൻ പ്രിയങ്കരിയായ അഭിനയവിസ്മയമാണ് ഈ കുട്ടി ഇന്ന് |language=ml |trans-title=Today this kid is the favorite acting sensation of entire South India |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211061100/https://malayalam.indianexpress.com/entertainment/national-film-award-winner-malayalam-tamil-telugu-actress-childhood-photo-438428/ |url-status=live |date=28 November 2020 }}</ref>||Child artist||
|-
|''[[Sayoojyam]]''||Child artist||Song Scene
|-
|''[[Sikharangal]]''||Child artist||
|-
|1980||''[[Dwik Vijayam]]''||Dance Student||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1982||''Yaagam''||||
|-
|''Snehasammanam''|| {{sdash}} ||Unreleased
|-
|1983||''[[Hello Madras Girl]]''||Latha||
|-
|1984||''[[Ethirppukal]]''||Sudha|| First lead role
|-
|rowspan=5|1985||''[[Ente Ammu Ninte Thulasi Avarude Chakki]]''||Thulasi||
|-
|''[[Nirakkoottu]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/rip-dennis-joseph-7-films-that-made-him-an-important-part-of-malayalam-cinema/articleshow/82546056.cms |script-title=ml:മമ്മൂട്ടിയെയും മോഹന്‍ലാലിനെയും വളര്‍ത്തിയ, മലയാള സിനിമയ്ക്ക് ജീവന്‍ നല്‍കിയ ഡെന്നീസ് ജോസഫിന്റെ ഏഴ് തിരക്കഥകള്‍ |language=ml |trans-title=Seven screenplays by Dennis Joseph, who nurtured Mammootty and Mohanlal and gave life to Malayalam cinema |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211062330/https://malayalam.samayam.com/malayalam-cinema/movie-news/rip-dennis-joseph-7-films-that-made-him-an-important-part-of-malayalam-cinema/articleshow/82546056.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>||Sasikala||
|-
|''[[Daivatheorthu]]''||Nani||
|-
|''[[Pathamudayam]]''||Valsala||
|-
|''[[Karimpinpoovinakkare]]''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2020/05/25/mohanlal-film-snake-bite-karimpinpoovinakkare.html |script-title=ml:'അവനെ കൊത്തിയ പാമ്പ് ഞാനാ'; ചർച്ചയായി മോഹൻലാലിന്റെ ഡയലോഗ്; ഞെട്ടിക്കും സാമ്യം |language=ml |date=March 25, 2020 |trans-title='I am the snake that bit him'; Mohanlal's dialogue as a topic of discussion; Similar to shock |access-date=11 February 2022 |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220211062654/https://www.manoramanews.com/news/entertainment/2020/05/25/mohanlal-film-snake-bite-karimpinpoovinakkare.html |url-status=live }}</ref>||Chandrika||
|-
|rowspan=10|1986||''[[Yuvajanotsavam]]'' ||Sindhu||
|-
|''Sunil Vayassu 20''||Premalatha||
|-
|''[[Mizhineerpoovukal]]''<ref>{{cite news |last=Shanker |first=Anoop |title=ശാപമോക്ഷം തേടി റിച്ചി : Super Character |url=https://www.deepika.com/cinema/Super-Character.aspx?Mohanlal-as-Richie-in-Mizhineer-Poovukal&ID=1823 |access-date=9 July 2020 |work=[[Deepika (newspaper)|Deepika]] |date=7 June 2018 |language=ml |archive-date=9 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709222200/https://www.deepika.com/cinema/Super-Character.aspx?Mohanlal-as-Richie-in-Mizhineer-Poovukal&ID=1823 |url-status=live }}</ref>||Aswathy||
|-
|''[[Sukhamo Devi]]''<ref>{{cite news |script-title=ml:സുഖമോ ദേവി...എന്നു ചോദിച്ചത് 30 വർഷം മുമ്പ് |url=https://www.deepika.com/feature/SpecialNews.aspx?ID=5570&topicId=1 |trans-title=30 years ago I asked Sukhamo Devi... |access-date=21 July 2019 |work=deepika.com |language=ml |archive-date=10 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810192601/https://www.deepika.com/feature/SpecialNews.aspx?topicId=1&ID=5570 |url-status=live }}</ref>||Devi||
|-
|''[[Kshamichu Ennoru Vakku]]''||Rajani||
|-
|''[[Manasilloru Manimuthu]]''||Radhika||
|-
|''[[Desatanakkili Karayarilla]]''||Devika||
|-
|''[[Onnu Randu Moonnu]]'' ||Indu||
|-
|''[[Moonnu Masagalkku Munpu]]''||Raji||
|-
|''[[Nandi Veendum Varika]]''||Devayani||
|-
|rowspan=8|1987||''[[Adimakal Udamakal]]''||Indu||
|-
|''[[New Delhi (1987 film)|New Delhi]]''||Uma||
|-
|''[[Agni Muhurtham]]''||Sudha||
|-
|''[[Kottum Kuravayum]]''||Annie||
|-
|''[[Oru Sindoora Pottinte Ormakku]]''||Sophie||
|-
|''[[Naalkkavala]]''||Amina||
|-
|''[[Irupatham Noottandu]]''||Jyothi||
|-
|''Swargam''||Latha||
|-
|rowspan=11|1988||''[[Anuragi]]''||Leelamma||
|-
|''[[Mukthi]]''||Sudharma||
|-
|''[[Mattoral]]''||Veni||
|-
|''[[Padamudra (film)|Padamudra]]''||Lakshmi||
|-
|''[[Ponmuttayidunna Tharavu]]''||Snehalatha||
|-
|''Simon Peter Ninakku Vendin''||Alice Simon||
|-
|''[[Oru CBI Diary Kurippu]]''||Annie||
|-
|''[[Abkari]]''||Sridevi||
|-
|''[[1 August (film)|1 August]]''||Valsala||
|-
|''[[1921 (1988 film)|1921]]''||Thulasi||
|-
|''[[Thanthram]]'' ||Susanna||
|-
|rowspan=9|1989||''Pandu Pandoru Deshathu''||||
|-
|''Varnatheru''||Asha||
|-
|''[[Swagatham (1989 film)|Swagatham]]''||Philomina Francis||
|-
|''[[New Year (1989 film)|New Year]]''||Rekha||
|-
|''[[Aksharathettu (film)|Akshrathettu]]''||Sumathi||
|-
|''[[Mazhavil Kavadi]]''||Anandavalli||First State Award
|-
|''[[Chakkikotha Chankaran]]''||Roshney||
|-
|''[[Adikkurippu]]''||Geetha||
|-
|''[[Mrigaya (1989 film)|Mrigaya]]''||Annamma||
|-
|rowspan=13|1990||''[[Varthamanakalam]]''||Arundhathi Menon||First State Award
|-
|''Noottonnu Raavukal''||Sudha||
|-
|''[[Nammude Naadu]]''||Bindu||
|-
|''[[Vyuham (1990 film)|Vyuham]]''||Lakshmi||
|-
| ''[[Kuttettan]]''||Rose Mary||
|-
|''[[Marupuram]]''||Retna||
|-
|''Veena Meettiya Vilangukal''||Geetha||
|-
|''[[Thoovalsparsham]]''||Maya||
|-
|''[[Thalayanamanthram]]''||Kanchana||Second State Award
|-
|''Nanma Niranjavan Srinivasan''||Chandrika ||
|-
|''[[Kouthuka Varthakal]]''||Aswathy||
|-
|''[[Lal Salam (1990 film)|Lal Salam]]''||Annamma||
|-
|''[[Arhatha]]''||Aswathy||
|-
|rowspan=11|1991||''[[Vishnulokam]]''||Kasthoori||
|-
|''[[Souhridham]]''||Shiny||
|-
|''[[Mukha Chithram]]''||Savithrikutty/Lakshmikutty|| rowspan="3" |Third State Award
|-
|''[[Kakkathollayiram]]''||Revathy
|-
|''[[Kadinjool Kalyanam]]''||Hrudayakumari
|-
|''Chanchattam''||Yamuna||
|-
|''[[Bharatham]]''||Devi||Third State Award
|-
|''[[Kanalkkattu]]''||Aasha||
|-
|''[[Koodikazhcha]]''||Alice||
|-
|''[[Inspector Balram]]''||Preethi Krishna Mathur||
|-
|''[[Bhoomika]]''||Radha||
|-
|rowspan=15|1992||''[[Utsava Melam]]''||Kanaka Prabha||Story
|-
|''[[Thiruthalvaadi]]''||Lathika||
|-
|''[[Soorya Gayathri]]''||Rugmini||
|-
|''[[Snehasagaram]]''||Treesa||
|-
|''[[Simhadhwani]]''||Jayasree||
|-
|''[[Sathyapathijna]]''||Sreekutty||
|-
|''Ponnaramthottathe Rajavu''||Radhika||
|-
|''[[My Dear Muthachan]]''||Clara||
|-
|''[[Malootty]]''||Raji||
|-
|''[[Ente Ponnu Thampuran]]''||Kavitha||
|-
|''[[Aparatha]]''||Prabha||
|-
|''[[Ardram]]''||Mary||
|-
|''[[Aham (film)|Aham]]''||Renjini||
|-
|''[[Yodha (1992 film)|Yodha]]''||Damayanthi||
|-
|''[[Kizhakkan Pathrose]]''||Chala Mary||
|-
|rowspan=10|1993||''[[Venkalam]]''||Thankamani||
|-
|''Sthreedhanam''||Vidhya||
|-
|''[[Narayam]]''||Gayathri||
|-
|''[[Mithunam (1993 film)|Mithunam]]''||Sulochana||
|-
|''[[Koushalam]]''||Maya Devi||
|-
|''[[Kalippattam]]''||Saroja||
|-
|''[[Injakkadan Mathai & Sons]]''||Sherley||
|-
|''Ithu Manju Kaalam''||Aswathy and Revathy||Dual role
|-
|''[[Aayirappara]]''||Parvathy||
|-
|''[[Palayam (film)|Palayam]]''||Jancy||
|-
|rowspan=5|1994||''[[Sukham Sukhakaram]]''||Susie||
|-
|''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]''||Bhagyarekha/Sujatha||Writer & Producer
|-
|''[[Kudumba Visesham]]''||Geetha||
|-
|''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]''||Dr. Jyothy||
|-
|''Bharya''||Shailaja||
|-
|rowspan=3|1995||''Thovalapookkal''||Chempakam||
|-
| ''[[Spadikam]]''||Thulasi||
|-
|''[[Simhavalan Menon]]''||Geethanjali||
|-
|1996||''[[Kazhakam]]''||Radha||
|-
|rowspan=2|1997||''[[Kottapurathe Koottukudumbam]]''||Sree Devi||
|-
|''[[Janadhipathyam]]''||Indira Menon||
|-
|rowspan=3|1999||''[[Garshom]]''||Noorja||Film Council Award
|-
|''[[Aayiram Meni]]''||Alice||
|-
|''Niram''||Herself||Archive footage
|-
|2005||''[[Achuvinte Amma]]''||K. P. Vanaja|| [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] Amritha TV Award & Film Council Award
|-
|2006||''[[Madhuchandralekha]]''||Chandramathi||Fifth State Award
|-
|2007||''[[Ayur Rekha]]''||Alice||Extended cameo
|-
|2008||''[[Twenty:20 (film)|Twenty:20]]''||Herself||Archive footage Uncredited cameo
|-
|2009||''Bharya Swantham Suhruthu''||Molly||
|-
|rowspan=3|2010||''[[Mummy & Me]]''||Clara||
|-
|''[[Sakudumbam Shyamala]]''||Minister Shyamala Vasudevan ||
|-
|''[[Best of Luck (2010 film)|Best of Luck]]''||Thamara||
|-
|rowspan=3|2011||''Ponnu Kondoru Aalroopam''||Molly||
|-
|''Kadhayile Nayika'' ||Nandhini||
|-
|''[[Maharaja Talkies]]''||Vimala||
|-
|rowspan=3|2012||''Lumiere Brothers''||Herself||Archive footage
|-
|''Lakshmivilasam Renuka Makan Raghuraman''||Renuka||
|-
|''[[Manjadikuru]]''||Sujatha||
|-
|2014||''My Dear Mummy''||Katrina||
|-
|2016||''[[Manamantha|Vismayam]]''||Lakshmi||Partially reshot version of ''Manamantha''
|-
|rowspan=2|2018||''[[Aravindante Athidhikal]]''<ref>{{cite web |first1=Asha |last1=Prakash |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/urvashi-comes-back-to-mollywood-in-vineeth-sreenivasan-starrer/articleshow/61133642.cms |title=Urvashi comes back to Mollywood in Vineeth Sreenivasan starrer |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 October 2017 |access-date=20 December 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313032734/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/urvashi-comes-back-to-mollywood-in-vineeth-sreenivasan-starrer/articleshow/61133642.cms |archive-date=13 March 2019}}</ref>||Girija||
|-
|''[[Ente Ummante Peru]]''||Aisha||
|-
|2019||''Swarnamalsyangal''||Herself||Archive footage
|-
|rowspan=2|2020||''[[Dhamaka (2020 film)|Dhamaka]]''||Annamma||
|-
|''[[Varane Avashyamund]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/when-urvashi-was-asked-to-improvise-a-scene-for-varane-avashyamund/articleshow/76125913.cms |title=When Urvashi was asked to improvise a scene for Varane Avashyamund |first=Anjana |last=George |date=1 June 2020 |access-date=17 May 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624122320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/when-urvashi-was-asked-to-improvise-a-scene-for-varane-avashyamund/articleshow/76125913.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> ||Dr. Sherly||Extended Cameo
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Keshu Ee Veedinte Nadhan]]'' || Rathnamma || Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2023 || ''[[Charles Enterprises]]'' ||Gomati ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Enterprises gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/10/charles-enterprises-gets-a-release-date-42123.html |access-date=2023-04-16 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=10 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416235510/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/10/charles-enterprises-gets-a-release-date-42123.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jaladhara Pumpset Since 1962]]'' || Mrinalini teacher || <ref>{{Cite web |title='Jaladhara Pump Set Since 1962' director Ashish Chinnappa: Movie buffs will get to see Urvashi and Indrans in a throughout comedy entertainer - EXCLUSIVE |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jaladhara-pump-set-since-1962-director-ashish-chinnappa-movie-buffs-will-get-to-see-urvashi-and-indrans-in-a-throughout-comedy-entertainer-exclusive/articleshow/92931553.cms |first1=Silpa |last1=Rajan |date=17 July 2022 |access-date=2023-01-28 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128065043/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/jaladhara-pump-set-since-1962-director-ashish-chinnappa-movie-buffs-will-get-to-see-urvashi-and-indrans-in-a-throughout-comedy-entertainer-exclusive/articleshow/92931553.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Rani: The Real Story]]''||Sheela||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[Iyer In Arabia]]'' || Jansi Rani ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mukesh-and-urvashi-reunite-for-iyer-in-arabia-the-song-iyyeru-kanda-dubai-will-surely-leave-you-in-splits/articleshow/106082988.cms|title=Mukesh and Urvashi reunite for 'Iyer in Arabia', the song 'Iyyeru Kanda Dubai' will surely leave you in splits|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 December 2023|access-date=8 January 2024|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104215123/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/mukesh-and-urvashi-reunite-for-iyer-in-arabia-the-song-iyyeru-kanda-dubai-will-surely-leave-you-in-splits/articleshow/106082988.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Ullozhukku]]'' || Leelamma || [[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress]] <ref>{{Cite news |title=Parvathy Thiruvothu - Urvashi starrer 'Ullozhukku' wraps up the shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/parvathy-thiruvothu-urvashi-starrer-ullozhukku-wraps-up-the-shoot/articleshow/92915615.cms |date=2022-07-16 |access-date=2023-01-28 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128054114/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/parvathy-thiruvothu-urvashi-starrer-ullozhukku-wraps-up-the-shoot/articleshow/92915615.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Her (2024 film)|Her]]'' || Santha || Released on [[ManoramaMAX]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-26 |title=Her first-look poster out: Parvathy, Aishwarya Rajesh, Oorvasi, Remya Nambessan headline Lijin Jose's film |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/her-first-look-poster-parvathy-aishwarya-rajesh-oorvasi-remya-nambessan-lijin-jose-film-8291376/ |access-date=2023-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=4 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404174743/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/her-first-look-poster-parvathy-aishwarya-rajesh-oorvasi-remya-nambessan-lijin-jose-film-8291376/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2025 || ''L Jagadamma Ezham Class B'' ||Jagadamma || Also producer<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-03-31 |title=Urvashi's L Jagadamma Ezham Class B gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Mar/31/urvashis-l-jagadamma-ezham-class-b-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Prince and Family]]'' || Josephine||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2025-02-02 |title='The Soul of Prince' teaser unveiled for Dileep's 150th film Prince and Family, promising a heartfelt family drama |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2025/Feb/02/the-soul-of-prince-teaser-unveiled-for-dileeps-150th-film-prince-and-family-promising-a-heartfelt-family-drama |access-date=2025-05-08 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-




|}

====Tamil films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1983||''[[Mundhanai Mudichu]]''||Parimalam||
|-
|''[[Apoorva Sahodarigal]]''||Rosy||
|-
|rowspan=15|1984||''[[Dhavani Kanavugal]]''||Film actress||
|-
|''[[Komberi Mookan]]''||Priya||
|-
|''[[Nerupukkul Eeram]]''||Ganga||
|-
|''[[Oh Maane Maane]]''||Stella||
|-
|''[[Ambigai Neril Vanthaal]]''||Latha||
|-
|''[[Anbe Odi Vaa]]''||Seetha||
|-
|''[[Ezhuthatha Sattangal]]''||Meena||
|-
|''[[Vai Pandal]]''||Santhi||
|-
|''Vengaiyin Mainthan''||Yamuna||
|-
|''[[Oorukku Upadesam]]''||Janaki & Madhavi||
|-
|''Shanthi Mugurtham''||Shanthi||
|-
|''Neram Nalla Neram''||Vadivu||
|-
|''[[Vellai Pura Ondru]]''|| Padma ||
|-
|''Maaman Machaan''||Shanthi||
|-
|''Ninaivukal Maraivathillai''|| {{sdash}} ||
|-
|rowspan=7|1985||''[[Andha Oru Nimidam]]''||Vasanthi||
|-
|''[[Aduthathu Albert]]''||Radha||
|-
|''[[Naam Iruvar (1985 film)|Naam Iruvar]]''||Ratha||
|-
|''[[Oru Malarin Payanam]]''||Kalyani||
|-
|''Raja Yuvaraja''||Meena||
|-
|''[[Deivapiravi (1985 film)|Deivapiravi]]''||Lalitha||
|-
|''Panam Pathum Seyyum''||Jayanthi||
|-
|rowspan=3|1986||''Thodarum Uravu''||Julie||
|-
|''Kaidhiyin Theerpu''||Stella & Preethi||
|-
|''Machakaran''|| {{sdash}} ||
|-
|1987||''[[Paruva Ragam]]''||Rohini|| Guest appearance
|-
|1988||''[[Patti Sollai Thattathe]]''||Seetha||
|-
|rowspan=2|1989||''[[Idhu Unga Kudumbam]]''||Janaki||
|-
|''Paasa Mazhai''||Gomathi||
|-
|rowspan=2|1990||''[[Michael Madana Kama Rajan]]''||Tiruppurasundari||
|-
|''Pengal Veettin Kanngal''||Raadha||
|-
|rowspan=1|1991||''Mookuthi Poo Meley''||Latha Ramakrishnan||
|-
|rowspan=4|1994||''[[Subramaniya Swamy]]''||Amudha||
|-
|''[[Magalir Mattum (1994 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''||Janaki||State Award
|-
|''[[Veera Padhakkam]]''||Vishalakshi||
|-
|''[[Vanaja Girija]]''||Chellamma||
|-
|rowspan=5|1995||''[[Naan Petha Magane]]''|| Uma Maheswari ||
|-
|''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]''|| Sujatha (Suji) / Mayamma ||
|-
|''[[Ayudha Poojai]]''||Vasantha||
|-
|''[[Thaikulame Thaikulame]]''||Janaki||
|-
|''[[Pullakuttikaran|Pullakuttikaaran]]''||Azhagu||Critics Award
|-
|rowspan=3|1996||''[[Aruva Velu]]''||Maruthayi||
|-
|''[[Irattai Roja]]''||Uma||Filmfare Award
|-
|''[[Vetri Vinayagar (film)|Vetri Vinayagar]]''||Ponni||
|-
|rowspan=4|1997||''[[Ettupatti Rasa]]''||Palaniyamma||
|-
|''[[Mannava (film)|Mannava]]''||Sinthamani||
|-
|''[[Aravindhan]]''||Gayathri||
|-
|''[[Vasuki (film)|Vasuki]]''||Vasuki / Kodeeswari||
|-
|rowspan=4|1999||''[[Suyamvaram]]''||Arivolimangai||
|-
|''[[Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa]]''||Padmini||
|-
|''[[Viralukketha Veekkam]]''||Gayatri||
|-
|''[[Kummi Paattu]]''||Kamakshi||
|-
|2001||''[[Sigamani Ramamani]]''||Ramamani||
|-
|rowspan=3|2002||''[[Panchathantiram]]''||Ammini||
|-
|''[[Game (2002 film)|Game]]''||Janaki||
|-
|''[[Thamizh]]''||Kalaiselvi||
|-
|rowspan=4|2003||''[[Three Roses]]''||Chandralekha||
|-
| ''[[Thennavan (film)|Thennavan]]''||Pushpalatha||
|-
|''[[Success (2003 film)|Success]]''||Radha||
|-
|''Thaaye Bhuvaneswari''||Parvathi||Partially reshot version of ''Vijayadasami''
|-
|2005||''[[Anbe Aaruyire (2005 film)|Anbe Aaruyire]]''||Maami||
|-
|2006||''[[Desiya Paravai]]''||Malini||
|-
|rowspan=2|2007||''[[Malaikottai]]''||Kamala||
|-
|''[[Kalakkura Chandru]]''||Host||
|-
|rowspan=3|2009||''[[Siva Manasula Sakthi]]''||Kalyani||Edison Film Award
|-
|''[[Vaamanan]]''||Divya's mother||
|-
|''[[Peraanmai]]''||Victoria||
|-
|2010||''[[Manmadan Ambu]]''||Mallika||
|-
|rowspan=3|2011||''[[Doo (film)|Doo]]''||Vasanth's mother||
|-
|''[[Venghai]]''||Thangam||
|-
|''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]''|| Dr. Radha Jeyachandran||
|-
|2013||''[[Vanakkam Chennai]]''||Chandra||
|-
|rowspan=3|2014||''[[Un Samayal Arayil]]''||Chechi||
|-
|''[[Vizhi Moodi Yosithaal]]''||KG's mother||
|-
|''Pechiyakka Marumagan''||Pechiyakka|| Unreleased
|-
| rowspan="5" |2015||''[[Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum]]''||Vasanth's mother||
|-
|''[[Uthama Villain]]''||Varalakshmi||
|-
|''[[Savaale Samaali]]''||Urvashi||
|-
|''[[Size Zero (film)|Inji Iduppazhagi]]''||Rajeswari||
|-
|''[[India Pakistan]]''||Kathik's mother||
|-
| rowspan="7" |2016||''[[Adida Melam]]''||Annapoorniyamma||
|-
|''[[Unnodu Ka]]''||Rajalatchumi||
|-
|''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]''||Rajeshwari||
|-
|''[[Vaaimai]]''||Narayani||
|-
|''[[Meen Kuzhambum Mann Paanaiyum]]''||Pavithra's mother||
|-
|''[[Bayam Oru Payanam]]''||Abhinaya's mother||
|-
|''[[Kadavul Irukaan Kumaru]]''||Gomathi Gopalakrishnan||
|-
|rowspan=3|2017||''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]''||Arusuvai Annalakshmi||
|-
|''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''||Gomatha Silkurayappan||
|-
|''[[Palli Paruvathile]]''||Kalai's mother||
|-
|2018||''[[Koothan]]''||Kalairasi||
|-
|rowspan=2|2019||''[[Dhilluku Dhuddu 2]]'' || Chakra Mahadevi ||
|-
|''[[Pottu (film)|Pottu]]'' ||Mohana ||
|-
|rowspan=4|2020||''[[Putham Pudhu Kaalai]]'' ||Lakshmi Krishnan ||Released on [[Amazon Prime]] Segment: ''Ilamai Idho Idho''
|-
|''[[Soorarai Pottru]]''|| Pechi || Released on [[Amazon Prime]]
|-
|''[[Mookuthi Amman]]'' || Paalthangam<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2020 |title=Watch: 'Mookuthi Amman' trailer shows Nayanthara taking on a villainous godman |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mookuthi-amman-trailer-shows-nayanthara-taking-villainous-godman-136119 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101094326/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-mookuthi-amman-trailer-shows-nayanthara-taking-villainous-godman-136119 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=[[The News Minute]]}}</ref>||Released on [[Disney+ Hotstar]]
|-
|''[[Thiruvalar Panjangam]]'' || Interviewer ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Murungakkai Chips]]'' || Shanthi's aunt ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2022 || ''[[Idiot (2022 film)|Idiot]]'' || Parimalam ||
|-
| ''[[Veetla Vishesham]]'' || Krishnaveni Unnikrishnan ||
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2023 || ''[[Ghosty (film)|Ghosty]]'' ||Aadhi ||<ref name="cinemanexpress.chandhini.r.2023.03.17">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/17/kajal-aggarwals-ghosty-movie-review-an-irreverent-tasteless-horror-comedy-41199.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=17 March 2023 |title=Ghosty Movie Review: An irreverent, tasteless horror comedy |author=Chandhini R |access-date=20 March 2023 |quote=Cast: Kajal Aggarwal, Urvashi, KS Ravikumar, Sathyan, Yogi Babu, Jegan, Redin Kingsley |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321000358/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/review/2023/mar/17/kajal-aggarwals-ghosty-movie-review-an-irreverent-tasteless-horror-comedy-41199.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Yosi'' || Doctor Sathya ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-abhay-shankar-from-the-family-of-urvashi-debuts-to-film-mm-592013.html |script-title=ml:Yosi {{!}} നടി ഉർവശിയുടെ കുടുംബത്തിൽ നിന്നും അഭയ് ശങ്കർ സിനിമയിലേക്ക്; 'യോസി' ട്രെയ്‌ലർ |language=ml |trans-title=Yosi {{!}} Abhay Shankar from actress Urvashi's family to make his film debut; 'Yosi' Trailer |date=27 March 2023 |website=[[News 18]] Malayalam |access-date=15 April 2023 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123254/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/movies-abhay-shankar-from-the-family-of-urvashi-debuts-to-film-mm-592013.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Yaanai Mugathaan]]'' || Malliga||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yogi Babu's Yaanai Mugathaan gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/02/yogi-babus-yaanai-mugathaan-gets-release-date-41821.html |access-date=2023-04-05 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=2 April 2023 |language=en |archive-date=5 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405001620/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/apr/02/yogi-babus-yaanai-mugathaan-gets-release-date-41821.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Kasethan Kadavulada (2023 film)|Kasethan Kadavulada]]'' || Sharadha ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/15/kasethan-kadavulada-gets-new-release-date-38785.html |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=15 January 2023 |first1=Avinash |last1=Ramachandran |title=Kasethan Kadavulada gets new release date |access-date=20 March 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115123457/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/jan/15/kasethan-kadavulada-gets-new-release-date-38785.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2023 |script-title=ta:'காசேதான் கடவுளடா' வெளியீடு தள்ளி வைப்பு |trans-title='Kaasethan Kadavulada' release postponed |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=112067 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325053504/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=112067 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |access-date=25 March 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Appatha]]'' || Kannamma || Urvashi's 700th film<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urvasis-700th-film-appatha-to-be-screened-at-the-shangai-cooperation-organisation-film-festival/articleshow/97369393.cms |title=Urvasi's 700th film 'Appatha' to be screened at the Shangai Cooperation Organisation Film Festival |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 January 2023 |access-date=21 March 2023 |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321041226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urvasis-700th-film-appatha-to-be-screened-at-the-shangai-cooperation-organisation-film-festival/articleshow/97369393.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2024 || ''[[J Baby]]'' || J Baby ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Urvashi and 'Attakathi' Dinesh's 'J Baby' teaser is here! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urvashi-and-attakathi-dineshs-j-baby-teaser-is-here/articleshow/91735682.cms |date=23 May 2022 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=5 March 2023 |archive-date=5 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305165332/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/urvashi-and-attakathi-dineshs-j-baby-teaser-is-here/articleshow/91735682.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Andhagan]]'' || Sarasu ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmi |first=V |date=1 November 2022 |title=Vijay Sethupathi, Prabhu Deva, Anirudh team up for a song in Prashanth's Andhagan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-prabhu-deva-anirudh-team-up-for-a-song-in-prashanths-andhagan/articleshow/95235768.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119220534/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vijay-sethupathi-prabhu-deva-anirudh-team-up-for-a-song-in-prashanths-andhagan/articleshow/95235768.cms |archive-date=19 November 2022 |access-date=21 March 2023 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Emakku Thozhil Romance]]'' || Bakkiyam ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-11 |title=Ashok Selvan's Emakku Thozhil Romance To Release On This Date! |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/tamil/ashok-selvans-emakku-thozhil-romance-to-release-on-this-date-article-114156492 |access-date=2024-10-16 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

====Kannada films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Urvashi Kannada film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=2|1980||''Nyaya Neethi Dharma''||||
|-
|''Akhanda Brahmacharigalu''||||
|-
|1982||''Shankar Sundar''||||
|-
|1984||''[[Shravana Banthu]]''||Urvashi/Mary/Saraswathi||
|-
|rowspan=2|1985||''[[Naanu Nanna Hendthi]]''||Urvashi||
|-
|''[[Shabash Vikram]]''||Gayatri||
|-
|rowspan=2|1986||''[[Sathya Jyothi]]'' ||Sujatha||
|-
|''[[Ee Jeeva Ninagagi]]''||Rohini||
|-
|rowspan=2|1987||''Anthima Ghatta''||Sunitha||
|-
|''[[Premaloka]]''||Rohini||
|-
|rowspan=2|1988||''[[New Delhi (1988 Kannada film)|New Delhi]]''||Uma||
|-
|''[[December 31 (film)|31 December]]''||Radha||
|-
|1996||''[[Jeevanadhi]]''||Dr.Priyadarshini||
|-
|1999||''[[Habba]]''||Ambi's wife||
|-
|2000||''[[Yaarige Saluthe Sambala]]''||Suguna||
|-
|2001||''[[Kothigalu Saar Kothigalu]]''||Alamelu||
|-
|rowspan=2|2003||''[[Katthegalu Saar Katthegalu]]''||Urmila||
|-
|''Vijaya Dashami''||Parvathy||
|-
|2005||''[[Rama Shama Bhama]]''||Bhamamani||
|-
|rowspan=2|2008||''[[Nee Tata Naa Birla]]''||Cook Draupathi||
|-
|''[[Arjun (2008 film)|Arjun]]'' ||Vishalakshi Jayasimha||
|-
|rowspan=2|2009||''[[Iniya (film)|Iniya]]''||Kamala||
|-
|''[[Raaj the Showman]]''||Herself||Special appearance
|-
|2010||''[[Preethi Hangama]]''||Police Inspector||
|-
|2012||''Golmal Gayathri''||Gayathri||
|-
|rowspan=2|2014||''[[Brahma (2014 film)|Brahma]]''|| {{sdash}} ||
|-
|''[[Oggarane (film)|Oggarane]]''||Beautician||
|-
|2015||''[[Ram-Leela (2015 Kannada film)|Ram-Leela]]''||Baby||
|-
|rowspan=2|2016||''[[Shivalinga (2016 film)|Shivalinga]]''||Anusooya||
|-
|''[[Jaggu Dada]]''||Jaggu Dada's mother||<ref>{{cite news |last1=SM |first1=Shashiprasad |title=Jaggu Dada movie review: This senseless commercial comedy encashes on stardom |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/110616/jaggu-dada-movie-review-encashes-on-stardom-in-this-senseless-commercial-comedy.html |access-date=31 March 2024 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |date=10 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
|2018||''Sur Sur Batti''||Baddi Gowramma||
|-
|{{TableTBA}}||''Rowdy Fellow''|| ||{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|-
|{{TableTBA}}||''Aba Jaba Daba''|| ||{{Citation needed|date=March 2023}}
|}

====Telugu films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Urvashi Telugu film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|rowspan=3|1984||''[[Rustum (1984 film)|Rustum]]''||Padma||
|-
|''Ammayiloo! Preminchandi!''||Film actress||Partially reshot version of ''Dhavani Kanavugal''
|-
|''Udhdhandudu''|| ||
|-
|rowspan=2|1985||''Kala Rudrudu''|| ||
|-
|''[[Bhale Thammudu (1985 film)|Bhale Thammudu]]''||Latha||
|-
| rowspan="2" |1986||''[[Jeevana Poratam]]''||Mallika||
|-
|''[[Vetagallu]]''<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zg1MK_KjW50 |title=VETAGALLU {{!}} { EXCLUSIVE } TELUGU FULL MOVIE {{!}} BHANUCHANDER {{!}} GIRI BABU {{!}}OORVAASI {{!}} INDIAN MOVIE CAFE |language=en |access-date=2024-04-29 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>
|Radha
|
|-
|1988||''[[Anthima Theerpu (1988 film)|Anthima Theerpu]]''||Uma||
|-
|1989||''[[Chettu Kinda Pleader]]''||Sujatha||
|-
|1998|| ''[[Padutha Theeyaga (film)|Padutha Theeyaga]]'' || Durga || <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/paadutha.htm|title=PAADUTHA TEEYAGA|work=Andhra Today|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020622014317/http://www.andhratoday.com/movie/paadutha.htm|archive-date=22 June 2002}}</ref>
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Mechanic Mavayya]]'' || ||
|-
|2000||''[[Vijayaramaraju]]''||Rani/Sirisha||
|-
|rowspan=2|2002||''[[Sandade Sandadi]]''||Lakshmi||
|-
|''[[Allari Ramudu]]''||Collector||
|-
|rowspan=2|2004||''[[Intlo Srimathi Veedhilo Kumari]]''||Anjali Murthy||
|-
|''[[Swarabhishekam]]'' ||Rukminiamma||
|-
|2005||''[[Chakram (2005 film)|Chakram]]''||Lakshmi||
|-
|2010||''[[Maro Charitra (2010 film)|Maro Charitra]]''||Durga||
|-
|2014||''[[Un Samayal Arayil|Ulavacharu Biryani]]''||Beautician||
|-
|rowspan=2|2015||''[[Jil (film)|Jil]]''||Jai's aunt||
|-
|''[[Size Zero (film)|Size Zero]]''||Rajeswari||
|-
|rowspan=3|2016||''[[Express Raja]]''||Vasanthakokila (Uthaman's mother)||
|-
|''[[Sardaar Gabbar Singh]]''||Madhumati||
|-
|''[[Manamantha]]''||Lakshmi||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2019 || ''[[Oh! Baby (2019 film)|Oh! Baby]]'' || Sulochana ||
|-
| ''[[Raju Gari Gadhi 3]]'' || Rajamatha ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu (2022 film)|Aadavallu Meeku Johaarlu]]'' || Padmamma ||
|-
| 2023||''[[Anni Manchi Sakunamule]] ''||Jagadamba||
|}

====Hindi films====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Urvashi Hindi film credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1988||''[[New Delhi (1988 Hindi film)|New Delhi]]''||Uma||
|-
|1992||''Azmaakar Dhekho (Unreleased)''|| {{sdash}} ||
|}

===Voice credits===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Urvashi film voice credits
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Voice to
! scope="col" | Language
|-
|2002||''[[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]]''||Janaki||[[Kalarenjini]]||[[Malayalam]]
|-
|2010||''[[Drohi (2010 film)|Drohi]]''||Shruthi||[[Poonam Bajwa]]|| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2018||''[[Inba Twinkle Lilly|Itly]]''||Lilly||[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
|}

===In other roles===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Urvashi film credits in other roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1992||''[[Utsavamelam]]''|| rowspan="2" |Story Writer|| rowspan="3" |Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="3" |1994||''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]''||
|-
|''[[Pidakkozhi Koovunna Noottandu]]''||Producer||
|-
|''Paatta Bhasthi''||Story Writer||Telugu||
|-
|1995|| ''[[Mayabazaar 1995]]''|| rowspan="2" |Singer|| rowspan="2" |Tamil||Song-"Oru Oorile"
|-
|2017|| ''[[Magalir Mattum (2017 film)|Magalir Mattum]]''||Song-"Carratu Pottazhaga"

|}

==Television career==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Urvashi television credits including reality / game shows and TV serials
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
||| Asianet Channel||Promo anchor|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||[[Malayalam]]||Ad
|-
|||Veetukku Veetukku Looty||Maya||[[Jaya TV]]|| rowspan="3" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||Serial
|-
|1999|| Panchami||Nirmala Joshi|| [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Horror Serial
|-
|2000|| Dr. Vidya||Actress||[[DD Podhigai]]|| rowspan="2" |Serial
|-
|2001–2002||Atthamma||Annapoorani||[[Gemini TV]]||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2002||Take It Easy Urvashi|| rowspan="3" |Anchor||[[Raj TV]]||Tamil||
|-
|2003||Bhagyalakshmi||[[Kairali TV]]|| rowspan="3" |Malayalam||
|-
|2006–2007||Swarnamazha||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2007||Super Star Global||Judge||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2007||Thanga Vettai|| rowspan="2" |Anchor||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Tamil||Replaced [[Ramya Krishnan]]
|-
|2008–2011|| [[Rani Maharani]]||[[Surya TV]]|| rowspan="4" |Malayalam||season 1–4
|-
| 2010|| Mammootty The Best Actor Award|| rowspan="3" | Judge|| rowspan="2" |[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| 2010|| Munch Star singer Junior||
|-
|2011||Bhima Jewels Comedy Festival||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2011||Thiru Thirumathi|| rowspan="2" |Anchor||[[Jaya TV]]||Tamil||
|-
|2012||''Mummy & Me''||[[Surya TV]]|| rowspan="4" |Malayalam||
|-
|2012–2013||Comedy Festival 2|| rowspan="2" |Judge||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|2013, 2019||Comedy Stars||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|2013||Champions|||Celebrity Judge||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2013–2014||Crazy Couple||Anchor||[[Zee Kannada]]||[[Kannada]]||
|-
|2014||Star Challenge|| rowspan="2" |Participant||[[Surya TV]]||Malayalam||
|-
|2014||Back to School||[[Star Vijay]]||Tamil||
|-
|2015–2017||''Jeevitham Sakshi''||Anchor||[[Kairali TV]]||Malayalam||Replaced [[Sheela]]
|-
|2015–2016||[[Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval]]||Komalla||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Tamil||Serial
|-
|2016, 2018||Comedy Utsavam|| rowspan="3" |Judge||[[Flowers TV]]|| rowspan="3" |Malayalam||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017||Komady Circus||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|[[Laughing Villa]] Season 2||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|[[Vamsam (TV series)|Vamsam]]||Sundari||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||Tamil||Serial
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018|| [[Top Singer (TV series)|Flowers Top Singer]] ||Celebrity Judge||[[Flowers TV]]|| rowspan="3" |Malayalam||
|-
|Urvasi Theatres||Herself/Mentor||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
|''Thakarppan Comedy''||Judge||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
| 2019||[[Thirumanam (TV series)|Thirumanam]]|| Marriage counselor ||[[Colors Tamil]]||Tamil||Serial (Special appearance)

|-
|2020–2021||''Comedy Stars Season 2''|| rowspan="3" |Judge||Asianet|| rowspan="3" |Malayalam||
|-
|2022||''Oru Chiri Iruchiri Bumper Chiri''|| rowspan="2" |Mazhavil Manorama||
|-
|2023||''Entamma Super aa''||Grand finale jury
|}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of other Urvashi television show credits as herself
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Program
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Channel
! scope="col" | Language
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| rowspan="4" | ||Alli Darbar|| rowspan="16" |Herself ||Kavithalaya||Tamil||
|-
|Nere Chovve||[[Manorama News]]|| rowspan="13" |Malayalam||
|-
|Ennile Njan||ACV||
|-
|Samagamam||Amrita TV||
|-
|2013|| Jeevitham Ithuvare||Jaihind||
|-
|2017||[[Lal Salam (TV series)|Lal Salam]]||[[Amrita TV]]||
|-
|2017||JB Junction||[[Kairali TV]]||
|-
|2015, 2017||Comedy Super Nite||Flowers TV||
|-
|2017||[[Badai Bungalow]]||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||
|-
| rowspan="5" |2018||[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||
|-
|Tharapakittu||[[Kaumudy TV]]||
|-
|Morning Show||[[Media One]]||
|-
|I Personally||[[Kappa TV]]||
|-
|Aravindante Athithi Urvashi||Kairali We||
|-
|Rowspan=2|2019
|Colors Comedy Nights|| colors tamil||Tamil||
|-
|Nalla Best Family||[[Flowers]] TV||Malayalam||
|-
|2020||[[Bigg Boss (Tamil season 4)]]|| Guest||[[Star Vijay]]||Tamil||Special wish video for [[Rekha Harris|Rekha]] in the opening episode
|-
|2024||[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 6]]||Guest||Asianet||Malayalam||Movie promotion<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 6 Preview: Urvashi Enters The BB House, Jokes 'This Place Is Good To Learn Discipline'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-6-preview-urvashi-enters-the-bb-house-jokes-this-place-is-good-to-learn-discipline/articleshow/110765379.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2024-06-06}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of awards and nominations received by Urvashi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Arts|Biography|Film|India|Radio|Theatre}}

[[Category:Indian filmographies]]

Mannan (film)

2026-03-03T04:52:49Z

Bharatpediatrist: started the data first draft...

{{short description|1992 film by P. Vasu}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Mannan film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| writer = P. Vasu
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]''}}
| producer = [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Rajinikanth]]|[[Vijayashanti]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]}}
| cinematography = [[Ashok Kumar (cinematographer)|Ashok Kumar]]
| editing = P. Mohanraj
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| studio = [[Sivaji Productions]]
| released = {{film date|1992|1|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Mannan''''' ({{Translation|Monarch}}) is a 1992 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[masala film]]<ref name="Maderya" /> written and directed by [[P. Vasu]]. The film stars [[Rajinikanth]], [[Vijayashanti]] and [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]. It is a remake of the 1986 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2024 |title=Dr Rajkumar's 18th Birth Anniversary: When His Film Anuraga Aralithu Was Remade In 7 Languages |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/dr-rajkumars-18th-birth-anniversary-when-his-film-anuraga-aralithu-was-remade-in-7-languages-8864891.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714061622/https://www.news18.com/movies/dr-rajkumars-18th-birth-anniversary-when-his-film-anuraga-aralithu-was-remade-in-7-languages-8864891.html |archive-date=14 July 2024 |access-date=13 August 2024 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref> The film was released on 15 January 1992 and ran for over 25 weeks in theatres.

== Plot ==
V. Shanthi Devi, owner and CEO of Devi Industries in [[Chennai|Madras]] is announced as the number one young industrialist in India. She is a rich and arrogant woman who rules her company with an iron fist. She lives with her father Viswanathan, whom she replaced five years ago as the CEO, and her maid Kannamma, as she had lost her mother 20 years ago. Krishnan, a kind-hearted mechanic working in [[Mumbai|Bombay]], comes home to Madras to see his mother.

Krishnan and Shanthi Devi meet at the airport and their first meeting ends on a bitter note. Krishnan learns that his mother has paralysis. Krishnan quits his job in Bombay and decides to stay in Madras to take care of his ailing mother. His family doctor recommends Krishnan to meet a renowned businessman to get a job in Madras. Krishnan goes to meet the businessman and on the way, Viswanathan is beaten by thugs. Krishnan helps him and takes him to a hospital and discovers that Viswanathan is the businessman whom he was going to meet. Krishnan is asked to go to the factory only to discover that it belongs to Shanthi Devi. She refuses to hire Krishnan, but later due to her father's compulsion she recruits Krishnan as a senior mechanic.

Krishnan befriends Meena, Shanthi Devi's secretary. Meena, unlike her boss, is sweet and warm, and instantly falls in love with Krishnan. Once Krishnan saves Shanthi Devi from a falling structure by lifting her, but she slaps him. He returns to her room and slaps her in private. She then realises the incident and promotes him as Section chief mechanic. Later, Krishnan is elected as the union leader, defeating the office staff candidate supported by Shanthi Devi. Since they have different ideologies, Krishnan and Shanthi Devi have frequent clashes.

Meena decides to marry Krishnan and reveals it to him. Krishnan likes Meena but advises Meena to discuss it with his mother first. Shanthi Devi, however, decides to marry Krishnan, to take revenge on him. She somehow convinces Krishnan's mother to get her married and Krishnan obliges his mother. Krishnan's mother is not aware of Shanthi Devi's plan. Shanthi Devi expects Krishnan to stay at home post marriage but her plan fails as Krishnan continues as the union leader even after marriage.

Shanthi Devi changes a policy in her company which agitates the workers and they go on strike, headed by Krishnan. Viswanathan realises that his company's image is at stake and takes over as the chairman. Shanthi Devi is angered by this move and begins destroying her house, humiliated at having lost to Krishnan. Krishnan's mother learns of their bitter relationship and, despite recovering from paralysis, immediately dies of guilt. An assassination attempt is made on Shanthi Devi by her business rival Sathish, but Krishnan kills him and saves her and ultimately, she realises her mistake. Meena is later appointed as the new CEO, and Shanthi Devi remains a housewife.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Rajinikanth]] as Krishnan{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=141}}
* [[Vijayashanti]] as Shanthi Devi{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=141}}
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Meena{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=142}}
* [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Azhagi<ref name="AppleTV" />
* [[Visu]] as Viswanathan<ref name="AppleTV" />
* [[Goundamani]] as Muthu<ref name="Goundamani" />
* [[Pandari Bai]] as Parvathi<ref name="Maderya" />
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Sadhasivam<ref name="AppleTV" />
* [[Prathapachandran]] as Raghavan<ref name="AppleTV" />
* [[Sharat Saxena]] as Sathish<ref name="AppleTV" />
* [[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]] as Prakash<ref name="Nemesis" />
* [[Ennathe Kannaiah]] as Worker
* [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Prabhu (guest appearance)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 January 2005 |title=The Prabhu magic always works |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/01/28/stories/2005012801380600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140923134301/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/01/28/stories/2005012801380600.htm |archive-date=23 September 2014 |access-date=5 January 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* [[P. Vasu]] (guest appearance)<ref name="AppleTV" />
}}

== Production ==
''Mannan'' is a remake of the 1986 [[Kannada]] film ''[[Anuraga Aralithu]]'',{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=141}} which in turn was based on the novel ''Anuragada Anthapura'' by H. G. Radhadevi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2019 |title=ರಾಜ್‌ ಹಬ್ಬ: ವರನಟನ ಕಾದಂಬರಿ ಚಿತ್ರಗಳ ಕನ್ನಡಿ |url=https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505142131/https://www.udayavani.com/cinema/balcony-sandalwood-news/raj-festival-a-mirror-of-the-grooms-novel-films |archive-date=5 May 2019 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=[[Udayavani]] |language=kn}}</ref> [[Pandari Bai]] reprised her role from ''Anuraga Aralithu''.<ref name="Maderya" /> [[Vijayashanti]] received {{INRConvert|40|l|year=1992}} for acting in the film,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nikam |first=Girish |date=31 August 1992 |title=Southern superstars Chiranjeevi, Rajnikant and Vijayashanti are paid more than Amitabh Bachchan or Sridevi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19920831-bachchans-and-sridevis-outstripped-by-chiranjeevi-and-rajnikanth-in-terms-of-earning-power-766809-2013-01-02 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313193124/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-and-the-arts/story/19920831-bachchans-and-sridevis-outstripped-by-chiranjeevi-and-rajnikanth-in-terms-of-earning-power-766809-2013-01-02 |archive-date=13 March 2023 |access-date=2023-06-24 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> and [[Rajinikanth]] was paid {{INRConvert|9|m|year=1992}}. When [[Goundamani]] was approached, he asked a figure higher than Rajinikanth; he ultimately received {{INRConvert|7.5|m|year=1992}}.<ref name="Goundamani" /> The scene where their characters struggle to buy tickets at a cinema theatre was inspired from director [[P. Vasu]]'s real-life experience at [[Shanti Theatre]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramanujam |first=Srinivasa |date=5 March 2015 |title=The way to Shanti |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-way-to-shanti/article6962746.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227121044/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/the-way-to-shanti/article6962746.ece |archive-date=27 February 2021 |access-date=2 December 2018 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> During the filming of another scene where Goundamani's character says "Naan inga vandhu ukaandhadhe thappu" (I made a huge mistake by sitting next to him), in reference to Rajinikanth's character, Rajinikanth could not control his laughter, resulting in the scene going through 21 retakes; it was ultimately filmed with Rajinikanth's mouth covered.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2017 |title=P. Vasu Talks About 'Sivalinga' And Goundamani's Actions In 'Mannan' Which Made Rajini Go For 21 Takes |url=http://www.iflicks.in/News/2017/01/03132247/P-Vasu-Talks-About-Sivalinga-and-Rajini-Mannan.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622054701/http://www.iflicks.in/News/2017/01/03132247/P-Vasu-Talks-About-Sivalinga-and-Rajini-Mannan.vpf |archive-date=22 June 2021 |access-date=22 June 2021 |website=Iflicks}}</ref> Many scenes were shot in [[Ooty]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Annie |date=12 December 2005 |title=Surprise party beats Rajnikanth to 56 |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-surprise-party-beats-rajnikanth-to-56-1001873 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210325085714/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-surprise-party-beats-rajnikanth-to-56-1001873 |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]}}</ref>

== Themes ==
Writing for ''[[PopMatters]]'', Kumuthan Maderya said, "At the heart of ''Mannan'' is the conceit that domestic violence, physical and emotional, is a civil war of attrition that inevitably hemorrhages both parties". He noted it was more similar to the 1976 Tamil film ''[[Kanavan Manaivi]]'' than ''Anuraga Aralithu''.<ref name="Maderya" /> In a separate article for the same website, Ranjani Krishnakumar viewed it differently from Kumuthan Maderya, as "a fight between a woman in power and a man of the people, who is reluctant to take power into his own hands, but wants to steer his people towards whom he believes deserves that power, which certainly isn't her".<ref name="Nemesis" /> The company where Rajinikanth's character initially works is named Ramoji Rao Ranoji Rao Shivaji Rao Jijabai Pvt Ltd., using the names of Rajinikanth's parents Ramoji Rao and Jijabai, as well as his birth name Shivaji Rao.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Siva |date=2 April 2022 |title=ரஜினி தன் அம்மா அப்பா பற்றி சொல்லிய ஒரே தமிழ் படம்.. விசுவையே குழப்பிய பெயர்கள் |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/rajini-used-his-parents-name-in-this-film/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220509054815/https://www.cinemapettai.com/rajini-used-his-parents-name-in-this-film/ |archive-date=9 May 2022 |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=Cinemapettai |language=ta}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]] and lyrics were written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaalee]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mannan |url=https://gaana.com/album/mannan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325062022/https://gaana.com/album/mannan |archive-date=25 March 2021 |access-date=25 March 2021 |website=[[Gaana (music streaming service)|Gaana]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mannan Tamil Film LP Vinyl Record by Ilayaraaja |url=https://mossymart.com/product/mannan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704061301/https://mossymart.com/product/mannan-tamil-film-lp-vinyl-record-by-ilayaraaja/ |archive-date=4 July 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |website=Mossymart}}</ref> Rajinikanth made his debut in playback singing with this film,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 August 2016 |title=Rajini mania |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rajini-mania/article8932722.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802101833/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/rajini-mania/article8932722.ece |archive-date=2 August 2016 |access-date=4 August 2016 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> through the song "Adikkuthu Kuliru".{{sfn|Ramachandran|2014|p=142}} The song "Amma Endru" is set in [[Kalyani (raga)|Kalyani]] raga.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saravanan |first=T. |date=20 September 2013 |title=Ragas hit a high |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20181226035819/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/ragas-hit-a-high/article5149905.ece |archive-date=26 December 2018 |access-date=13 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Mani |first=Charulatha |author-link=Charulatha Mani |date=14 October 2011 |title=A Raga's Journey: Kinetic Kalyani |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-kinetic-kalyani/article2537329.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020184028/https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/a-ragas-journey-kinetic-kalyani/article2537329.ece |archive-date=20 October 2020 |access-date=13 November 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> The song become a frequent [[Mother's Day]] special song in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2016 |title=Mother's Day tribute: Here are 5 evergreen Tamil songs on moms |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mothers-day-special-these-tamil-songs-are-perfect-tribute-to-all-moms-322276-2016-05-08 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624062440/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/mothers-day-special-these-tamil-songs-are-perfect-tribute-to-all-moms-322276-2016-05-08 |archive-date=24 June 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> The song's lyrics were engraved in an [[Ayyappan]] temple located in [[Tiruchirappalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=A |first=Ganesh |date=30 September 2024 |title=ரஜினி படத்துக்காக வாலி எழுதிய பாடல் வரிகள்; பிரபல கோவில் கல்வெட்டில் செதுக்கப்பட்டதன் சுவாரஸ்ய பின்னணி! |url=https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/lyricist-vaali-written-lyrics-for-rajini-movie-is-engraved-in-temple-inscription-gan-skm0c9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240930055317/https://tamil.asianetnews.com/gallery/cinema/lyricist-vaali-written-lyrics-for-rajini-movie-is-engraved-in-temple-inscription-gan-skm0c9 |archive-date=30 September 2024 |access-date=16 February 2025 |website=[[Asianet News]] |language=ta}}</ref> The same song was sung by Tamil Nadu governor [[R. N. Ravi]] in a Mother's Day function celebration in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 May 2023 |title='அம்மா என்றழைக்காத உயிரில்லையே'; அன்னையர் தின நிகழ்ச்சியில் பாட்டு பாடிய ஆளுநர் ஆர்.என்.ரவி |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/tamilnadu-governor-rn-ravi-sing-amma-song-on-raj-bhavan-mothers-day-function-668498/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522091434/https://tamil.indianexpress.com/tamilnadu/tamilnadu-governor-rn-ravi-sing-amma-song-on-raj-bhavan-mothers-day-function-668498/ |archive-date=22 May 2023 |access-date=23 June 2023 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=Ta}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Rajathi Raja
| length1 = 5:00
| extra1 = [[Swarnalatha]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| title2 = Sandi Raaniye
| length2 = 2:02
| extra2 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title3 = Adikuthu Kuliru
| length3 = 5:16
| extra3 = [[S. Janaki]], [[Rajinikanth]]
| title4 = Amma Endru
| length4 = 4:54
| extra4 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| title5 = Kumthalakadi
| length5 = 5:05
| extra5 = S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| title6 = Mannar Mannaney
| length6 = 2:42
| extra6 = S. Janaki, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam
| total_length = 24:59 
}}

== Release and reception ==
''Mannan'' was released on 15 January 1992, during the [[Pongal (festival)|Pongal]] holiday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 1992 |title=Mannan |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920115&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=8 March 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=15 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2020 |title=Baashha to Darbar: Here is a list of Rajinikanth's Pongal releases that turned super hits |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/lifestyle/baashha-to-darbar-here-is-a-list-of-rajinikanth-s-pongal-releases-that-turned-super-hits-q3s7ap |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215045100/https://newsable.asianetnews.com/gallery/lifestyle/baashha-to-darbar-here-is-a-list-of-rajinikanth-s-pongal-releases-that-turned-super-hits-q3s7ap |archive-date=15 February 2021 |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=[[Asianet News]]}}</ref> Sundarji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' felt the story and visuals were not fit for Rajinikanth, and Vijayashanti's rage was a negative, bringing her performance down a certain amount.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சுந்தர்ஜி |date=16 February 1992 |title=மன்னன் |url=https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1992/feb/16-02-1992/p17.jpg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220911041047/https://kalkionline.com/kalkionline_archive/imagegallery/archiveimages/kalki/1992/feb/16-02-1992/p17.jpg |archive-date=11 September 2022 |access-date=4 July 2022 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=17 |language=ta}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' felt the film follows the beaten track but praised Ashok Kumar's cinematography and technical values.<ref>{{Cite web |last=B |first=Jayabhuvaneshwari |date=2025-08-14 |title=50 years of Rajinikanth: What Cinema Express critics thought of superstar's films over the ages |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250815111351/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/features/2025/Aug/14/50-years-of-rajinikanth-what-cinema-express-critics-thought-of-superstars-films-over-the-ages |archive-date=2025-08-15 |access-date=2025-08-15 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref> The film ran for over 25 weeks in theatres,<ref name="Maderya" /> and Yesudas won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=19 January 1994 |title=Film city to be ready soon: Jaya |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8YNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=930%2C138001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409215841/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=8YNlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j54NAAAAIBAJ&pg=930,138001 |archive-date=9 April 2023 |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="Maderya">{{Cite web |last=Maderya |first=Kumuthan |date=31 January 2017 |title=Hardline Feminism and Unfettered Capitalism in the Action-Masala, 'Mannan' |url=https://www.popmatters.com/hardline-feminism-unfettered-capitalism-and-the-action-masala-genre-in-mann-2495403870.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923130511/https://www.popmatters.com/hardline-feminism-unfettered-capitalism-and-the-action-masala-genre-in-mann-2495403870.html |archive-date=23 September 2020 |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=[[PopMatters]]}}</ref>
<ref name="AppleTV">{{Cite web |title=Mannan |url=https://tv.apple.com/gb/movie/mannan/umc.cmc.2foahednl9d871frd3r5qzkcl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411180926/https://tv.apple.com/gb/movie/mannan/umc.cmc.2foahednl9d871frd3r5qzkcl |archive-date=11 April 2021 |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=[[Apple TV app|Apple TV]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Goundamani">{{Cite news |date=3 April 2021 |title=At a time when Goundamani charged on a par with Rajini |url=https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/04/03003024/1284885/At-a-time-when-Goundamani-charged-on-a-par-with-Rajini.vpf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210416051143/https://www.dtnext.in/Lifestyle/LifeStyleTopNews/2021/04/03003024/1284885/At-a-time-when-Goundamani-charged-on-a-par-with-Rajini.vpf |archive-date=16 April 2021 |access-date=7 April 2021 |work=[[DT Next]]}}</ref>
<ref name="Nemesis">{{Cite web |last=Krishnakumar |first=Ranjani |date=24 April 2017 |title=Tamil Film 'Mannan' Presses the Limits of Using Violence on a Female Nemesis |url=https://www.popmatters.com/tamil-film-mannan-presses-the-limits-of-using-violence-on-a-female-nemesis-2495394052.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115180356/https://www.popmatters.com/tamil-film-mannan-presses-the-limits-of-using-violence-on-a-female-nemesis-2495394052.html |archive-date=15 November 2020 |access-date=15 April 2021 |website=[[PopMatters]]}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |author-link=Naman Ramachandran |title=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |title-link=Rajinikanth: The Definitive Biography |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-14-342111-5 |location=New Delhi |orig-date=2012}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{P. Vasu}}
{{Anuraga Aralithu and its remakes}}

[[Category:1992 Indian films]]
[[Category:1990s masala films]]
[[Category:1992 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1992 films]]
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ooty]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Muzaffarabad Assembly constituency

2026-02-26T08:06:29Z

Bharatpediatrist: started the article v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Muzaffarabad
| type = SLA
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| district = [[Saharanpur district|Saharanpur]]
| reservation =
| established =
| abolished = 2012
}}
'''Muzaffarabad Assembly constituency''' was one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It was a part of the [[Saharanpur district]] and one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Saharanpur (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer of Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 23 January 2014|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=निर्वाचित ग्राम प्रधानों की सूची|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/saharanpur-list-of-elected-village-heads-21610425.html|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref>

Muzaffarabad Assembly constituency was demolished in 2008 as a result of the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" and renamed [[Behat (Assembly constituency)|Behat]] Assembly constituency.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{{main|Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| Mohd Aslam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Haji Shamshad Ahmad
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| Amar Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1984 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
| Mohd Aslam Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| Mohd Aslam Khan
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| [[Jagdish Singh Rana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
| Rani Deolata
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Jagdish Singh Rana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Jagdish Singh Rana]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| [[Imran Masood]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|}

==Election results==

===[[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha: 2007 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=2007 General Elections: Muzaffarabad }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = Independent politician
| candidate = IMRAN MASOOD
| votes = 43835
| percentage = -
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = JAGDISH SINGH RANA
| votes = 40152
| percentage = -
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = HAJI AHSAN
| votes = 36860
| percentage = -
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = SUSHIL SAINI
| votes = 24567
| percentage = -
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party =
| candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
| votes = 10367
| percentage = -
| change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 3683
| percentage = -
| change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 155781
| percentage = -
| change = +
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Independent politician
| swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

===[[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha: 2002 General Elections]]===
{{Election box begin | title=2002 General Elections: Muzaffarabad}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Samajwadi Party
| candidate = JAGDISH SINGH RANA
| votes = 51914
| percentage = 39.08
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bahujan Samaj Party
| candidate = RAOMOHD NEAIM KHAN
| votes = 43381
| percentage = 32.66
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = THAKUR CHANDER PAL SINGH
| votes = 24786
| percentage = 18.66
| change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party =
| candidate = Remainder 2 candidates
| votes = 6800
| percentage = 5
| change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 8533
| percentage = -
| change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 132766
| percentage = 38.3
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = Samajwadi Party
| swing = -
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
{{Portal|India|Politics}}
*[[Behat]]
*[[Government of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[List of Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==Notes==
* {{note|Constituency|}}Behat Assembly constituency came into existence in 2008. Prior to 2008, this constituency was served / represented by Sarsawa (Assembly constituency) which now ceases to exist.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coords|30.12|77.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Saharanpur district]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Saharanpur district]]

1936–37 Ranji Trophy

2026-02-20T01:20:27Z

Bharatpediatrist:

{{Short description|Indian cricket tournament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 1936–37 Ranji Trophy
| image = Ranji_trophy.jpg
| imagesize = 350px
| caption = The Ranji Trophy
| administrator = [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]]
| cricket format = [[First-class cricket|First-class]]
| tournament format = [[Single-elimination tournament|Knockout]]
| fromdate = 3 December 1936
| todate = 10 February 1937
| champions = [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]
| count = 1
| participants = 17
| matches = 16
| most runs = [[Sorabji Colah]] (Nawanagar) (384)
| most wickets = [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] (Nawanagar) (28)
| previous_year = 1935–36
| previous_tournament = 1935–36 Ranji Trophy
| next_year = 1937–38
| next_tournament = 1937–38 Ranji Trophy
| website = http://www.bcci.tv
}}
The '''1936–37 [[Ranji Trophy]]''' was the third edition of India's [[first-class cricket]] championship. Matches were played from 3 December 1936 to 10 February 1937 with a total of 17 teams participating. The sides were divided into four zonal groups, but the tournament utilised a knockout format. Fifteen of the 1935–36 teams returned but [[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]] did not. The two newcomers were [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] and [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]], who won the title at the first attempt after defeating [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] by 256 runs in the final.

==Teams==
Although the tournament had a knockout format, the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI) organised the teams by zone. [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]] and [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]] made their debuts but [[Northern India cricket team|Northern India]] did not participate. Bihar joined the East Zone from which the [[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]] team was transferred to the South Zone. The seventeen teams are listed alphabetically by zone and the sides that won each zonal title are in '''bold'''.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-4}}
* '''East Zone'''
* '''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''
* [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
* [[Central India cricket team|Central India]] (now [[Madhya Pradesh cricket team|Madhya Pradesh]])
* [[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]] (now [[Rajasthan cricket team|Rajasthan]])
{{col-4}}
* '''North Zone'''
* [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]
* [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]] (now [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]])
* '''[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]''' (now [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|Uttar Pradesh]])
{{col-4}}
* '''South Zone'''
* [[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]] (now [[Vidarbha cricket team|Vidarbha]])
* '''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''
* [[Madras cricket team|Madras]] (now [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Tamil Nadu]])
* [[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]] (now [[Karnataka cricket team|Karnataka]])
{{col-4}}
* '''West Zone'''
* [[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]] (now [[Mumbai cricket team|Mumbai]])
* [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]
* [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
* '''[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]'''
* [[Sind cricket team|Sind]]
* [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]
{{col-end}}

==Highlights==
* [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] of Nawanagar scored 103 (in 75 minutes) & 55, and took 10/83 (6/48 & 4/35) against Sind. Against Bombay, he took 8/62 in an innings. In four matches, he scored 335 (second highest aggregate) and took 28 wickets.
* [[Mubarak Ali (cricketer)|Mubarak Ali]] took a hat-trick split across two innings for Nawanagar vs Western India.<ref name="HT">{{Cite web |url-access=subscription |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16076.html |title=Nawanagar v Western India |access-date=23 October 2016 |work=CricketArchive}}</ref> Against Bengal, Ali scored 90 in 96 minutes batting at No.11
* [[Shute Banerjee]] who had played two matches for Bengal was prevented from appearing in the final as he joined the service of the state of Nawanagar.

== Zonal matches ==
=== East Zone ===
{{Round4

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 175px
| score-width = 80px

|19-20 December 1936 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''89 & 152/2'''|[[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]|113 & 127
|3-5 December 1936 – Ajmer|[[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]]|292 & 117|'''[[Central India cricket team|Central India]]'''|'''232 & 302/9d'''

|23-25 Jan 1937 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''255 & 108/2'''|[[Central India cricket team|Central India]]|128 & 234
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 3–5 December 1936
| team1 = [[Central India cricket team|Central India]]
| team2 = [[Rajputana cricket team|Rajputana]] (H)

| score-team1-inns1 = 232 (81 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ishtiaq Ali]] 50
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Khahwraj Murad]] 3/20 (8 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 292 (75 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Harban Singh]] 69
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Ziaul Hussain]] 5/105 (30 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 302/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (71 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mushtaq Ali]] 50
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Walter Bradshaw]] 4/68 (27 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 117 (38 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Himmatsinhji (general)|Himmatsinhji]] 39
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ziaul Hussain]] 5/45 (16 overs)

| result = Central India won by 125 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/RAJPUTANA_C-IND_RJI_03-05DEC1936.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Mayo College Ground]], [[Ajmer]]
| umpires =
| toss = Central India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Saiduddin]] and Jamil Ahmed (Central India); and [[Thomas Hardy (cricketer)|Thomas Hardy]], M. Patel, Sultan Abbas and [[Richard Saker]] (Rajputana) made their first-class debuts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rajputana v Central India|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16036.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326103352/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16036.html|archive-date=26 March 2014}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 19–20 December 1936
| team1 = [[Bihar cricket team|Bihar]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (H)

| score-team1-inns1 = 113 (39.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Bijoy Sen 28
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Probodh Dutt]] 5/33 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 89 (46 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kamal Bhattacharya]] 18
| wickets-team2-inns1 = J Das Gupta 6/18 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 127 (51 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Bijoy Sen 24 A Chowdhury 24
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Stanley Behrend]] 5/29 (14 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 152/2 (42.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Alec Hosie]] 60
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Subir Chakravorty]] 1/46 (8.3 overs)

| result = Bengal won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/BENG_BIHAR_RJI_19-20DEC1936.html Scorecard]
| venue = Rangers Ground, [[Calcutta]]
| umpires =

| toss =
| rain =
| notes = This was Bihar's first appearance in the Ranji Trophy.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Mukherjee|first1=Sujit|author-link1=Sujit Mukherjee|title=Autobiography of an Unknown Cricketer|date=1996|publisher=[[Orient Blackswan]]|isbn=9788175300019|page=69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mbEy8dZYzjUC}}</ref>
*''Bijoy Sen, A Chowdhury, [[Edward Leigh (cricketer, born 1913)|Edward Leigh]], N Qureshi, KAD Naoroji, S. Pathanki, Mohsin Kazi and RC Brookes (Bihar); and Bill Scott and TS Nahapiet (Bengal) made their first-class debuts.''<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengal v Bihar|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16046.html|access-date=23 July 2017|work=CricketArchive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105093908/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16046.html|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–25 January 1937
| team1 = [[Central India cricket team|Central India]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (H)

| score-team1-inns1 = 128 (53.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jamshed Bhaya]] 33
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shute Banerjee]] 5/33 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 255 (92.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Alec Hosie]] 61
| wickets-team2-inns1 = Shahabuddin 3/36 (23 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 234 (67.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Mushtaq Ali]] 67
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Tom Longfield]] 6/57 (23 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 108/2 (29 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Kartick Bose]] 60[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = Shahabuddin 2/22 (6 overs)

| result = Bengal won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/BENG_C-IND_RJI_23-25JAN1937.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]
| umpires =

| toss =
| rain =
| notes = Mohammad Hussain (Central India) made his first-class debut.<ref name="Bengal v Central">{{cite web|title=Bengal v Central India|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16081.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105100205/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16081.html|archive-date=5 November 2013}}</ref>
*''[[Alec Hosie]] (Bengal) passed 6,000 runs in first-class cricket.''<ref name="Bengal v Central"/>
*''Bengal qualified for the semi-final as a result of this match.''
}}

=== West Zone ===

{{Round8

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|7-9 December 1936 - Ahmedabad|[[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]]|77 & 105|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''186 & 262/9d'''
|||||
|4-6 December 1936 – Ahmedabad|'''[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]'''|'''339 & 147'''|[[Sind cricket team|Sind]]|128 & 106
|||||

|8-10 January 1937 – Poona|[[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]|159 & 219|'''[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]'''|'''400'''
|11-13 January 1937 – Poona|'''[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]'''|'''263 & 137/7'''|[[Bombay cricket team|Bombay]]|174 & 277/6d

|15-17 January 1937 – Poona|[[Western India cricket team|Western India]]|106 & 174/4|'''[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]'''|'''224 & 341/7d'''

|skipmatch01=no|skipmatch02=yes|skipmatch03=no|skipmatch04=yes
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2|RD3 = Round 3}}

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 4–6 December 1936
| team1 = [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]
| team2 = [[Sind cricket team|Sind]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 339 (128 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] 103
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Ghulam Mohammad (cricketer, born 1898)|Ghulam Mohammad]] 4/75 (24 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 128 (49 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Naoomal Jeoomal]] 46
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] 6/48 (25 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 147 (58.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] 55
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Ghulam Mohammad (cricketer, born 1898)|Ghulam Mohammad]] 4/52 (26 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 106 (38.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Ghulam Mohammad (cricketer, born 1898)|Ghulam Mohammad]] 30
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] 4/35 (15 overs)

| result = Nawanagar won by 252 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/NAW_SIND_RJI_04-06DEC1936.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gujarat College Ground]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires =

| toss = Nawanagar won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Keshav Lal]] (Nawanagar) and Odhavji (Sind) made their first-class debuts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nawanagar v Sind|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16038.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407113817/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16038.html|archive-date=7 April 2014}}</ref>
}}
Batting first after winning the toss, Nawanagar reached 100 after 124 minutes, in the post-lunch [[Session (cricket)|session]]. [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] reached his half-[[Century (cricket)|century]] in 30 minutes, while adding 106 runs for the sixth wicket. He reached his century in 75 minutes before being caught behind after making 103, an innings that included 2 sixes, 1 [[Scoring runs in cricket|five]] and 10 fours. His team went to stumps at 293/8.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amar Singh's Hectic Hitting|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LsE-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6222%2C7742692|access-date=19 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=5 December 1936}}</ref> Singh shone also with the ball, more so in the third and final day. Adding to the overnight score of 68/6 in his team's second innings, he made 55 in a span of 52 minutes. Sind were set a total of 358 runs to be made in three-and-a-half hours. They lost their first wicket at 10 runs before [[Ghulam Mohammad (cricketer, born 1898)|Ghulam Mohammad]] was dismissed for 30 post lunch. In a batting collapse that followed, Sind were all out for 106, leaving Nawanagar victorious by 252 runs.<ref>{{cite news|title=Jamnagar Wins by 252 Runs|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LsE-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6534%2C7802002|access-date=19 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=7 December 1936|page=6}}</ref>
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 7–9 December 1936
| team1 = [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat cricket team|Gujarat]] (H)

| score-team1-inns1 = 186 (63 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Hari Mali]] 56[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns1 = EG Hans 3/20 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 77 (46.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Hemu Adhikari]] 26
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Khwaja Saeed]] 6/23 (20.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 262/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (87 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Hari Mali]] 92
| wickets-team1-inns2 = EG Hans 7/41 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 105 (50.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Hemu Adhikari]] 30
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Narsingrao Kesari]] 4/27 (15.4 overs)

| result = Western India won by 266 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/GUJ_W-IND_RJI_07-09DEC1936.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gujarat College Ground]], [[Ahmedabad]]
| umpires =

| toss = Western India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Pratap Rai, [[Pradyumansinhji Lakhajirajsinhji]], [[Shanoor Khan]], [[Homi Umrigar]] (all Western India), and [[Hemu Adhikari]], Wyankatrao Ghorpade, [[Shankar Rao Powar]], JJ Yelwande, BB More and [[Narottam Jhaveri]] (all Gujarat) made their first-class debuts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gujarat v Western India|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16039.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205064430/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16039.html|archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref>
}}
Western India lost five wickets inside an hour after opting to bat first upon winning the toss. They reached 100 in the second session before being dismissed for 186; [[Hari Mali]] top-scored for them, remaining unbeaten on 56. EG Hans picked up three wickets for Gujarat giving away 20 runs. Gujarat went to stumps at 36/2.<ref>{{cite news|title=Western India Vs. Gujerat|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MME-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4966%2C7840210|access-date=19 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=8 December 1936}}</ref> They lost their remaining eight wickets on day two while adding 41 runs to their overnight total. [[Khwaja Saeed]] returned with figures of 6/23 for Western India, whose top-order in reply, began slowly taking over an hour to score 50 runs. Subsequently, Faiz Ahmed and Mali accelerated before the latter reached his half-century in 85 minutes while the former scored 4 fours off JJ Yelwande's bowling. They remained unbeaten at close of the day's play taking the team's score to 196/4.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gujarat Out For 77|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MME-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6387%2C7913037|access-date=19 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=9 December 1936|page=6}}</ref> Hans picked up four wickets for 12 runs the following morning including that of Ahmed. His team declared after Hari Mali fell setting Gujarat a target of 372 runs. In reply, Gujarat began poorly losing two wickets before lunch. Mali, with his slow left-arm, picked up three wickets, while Narsingrao Kesari finished with four wickets for 27 runs, dismissing Gujarat for 105.<ref>{{cite news|title=W. India Beat Gujarat|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MME-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=bkwMAAAAIBAJ&pg=6410%2C7968125|access-date=19 July 2017|work=The Indian Express|date=10 December 1936|page=6}}</ref>
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 8–10 January 1937
| team1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] (H)
| team2 = [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 159 (58.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Jacob Harris (cricketer)|Jacob Harris]] 40
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Shantilal Gandhi]] 3/39 (18 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 400 (141.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Faiz Ahmed (Western India cricketer)|Faiz Ahmed]] 105
| wickets-team2-inns1 = SV Datar 6/85 (35.1 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 219 (99.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Yeshwant Gokhale]] 69
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Akbar Khan 3/36 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 =
| runs-team2-inns2 =
| wickets-team2-inns2 =

| result = Western India won by an innings and 22 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MAHA_W-IND_RJI_08-10JAN1937.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pune Club Ground|Poona Club Ground]], [[Poona]]
| umpires =

| toss = Maharashtra won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = KP Ubhayakar, [[Yeshwant Gokhale]], [[Krishnarao Jadhav]] and [[NG Talukdar]] (Maharashtra), and Akbar Khan (Western India) made their first-class debuts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra v Western India|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16069.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106090031/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16069.html|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–13 January 1937
| team1 = [[Mumbai cricket team|Bombay]]
| team2 = [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 174 (72.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Dadabhoy Havewala]] 52
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] 8/62 (28.2 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 263 (110.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Abdul Aziz (cricketer, born 1905)|Abdul Aziz]] 89
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Vijay Merchant]] 4/45 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 277/6[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (91 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Vijay Merchant]] 114[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Albert Wensley]] 2/37 (10 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 137/7 (48 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]] 52[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Dadabhoy Havewala]] 3/29 (14 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/NAW_W-IND_RJI_15-17JAN1937.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Deccan Gymkhana Ground]], [[Poona]]
| umpires = [[Ladha Ramji]] and [[Vali Ahmed]]

| toss = Bombay won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Vijay Merchant]] (Bombay) passed 4,000 runs in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombay v Nawanagar|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16072.html|access-date=31 July 2017|work=CricketArchive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114093304/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16072.html|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 15–17 January 1937
| team1 = [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]
| team2 = [[Western India cricket team|Western India]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 224 (132.3 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Sorabji Colah]] 57
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Khwaja Saeed]] 3/52 (37.3 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 106 (55.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = Homi Umrigar 34
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mubarak Ali (cricketer)|Mubarak Ali]] 4/41 (18.3 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 341/7[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (104 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Sorabji Colah]] 136
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Khwaja Saeed]] 3/94 (29 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 174/4 (49 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Shantilal Gandhi]] 84
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Yadvendrasinhji]] 1/16 (7 overs)

| result = Match drawn
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/NAW_W-IND_RJI_15-17JAN1937.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Pune Club Ground|Poona Club Ground]], [[Poona]]
| umpires = [[Ladha Ramji]] and GN Kesari

| toss = Nawanagar won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Sorabji Colah]] (Nawanagar) passed 3,000 runs in first-class cricket.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nawanagar v Western India|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16076.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205060536/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16076.html|archive-date=5 December 2013}}</ref>
}}

=== South Zone ===

{{Round4

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 175px
| score-width = 80px

|16-18 December 1936 – Chennai|'''[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]'''|'''303 & 237/9d'''|[[Mysore cricket team|Mysore]]|123 & 38
|25-27 December 1936 – Secunderabad|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''190 & 68/2'''|[[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]]|150 & 104

|16-18 January – Chennai|[[Madras cricket team|Madras]]|110 & 97|'''[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]'''|'''203 & 217'''
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 16–18 December 1936
| team1 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]] (H)
| team2 = [[Karnataka cricket team|Mysore]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 303 (80.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[A. G. Ram Singh]] 100
| wickets-team1-inns1 = YS Ramaswami 4/57 (17.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 123 (42.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[BK Garudachar]] 30
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[M. J. Gopalan]] 4/17 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 237/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (77 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = BS Thyagarajan 58
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[BK Garudachar]] 3/41 (15 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 38 (23.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = BV Ramakrishnappa 12[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[M. J. Gopalan]] 5/15 (12 overs)

| result = Madras won by 379 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MADRAS_MYSORE_RJI_16-18DEC1936.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Chepauk Stadium|Madras Cricket Club Ground]], [[Madras]]
| umpires =

| toss = Madras won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Narayanaswami Rao]] (Madras), and [[John Snaize]] and BV Ramakrishnappa (Mysore) made their first-class debuts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras v Mysore|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16040.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003213845/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16040.html|archive-date=3 October 2015}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 25–27 December 1936
| team1 = [[Central Provinces and Berar cricket team|Central Provinces and Berar]]
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]] (H)

| score-team1-inns1 = 150 (48.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = MR Jaiwant 39
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sorabji Mehta]] 5/31 (12.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 190 (68.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Syed Mohammad Hadi]] 47[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Chandu Sarwate]] 5/33 (14.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 104 (34.4 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = PN Laghate 22
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Asadullah Qureshi]] 6/51 (15.4 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 68/2 (29 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = VG Mache 31
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Chandu Sarwate]] 1/15 (8 overs)

| result = Hyderabad won by 8 wickets
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/HYD_CP-BERAR_RJI_25-27DEC1936.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gymkhana Ground, Secunderabad|Gymkhana Ground]], [[Secunderabad]]
| umpires =

| toss =
| rain =
| notes = [[Sorabji Mehta]] (Hyderabad) and [[Chandu Sarwate]] (Central Provinces and Berar) made their first-class debuts, while Srivastava and Chitnavis (Central Provinces and Berar) and [[Dayanand Archaye]] (Hyderabad) played their only first-class match.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad v Central Provinces and Berar|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16055.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=24 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928041521/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16055.html|archive-date=28 September 2015}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 16–18 January 1937
| team1 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Tamil Nadu cricket team|Madras]] (H)

| score-team1-inns1 = 203 (59 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Edulji Aibara]] 84
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[A. G. Ram Singh]] 6/81 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 110 (51.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Gopalaswami Parthasarathi]] 28
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Asadullah Qureshi]] 5/31 (13 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 217 (87.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Venkataswami]] 46
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[A. G. Ram Singh]] 4/60 (28 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 97 (56 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = AV Krishnaswami 32
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Ibrahim Khan (Indian cricketer)|Ibrahim Khan]] 3/17 (12 overs)

| result = Hyderabad won by 213 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/MADRAS_HYD_RJI_16-18JAN1937.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Chepauk Stadium|Madras Cricket Club Ground]], [[Madras]]
| umpires =

| toss = Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Ghulam Qureshi]] (Hyderabad) made his first-class debut.<ref>{{cite web|title=Madras v Hyderabad|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16077.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928044023/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16077.html|archive-date=28 September 2015}}</ref>
*''Hyderabad qualified for the semi-final as a result of this match.''
}}

=== North Zone ===

{{Round4

| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 150px
| score-width = 80px

|||||
|6-7 January 1937 – Delhi|[[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]]|127 & 158|'''[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]'''|'''126 & 63/7'''

|23-24 January 1937 – Amritsar|[[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]|83 & 130|'''[[United Provinces cricket team|United Provinces]]'''|'''134 & 164'''

|skipmatch01=yes|skipmatch02=no|
|RD1 = Round 1|RD2 = Round 2}}

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 6–7 January 1937
| team1 = [[Delhi cricket team|Delhi]] (H)
| team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|United Provinces]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 127 (39 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Abdul Hamid (cricketer)|Abdul Hamid]] 43
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Phiroze Palia]] 4/70 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 126 (45 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Firasat Hussain]] 41
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Musa Khan (cricketer)|Musa Khan]] 4/27 (14 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 58 (31.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = Surajuddin 15
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Firasat Hussain]] 5/7 (13.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 63/7 (19.4 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Phiroze Palia]] 17
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Idrees Baig]] 5/27 (10 overs)

| result = United Provinces won by 3 wickets
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/DELHI_UPROV_RJI_06-07JAN1937.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Feroz Shah Kotla]], [[Delhi]]
| umpires =

| toss =
| rain =
| notes = [[Abdul Hamid (cricketer)|Abdul Hamid]] (Delhi) made his first-class debut; and Sultan, Abdul Majid and Lakshman (Delhi), and Shaminuddin, Majid Ali Khan and Wazir Ahmed (United Provinces) played their only first-class match.<ref>{{cite web|title=Delhi v United Provinces|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16068.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=25 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818094618/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16068.html|archive-date=18 August 2016}}</ref>
}}
----
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 23–24 January 1937
| team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|United Provinces]]
| team2 = [[Southern Punjab cricket team (India)|Southern Punjab]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 134 (49.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = Akhtar Hussain 34
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Lala Amarnath]] 7/37 (20.1 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 83 (33.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Bahadur Singh (cricketer)|Bahadur Singh]] 24[[not out|*]]
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Firasat Hussain]] 8/15 (10.2 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 164 (51.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Phiroze Palia]] 68
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Lala Amarnath]] 3/55 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 130 (50.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Roshan Lal 43 Shiv Dayal 43
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Phiroze Palia]] 4/26 (14.1 overs)

| result = United Provinces won by 85 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/S-PNJB_UPROV_RJI_23-24JAN1937.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Gandhi Sports Complex Ground|Alexandra Ground]], [[Amritsar]]
| umpires =

| toss = United Provinces won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Shamsuddin, Inam Ahmed Hussain, Shamboo Singh and Tariq (United Provinces), and [[Abdur Rahman (cricketer, born 1917)|Abdur Rahman]], Balbir Singh and Shafiq (Southern Punjab) made their first-class debuts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Southern Punjab v United Provinces|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16082.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114090541/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16082.html|archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref>
}}

== Inter-Zonal Knockout stage ==
{{Round4|style=white-space:nowrap
| seed-width = 25px
| team-width = 115px
| score-width = 110px



||'''[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]'''|'''Walkover'''|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|United Provinces]]|
|29–31 January 1937 – Calcutta|'''[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]'''|'''299 & 158'''|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]|170 & 160

|6–10 February 1937 – Bombay|'''[[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]'''|'''424 & 383'''|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]|315 & 236
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 29–31 January 1937
| round = '''Only semi-final'''
| team1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] (H)
| team2 = [[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]

| score-team1-inns1 = 299 (96 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Ahmed Kamal (Indian cricketer)|Ahmed Kamal]] 105
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Sorabji Mehta]] 3/56 (17 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 170 (47.3 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Asadullah Qureshi]] 33
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Tom Longfield]] 4/55 (15 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 158 (59.5 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Tom Longfield]] 36
| wickets-team1-inns2 = Hyder Ali 4/46 (22 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 160 (61.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Edulji Aibara]] 69
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Kamal Bhattacharya]] 3/29 (14.5 overs)

| result = Bengal won by 127 runs
| report = [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/BENG_HYD_RJI_29-31JAN1937.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Eden Gardens]], [[Calcutta]]
| umpires =

| toss = Bengal won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
}}

=== Final ===
{{Test match
| date = 6–10 February 1937
| team1 = [[Nawanagar cricket team|Nawanagar]]
| team2 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| score-team1-inns1 = 424 (140.2 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Vinoo Mankad]] 185
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Robert Gourlay (cricketer)|Robert Gourlay]] 4/126 (49 overs)
| score-team2-inns1 = 315 (104.5 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Paul van der Gucht]] 79
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Albert Wensley|Bert Wensley]] 4/93 (31 overs)
| score-team1-inns2 = 383 (101.1 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[R. K. Indravijaysinhji]] 91
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Stanley Behrend]] 4/119 (29 overs)
| score-team2-inns2 = 236 (82.1 overs)
| runs-team2-inns2 = Alfred Skinner 125
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Albert Wensley|Bert Wensley]] 4/46 (18.1 overs)
| result = Nawangar won by 256 runs
| venue = [[Bombay Gymkhana]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]]
| umpires = J Birtwistle, Vali Ahmed

| report = [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16088.html Scorecard]
| toss = Nawanagar won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = The match was played on a [[Home advantage#Neutral venues|neutral venue]].
*''[[James Alexander (cricketer)|James Alexander]] (Bengal) made his first-class debut.''
}}

== Statistics ==
===Most runs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RJI_AVS_BAT_MOST_RUNS.html|title=Batting - Most Runs|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
!Team
!{{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}}
!{{Tooltip|Inns|Innings}}
!{{Tooltip|NO|Not outs}}
!Runs
!{{Tooltip|Ave|Average}}
!{{Tooltip|HS|High score}}
!{{Tooltip|100|Hundreds scored}}
!{{Tooltip|50|Fifties scored}}
|-
|[[Sorabji Colah]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Nawanagar]]||4||8||0||384||48.00||136||1||2
|-
|[[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Nawanagar]]||4||8||1||335||47.85||103||1||3
|-
|[[Vinoo Mankad]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Nawanagar]]||4||8||0||321||40.12||185||1||1
|-
|[[Kartick Bose]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]||4||8||1||235||33.57||60*||0||2
|-
|[[Graham Skinner (cricketer)|Graham Skinner]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]||3||5||1||224||56.00||125||1||0
|-
|}

===Most wickets===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!class="unsortable"|Player<ref>{{cite web|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/STATS/IND_LOCAL_RJI_AVS_BOWL_MOST_WKTS.html|title=Bowling - Most Wickets|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=18 July 2017}}</ref>
!Team
!{{Tooltip|Mat|Matches}}
!Overs
!{{Tooltip|Wkts|Wickets}}
!{{Tooltip|Ave|Average}}
!{{Tooltip|BBI|Best innings bowling}}
!{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}}
|-
|[[Amar Singh (cricketer)|Amar Singh]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Saurashtra cricket team|Nawanagar]]||4||209.1||28||16.82||8/62||44.8
|-
|[[Stanley Behrend]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]||4||110.2||19||18.57||5/29||34.8
|-
|[[Firasat Hussain]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Uttar Pradesh cricket team|United Provinces]]||2||48.3||17||4.35||8/15||17.1
|-
|[[Asadullah Qureshi]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Hyderabad cricket team|Hyderabad]]||3||60.4||16||13.56||6/51||22.7
|-
|[[Kamal Bhattacharya]]|| style="text-align:left;"|[[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]||4||116.5||15||18.80||3/19||46.7
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/ Ranji Trophy, 1936-37] at ESPNcricinfo
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/1/Ranji_Trophy_1936-37.html Ranji Trophy 1936/37] at CricketArchive

{{Ranji Trophy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ranji Trophy, 1936-37}}
[[Category:1936 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:1937 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Domestic cricket competitions in 1936–37]]
[[Category:Ranji Trophy seasons]]

Malana, Himachal Pradesh

2026-02-13T18:39:58Z

Bharatpediatrist: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Village in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Malana
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Malana Village during sunset.jpg
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Himachal Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Himachal Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|32|03|46|N|77|15|38|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 4700
| population_as_of = July 2017<ref name="HT"/>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Kullui]]<ref>{{cite web| website=Literary Herald |title=Language and dialect of Himachal Pradesh |url=https://tlhjournal.com/uploads/products/35.shradha-shandil-article.pdf?utm_}}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| website =
| population_demonym = Malanese,<ref name = toii /> Malani<ref name = bbcc />
}}

'''Malana''' is an ancient [[India]]n village in the [[Indian state|state]] of [[Himachal Pradesh]]. The only village in the Malana Nala, a side valley of the [[Parvati Valley]] northeast of the [[Kullu Valley]], it is shadowed by the peaks of [[Chanderkhani]] and [[Deo Tibba]]. It is situated on a remote plateau by the torrential Malana river, at a height of {{convert|2652|m|ft}} above sea level. Malana has its own lifestyle and social structure, and people are strict in following their customs. Malana has been the subject of various documentaries, including ''Malana: Globalization of a Himalayan Village''<ref>[http://www.veverkabros.com/Projects.html Malana: Globalization of a Himalayan Village, 2010] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628154944/http://www.veverkabros.com/Projects.html |date=28 June 2010 }}</ref> and ''Malana, A Lost Identity''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cultureunplugged.com/play/1212/-Malana--A-Lost-Identity | title=Documentary Film makers & Film Productions. Watch Documentaries Online }}</ref> The existing speakers of the autochthonous language Kanashi, the traditional language of the inhabitants of Malana, number approximately 1700, a roughly threefold increase from 563, gathered from a 1961 census; relatively correspondent to a growth in population.<ref>[http://www.ignca.nic.in/ex_0055.htm Malana : Shangrila in the Himalayas]</ref> The most common route to the village is by road from Jari.

As per the village's strong custom, outsiders are prohibited from physically touching anything in the village, including its people and temples, a rule punishable with a fine ranging between ₹2,500 and ₹3,500. Villagers are known to bathe after being touched by an outsider.<ref name = toii>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/food-news/watch-this-bizarre-tradition-of-malana-in-kasol-doesnt-let-you-touch-anything-details-inside/articleshow/98969179.cms|work=[[Times of India]]|title=Why tourists are not allowed to touch anything in this Kasol village|date=2023-03-24|access-date=2024-08-29}}</ref> To avoid touching one another, transactions are performed by leaving money on the ground. Villagers strictly keep up with this custom to "preserve the 'purity' of the village".<ref name = bbcc>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Mehk |title=Malana: A Himalayan village shrouded in myth |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180821-malana-a-himalayan-village-shrouded-in-myth | date = 2018-08-21|work=BBC|access-date=2024-08-29}}</ref>

== History ==
According to local legends, Jamlu ''[[rishi]]'' (sage) inhabited this place and made rules and regulations. The locals claim it was one of the oldest democracies of the world, with a well-organized parliamentary system, guided by their ''devta'' (deity) Jamlu rishi.<ref>Kulu The End of the Habitable World By Penelope Chetwode page 89 {{ISBN|81-85113-20-3}}</ref> Although Jamlu is currently identified with a sage from the Puranas, this is a relatively recent development. Jamlu is believed to have been worshipped in pre-Aryan times. [[G. M. Young]] and [[Penelope Chetwood]] recount [[#The tale of the Brahmin priest|a tale]] about an orthodox [[Brahmin]] priest, who visited Malana, and tried to educate the locals about the pedigree of their god, but had to leave while confessing to not knowing who Jamlu was.<ref name="Young" /><ref>Penelope Chetwode (1972). "Kulu The End of the Habitable World. p. 90. {{ISBN|81-85113-20-3}}</ref>

In the folk traditions surrounding Jamlu Devta of Malana, the figure of Jamlu emerges not as a single fixed deity but as a layered cultural presence shaped through the long historical processes of the [[Western Himalayas]], where local belief systems, memory, and religious transformations intersect. Jamlu is locally understood as [[Jamadagni|Jamadagni Rishi]], yet this identification does not erase older strata of belief; rather, it reflects a gradual assimilation through which an indigenous deity or territorial guardian becomes interpreted within a broader Brahmanical framework while retaining distinctly local authority, ritual autonomy, and social function. The folklore associated with Jamlu emphasizes sacred law, community order, and divine sovereignty over the village, suggesting a deity whose legitimacy rests not only in mythic genealogy but in lived social practice and customary institutions. At the same time, the narrative layers surrounding Jamlu indicate echoes of wider Himalayan religious exchanges, where elements resonant with pre-Brahmanical traditions, possible affinities with Bon and early Buddhist cosmologies, and later Hindu reinterpretations coexist without fully dissolving into one another. In this sense, Jamlu functions as a cultural bridge, demonstrating how Himalayan societies absorbed and localized larger religious currents moving across regions such as [[Kullu]], [[Ladakh]], [[Tibet]], and beyond, while preserving continuity through oral transmission and ritual performance. The folklore therefore reveals Jamlu not merely as a deity of myth but as a historical node through which questions of identity, sacred geography, political authority, and religious synthesis in the Western Himalayas can be understood.

In folklores deity has myriad names Jamlu, jaimo, jamdagni rishi, jamlu rishi and is associated with Mata Renuka as his consort, in other folklores Raja Ghepan of lahaul, Bonali ([[Hidimba Devi Temple|Hadimba]], [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]]) and Jamlu are considered as siblings. There's also a famous saying in [[Hamta Pass|Hampta region]] ' Jetha Hampta- Kona Malana' which translates to elder one sits in hampta and younger one in malana which means that people of hampta trace their relation with jamlu way back than people of malana owing to a folklore which tells Jamlu carried a basket through hampta which had all deities in it which are now in [[Kullu Valley]] before strong winds blew them and they were spread across kullu viz-a-viz 'Tharah Kardu' . This also means that deities of same name and denominations also have hierarchies in kullu valley and multifarious folklores and legends surrounding them.

Malana has been called ‘one of the oldest democracies’ in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kullutourism.com/malana-village-kullu-trek.php |title=Malana - World's Oldest Democracy - Kullu |website=kullutourism.com |access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.amarujala.com/shimla/malana-village-of-kullu-has-oldest-democracy-in-world |title=यहां सदियों से गांव की संसद ही तय करती है कायदा कानून - Amarujala |work=Amar Ujala |access-date=2018-01-09 |language=en}}</ref> The villagers believe that they are descendants of the soldiers of [[Alexander the Great]] who got stranded here on account of injuries.
<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Experts-to-study-Alexanders-last-descendants-in-Himachal/articleshow/4832428.cms |title=Experts to study Alexander's 'last descendants' in Himachal - Times of India |work=The Times of India |access-date=2018-01-09}}</ref>

A dam project, the [[Malana Hydro Power Station]], has brought Malana much closer to the rest of the world and provides revenue for the region. A new road has shortened the walking time from several days to just 4 hours. On 5 January 2008, a raging fire in the village, which burnt for more than 5 hours, destroyed cultural structures and parts of ancient temples located in the village.<ref name=fire>{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Namratha |title=Jamlu's fire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SjEEAAAAMBAJ&q=malana+village&pg=PA52 |accessdate=12 July 2015 |publisher=Outlook magazine. M/s Kasturi ad sons |date=26 January 2008}}</ref> In 2017, the village ordered the closure of approximately a dozen guest houses and restaurants, ostensibly on the orders of the deity Jamlu.<ref name="HT"/>

==Government==
Although the village is situated in Himachal Pradesh, India, people of this village do not consider them to be a part of India. They have their own judiciary system as well. The village is governed by a [[Bicameralism|bicameral parliament]], consisting of lower house called the Kanishthang and an upper house called the Jayeshthang.<ref name="HT"/> The current [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]] is Bhagi Ram.<ref name="HT"/>

==Language==
The residents of Malana speak [[Kanashi]]/Raksh (supposedly the dialect of people residing there long ago),<ref>"About Malana" {{cite web |url=http://www.mykullumanali.com/malana/about-malana.html |title=About Malana |accessdate=2010-07-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110320103650/http://www.mykullumanali.com/malana/about-malana.html |archivedate=20 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> which is understood only by the villagers. Kanashi does not resemble any of the dialects spoken in its neighbourhood but seems to be a mixture of Sanskrit and several Tibetan dialects.<ref>Dr. Virendra Bangroo, "Malana: A Lost Utopia In The Himalayas," http://ignca.nic.in/nl002401.htm</ref> It is classified as a Tibetan-Burmese language.<ref name=e25xns>{{e25|xns|Kanashi}}</ref> Kanashi has no intelligibility with any Tibeto-Burman language of Kinnaur.<ref name=e25xns/>{{CN|date=December 2019}}

==Economy==
The economy of Malana was traditionally based on making baskets, ropes and slippers from hemp.<ref name="HT"/> Marijuana was cultivated as a legal [[cash crop]] for centuries.<ref>{{cite magazine |quote=Local lawmakers and officials say the plant is part of their tradition and empathize with people in steep, remote villages who consider cannabis the only cash crop they can grow in harsh weather and geographic conditions. Maheshwar Singh, a local lawmaker and the descendant head of the royal family of Kullu, said a look at the old tax books shows that the plant was legally cultivated and sold for decades before India's drug law. |title=For this Himachal village, banned cannabis is its source of livelihood |first=Prabhash K. |last=Dutta |date=December 4, 2016 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/indian-village-malana-himachal-pradesh-cannabis-livelihood-355610-2016-12-04 |magazine=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Beginning in the 1980s, Malana became a destination for [[recreational drug tourism]].<ref name="HT"/> The village also produces [[maize]] and [[potatoes]].<ref name="HT"/> While tourism is now a major source of income for the village, tourists can only stay outside of the village in cafes, but not inside the village or in homesteads which was previously allowed.

==Culture and lifestyle==
[[File:Aerial picture of Malana, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of the village]]

The village administration is democratic and is believed, by locals, to be the oldest republic of the world.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal |last1 = Giroti |first1 = R |last2 = Talwar |first2 = I |date = Apr 2010 |title = The Most Ancient Democracy in the World is a Genetic Isolate: An Autosomal and Y-Chromosome Study of the Hermit Village of Malana (Himachal Pradesh, India) |journal = Hum. Biol. |volume = 82 |issue = 2 |pages = 123–41 |pmid=20649396 |doi=10.3378/027.082.0201 |s2cid = 22324205 |jstor=41466666}}</ref>

Despite being a part of the [[Kullu]] valley, there is a myth that the Malanis have very distinct physical features, and a dialect which is different from the rest of the valley. However, in the valleys of Himachal, there are a significant number of distinct [[Pahari language|Pahari dialects]], some of them totally different from each other. Hence the physical/lingual uniqueness cannot be proven, given the inaccessibility of the Malana people, except for the trade of marijuana and hashish in the Parvati valley.

===Jamlu Devta===
The social structure of Malana in fact rests on villagers' unshaken faith in their powerful deity, Jamlu Devta. The entire administration of the village is controlled by him through a village council. The council has eleven members believed to be delegates of Jamlu who govern the village in his name. His decision is ultimate in any dispute and any outsider authority is never required. Thus Malana has been named the Athens of the [[Himalayas]].<ref>[http://voyageforum.com/voyage/inde_malana_manali_athenes_himalaya_D762971/ Malana (Manali): Athènes de l'Himalaya]</ref>{{better source|date=July 2017}}

Jamlu is invoked through a villager serving as an [[oracle]].<ref name="HT">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hasish-village-malana-s-deity-orders-restaurants-guest-houses-shut-to-save-culture/story-LBj0YA3NtbrdGmJEln2w1J.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |title='Deity orders' closure of joints, guest houses at Malana village famous for hash |first=Gaurav |last=Bisht |date=July 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714004314/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hasish-village-malana-s-deity-orders-restaurants-guest-houses-shut-to-save-culture/story-LBj0YA3NtbrdGmJEln2w1J.html |archive-date=July 14, 2017}}</ref> The deity Jamlu is also known as Rishi [[Jamdagni]].

====The tale of the Brahmin priest====
A tale involving Jamlu and Malana was recounted by the villagers to the English historian [[G. M. Young]] when he visited it in 1911. A [[Brahmin]] priest ([[pandit]]) brought Jamlu's supposed true lineage (said to be [[Jamadagni]]) to the village of Malana, written on a piece of parchment. The villagers suggested that he lay it on the temple to see if Jamlu recognizes it, whereupon the spirit of the god supposedly [[Incarnation|incarnated]] into a crowd of men (called 'Ra Deo') and started to rave and gibber which bewildered the Brahmin. Nevertheless, he went into the temple with one of the Malana hosts clad in only a loincloth and carrying the parchment. Inside the temple, the Brahmin became paralyzed and speechless and had to be dragged out by his companion. Neither of them would say what happened inside the temple, but the Brahmin supposedly tore up the parchment and left, confessing to not knowing who Jamlu was.<ref name="Young">{{cite journal |last1=Young |first1=George Malcolm |title=Malana and the Akbar-Jamlu Legend |journal=Journal of the Panjab Historical Society |date=1916 |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=77–149}}</ref>

Young believes that the Brahmin in the story (if it was factual) actually succeeded in his goal of incorporating Jamlu into the [[Hindu pantheon]], despite the contempt of it shown by the villagers. Jamlu is sometimes referred to by the alternative name of "Jamdaggan", and his supposed older brother Gaiphan, is also called "Jagamdamb", both are seemingly variants of Jamadagni. Moreover, the youngest son of Jamadagni, [[Parashurama]], exists as a deity in one of the nearby villages and is also acknowledged as a son of Jamlu. While Young still believes that Jamlu and the other local deities of [[Kullu district|Kullu]] originate from older indigenous gods, he also noted that over time, they [[syncretized]] with Hindu elements and their original names were lost to history.<ref name="Young"/>

====The Akbar-Jamlu legend====
Another tale involving Jamlu was also told to [[G.M. Young]] in 1911, involving the origins of religious images allegedly sent to Malana by [[Akbar the Great]] of the [[Mughal Empire]]. The images are said to be taken out once a year during the festival of Jamlu in the month of [[Phaggan]], though what the images depict is unknown.<ref name="Young"/>

The tale begins with a [[sadhu]] visiting Malana on a pilgrimage. And on his departure, he was given a blanket and a small sum of money from Jamlu's treasury, as was customary. The sadhu journeyed onwards to [[Delhi]], whereupon part of the sacred money was taken from him as tax for entrance into the city. This sacrilege supposedly angered Jamlu, and Akbar was stricken with a disease (allegedly [[leprosy]]).<ref name="Young"/>

Realizing the disease was supernatural in origin, Akbar consulted his [[mullah]]s, but they could not help. He then consulted the [[Brahmin]]s, who told him of the exact cause of his affliction. They told him that the disease would continue until the sacred money that was taken was found and returned to Malana. Akbar asked for the value that was taken, and the Brahmins said that it was only two [[paisa]]. Akbar protested that it would be impossible to find such a small amount in his treasury, but the Brahmins nevertheless urged him to try and do so.<ref name="Young"/>

Akbar miraculously found the two coins stuck together among the coins in his treasury. The Brahmins instructed him to make a pilgrimage to Malana to return the coins. But being unable to make the long and strenuous journey, Akbar instead sent a golden statue of himself, his horses, and his elephants in his stead. This placated Jamlu, and Akbar's disease was cured.<ref name="Young"/>

This story is reenacted in Malana on the 12th of Phaggan. The images were said to be paraded to a grove, where a small stone is embedded on the ground to mark the place where Jamlu waited to receive the emperor's homage.<ref name="Young"/>

Young believes the tale is based on some truth, due to the existence of the images. Though whether it really involved Akbar is unlikely, since his role in the story has no special significance attached to it. Young believes that the images and the ritual involving them originate from a much older date.<ref name="Young"/>

===Hellenic connection===

There are various legends about their origin. According to one of them, it is believed that they are the descendants of Macedonian soldiers of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander's]] army. As the legend goes, some soldiers took refuge in this remote land after Alexander left the country and later settled there permanently. This myth is however disputed without substantial historical evidence<ref name = bbcc /> and because there are those who claim that it is the valley of [[Kalasha Desh|Kalash]], in Pakistan that is actually the area in which Alexander the Great's soldiers took refuge. This legend is also inconsistent with the legendary descent of the local people from Indo-Aryans who would pre-date Alexander the Great's soldiers by approximately a thousand years. Recent genetic typing of the Malani population is much more consistent with an Indo-Aryan origin with a large proportion of Y-DNA haplotypes J2 and R1a which are the haplotypes of majority of Indians, North or South in South Asia rather than with a Greek origin which would have a different characteristic mix of Y-DNA haplotypes such as R2b.<ref name="autogenerated1"/> J2 and R1a are paternal lineages found in more than 20% and 40% of population of North/South India but are rare in Mediterranean societies like Greece.

===Temples===
The village has several ancient temples. (1) Jamlu temple, built in Kathkuni style, with wooden carving and deer heads<ref name=fire/> (2) Rukmini temple

===Malana Cream===
Malana is famous for its “Malana Cream”, a product made from cannabis plants which grow in the Parvati valley.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=Hash through hashtag: Himachal's famed marijuana on sale via Instagram, Speed Post |first=Aarish |last=Chhabra |date=March 21, 2017 |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hash-through-hashtag-himachal-s-famed-marijuana-on-sale-via-instagram-speed-post/story-BosATt2zX028mUC3rhzS0K.html |quote=Other photos had an entry gate of Malana, considered to have the best quality of cannabis in the world.}}</ref><ref name="HT"/> Malana cream is regarded as high purity hash.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://qz.com/1026188/malana-an-ancient-himalayan-village-known-for-indias-best-hash-is-now-off-limits-for-tourists/ |work=[[Quartz (publication) |Quartz]] |quote=An isolated village nestled in the Himalayas, Malana is popular for Malana Cream, a strain of cannabis with a high oil content and intense aroma [...] Malana Cream is among the most expensive hashish on the famed cannabis menus of Amsterdam. A tola, or 11.66 grams, sells for over $250 there and over Rs4,000 ($60) in India. |title=An ancient Himalayan village known for India's best hash is now off limits for tourists |date=July 11, 2017 |first=Manu |last=Balachandran}}</ref> In order to make Malana Cream the live cannabis flower is rubbed between the hands repeatedly, pulling out the resin to generate a layer of sticky hashish across the palm.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/among-the-world-s-top-stoner-spots-malana-now-cannot-do-without-marijuana/story-rbiWwsRw44NcIjcCQyIvjM.html |title = Among the world's top stoner spots, Malana now cannot do without marijuana |date = 4 December 2016}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
* {{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Mehk |title=Malana: A Himalayan village shrouded in myth |url=https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20180821-malana-a-himalayan-village-shrouded-in-myth |work=bbc.com }}
==External links==
{{commons category|Malana, Himachal Pradesh}}
* [http://www.ignca.gov.in/ex_0055.htm Malana : Shangrila in the Himalayas]
* [http://www.ignca.gov.in/bangru04.htm Himalayan Culture and Mountaineering Museum]

[[Category:Kullu]]
[[Category:Villages in Kullu district]]

Vigna aconitifolia

2026-02-13T05:35:51Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding a details - done

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Redirect|Matki}}
{{more sources|date=August 2025}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Matki.JPG
|genus = Vigna
|species = aconitifolia
|authority = ([[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin|Jacq]].) Marechal
|synonyms = ''Phaseolus aconitifolius'' Jacq.
}}

'''''Vigna aconitifolia''''' is a [[Drought tolerance|drought-resistant]] [[legume]], commonly grown in [[Climate_of_India#Arid_and_Semi-Arid_Regions|arid and semi-arid regions of India]]. It is commonly called '''mat bean''', '''moth bean''', '''matki''' or '''dew bean'''.

Moth bean is a creeping [[Annual plant|annual]] [[herbaceous plant]] which grows to approximately {{Convert|40|cm}} high. Yellow [[Flower|flowers]] on its hairy and densely packed [[Branch|branches]] develop into yellow-brown pods, 2 to 3 inches in length. The [[bean]]s of these pods contain approximately 22–24% protein.<ref name="two">Stevens, J. (1994). Bean, Moth —Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal (HS554). Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. Retrieved October 31, 2013 from [http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV021] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417110132/https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv021 |date=2021-04-17 }}</ref>

The pods, sprouts, and protein-rich [[seed]]s of this [[crop]] are commonly consumed in [[India]]. Moth bean can be grown on many soil types, and can also act as a pasture legume. Due to its drought-resistant qualities, its ability to combat [[soil erosion]] and its high protein content, moth bean has been identified as possibly a more significant food source in the future.<ref name="three">Adsule, R. N. (1996). Moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia (Jacq.) Marechal). In Food and Feed from Legumes and Oilseeds (pp. 203–205). Springer US</ref> It has been suggested that its suitability as a grain legume in semi-arid Africa should be further investigated.

==Description==
{{nutritionalvalue
| name=Mothbeans, mature seeds, raw
| kJ=1436
| protein=22.9 g
| water= 9.7 g
| fat=1.6 g
| carbs=61.5 g
| calcium_mg=150
| iron_mg=10.8
| magnesium_mg=381
| phosphorus_mg=489
| potassium_mg=1191
| sodium_mg=30
| zinc_mg=1.9
| manganese_mg=1.8
| vitC_mg=7
| thiamin_mg=0.6
| riboflavin_mg=0.1
| niacin_mg=2.8
| pantothenic_mg=0.5
| vitB6_mg=0.4
| folate_ug=649
| choline_mg=0
| vitE_mg=0
| vitK_ug=0
| source_usda = 1
| opt1n= Ash
| opt1v= 4.3 g
| note=
}}

[[Taxonomy (biology)|Taxonomically]] moth bean belongs to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Fabaceae]] ([[subfamily]] [[Papilionoideae]]), and [[genus]] ''[[Vigna]]''. It is an herbaceous creeping annual that creates a low-lying soil cover when fully grown.<ref name="four">Sathe, S. K., & Venkatachalam, M. (2007). Fractionation and biochemical characterization of moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia) proteins. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 40(4), 600-610.</ref> Its [[Stem cell|stem]] can grow up to {{Convert|40|cm}} in height, with its hairy and dense-packed branches reaching a span of up to {{Convert|150|cm|abbr=on}}.

Yellow flowers develop into a brown pod 2.5 to 5 cm in length, which holds 4 to 9 seeds inside. The rectangular seeds exist in a variety of colours including yellow-brown, whitish-green, and mottled with black.<ref name="three" /> Other widely cultivated species from the genus ''Vigna'' include the [[adzuki bean]] (''V. angularis''), the [[black gram]] (''V. mungo''), the [[cowpea]] (''V. unguiculata'', including the variety known as the [[black-eyed pea]]), and the [[mung bean]] (''V. radiata'').

==History and geography==
Moth bean is native to India, grown for food production and as a [[forage]] and [[cover crop]].<ref name="three" /> It is predominately grown in India, although it has been cultivated in the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Thailand]] and other parts of [[Asia]].<ref name="Dhillon2006">{{cite book|author=B. S. Dhillon|title=Plant Genetic Resources: Foodgrain Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zb1_67i79R0C&pg=PA275|year=2006|publisher=Narosa|isbn=978-81-7319-580-8|page=279}}</ref> 1.5 million hectares of land is used in India for moth bean production, producing approximately 0.4 million t/ha of seeds. While its presence in [[Sudan]], [[Somalia]] and other tropical countries of [[Africa]] has been noted, it has not been a crop of great importance to this region. The potential of increased production in this region in the future has been suggested.

==Growing conditions==
Moth bean, a short-day crop, is one of the most drought-resistant pulses in India. Grown at [[Altitude|altitudes]] up to 1300 m above sea level, it has a wide [[pH]] range (3.5–10) and can tolerate slight [[salinity]]. While dry sandy soil is most suitable for production, moth bean can tolerate a variety of soil types. The low-lying soil cover the crop creates helps prevent [[soil erosion]] by preventing moisture loss.<ref name="four" />

Optimum production of moth bean occurs between 24–32 °C, but has been shown to tolerate up to 45 °C during the day. Growth is optimal at a constant temperature.<ref name="three" /> The moth bean is one of the most drought-resistant pulses in India, requiring little [[irrigation]] for production.<ref name="five">Khokhar, S., & Chauhan, B. M. (1986). Antinutritional factors in moth bean (Vigna aconitifolia): varietal differences and effects of methods of domestic processing and cooking. Journal of Food Science, 51(3), 591–594.</ref> While optimal annual rainfall for production is 500–750 mm, it is able to grow with 200–300 mm annually, and some yield has been noted at rainfall levels as low as 50–60 mm per year. Propagation of moth bean is done by seed, preferably on a prepared seedbed, at an optimal temperature of 25–27 °C. [[Fertilizer]] applications to moth bean are uncommon in India.

==Animal consumption==
Moth bean is consumed as forage by animals.<ref>[https://www.asianagrihistory.org/pdf/articles/Indian_pulses.pdf Nene, Y L, Asian Agri-History Vol. 10, No. 3, 2006 (179–202)]</ref>

==Cultivation==
Moth bean is grown for both human consumption and as a forage crop. Currently in India, moth bean is grown on its own or [[Intercropping|intercropped]] with other [[Cereal|cereals]], such as [[pearl millet]]. It is also grown in [[Crop rotation|rotation]] with [[cotton]] as a forage crop. When grown as a forage crop, it is planted 7–34 kg/ha, and 10–20 kg/ha when grown as the only crop. Row planting should be done 30–90 cm apart, with seeds sown 2.5–4 cm deep. It takes 75–90 days for moth bean to mature, and is frequently planted at the end of the [[Wet season|rainy season]].

A drawback to this crop is its difficulty to [[harvest]]. [[Mower|Mowers]] cannot be used due to the shape and density of the moth bean's branches, so the crop is typically cut with a [[sickle]]. It is [[Threshing|threshed]] and [[Winnowing|winnowed]] after being dried for approximately one week. Hay yields from this crop are 7.5-10 t/ha, while forage matter yields range from 37-50 t/ha. Seed yields are currently low, ranging from 70–270 kg/ha. However, research shows that this crop has the potential to increase in yield. Experimental seed yields of up to 2600 kg/ha have been recorded in the US and Australia.

=== Major pests and diseases ===
Moth bean is affected by [[mungbean yellow mosaic virus]], for which [[silverleaf whitefly]] is the [[Disease vector|vector]]. [[Root rot]] and seedling blight from ''[[Macrophomina phaseolina]]'' also cause damage, as well as some [[Striga]] species and the [[nematode]] ''[[Meloidogyne incognita]]''. There are some [[Plant disease resistance|resistant cultivars]] to these pests and diseases.

==Genetic stock==
Little breeding work has been completed on the moth bean, but researchers have found that there is substantial genetic variation between moth bean [[Germplasm|germplasms]].<ref name="six">Yogeesh, L. N., Viswanatha, K. P., Ravi, B. A., & Gangaprasad, S. (2012). Genetic variability studies in moth bean germplasm for seed yield and its attributing characters. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 3(1), 671-675.</ref> The National Bureau of Plant [[Genetic resources|Genetic Resources]] in New Delhi, India, houses more than 1000 [[Accession number (bioinformatics)|accessions]]. Some improved cultivars such as 'CZM-2', 'CZM-3', 'RMO-40' and 'RMO-225' are available in India.

==Human consumption==
Whole or split moth bean seeds can be cooked or fried. In India, particularly in the state of [[Maharashtrian cuisine|Maharashtra]], moth beans are sprouted before cooking and used for making a spicy stew called matki ''[[usal]]''.<ref name="monisha">{{cite book|last=Bharadwaj|first=Monisha |title=The Indian Spice Kitchen|publisher=Hippocrene Books|year=2005|edition=Illustrated|pages=167|isbn=978-0-7818-1143-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dTm23d7gIk0C&q=usal+recipe&pg=PA165|access-date=2009-03-03}}</ref> Matki usal forms the base of the Indian street food dish called ''[[misal pav]]''.<ref name="seven">Nimkar, P. M., Mandwe, D. S., & Dudhe, R. M. (2005). Physical properties of moth gram. Biosystems Engineering, 91(2), 183-189.</ref><ref name="Hingle2015">{{cite book|author=[[Richa Hingle]]|title=Vegan Richa's Indian Kitchen: Traditional and Creative Recipes for the Home Cook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LCUCBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA237|date=19 May 2015|publisher=Vegan Heritage Press, LLC|isbn=978-1-941252-10-9|page=4}}</ref> Fried dal of the bean is used to make a dry savory snack, known in India as ''dalmoth''.<ref name="seven" /> The moth bean pods can be boiled and eaten. The flour of the bean is used for making another savoury snack called ''[[bhujia]]''.

==Nutritional information==
100g of raw, uncooked moth bean seeds contain 343 calories, 23 g of protein, 62 g of carbohydrate and 1.6 g of fat.<ref name="eight">{{cite web| publisher=[[U.S. Department of Agriculture]], [[Agricultural Research Service]] |date=2018 |url=https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/food-details/172425/nutrients |title=Mothbeans, mature seeds, raw |website=FoodData Central}}</ref> As is the case with other legumes, this pulse does contain [[Antinutrient|antinutritional factors]] that limit available protein.<ref name="five" /> However, research has shown that the moth bean contains considerably less of these factors compared with other legume grains, making it a more beneficial choice for consumption.<ref name="five" /> Soaking and cooking moth beans before consumption helps to break down antinutritional factors and makes the protein more digestible.<ref name="five" />

==Constraints to wider adaptation==
While its drought tolerance and high protein content could make the moth bean a potential crop choice for semi-arid Africa, a lack of management knowledge and the difficulty of harvest due to its density and creeping nature could make its spread to other parts of the world difficult.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q511249}}

[[Category:Edible legumes]]
[[Category:Vigna|aconitifolia]]
[[Category:Nitrogen-fixing crops]]

Indo-Pakistani Sign Language

2026-02-12T22:24:39Z

Bharatpediatrist: adjusted references additionally

{{Short description|Sign language of the Indian subcontinent}}
{{Redirect|Indian Sign Language|the sign language used on the Great Plains of North America|Plains Indian Sign Language}}
{{Expert needed|languages|ex2=Deaf|talk=one language or two?|date=March 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Indo-Pakistani Sign Language
| states = [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]]
| region =
| speakers = 6,000,000 in India (Indian Sign Language, ins), 1,080,000 in Pakistan (Pakistan Sign Language, pks)
| date = 2021
| ref = {{citation needed|date=December 2022}}
| speakers_label = Signers
| familycolor = sign language
| family = Possibly related to [[Nepalese Sign Language|Nepalese Sign]]
| lc1 = ins
| ld1 = Indian Sign Language
| lc2 = pks
| ld2 = Pakistani Sign Language
| lc3 = wbs
| ld3 = West Bengal Sign Language
| glotto = indo1332
| glottoname = Indo-Pakistani Sign
| glottorefname = Indo-Pakistani Sign
| dia1 = Bangalore-Madras Sign Language
| dia2 = Bombay Sign Language
| dia3 = Calcutta Sign Language
| dia4 = Delhi Sign Language
| dia5 = North West Frontier Province Sign Language
| dia6 = Punjab-Sindh Sign Language
| module =
}}
'''Indo-Pakistani Sign Language''' (IPSL; {{Langx|ur|پاک و ہند اشاری زبان}}) is the predominant [[sign language]] in [[the subcontinent]] of South Asia, used by at least 15 million [[Deaf culture|deaf]] signers.<ref>{{cite journal
|author=Vasishta, M., J. C. Woodward, and K. L. Wilson
|year=1978
|title=Sign Language in India: Regional Variation within the Deaf Population
|journal=Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics
|volume=4
|issue=2
|pages=66–74}}</ref><ref>Ethnologue gives the signing population in India as 2,680,000 in 2003. 
{{cite book
|author = Gordon, Raymond G. Jr. (ed.)
|year = 2005
|title = Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition.
|publisher = Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
|url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ins
}}</ref> As with many sign languages, it is difficult to estimate numbers with any certainty, as the [[Census of India]] does not list sign languages and most studies have focused on the north and urban areas.<ref name=Zeshan>{{cite book
| author = Ulrike Zeshan
| title = Sign Language of Indo-Pakistan: A description of a Signed Language
| publisher = John Benjamins Publishing Co
| location = Philadelphia, Amsterdam
| year = 2000 }}</ref><ref name="ethnologue_ins">{{Cite web |title=Indian Sign Language Language (INS) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/ins/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref> As of 2024, it is the most used sign language in the world, and [[Ethnologue]] ranks it as the 149th most spoken language in the world.<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200 What are the top 200 most spoken languages?], [[Ethnologue]]</ref>

Some scholars regard varieties in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and possibly Nepal as variants of Indo-Pakistani Sign Language. Others recognize some varieties as separate languages.{{Clarify|reason=See Talk, #Varieties|date=January 2025}} The [[ISO 639-3|ISO standard]] currently distinguishes:
* Indian Sign Language (ins)<ref name="ethnologue_ins" />
* Pakistan Sign Language (pks)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan Sign Language Language (PKS) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pks/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>
* West Bengal Sign Language (Kolkata Sign Language) (wbs)<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Bengal Sign Language Language (WBS) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/wbs/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>
* Nepalese Sign Language (nsp)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepalese Sign Language Language (NSP) – L1 & L2 Speakers, Status, Map, Endangered Level & Official Use {{!}} Ethnologue Free |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/nsp/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=Ethnologue (Free All) |language=en}}</ref>

==Status of sign language==
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2020}}
Deaf schools in [[South Asia]] are overwhelmingly [[oralist]] in their approach.<ref>{{cite book
|author = Dilip Deshmukh
|title = Sign Language and Bilingualism in Deaf Education
|location = [[Ichalkaranji]]
|year = 1996
}}</ref> Unlike [[American Sign Language]] (ASL) and sign languages of European countries, IPSL does not have much official government support. The deaf communities of the Indian subcontinent are still struggling for IPSL to gain the status of sign language as a minority language. Though sign language is used by many deaf people in the subcontinent, it is not used officially in schools for teaching purposes.

===India===
In 2005, the National Curricular Framework (NCF) gave some degree of legitimacy to sign language education, by hinting that sign languages may qualify as an optional third language choice for hearing students. [[NCERT]] in March 2006 published a chapter on sign language in a class III textbook, emphasising the fact that it is a language like any other and is "yet another mode of communication." The aim was to create healthy attitudes towards the [[disabled]].{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Strenuous efforts have been made by [[Deaf communities]], NGO's, researchers and other organisations working for people with hearing disabilities, including the All India Federation of Deaf (AIFD), National association of the Deaf (NAD) in the direction of encouraging ISL. Until 2001, no formal classes for teaching ISL were conducted in India. During this period, Ali Yavar Jung National Institute of Hearing and the Handicapped (AYJNIHH), Mumbai, established an ISL cell. It started a course called "Diploma in India Sign Language Interpreter Course". The curriculum designed for the course aims to develop professional communication in Sign language and ability to interpret professionally. It also focused on the basic understanding of the [[Deaf community]] and [[Deaf culture]]. Later, the course was offered in the regional centers, in Hyderabad, Bhuvaneshwar, Kolkata and Delhi.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

Besides AYJNIHH, organisations like the Mook Badhir Sangathan in [[Indore]] and several other organisations offer ISL classes. Many NGOs all over the India use ISL to teach English and various academic and vocational courses. These NGOs include ISHARA ([[Mumbai]]), Deaf Way Foundation ([[Delhi]]), the Noida Deaf Society and Leadership Education Empowerment of the Deaf (LEED) ([[Pune]]), Speaking Hands Institute for the Deaf ([[Punjab]]), etc. (Randhawa, 2014). The associations like the Association of Sign Language Interpreters (ASLI) and the Indian Sign Language Interpreters Association (ISLIA) were established in 2006 and 2008 respectively for the professional development of [[Interpreters]] in India. Two schools have been established in India which follow [[bilingual]] approach to teach deaf students. The schools are the [[Bajaj Institute of Learning (BIL)]] in Dehradun and [[Mook Badhir Sangathan]] in Indore. Apart from the establishment of organisations working for Deaf people there has been a spurt in research on sign language in India. Recent research developments include the studies by research scholars of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] (JNU) and the [[University of Delhi]] including Wallang, 2007; Sinha, 2003, 2008/2013; Hidam, 2010; Kulsheshtra, 2013. There is also work on problems and awareness of IPSL and typology of IPSL verbs (Morgan 2009,2010). Apart from these there have been continued works by scholars on linguistic aspects of IPSL as well as on varieties of IPSL (Bhattacharya and Hidam 2010, Aboh, Pfau, and Zeshan 2005, Zeshan and Panda 2011, Panda 2011, Panda 2012). Steps taken by the Government of India to promote sign language include the establishment of the [[ISLRTC]]. However, currently the autonomy of the Research centre is a contentious issue, which is yet to be resolved.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

===Pakistan===
Pakistan has a deaf population of 0.24 million, which is approximately 7.4% of the overall disabled population in the country.<ref>[http://www.amic.org.sg/ict/external/awards/0202a2_l59attachment2.pdf Pakistan Sign Language – A Synopsis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315001919/http://www.amic.org.sg/ict/external/awards/0202a2_l59attachment2.pdf |date=15 March 2012 }}</ref>

==Varieties==
There are many [[Variety (linguistics)|varieties]] of sign language in the region, including many pockets of [[home sign]] and local sign languages, such as [[Ghandruk Sign Language]], [[Jhankot Sign Language]], and [[Jumla Sign Language]] in Nepal, and [[Alipur Sign Language]] in India, which appear to be [[language isolates]]. There are also various [[Sri Lankan sign languages]] which may not even be related to each other. However, the urban varieties of India, Pakistan, Nepal ([[Nepalese Sign Language]]), and Bangladesh are clearly related (although, for [[Nepalese Sign Language]] at least, it is not clear whether the relation is genetic, or perhaps rather one of borrowing compounded by extensive incorporation of a shared South Asian gestural base). There is disagreement whether these related varieties should be considered separate languages.

* Woodward (1992a) researched the vocabulary of the sign language varieties in [[Karachi]] ([[Sindh]], Pakistan), [[Delhi]] (NCT, India), [[Bombay]] ([[Maharashtra]], India), [[Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]], India) and [[Calcutta]] ([[West Bengal]], India). He found cognacy rates of 62–71% between the Karachi vocabulary on the one hand and the four Indian vocabularies on the other, and concluded that 'sign language varieties in India and Pakistan are distinct but closely related language varieties belonging to the same language family'.<ref>
{{cite journal
| last= Woodward
| first= J
| year = 1993
| title = The relationship of sign language varieties in India, Pakistan and Nepal
| journal= Sign Language Studies
| volume= 1078
| issue= 78
| pages= 15–22| doi= 10.1353/sls.1993.0010
| s2cid= 143886617
}}</ref>
* Woodward (1993) expanded on his 1992 research by comparing the results from India and Pakistan with new data from Nepal, tentatively concluding that the sign language varieties of India, Pakistan, Nepal and probably also Bangladesh and Sri Lanka are so closely related that they may, in fact, constitute a single sign language.<ref>{{Cite book |editor-last=Beninca |editor-first=Paola |date=2011 |title=Mapping the Left Periphery: The Cartography of Syntactic Structures, Volume 5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xntYynYfjngC&pg=PA105 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=105 |isbn=978-0-19-984231-5 |access-date=18 April 2020}}</ref>
* [[Ulrike Zeshan|Zeshan]] (2000), based on her own research in Karachi and [[New Delhi]] concluding that their grammar was identical and there were only small differences in vocabulary, proposed that the Indian and Pakistani varieties constitute a single language, introduced the term 'Indo-Pakistani Sign Language' and emphatically rejected the notion of separate Indian and Pakistani sign languages.<ref name=Zeshan/>
* The [[ISO 639-3]] standard categorises these varieties as three separate sign languages in India and Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Nepal. ''Ethnologue'' (2016), which follows the ISO standard, acknowledges the relatedness of these varieties as well as the controversy over whether they are one language or many.<ref>{{citation
|chapter= Indian Sign Language
|title= Ethnologue
|edition= 19
|date= 2016
|access-date= 23 October 2016
|publisher= SIL International
|chapter-url= http://www.ethnologue.com/language/ins
}}</ref> They identify the following variety within India: Bangalore-Chennai-Hyderabad Sign Language, Mumbai-Delhi Sign Language and Kolkata Sign Language.

* Johnson and Johnson (2016)<ref name="JohnsonJohnson2016">{{cite journal
|last1= Johnson
|first1= Russell J.
|last2= Johnson
|first2= Jane E.
|year= 2016
|title= Distinction between West Bengal Sign Language, and Indian Sign Language Based on Statistical Assessment
|journal= Sign Language Studies
|volume= 16
|issue= 4
|pages= 473–499
|doi= 10.1353/sls.2016.0016
|jstor= 26191231
|s2cid= 148131477
}}</ref> found in a comparative study of signs used in Delhi, Kolkata, and Dhaka that the language used in Delhi was different enough from that of the cities in Bengal to impede mutual intelligibility. Enough similarities were observed between the signs used in Kolkata and Dhaka to demonstrate decisively that these cities use the same sign language variety.

While the sign system in IPSL appears to be largely indigenous, elements in IPSL are derived from [[British Sign Language]]. For example, most IPSL signers nowadays use [[fingerspelling]] based on [[British Sign Language]] [[fingerspelling]], with only isolated groups using an indigenous [[Devanagari]]-based [[fingerspelling]] system (for example, Deaf students and graduates of the school for the deaf in [[Vadodara]]/Baroda, [[Gujarat]]). In addition, more recently contact with foreign Deaf has resulted in rather extensive borrowing from International Signs and (either directly or via International Signs) from [[American Sign Language]]. A small number of the Deaf in and around [[Bengaluru]] are often said to use [[American Sign Language]] (owing to a longstanding ASL deaf school there); however it is probably more correct to say that they use a lexicon based largely on ASL (or [[Signed English]]), while incorporating also a not inconsequential IPSL element. Furthermore, regardless of the individual signs used, the grammar used is clearly IPSL and not ASL.{{citation needed|date=April 2012}}

The Delhi Association for the Deaf is reportedly working with [[Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru University]] to identify a standard sign language for India.<ref>
{{cite web
|title = Standard sign language for the deaf in India soon
|url = http://www.deaftoday.com/v3/archives/2004/09/standard_sign_l.html
|location = New Delhi
|publisher = Hindustan Times
|date = 16 September 2004
|agency=Press Trust of India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216074932/http://www.deaftoday.com/v3/archives/2004/09/standard_sign_l.html
|archive-date=16 February 2012
}}</ref>

==History==

===Early history===
Although discussion of sign languages and the lives of deaf people is extremely rare in the history of South Asian literature, there are a few references to deaf people and gestural communication in texts dating from antiquity.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/Miles.html
|access-date = 6 May 2007
|year = 2001
|author = M. Miles
|title = Sign, Gesture & Deafness in South Asian & South-West Asian Histories: a bibliography with annotation and excerpts from India; also from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Burma / Myanmar, Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan, Persia / Iran, & Sri Lanka.
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070427170750/http://www.sign-lang.uni-hamburg.de/bibweb/Miles/Miles.html
|archive-date = 27 April 2007
}}</ref> Symbolic hand gestures known as [[mudra]]s have been employed in religious contexts in [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Zoroastrianism]] for many centuries, although [[Buddhism]] have often excluded deaf people from participation in a ritual or religious membership.<ref>Scholar of [[Oriental studies]] [[H. W. Bailey]] identifies passages in the ''[[Avesta]]'' (Yast 5.93) and the [[Vinaya]], e.g. "Excluded from the Buddhist [[Theravāda]] community ([[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]]-) were the andha-, mUga-, and badhira-, 'the blind, dumb, and deaf'." (Footnote: [[Pali]] Vinaya I, 91, 15) {{cite journal
|last=Bailey
|first=H.W.
|year=1961
|title=Arya III
|journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
|volume=24
|issue=3
|pages=470–483
|doi=10.1017/s0041977x00092181|s2cid=171696623
}}</ref> In addition, [[classical Indian dance]] and [[Classical Indian musical theatre|theatre]] often employs stylised hand gestures with particular meanings.<ref>{{cite book
|author=Shukla, Hira Lal
|year=1994
|title=Semiotica Indica. Encyclopaedic dictionary of body-language in Indian art and culture. 2 vols
|location=New Delhi
|publisher=Aryan Books International}}</ref>

An early reference to gestures used by deaf people for communication appears in a 12th-century Islamic legal commentary, the [[Al-Hidayah|Hidayah]]. In the influential text, deaf (or "dumb") people have legal standing in areas such as [[bequest]]s, marriage, divorce and financial transactions, if they communicate habitually with intelligible signs.<ref>Vol. IV, Book LIII. {{cite book |author=Al-Marghinani |title=The Hedaya or Guide. A commentary on the Mussulman laws. 2nd edn. transl. Charles Hamilton, ed. Standish Grady, 4 vols in one |year=1975 |orig-date=1870 |location=Lahore |publisher=Premier Book |title-link=Charles Hamilton (orientalist)
}}</ref>

Early in the 20th century, a high incidence of deafness was observed among communities of the [[Naga hills]]. As has happened elsewhere in such circumstances (see, for example, [[Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language]]), a [[village sign language]] had emerged and was used by both deaf and hearing members of the community. Ethnologist and political officer [[John Henry Hutton]] wrote:

{{Blockquote|As one might expect ... of men without the art of writing, the language of signs has reached a high state of development... To judge how highly developed is this power of communicating by signs, etc., it is necessary only to experience a Naga interpreter's translation of a story or a request told to him in sign language by a dumb man. ... Indeed the writer has known a dumb man make a long and detailed complaint of an assault in which nothing was missing except proper names, and even these were eventually identified by means of the dumb man's description of his assailants' dress and personal appearance.<ref>{{cite book
|author-link=John Henry Hutton
|first=John Henry
|last=Hutton
|year=1921
|title=The Angami Nagas, with some notes on neighbouring tribes
|url=https://archive.org/details/angaminagaswith00hutt
|location=London
|publisher=MacMillan
|pages=[https://archive.org/details/angaminagaswith00hutt/page/291 291]–292}}</ref>}}

However, it is unlikely that any of these sign systems are related to modern IPSL, and deaf people were largely treated as social outcasts throughout South Asian history.

=== Residential deaf schools ===
Documented deaf education began with welfare services, mission schools and [[orphanage]]s from the 1830s, and "initially worked with locally-devised gestural or signed communication, sometimes with [[Simultaneous Communication|simultaneous speech]]."<ref>Miles, M. 2001, extended and updated 2006-04. "Signs of Development in Deaf South & South-West Asia: histories, cultural identities, resistance to cultural imperialism". This is a further revised, extended and updated version of a chapter first published in: Alison Callaway (ed) Deafness and Development, University of Bristol, Centre for Deaf Studies, 2001. Internet publication URL: http://www.independentliving.org/docs7/miles200604.html</ref> Later in the 19th century, residential deaf schools were established, and they tended (increasingly) to adopt an [[oralism|oralist]] approach over the use of sign language in the classroom. These schools included The Bombay Institution for Deaf-Mutes, which was founded by Bishop [[Leo Meurin]] in the 1880s,<ref>Hull, Ernest R. (1913) Bombay Mission-History with a special study of the [[Padroado]] Question. Volume II 1858–1890. Bombay: Examiner Press</ref> and schools in [[Madras]]<ref>Report on Public Instruction in the Madras Presidency for 1892–93. Madras, 1893. (Report by D. Duncan).</ref> and [[Calcutta]]<ref>Editorial (1895), "The deaf mutes in India". The Indian Magazine and Review, August 1895, pp. 436–38. (Quoting largely an article by Ernest J.D. Abraham, in The British Deaf-Mute, May 1895).</ref> which opened in the 1890s. Other residential schools soon followed, such as the "School for Deaf and Dumb Boys" at Mysore, founded in 1902,<ref>Iyer, A. Padmanabha (1938). "Modern Mysore, impression of a visitor". Trivandrum: Sridhara Printing House. pp 78–83</ref> a school in [[Dehiwala-Mount Lavinia|Dehiwala]] in what is now [[Sri Lanka]], founded in 1913,<ref>Smith, M. Saumarez (1915) "C.E.Z.M.S. Work among the Deaf in India & Ceylon". London: Church of England Zenana Mission Society. p. 13</ref> and "The Ida Rieu School for blind, deaf, dumb and other defective children", founded in 1923 in [[Karachi]], in what is now [[Pakistan]].<ref>Report on Public Instruction in the Bombay Presidency for the Year 1923–24. Bombay: Central Govt Press. 1925. (Report by M. Hesketh). p. 91</ref>

While a few students who were unable to learn via the oralist method were taught with signs, many students preferred to communicate with each other via sign language, sometimes to the frustration of their teachers. The first study of the sign language of these children, which is almost certainly related to modern IPSL, was in 1928 by British teacher H. C. Banerjee. She visited three residential schools for deaf children, at [[Dacca]], [[Barisal]] and Calcutta, observing that "in all these schools the teachers have discouraged the growth of the sign language, which in spite of this official disapproval, has grown and flourished."<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Banerjee | first1 = H.C. | year = 1928 | title = The sign language of deaf-mutes | journal = Indian Journal of Psychology | volume = 3 | pages = 69–87 }} (quote from p.70)</ref> She compared sign vocabularies at the different schools and described the signs in words in an appendix.

A rare case of a public event conducted in sign language was reported by a mission in [[Palayamkottai]] in 1906: "Our services for the Deaf are chiefly in the sign language, in which all can join alike, whether learning [[Tamil language|Tamil]], as those do who belong to the [[Madras Presidency]], or English, which is taught to those coming from other parts."<ref>Swainson, Florence (1906). "Report of the Deaf and Dumb and Industrial School in connection with the Church of England Zenana Mission, Palamcottah, South India, for 1905". Palamcottah: Church Mission Press. p.9</ref>

==Grammar==
Despite the common assumption that Indo-Pakistani Sign Language is the manual representation of spoken English or Hindi, it is in fact unrelated to either language and has its own grammar. [[Ulrike Zeshan|Zeshan]] (2014) discusses three aspects of IPSL: its lexicon, syntax and spatial grammar. Some distinct features of IPSL that differ from other sign languages include:

*Number Signs: The numbers from zero to nine are formed in IPSL by holding up a hand with the appropriate handshape for each number. From one to five the corresponding number of extended fingers forms the numeral sign, whereas for zero and the numbers from six to nine special handshapes are used that derive from written numbers. Ten may either be expressed by two 5-hands or by '1+0'. (Zeshan, 2000)
*Family Relationship: The signs for family relationship are preceded by the sign for 'male/man' and 'female/woman'.
{{interlinear|number=i)|man sibling|brother}}
{{interlinear|number=ii)|woman sibling|sister}}
*Sign families: Several signs belong to same family if they share one or more parameters including handshapes, place of articulation and movement.
**''Pass'' and ''fail'' have the same handshape, but move in opposite directions.
**''Money'', ''pay'' and ''rich'' have the same handshape, but different places of articulation and movement patterns.
**''Think'', ''know'' and ''understand'' use the same place of articulation, viz, the head.
*The IPSL consists of various non-manual gestures including mouth pattern, mouth gesture, facial expression, body posture, head position and eye gaze (Zeshan, 2001)
*There is no temporal inflection in IPSL. The past, present and future is depicted by using signs for before, then, and after.
*Question words like what or where are placed at the end of a sentence.
{{interlinear|number=i)|BANK WHERE|bank WH|Where is the bank?}}
{{interlinear|number=ii)|SICK WHO|sick WH|Who is sick?}}
*The use of space is a crucial feature of IPSL.
{{Blockquote|Sentences are always [[Predicate (grammar)|predicate]] final, and all of the signs from the open lexical classes can function as predicates. Ellipsis is extensive, and one-word sentences are common. There is a strong preference for sentences with only one lexical argument. Constituent order does not play any role in the marking of grammatical relations. These are coded exclusively by spatial mechanisms (e.g., directional signs) or inferred from the context. Temporal expressions usually come first in the sentence, and if there is a functional particle, it always follows the predicate (e.g., YESTERDAY FATHER DIE COMPLETIVE – "(My) father died yesterday").<ref>Zeshan, U. (2003). "Indo-Pakistani Sign Language Grammar: A Typological Outline." Sign Language Studies 3:2, 157–212.</ref>}}

==Popular culture==
Indo-Pakistani Sign Language has appeared in numerous Indian films such as:

* [[Koshish]], 1972 film about a deaf couple{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
* [[Mozhi (film)|Mozhi]], 2007 film about the love story of a deaf and mute girl{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
* [[Khamoshi: The Musical]], a 1996 film about a deaf couple with a daughter who becomes a musician{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}
* [[Black (2005 film)|Black]], a 2005 film about a blind and deaf girl based in part on the life of [[Helen Keller]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2026}}

==Computational resources==

There has been some significant amount of research on [[sign language recognition]], but with much less focus for Indo sign language. Due to the political divide, Indian and Pakistani sign languages are generally perceived different, hence leading to fragmented research. There have been a few initiatives that gather open resources for Indian<ref>{{Cite web|title=The ASSIST Project|url=https://sign-language.ai4bharat.org/#/|access-date=2021-08-17|website=sign-language.ai4bharat.org|language=en}}</ref> and Pakistani SLs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PSL {{!}} Pakistan Sign Language|url=http://www.psl.org.pk/|access-date=2021-08-17|website=www.psl.org.pk|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Naga Sign Language]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
|last=Deshmukh |first=Dilip
|year=1997
|title=Sign Language and Bilingualism in Deaf Education
|location=[[Ichalkaranji]], India
|publisher=Deaf Foundation
|url=https://bilingualism.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/new-deaf-New.pdf
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515200357/https://bilingualism.in/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/new-deaf-New.pdf
|archive-date=May 15, 2024
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Sulman |first1=Nasir
|last2=Zuberi |first2=Sadaf
|year=2002
|title=Pakistan Sign Language – A Synopsis
|journal=Sustainable Development Networking Programme, Pakistan
|id={{Academia.edu|2708088}} {{free access}}
}}
* {{cite thesis
|last=Sinha |first=Samar
|year=2003
|title=A Skeletal Grammar of Indian Sign Language
|type=MPhil dissertation
|publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
|location=[[New Delhi]]
}}
* {{cite thesis
|last=Sinha |first=Samar
|year=2008
|title=A Grammar of Indian Sign Language
|degree=PhD
|publisher=[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
|location=[[New Delhi]]
}}
* {{cite journal
|first1=Ali |last1=Imran
|first2=Abdul |last2=Razzaq
|first3=Irfan Ahmad |last3=Baig
|first4=Aamir |last4=Hussain
|first5=Sharaiz |last5=Shahid
|first6=Tausif-ur |last6=Rehman
|date=June 2021
|title=Dataset of Pakistan Sign Language and Automatic Recognition of Hand Configuration of Urdu Alphabet through Machine Learning
|journal=Data in Brief
|volume=36
|article-number=107021
|doi=10.1016/j.dib.2021.107021
|pmid=33937455
|pmc=8076696
|bibcode=2021DIB....3607021I
}}

==External links==
{{incubator|ins|lang=Indian Sign Language}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027154836/http://geocities.com/mbs_indore/Pages/ Higher Secondary School & Multi Purpose Training Institute for Deaf] ([[Indore]], Madhya Pradesh) – a residential school run by a deaf couple and using Indo-Pakistani Sign Language in the classroom.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120315001919/http://www.amic.org.sg/ict/external/awards/0202a2_l59attachment2.pdf Pakistan Sign Language – A Synopsis]
* [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-39101899 The people behind India's first sign language dictionary]—BBC

{{Languages of India}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}
{{Languages of Bangladesh}}
{{sign language navigation}}
{{language families}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indo-Pakistani Sign Language family| ]]
[[Category:Sign language isolates]]
[[Category:Languages of India]]
[[Category:Languages of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Languages of Bangladesh]]

Thomas Berly

2026-02-12T03:14:20Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding new pg - done

{{Short description|Indian actor (1932–2024)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Thomas Berly
| birth_name = Thomas Burleigh Kurishingal
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1932|9|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Fort Kochi|Fort Cochin]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2024|12|16|1932|9|1|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Ernakulam]], [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| spouse = Sophy
| children = 3
| parents = K. J. Burleigh, Annie
| years_active = 1938–1984; 2015
}}

'''Thomas Burleigh Kurishingal''' (1 September 1932<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.economictimes.com/magazines/panache/mollywood-actor-thomas-burleigh-kurishingal-one-of-indias-earliest-exports-to-hollywood-dies-at-92/articleshow/116389627.cms|title=Mollywood actor Thomas Burleigh Kurishingal, one of India's earliest exports to Hollywood, dies at 92 - The Economic Times|website=m.economictimes.com}}</ref> – 16 December 2024), better known as '''Thomas Berly''', was an Indian actor, director, producer, script writer, music composer in [[Malayalam cinema]], and author in English.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Thomas%20Berly-8823 |title=Thomas Berly:Profile and Biography, Malayalam Movie Director Thomas Berly latest Photo Gallery | Video Gallery, Malayalam Movie Director Thomas Berly, Thomas Berly Filimography, Thomas Berly Films and Cinemas, Thomas Berly Awards and Nominations |access-date=14 August 2014 |archive-date=14 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814194959/http://www.metromatinee.com/artist/Thomas%20Berly-8823 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Life and career==
Berly was born at [[Fort Kochi|Fort Cochin]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] on 1 September 1932. His parents were Kurishingal K. J. Burleigh, an independence activist, and Annie Burleigh, a leader of the pre-independence era who led a [[Satyagraha movement in Goa|satyagraha]] against toddy shops in [[Fort Kochi|Fort Cochin]]. His debut movie was ''Thiramala'' in 1953 as a 21 year old perhaps becoming one of the youngest heroes in Malayalam film industry at that time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=S |first=Priyadershini |date=2022-09-04 |title=Malayalam cinema's 'youngest' hero turns 90 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/malayalam-cinemas-hero-turns-90/article65830177.ece |access-date=2022-09-13 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/profiles.php?i=1559|title = Thomas Berly}}</ref> He later went to do a course on acting in [[University of California, Los Angeles]]. There he acted in a few English movies and television series in small roles. He acted in a Hollywood movie ''[[Never So Few]]'' in 1959. He produced an English movie, ''Maya'' for children. He was also interested in magic, violin, Madeleine instrumental music and painting. His painting ''Galiyan'' was selected and shown on International festivals.

Later in 1969 he came back and started seafood exporting business. In 1973 he directed a movie, ''Ithu Manushyano?''. Popular song ''Sughamoru bindu dukhamoru bindu'' is from this movie.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=MarunadanMalayalee.com |url=https://www.marunadanmalayalee.com/ |access-date=2024-04-05 |website=www.marunadanmalayalee.com}}</ref> Then he directed ''Vellarikkaappattanam'' in 1985 with veteran actor [[Prem Nazir]] as hero. He published a collection of English writings to his credit ''Beyond Heart'' (published 2000), which is prose-poetry, ''Fragrant Petals'' (2004), in memory of his father. He has also published a cartoon book, ''O Kerala'' (2007).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?artist=Thomas+Berly&category=director|title=Profile of Malayalam Director Thomas Berly|website=en.msidb.org}}</ref> and ''Sacred Savage'', a historical novel (2017). He was married to Sophy. They have three children, Tanya, Tarun and Tamina and three grandchildren Tahir, Kiara and Kayaan. He was residing at his family home in [[Fort Kochi]], Kerala.<ref name="auto"/>

Berly died while undergoing treatment at a private hospital in [[Ernakulam]], on 16 December 2024, at the age of 92.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keralakaumudi.com/news/news.php?id=1444500&u=obit-ernakulam|title=തോമസ് ബെർളി നിര്യാതനായി|access-date=2024-12-17|last=Daily|first=Keralakaumudi|language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Actor Thomas Berly passes away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2024/Dec/17/actor-thomas-berly-passes-away-4 |access-date=17 December 2024 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=17 December 2024}}</ref>

==Filmography==

===As an actor===
* ''[[Thiramala|Thiramaala]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Double Barrel (2015 film)|Double Barrel]]'' (2015)

===Direction===
* ''[[Ithu Manushyano]]'' (1973)
* ''[[Vellarikka Pattanam|Vellarikkaappattanam]]'' (1985)

===Story===
* ''Ithu Manushyano?'' (1973)
* ''Vellarikkaappattanam'' (1985)

===Screenplay===
* ''Ithu Manushyano?'' (1973)
* ''Vellarikkaappattanam'' (1985)

===Production===
* ''Ithu Manushyano?'' (1973)
* ''Vellarikkaappattanam'' (1985)

===Dialogue===
* ''Ithu Manushyano?'' (1973)

===Music===
* "Mangalangal"... ''Vellarikkaappattanam'' (1985)
* "Romaancham Poothirangum"... ''Vellarikkaappattanam''
* "Hemantha Kalam" ... ''Vellarikkaappattanam''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0055179}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Berly, Thomas}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:Malayalam screenwriters]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Malayalam film score composers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kochi]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kochi]]
[[Category:Musicians from Kochi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Kochi]]

Fath Muhammad

2026-02-07T15:53:11Z

Bharatpediatrist:

{{Short description|Mughal military commander (1684–1729)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox noble
| name = Fateh Muhammad Nadim Sahib(Brother in law of Hazrath Ibrahim Ali Sha Shuttari qadri Zindawali)
| image = Kolar mausoleum1794.jpg
| image_size = 280
| caption = Sketch of Fateh Muhammad's mausoleum in Kolar.
| CoA =
| title = [[Nayak (title)|Naik]]
| tenure =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| years_active = 1697&ndash;1729
| birth_date = 6 May 1684
| birth_place = [[Doddaballapura|Doddaballapur]] (Bengaluru Rural, [[Bijapur Sultanate]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1729|9|9|1684|5|6|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Carnatic Sultanate]]
| death_cause =
| house-type =
| noble family =
| spouse = Razia Bibi
| issue-type = Children
| issue = {{ubl|
*[[Hyder Ali]]
*Shahbaz
}}
| father = Muhammad Ali
| mother = Sakina Bibi
| module = {{Infobox military person
| embed = yes
| allegiance = [[Mughal Empire]]
| branch = [[Nawab of Carnatic]]
| rank = [[Sepoy]]
| battles = [[Mughal-Maratha Wars]]
}}
}}

'''Fateh Muhammad''' or '''Nadim Sahib''' (6 May 1684 – 9 September 1729) was an official of the [[Mughal Empire]] in [[Mysore]] region, and was the father of [[Mysore Sultanate]] founder [[Hyder Ali]], who was his fifth child from his third wife, and the paternal grandfather of the Mysore Sultanate Ruler [[Tipu Sultan]].<ref>de la Tour, p. 34</ref><ref>Bowring, p. 12</ref>

He was born on 6 May 1684 at [[Doddaballapura|Doddallapur]] in the [[Bijapur Sultanate]], 2 years before the Mughal Empire took control of the region during the reign of [[Aurangzeb]]. His father Ali Muhammad, a descendant of Sufi mystic [[Shaikh Bahlol Daryai|Muhammad Bahlole]], had come to Gulbarga and married daughter of custodian of shrine of [[Banda Nawaz]].<ref>Wilks, p. 149</ref> He was killed in action at the age of 45 years, 4 months, and 3 days in a battle between Tahir Muhammad Khan, who was the Subahdar of [[Sira Subah|Sira]], and Jaher Khan of Chittor on 9 September 1729. He was buried at Kolar alongside his parents.

At an early age, he served as a commander of 50 men in the [[Rocket artillery]] of the army of the [[Nawab of Carnatic]]. It is believed that he served alongside [[Zulfikhar Ali Khan|Zulfiqar Ali Khan]], the first Nawab of the Carnatic during the [[Siege of Jinji]]. This was maintained under the command of the [[Mughal Emperor]] Aurangzeb with the purpose of capturing or killing the renegade [[Maratha]] ruler [[Rajaram Chhatrapati|Rajaram]].<ref>Narasimha etc al, p. 120</ref> then later in 1700s he became a valuable Military Commander. Fath Muhammad eventually entered the service of the [[Wodeyar]] [[Raja]]s of the Kingdom of Mysore, where he rose to become a powerful military commander. The Wodeyars awarded him [[Budikote]] as a [[jagir]] (land grant), where he then served as [[Nayak (title)|Naik]] (Lord).<ref name=B13>Bowring, p. 13</ref>

==See also==
*[[Siege of Jinji]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book|last=Narasimha|first=Roddam|author2=Srinivasan, Jagannathan|author3= Biswas, S. K|title=The Dynamics of Technology: Creation and Diffusion of Skills and Knowledge|publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7619-9670-5|oclc=231988745}}
*{{cite book|last=Tour|first=Maistre de la|title=The History of Hyder Shah, Alias Hyder Ali Khan Bahadur|publisher=W. Thacker|location=London|year=1855|author2=Mohammed, Gholam|oclc=65664006|url=https://archive.org/details/afacsimilerepri00sultgoog}}
*{{cite book|last=Wilks|first=Mark|title=Historical Sketches of the South of India, in an Attempt to Trace the history of Mysoor|publisher=Higginbotham|year=1869|edition=Second|oclc=460735564|location=Madras|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GrgIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PR1}}
*{{cite book|last=Bowring|first=Lewin|title=Haidar Alí and Tipú Sultán, and the Struggle with the Musalmán Powers of the South|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1899|location=Oxford|oclc=11827326|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v80NAAAAIAAJ}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muhammad, Fath}}
[[Category:18th-century Mughal Empire people]]
[[Category:Mughal generals]]
[[Category:1684 births]]
[[Category:1729 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian generals]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:People from Kolar]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Karnataka]]

Madras Fertilizers

2026-01-29T19:39:35Z

Bharatpediatrist: quick refine formatting for accuracy and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Madras Fertilizers Limited (MFL)
| logo =
| caption =
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|590134}} {{NSE|MADRASFERT}}
| genre = 
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{Start date|1966}}
| founder =
| defunct = 
| location_city = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| location_country = India
| location = Manali
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = Manoj Kumar Jain ([[Chairman]] and [[Managing Director|MD]])
| industry = Fertilizer
| products = [[Fertilizers]], [[agrochemical]]
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| aum = 
| assets =
| equity =
| owner = [[Government of India]] (59.5%) [[Naftiran Intertrade]] (25.77%)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narasimhan |first1=T. E. |title=Madras Fert co-promoter objects to GoI's proposal |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/madras-fert-co-promoter-objects-to-goi-s-proposal-112090600041_1.html |access-date=23 January 2023 |work=Business Standard India |date=6 September 2012}}</ref>
| num_employees =
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = {{URL|http://www.madrasfert.co.in/}}
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}
'''Madras Fertilizers Limited''' (MFL) is an Indian [[Public sector undertakings in India|public sector undertaking]] engaged in the manufacture of [[ammonia]], [[urea]] and [[Fertilizer|complex fertilizers]] in [[Manali, Chennai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madrasfert.nic.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041108022311/http://madrasfert.nic.in/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-11-08 |title=Madras Fertilizers Limited – Home Page |publisher=Madrasfert.nic.in |accessdate=2012-11-11 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Modi govt set to divest top fertiliser companies next fiscal: Report |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/modi-govt-set-to-divest-top-fertiliser-companies-next-fiscal-report-12806694.html#google_vignette |website=www.moneycontrol.com}}</ref>

== History ==
Madras Fertilizers was incorporated in December 1966 as a [[joint venture]] between the [[Government of India]] (GOI) and [[Amoco]], with the GOI holding 51% of the equity share capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fert.nic.in/page/madras-fertilizers-limited-mfl |title=Madras Fertilizers Limited (MFL) | Government of India, Department of Fertilizers, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers |publisher=Fert.nic.in |date= |accessdate=2012-11-11}}</ref> The company is the first public sector undertaking in the fertilizer industry to receive [[ISO 9000 family|ISO 9002]] certification.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/madras-fertilizers-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-4801.cms |title=Madras FertilizersHistory | Madras Fertilizers Ltd Company History & Profile |newspaper=The Economic Times |date= |accessdate=29 October 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Portal|India}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers (India)}}
{{Chennai Topics}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Government-owned companies of India]]
[[Category:Fertiliser companies of India]]
[[Category:Companies based in Chennai]]
[[Category:1966 establishments in Madras State]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1966]]
[[Category:Chemical companies established in 1966]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Government-owned chemical companies of India]]

{{India-company-stub}}

List of governors-general of India

2026-01-28T07:35:56Z

Bharatpediatrist: adjusted lead for clarity and corrected details for accuracy

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}

The [[Regulating Act 1773]] created the office with the title of [[Governor-General]] of the [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|Presidency]] of [[Fort William, West Bengal|Fort William]], or '''Governor-General of Bengal''' to be appointed by the Court of Directors of the [[East India Company]] (EIC). The Court of Directors assigned a [[Council of Four (India)|Council of Four]] (based in India) to assist the Governor-General, and the decision of the council was binding on the Governor-General from 1773–1784.

The [[Charter Act 1833]] re-designated the office with the title of [[Governor-General of India]]. [[Lord William Bentinck|William Bentinck]] was the first to be designated as the Governor-general of India in 1833.

After the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the [[company rule in India]] was brought to an end, but the [[British Raj|British India]] along with [[princely state]]s came under the direct rule of the [[The Crown|British Crown]]. The [[Government of India Act 1858]] created the office of [[Secretary of State for India]] in 1858 to oversee the affairs of India, which was advised by a new [[Council of India]] with 15 members (based in [[London]]). The existing Council of Four was formally renamed as the Council of Governor-General of India or Executive Council of India. The Council of India was later abolished by [[Government of India Act 1935]].

Following the adoption of the Government of India Act 1858, the Governor-General representing the Crown became known as the [[Viceroy]]. The designation 'Viceroy', although it was most frequently used in ordinary parlance, had no statutory authority, and was never employed by Parliament. Although the Proclamation of 1858 announcing the assumption of the government of India by the Crown referred to [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Lord Canning]] as "first Viceroy and Governor-General", none of the Warrants appointing his successors referred to them as 'Viceroys', and the title, which was frequently used in Warrants dealing with precedence and in public notifications, was one of ceremonies used in connection with the state and social functions of the Sovereign's representative. The Governor-General continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the Government of India continued to be vested in the appointments of Governor-General of India which were made by the British Crown upon the advice of '''Secretary of State for India'''. The office of Governor-General continued to exist as a [[Figurehead|ceremonial post]] in each of the new [[dominion]]s of [[Dominion of India|India]] and [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]], until they adopted republican constitutions in 1950 and 1956 respectively.

==List of governors-general==
{{hatnote|Before 1773 the Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal) was named as [[Governor of Bengal]], which was in existence from 1757 to 1772. For the list of Governors of Bengal see [[List of governors of Bengal]].}}

=== Fort William (Bengal) and India, 1773–1857 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Sr. No.
! Governor-General {{Small|(Lifespan)}}
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Notable events
! Appointed by
|-
!
! colspan="5" | Governors-General of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), 1773–1833
|-
|1
| [[File:Warren Hastings.jpg|80px]] [[Warren Hastings ]] {{Small|(1732–1818)}}
| {{Small|20 October}} 1773<ref group=nb>Originally joined on 28 April 1772.</ref>
| {{Small|8 February}} 1785
| class=small |
* [[Regulating Act 1773]]
* '''[[First Rohilla War|First Rohilla War (1773–1774)]]'''
* [[Supreme Court of Judicature at Fort William]] (1774) was established
* Formation of [[Supreme Council of Bengal]] (1774)
* '''[[First Anglo-Maratha War|First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)]]'''
* Formed Amini Commission (1776)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amini Commission 1776 - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Amini_Commission_1776 |access-date=21 March 2022 |website=en.banglapedia.org}}</ref>
* Founded [[Aliah University|Calcutta Madrasa]] (Aliah University) (1780)
* [[James Augustus Hicky]]'s [[Bengal Gazette]] (first Indian newspaper published (1780)
* '''[[Second Anglo-Mysore War|Second Anglo-Mysore war (1780–1784)]]'''
* [[The Asiatic Society|Asiatic Society of Bengal]] was established by [[William Jones (philologist)|Sir William Jones]] (1784)
* [[Pitt's India Act]] (1784)
* Creation of [[District magistrate|collector]] post
* The first Governor General to be prosecuted for impeachment. As a consequence of his involvement in [[First Rohilla War]]<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911 |wstitle=Rohilla |volume=23 |page=461 |inline=1}}</ref>
* Experimentation on land settlements
* Ended providing pension to the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] Emperor [[Shah Alam II]]
* Abolished the Dual System in Bengal (which was introduced by [[Robert Clive]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Reforms of Robert clive |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Clive/Clives-administrative-achievements |access-date=16 August 2020 |website=britannica.com}}</ref>
* Moved Treasury from [[Murshidabad]] to [[Kolkata|Calcutta]]
* Abolished ''[[Dastak (trade permit)|Dastak]]'' system (which was introduced by [[Robert Clive]])
* English translation of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita|Bhagwat Gita]]'' by [[Charles Wilkins]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qdoyw_6Y3cYC |title=Oriental Enlightenment: The Encounter Between Asian and Western Thought |last=Clarke |first=John James |date=1 January 1997 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=9780415133753 |language=en}}</ref>
! rowspan="10" style="font-weight:normal" | [[George III]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:Captain John Macpherson (1726 - 1792) by anonymous (circa 1772-1792).jpg|80px]] [[Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1745–1821)}}
| ''{{Small|8 February}} 1785''
| ''{{Small|12 September}} 1786''
|  
|-
|2
| [[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis| Charles Cornwallis, 2nd Earl Cornwallis]]<ref group=nb>Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis (1792).</ref> {{Small|(1738–1805)}}
| {{Small|12 September}} 1786
| {{Small|28 October}} 1793
| class=small |
* Established lower courts and appellate courts
* '''[[Third Anglo-Mysore War|Third Anglo-Mysore war]] (1790–1792)'''
* [[Government Sanskrit College, Varanasi|Sanskrit Vidyalaya ''at'' Benaras]] ''(''now [[Varanasi]]) established by [[Jonathan Duncan (Governor of Bombay)|Johnathan Duncan]] (then [[Governor of Bombay]]) (1791)
* '''[[Permanent Settlement|Permanent Settlement in Bihar and Bengal (1793)]]'''
* Introduction of [[Cornwallis Code]] (1793)
* '''Introduction of [[Civil Services of India|Civil Services in India]]'''
|-
|3
| [[File:JohnShore.jpg|80px]] [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|Sir John Shore]], Bt. {{Small|(1751–1834)}}
| {{Small|28 October}} 1793
| {{Small|18 March}} 1798
| class=small |
* Policy of [[Non-interventionism|Non-intervention]]
* [[Charter Act 1793]]
* [[Second Rohilla War|Second Rohilla War 1794]]
* [[Battle of Kharda]] between [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] and [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]] (1795)
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke.jpg|80px]] [[Lieutenant general|Lt. Gen]] [[Alured Clarke]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1744–1832)}}
| ''{{Small|18 March}} 1798''
| ''{{Small|18 May}} 1798''
|  
|-
|4
| [[File:Richard Wellesley 2.JPG|80px]] [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley]]<ref group=nb>Created Marquess Wellesley (1799).</ref> {{Small|(1760–1842)}}
| {{Small|18 May}} 1798
| {{Small|30 July}} 1805
| class=small |
* '''Introduction of [[Subsidiary alliance|Subsidiary Alliance]] (1798)'''
* [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War|Fourth Anglo Mysore War 1799]]
* Censorship Act, 1799
* Took over the administration of [[Tanjore]] (1799), [[Surat]] (1800) and [[Carnatica]] (1801)
* [[Fort William College|Fort William College at Calcutta]] (1800)
* The [[Treaty of Bassein (1802)|Subsidiary Treaty of Bassein]] (1802)<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Krishna |title=Indian History |date=2017 |publisher=McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd |isbn=9789352606627 |edition=2nd |location=Chennai |pages=C.53}}</ref> and [[Second Anglo-Maratha War|Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805)]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reddy |first=Vinodh |date=28 October 2015 |title=Governors-General of India (1772–1857) |url=https://edugeneral.org/blog/history/governors-general-of-india/ |access-date=30 June 2020 |website=EduGeneral |language=en-US |archive-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701213920/https://edugeneral.org/blog/history/governors-general-of-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Raj Bhavan, Kolkata|Raj Bhavan]] at [[Calcutta]] was established (1803)
|-
|5
| [[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis]] {{Small|(1738–1805)}}
| {{Small|30 July}} 1805
| {{Small|5 October}} 1805
|  
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:Sir George Barlow, 1st Bt from NPG crop.jpg|80px]] [[Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1762–1847)}}
| ''{{Small|10 October}} 1805''
| ''{{Small|31 July}} 1807''
|style="background:#e6e6aa; font-size:90%" |
* '''[[Vellore mutiny|Sepoy mutiny at Vellore (1806)]]''' (prelude to the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]])
* [[Bank of Calcutta]] (1806) established (later [[Imperial Bank of India]], now [[State Bank of India]])
|-
|6
| [[File:Gilbert Eliot, 1st Earl of Minto by James Atkinson.jpg|80px]] [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Baron Minto]] {{Small|(1751–1814)}}
| {{Small|31 July}} 1807
| {{Small|4 October}} 1813
| class=small |
* '''[[Treaty of Amritsar (1809)]]''' with [[Ranjit Singh]]
* Treaty of Eternal Friendship (1809) with Talpur Rulers of Sindh
* '''[[Charter Act 1813]]'''
|-
|7
| [[File:Francis, 1st Marquess of Hastings (Earl of Moira).jpg|80px]] [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings]]<ref group=nb>[[Earl of Moira]] prior to being created Marquess of Hastings in 1816.</ref> {{Small|(1754–1826)}}
| {{Small|4 October}} 1813
| {{Small|9 January}} 1823
| class=small |
* Ended the policy of [[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|Non-intervention]]
* '''[[Anglo-Nepalese War|Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816)]]''' ended with the signing of '''[[Treaty of Sugauli|Treaty of Sugauli (1816)]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty of Sagauli {{!}} British-Nepalese history [1816] |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Sagauli |access-date=2020-05-27 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>
* '''[[Third Anglo-Maratha War|Third Anglo-Maratha War (1816–1818)]]''' and the abolition of [[Peshwa]]ship
* [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Hindu College]] (now [[Presidency University, Kolkata|Presidency University]]) at [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] (1817)
* The [[Pindari|Pindari War]] (1817–1818) (the complete destruction of the [[Pindari]]s)
* Subversion of Peshwa [[Baji Rao II]] and annexation of his territories to the [[Bombay Presidency]] (1818)
* Establishment of [[Ryotwari|Ryotwari System]] in [[Madras Presidency]] (1820) by the [[List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency#Governors (of British India)|governor]] [[Sir Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet|Thomas Munro, 1st Baronet]]
* Establishment of [[Mahalwari]] System in Northern India by [[Holt Mackenzie]] (1822)
* Bengal Tenancy Act was passed (1822)
* General Committee of Public Instruction was formed (1823)
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:John Adam governor general of India.jpg|80px]] [[John Adam (administrator)|John Adam]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1779–1825)}}
| ''{{Small|9 January}} 1823''
| ''{{Small|1 August}} 1823''
|style="background:#e6e6aa; font-size:90%" |
* Licensing Regulations
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" | [[George IV]]
|-
|8
| [[File:Sir Thomas Lawrence - Lord Amherst.jpg|80px]] [[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst]]<ref group=nb>Created Earl Amherst in 1826.</ref> {{Small|(1773–1857)}}
| {{Small|1 August}} 1823
| {{Small|13 March}} 1828
| class=small |
* [[Barrackpore mutiny of 1824]]
* Establishment of [[The Sanskrit College and University|Sanskrit College at Calcutta]] (1824)
* [[First Anglo-Burmese War|First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826)]] (East India Company defeats [[Bagyidaw|Burmese King Bagyidaw]] and annexes [[Assam]], [[Manipur]], [[Arakan]] and [[Tenasserim Hills|Tenasserim]])
* [[Treaty of Yandabo]], 1826 (East India Company humiliates and extracts 1 million Pounds from the [[Bagyidaw|Burmese King Bagyidaw]])
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:William Butterworth Bayley, governor general of India.png|80px]] [[William Butterworth Bayley]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1782–1860)}}
| ''{{Small|13 March}} 1828''
| ''{{Small|4 July}} 1828''
|  
|-
!
! colspan="5" | Governors-General of India, 1833–1858
|-
|1
| [[File:Bentinck william.png|80px]] [[Lord William Bentinck]] {{Small|(1774–1839)}}
| {{Small|4 July}} 1828
| {{Small|20 March}} 1835
| class=small |
* First [[Governor-General of India|Governor General of India]]
* '''[[Bengal Sati Regulation, 1829]]'''
* Suppression of [[Thuggee]] (1829–1835)
* [[Kol uprising|Kol Rebellion (1831)]]
* Barasat Uprising (1831), led by [[Titumir]]
* Annexation of [[Mysore district|Mysore]] (1831), [[Coorg]] (1834), and central [[Cachar district|Cachar]] (1834)
* '''[[Charter Act 1833]]''' (administrative reforms as well as formalising the non-discrimination in employment of Indians by religion)
* [[English Education Act 1835]] and introduction of English as a medium of instruction. English was also introduced by the Bengal government in the [[Aliah University|Calcutta Madrasa]] in 1829
* [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]] (1835)
* Abolition of the provincial courts of appeal and circuit set by Cornwallis, appointment of commissioners of revenue and circuit
* [[Mahalwari|Mahalwari System]] in Central India, Punjab and western Uttar Pradesh
* [[Brahmo Samaj|Brahmo samaj]] established by [[Ram Mohan Roy]]
! rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal" | [[William IV]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:Charles Theophilus Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe by George Chinnery.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Charles Metcalfe, Baronet]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1785–1846)}}
| ''{{Small|20 March}} 1835''
| ''{{Small|4 March}} 1836''
|style="background:#e6e6aa; font-size:90%" |
* Repealed 1823 Licensing Regulations
* Known as Liberator of India Press
* Establishment of [[National Library of India|Calcutta Public Library (1836)]] (currently known as ''National Library of India'')
|-
|2
| [[File:George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland.png|80px]] [[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland]]<ref group=nb>Created Earl of Auckland in 1839.</ref> {{Small|(1784–1849)}}
| {{Small|4 March}} 1836
| {{Small|28 February}} 1842
| class=small |
* Tripartite Treaty (1838) between [[East India Company|British]], [[Shah Shujah Durrani|Shah Shuja]] and [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]] against [[Dost Mohammad Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)|Dost Muhammad Khan]]
* First Bengali daily newspaper [[Sambad Prabhakar]] was published (1839)
* [[Tattwabodhini Sabha]] was formed by [[Debendranath Tagore]] (1839)
* [[First Anglo-Afghan War|First Anglo Afghan War (1840–1842)]] (Retreating [[British Army during the Victorian Era|British Army]] massacred by Afghan militias during the [[1842 retreat from Kabul]])<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lessons unlearned |newspaper=The Economist |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2013/01/26/lessons-unlearned |access-date=2023-07-16 |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>
* [[Bank of Bombay]] (1840) established (later [[Imperial Bank of India]], now [[State Bank of India]])
|-
|3
| [[File:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|80px]] [[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|Edward Law, 2nd Baron Ellenborough]] {{Small|(1790–1871)}}
| {{Small|28 February}} 1842
| {{Small|June}} 1844
| class=small |
* [[Gwalior campaign|Gwalior War (1843)]] (British defeat Marathas)
* [[Bank of Madras]] (1843) established (later [[Imperial Bank of India]], now [[State Bank of India]])
* Conquest and annexation of [[Sind Province]] (1843)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sind-British conflict |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Miani |website=Britanica.com |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Indian Slavery Act, 1843]]
! rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal" | [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:William Wilberforce Bird.jpg|80px]] [[William Wilberforce Bird (governor)|William Wilberforce Bird]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1784–1857)}}
| ''{{Small|June}} 1844''
| ''{{Small|23 July}} 1844''
|  
|-
|4
| [[File:Henryhardinge.jpg|80px]] [[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Henry Hardinge]]<ref group=nb>Created Viscount Hardinge in 1846.</ref> {{Small|(1785–1856)}}
| {{Small|23 July}} 1844
| {{Small|12 January}} 1848
| class=small |
* The [[First Anglo-Sikh War]] (1845–1846) ([[British Empire]] defeats the [[Sikh Empire]] and confiscate major portion of its territory)
* [[Treaty of Lahore|Treaty of Lahore (1846)]] ([[East India Company|British]] confiscated [[Kashmir]] from the [[Sikh Empire|Sikhs]] and sold it to [[Dogra dynasty|Raja of Jammu]] for 75 lakh rupees)
* Treaty of Bhairowal (1846)
* Establishment of [[Roorkee Engineering College]] (1847)<ref name="IIT Roorkee">{{Cite web |url=http://www.iitr.ac.in/ |title=Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Index |first=IIT Roorkee |last=Information Management Group |website=www.iitr.ac.in}}</ref>
|-
|5
| [[File:Dalhousie.jpg|80px]] [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay, 10th Earl of Dalhousie]]<ref group=nb>Created Marquess of Dalhousie 1849.</ref> {{Small|(1812–1860)}}
| {{Small|12 January}} 1848
| {{Small|28 February}} 1856
| class=small |
* '''[[Doctrine of lapse|Doctrine of Lapse (1848)]]'''
* [[Second Anglo-Sikh War]] (1848–1849) (The British totally defeated the [[Sikh Empire]] and annexed [[Punjab region|Punjab]])
* [[Bethune College|Bethune Collegiate School (1849)]] (was also known as ''Calcutta Female School'') was established by [[John Elliot Drinkwater Bethune]]
* Religious Disabilities Act, 1850
* [[Telecommunications in India|First telegraph line was laid between Diamond Harbour to Calcutta (1851)]]
* [[Second Anglo-Burmese War|Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852)]] (The sole aim of Dalhousie was to humiliate and annex more of Burmese Territories. [[Second Anglo-Burmese War#Subsequent parody|Burma was attacked unprovoked]])
* Charter Act, 1853
* [[Rail transport in India|First Passenger train between Bombay and Thane (1853)]]
* '''[[Wood's despatch|Charles Wood Despatch (1854)]]'''
* Post Office Act, 1854
* Established Public Works Department (1854)
* [[Santhal rebellion|Santhal Rebellion (1855)]] (15,000 Santhals were killed by the British Army during the rebellion. Elephants were used to destroy Santhal Dwellings)
* Annexation of [[Oudh State|Oudh]] on the grounds of alleged internal misrule (1856)
* Establishment of summer capital at [[Shimla]]
* Banned female infanticide completely and human sacrifice in [[Odisha]] and [[Maharashtra]]
|-
|6
| [[File:Lord Viscount Canning.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning, 2nd Viscount Canning]]<ref group=nb name="auto">Created Earl Canning 1859.</ref> {{Small|(1812–1862)}}
| {{Small|28 February}} 1856
| {{Small|31 October}} 1858
| class=small |
* '''[[Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856]]''' (drafted by [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay, Earl of Dalhousie]])
* '''[[Indian Rebellion of 1857]]'''
* [[University of Calcutta]], [[University of Mumbai|University of Bombay]], and [[University of Madras]] were set up (1857)
|}

=== Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Sr. No.
! Governor-General or Viceroy {{Small|(Lifespan)}}
! colspan=2 | Term of office
! Notable events
! [[Secretary of State for India]]
! Prime Minister
|-
!
! colspan="6" | Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947
|-
|1
| [[File:Lord Viscount Canning.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning, 2nd Viscount Canning]]<ref name="auto" group="nb"/> {{Small|(1812–1862)}}
| {{Small|1 November}} 1858
| {{Small|21 March}} 1862
| class=small |
* [[Queen Victoria]]'s Proclamation (1 November 1858) and '''[[Government of India Act 1858|The Government of India Act, 1858]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Government of India Act of 1858 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Government-of-India-Act-of-1858 |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Formation of [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Imperial Civil Services]] (1858)
* [[Indigo revolt|Indigo Revolt in Bengal]] (1859–1860)
* [[White mutiny]] by the European troops (1859)
* Enactment of [[Indian Penal Code]] (1860)
* [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]]
* [[Indian Councils Act 1861|Indian Councils Act, 1861]]
* Indian Civil Service Act, 1861
* Police Act, 1861<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Act. 1861 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/police_act_1861.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
* Establishment of [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (1861)
* [[Union budget of India|System of Budget]] was introduced
* Introduced Portfolio System which gave foundation for Cabinet System
|
* [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]]
* [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]]
|
* [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby]]
* [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
|-
|2
| [[File:Elgin.png|80px]] [[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]] {{Small|(1811–1863)}}
| {{Small|21 March}} 1862
| {{Small|20 November}} 1863
| class=small |
* Establishment of [[Calcutta High Court]] ({{Small|2 July}}), [[Bombay High Court]] ({{Small|14 August}}) and [[Madras High Court]] ({{Small|15 August}}) (1862)
* Opened up [[Qing China]] and Japan to Western trade
* Compelled the Qing to sign the Convention of Peking, annexing the Kowloon Peninsula to the [[British Hong Kong|British crown colony of Hong Kong]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala - Project Gutenberg eText 16528.png|80px]] [[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1810–1890)}}
| ''{{Small|21 November}} 1863''
| ''{{Small|2 December}} 1863''
|  
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:William Denison 2.jpg|80px]] [[William Denison]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1804–1871)}}
| ''{{Small|2 December}} 1863''
| ''{{Small|12 January}} 1864''
|  
|-
|3
| [[File:SirJohnLawrence 16246.jpg|80px]] [[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|Sir John Lawrence, 1st Baronet]] {{Small|(1811–1879)}}
| {{Small|12 January}} 1864
| {{Small|12 January}} 1869
| class=small |
* [[Bhutan War|Bhutan War (1864–1865)]] (The [[British Empire|British]] defeated an undefended [[Bhutan]] and annexed [[Assam]] and [[Bengal]] [[Dooars|Duars]])
* Establishment of [[Shimla]] as India's summer capital (1864)
* Establishment of [[Allahabad High Court]] (1866)
* Famine Commission was constituted (1867) under Henry Campbell due to [[Orissa famine of 1866]]
* Tenancy Act was passed in Punjab and Oudh (1868)
|
* [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]]
* [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|George Robinson, Earl de Grey]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]]
* [[Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh|Stafford Northcote]]
* [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]]
|
* [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]]
* [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell]]
* [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby]]
* [[Benjamin Disraeli]]
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
|-
|4
| [[File:6th Earl of Mayo.jpg|80px]] [[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]] {{Small|(1822–1872)}}
| {{Small|12 January}} 1869
| {{Small|8 February}} 1872
| class=small |
* [[Keshub Chandra Sen]] establishes [[Indian Reform Association]] (1870)
* Started Financial decentralization (1870)<ref name="Lord Mayo"/>
* Enacted IPC amendment-Sedition Act 1870 to tackle Wahabi Movement
* Assassinated by [[Sher Ali Afridi]] (1872)<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Viceroy Lord Mayo's Assassination Led To Creation Of India's First Intelligence Bureau |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-how-viceroy-lord-mayos-assassination-led-to-creation-of-indias-first-intelligence-bureau/352084 |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Outlook India |date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* Started the [[Census in British India|Census in India]] (1872)
* Established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce (1872)<ref name="Lord Mayo">{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Krishna |title=Indian History |date=2017 |publisher=McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd |location=Chennai |isbn=9789352606627 |pages=C.55 |edition=2nd}}</ref>
* Established Statistical Survey of India (1872)<ref name="Lord Mayo"/>
* Opening of [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar college in Rajkot]] and [[Mayo College|Mayo College at Ajmer]] for political training of Indian Princes
| rowspan=3 | [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]]
| rowspan=3 | [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:John Strachey (civil servant) (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[John Strachey (civil servant)|John Strachey]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1823–1907)}}
| ''{{Small|9 February}} 1872''
| ''{{Small|23 February}} 1872''
|  
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:FrancisNapier10thLordNapier.jpg|80px]] [[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1819–1898)}}
| ''{{Small|24 February}} 1872''
| ''{{Small|3 May}} 1872''
|  
|-
|5
| [[File:Arthur Stockdale Cope - Thomas George Baring, Earl of Northbrook.jpg|80px]] [[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Thomas Baring, 2nd Baron Northbrook]] {{Small|(1826–1904)}}
| {{Small|3 May}} 1872
| {{Small|12 April}} 1876
| class=small |
* He suppressed Kuka rebellion in Punjab led by Ram Singh (1872)
* [[Jyotirao Phule|Jyotiba Phule]] launches the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] in [[Maharashtra]] (1873) against the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and the [[Untouchability]] practice
* Trial of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] of [[Baroda]] (1874)
* [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] founded by [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]] (1875)
* [[Prince of Wales]] [[Edward VII]] visited India (1875)
* '''[[Dramatic Performances Act|Dramatic Performances Act, 1876]]'''
* He resigned (1876), being asked by the British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] to make a treaty with the [[Emir of Afghanistan]] [[Sher Ali Khan]]
|
* [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
|
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
* [[Benjamin Disraeli]]
|-
|6
| [[File:Robert Bulwer-Lytton by Nadar.jpg|80px]] [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]] {{Small|(1831–1891)}}
| {{Small|12 April}} 1876
| {{Small|8 June}} 1880
| class=small |
* Royal Titles Act, 1876 by which [[Queen Victoria]] assumed the title of '[[Empress of India]]'
* '''[[Great Famine of 1876–1878]]''', a 'Famine Commission' was constituted under [[Richard Strachey]] (1878)
* [[Delhi Durbar|First Delhi Durbar]] (of three) (1877)
* '''[[Vernacular Press Act|Vernacular Press Act, 1878]]'''
* Arms Act, 1878<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arms Act, 1878 |url=http://www.myanmar-law-library.org/IMG/pdf/the_indian_arms_act.pdf |website=myanmar-law-library.org |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
* [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], (1878–1880)
* [[Treaty of Gandamak]] signed (1879)
* Decreased the maximum age of appearing in [[Indian Civil Services|civil services]] from 21 to 19
|
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
* [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook|Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook]]
* [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|Marquess of Hartington]]
|
* [[Benjamin Disraeli]]
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
|-
|7
| [[File:George Robinson 1st Marquess of Ripon.jpg|80px]] [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon]] {{Small|(1827–1909)}}
| {{Small|8 June}} 1880
| {{Small|13 December}} 1884
| class=small |
* First Factory Act (1881)
* [[Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881]]
* First complete [[Census of India prior to independence#1881 Census|Census in India]] (1881)
* Repeal of the [[Vernacular Press Act]] (1882)
* Establishment of [[Panjab University]] (1882)
* Government resolution on [[Local government in India|local self-government]] (1882)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lord Ripon: Father of Local Self Government in India |url=https://thenationaltv.com/News/lord-ripon-father-of-local-self-government-in-india#:~:text=Lord%20Ripon%20was%20known%20as,for%20them%20in%20their%20locality. |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=thenationaltv.com}}</ref>
* Appointment of Education Commission under Sir [[William Wilson Hunter]] (1882)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunter Commission - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Hunter_Commission |website=en.banglapedia.org |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref>
* '''[[Ilbert Bill|Ilbert Bill (1883)]]'''
* Passed [[Indian Famine Codes|Famine codes]] (1883)
* Increased the maximum age of appearing in [[Indian Civil Services|civil services]] from 18 to 21
|
* [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|Marquess of Hartington]]
* [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]
|
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
|-
|8
| [[File:Young Lord Dufferin.jpg|80px]] [[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Earl of Dufferin]] {{Small|(1826–1902)}}
| {{Small|13 December}} 1884
| {{Small|10 December}} 1888
| class=small |
* [[Indian National Congress|Formation of Indian National Congress]] (1885)
* [[Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)]]
* [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885)
* [[Burma]] was made a province of India, with [[Rangoon]] as its capital (1886)<ref>{{Cite news |title=A Short History of Burma |url=https://newint.org/features/2008/04/18/history#:~:text=The%20British%20made%20Burma%20a,resentment%20in%20many%20Burmese%20people. |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=New Internationalist |date=18 April 2008 |language=en}}</ref>
|
* [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]
* [[Lord Randolph Churchill]]
* [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]
* [[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross]]
|
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
|-
|9
| [[File:Marquess of Lansdowne crop.jpg|80px]] [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne]] {{Small|(1845–1927)}}
| {{Small|10 December}} 1888
| {{Small|21 January}} 1894
| class=small |
* [[Age of Consent Act, 1891]] was passed to prohibit the marriages of girl child under the age of 12
* Second Factory Act 1891
* [[Indian Councils Act 1892]]
* Setting up the [[Durand Line|Durand Commission]] (1893) (India-Afghanistan)
|
* [[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross]]
* [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]]
* [[Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton|Henry Fowler]]
|
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
* [[William Ewart Gladstone]]
* [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]]
|-
|10
| [[File:9thEarlOfElgin.jpg|80px]] [[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin]] {{Small|(1849–1917)}}
| {{Small|21 January}} 1894<ref>{{Cite web| title=The internal administration of lord elgin in India, 1894 - 1898 | url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33561/1/11010320.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211134449/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33561/1/11010320.pdf | archive-date=2020-12-11}}</ref>
| {{Small|6 January}} 1899
| class=small |
* Spread of [[Bombay plague epidemic|Bubonic plague in Bombay]] (1896)
* '''[[Indian famine of 1896–1897]]'''
* Establishment of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] by [[Swami Vivekananda]] at [[Belur Math]] (1897)
* Assassination of two British officials ([[Walter Charles Rand]] and Ayerst) by the [[Chapekar brothers]] (1897)
|
* [[Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton|Henry Fowler]]
* [[Lord George Hamilton]]
|
* [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]]
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
|-
|11
| [[File:George Curzon2.jpg|80px]] [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|George Curzon, 1st Baron Curzon of Kedleston]]<ref group="nb">[[Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill]] was acting Governor-General in 1904.</ref> {{Small|(1859–1925)}}
| {{Small|6 January}} 1899
| {{Small|18 November}} 1905
| class=small |
* [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]]
* Munda (Ulgulan) rebellion led by [[Birsa Munda]] (1899–1900)
* Department of Agriculture was constituted (1901)
* Creation of [[North-West Frontier Province]] (1901)
* Appointment of Police Commission under [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser|Andrew Frazer]] (1902)
* Appointment of [[Indian Universities Commission 1902|Raleigh University Commission (1902)]] (Indian Universities Act, 1904 was passed as per the recommendation of this commission)
* [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1903|Second Delhi Durbar]] (of three) (1903)
* [[British expedition to Tibet|Younghusband expedition to Tibet]] under [[Francis Younghusband]] (1903–1904)
* [[Central Hindu Girls School|Benaras Hindu Girls School]] was established by [[Annie Besant]] (1904)
* Archaeological Department was established under [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904]]
* Official Secrets Act 1904 to curb free press
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|Agricultural Research Institute]] at [[Samastipur|Pusa]] in [[Bihar]] was established (1905)
* '''[[Partition of Bengal (1905)]]'''
* [[Swadeshi Movement]] (1905–1911) against [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] by [[Lal Bal Pal]]-[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurbindo Ghosh]]
|
* [[Lord George Hamilton]]
* [[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|William St John Brodrick]]
|
* [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]]
* [[Arthur Balfour]]
|-
!
! colspan="6" | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[Edward VII]] {{Small|(1901–1910)}}
|-
|12
| [[File:Earl Minto.jpg|80px]] [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto]] {{Small|(1845–1914)}}
| {{Small|18 November}} 1905
| {{Small|23 November}} 1910
| class=small |
* Establishment of [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] by [[Aga Khan III]] and [[Khwaja Salimullah]] ([[Nawab of Dhaka]]) (1906)
* Foundation of [[Jugantar]] revolutionary group in Bengal (1906)
* Foundation stone of 'Victoria Memorial' laid (1906)
* Split in Congress (1907) (in Surat session)
* [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Satyendra Prasanna Sinha]] became first Indian member to be appointed in [[Viceroy's Executive Council]]
* Seditious meetings (prohibition) Act 1907 to curb the extremist movement
* [[Jamsetji Tata]] established [[Tata Steel|TISCO]] (1907)
* Newspapers Act 1908
* '''[[Morley–Minto reforms|Morley–Minto reforms (1909)]]'''
* [[Indian Press Act, 1910]]
|
* [[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|William St John Brodrick]]
* [[John Morley]]
* [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe]]
|
* [[Arthur Balfour]]
* [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]]
* [[H. H. Asquith]]
|-
!
! colspan="6" | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[George V]] {{Small|(1910–1936)}}
|-
|13
| [[File:Charles Hardinge01 crop.jpg|80px]] [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]] {{Small|(1858–1944)}}
| {{Small|23 November}} 1910
| {{Small|4 April}} 1916
| class=small |
* [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours|Third]] [[Delhi Durbar]] (1911)
* Annulment of [[Partition of Bengal (1905)#Reunited Bengal (1911)|Partition of Bengal]] by [[King George V]] (1911)
* Transfer of capital from [[Calcutta]] to [[New Delhi]] (1911)
* Partition of Bengal to form Bihar and Orissa province (1912)
* '''[[World War I|World War I (1914–1918)]]'''
* [[Komagata Maru incident]] (1914)
* [[McMahon Line|McMahon border line]] was created between India and China (1914)
* [[Ghadar Mutiny]] (1915)
* [[Mahatma Gandhi]] came back to India from South Africa (1915)
* Foundation of [[Hindu Mahasabha]] by [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] (1915)
* Foundation of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (1916)
|
* [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe]]
* [[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn]]
* [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe]]
* [[Austen Chamberlain]]
|
* [[H. H. Asquith]]
|-
|14
| [[File:Chelmsford Governor.jpg|80px]] [[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford]] {{Small|(1868–1933)}}
| {{Small|4 April}} 1916
| {{Small|2 April}} 1921
| class=small |
* Formation of [[Indian Home Rule movement]] by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Annie Besant]] (1916)
* First Women's University ([[SNDT Women's University]]) at [[Pune]] was founded by [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] (1916)
* [[Lucknow Pact]] (1916) (between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]])
* [[Champaran Satyagraha]] (1917), the first [[satyagraha]] movement led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[British India]]
* August Declaration, 1917
* Saddler University Commission or Calcutta Commission (1917)
* [[Kheda Satyagraha of 1918]]
* [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] (1919)
* [[Government of India Act 1919]]
* [[Rowlatt Act]] (1919)
* '''[[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919)]]'''
* [[Khilafat Movement]] (1919–1920) (later merged with [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] in 1920)
* Foundation of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (1920)
* '''[[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement (1920–1922)]]'''
* [[Imperial Bank of India]] (now [[State Bank of India]] established in 1921)
|
* [[Austen Chamberlain]]
* [[Edwin Montagu]]
|
* [[H. H. Asquith]]
* [[David Lloyd George]]
|-
|15
| [[File:Rufus Isaacs.jpg|80px]] [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading]] {{Small|(1860–1935)}}
| {{Small|2 April}} 1921
| {{Small|3 April}} 1926
| class=small |
* Annulment of Press Act of 1910 and [[Rowlatt Act]] of 1919
* [[Malabar rebellion]] (also known as ''Moplah Rebellion''), first Ethnic Rebellion (1921)
* [[Rabindranath Tagore]] founded [[Visva-Bharati University]] (1921)
* [[Chauri Chaura incident]] (1922) and withdrawal of [[Non-cooperation movement (1919–22)|Non-cooperation movement]] by [[Mahatma Gandhi]]
* Formation of [[Swaraj Party]] (1923)
* Appointment of Lee Commission (1923) on public services reforms<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lee Commission |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lee-Commission |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Railway budget of India|Railway budget]] was separated from [[Union budget of India|general budget]] since 1924 (this tradition continued till 2016)
* [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori train robbery]] (1925)
* Foundation of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] by [[K. B. Hedgewar]] (1925)
* Foundation of the [[Communist Party of India]] in [[Kanpur]] (1925)
|
* [[Edwin Montagu]]
* [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, Viscount Peel]]
* [[Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier]]
* [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead]]
|
* [[David Lloyd George]]
* [[Bonar Law]]
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
* [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
|-
|16
| [[File:1st Earl of Halifax 1947.jpg|80px]] [[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|E. F. L. Wood, 1st Baron Irwin]] {{Small|(1881–1959)}}
| {{Small|3 April}} 1926
| {{Small|18 April}} 1931
| class=small |
* [[Simon Commission]] (1928)
* [[Nehru Report]] (1928)
* Death of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] (1928)
* [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah]] (1929)
* '''[[Purna Swaraj|Purna Swaraj declaration (1929)]]'''
* [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]] (1929)
* Bombing in [[Central Legislative Assembly]] by [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] (8 April 1929)
* "Deepavali Declaration" (31 October 1929, to grant India dominion status in due course)
* Appointment of "Hartog Committee" (1929) to survey the growth of education in [[British India]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2014 |title=Hartog Committee Report, 1929 |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/law/acts/hartog-committee-report-1929/44829 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=Your Article Library}}</ref>
* Launching of [[Civil disobedience]] movement with [[Salt March]] (1930)
* [[Dharasana Satyagraha]] (1930)
* First [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]]s (1930)
* [[Allahabad Address]] by [[Sir Muhammad Iqbal]] (1930)
* [[Chittagong armoury raid]] (1930)
* [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] (1931)
* Execution of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shivaram Rajguru]], and [[Sukhdev Thapar]] (1931)
|
* [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead]]
* [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, Viscount Peel]]
| rowspan=2 |
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
* [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
|- style="background:#e6e6aa"
|
| [[File:Viscount Goschen.jpg|80px]] [[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]] {{Small|''(acting)'' (1866–1952)}}
| ''{{Small|29 June}} 1929''
| ''{{Small|11 November}} 1929''
|  
|
* [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, Viscount Peel]], [[William Wedgwood Benn]]
|-
|17
| [[File:Freeman Freeman-Thomas by Henry Walter Barnett.jpg|80px]] [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Earl of Willingdon]] {{Small|(1866–1941)}}
| {{Small|18 April}} 1931
| {{Small|18 April}} 1936
| class=small |
* Second [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Second Round Table Conference (September 1931 – December 1931)|Round Table Conference]] (1931)
* Announcement of [[Communal Award]] by [[Ramsay MacDonald]] (1932)
* [[Poona Pact]] between [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1932)
* Third [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)|Round Table Conference]] (1932)
* [[Pakistan Declaration]] (1933)
* Foundation of [[Congress Socialist Party]] (1934)
* '''[[Reserve Bank of India]]''' established by passing [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934|The Reserve Bank of India Act 1934]]
* '''[[Government of India Act 1935]]'''
* Formation of [[All India Kisan Sabha]] (1936)
|
* [[William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate|William Wedgwood Benn]]
* [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]]
* [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland]]
|
* [[Ramsay MacDonald]]
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
|-
!
! colspan="6" | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[Edward VIII]] {{Small|(1936)}}
|-
|18
| [[File:Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow.jpg|80px]] [[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]] {{Small|(1887–1952)}}
| {{Small|18 April}} 1936
| {{Small|1 October}} 1943
| class=small |
* [[1937 Indian provincial elections|Indian provincial elections]] (1937)
* [[India in World War II|Indian entry into World War II]] (1939)
* [[Day of Deliverance (India)|Day of Deliverance]] (1939)
* Formation of [[All India Forward Bloc]] (1939)
* [[Lahore Resolution]] (1940)
* [[August Offer]] (1940)
* [[Cripps Mission]] (1942)
* Formation of [[Indian Legion]] (1942)
* '''[[Quit India Movement|Quit India Movement (1942)]]'''
* Formation of '''[[Indian National Army]]''' (1942)
* [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal famine]] (1943)
|
* [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland]]
* [[Leo Amery]]
|
* [[Stanley Baldwin]]
* [[Neville Chamberlain]]
* [[Winston Churchill]]
|-
!
! colspan="6" | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[George VI]] {{Small|(1936–1947) (as [[Emperor of India]])}}
|-
|19
| [[File:Archibald Wavell2.jpg|80px]] [[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell, 1st Viscount Wavell]] {{Small|(1883–1950)}}
| {{Small|1 October}} 1943
| {{Small|21 February}} 1947
| class=small |
* [[C. R. formula]] (1944)
* [[Simla Conference]] (1945)
* [[World War II]] ended (1945)
* [[Indian National Army trials#|Indian National Army (INA) trials]] (1945–1946)
* [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|Cabinet Mission]] (1946)
* [[Direct Action Day]] (16 August 1946)
* [[Interim Government of India|Interim Government]] was formed (1946)
* [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] (1946)
|
* [[Leo Amery]]
* [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence]]
|
* [[Winston Churchill]]
* [[Clement Attlee]]
|-
|20
| [[File:Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1943. TR1230 (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten, 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]] {{Small|(1900–1979)}}
| {{Small|21 February}} 1947
| {{Small|15 August}} 1947
| class=small |
* [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] (18 July 1947)
* [[Radcliffe Line|Radcliffe Commission]] was appointed under the chairmanship of [[Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe|Cyril Radcliffe]] to demarcate the border line of [[Bengal Presidency]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]]
|
* [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence]]
* [[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel]]
|
* [[Clement Attlee]]
|}

=== Governors-General of the [[Dominion of India]], 1947–1950 ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Governor-General {{Small|(Lifespan)}}
! colspan="2" | Term of office
! Notable events
! Prime Minister
|-
! colspan="5" | Governors-General of the [[Dominion of India]], 1947–1950
|-
! colspan="5" | [[File:Emblem of India (without motto).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by [[George VI]] {{Small|(1947–1950) (as [[List of heads of state of India#Monarch of India (1947–1950)|King of India]])}}
|-
| [[File:Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1943. TR1230 (cropped).jpg|80px]] [[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten, 1st Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]]<ref group="nb">Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.</ref> {{Small|(1900–1979)}}
| {{Small|15 August}} 1947
| {{Small|21 June}} 1948
|
* First Governor-General of the Union of India
| rowspan="2" |
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru]]
|-
| [[File:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|80px]] [[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]] {{Small|(1878–1972)}}
| {{Small|21 June}} 1948
| {{Small|26 January}} 1950
|
* Last Governor-General of India, before the office was permanently abolished (1950)
* First and only Indian-born Governor-General of India
|}

==Timeline and tenures==
<gallery class="center" mode="packed" heights="200px">
File:Timeline GGIs.png|Timeline of governors and governors-general
File:Gov Gen Tenure.svg|Tenures of governors and governors-general
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of governors of Bengal Presidency]]
* [[Council of India]]
* [[Secretary of State for India]]
* [[List of presidents of India]]
* [[Governor-general]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=nb}}

==Citations==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Governors-general of India|*]]
[[Category:Lists of governors-general|India, List of Governors-General of]]
[[Category:India history-related lists|Governors-General]]
[[Category:British India-related lists]]

Yashwant Jadhav

2026-01-18T08:50:20Z

Bharatpediatrist: enhance information per standard format

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Yashwant Jadhav
| image =
| office = Standing Committee Chairman, Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
| term_start = April 2018
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Ramesh Korgaonkar]]
| successor =
| office1 = Leader of the House, [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]]
| term_start1 = 2017
| term_end1 = 2018
| predecessor1 = [[Trushna Vishwasrao]]
| successor1 = [[Vishakha Raut]]
| office2 = Chairman of Market and Garden Committee, BMC
| term_start2 = 2008
| term_end2 = 2010
| party = [[Shiv Sena]]
| relations = [[Yamini Jadhav]] (Wife) <ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-mumbai-civic-gardens-may-soon-get-baby-feeding-rooms-2235504 | title= Yamini Yashwant Jadhav has proposed construction of baby feeding rooms inside civic gardens across Mumbai}}</ref>
| nationality = {{flag|India}}n
| occupation = Politician
| spouse =
| website =
}}

'''Yashwant Jadhav''' is an Indian politician and [[Shiv Sena]] leader from [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]].
He is the leader of the House in [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://abpmajha.abplive.in/mumbai/yashwant-jadhav-selected-as-shivsena-group-leader-gatneta-in-bmc-371530 | title=मुंबई पालिकेत यशवंत जाधव शिवसेनेचे गटनेते! | archive-date=10 April 2017 | access-date=10 April 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410220208/http://abpmajha.abplive.in/mumbai/yashwant-jadhav-selected-as-shivsena-group-leader-gatneta-in-bmc-371530 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.mambolook.com/india/western/maharashtra/real-estate/residential/residential-houses/bungalows | title= Sena eyes BMC chief's bungalow for new Mayor}}{{dead link|date=May 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
He had worked on several committees in the municipal corporation such as Standing committee, Market and Garden Committee, Civil Works Committee etc.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.loksatta.com/bmc-elections-2017/bmc-election-2017-yashwant-jadhav-elected-shivsena-group-leader-mumbai-1420849/ | title= मुंबई महापालिकेत शिवसेनेच्या गटनेतेपदी यशवंत जाधव यांची निवड}}</ref>

==Positions held==
* 1997: Elected as corporator in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
* 2007: Re-elected as corporator in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
* 2008: Elected as Chairman of Market and Garden Committee <ref>{{cite news| url=http://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/mumbai/other//articleshow/15910510.cms? | title= BMC HAD SENT THE JUHU GARDEN TRUST NOTICE TO REPAIR PLANE 15 DAYS AGO}}</ref>
* 2011 Onwards: Deputy Leader, Shiv Sena <ref>{{cite web | url=http://shivsena.org/m/admin-wing/#toggle-id-2 | title=Shiv Sena Deputy Leaders | access-date=10 April 2017 | archive-date=12 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912020036/http://shivsena.org/m/admin-wing/#toggle-id-2 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* 2017: Re-elected as corporator in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
* 2017: Appointed as leader of the House in Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation
* 2018: Elected as Standing Committee Chairman Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.lokmat.com/mumbai/yashwant-jadhav-chairman-standing-committee-mangesh-satakkar-chairman-education-committee/ | title = स्थायी समिती अध्यक्षपदी यशवंत जाधव; शिक्षण समिती अध्यक्षपदी मंगेश सातमकर }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://shivsena.org/ Shiv Sena official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814144046/http://shivsena.org/ |date=14 August 2015 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadhav, Yashwant}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Marathi politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Bikram Chandra Pradhan

2026-01-16T14:04:25Z

Bharatpediatrist: Put up article...

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2025}}

'''Bikram Chandra Pradhan''' (born 1954)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Bikram Chandra Pradhan(All India Trinamool Congress(AITC)):Constituency- DANTAN(PASCHIM MEDINIPUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=61 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Dantan Assembly constituency]] in [[Paschim Medinipur district]]. He won the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dantan Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Dantan Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-dantan-constituency-219.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Pradhan is from [[Dantan]], Paschim Medinipur district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Gangadhar Pradhan. He completed his Pre-University course in arts in 1975 at [[Bhatter College]], Dantan which is affiliated with [[University of Calcutta]].<ref name=":0" />

== Career ==
Pradhan won from Dantan Assembly constituency representing the All India Trinamool Congress in the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election. He polled 94,609 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Saktipada Nayak of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 775 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dantan Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Bikram Chandra Pradhan of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/dantan-election-result-2021-live-updates-dantan-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3694769.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-02 |title=Dantan, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/dantan-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797299-2021-05-01 |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He first became an MLA winning the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-25 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Dantan profile: TMC won in 2016 by over 29,000 votes |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-dantan-profile-tmc-won-in-2016-by-over-29000-votes-9400421.html |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dantan Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/dantan-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-03-05 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pradhan, Chandra}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Paschim Medinipur district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Aurangabad division

2026-01-16T07:51:54Z

Bharatpediatrist: cleaned up article also and corrected details for accuracy

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| type =
| name = Aurangabad division
| official_name = Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar division{{fact|date=January 2026}}
| native_name = Marathwada
| image_map = Aurangabad Division.png
| map_caption = Aurangabad
| coordinates = {{coord|19|53|19.63|N|75|20|36.37|E|region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of Maharashtra.svg}} [[Maharashtra]]
| parts_type = Districts
| parts_style = para
| p1 = {{bulletedlist|[[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad district]]|[[Nanded district]]|[[Jalna district]]|[[Osmanabad district]]|[[Latur district]]|[[Beed district]]|[[Parbhani district]]|[[Hingoli district]]}}
| leader_title = Commissioner Aurangabad Division
| leader_name = *'''Dr. Sunil Kendrekar (IAS)'''
| leader_title1 = Police Commissioner Aurangabad Division
| leader_name1 = '''NA'''
| leader_title3 = All District Collector's Aurangabad Division
| leader_name3 = *'''Mr. Sunil Chavan (IAS)'''
{{small|([[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]])}}
*'''Abhijit Rajendra Raut (IAS)'''
{{small|([[Nanded district|Nanded District]])}}
*''' Ms. Asmita Mittal (IAS)'''
{{small|([[Jalna district|Jalna District]])}}
*'''Mr. Kaustubh Diwegaonkar IAS'''
{{small|([[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad District]])}}
*'''Mr. Prithviraj B.P (IAS)'''
{{small|([[Latur district|Latur District]])}}
*'''Mr. Radhabinod A. Sharma (IAS) '''
{{small|([[Beed district|Beed District]])}}
*'''Mr. D. M. Mugalikar (IAS)'''
{{small|([[Parbhani district|Parbhani District]])}}
*'''Mr. Jitendra Papalkar (IAS)'''
{{small|([[Hingoli district|Hingoli District]])}}
| leader_title2 = All Guardian Minister Aurangabad Division
| leader_name2 = *'''[[Subhash Desai]]'''
{{small|([[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad District]])}}
*'''[[Ashok Chavan]]'''
{{small|([[Nanded district|Nanded District]])}}
*'''[[Pankaja Munde]]'''
{{small|([[Jalna district|Jalna District]])}}
*'''[[Shankarrao Gadakh]]'''
{{small|([[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad District]])}}
*'''[[Amit Deshmukh]]'''
{{small|([[Latur district|Latur District]])}}
*'''[[Dhananjay Munde]]'''
{{small|([[Beed district|Beed District]])}}
*'''[[Dhananjay Munde]]''' ''Additional Charge''
{{small|([[Parbhani district|Parbhani District]])}}
*'''[[Varsha Gaikwad]]'''
{{small|([[Hingoli district|Hingoli District]])}}
| leader_title4 = All MP's Aurangabad Division
| leader_name4 = '''NA'''
| area_footnotes = <ref name=Census2011>{{cite web|title=District wise Demography|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/districtlist/maharashtra.html|publisher=Census 2011|access-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 64590.58
| area_blank1_title = Under irrigation
| area_blank1_km2 =
| population_total = 18,731,872
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=Census2011/>
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 76.49%<ref name=Census2011/>
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] (official) [[Urdu language|Urdu]] [[Hindi language|Hindi]] [[Lambadi language|Lambadi]]
| demographics_type1 = Languages<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aurangabad division languages(Marathwada region)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html|publisher=Census of India 2011|website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| demographics1_title1 = Language
}}

'''Aurangabad division''', officially renamed as '''Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar division'''{{fact|date=January 2026}} and also known as '''Marathwada division''',{{fact|date=January 2026}} is one of the six administrative [[divisions of Maharashtra|divisions of the state of Maharashtra]] in India. It represents the [[Marathwada]] region of Maharashtra and is synonymous with it.

==Demographics==

Aurangabad division has total area of 64,590 km2 and had a population of 18,731,872 at the time of the [[2011 census of India]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Maharashtra Population Census data 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/state/maharashtra.html|publisher=Government of India|access-date=11 April 2015}}</ref>{{efn|Aurangabad Division is not separate political or administrative entity so there is no reference of population by name of "Aurangabad Division", population has been calculated by adding population of 8 districts of Aurangabad Division.}}

===Languages===

{{Pie chart
|caption = Languages of Aurangabad Division (2011)
|label1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]] |value1 = 77.98 |color1 = red
|label2 = [[Urdu]] |value2 = 9.56 |color2 = green
|label3 = [[Hindi]] |value3 = 6.49 |color3 = orange
|label4 = [[Lambadi]] |value4 = 3.20 |color4 = khaki
|label5 = Others |value5 = 2.77 |color5 = grey
}}
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], the territory making up Aurangabad Division had a variety of languages. 77.98% of the population spoke [[Marathi language|Marathi]], 9.56% [[Urdu]], 6.49% [[Hindi]] and 3.20% [[Lambadi]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

===Religion===

Hinduism is the majority religion in Aurangabad Division, with Islam and Buddhism being significant minorities.
In urban areas of Aurangabad Division, the Muslim population exceeds 25%, notably in cities such as Aurangabad itself, where it stands at around 30%. This is higher than the division's average population of 18%. Sikhism has a significant presence in Nanded, meanwhile Jains are present in urban areas of Marathwada such as Aurangabad, Jalna and Osmanabad.

At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 76.68% of the population of Aurangabad Division followed [[Hinduism]], 15.13% [[Islam]], 7.17% [[Buddhism]], 0.22% [[Christianity]] and the remaining 0.81% of the population followed other religions or stated no religion.<ref name="census-2011-region">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11346/download/14459/RL-2700.xlsx |title=PCA REL: Primary Census Abstract - By religion, Maharashtra |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |date=2011}}</ref>{{efn|Aurangabad Division is not separate political or administrative entity so there is no reference of population by name of "Aurangabad Division", population for each religion has been calculated by adding population of 8 districts of Aurangabad Division.}}

{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Aurangabad Division (2011)<ref name="census-2011-region"/>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]] |value1 = 76.68 |color1=darkorange 
|label2 = [[Islam]] |value2 = 15.13 |color2 = Green 
|label3 = [[Buddhism]] |value3 = 7.17 |color3 = yellow 
|label4 = [[Christianity]] |value4 = 0.22 |color4 = blue 
|label5 = Other or not stated |value5 = 0.81 |color5 = grey 
}}

==Districts==
* [[Aurangabad district, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]]
* [[Beed district|Beed]]
* [[Jalna district|Jalna]]
* [[Latur district|Latur]]
* [[Hingoli district|Hingoli]]
* [[Parbhani district|Parbhani]]
* [[Osmanabad district|Osmanabad]]
* [[Nanded district|Nanded]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090618024346/http://www.maharashtra.gov.in/marathi/mahInfo/aurangabadDivision.php maharashtra.gov.in]

{{Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Aurangabad division| ]]
[[Category:Divisions of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Marathwada]]
[[Category:Hyderabad State]]

{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}
{{AurangabadMH-geo-stub}}

Karthavarayuni Katha

2026-01-14T19:28:00Z

Bharatpediatrist:

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karthavarayuni Katha
| image = Karthavarayuni Katha.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer = [[T. R. Ramanna]]
| director = T. R. Ramanna
| story = Maddhipatla Suri
| based_on =
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| narrator =
| music = [[G. Ramanathan]] Ashwathama
| cinematography = T. K. Rajabathar
| editing = [[M. S. Mani (film editor)|M. S. Mani]] D. Durairajan
| studio = R. R. Pictures<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JEF6aQrnzJU |title=Karthavarayuni Katha (Overview) |work=Youtube}}</ref>
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1958|10|18}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Karthavarayuni Katha''''' ({{translation|Story of Karthavaraya}}) is a 1958 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language Hindu mythological film, produced and directed by T. R. Ramanna under the R. R. Pictures banner.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://telugumoviepedia.com/movie/cast/1183/karthavarayuni-katha-cast.html |title=Karthavarayuni Katha (Banner) |work=Chitr.com }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmiclub.com/movie/karthavarayuni-katha-1958-telugu-movie |title=Karthavarayuni Katha (Direction) |work=Filmiclub}}</ref> It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gomolo.com/kathavarauni-kadha-movie/15821 |title=Karthavarayuni Katha (Cast & Crew) |work=gomolo.com |access-date=31 March 2018 |archive-date=31 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331104930/http://www.gomolo.com/kathavarauni-kadha-movie/15821 |url-status=dead }}</ref> with music composed by G. Ramanadhan and Ashwathama.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://telugu.filmibeat.com/movies/karthavarayuni-katha.html |title=Karthavarayuni Katha (Review) |work=Filmibeat}}</ref> The film was simultaneously made as the [[Tamil film|Tamil]] movie ''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' (1958) by the same banner and director.

==Plot==
Once, [[Parvati]] suspects her husband [[Shiva|Siva]] and declares penance for atonement. So, she grounds at [[Varanasi]], where Siva creates a garden for her and a foster son, Karthavaraya as protector. Once Karthavaraya tries to molest a sightseeing lady, she self-sacrifices. At this, Siva curses Karthavaraya when Parvati tries to appease him, so she, too, is blasted to come forth on earth. Now, Parvati arises as Kamakshi, with Karthavaraya as a baby and the lady as Aryamala, the daughter of an Arya king. Karthavaraya grows up in tribes and then proceeds toward his mother, who blesses him with the supernatural power of changing intended forms. He tours when he gets acquainted with Aryamala and the two crushes. Knowing it, Kamakshi alarms her son that it is hazardous to the club with Aryamala, which he deaf ears. Therefrom, Karthavaraya frequently attends the palace in different forms and knits Aryamala as a Brahmin. The Arya King denies it and seizes Karthavaraya, and Aryamala is gravely injured. Hereupon, Karthavaraya is ruthlessly towed and edicts the death penalty. Therein, Kamakshi lands and begs the King for pardon, but in vain. Hence, she flares up with a call to Siva, creating an apocalypse and collapsing the fort. At last, Kamakshi transforms into Parvati and goes back to Kailasam. Finally, the movie ends happily with the fusing of Karthavaraya & Aryamala.

==Cast==
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Karthavaraya
*[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Aryamala
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as Tribal King
*[[Ramana Reddy]] as Chinnappa
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as King of Arya
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as Chief Commander
*K. V. S. Sarma
*[[Valluri Balakrishna|Balakrishna]]
*[[P. Kannamba|Kannamba]] as [[Parvati|Goddess Parvati]] / Kamakshi
*[[Girija (actress)|Girija]]
*Surabi Balasaraswathi as Aaravalli
*[[E. V. Saroja]] as Mohini

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Karthavarayuni Katha
| type = film
| artist = G. Ramanadhan Ashwathama
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1958
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label =
| producer = G. Ramanadhan Ashwathama
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by G. Ramanadhan & Ashwathama. Music released by Audio Company.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !!Music !!Lyrics !!Singers !!length
|-
|1
|"Namasthe Namasthe"
|Ashwathama
|[[Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry]]
|[[Madhavapeddi Satyam]], Satyavathi
|3:05
|-
|2
|"Poosey Malli Remma"
|G. Ramanadhan
|[[Devulapalli Krishnasastri|Devulapalli]]
|[[A. P. Komala]], [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], Sundaramma, Ratnamala,
|2:15
|-
|3
|"Meesala Rosayyo"
|G. Ramanadhan
|Devulapalli
|Madhavapeddi Satyam, Ratnamala
|6:17
|-
|4
|"Kaluva Rekula"
|G. Ramanadhan
|Devulapalli
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[P. Leela]], [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao|Pithapuram]], A. P. Komala
|4:33
|-
|5
|"Sangili Giligili"
|G. Ramanadhan
|Devulapalli
|Ghantasala, [[T. G. Kamala Devi]] Madhavapeddi Satyam
|3:32
|-
|6
|"Naa Manasemone"
|G. Ramanadhan
|Devulapalli
|P. Leela
|
|-
|7
|"Okkasari Choodava"
|Ashwathama
|Devulapalli
|[[P. B. Srinivas]]
|5:35
|-
|8
|"Kaavali Kaavali"
|Ashwathama
|Devulapalli
|P. B. Srinivas
|
|-
|9
|"Konda Meeda Chandamama"
|Ashwathama
|Devulapalli
|K. Rani
|0:57
|-
|10
|"Okkasari Digiraava"
|G. Ramanadhan
|Devulapalli
|Ghantasala
|
|-
|11
|"Mooge Chikati"
|Ashwathama
|Devulapalli
|P. Leela
|4:01
|-
|12
|"Ananda Mohana"
|Ashwathama
|Malladi Ramakrishna Sastry
|P. B. Srinivas
|2:25
|-
|13
|"Gaajulamma Gaajulu"
|Ashwathama
|Devulapalli
|[[S. Janaki]]
|
|-
|14
|"Okka Kshnam"
|Ashwathama
|Devulapalli
|[[M. S. Rama Rao]]
|3:09
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{T. R. Ramanna}}

[[Category:Telugu remakes of Tamil films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. R. Ramanna]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. Ramanathan]]

The Story of Lalpila

2026-01-09T20:53:03Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding new article - done

'''The Story of Lalpila''' is an Indian folktale collected from the [[Baiga people]] by ethnologist [[Verrier Elwin]]. It is related to the cycle of the ''[[Calumniated Wife]]'', and is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 707, "[[The Three Golden Children (folklore)|The Three Golden Children]]".

These tales refer to stories where a girl promises a king she will bear a child or children with wonderful attributes, but her jealous relatives or the king's wives plot against the babies and their mother.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Espinosa |first1=Aurelio M. |title=Comparative Notes on New-Mexican and Mexican Spanish Folk-Tales |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |date=April 1914 |volume=27 |issue=104 |pages=211–231 |doi=10.2307/534598 |jstor=534598 }}</ref> Many variants of the tale type are registered in India, although they comprise specific cycles in this country. In one of the cycles, the king's children's play-pretend with wooden horses leads to their father discovering the truth. Variants of the sort are recorded in Asia (India and Iran), and also in Spain and in Africa.

==Sources==
According to Verrier Elwin, the story was sourced from the Baiga, in Taliyapani, in [[Mandla district]].<ref>Elwin, Verrier. ''Folk-tales of Mahakoshal''. [London]: Pub. for Man in India by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944. p. 209.</ref> The tale was previously published in Elwin's book ''The Songs of the Forest'', and sourced from a Baiga named Hothu, who told the tale "in a remote village of Bilaspur". In Hothu's tale, the prince's name is given as ''Lāl''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Elwin |first1=Verrier |title=Songs of the Forest: the folk poetry of the Gonds |first2=Shamrao |last2=Hivale |location=London |publisher=G. Allen & Unwin |date=1935 |pages=28 (source), 30–33 (text)}}</ref> However, Shyam Parmar republished the tale as ''Lal'', stating that the story was the "[[Gondi people|Gondi]] version" of a [[Malvi language|Malwi]] story titled ''Kag-Udawanɪ'', thus "identical" to other tales from [[North India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Folklore of Madhya Pradesh |first=Shyam |last=Parmar |publisher=[[National Book Trust]] |location=India |date=1972 |pages=181–183 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qZIeAAAAMAAJ&q=%22queen+of+the+forest%22}}</ref>

==Summary==
A childless king with six wives goes hunting in the woods and finds an emaciated-looking woman named "Queen of the Forest" atop a tree. The king and his retinue inquire about her nature: is she a [[devata]], a [[rakshasa]], a [[Bhoot (ghost)|bhut]], a [[Preta|Pret]] or human, like them? The woman climbs down the tree and eats a meal. The king takes her back to his palace and marries her. The other six queens become jealous. The Queen of the Forest is heavy with child and the king gives her a bell to ring to summon him. The Queen of the Forest gives birth to a boy that is replaced by a stone by the other queens and thrown to the buffaloes to be trampled. The animals, however, suckle the child and the queens throw the boy in a goat-shed. A woman that grazes the goats finds the boy (which she identifies as "the Forest Queen son") and she and her husband adopt him. Years later, the boy, named Lal, commissions a wooden horse to be made. He takes the boy to the river where the six queens were bathing and orders the wooden horse to drink water. The six queens mock the boy's action and he retorts about a human woman giving birth to a stone. The six queens notice it is their rival's son and return in a stunned state to the palace. The king learns of this and orders the boy to be summoned to his presence. The boy Lal tells his story and asks for the Queen of the Forest to be brought to them for a test: the woman is to be place behind a very thick screen; if she is Lal's biological mother, her milk will flow from her breasts and enter Lal's mouth. So it happens; the king recognizes him as his son, reinstates Lal's mother and banishes the six queens.<ref>Elwin, Verrier. ''Folk-tales of Mahakoshal''. [London]: Pub. for Man in India by H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1944. pp. 209–212.</ref>

==Analysis==
===Tale type===
The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children".<ref>[[D. L. Ashliman|Ashliman, D. L.]] ''A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne-Thompson Classification System''. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature, vol. 11. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1987. p. 143. {{ISBN|0-313-25961-5}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |pages=95–96}}</ref>

According to [[Stith Thompson]]' and Jonas Balys's index of Indian tales, the tale type ATU 707 shows 44 variants across Indian sources.<ref>Crowley, Daniel J. "Haring's Herring: Theoretical Implications of the "Malagasy Tale Index"." In: ''Journal of Folklore Research'' 23, no. 1 (1986): 46, 48. Accessed November 19, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3814480.</ref>

=== Motifs ===
Folklorist Christine Goldberg, in the entry of the tale type in ''[[Enzyklopädie des Märchens]]'', noted that in Indian variants of tale type 707, the children may entice their father to the truth by trying to feed a wooden horse.<ref>Goldberg, Christine. "Söhne: Die drei goldenen Söhne (AaTh/ATU 707)" In: ''Enzyklopädie des Märchens Online: Band 12: Schinden, Schinder – Sublimierung''. Edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016. p. 833. https://www.degruyter.com/database/EMO/entry/emo.12.183/html</ref> Likewise, researcher Noriko Mayeda and Indologist [[W. Norman Brown]] divided Indian variants of type 707 in five groups: (1) quest for wonderful items; (2) reincarnation into flowers; (3) use of wooden horses; (4) children sing a song; (5) miscellaneous.<ref>Mayeda, Noriko; Brown, W. Norman. ''Tawi Tales; Folk Tales From Jammu''. American Oriental Society New Haven, Connecticut, 1974. pp. 543-544.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |pages=95–96 (section IV, f)}}</ref>

==Variants==
===Asia===
====India====
[[James Hinton Knowles]] collected a tale from [[Kashmir]] from a teller he identified as Pandit Ánand Ram of Renawari, [[Srinagar]]. In this variant, a childless king has three wives. Somehow, his third queen is heavy with child, and the king celebrates this happening. When the time comes, the two other queens, afraid of losing the king's favour, bribe the midwife to replace the boy for a pup and throw the boy in a carpenter's shop. The same happens to a second son. Their mother is banished from the palace and forced to beg for a living. Some time later, the boys grow up and play with a wooden horse in front of the palace, pretending to give food rice and water to the wooden animal. The king wonders about the boys' strange play, to which the boys retort that the same absurdity can be said of a woman giving birth to pups. The king takes notice of the boys' answer, summons the midwife and discovers the whole truth.<ref>Knowles, James Hinton. ''[https://archive.org/details/folktalesofkashm00knowuoft/page/405/mode/1up Folk-tales of Kashmir]''. London: Trübner. 1888. pp. 405–408.</ref>

Bengali folklorist [[Saratchandra Mitra]] published a tale from [[North Bihar]], "of the 'Wicked Queen's type'". In this tale, a Raja is already married to a Rani, but hasn't had any son yet, so he marries another. The second Rani becomes pregnant and the Rajah gives her a bell to ring if she needs something. After ringing the bell some times - both the rani and her rival -, the Raja decides to not pay attention to the bell, which leaves the pregnant rani to the jealous rani's devices. The second queen gives birth to a boy, which the first rani substitutes for a stone and casts in the river in an earthenware vessel. The same thing happens to the second queen's three other sons, born in the subsequent years. The four boys are found by a potter, who raised the boys as his own sons. When they grow up, the potter carves wooden horses for them, and instructs them to play pretend with the wooden horses in the well where the women from the village go to fetch water. A woman at the well complains to the boys about the strange pastime and they break their wares. The next time, the Raja comes to investigate the commotion and sights the four boys. The Raja summons the poor potter, who tells the whole truth, and the first rani is punished.<ref>Mitra, Sarat Chandra. "A Bihàrî folktale of the "Wicked Queen's Type" and its analogue from the district of Murshidabad". In: ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277239/page/n997/mode/1up Journal of the Anthropological Society]'' Vol. XI, No. 8, 1917. pp. 979-982.</ref>

Sarat Chandra Mitra translated a legend, "current" in the village of [[Panchthupi]], in the [[Kandi subdivision]] of the [[Murshidabad district]], in [[Western Bengal]], which he considered to have "striking similarities" to the Bihari folktale he collected. He relates this story to a goddess of children named [[Shashthi]]. In this legend, titled ''The Legend of the Aśoka Shashṭhî'', a doe is hunted by a rajah and takes refuge in the sacred grove that belongs to a Muni. One day, the Muni urinates on a rock and secretes a bit of seminal fluid. The doe licks the rock and becomes pregnant. The doe gives birth to a human girl who is named Asoki and raised by the Muni. The rajah goes hunting the deer in the forest and reaches the sacred grove. He finds the girl Asoki and inquires the Muni, her adopted father, if he can marry her. The Muni agrees to her marriage. Asoki is taken to the rajah's palace and made his new queen, alongside the rajah's previous six queens. Asoki gives birth to seven boys in the subsequent years, who are replaced for a wooden doll each time, cast in a copper cauldron and cast adrift in the stream. The cauldrons wash on the Muni's sacred grove and he rescues them. Meanwhile, Asoki, the youngest rani, escapes the palace and goes back to her adoptive father. She meets her sons and lives with them. One day, the seven boys asks his adoptive grandfather to make wooden horses for them. They go the Rajah's seraglio, where the six queens bathe, to pretend to make the wooden horses drink water. The ranis puzzle at their play, and the boys retort that is no more absurd than a woman giving birth to wooden dolls. The six queens realize the boys are Asoki's sons and order the guards to kill them. The guards, however, disobey the orders and summon the rajah. The rajah follows the boys to the sacred grove and finds Asoki again. He is told of the whole truth and punishes the six ranis.<ref>Mitra, Sarat Chandra. "A Bihàrî folktale of the "Wicked Queen's Type" and its analogue from the district of Murshidabad". In: ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.277239/page/n1003/mode/1up Journal of the Anthropological Society]'' Vol. XI, No. 8, 1917. pp. 985-991.</ref> Researcher Tony K. Stewart published a similar tale, titled ''Şaşțhī Who Removes Sorrow'', where the goddess Sasthi helps the unfortunate queen, and the truth is revealed by her sons when they try to give water to wooden horses.<ref>Stewart, Tony K.. "The Goddess Ṣaṣṭhī Protects Children". In: ''Religions of India in Practice''. Edited by Donald S. Lopez, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995. pp. 361-365. {{doi|10.1515/9780691216263-026}}.</ref>

In a tale from [[Karnataka]] titled ''The Lucky Prince'', a king has two wives, but no son yet. One day, he meets a woman named Kanaka, a Brahmin's daughter, in a temple during a festival. He marries Kanaka. One day, he has to go to war, and Kanaka gives birth to a boy in his absence. The jealous queens bribe a woman to replace the boy for a brick, and kill him, but the woman, out of mercy, places the baby in a temple's garden. A priest finds the boy, names him Kantirava and raises the boy as his own. The priest's wife gives birth to a boy, and he and Kantirava are raised as brothers. Years later, Kantirava learns of his story, and takes a wooden horse and a bamboo elephant to play near a pond. Some maidservants are drawing water from the pond and see the boy playing pretend that his wooden toys are drinking water. The women mock the boy for the absurd idea, and he retorts that so is a human woman giving birth to a brick. The maidservants report to the two co-queens, who realize that the boy must be Kanaka's son. The queens bribe some men to taka Kantirava and his adoptive brother to the outskirts of the city and kill them. The men decide to spare the boys and the duo leaves the city to go on some adventures. At the end of the tale, both Kantirava and his brother return, each married to two lovely brides. The king learns of the jealous queens' plot, proclaims Kantirava a his successor and banishes the wicked queens.<ref>Chandran, Praphulla Satish. ''Folk Tales of Karnataka''. Sterling Publishers, 1973. pp. 17-19.</ref>

In a tale collected from the [[Lepcha people|Lapcha people]] in [[Sikhim]], ''The King of Lyang-bar and the two witch nurses'', the queen of the king of Lyang-bar has two nurses who are witches in disguise. While bathing in the sea Jam-chi-chume-der, they fill their wooden bowls with flowers, while the queen plays with her golden plate. It was all a ruse to make the queen flee her home once she sets the golden plate on the water and loses it. The trio journeys to another realm, the Sachak-lat land, whose king dreamt his future wife was coming to him. He finds the three women and tests their abilities, by asking them to wash his head and brush his hair. The two witches act in a forceful manner, but the queen does it gently. They marry and she is expecting three sons. The children are born and put in a box in the water. The three children, a girl and two boys, are saved by an old fisherman and his wife. One day, they carve a wooden horse and ride it to the fountain where the queen and the witches were bathing, and taunt them that a wooden horse drinking water is the same absurd notion that a human woman gave birth to animals. Enraged, the witches feign illness and try to convince the king to kill the children and take their livers as remedy. The assassination plot is averted by the children, who each go their separate ways. Then, the elder brother tries to find their siblings, but only finds their remains. He builds a pyre to burn it, but falls in the flames, perishing also. After three days, a fir-tree springs out of the ashes with the reborn three siblings. The king's ''syce'' finds the fir-tree and reports to the king, who goes to the tree with the queen to convince the children to climb down the tree. The children agree, after their parents promise to punish the two witches.<ref>De Beauvoir Stocks, C. ''Folklore and customs of the Lepchas of Sikkim''. Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 2001. pp. 115–116, 127–132. {{ISBN|81-206-1559-X}}.</ref>

In an Indian tale from [[Goa]] with the title ''Twenty Brothers and a Sister'', a man gathers his seven daughters to impart them with their marriage portions, and asks them whose destiny they are born to fulfill. The six elder daughters say their father's, to the man's contentment. The seventh and youngest daughter answers that she was born to fulfill her own destiny. Offended, the man dresses his cadette in rags and forces her to work as the family's servant. Some time later, a prince passes by the man's house and the seven sisters each promise to make him a gift from their own hands, save for the seventh, who promises to bear him twenty sons and a daughter. The prince overhears the words and locates her voice: it belongs to the man's seventh daughter, who is in the kitchen. He decides to marry the seventh daughter, despite the elders' jealousy. The prince departs to deal with some business in a distant land, and promises to return to take his wife to his parents' house. In turn, the seventh sister promises that, when the children will be born, a rain of pearls will fall where he is to signal their birth. It happens thus. While the prince is away, the girl keeps working at the kitchen in her father's house and, when she is in labour, her elder sisters blindfold her and take the children as soon as they are born, placing them in boxes in the river and replacing them for frogs. As for the prince, a rain of pearls falls on the land where he is, just as his wife promised it would happen, and he returns home. However, his sisters-in-law show him the twenty-one frogs, and the prince abandons his wife in her parents' house. Back to the children, the boxes are washed near a chapel, and the chaplain rescues the children to raise them. Years later, the children play near the river bank until dusk, then return to the chaplain. One day, the twenty boys befriend a servant who gives them poisoned ''ladoos'', which their sister warns not to eat, but they eat and die. The girl rushes to tell the chaplain about it, and the man rubs his ring and sprinkles some water on the boys to revive them. The priest then warns them never to accept any food from strangers, and gives them some wooden horses for them to play with. The children's aunts learns of their survival and plot to kill them. The boys play by the river margin where the six aunts are walking, and the women mock their play pretend by asking how can wooden horses drink water. The boys retort how a woman can bear frogs, and the aunts realize the boys are their nephews. Some time later, the children's father, the prince, pass by them again and notices how they resemble the woman he married years ago. The prince then goes to talk to the priest, who explains he found the children floating in the river. The priest then tells the prince to pay a visit to his sisters-in-law' house, prepare dinner with some poisoned dishes and invite the children, but not let them touch any meal; then, he is to bring his wife, for, if she is the mother of the children, jets of her breastmilk will spurt forth and feed them. The prince does as instructed and brings the children to their aunts' house. The prince brings the woman he married before the children and, just as the priest predicted, her milk gushes forth to feed her children. Thus, after confirming their relationship, the prince takes his wife and children with him, and punishes his sisters-in-law.<ref>{{cite book |last=Rodrigues |first=Lucio |date=2020 |title=The Wise Fools of Moira... and Other Goan Folk Tales |location=Goa |publisher=Goa, 1556 |pages=164-169 |isbn=978-81-940107-7-7}}</ref>

Gujarati author [[Jhaverchand Meghani]] published a tale in his work ''Kankavati'' with the tale titled ''Gaai Vat'', which he sourced from the [[Umreth]] region of [[Gujarat]]. In this story, which is told in the occasion of the ''[[Shravana (month)|Shravan mas]]'', a Brahmin's daughter observes religious vows of the cow, dies during this period, and is reborn as a poor koli's daughter. The girl grows up and a passing king sights her, asks her if she is demon or human, and wishes to marry her. The koli's daughter says she is no demon nor spirit, but human, and despite some reluctance, agrees to the king's proposal, but requests the king brings her some objects and gifts for a pre-marriage period eight days. After the elapsed time, the king takes the girl back home. On the road, the girl makes a religious vow to the cow, to the Goddess Basil (the [[tulsi plant]]), to the leaf of the [[peepal tree]], to the Sun as her witness and to Mother Earth. Lastly, the king's mother is informed of her son coming with a daughter-in-law. The king asks to treat the new queen with utmost care and respect, which the kings mother does begrudgingly, by tying a panchmasi on her daughter-in-law, and holding a baby shower in the seventh month of her pregnancy. When she is ready to give birth, the king announces he has to depart and leaves his wife under his mother's care. The queen gives birth to a baby boy, but the king's envious mother tosses him in a dung hill and places a broom and rags to trick the king. In the dung hill, the cow, the tulsi plant, the peepal tree, the Sun (called Surya Narayan) and Mother Earth see the boy and take care of him. Later, the daughter of Vanijia Sutar comes by and worships the cow. The cow delivers the boy to Vanijia Sutar's daughter, whom she brings home to her family to raise. The boy grows up and asks his adoptive parents to fashion him a horse of glass from a horse of wood. His father, a carpenter, questions such an impossibility, but makes one for the boy. Some time later, the occasion of ''Sitla satam'' arrives, and the seven queens go to bathe. The boy takes the horse of glass to play pretend it is drinking water, when the queens notice the strange play. The boy retorts that so is a woman giving birth to rags and brooms. The queens report the incident to the king. Later, during the ''gokal aatham'' event, the boy repeats the question to the queens, which offends them so much they report to the king. The monarch banishes the boy from the city with a black veil and a black mare. The boy goes to find work in catering for the king's banquet. The seven queens attend the occasion, and so does the boy's kolan mother, who sits by a dung hill. When the boy goes to serve food to the kolan queen, the queen's bodice rips and her breastmilk drips, indicating her "motherly affection".<ref>{{cite thesis |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10603/123916 |title=A translation of Jhaverchand Meghanis non translated folk tales from gujarati into english with a critical evaluation |last=Soni |first=Vandana P. |date=2014 |publisher=Saurashtra University |pages=288-306 |type=Doctor of Philosophy}}</ref>

===== Stories about Goludev =====
In a 1981 article, researcher John Leavitt noticed that some Indian variants of type 707, collected from Kumaon and [[Garhwal division|Garhwal]], fit a ritual and religious context about a local deity named Goril, Gōryā or Gōllā.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Leavitt |first=John |title=Himalayan Versions of "The Three Golden Sons": The Effect of Context on Narrative Content |journal=Journal of Indian Folkloristics |issue=4 |date=1981 |pages=1, 6, 11–12}}</ref>

French ethnologue {{ill|Paul Ottino|fr|Paul Ottino}} and researcher Aditya Malik provided the summary of a [[North India]]n ([[Kumaon division|Kumaoni]] or Central Himalayan) variant about the legend of Goriya ([[Golu Devata]] or Goludev): a king, Halrai or Jhalrai of the [[Katyuri kings|Katyuri dynasty]], meets a woman named Mata Kalinga in the forest (possibly the goddess Kali herself). They marry and she gives birth to a boy, Bala Goriya. The king's previous seven co-wives replace the boy for a wooden object (or a grinding stone and grinder). In one version, the queens throw the boy under a wild cow, bury him under a salt heap and even abandon him in the woods, but he survives these attempts. The queens then lock the boy in a box and throw him in the Kali Ganga. The box is washed downstream to the Gori Ganga. The boy is found by fishermen (or by the Bhana Dhaivar) and given the name Goriya. When he is young, he has a chance encounter with his father, the king, when the boy puts his wooden horse to drink water. The king notices the absurdity of the situation and discovers the truth. Later, when Goriya (Goludev) meets his mother, a jet of her breastmilk flows from her breasts, which confirms the boy's lineage.<ref>Ottino, Paul. "Le thème indo-malgache des enfants abandonnés aux eaux". In: Paul Ottino (ed.). ''Études sur l'Océan Indien: Les cahiers de l'Université de la Réunion''. Saint Denis de la Réunion. 1984. pp. 189–191.</ref><ref>Malik, Aditya. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=QDtADQAAQBAJ&dq=%22mata+kalinga%22&pg=PA47 Tales of Justice and Rituals of Divine Embodiment: Oral Narratives from the Central Himalayas]''. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 47. {{ISBN|9780199325092}}. {{doi|10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199325092.003.0002}}</ref><ref>Malik, Aditya. "[https://books.google.com/books?id=HbKYCgAAQBAJ&dq=%22goludev%22+wooden+horse&pg=PA200 The Darbar of Goludev]". In: ''The Law of Possession: Ritual, Healing, and the Secular State''. William S. Sax and Helene Basu, eds. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015. pp. 199-200. {{ISBN|9780190275747}}. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190275747.001.0001</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Budhwar |first=Kusum |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-dZQ8GcXz4C&dq=%22goludev%22+wooden+horse&pg=PA45 |title=Where gods dwell: central Himalayan folktales and legends |location=New Delhi |publisher=Penguin Books |date=2010 |pp=37-54 |isbn=9780143066026 |chapter=Goludev the Just}}</ref> Similar tales are found in [[Karnataka]], [[Gujarat]], and in [[Mysore]].<ref>Ottino, Paul. "Le thème indo-malgache des enfants abandonnés aux eaux". In: Paul Ottino (ed.). ''Études sur l'Océan Indien: Les cahiers de l'Université de la Réunion''. Saint Denis de la Réunion. 1984. pp. 190–191.</ref>

In a tale from [[Himachal Pradesh]] titled ''Gol, the God-King'', a king of [[Kumaon Kingdom|Kumaon]] has seven wives, but no children. His ministers advise him to marry an eighth wife. His newest wife becomes pregnant, to the king's contentment and the cowives' jealousy. As soon as the king's son is born, the cowives replace him for a stone and try to have the boy killed: first they cast it to a snake then to an elephant, but both animals protect the little prince. Finally they cast the boy in a box in the river. The boy is found by a fisherman who names him Gulel. One day, the seven queens and their maidservant (the disgraced eighth queen) go to the river to fill their pitchers, but the boy Gulel, later Gol, shoots an arrow to break their pitchers. The next day, Gol brings his wooden horse to drink water and breaks the queens' pitchers, but fills the maidservant's one. The queens bring their complaint to the king, who inquires the boy about his actions. Gol retorts that a wooden horse can drink water from a river just as it is possible for a woman to give birth to a stone. The maidservant embraces Gol, recognizing him as her son. The king reunites with his family and banishes the seven queens to a far-off portion of the palace as per his son's merciful request.<ref>Seethalakshmi, K. A. ''Folk Tales Of Himachal Pradesh''. New Delhi; Jullunder: Sterling Publishers LTD, 1960. pp. 58-60.</ref>

In another similar tale from Kumaon, published by author [[Taradutt Gairola]] with the title ''Goril'', in the ancient state of [[Champawat]]garh, lives prince Jhalu Rai. He has seven queens, but has not fathered a son yet. One day, during a hunt in the forest, he orders his servants to find him water. The servants find a water tank near a temple, and a goddess comes outside to inquire the men about their presence. The men answer that their king wants some water, but the goddess denies their request. Jhalu Rai comes to the temple to attack it, but, on seeing the goddess, named Kalindra, falls in love with her at once and takes her to his palace as his eighth queen. Kalindra becomes pregnant and is placed by the other jealous co-queens in a dark room. From her womb, her son, Goril, asks to be born from her left eye, just like [[Krishna]] was born of his mother [[Devaki]]. Goril is born, with twenty arms and riding a wooden horse. The other co-queens lock him up in a golden casket and throw him in the river, while they put a stone in his place. While being washed downstream, Goril calls out for his father Jhalu Rai from inside the casket. The prince hears his son's plea and rescues him. After he learns of the co-queens' treachery, he executes them and declares Goril as his successor.<ref>Oakley, E. S.; Gairola, Tara Dutt. ''Himalayan Folklore: Kumaon And West Nepal''. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ratna Pustak Bhandar, 1977 [1935]. pp. 156-159.</ref>

====Iran====
In a tale collected from a teller in [[Isfahan]] and published by professor {{ill|Mahomed-Nuri Osmanovich Osmanov|ru|Османов, Магомед-Нури Османович}} with the title "Мельник с золотыми кудрями" ("The Boy with Golden Curls"), three sisters are talking through the night, and the youngest says she will give birth to a boy with golden curls she will name Kazolzari: when he cries, diamonds and pearls will appear; when he laughs, roses will fall from his mouth, and with every step he takes, he leaves behind a trail of bars of gold and silver. The shah listens to their conversation and brings them all to his presence; he marries the sisters off to the vizier and a courtier, and the youngest becomes his queen. The queen's jealous sisters replace the boy for a puppy, and throws him in the water. The boy is saved by an elderly couple who owns a bathhouse. His aunts feign illness and send him to a get milk from a lioness, a mare that gave birth to 40 foals, and a self-swinging cradle. At the end of the tale, Kazolzari takes a wooden horse to eat hay in front of the king, who notices the absurdity of the situation. The youth answers that it is no more absurd with a human woman giving birth to a puppy.<ref>Персидские народные сказки. Сост. М.-Н. О. Османов, предисл. Д. С. Комиссарова. М., Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука», 1987. pp. 131–146.</ref>

====South Asia====
Author Charles Swynnerton published a tale from the [[Upper Indus]] with the title ''Lál Bádsháh, the Red King, or, The Two Little Princesses''. In this tale, a king loses his wife. He remarries another woman, who begins mistreating his two daughters. The two princesses go to their mother's grave to pray, and finds a dish with food in it. The stepmother's cat reports the situation to it owner. The stepmother feign illness and asks her husband to spread the bones of the dead queen all over the earth. A tree sprouts on the queen's grave and feeds her daughters with fruits. The cat also reports this to its owner, who wishes for the tree to be chopped down and burnt. The stepmother's persecution comes to a head when the king abandons his daughters in the mountains and returns alone to the kingdom. The two princesses find temporary shelter with an ogress, who directs them to another glade. The girls find a large tree with shade; the elder sister climbs the tree and sews, while the younger ventures into the forest to find food for them. They also exchange life tokens to warn the other of danger: the elder's is a flower, while the younger's is a needle. One day, a king named Lál Bádsháh goes with his retinue to the same forest. After a mishap with cooking a partridge, Lál Bádsháh discovers the elder princess and takes her to the city to marry her. She goes with the king, but leaves a trail of mustard seeds for her sister to find. The younger sister returns to the tree and, not seeing her elder, follows the trail of mustard seeds to the city. She build a house on the outskirts of town and learns of her sister's fate: she has become another wife of Lál Bádsháh; gave birth to a son, but the other co-wives replace him for a basket of charcoal. The boy's aunt rescues and raises the boy. Some years later, she gives her nephew a wooden horse, and advises him to say to the toy to drink water. The boy plays in front on the king, who mocks the boy's playtime. The second time, the boy retorts that if a wooden horse drinking water is a silly notion, so is a woman giving birth to a basket of charcoal.<ref>Swynnerton, Charles. ''[https://archive.org/details/indiannightsente00swynuoft/page/330/mode/2up Indian nights' entertainment; or, Folk-tales from the Upper Indus]''. London: Stock. 1892. pp. 330-342.</ref>

==== Yaghnobi people ====
In an untitled tale in the [[Yaghnobi language]] published by Russian orientalists {{ill|Mikhail Stepanovich Andreev|ru|Андреев, Михаил Степанович}} and {{ill|Elena Mikhailovna Peshchereva|ru|Пещерева, Елена Михайловна}}, a poor man has three daughters. One day, a vizier's son sends a matchmaker to court the three sisters: the elder two offer to marry the vizier's son, but he chooses the youngest. They marry and nine months later, the third sister gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl, whom the aunts replace for puppies. The twins are raised by an aunt. One day, when the male twin is old enough, he carves a horse out of wood, and takes it to drink water in front of his father. The vizier's son questions the boy the reason for giving water to a wooden horse, and the boy replies with his own question: if he can believe a woman can give birth to puppies. Moved by the boy's answer, he tells his wife about it, and the woman tells him to go ask the boy's parentage. The man does so and the boy answers he is his son, taken by the jealous aunts and raised elsewhere. With this, the man executes his sisters-in-law and welcomes his twin children back.<ref>Андреев М.С., Пещерева Е.М. Ягнобские тексты с приложением ягнобско. Москва-Ленинград: Издательство АН СССР, 1957. pp. 89-90 (Yaghnobi text), 90 (Russian translation).</ref>

===Europe===
====Spain====
In a tale collected from an informant in Casares, Spain, with the title ''Los hijos de palo'' ("The Wooden Children"), three tailor sisters talk to each other about marrying the king, the youngest promising to bear wise twin boys, each with a star on the front. A king's spy overhears their conversation and reports back to the king. The king summons the girl and marries her. War breaks out, and the king has to leave his pregnant wife to fight in the war. The queen calls her sisters to keep her company while the king is away. When the queen gives birth to her twins, her sisters, jealous of her sister, take the boys and replace them for wooden images. The twins are cast into the sea in a box, but are saved by an old woman. She raises the boys and fashions them little wooden donkeys for them to play with. The twins go to the front of the king castle and play pretend that their wooden donkeys are eating grass. The king mocks their strange behaviour, and the twins retort that the same could be said of believing in the idea that a human woman can give birth to wooden images.<ref>Pérez, Juan Ignacio; Martínez. ''LEYENDAS Y CUENTOS DE ENCANTAMIENTO recogidos junto al Estrecho de Gibraltar''. Algeciras: Asociación LitOral, 2009 [2004]. pp. 140-142. {{ISBN|978-84-609-2270-4}}.</ref>

===Africa===
====West Africa====
In the Portuguese Folktale Catalogue, Portuguese scholar Isabel Cárdigos located one [[Portuguese language]] variant from [[Portuguese Gold Coast|Guiné]] of tale type ATU 707, {{langx|pt|Os Três Meninos com uma Estrelinha na Testa|lit=The three boys with a little star on the front}}. In this tale, the royal children give wooden horses water to drink, and the king's curiosity is piqued.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://home.iscte-iul.pt/~fgvs/Cardigos#page=177|language=pt|page=137|title=Contos Maravilhosos: Adversários Sobrenaturais (300–99)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606205706/http://home.iscte-iul.pt/~fgvs/Cardigos|archive-date=June 6, 2020|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the first addendum to Cárdigos's Catalogue, Portuguese researcher Paulo Jorge Correia lists two [[Cape Verde|Cape Verdian]] variants and two from [[Guiné-Bissau]] of type ATU 707, {{langx|pt|Os Três Meninos com uma Estrela na Testa|lit=The three boys with a star on the front}}. In these tales, the royal children give wooden horses water to drink and later reveal the truth to their father, the king.<ref>Correia, Paulo Jorge. ''[https://run.unl.pt/bitstream/10362/135206/1/contotradicionalportuguessecxxi_2021_ebook.pdf CONTOS TRADICIONAIS PORTUGUESES (com as versões análogas dos países lusófonos)]''. IELT (Instituto de Estudos de Literatura e Tradição), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2021. p. 128. {{ISBN|978-989-8968-08-1}}.</ref>

==See also==
* [[Golu Devata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal |last=Leavitt |first=John |title=Himalayan Versions of "The Three Golden Sons": The Effect of Context on Narrative Content |journal=Journal of Indian Folkloristics |issue=4 |date=1981 |pages=1–17}}

{{The Three Golden Children}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lalpila (Indian folktale)}}
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about child abandonment]]
[[Category:Adoption and orphans in culture]]
[[Category:ATU 700-749]]

Idhayathai Thirudathe

2025-12-21T16:31:51Z

Bharatpediatrist: Data

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Long plot|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| native_name =
| image = Idhayathai Thirudathey serial.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama|Action Drama]] [[Romance film|Romance]]
| creator = Ram Srinivas
| executive_producer = Gayathri Paramasivam
| writer = Thamayanthi (episodes 1{{ndash}}200)
Rathibala (episode 200{{ndash}}present)
| director = Radhakrishnan RK
| starring = {{plainlist|
* Navin Kumar
* [[Hima Bindhu]]
* Baby Aazhiya
}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 1097
| list_episodes =
| producer = Kusumavathy
| company = Estrella Stories
| theme_music_composer = Sudarshan M Kumar
| opentheme =
| cinematography = Karthik Subramaniam
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 40 minutes per episode
| channel = [[Colors Tamil]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2020|02|14}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|06|03}}
| related = [[Jeev Zala Yedapisa]]
}}

'''''Idhayathai Thirudathey''''' ({{Literal translation}} Don't steal the heart) is an Indian [[Tamil-language]] series airing on [[Colors Tamil]]. It premiered on 14 February 2020 and last aired on 3 June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.onenov.in/idhayathai-thirudathe-serial-cast/|title=Idhayathai Thirudathe|first=Jack|last=Sparrow|date=14 February 2020|website=Onenov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiantvinfo.com/idhayathai-thirudathe-serial/|title=Idhayathai Thirudathe Colors Tamil Serial Launching On Valentines Day At 7.30 P.M.|date=6 February 2020|website=Indian Television}}</ref> The show stars Navin Kumar and [[Hima Bindhu]]. The show is the official remake of Marathi series ''[[Jeev Zala Yedapisa]]'' aired on [[Colors Marathi]].

Sahana ([[Hima Bindhu]]) and Siva (Navin Kumar) marry due to political war triggered by them. But Sahana and Siva start to understand each other. But problems arise from Siva's mother and MLA who Siva is working for, and ex-MLA. In August 2021, a 6-year leap was introduced where several new characters were introduced. These included Sahana and Siva's daughter; Aiswarya Jr.

==Summary==
It is an enemies to lovers romance of Siva and Sahana. Initially, they don't like each other, but they are forced to get married due to family and political pressure.

Siva is a goon-like man. He isn't well educated. Sahana is a well educated, disciplined and stands for the right thing. After certain events, Siva and Sahana come to understand and love each other, but Bhavani (Siva's mother) and MLA Dhakshayani who Siva is working for plots to break them up constantly.

== Plot ==
=== Season 1 ===
Sahana, a bride-to-be, notices her friend being beaten up by Siva, the handyman of the local politician, Dhakshayani. Siva's act leaves Sahana fuming with rage. Later, Sahana witnesses yet another disrespectful and foul behavior of Siva towards a young woman. After witnessing the incident of Siva, Sahana gets distraught. Sahana decides to speak up against the injustice and gives her statement against Siva to the police. However, oblivious to the fact that while she testified against him, Siva manages to identify her despite her disguise. Planning on teaching Sahana a lesson, Siva kidnapped Sahana. Sahana's wedding comes to a shocking halt when the family discovers that she is nowhere to be found. While Sahana's family faces humiliation, Sahana's wedding gets called off. Siva releases Sahana after keeping her in captivity as an act of revenge. Getting humiliated by Vanavarayan, Dhakshayani asks Sahana's parents to get Sahana married to Siva. At first, Siva and Sahana refrained but were compelled to agree. Sahana and Siva exchange vows and promise to be with each other, with rage and revenge in the heart. After their wedding, initially, they both hated each other but the days go by Sahana and Siva have a strong connection building up between them.

===Season 2===
;Six years later
This the story of Sahana, Siva and their daughter Aiswarya. Some issues because of Dhakshayani, Siva and Sahana break their relationship.
Then, Jr. Aiswarya (Siva and Sahana's daughter) is under Sahana's custody. One day, Aiswarya gets kidnapped by goons and when she try to escape, she ended up in Siva's car. Later, Siva handle's Aishu to police and she meets her mother. Aishu told Sahana about how King take care of her. Aishu invites King to her birthday party. At the function, Sahana and Siva meets for the first time after six years. Siva get knows that Aishu is his daughter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/idhayathai-thirudathey-serial-part-2-starts-same-story-after-a-6-year-gap/articleshow/84771173.cms|title =Idhayathai Thirudathey Season 2|website=Samayam Tamil}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* Navin Kumar as Siva "Rowdy Singam/King" Neelakandan – A local gangster; Neelakandan and Bhavani's son; Aiswarya's brother; Sahana's husband; Jr. Aiswarya's father <ref>{{Cite web|last=Parthiban|first=A|date=16 July 2021|title=விஜய் சேதுபதி செய்த சர்ப்ரைஸ் வீடியோ கால்! வீடியோ வெளியிட்ட சீரியல் நடிகர்|trans-title=Surprise video call by Vijay Sethupathi! Serial actor who released the video|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tv/news/idhayathai-thirudathey-serial-actor-navin-kumar-releases-video-of-vijay-sethupathis-surprise-video-call/articleshow/84453557.cms|website=Samayam Tamil|language=ta}}
</ref>
* [[Hima Bindhu]] as Sahana Somasundaram / Sahana "Raangi" Siva – A businesswoman; Somasundaram and Devagi's daughter; Elangovan's sister; Siva's wife; Jr. Aiswarya's mother
* Baby Aazhiya as Jr. Aiswarya "Aishu" Siva – Siva and Sahana's daughter

===Supporting===
* Riya Madona / Lavanya Manickam / Nithya Raj as Aiswarya "Aishu" Neelakandan – Neelakandan and Bhavani's daughter; Siva's sister (Dead)
* B. Nilani as Dhakshayani – Siva's arch-rival; Sethupathi's mother; Aiswarya's murderer
* Sam as Sethupathi aka Sethu – Dhakshayani's son; Siva's rival; Aiswarya's husband and murderer
* Ilavarasan / Ashok as Neelakandan – Godhandapani's brother; Bhavani's husband; Siva and Aiswarya's father; Jr. Aiswarya's grandfather
* Siva Kavitha / Caroline Hiltrud as Bhavani Godhandapani / Bhavani Neelakandan – Neelakandan's wife; Siva and Aiswarya's mother; Jr. Aiswarya's grandmother
* Ananthan as Godhandapani – Neelakandan's brother; Valli's husband; Ram and Lakshmanan's father
* Karthiga as Valli Godhandapani – Godhandapani's wife; Ram and Lakshmanan's mother
* Deepan as Ram Godhandapani – Valli and Godhandapani's elder son; Lakshmanan's brother
* Domnick Nithies as Lakshmanan Godhandapani – Valli and Godhandapani's younger son; Ram's brother
* Issac Varghese as Somasundaram – Devagi's husband; Elangovan and Sahana's father; Jr. Aiswarya and Karthiga's grandfather
* Meenakshi as Devagi Somasundaram – Somasundaram's wife; Elangovan and Sahana's mother; Jr. Aiswarya and Karthiga's grandmother
* Karthik Sasidharan / Vijay Lokesh / Bhalakhoumhar as Elangovan Somasundaram – Somasundaram and Devagi's son; Sahana's brother; Nithya's husband; Karthiga's father
* Adhitri Dinesh / Subathra as Nithya Elangovan – Elangovan's wife; Karthiga's mother
* Baby Nazriya as Karthiga Elangovan – Elangovan and Nithya's daughter
* Rithieshwar as Karthik – Siva's adopted brother
* Ragava Sabari as Suruttai – Siva's friend
* Mounika Devi as Mithra
* Venkatesan as Rathnam – Dhakshayani's assistant
* Birla Bose as Vanavarayan – Dhakshayani's arch-rival; Manjula's husband; Amirtha's father
* Devi Teju as Manjula Vanavarayan – Vanavarayan's wife; Amirtha's mother
* Deepabalu as Amirtha Vanavarayan – Vanavarayan and Manjula's daughter
* Vijaya Patti as Vanavarayan's mother
* Rajesh as Parattai – Siva's friend
* Soundar as Kannadhasan aka Tamizh – A Tamil teacher
* Gemini Manikandan as Vetri
* Vishnukanth as Selvam
* Jay Sk as Parthasarathy aka Parthi – Sahana's ex-fiancé
* Srinidhi Sudharshan as Ramya – Sahana's friend
* Mahesh Prabha as Vignesh – a police officer
* Syed Aneesh as Rajkumar – Aiswarya's ex-fiancé
* Subash Kannan as Kannadi – Vanavarayan's assistant

===Special appearances===
* Jay Srinivas Kumar as Parthasarathy
* Dr. Nithuchandra Duraisamy as Niranjana
* [[Robo Shankar]] as Himself<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/idhayathai-thirudathey-completes-150-episodes-robo-shankar-to-play-a-cameo-in-the-show/articleshow/78894586.cms|title=Idhayathai Thirudathey completes 150 episodes; Robo Shankar to play a cameo in the show|newspaper=The Times of India|date=27 October 2020|accessdate=11 June 2020}}</ref>
* [[Raksha Holla]] as Sankari – English Teacher<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/raksha-holla-joins-idhayathai-thirudathey-heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-her-cameo-appearance/articleshow/79017382.cms|title=Raksha Holla joins 'Idhayathai Thirudathey'; here's all you need to know about her cameo appearance - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=3 November 2020 }}</ref>
* [[Aarthi (actress)|Aarthi]] as Aarthi – Sahana and Elangovan's cousin
* Seethalakshmi Hariharan as Priya Saravanan – Sahana's friend; Saravanan's wife
* VJ Pappu as Saravanan – Priya's husband
* Anandrafee as Manmadhan – Priya's cousin
* Jeevitha as Malliga – Commissioner of Police
* VJ Saravana Kumar as Deepak
* [[Nancy Jennifer]] as Anitha – Siva's cousin
* Durgaa as Geetha – Siva's cousin
* [[Aadhavan (anchor)|VJ Aadhavan]] as Himself
* Niharikka Rajesh as Meera – Siva's student girl
* [[Amit Bhargav]] as Velu
* Sameer Ahamathu as DCP Suryakumar Sivaraman Zamindar – An inspiring police officer; Kayal's husband; Siva's family friend (Mahasangamam with Sillunu Oru Kaadhal)
* Darshini Gowda as Kayalvizhi "Kayal" Suryakumar Zamindar – A teenager; Surya's wife; Sahana's friend

== Adaptations ==
{|class="wikitable"
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Language
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Title
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Original release
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Network(s)
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Last aired
!style="background:LightGreen;"|
Notes
|-
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| ''[[Jeev Zala Yedapisa]]'' ''जीव झाला येडापिसा''
| 1 April 2019
| [[Colors Marathi]]
| 3 April 2021
| Original
|-
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| ''Idhayathai Thirudathe'' ''இதயத்தை திருடாதே''
| 14 February 2020
| [[Colors Tamil]]
| 3 June 2022
| rowspan="4" | Remake
|-
| [[Kannada]]
| ''[[Ginirama]]'' ''ಗಿಣಿರಾಮ''
| 17 August 2020
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| 17 June 2023
|-
| [[Hindi]]
| ''[[Bawara Dil]]'' ''बावरा दिल''
| 22 February 2021
| [[Colors TV]]
| 20 August 2021
|-
| [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| ''[[Mon Mane Na (TV series)|Mon Mane Na]]'' ''মন মানে না''
| 30 August 2021
| [[Colors Bangla]]
| 5 June 2022
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|14157444}}

{{Colors Tamil shows}}

[[Category:Colors Tamil original programming]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romance television series]]
[[Category:2020 Tamil-language television series debuts]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television shows]]
[[Category:2022 Tamil-language television series endings]]
[[Category:Tamil-language television series based on Marathi-language television series]]
[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]

Tanoor, Nirmal district

2025-12-14T07:01:27Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding new place - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Tanoor
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = te
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Mandal]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Telangana#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Telangana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|18.9537668|N|77.9801393|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Telangana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Adilabad district|Adilabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Adilabad|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2801_PART_B_DCHB_ADILABAD.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=6 April 2016|page=13,292|format=PDF}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 17.28
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4124
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="census" />
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Tanoor''' is a mandal in the [[Nirmal district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Telangana]]. It is located in [[List of mandals in Telangana|Tanoor mandal]] of Nirmal [[revenue division]].<ref name="census" /><ref>{{cite web|title=District Level Mandal wise List of Villages in Telangana |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/adilabad.pdf|website=Chief Commissioner of Land Administration|publisher=National Informatics Centre|accessdate=19 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219010323/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/Adilabad.pdf|archivedate=19 December 2014|page=10|format=PDF}}</ref> It was a part of the [[Adilabad district]] prior to the re-organisation of districts in the state.

==Geography==
Tanoor is located at {{coord|18.9537668|N|77.9801393|E|}}.

== References ==
{{reflist|1}}

==External links==
*[http://adilabad.nic.in/mandals.html Adilabad Mandals and their Gram Panchayats (map)]

{{Nirmal district}}
[[Category:Cities and towns in Nirmal district]]

Bar Council of Gujarat

2025-12-12T06:32:56Z

Bharatpediatrist: Creating new entry

{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Bar Council of Gujarat
| type = Statutory body
| logo =
| nativename_r =
| formed = {{start date and age|1961}}
| headquarters = Satyamev Complex, Ahmedabad
| chief1_name = ZALA ANIRUDHSINH
| chief1_position = Chairman
| chief2_name = PATEL RAMESHCHANDRA
| chief2_position = Vice-Chairman
| chief3_name = TRIVEDI KAMAL
| chief3_position = Advocate General
| website =
}}

'''Bar Council of Gujarat''' is the regulatory and statutorily representative body for [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Gujarat]]. It was constituted as per the mandatory requirement as per [[Advocates Act, 1961]] and [[Bar Council of India]]. In March 1953, S. R. Das as head of the 'All India Bar Committee', proposed the creation of the apex body as an All-India Bar Council and Bar council at state levels and submitted a report to the Central [[Government of India]]. Members of the Bar Council are elected from among members enrolled and practicing as [[lawyers]] practicing law in the state of [[Gujarat]] and they represent the state in Bar Council of India meetings. Bar Council of a place designs standards of [[professional conduct]] to be followed by members, and designs [[etiquette]]s and has the power to enforce disciplinary guidelines over the members of bar council.

== History ==
The Gujarat Bar Council was formed as per the requirement of Section 3 of Advocates Act, 1961 which mandates for each state of India to have its Bar Council. As per the guidelines, the legal profession in India and the standards of legal education would be regulated by the All India Bar Council. The [[Law Commission of India]] was suggested to prepare a report on judicial administration reforms in India.

== Functions ==
Section 7 of the Advocates Act, 1961 lays down the regulatory and representative requirements which are mandatory for State Bar Councils. Bar Councils of each place has following functions:<ref name="Him Ref2">{{cite web |title=Welcome to Bar Council of India |url=http://103.25.172.19/bar-council/statebarcouncil-ap.php |website=103.25.172.19 |access-date=24 September 2021}}</ref>

#As a statutory body regulating legal profession and education across state.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4">{{cite news |title=Bihar State Bar Council elections to be held on March 27 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/feb/11/bihar-state-bar-council-elections-to-be-held-on-march-27-1771803.html |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=11 February 2018}}</ref>
#Facilitating the election with rules for members to get elected and manage the Bar Council.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2">{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Debashish |title=Bihar State Bar Council elected: All 25 members of Bihar State Bar Council elected |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/all-25-members-of-bihar-state-bar-council-elected/articleshow/64606272.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref6">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry elects new office-bearers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bar-council-elects-new-office-bearers/articleshow/70441005.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=30 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref9">{{cite news |title=First elected member of Tamil Nadu, Puducherry bar council named |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/first-elected-member-of-tn-pondy-bar-council-named/articleshow/65345455.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=10 August 2018 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref10">{{cite news |last1=Subramani |first1=A. |title=Tortuous election process holds up bar council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tortuous-election-process-holds-up-bar-council/articleshow/66928915.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#Forwarding the names of elected members to Bar Council of India for formal approval as members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2" />
#Facilitating the formation of managing committee like chairman, Vice-chairman and Treasurer of the Bar.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2" />
#Designing the professional behaviours and code to be followed by [[advocate]]s who are its members.<ref name="Telangana Bar Ref9">{{cite news |last1=Mathur New |first1=Aneesha |title=Supreme Court comes to the rescue of 2 judge hopefuls |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/supreme-court-comes-to-the-rescue-of-2-judge-hopefuls-1849755-2021-09-06 |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Telangana Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Appointment Of HC Judges Is Made After Considering Seniority, Merit: SC |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/appointment-of-hc-judges-is-made-after-considering-seniority-merit-sc-7431531.html |access-date=9 September 2021 |publisher=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref>
#Lay down guidelines for disciplinary committees and other committees formed by it.
#Supporting with financial aid in case of need.<ref name="Gujarat Bar ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Gujarat pays Rs 2 crore for Covid treatment |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/bcg-pays-rs-2-cr-for-covid-treatment/articleshow/82691199.cms |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=17 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref4">{{cite news |title=12,000 lawyers hit by Covid-19 to get Rs 4,000 as assistance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/12000-lawyers-hit-by-covid-19-to-get-rs-4000-as-assistance/articleshow/75804036.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=18 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of TN & Pondy to give Rs 4,000 each to 12,000 needy advocates |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bar-council-of-tn-pondy-to-give-rs-4-000-each-to-12-000-needy-advocates-120050801730_1.html |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=8 May 2020}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref5">{{cite news |last1=Mathur |first1=Aneesha |title=Bar Council of Delhi gives over Rs 3.59 crore as financial aid to Covid-affected lawyers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/coronavirus-outbreak/story/delhi-bar-council-gives-over-rs-3-59-crore-as-financial-aid-to-covid-affected-lawyers-1804941-2021-05-20 |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |date=20 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Protecting the advocate members rights, benefits and safeguarding their interests.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref10">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Poonam |title=Delhi Bar Council writes to MHA seeking immediate action against police raid at lawyer Mehmood Pracha's office |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-bar-council-letter-home-ministry-advocate-mehmood-pracha-raid-office-delhi-police-1753611-2020-12-27 |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India Today |date=27 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing, promoting and supporting [[law reform]] as per changing circumstances.
#Handle and resolve other issues or any matter placed before it by its members in ad hoc situations.<ref name="tamil ref3">{{cite news |title=Bar council writes to CS about lawyers accessing courts during lockdown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/bar-council-writes-to-cs-about-lawyers-accessing-courts-during-lockdown/articleshow/82493848.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=9 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref11">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Delhi writes to PM Modi, urges repeal of new farm laws |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bar-council-of-delhi-writes-to-pm-modi-urges-repeal-of-new-farm-laws-120120300045_1.html |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=Business Standard India |date=3 December 2020}}</ref>
#Design and organize [[seminar]]s on wide legal topics in the interest of members by reputed [[jurist]]s and publishing them in journals and magazines of legal circles and other sources of media.<ref name="Hima Ref9">{{cite news |title=Himachal HC starts lecture series of "Pursuit of Excellence" |url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/regional/news/himachal-hc-starts-lecture-series-of-pursuit-of-excellence-146578 |access-date=24 September 2021 |publisher=punjabnewsexpress.com |date=24 August 2021}}</ref>
#Facilitating [[legal aid]] to [[Those Who Can't|those who can't]] afford it.
#Ensuring that guidelines laid in various legal forums are followed by members.
#Initiating disciplinary action in case of professional misconduct.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council Of Delhi Suspends 10 More Lawyers For Submitting Fake Covid Reports For Financial Help |url=https://www.india.com/news/delhi/bar-council-of-delhi-suspends-10-more-lawyers-for-submitting-fake-covid-reports-for-financial-help-4813413/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India com News |date=14 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Designing welfare schemes like Insurance for its members.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref3">{{cite news |title=HC seeks bar council's response on plea by govt on lawyer benefits |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/hc-seeks-bar-councils-response-on-plea-by-govt-on-lawyer-benefits/articleshow/85469037.cms |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref4">{{cite news |title=Govt. appeals against inclusion of NCR lawyers in welfare plan |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/govt-appeals-against-inclusion-of-ncr-lawyers-in-welfare-plan/article35988099.ece |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=The Hindu |date=19 August 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref>
#Supporting members with emergency services during natural calamities.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref5" />
#Initiate disciplinary action in case the official premises is used for other than professional purpose.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref7">{{cite news |title=Delhi Bar Council suspends license of lawyer who performed 'Nikah' at his chamber |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-bar-council-suspends-license-of-lawyer-who-performed-nikah-at-his-chamber20210705163941/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=ANI News |date=5 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Fixing Annual Fee for members for enrolling in Council which includes fees for enrollment and funds towards identity card, building, library, indigent and other welfare schemes.<ref name="tamil ref7">{{cite news |title=Suspension of 5,790 Tamil Nadu lawyers kept in abeyance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/suspension-of-5790-tamil-nadu-lawyers-kept-in-abeyance/articleshow/68588757.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=27 March 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Delhi Bar Ref9">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Delhi hikes enrolment fee, new joinees to pay Rs 14,300 |url=https://www.indialegallive.com/top-news-of-the-day/news/bar-council-of-delhi-bcd-enrolment-fee-hike/ |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=India Legal |date=9 January 2021}}</ref>
#Organizing regular meeting with local associations enrolled with council.<ref name="Delhi Bar Ref12">{{cite news |title=Delhi: Bar council to hold meeting on reverting to physical mode |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-bar-council-to-hold-meeting-on-reverting-to-physical-mode/articleshow/80625873.cms |access-date=15 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=1 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
#Enrolling various bar associations in the state as its associate members.<ref name="tamil ref2" />
#Resolving disputes between members within timeframe.<ref name="tamil ref5">{{cite news |title=Madras HC stays transfer of complaints against lawyers to Bar Council of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/madras-hc-stays-transfer-of-complaints-against-lawyers-to-bar-council-of-india/articleshow/74420958.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=2 March 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
#Initiating disciplinary action against members for complying to its policies.<ref name="Kerala bar ref3">{{cite news |title=Kerala Bar Council to act against lawyer over FB post against cop Anie Siva |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-bar-council-act-against-lawyer-over-fb-post-against-cop-anie-siva-152524 |access-date=26 September 2021 |publisher=The News Minute |date=18 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="tamil ref7" /><ref name="tamil ref8">{{cite news |title=Bar Council penalises new lawyers who put up hoardings |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/puducherry/bar-council-penalises-new-lawyers-who-put-up-hoardings/articleshow/67295852.cms |access-date=23 September 2021 |publisher=The Times of India |date=29 December 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
#Enrolling newly qualified lawyers into council.<ref name="Kerala bar ref2">{{cite news |title=Bar Council of Kerala organises first-ever online enrolment |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/kochi/2020/jun/28/bar-council-of-kerala-organises-first-ever-online-enrolment-2162395.html |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=28 June 2020}}</ref>

== Constitution ==
The council elects its own chairman and vice-chairman for a period of five years from amongst its members.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref4" /><ref name="tamil ref6" /> Assisted by the various committees of the council, the chairman acts as the chief executive and director of the council. Voting rights in elections are available only for advocates having a Certificate of Practice. Till the year 2018, there were around 75,000 enrolled as members of the state Bar Council. As per the Advocates Act, the bar council of the state should have 25 members in case the members on roll exceeds 10000.<ref name="Bihar Lok Ref2" />

Mr.ANIRUDHSINH ZALA(Current) was elected as [https://www.barcouncilofgujarat.org/office-bearers.aspx Chairman of Gujarat Bar Council] in the year 2022.

==Enrollment of advocates==
Graduates having a law degree from recognized universities permitted to impart legal education are admitted as advocates in The Gujarat Bar Council.<ref name="Telag Bar Ref5">{{cite news |title=Any procedure in place for online enrollment of law grads, Delhi HC asks Bar Council of Delhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/education/any-procedure-in-place-for-online-enrollment-of-law-grads-hc-asks-bcd/story-7g6f5reL3joGTgT9fhTU0J.html |access-date=3 September 2021 |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=4 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref> Law graduates can enroll online for Gujarat Bar Council.<ref name="Kerala bar ref2" /> State bar councils are empowered by Advocates Act, 1961 to frame rules according to their convenience for enrolling advocates in council. The enrollment committee formed by Councils will scrutinize a prospective member's application. Enrolled advocates of any bar council in-state are considered eligible to write the All India Bar Examination conducted by the Bar Council of India. After clearing the exam, they are certified by the Bar Council of India and issued 'a Certificate of Enrolment', which facilitates them to practice the profession of law in any High Court based in India and lower courts of the country, as an advocate. Advocates are required to qualify in the exam known as "Supreme Court Advocate on Record Examination" which is conducted by the Supreme Court exclusively to practice in the Supreme Court of Country.

== Important actions ==
1. In 2021, the Bar Council of Gujarat had given nearly Rs 2 Crores as financial support to 1510 lawyer members who had spent either as hospitalization charges or treatment at home for suffering from COVID-19.<ref name="Gujarat Bar ref2" />

2. In 2020, the Bar Council of Gujarat had given 12000 advocates a sum of Rs 6 crores as financial support as the Courts were in lockdown due to COVID-19.<ref name="Gujarat Bar ref2" />

== See also ==
* [[Bar Council of Andhra Pradesh]]
* [[Bar Council of Telangana]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.barcouncilofgujarat.org/ Official website]

[[Category:Organisations based in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Bar associations of Asia]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legal organisations based in India]]

Yadav

2025-12-11T15:56:07Z

Bharatpediatrist: Minor updates and cleanup applied

{{short description|Social communities of India }}
{{About|modern communities}}
{{pp-protect|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Not to be confused with|Yadava}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Yadav
| native_name =
| flag =
| flag_caption =
| flag_alt =
| image =
| caption =
| regions = [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Delhi]], [[Haryana]], [[Punjab]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]], [[West Bengal]], [[Assam]], [[Odisha]], [[Bihar]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Nepal]], [[Mauritius]], [[Karnataka]], [[Kerala]], [[Tamilnadu]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| langs = [[Hindi]], [[Angika]], [[Ahirwati]], [[Awadhi language|Awadhi ]], [[Haryanvi language|Haryanvi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Rajasthani language|Rajasthani]], [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Odia language|Odia]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| rels = [[Hinduism]] [[file:Om symbol.svg|20x20px]]
| related_groups =
}}
'''Yadavs''' are a grouping of non-elite,<ref name="Bayly2001-p383"/> [[peasant]]-[[pastoral]]<ref name="michelutti-2004">{{Citation |last=Michelutti |first=Lucia |title='We (Yadavs) are a caste of politicians': Caste and modern politics in a north Indian town |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |volume=38 |issue=1–2 |pages=43–71 |year=2004 |doi=10.1177/006996670403800103 |issn=0973-0648 |s2cid=144951057}} Quote: "The Yadavs were traditionally a low-to-middle-ranking cluster of pastoral-peasant castes that have become a significant political force in Uttar Pradesh (and other northern states like Bihar) in the last thirty years."</ref> [[Caste system in India|castes]] in India that, since the 19th and 20th centuries,<ref name=pinch-p90/><ref name="Hutton1969">{{cite book|last=Hutton|first=John Henry|author-link=John Henry Hutton|title=Caste in India: its nature, function and origins|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_YNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA113|year=1969|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=113}} Quote: "In a not dissimilar way the various cow-keeping castes of northern India were combining in 1931 to use the common term of Yadava for their various castes, Ahir, Goala, Gopa, etc., and to claim a Rajput origin of extremely doubtful authenticity."</ref> have claimed descent from the legendary king [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]] as a part of a movement of social and political resurgence.<ref name="socialesAnthropology2001">{{cite book|last1=Jassal|first1=Smita Tewari|author2=École pratique des hautes études (France). Section des sciences économiques et sociales|author3=University of Oxford. Institute of Social Anthropology|title=Contributions to Indian sociology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jA0tAQAAIAAJ|year=2001|publisher=Mouton|pages=319–351|chapter=Caste in the Colonial State: Mallahs in the census}} Quote: "The movement, which had a wide interregional spread, attempted to submerge regional names such as Goala, Ahir, Ahar, Gopa, etc., in favour of the generic term Yadava (Rao 1979). Hence a number of pastoralist castes were subsumed under Yadava, in accordance with decisions taken by the regional and national level caste sabhas. The Yadavas became the first among the shudras to gain the right to wear the janeu, a case of successful sanskritisation which continues till date. As a prominent agriculturist caste in the region, despite belonging to the shudra varna, the Yadavas claimed Kshatriya status tracing descent from the Yadu dynasty. The caste's efforts matched those of census officials, for whom standardisation of overlapping names was a matter of policy. The success of the Yadava movement also lies in the fact that, among the jaati sabhas, the Yadava sabha was probably the strongest, its journal, ''Ahir Samachar'', having an all-India spread. These factors strengthened local efforts, such as in Bhojpur, where the Yadavas, locally known as Ahirs, refused to do ''[[begar]]'', or forced labour, for the landlords and simultaneously prohibited liquor consumption, child marriages, and so on."</ref> The term "Yadav" is now commonly used as a surname by members of such communities, such as the [[Ahir]] of the [[Hindi belt]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vkkK6SZOo_gC&pg=PA1551 |title=People of India: Uttar Pradesh |date=2005 |publisher=Anthropological Survey of India |isbn=978-81-7304-114-3 |pages=1551 |language=en |quote=These Ahir of past, now identify themselves as Yadav or Yadubansi and to support this claim use the surname, Yadav, and thus try to distinguish themselves from other constituent groups forming the large Ahir caste.}}</ref> and the [[Gavli]] of [[Maharashtra]].<ref name="Bayly2001-p383">{{cite book|author=Susan Bayly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA383|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=200, 383|author-link=Susan Bayly}} Quote: '''Ahir''': Caste title of North Indian non-elite 'peasant'-pastoralists, known also as Yadav."</ref><ref name="Jaffrelot2003p187">{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=187-188|first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC|quote=[187] The term "Yadav" covers many castes which initially had different names: Ahir in the Hindi belt, Punjab and Gujarat, Gavli in Maharashtra, Gola in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka etc. Their traditional common function, all over India, was that of herdsman, cowherds and milksellers. [188] In practice, the Yadavs today spend most of their time tilling the land. At the turn of the century in the Central Provinces two-thirds of Ahirs were already cultivators and labourers while less than one third raised cattle and dealt with milk and milk products.|language=en}}</ref>

Historically, the Ahir, Gopi, and Goala groups had an ambiguous ritual status in caste stratification.<ref name=ambiguous-ritual-status>{{citation|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=978-0-415-46732-2|page=220|title=The Vernacularisation of Democracy: Politics, Caste and Religion in India|series=Exploring the Political in South Asia|quote=Historically, the Ahir caste/community also had an ambiguous ritual status in the caste hierarchy. Amongst the Ahir/Yadav case we find ''rajas, zamindars, sepoys'', and cowherders who have been conceived and categorised either as warriors and as belonging to the Kshatriya ''varna'', or as lower caste and belonging to the ''shudra'' varna. In Ahirwal, members of Ahir seigneurial lineages have come to be known by the title Rajput. (p. 220)}}</ref>{{efn|From the mid-19th century onward, many British ethnographies attempted to understand India's tribes and castes by attempting to document the differences and to explain them in the prevailing ideologies of the period; the lack of such understanding was felt to be one of the reasons for the Indian rebellion of 1857.<ref name=rand-post-1857>{{citation|last=Rand|first=Gavin|title=Mutiny on the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857, Volume 7|editor1-last=Rand|editor1-first=Gavin|editor2-last=Bates|editor2-first=Crispin|chapter=Reconstructing the Imperial Military after the Rebellion|date=6 June 2013 |page=101|isbn=978-81-321-1053-8|quote=However, while ethnography was thus made central to the process of reconstruction, there remained a good deal of ambiguity regarding distinctions of race, caste and tribe. An investigation into the utility of various ‘low caste’ levies raised during 1857 was abandoned in 1861 when it emerged that while some officers had raised troops from sweepers and outcastes, others understood the term to refer simply to those regiments raised without Brahmins. This is simply one example of the numerous, wider ambiguities which inflect colonial knowledge in this period and which (amongst other factors) militated against radical change in the aftermath of the rebellion. This ambiguity was reflected in much of the evidence gathered by the Royal Commission, where geographic and regional distinctions overlapped and complicated religious and ethnic identities. Nevertheless, the administrative impulse to know India after 1857 is evident throughout the process of reflection and reconstruction undertaken by the imperial military. However, as the diversity of opinion gathered by the Royal Commission makes clear, while there was general recognition that ethnographic knowledge was key to the business of administering the Native army, there was much less agreement on the precise mechanisms by which such administration could be carried forth and, often, widespread confusion over the most salient aspects of Indian ethnography, culture and tradition. In part, the injunction to know India and its peoples is characteristic of the period.<Footnote 35 (p. 111)>: See, for example, the illustrated taxonomy of Indian ethnographic types prepared by Kaye, Watson, and Meadows Taylor and published as ''The People of India: A Series of Photographic Illustrations with Descriptive Letterpress, of the Races and Tribes of Hindustan, Originally Prepared under the Authority of the Government of India and Reproduced by the Order of the Secretary of State in Council'' (London: W. H. Allen, 1868)>}}</ref>}} Since the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the Yadav movement has worked to improve the social standing of its constituents<ref name="LeshnikSontheimer1975">{{cite book|last1=Leshnik|first1=Lawrence S.|last2=Sontheimer|first2=Günther-Dietz|title=Pastoralists and nomads in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0rEKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA218|year=1975|publisher=O. Harrassowitz|page=218|isbn=9783447015523}} Quote: "The Ahir and allied cowherd castes (whether actually pastoralists or cultivators, as in the Punjab) have recently organized a pan-Indian caste association with political as well as social reformist goals using the epic designation of Yadava (or Jadava) Vanshi Kshatriya, ie the warrior caste descending from the Yadava lineage of the Mahabharata fame."</ref> through [[Sanskritisation]], adoption of ''Yadav'' as a surname,<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p196/><ref name="Jaffrelot2003-p210-211">{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC&pg=PA210|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12786-8|pages=210–211}} Quote: "In his typology of low caste movements, (M. S. A.) Rao distinguishes five categories. The first is characterised by 'withdrawal and self-organisation'. ... The second one, illustrated by the Yadavs, is based on the claim of 'higher ''varna'' status' and fits with Sanskritisation pattern. ..."</ref> active participation in the armed forces,<ref name=pinch-p90>{{cite book|last=Pinch|first=William R.|title=Peasants and monks in British India|url=https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-20061-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/peasantsmonksinb0000pinc/page/90 90]}} Quote: "''Gopis'', ''Goalas'', and ''Ahirs'', who would by the early 1900s begin referring to themselves as ''Yadav'' kshatriyas, had long sought and attained (after 1898) recruitment as soldiers in the British Indian army, particularly in the Western Gangetic Plain."</ref> expansion of economic opportunities to include other, more prestigious business fields, and active participation in politics.<ref name="LeshnikSontheimer1975"/> Yadav leaders and intellectuals have often focused on their claimed descent from Yadu, and from [[Krishna]],<ref name=gooptuMAS1997>{{Citation|last=Gooptu|first=Nandini|title=The Urban Poor and Militant Hinduism in Early Twentieth-Century Uttar Pradesh|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=31|issue=4 (Oct., 1997)|pages=879–918|jstor=312848|doi=10.1017/s0026749x00017194|year=1997|s2cid=146484298 }} Quote: " ... Lord Krishna, a legendary warrior and a Hindu deity, whom some shudra castes, notably the ahir or yadav, claim to be their ancestor." (page 902)</ref> which they argue confers [[Caste system in India|caste Hindu status]] upon them,<ref name="Bayly2001-p84">{{cite book|last=Bayly|first=Susan|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA84|year=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-79842-6|page=84}} Quote: "They had many counterparts elsewhere, most notably in the Gangetic plain where users of titles like Ahir, Jat and Goala turned increasingly towards the cow-cherishing rustic piety associated with the cult of Krishna. With its visions of milkmaids and sylvan raptures, and its cultivation of divine bounty in the form of sweet milky essences, this form of Vishnu worship offered an inviting path to 'caste Hindu' life for many people of martial pastoralist background.42 Footnote 42: "From the later nineteenth century the title Yadav was widely adopted in preference to Goala. ..."</ref> and effort has been invested in recasting the group narrative to emphasise a martial character.<ref name="Flueckiger1996-p137-138">{{cite book|last=Flueckiger|first=Joyce Burkhalter|title=Gender and Genre in the Folklore of Middle India|url=https://archive.org/details/gendergenreinfol00flue|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-0-8014-8344-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/gendergenreinfol00flue/page/137 137]}} Quote: "Another way to confirm their warrior status was to try to associate themselves with Yadav cowherding caste of the divine cowherd Krishna, calling themselves Yadavs instead of Ahirs. Ahir intelligensia "rewrote" certain historical documents to prove this connection, forming a national Yadav organization that continues to coordinate and promote the mobility drive of the caste. Integral to this movement are retelling of caste history that reflect its martial character; ..."</ref> However, the overall tenor of their movement has not been overtly [[egalitarian]] in the context of the larger Indian caste system.<ref name="Jaffrelot2003-p211">{{cite book|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qJZp5tDuY-gC&pg=PA210|year=2003|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-12786-8|page=211}} Quote: "Rather, the low caste movements can more pertinently be regrouped in two broader categories: first, the reform movements situating themselves within the Hindu way of life, be they relying on the mechanisms of Sanskritisation or on the ''bhakti'' tradition; and second those which are based on an ethnic or western ideology with a strong egalitarian overtone. The Yadav movement—and to a lesser extent the Ezhavas—can be classified in the first group whereas all the other ones belong to the second category. Interestingly none of the latter has a North Indian origin."</ref> Yadavs benefited from [[Zamindar#Abolition|Zamindari abolition]] in some states of north India like [[Bihar]], but not to the extent that members of other [[Upper Backward Castes]] did.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT169|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|author=Ranabir Samaddar|page=169|
publisher=Routledge|year= 2016|
isbn=978-1317125372|access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref>

==Origins==

===In mythology===
The term ''Yadav'' (or ''[[Yadava]]'') has been interpreted to mean "a descendant of [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]]," who is a mythological king.<ref name=Rao1979p124>{{cite book |title=Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India |first=M. S. A. |last=Rao |author-link=M. S. A. Rao |publisher=Macmillan |year=1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWEiAQAAMAAJ |page=124|isbn=9780836421330 }}</ref>

Using "very broad generalisations", Jayant Gadkari says that it is "almost certain" from analysis of the ''[[Puranas]]'' that [[Andhaka]], [[Vrishni]], [[Yadava#The Satvatas|Satvata]] and [[Abhira tribe|Abhira]] were collectively known as ''Yadavas'' and worshipped Krishna. Gadkari further notes of these ancient works that "It is beyond dispute that each of the ''Puranas'' consists of legends and myths...but what is important is that, within that framework [a] certain value system is propounded."<ref>{{cite book |title=Society and religion: from Rugveda to Puranas |first=Jayant |last=Gadkari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zst_7qaatp8C |pages=179, 183–184 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |location=Bombay |year=1996 |isbn=978-81-7154-743-2}}</ref>

Lucia Michelutti notes that {{quote|At the core of the Yadav community lies a specific folk theory of descent, according to which all Indian pastoral castes are said to descend from the Yadu dynasty (hence the label Yadav) to which Krishna (a cowherder, and supposedly a Kshatriya) belonged.&nbsp;... [there is] a strong belief amongst them that all Yadavs belong to Krishna's line of descent, the Yadav subdivisions of today being the outcome of a fission of an original and undifferentiated group.<ref name=Michelutti2004p49>{{cite journal |title="We (Yadavs) are a caste of politicians": Caste and modern politics in a north Indian town |first=Lucia |last=Michelutti|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |date=February 2004 |volume=38 |issue=1–2 |page=49 |doi=10.1177/006996670403800103|s2cid=144951057 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>}}

Historians such as P. M. Chandorkar have used epigraphical and similar evidence to argue that Ahirs and Gavlis are representative of the ancient Yadavas and Abhiras mentioned in [[Sanskrit]] works.<ref>{{Cite book|first = Sumit | last = Guha |title=Environment and Ethnicity in India, 1200-1991| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GSa5blriOYcC&pg=PA47|year = 2006| publisher = University of Cambridge|page=47|isbn=978-0-521-02870-7}}</ref>

===In practice===
[[File:AheersAroundDelhi1868.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A group of Aheers, a major constituent of the Yadav group, from around Delhi, 1868, as appearing in a British ethnography describing the many castes and races of India.<ref name=rand-post-1857/>]]

There are several communities that coalesce to form the Yadavs. [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] has remarked that
{{quote|The term 'Yadav' covers many castes which initially had different names: [[Ahir]] in the Hindi belt, Punjab and Gujarat, [[Gavli]] in Maharashtra, [[Golla (caste)|Golla]] in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka etc. Their traditional common function, all over India, was that of herdsmen, cowherds and milksellers.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p187/>}}

However, Jaffrelot has also said that most of the modern Yadavs are cultivators, mainly engaged in tilling the land, and less than one third of the population are occupied in raising cattle or the milk business.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=188 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC}}</ref>

[[M. S. A. Rao]] had earlier expressed the same opinion as Jaffrelot, and noted that the traditional association with cattle, together with the belief in descent from Yadu, defines the community.<ref name=Rao1979p124/> According to [[David G. Mandelbaum|David Mandelbaum]], the association of the Yadav (and their constituent castes, [[Ahir]] and [[Gwala (community)|Gwala]]) with cattle has impacted on their commonly viewed ritual status (varna) as [[Shudra]], although the community's members often claim the higher status of Kshatriya. The Shudra status is explained by the nomadic nature of herdsmen, which constrained the ability of other groups in the varna system to validate the adherence to practices of ritual purity; by their involvement in castration of the animals, which was considered to be a ritually polluting act; and because the sale of milk, as opposed to personal use thereof, was thought to represent economic gain from a sacrosanct product.<ref>{{cite book |title=Society in India |volume=2 |first=David Goodman |last=Mandelbaum |author-link=David Goodman Mandelbaum |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-520-01623-1 |pages=442–443 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C}}</ref>

According to Lucia Michelutti:
{{quote|...&nbsp;Yadavs constantly trace their caste predispositions and skills to descent, and in doing so they affirm their distinctiveness as a caste. For them, caste is not just appellation but quality of blood (Yalman 1969: 87, in Gupta 2000: 82). This view is not recent. The Ahirs (today Yadavs) had a lineage view of caste (Fox 1971; Unnithan-Kumar 1997) that was based on a strong ideological model of descent. This descent-based kinship structure was also linked to a specific Kshatriya and their religious tradition centred on Krishna mythology and pastoral warrior hero-god cults.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gupta|first1=Dipankar|last2=Michelutti|first2=Lucia|editor=Dipankar Gupta|title=Caste in Question: Identity or hierarchy?|volume=Contributions to Indian Sociology|year=2004|publisher=Sage Publications|location=New Delhi, California, London|isbn=0-7619-3324-7|pages=48/Lucia Michelutti|chapter=2. 'We (Yadavs) are a caste of politicians': Caste and modern politics in a north Indian town}}</ref>}}

==Classification==
The Yadavs are included in the [[Other Backward Class]]es (OBCs) category in the Indian states of [[Bihar]],<ref name="central-obclist-bihar">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF BIHAR |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/bihar.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 104)</ref> [[Chhattisgarh]],<ref name="central-obclist-chgattisgarh">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES: CHHATISGARH |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Chattisgarh.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 1)</ref> [[Delhi]],<ref name="central-obclist-delhi">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES: DELHI |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/delhi.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 3)</ref> [[Haryana]],<ref name="central-obclist-haryana">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES: HARYANA |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/haryana.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 29)</ref> [[Jharkhand]],<ref name="central-obclist-jharkhand">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES: JHARKHAND |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/Jharkhand.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 118)</ref> [[Karnataka]],<ref name="central-obclist-karnataka">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES: KARNATAKA |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/karnataka.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 58)</ref> [[Madhya Pradesh]],<ref name="central-obclist-madhyapradesh">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES: MADHYA PRADESH |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/madhyapradesh.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 1)</ref> [[Odisha]],<ref name="central-obclist-orissa">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF ORISSA |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/orrisa.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 43)</ref> [[Rajasthan]],<ref name="central-obclist-rajasthan">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF RAJASTHAN |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/rajasthan.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 1)</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]],<ref name="central-obclist-uttarpradesh">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF UTTAR PRADESH |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/uttarpradesh.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 1)</ref> and [[West Bengal]].<ref name="central-obclist-westbengal">{{Citation |title=CENTRAL LIST OF OBCs FOR THE STATE OF WEST BENGAL |work=National Commission of Backward Classes |url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/Pdf/westbengal.pdf |access-date=28 October 2011 |publisher=Government of India}} (Serial Number 3)</ref> In 2001, the Social Justice Committee in Uttar Pradesh reported over-representation of some OBCs, particularly Yadavs, in public offices; it suggested creating sub categories within the OBC category.<ref name="jeff#1">{{cite book |last1=Jeffery |first1=Roger |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r7aICwAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |title=Development Failure and Identity Politics in Uttar Pradesh |last2=Jeffrey |first2=Craig |last3=Lerche |first3=Jens |publisher=SAGE Publications India |year=2014 |isbn=9789351501800 |page=43}}</ref> The outcome of this was that the Yadav/Ahir became the only group listed in Part A of a three-part OBC classification system.<ref>{{cite book |last=Verma |first=Anil K. |title=Political process in Uttar Pradesh: identity, economic reforms, and governance |publisher=Pearson Education India |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-317-0797-5 |editor-last=Pai |editor-first=Sudha |page=160 |chapter=Backward-Caste Politics in Uttar Pradesh: An Analysis of the Samajwadi Party |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S46rbUL6GrMC&pg=PA160}}</ref>

==Yadavs in modern India==

[[File:Ahir woman.jpg|right|upright=1.2|thumb|A woman of the [[Ahir]] community, which falls within the Yadav group, harvesting wheat in western India. Many Yadavs have taken to non-traditional occupations]]

===Occupational background, location and social status===

The Yadavs mostly live in [[Northern India]], and particularly in [[Haryana]], [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]].<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p196/><ref name=Mandelbaum1970p442/> Traditionally, they were a non-elite<ref name="Luce2008">{{cite book|last=Luce|first=Edward|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oMYeyhrgd_wC&pg=PT133|title=In Spite of the Gods: The Rise of Modern India|publisher=Random House Digital, Inc.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4000-7977-3|page=133|author-link=Edward Luce}} Quote: "The Yadavs are one of India's largest 'Other Backward Classes,' a government term that covers most of India's [[Shudra|Sudra]] castes. Yadavs are the traditional cowherd caste of North India and are relatively low down on the traditional pecking order, but not as low as the untouchable Mahars or Chamars."</ref><ref name="michelutti-2004"/> pastoral caste. Their traditional occupations changed over time and for many years Yadavs have been primarily involved in cultivation,<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p188/> although Michelutti has noted a "recurrent pattern" since the 1950s whereby economic advancement has progressed through involvement in cattle-related business to transportation and thence to construction. Employment with the army and the police have been other traditional occupations in northern India, and more recently government employment in that region has also become significant. She believes that [[positive discrimination]] measures and gains as a consequence of [[land reform]] legislation have been important factors in at least some areas.<ref>{{cite journal |title="We (Yadavs) are a caste of politicians": Caste and modern politics in a north Indian town |first=Lucia |last=Michelutti|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |date=February 2004 |volume=38 |issue=1–2 |pages=52–53 |doi=10.1177/006996670403800103|s2cid=144951057 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>

Lucia Michelutti notes that {{quote|Colonial ethnographers left a legacy of hundreds of pages of ethnographic and ethnological details which portray the Ahir/Yadavs as "Kshatriyas", "martial" and "wealthy", or as "Shudras", "cowherders", "milk sellers" and low in status terms. In short there has been no consensus on the nature of the Ahir caste/tribe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2106/1/U613338.pdf|title=Sons of Krishna: the politics of Yadav community formation in a North Indian town|last=Michelutti|first=Lucia|year=2002|access-date=13 September 2019|page=83}}</ref>}}

J. S. Alter notes that in North India the majority of the wrestlers are of the Yadav caste. He explains this as being due to their involvement in the milk business and dairy farms, which thus provides easy access to the milk and [[ghee]] deemed to be essential to a good diet.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Wrestling with (Body) Politics: Understanding 'Goonda' Political Styles in North India |first=Lucia |last=Michelutti |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v8bfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 |page=55 |title= Power and Influence in India: Bosses, Lords and Captains: Exploring the Political in South Asia |editor1-first=Pamela |editor1-last=Price |editor2-first=Arild Engelsen |editor2-last=Ruud |publisher=Routledge |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-13619-799-4}}</ref>

Although the Yadavs have formed a fairly significant proportion of the population in various areas, including 11% of that of Bihar in 1931, their interest in pastoral activities was not traditionally matched by ownership of land and consequently they were not a "dominant caste". Their traditional position, which Jaffrelot describes as "low caste peasants", also militated against any dominant role. Their involvement in pastoralism accounts for a traditional view of Yadavs as being peaceful, while their particular association with cows has a special significance in Hinduism, as do their beliefs regarding Krishna.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p188>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=188 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC}}</ref> Against this image, [[Robert Vane Russell|Russell and Lal]], writing in 1916, called the Ahir subdivision uncouth, although it is unclear whether their comments were based entirely on proverbial stories, on observation or on both.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce02russ |title=Tribes and Castes of the Central Provinces of India |volume=2 |year=1916 |page=[https://archive.org/details/tribescastesofce02russ/page/37 37] |first1=R. V. |last1=Russell |first2=Raj Bahadur Hira |last2=Lal |publisher=Macmillan |location=London}}</ref> Tilak Gupta said that this view persisted in modern times in Bihar, where the Yadav were viewed in highly negative terms by other groups.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Yadav Ascendancy in Bihar Politics |first=Tilak D. |last=Gupta |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=27 |issue=26 |date=27 June 1992 |pages=1304–1306 |jstor=4398537}}{{subscription required}}</ref> However, Michelutti observed, these very same people acknowledge and coveted their political influence, connections and abilities.<ref name="Lucia">{{cite web|title=Wrestling with (body) politics: understanding 'goonda' political styles in North India|url=http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:C4SaepWFzv0J:scholar.google.com/+michelutti+yadav+goonda&hl=en&as_sdt=0,5|last=Michelutti|work=Quote:"I saw many high-caste people, who refer to Yadavs as goondas in a disapproving fashion using their 'services'. Their connections, political influence and abilities are thus practically acknowledged. By the end of the fieldwork the same non-Yadav informants who advise me of not going around with politicians asked me to use my 'Yadav contacts' to help them to get their telephone line sorted out, to get a taxi-licence or to speed up a court case."|access-date=27 October 2011}}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

The Yadavs have, however, demonstrated a feature, driven by their more notable members, that shares a similarity with other Indian communities. Mandelbaum has noted that {{quote|As the families of a [[jāti]], in sufficient number, accrue a strong power base, and as their leading men become united enough to move together for higher status, they typically step up their efforts to improve their jāti customs. They try to abandon demeaning practices and to adopt purer and more prestigious ways. They usually want to drop the old name for a better one.<ref name=Mandelbaum1970p442>{{cite book |title=Society in India |volume=2 |first=David Goodman |last=Mandelbaum |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-520-01623-1 |page=442 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C}}</ref>}}

In Bihar, the political advancement of Yadavs didn't improve their relative marginalisation in other fields. The spread of education among the community remained less as compared to more advanced [[Other Backward Caste]]s like [[Kurmi|Awadhia Kurmi]], [[Koeri]] and [[Bania (caste)|Bania]]. The attachment of Yadavs with the pastoral activities has been responsible behind their lower position in caste hierarchy as compared to owner cultivator castes among the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]]s. In areas where the communal ownership of land prevailed, trespassing into the fields by Yadav cattle herders to feed the cattle remained the part of their daily struggle for survival. Since such communal lands were mostly appropriated by village landlords, the caste occupation of Yadavs brought them in conflict with latter, and such skirmishes gave a militant and aggressive edge to the community's character. This followed their portrayal as "uncultured brutes" in the elitist discourses, which largely mirrors extreme backwardness still prevalent in large section of this community. The attempt to move up in the social ladder also remained evident in the nature of community and in due course of time "thriftiness" was observed to be a phenomenon, where they tried to save and buy small plot of lands, to be classified as owner cultivators.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Tilak D.|last=Gupta.|title= "Yadav Ascendancy in Bihar Politics."|journal=Economic and Political Weekly| volume= 27|issue= 26|year=1992|pages=1304–06|jstor=4398537}}</ref>

===Sanskritisation===
{{Main|Sanskritisation}}
[[File:GauwliesCowherdsBerar1874.jpg|right|thumb|Two cowherds from the Gauwli caste (now a part of the Yadav group) in [[Amravati Division|Berar]] (now in [[Maharashtra]]) 1874]]
[[File:GauliMysoreBuffaloHerderLingayat1875.jpg|right|thumb|A buffalo herder from the [[Lingayat]] Gauli caste (now a part of the Yadav group) in Mysore state (now [[Karnataka]], 1875]]
By the end of the nineteenth century, some Yadavs had become successful cattle traders and others had been awarded government contracts to care for cattle.<ref name=Mandelbaum1970p443>{{cite book |title=Society in India |volume=2 |first=David Goodman |last=Mandelbaum |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-520-01623-1 |page=443 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C}}</ref> Jaffrelot believes that the religious connotations of their connections to the cow and Krishna were seized upon by those Yadavs seeking to further the process of Sanskritisation,<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p188/> and that it was [[Rao Bahadur Balbir Singh]], a descendant of the last [[Abhira dynasty]] to be formed in India, who spearheaded this. Singh established the ''[[Ahir Yadav Kshatriya Mahasabha]]'' (AYKM) in 1910, which at once asserted that its Ahir constituents were of Kshatriya ritual rank in the varna system, descended from [[Yadu (legendary king)|Yadu]] (as was Krishna), and really known as Yadavs. The organisation claimed support from the facts that various Raj ethnologists had earlier claimed a connection between the Ahir and the Abhira, and because their participation in recent events such as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] had demonstrated that Ahirs were good fighters.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p189>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=189 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=2011-08-16}}</ref>

The AYKM was a self-contained unit and did not try to forge links with similar bodies among other caste groups that claimed Kshatriya descent at that time. It had some success, notably in breaking down some of the very strict traditions of [[endogamy]] within the community, and it gained some additional momentum as people from rural areas gradually migrated away from their villages to urban centres such as Delhi. Ameliorating the effects of strict endogamy was seen as being conducive to causing the community as a whole to unite, rather than existing as smaller subdivisions within it.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p189/> Rao has said that the events of this period meant that "the term Yadava refers to both an ethnic category and an ideology".<ref name=Rao1979p123>{{cite book |title=Social movements and social transformation: a study of two backward classes movements in India |first=M. S. A. |last=Rao |publisher=Macmillan |year=1979 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWEiAQAAMAAJ |page=123|isbn=9780836421330 }}</ref>

Of particular significance in the movement for Sanskritisation of the community was the role of the [[Arya Samaj]], whose representatives had been involved with the family of Singh since the late 1890s and who had been able to establish branches in various locations.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p189/> Although this movement, founded by [[Swami Dayananda Saraswati]], favoured a caste hierarchy and also endogamy, its supporters believed that caste should be determined on merit rather than on heritage. They therefore encouraged Yadavs to adopt the [[sacred thread]] as a symbolic way to defy the traditional inherited caste system, and they also supported the creation of [[Cow protection movement|cow protection associations]] (''Goraksha Sabha'') as a means by which Yadavs and other non-Brahmans could affirm the extent of their commitment to Hinduism by observing the strictures relating to cow slaughter.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003pp191-193>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |pages=191–193 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=2011-08-16}}</ref> In Bihar, where the [[Bhumihar]]s and [[Rajput]]s were the dominant groups, the wearing of the thread by Ahirs led to occasions of violence.<ref name=Mandelbaum1970p444>{{cite book |title=Society in India |volume=2 |first=David Goodman |last=Mandelbaum |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-520-01623-1 |page=444 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C}}</ref>

Jaffrelot has contrasted the motivations of Yadav Sanskritisation with that of the [[Nair]]s, another Indian community. He notes that [[Gyanendra Pandey (historian)|Gyanendra Pandey]], Rao and [[M. N. Srinivas]] all assert that Yadav Sanskritisation was not a process to imitate or raise the community to ritual parity with the higher ranks but rather to undermine the authority of those ranks. He contrasts this "subversion" theory with the Nair's motive of "emancipation", whereby Sanskritisation was "a means of reconciling low ritual status with growing socio-economic assertiveness and of taking the first steps towards an alternative, Dravidian identity". Using examples from Bihar, Jaffrelot demonstrates that there were some organised attempts among members of the Yadav community where the driving force was clearly secular and in that respect similar to the Nair's socio-economic movement. These were based on a desire to end oppression caused by, for example, having to perform ''[[Unfree labor|begari]]'' (forced labour) for upper castes and having to sell produce at prices below those prevailing in the open market to the [[zamindar]]s, as well as by promoting education of the Yadav community. This "aggressive Sanskritisation", which caused riots in the area, was emulated by some other of the lower caste groups.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003pp191-193/> In support of the argument that the movements bore similarity, Jaffrelot cites [[Hetukar Jha]], who says of the Bihar situation that "The real motive behind the attempts of the Yadavas, Kurmis and Koeris at Sanskritising themselves was to get rid of this socio-economic repression".<ref>{{cite journal |title=Lower Caste Peasants and Upper-Caste Zamindars in Bihar, 1921–1925: an analysis of sanskritisation and contradiction between the two groups |journal=Indian Economic and Social History Review |volume=14 |issue=4 |year=1977 |page=550 |first=Hetukar |last=Jha |doi=10.1177/001946467701400404|s2cid=143558861 }}</ref>

The process of Sanskritisation often included creating a history. The first such for the Yadavs was written in the late nineteenth century by [[Vithal Krishnaji Khedkar]], a schoolteacher who became private secretary to a Maharajah. In 1959, Khedekar's work was published by his son, [[Raghunath Vithal Khedkar]], who was a surgeon, under the title ''[[The Divine Heritage of the Yadavas]]''. There has been subsequent work to develop his ideas, notably by [[K. C. Yadav]] and [[J. N. Singh Yadav]].<ref name=Mandelbaum1970p442/><ref name=Jaffrelot2003pp194-196>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |pages=194–196 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC}}</ref>

Khedekar's history made the claim that Yadavs were descendants of the Abhira tribe and that the modern Yadavs were the same community referred to as dynasties in the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' and ''Puranas''.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003pp194-196 /> Describing the work of the Khedekars as "a well-edited and well-produced volume", Mandelbaum notes that the Yadavs {{quote|...&nbsp;have usually been held in considerably less glorious repute by their neighbors. While an occasional warrior of a pastoral jati did establish his own state and dynasty, cattlekeepers are ranked in many localities among the lower blocks of the Shudras ...&nbsp;[The book] postulates divine and noble ancestry for a good many jatis in several language regions covering hundreds and thousands of people who share little more than a traditional occupation and a conviction about their rightful prerogatives.<ref name=Mandelbaum1970p442/>}} In creating this history there is some support for an argument that Yadavs were looking to adopt an ethnic identity akin to the [[Dravidian people|Dravidian]] one that was central to the Sanskritisation of the Nairs and other in south India. However, Jaffrelot believes that such an argument would be overstated because the Yadav "redrawing of history" was much more narrow, being centred on themselves rather than on any wider shared ethnic base. They did acknowledge groups such as the [[Jat]]s and [[Maratha]]s as being similarly descended from Krishna but they did not particularly accommodate them in their adopted [[Aryan]] ethnic ideology, believing themselves to be superior to these other communities. Jaffrelot considers the history thus created to be one that is "largely mythical [and] enabled Yadav intellectuals to invent a golden age".<ref name=Jaffrelot2003pp194-196 />

Michelutti prefers the term "yadavisation" to that of "sanskritisation". She argues that the perceived common link to Krishna was used to campaign for the official recognition of the many and varied herding communities of India under the title of Yadav, rather than merely as a means to claim the rank of Kshatriya. Furthermore, that "...&nbsp;social leaders and politicians soon realised that their 'number' and the official proof of their demographic status were important political instruments on the basis of which they could claim a 'reasonable' share of state resources."<ref name=Michelutti2004p49/>

===All-India Yadav Mahasabha===

The [[All-India Yadav Mahasabha]] (AIYM) was founded at [[Allahabad]] in 1924 by a meeting of disparate local groups from Bihar, [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] and what is now Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=Mandelbaum1970p443/><ref name=Jaffrelot2003pp194-196/> Although the AIYM was initially organised by V. K. Khedakar, it was Rao Balbir Singh who developed it and this coincided with a period&nbsp;– during the 1920s and 1930s&nbsp;– when similar Sanskritisation movements elsewhere in the country were on the wane. The program included campaigning in favour of teetotalism and vegetarianism, both of which were features of higher-ranking castes, as well as promoting self-education and promoting the adoption of the "Yadav" name.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p196/> It also sought to encourage the British Raj to recruit Yadavs as officers in the army and sought to modernise community practices such as reducing the financial burden dowries and increasing the acceptable age of marriage. Furthermore, the AIYM encouraged the more wealthy members of the community to donate to good causes, such as for the funding of scholarships, temples, educational institutions and intra-community communications.<ref name=Jaffrelot2003p196>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=196 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=2011-08-16}}</ref><ref name=Mandelbaum1970p444/>

The Yadav belief in their superiority impacted on their campaigning. In 1930, the Yadavs of Bihar joined with the [[Kurmi]] and [[Koeri]] agriculturalists to enter local elections. They lost badly but in 1934 the three communities formed the [[Triveni Sangh]] political party, which allegedly had a million dues-paying members by 1936. However, the organisation was hobbled by competition from the Congress-backed ''Backward Class Federation'', which was formed around the same time, and by co-option of community leaders by the Congress party. The Triveni Sangh suffered badly in the 1937 elections, although it did win in some areas. Aside from an inability to counter the superior organisational ability of the higher castes who opposed it, the unwillingness of the Yadavs to renounce their belief that they were natural leaders and that the Kurmi were somehow inferior was a significant factor in the lack of success. Similar problems beset a later planned caste union, the ''Raghav Samaj'', with the Koeris.<ref>{{cite book |title=India's silent revolution: the rise of the lower castes in North India |page=197 |first=Christophe |last=Jaffrelot |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-85065-670-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAkW94DtUMAC |access-date=2011-08-16}}</ref>

In the post-colonial period, according to Michelutti, it was the process of yadavisation and the concentration on two core aims&nbsp;– increasing the demographic coverage and campaigning for improved protection under the [[positive discrimination]] scheme for [[Backward class|Backward Classes]]&nbsp;– that has been a singular feature of the AIYM, although it continues its work in other areas such as promotion of vegetarianism and teetotalism. Their proposals have included measures designed to increase the number of Yadavs employed or selected by political and public organisations on the grounds of their numerical strength, including as judges, government ministers and regional governors. By 2003 the AIYM had expanded to cover seventeen states and Michelutti believed it to be the only organisation of its type that crossed both linguistic and cultural lines. It continues to update its literature, including websites, to further its belief that all claimed descendants of Krishna are Yadav. It has become a significant political force.<ref>{{cite journal |title="We (Yadavs) are a caste of politicians": Caste and modern politics in a north Indian town |first=Lucia |last=Michelutti|journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |date=February 2004 |volume=38 |issue=1–2 |pages=50–51 |doi=10.1177/006996670403800103|s2cid=144951057 }}{{subscription required}}</ref>

The campaign demanding that the army of the Raj should recruit Yadavs as officers resurfaced in the 1960s. Well-reported bravery during fighting in the Himalayas in 1962, notably by the 13th Kumaon company of Ahirs, led to a campaign by the AIYM demanding the creation of a specific Yadav regiment.<ref name=Mandelbaum1970p444/>

===Post-Independence===
[[File:Hyderabad bull.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Sadar (festival)|Sadar festival]] of Yadavs in Hyderabad celebrated during Diwali]]
Mandelbaum has commented on how the community basks in the reflected glory of those members who achieve success, that "Yadav publications proudly cite not only their mythical progenitors and their historical Rajas, but also contemporaries who have become learned scholars, rich industrialists, and high civil servants." He notes that this trait can also be seen among other caste groups.<ref>{{cite book |title=Society in India |volume=2 |first=David Goodman |last=Mandelbaum |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-520-01623-1 |page=485 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=igfd9YYCqf8C |access-date=2011-08-25}}</ref>

The [[Sadar (festival)|Sadar festival]] is celebrated annually by the Yadav community in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], following the day of [[Diwali]]. Community members parade, dancing around their best buffalo bulls, which have been colourfully decorated with flowers and paint.<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional Sadar Festival Celebrated|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/article872151.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=26 September 2012|location=Hyderabad|date=7 November 2010}}</ref>

==Yadavs in Nepal==
The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Yadav as a subgroup within the broader social group of [[Madheshi people|Madheshi]] Other Caste.<ref> Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II [https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf]</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], 1,054,458 people (4.0% of the population of Nepal) were Yadav. The frequency of Yadavs by province was as follows:
* [[Madhesh Province]] (14.8%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (4.1%)
* [[Koshi Province]] (1.3%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.2%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of [[Yadavs of Nepal]] was higher than national average (4.0%) in the following districts:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=8 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Siraha District|Siraha]] (24.4%)
* [[Dhanusha District|Dhanusha]] (17.5%)
* [[Saptari District|Saptari]] (15.8%)
* [[Sarlahi District|Sarlahi]] (15.5%)
* [[Mahottari District|Mahottari]] (15.2%)
* [[Rautahat District|Rautahat]] (12.2%)
* [[Bara District|Bara]] (10.5%)
* [[Kapilvastu District|Kapilvastu]] (10.2%)
* [[Rupandehi District|Rupandehi]] (7.4%)
* [[Parsa District|Parsa]] (6.6%)
* [[Parasi District|Parasi]] (5.8%)
* [[Banke District|Banke]] (4.7%)
* [[Sunsari District|Sunsari]] (4.3%)

==See also==
{{commons category|Yadav people}}
* [[List of Yadavs|Yadav (surname)]]
* [[Ahir clans]]
* [[Yadavs of Nepal]]
* [[Yadavs in Bihar]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Social class}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yadav Caste}}
[[Category:Ahir]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Social groups of Haryana]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Social groups of Bihar]]
[[Category:Herding castes]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]
[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]

Anthony Patrick

2025-12-09T13:02:32Z

Bharatpediatrist:

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name = Anthony Patrick
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|fullname =
|birth_date = 1927
|birth_place = [[Hyderabad]],<ref name="toi" >{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-international-footballer-anthony-patrick-passes-away/articleshow/5849395.cms |title=Former international footballer Anthony Patrick passes away |publisher=The TImes of India |date=23 April 2010 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028201336/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/former-international-footballer-anthony-patrick-passes-away/articleshow/5849395.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[British India]]
|death_date = 22 April 2010 (aged 83)
|death_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Telangana]], [[India]]
|height =
|position = Forward
|youthyears1 =
|youthclubs1 =
|years1 = 1949–1959
|clubs1 = [[Hyderabad City Police FC|Hyderabad City Police]]
|caps1 =
|goals1 =
|totalcaps =
|totalgoals =
|nationalyears1 =
|nationalteam1 = [[India national football team|India]]
|nationalcaps1 =
|nationalgoals1 =
}}

'''Anthony Patrick''' (1927 – 22 April 2010) was an Indian [[association football|footballer]] who played for the [[India national football team|India national team]] and represented [[Hyderabad City Police FC]] in domestic tournaments.<ref>{{cite web|title=The fascinating story of Hyderabad City Police club|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-hyderabad-city-police/16efj51rt5fzr1ez72zudmm4wf|website=Goal.com|last1=Banerjee|first1=Ritabrata|date=25 April 2020|access-date=2 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211222083110/https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/indian-football-down-the-memory-lane-hyderabad-city-police/16efj51rt5fzr1ez72zudmm4wf|archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref>

==Playing career==
He was selected to play for the national team at the [[Football at the 1954 Asian Games|1954 Asian Games]] at Manila<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1954-manila |title=Indian football team at the Asian Games: 1954 Manila |publisher=Sportskeeda |last1=Ghosal |first1=Amoy |date=16 August 2014 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928083044/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/indian-football-team-at-the-asian-games-1954-manila |url-status=live }}</ref> and also at the 1953 and 1954 editions of the [[Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament]]. In [[1954 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament]], he scored a goal against [[Burma national football team]] at [[Eden Gardens]]. He also won five [[Rovers Cup]] titles while playing for the Rahim managed Hyderabad City Police consecutively from 1950 to 1954.<ref name="toi" /><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Remembering-Patrick/article16373163.ece |title=Remembering Patrick |publisher=The Hindu |date=28 April 2010 |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=28 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028091459/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/Remembering-Patrick/article16373163.ece }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesportslite.com/football/rovers-cup-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/|title=Rovers Cup — the second oldest Football tournament in India|date=18 January 2022|access-date=14 October 2022|first=Sarwadnya|last=Nirwane|location=Mumbai|website=thesportslite.com|publisher=The Sports Lite|archive-date=14 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221014043956/https://thesportslite.com/football/rovers-cup-everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-tournament/}}</ref> He also represented Hyderabad in [[Santosh Trophy]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}

==Honours==
'''Hyderabad City Police'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/indian-football/syed-abdul-rahim-the-indian-ferguson|title=Syed Abdul Rahim: The Indian Ferguson {{!}} The visionary who guided India to their greatest success|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|date=4 September 2015|access-date=20 August 2022|first=Faizan|last=Qadiri|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820151814/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/syed-abdul-rahim-the-indian-ferguson|archive-date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Five most successful Indian football coaches|url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-most-successful-coaches/|date=31 August 2022|access-date=7 October 2022|website=khelnow.com|publisher=Khel Now|first=Sathvik K|last=Bharadwaj|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220905111022/https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-five-most-successful-coaches/|archive-date=5 September 2022}}</ref>
*[[Durand Cup]]: 1950–51, 1954, 1957–58, 1961; runner-up: 1952, 1956–57
*[[Rovers Cup]]: 1950, 1951, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1957
*[[DCM Trophy]]: 1959
*[[Sait Nagjee Football Tournament|Sait Nagjee Trophy]]: 1958

'''India'''
*[[Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament]]: [[1953 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament |1953]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian Soccer Team To Rangoon |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4476%2C1496116 |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=The Indian Express |date=21 October 1953 |page=6 |archive-date=13 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513065005/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rMw-AAAAIBAJ&sjid=W0wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4476,1496116 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[1954 Asian Quadrangular Football Tournament |1954]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html#54|title=Asian Quadrangular Tournament 1954 (Calcutta, India)|website=[[RSSSF]] |first=Neil|last=Morrison|date=1999|access-date=17 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927000411/https://www.rsssf.org/tablesb/brindies-quad.html|archive-date=27 September 2022}}</ref>

'''Hyderabad'''<ref name="Santosh Trophy">{{Cite web|first=Novy|last=Kapadia|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2|website=www.sportskeeda.com|publisher=[[Sportskeeda]]|date=27 May 2012|access-date=7 March 2021|title=Memorable moments in the Santosh Trophy|archive-date=12 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412140304/https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/memorable-moments-in-the-santosh-trophy-2}}</ref>
*[[Santosh Trophy]]: 1956–57, 1957–58

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Patrick, Anthony}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:2010 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:India men's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Men's association football forwards]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1954 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]
{{India-footy-forward-stub}}

List of Indians detained and searched at United States airports

2025-11-25T06:37:31Z

Bharatpediatrist: started new pg v1...

{{short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
Since 2001, several cases of '''detention and search of Indian VIPs at US airports''' have been reported, resulting in diplomatic tensions between India and the United States. Protest from Indian authorities often led to apologies from US officials. Unlike the United States, India frequently exempts diplomats and other well-known figures from airport security checks.<ref name="hsp" />

[[Shah Rukh Khan]] experienced three well-publicised incidents of this type. On 15 August 2009, he was detained at [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]] while on his way to celebrate [[Independence Day (India)|India's Independence Day]] in Chicago.<ref name="srk09">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/15/AR2009081501595.html |title=Indian Actor's Questioning at Airport Draws Criticism|first=Emily|last=Wax|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=16 August 2009|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref> Three years later, he was stopped at [[Westchester County Airport|New York White Plains]] where he had landed to address a conference at [[Yale University]].<ref name="srk12">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shah-Rukh-Khans-detention-US-apologises-India-talks-tough/articleshow/12648019.cms |title=Shah Rukh Khan's detention: US apologises, India talks tough|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=13 April 2012|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref> Four years later again, he was stopped at Los Angeles International Airport.<ref name="ti20160812">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shah-Rukh-Khan-detained-at-Los-Angeles-airport/articleshow/53662583.cms |title=Shah Rukh Khan detained at Los Angeles airport|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 August 2016|accessdate=12 August 2016}}</ref>

In December 2010, Indian Ambassador to the United States [[Meera Shankar]] and to the United Nations [[Hardeep Singh Puri]] were both targeted by security agents in two separate incidents.<ref name="ms">{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11957943 |title=India's ambassador Meera Shankar frisked at US airport|publisher=[[BBC]] |date=9 December 2010|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="hsp">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/india/8199063/Indian-UN-ambassador-detained-at-airport-for-refusing-to-remove-turban.html |title=Indian UN ambassador detained at airport for refusing to remove turban|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|date=13 December 2010|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref> In September 2011, former President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] was searched twice – before and after boarding his plane – at [[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York JFK]] airport, previously in 2009 he had been searched by the ground staff of a [[Continental Airlines]] flight in [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|New Delhi]] which was bound for [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]].<ref name="apjak">{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/us-officials-sacked-frisking-indias-former-president-did-tsa-go-too-far-371782 |title=U.S. Officials Sacked for Frisking India's Former President; Did TSA Go Too Far?|first=Sanskrity |last=Sinha|newspaper=[[International Business Times]]|date=18 November 2011|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhushan |first=Nyay |date=2016-08-19 |title=Why Shah Rukh Khan and Other Indian Celebrities Have Been Detained at U.S. Airports |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/why-shah-rukh-khan-indian-919841/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2015, it was announced that a list of 2,000 Indian VIPs will be included in the US [[Global Entry]] programme, which warrants expedited clearance at US airports. The list was to include former Presidents and Prime Ministers, prominent industrialists and well-known actors.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/us-airports-will-now-treat-2000-indians-as-vvips-262919-2015-09-14 |title=US airports will now treat 2,000 Indians as VVIPS|first=Abhishek |last=Bhalla |newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=15 September 2015|access-date=12 March 2016}}</ref>

{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|-
!Date !! Name !! Occupation !! Airport !! Type !! Source
|-
|September 2001
|[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]
|Film director
|[[John F. Kennedy International Airport|Los Angeles International]]
|Search
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-12 |title=SRK's detention: Kamal Haasan says US authorities simply following rules |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/srk-s-detention-kamal-haasan-says-us-authorities-simply-following-rules/story-SakcRRZsro4wxIBxhLTVlI.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2002
|[[Aamir Khan]]
|Film actor
|[[O'Hare International Airport|Chicago O'Hare]]
|Search
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-08-12 |title=SRK is not alone. Here's a list of other Indians detained at US airports |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/srk-is-not-alone-heres-a-list-of-other-indians-detained-at-us-airports/articleshow/53666849.cms |access-date=2024-02-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>
|-
| 2002
| [[George Fernandes]]
| [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]
| [[Washington Dulles International Airport|Washington Dulles]]
| Search
| <ref name="th">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/airport-detention-srk-in-company-of-kalam-and-fernandes/article3310624.ece |title=Airport detention: SRK in company of Kalam and Fernandes|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=13 April 2012|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2003
| George Fernandes
| Minister of Defence
| Washington Dulles
| Search
| <ref name="th"/>
|-
|2008
|[[Irrfan Khan]]
|Film actor
|Los Angeles International
|Detention
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2009
|Irrfan Khan
|Film actor
|[[John F. Kennedy International Airport|New York JFK]]
|Detention
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2009
|[[John Abraham]]
|Film actor
|New York JFK
|Detention
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|May 2009
|[[Mammootty]]
|Film actor
|New York JFK
|Detention
|<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2016-02-10 |title=SRK detained: 10 Indian personalities who were detained/frisked at airports |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/airport-detention-10-famous-personalities-who-faced-racism-at-airports/story-nkcqNUL7FUr47MJTQgcS5N.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|June 2009
|[[Neil Nitin Mukesh]]
|Film actor
|New York JFK
|Detention
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
| August 2009
| [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| Film actor
| [[Newark Liberty International Airport|Newark]]
| Detention
| <ref name="srk09" />
|-
| September 2010
| [[Praful Patel]]
| [[Ministry of Civil Aviation (India)|Minister of Civil Aviation]]
| Chicago O'Hare
| Detention
| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Praful-Patel-questioned-at-Chicago-airport/articleshow/6647499.cms|title=Praful Patel questioned at Chicago airport|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=29 September 2010|accessdate=12 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| December 2010
| [[Meera Shankar]]
| [[Indian Ambassador to the United States|Ambassador to the US]]
| [[Jackson–Evers International Airport|Jackson–Evers]]
| Search
| <ref name="ms"/>
|-
| December 2010
| [[Hardeep Singh Puri]]
| [[Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations|Permanent Representative to the UN]]
| [[George Bush Intercontinental Airport|Houston]]
| Detention
| <ref name="hsp"/>
|-
| September 2011
| [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]
| Former [[President of India]]
| New York JFK
| Search
| <ref name="apjak"/>
|-
| April 2012
| Shah Rukh Khan
| Film actor
| [[Westchester County Airport|New York White Plains]]
| Detention
| <ref name="srk12"/>
|-
|2013
|[[Azam Khan (politician)|Azam Khan]]
|Politician
|[[Logan International Airport|Boston Logan]]
|Detention
|<ref name=":1" />
|-
|August 2016
|Shah Rukh Khan
|Film actor
|Los Angeles International
|Detention
| <ref name="ti20160812" />
|}

== See also ==

* [[Kamal Haasan]], Indian actor denied preclearance to travel to the United States by Customs and Border Protection authorities at Toronto Pearson International Airport in 2002 because of his Muslim-sounding name.<ref name="islamname">{{cite news |author=Jha, Subhah K |date=3 May 2002 |title=Harrowing time in Toronto |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300320300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030704155016/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/05/03/stories/2002050300320300.htm |archive-date=4 July 2003 |access-date=19 February 2024 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Notable Indians detained and searched at United States airports}}
[[Category:Diplomatic incidents]]
[[Category:India–United States relations]]
[[Category:United States aviation-related lists]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:History of the foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:Legal history of India]]
[[Category:Legal history of the United States]]
[[Category:Indian-American history]]
[[Category:Anti-Indian sentiment in the United States]]
[[Category:Diplomatic immunity and protection]]
[[Category:Civil detention in the United States]]

Shedubhar

2025-10-09T13:14:38Z

Bharatpediatrist: adding post

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Shedubhar
| population_total = 9000
| leader_name = Suresh Kumbhani (Sarpanch)
| website = http://shedubhar.rf.gd
| image_skyline = shedubharvillage.jpg
| seat_type = Political Party
| name = Shedubhar
| leader_party = [[Bhartiya Janta party]]
| postal_code = 365430
| seat = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| area_code = 365430
| native_name = શેડુભાર
| native_name_lang = gu
| anthem = [[Jan Gan Man]]
| blank_name_sec1 = District
| blank_info_sec1 = [[Amreli]]
| blank1_name_sec1 = Taluka
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Amreli]]
| blank_name_sec2 = Country
| blank_info_sec2 = [[India]]
}}
'''Shedubhar''' is a village in [[Amreli Taluka]] in [[Amreli District]] in the [[Saurashtra people|Saurashtra]] region of the [[Western India|western Indian]] state of Gujarat.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.abplive.com/amp/pincode/gujarat/amreli/shedubhar-pincode-365430.html | title=SHEDUBHAR Pin Code - 365430, Amreli All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search AMRELI Post Office Address |website=ABP Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SHEDUBHAR BO Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code of SHEDUBHAR BO {{!}} Zip Code of SHEDUBHAR BO, AMRELI, GUJARAT |url=https://www.newsnationtv.com/pincodes/gujarat/amreli/shedubhar-bo |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=News Nation |language=hi}}</ref> The main occupation of the people of Shedubhar is [[agriculture]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amreli: શેડુભારનાં સરપંચ કરે છે ઝેર મુક્ત ખેતી, યુટ્યૂબમાં વીડિયો જોઇ ખેતી શરૂ કરી |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/amreli/sucess-story-shedubhar-sarpanch-started-natural-garden-farming-after-watching-on-youtube-gets-good-result-earns-in-lakhs-aga-local18-1363624.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=News18 Gujarati |date=28 March 2023 |language=gu}}</ref>

==Schools==
*Shree Swami Vivekananda Vidhyalaya Shedubhar
*Samrth Vidhyalay Shedubhar
*Janta Vidhyalaya Shedubhar
*Shedubhar High
*Shedubhar Secondary School

==Politicians==
• Suresh Kumbhani (Sarpanch)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amreli: શેડુભારનાં સરપંચ કરે છે ઝેર મુક્ત ખેતી, યુટ્યૂબમાં વીડિયો જોઇ ખેતી શરૂ કરી |url=https://gujarati.news18.com/news/amreli/sucess-story-shedubhar-sarpanch-started-natural-garden-farming-after-watching-on-youtube-gets-good-result-earns-in-lakhs-aga-local18-1363624.html |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=News18 Gujarati |date=28 March 2023 |language=gu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-08 |title=વિકાસ અધિકારીની મુલાકાત: અમરેલી જિલ્લા વિકાસ અધિકારી દિનેશ ગુરવેએ શેડુભારમાં પ્રાકૃતિક કૃષિ મોડેલ ફાર્મની મુલાકાત લીધી |url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/amreli/news/amreli-district-development-officer-dinesh-gurve-visited-the-natural-agriculture-model-farm-at-shedubhar-132256795.html |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Divya Bhaskar |language=gu}}</ref>
*Ramesh Kotadiya (President)
*Ghanshyam Polara (Vice President)
*J.B. Gajera (Ex-Sarpanch)

==College==
*[[College of Dairy Science and Technology, Mannuthy|College of Dairy Science]]
*Post Graduate Institute of Dairy Education and Research.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact Us - Amreli |url=https://www.kamdhenuuni.edu.in/cds-amreli-contact-us |access-date=2023-04-28 |website=www.kamdhenuuni.edu.in}}</ref>

==Religious places ==
*[[Kamnath Mahadev]] Temple
*Tatkalik Hanuman Temple
*Shitla Mata Nu Temple
*Radhakrishnan Temple
*Sarmaliyadada Temple
*Shree Swaminarayan Temple
*Ramji Temple
*Shankar Temple
*Khodiyar Temple
*Shree Gel Ambe Dham
*Bapasitaram Madhuli
*Bhutada Aapa Mandir

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://shedubhar.rf.gd Official website]

[[Category:Villages in Amreli district]]

Reliance Stadium

2025-09-21T09:04:40Z

Bharatpediatrist: New First Post W/ Infobox - done

{{short description|Sports stadium}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=September 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2018}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}
{{Infobox cricket ground
| ground_name = Reliance Stadium
| nickname = Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd Sports Complex Ground
| image =
| caption =
| country = India
| location = [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]], India
| establishment = 1990
| seating_capacity = 20,000
| owner = [[Reliance Industries]]
| operator = [[Baroda Cricket Association]]
|architect = Rakesh Parikh
| tenants = [[Indian Cricket Team]] [[Baroda cricket team]]
| end1 =
| end2 = n/a
| international = true
| firstodidate = 28 October
| firstodiyear = 1994
| firstodihome = India
| firstodiaway = New Zealand
| lastodidate = 10 December
| lastodiyear = 2010
| lastodihome = India
| lastodiaway = New Zealand
| firstwodidate = 16 December
| firstwodiyear = 1997
| firstwodihome = South Africa
| firstwodiaway = Pakistan
| lastwodidate = 14 October
| lastwodiyear = 2019
| lastwodihome = India
| lastwodiaway = South Africa
| firstwt20idate = 2 April
| firstwt20iyear = 2013
| firstwt20ihome = India
| firstwt20iaway = Bangladesh
| lastwt20idate = 5 April
| lastwt20iyear = 2013
| lastwt20ihome = India
| lastwt20iaway = Bangladesh
| date = 25 February
| year = 2024
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/indvwi/content/ground/58516.html Reliance Stadium, ESPNcricinfo
}}

'''Reliance Stadium''' or '''Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Ltd Sports Complex Ground''' also known as the [[IPCL Ground]] is located in [[Vadodara]], [[Gujarat]].

The stadium is owned by [[Reliance Industries]] and is also known as, Reliance Stadium. The stadium is the home ground of the [[Baroda cricket team]], one of India's domestic teams.

The stadium has hosted 10 [[One Day International|ODI]] matches since 1994, the last one in 2010 (part of the India New Zealand series December 2010), but has yet to stage a Test match.

==History==

One of the four first-class and two international grounds in [[Vadodara]], the IPCL Sports Complex Ground is part of the sprawling [[IPCL complex]], situated about 10 kilometers from the city centre. The ground was owned and maintained by the Reliance Industries and has taken preference over the oldest cricket ground in Asia the [[Moti Bagh Stadium]] for ODIs. {{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

The batsmen have traditionally enjoyed this high-scoring venue with a true wicket that holds up throughout the length of a 50-over game.{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}}

==One Day International cricket==

The stadium has hosted following [[One Day International|ODI]] matches till date.
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"
|-
! Team (A) !! Team (B) !! Winner !! Margin !! Year
|-
| {{cr|IND}}|| {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|IND}} ||By 7 Wickets || 1994
|-
| {{cr|NED}}|| {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|NZ}} || BY 119 Runs || 1996
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|ZIM}} || {{cr|IND}} || By 13 Runs || 1998
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|RSA}} || {{cr|IND}} || By 4 Wickets || 2000
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|WIN}} || By 5 Wickets || 2002
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|SRI}} || {{cr|IND}} || By 5 Wickets || 2005
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{cr|IND}} || By 160 runs || 2007
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|AUS}} || By 9 Wickets || 2007
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|AUS}} || By 4 runs || 2009
|-
| {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|IND}} || By 9 Wickets|| 2010
|-
|}

'''Game Statistics''':
:{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category
! Information
|-
| Highest Team Score
| [[India national cricket team|India]] (341/3 in 50 overs against [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]])
|-
| Lowest Team Score
| [[India national cricket team|India]] (148 all out in 39.4 overs against [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]])
|-
| Best Batting Performance
| [[Gautam Gambhir]] (126 [[Run (cricket)|runs]])
|-
| Most Prolific Batsman
| [[Sachin Tendulkar]] (442 [[Run (cricket)|Runs]])
|-
| Best Bowling Performance
| [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] (5/26 against [[India national cricket team|India]])
|}

==List of Centuries==

===Key===
* '''*''' denotes that the batsman was [[not out]].
* '''Inns.''' denotes the number of the innings in the match.
* '''Balls''' denotes the number of [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] faced in an innings.
* '''NR''' denotes that the number of balls was not recorded.
* Parentheses next to the player's score denotes his century number at Edgbaston.
* The column title '''Date''' refers to the date the match started.
* The column title '''Result''' refers to the player's team result

===One Day Internationals===
[[File:Australian cricket team captain Ricky Ponting tries to hook a ball off India's Asish Nehra at Vadodara.jpg|thumb|Australian cricket team captain Ricky Ponting tries to hook a ball off India's Asish Nehra at Vadodara]]
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|-
| 1 || 108 || [[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]] || {{cr|NZL}} || 102 || 1 || {{cr|IND}} || 28 October 1994 || Lost<ref name=odi939>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8546/scorecard/65999/india-vs-new-zealand-3rd-match-wills-world-series-1994-95|title=3rd Match, Wills World Series at Vadodara, Oct 28 1994|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825031458/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8546/scorecard/65999/india-vs-new-zealand-3rd-match-wills-world-series-1994-95|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 2 || 115 || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || {{cr|IND}} || 136 || 2 || {{cr|NZL}} || 28 October 1994 || Won<ref name=odi939 />
|-
| 3 || 122 || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || {{cr|IND}} || 138 || 2 || {{cr|RSA}} || 17 March 2000 || Won<ref name=odi1575>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15711/scorecard/64660/india-vs-south-africa-4th-odi-south-africa-tour-of-india-1999-00|title=4th ODI, South Africa tour of India at Vadodara, Mar 17 2000|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825031530/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15711/scorecard/64660/india-vs-south-africa-4th-odi-south-africa-tour-of-india-1999-00|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 4 || 101 || [[Chris Gayle]] || {{cr|WIN}} || 107 || 2 || {{cr|IND}} || 18 March 2002 || Won<ref name=odi1897>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/15284/scorecard/64789/india-vs-west-indies-5th-odi-west-indies-tour-of-india-2002-03 |title=5th ODI, West Indies tour of India at Vadodara, Nov 18 2002|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 5 || 100* || [[Sachin Tendulkar]] || {{cr|IND}} || 76 || 1 || {{cr|WIN}} || 31 January 2007 || Won<ref name=odi2493>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14531/scorecard/267709/india-vs-west-indies-4th-odi-west-indies-tour-of-india-2006-07|title=4th ODI, West Indies tour of India at Vadodara, Jan 31 2007|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=24 August 2019|archive-date=25 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190825031509/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/14531/scorecard/267709/india-vs-west-indies-4th-odi-west-indies-tour-of-india-2006-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| 6 || 126* || [[Gautam Gambhir]] || {{cr|IND}} || 117 || 2 || {{cr|NZL}} || 4 December 2010 || Won<ref name=odi3074>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/13071/scorecard/467885/india-vs-new-zealand-3rd-odi-new-zealand-tour-of-india-nov-2010-2010-11 |title=3rd ODI, New Zealand tour of India [Nov 2010] at Vadodara, Dec 4 2010|work=ESPNcricinfo| access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref>
|}

==List of Five Wicket Hauls==

===Key===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
|{{dagger}}
|The bowler was [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|-
|{{double-dagger}}
|10 or more wickets taken in the match
|-
|§
|One of two five-wicket hauls by the bowler in the match
|-
|'''Date'''
|Day the [[Test cricket|Test]] started or [[One Day International|ODI]] was held
|-
|'''Inn'''
|[[Innings#Cricket|Innings]] in which five-wicket haul was taken
|-
|'''Overs'''
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled.
|-
|'''Runs'''
|Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
|'''Wkts'''
|Number of [[Wicket#Dismissing a batsman|wickets]] taken
|-
|'''Econ'''
|[[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Runs conceded per over]]
|-
|'''Batsmen'''
|[[Batting (cricket)|Batsmen]] whose wickets were taken
|-
|'''Drawn'''
|The match was [[Draw (cricket)|drawn]].
|}

===One Day Internationals===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%"
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="145"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="220"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Econ
! scope="col" width="160" class="unsortable" |Batsmen
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|-align="center"
|scope="row"| 1 || [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]] {{dagger}}|| {{dts|format=dmy|2007|10|11}} || {{cr|AUS}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|26}} || {{sort|06147|5}} || {{nts|2.6}} || align=left |
*[[Yuvraj Singh]]
*[[Robin Uthappa]]
*[[MS Dhoni]]
*[[Irfan Pathan]]
*[[Murali Kartik]]
|| Australia Won<ref>{{cite news |title=Johnson leads Aussies to India rout |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2007-10-11/johnson-leads-aussies-to-india-rout/696036#:~:text=Thu%2011%20Oct%202007,Delightful%20outswinger |access-date=21 September 2025 |work=[[ABC News (Australia)|ABC News]]}}</ref>
|}

==Trivia==
* [[Sachin Tendulkar]] has scored three centuries in six matches on this ground and won the Man of the Match award on all three occasions. Tendulkar's overall record is 442 runs at an average of 85.60.
* The highest team score posted here is 341/3 on 31 Jan 2007 by the [[Indian national cricket team]] against [[West Indies national cricket team]].
* The lowest team score posted here is 148 all out on 11 Oct 2007, also by [[Indian national cricket team]] against [[Australia national cricket team]].
* The leading run scorers here have been [[Sachin Tendulkar]]- 442 runs, [[Saurav Ganguly]]- 290 runs and [[Gautam Gambhir]]- 194 runs.
* The leading wicket takers here have been [[Mitchell Johnson (cricketer)|Mitchell Johnson]]- 7 wickets and [[Ajit Agarkar]]- 5 wickets.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/indvwi/content/ground/58516.html ESPNcricinfo Website - Ground Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080829143806/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/indvwi/content/ground/58516.html |date=29 August 2008 }}
* [https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1259.html cricketarchive Website - Ground Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250217103619/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Grounds/14/1259.html |date=17 February 2025 }}
* [http://barodacricketassociation.com Baroda Cricket Association] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517000342/http://barodacricketassociation.com/ |date=17 May 2014 }}

{{Vadodara topics}}
{{List of cricket grounds in India}}

{{coord|22|20|51.78|N|73|08|30.11|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:dewiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Sport in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Vadodara]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1990]]
[[Category:1990 establishments in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Reliance Sports]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

List of Odia films of 2006

2025-09-15T05:48:04Z

Bharatpediatrist: started new info more to come...

{{Short description|None}}
{{Ollywood films}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
This is a list of films produced by the [[Ollywood]] film industry based in [[Bhubaneshwar]] and [[Cuttack]] in 2006:

==A-Z==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes
|-
| {{Year header}} | '''[[2006 in film|2006]]'''
|-
|''[[De Maa Shakti De]]'' <ref>{{Citation|title=De Maa Shakti De|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1459859/|access-date=2019-02-08}} {{unreliable source?|date=September 2022}}</ref>||[[Sanjay Nayak]] || [[Archita Sahu]], [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jairam Samal]] ||||
|-
|''[[Hasila Sansara Bhangila Kie]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Hasila Sansara Bhangila Kie|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1458743/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]]'[[Jairam Samal]] || ||
|-
| ''[[I Love My India]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=I Love My India|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440194/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Sangam Biswal]] || [[Budhaditya]], [[Namrata Thapa]] || ||Loosely based on [[Hindi]] movie ''[[Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai]]'', starring [[Hrithik Roshan]]
|-
|''[[Prema Rutu Aslilare]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Prema Rutu Aslilare|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1440270/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Sanjay Nayak]] || Arindam Roy, [[Namrata Thapa]] || ||
|-
|''[[Priya Mo Asiba Pheri]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Priya Mo Asiba Pheri|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1800359/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Surya Misra]] ||[[Rajdeep]], [[Pintu Nanda]], [[Meghna Misra]] || ||
|-
|''[[Rakate Lekhichi Naa]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Rakate Lekhichi Naa|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1458771/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Himanshu Parija]]|| [[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Ayesha Jhulka]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||Loosely based on the [[Hindi]] movie ''[[Tere Naam]]''
|-
|''[[Rakhi Bandhili Mo Rakhiba Mana]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Rakhi Bandhili Mo Rakhiba Mana|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1458772/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Sanjay Nayak]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]] || ||
|-
|''[[Shasu Ghara Chalijibi]]''|| [[Basanta Sahu]]||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Anu Chowdhury]], [[Mihir Das]], [[Muna Khan]], Aparajita Mohanty|| || Nine awards Golden Jubilee Awards,Chitrapuri
|-
|''[[Thank You Bhagban]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Thank You Bhagban|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1458787/|access-date=2019-02-08}}</ref>||[[Hara Patnaik]] ||[[Anubhav Mohanty]], [[Barsha Priyadarshini]], [[Hara Patnaik]] || ||Remake of ''[[Judwaa]]'' and ''[[Kishen Kanhaiya]]''
|-
|''[[Tu Eka Am Saha Bharasa]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tu Eka Aama Saha Bharasa|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1467125/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Shakti Baral]] ||[[Siddhanta Mahapatra]], [[Jyoti Misra]], [[Jairam Samal]]|| ||
|-
|''[[Tu Mo Manara Mita]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Tu Mo Manara Mita|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1456913/|access-date=2019-02-07}}</ref>||[[Harnath Chakarbarty]] ||[[Sabyasachi Misra]] || ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Indian film list}}
{{2006 films}}

[[Category:Lists of Odia films by year|2006]]
[[Category:Lists of 2006 films by language|Ollywood]]
[[Category:2000s in Orissa]]
[[Category:2006 in Indian cinema]]

Palungtar

2025-07-28T12:40:52Z

Bharatpediatrist: rework section for clarity

{{Infobox settlement


|official_name = Palungtar
|native_name = पालुङटार
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[Municipality]]
|image_skyline =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|nickname =
|motto =

|image_map =
|map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Nepal Gandaki Province#Nepal
|pushpin_label_position = bottom
|pushpin_mapsize = 300
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nepal

|coordinates = {{coord|28.05|84.50|type:adm2nd_region:NP_source:unmaps-enwiki|display=inline,title}}
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Nepal}}
|subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Nepal|Province]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Nepal|District]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Gandaki Province]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Gorkha District]]

|established_title = 
|established_date =

|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Bibas Chintan ([[Nepal Communist Party|NCP]])
|leader_title1 = [[Deputy Mayor]]
|leader_name1 = Bandana Pandey ([[Nepal Communist Party|NCP]])
|unit_pref = 
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 
|area_total_sq_mi =

|elevation_footnotes = 
|elevation_m =

|population_total = 38,174
|population_as_of = [[2011 Nepal census]]
|population_footnotes = <ref>Election Commission Nepal</ref>
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_blank1_title = Ethnicities
|population_blank2_title = Religions = Hindu, Bouddhist

|population_note =
|postal_code_type = 
|postal_code = 3401
|area_code = 064
|website ={{URL|http://palungtarmun.gov.np/}}
|footnotes =
|timezone = [[Nepal Standard Time|NST]]
|utc_offset = +5:45
|timezone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST =
}}

'''Palungtar''' is a [[List of cities in Nepal|municipality]] in [[Gorkha District]] in [[Gandaki Province]], central [[Nepal]]. It is made up of the seven former [[Village development committee (Nepal)|Village Development Committees]] [[Aanppipal]], [[Chyangli]], [[Dhuwakot, Gorkha|Dhuwakot]], [[Gaikhur]], [[Khoplang]], [[Mirkot]] and [[Palumtar]].{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} It lies on the bank of [[Marshyangdi|Marshyangdi River]]. The [[Government of Nepal]] plans to make Palungtar the country's first [[Smart City]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Smart cities: New generation|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/smart-cities-new-generation/|publisher=The Himalayan Times|accessdate=1 May 2018|date=11 October 2017}}</ref> At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]] it had a population of 38,174 people living in 9,924 individual households.<ref>{{cite web|title=National Population and Housing Census 2011|url=http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/2017/Population_Ward_Level_753_Local_Unit.pdf|publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=1 May 2018|date=November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127085017/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/2017/Population_Ward_Level_753_Local_Unit.pdf|archive-date=27 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Demographics==
At the time of the [[2011 Nepal census]], Palungtar Municipality had a population of 38,244. Of these, 89.9% spoke [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 4.8% [[Tamang language|Tamang]], 1.5% [[Magar language|Magar]], 1.3% [[Gurung language|Gurung]], 1.1% [[Newar language|Newar]], 0.6% [[Kumhali language|Kumhali]], 0.5% [[Urdu]], 0.1% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] and 0.1% other languages as their first language.<ref>[https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=LANGUAGE&primary_geo_id=local-36008&geo_ids=local-36008,district-23,province-4,country-NP NepalMap Language]</ref>

In terms of ethnicity/caste, 16.3% were [[Chhetri]], 13.4% [[Bahun|Hill Brahmin]], 10.3% [[Kumal people|Kumal]], 10.2% [[Sarki (ethnic group)|Sarki]], 9.0% [[Newar people|Newar]], 8.5% [[Magars|Magar]], 7.6% [[Tamang people|Tamang]], 6.7% [[Kami (caste)|Kami]], 5.0% [[Gurung people|Gurung]], 4.5% [[Damai]]/Dholi, 3.9% Sanyasi/Dasnami, 1.6% Gharti/[[Bhujel]], 0.8% [[Nepalese Muslims|Musalman]], 0.6% [[Thakuri]], 0.5% Brahmu/Baramo, 0.2% [[Gandarbha|Gaine]], 0.1% [[Badi people|Badi]], 0.1% [[Darai people|Darai]], 0.1% [[Ghale]], 0.1% Kamar, 0.1% Majhi, 0.1% [[Rai people|Rai]] and 0.2% others.<ref>[https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=CASTE&primary_geo_id=local-36008&geo_ids=local-36008,district-23,province-4,country-NP NepalMap Caste]</ref>

In terms of religion, 86.3% were [[Hinduism in Nepal|Hindu]], 7.0% [[Buddhism in Nepal|Buddhist]], 5.8% [[Christianity in Nepal|Christian]], 0.8% [[Islam in Nepal|Muslim]] and 0.1% others.<ref>[https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=RELIGION&primary_geo_id=local-36008&geo_ids=local-36008,district-23,province-4,country-NP NepalMap Religion]</ref>

In terms of literacy, 69.2% could both read and write, 2.1% could read but not write and 28.7% could neither read nor write.<ref>[https://nepalmap.org/data/table/?table=LITERACY_SEX&primary_geo_id=local-36008&geo_ids=local-36008,district-23,province-4,country-NP NepalMap Literacy]</ref>

== Transportation ==
[[Palungtar Airport]] is an out-of-service airport that lies in Palungtar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Palungtar Airport|url=https://www.caanepal.org.np/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PALUNGTAR-AIRPORT.pdf|publisher=Civil Aviation authority of Nepal|accessdate=1 May 2018|archive-date=19 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519033650/https://www.caanepal.org.np/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/PALUNGTAR-AIRPORT.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Gorkha District}}

[[Category:Municipalities in Gandaki Province]]
[[Category:Gurkhas]]
[[Category:Populated places in Gorkha District]]

{{Gorkha-geo-stub}}

Radhika Aggarwal

2025-07-21T17:30:32Z

Bharatpediatrist: New Some Info Nd Citations - done

{{Short description|Indian businesswoman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
'''Radhika Ghai Aggarwal''' is an [[Internet entrepreneur]] and India's first woman to enter the [[Unicorn (finance)|Unicorn Club]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/The-glorious-rise-of-Radhika-Aggarwal-Indias-only-Woman-Startup-founder-in-the-Unicorn-Club/articleshow/51309145.cms|title=The glorious rise of Radhika Aggarwal, India's only Woman-Startup founder in the Unicorn Club|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=8 March 2016|accessdate=4 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231732/https://www.businessinsider.in/The-glorious-rise-of-Radhika-Aggarwal-Indias-only-Woman-Startup-founder-in-the-Unicorn-Club/articleshow/51309145.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is the co-founder of [[online marketplace]] [[ShopClues]] established in 2011 in silicon valley.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.techinasia.com/meet-radhika-aggarwal-woman-indias-unicorn-club|title=Meet Radhika Aggarwal, the first woman in India's unicorn club|publisher=Tech in Asia|date=14 January 2016|accessdate=4 March 2018}}</ref> Currently, she serves as the [[chief business officer]] of the company.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.in/ShopClues-CBO-Radhika-Aggarwal-onthe-rigors-of-an-IPO/articleshow/53635876.cms|title=ShopClues CBO Radhika Aggarwal on the rigors of an IPO|publisher=[[Business Insider]]|date=15 August 2016|accessdate=4 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231504/https://www.businessinsider.in/ShopClues-CBO-Radhika-Aggarwal-onthe-rigors-of-an-IPO/articleshow/53635876.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Early life==
Aggarwal was born to an Army family. Her father was in the Indian Army while her mother was a dietician. Her entrepreneurial venture started when her father decided to start his own health club in 1992, followed by the establishment of her own advertising agency in [[Chandigarh]] in 1997.<ref name=OB>{{cite news|url=http://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials/outstanding-women/dogged-believer-3079|title=ShopClues co-founder Radhika Aggarwal on the power of firm belief in one's potential and strong determination, to chart one's path|publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=6 October 2016|accessdate=4 March 2018|archive-date=4 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304231747/https://www.outlookbusiness.com/specials/outstanding-women/dogged-believer-3079|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Education==
Aggarwal has an MBA from [[Washington University in St. Louis]]<ref name=INC>{{cite web|url=https://inc42.com/entrepreneurship/inspiring-stories-of-indian-women-entrepreneur-how-they-stood-against-the-society-worked-against-the-odds/|title=Inspiring Stories Of Indian Women Entrepreneur: How They Stood Against The Society & Worked Against The Odds|publisher=Inc 42|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=4 March 2018}}</ref> and holds a post-graduation degree in advertising and public relations.<ref name=BS>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/newsmaker-radhika-aggarwal-sanjay-sethi-116011401218_1.html|title=Newsmaker: Radhika Aggarwal & Sanjay Sethi|publisher=[[Business Standard]]|date=14 January 2016|accessdate=4 March 2018}}</ref> She was also part of an executive program at [[Stanford University]].<ref name=INC />

==Career==
Aggarwal worked in marketing for companies like [[Nordstrom]] in [[Seattle]] and strategic planning at [[Goldman Sachs]].<ref name=OB /> She holds about 14 years of experience in the US in diverse sectors such as e-commerce, lifestyle, fashion, and retail.<ref name=BS />

==Awards and recognition==
* Outlook Business Woman of Worth at Outlook Business Awards – 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ow.outlookbusiness.com/|title=WOW – Women of Worth 2017 - Outlook Business|website=ow.outlookbusiness.com}}</ref>
* Woman Entrepreneur of the Year at Entrepreneur India Awards – 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entrepreneurindia.com/congress/awards_winner.php|title=Entrepreneur India Congress 2017|website=www.entrepreneurindia.com|access-date=4 March 2018|archive-date=6 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180906195652/https://www.entrepreneurindia.com/congress/awards_winner.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Exemplary Woman Entrepreneur of the Year at CMO Asia Awards – 2016
* CEO of the Year Award at CEO India Awards – 2016
* [[ASSOCHAM|ASSOCHAM's]] Entrepreneur of the Year award - 2017<ref>{{cite web |title=ShopClues Co-Founder Radhika Aggarwal honoured as ASSOCHAM\'s Entrepreneur of the Year |url=https://www.retail4growth.com/news/shopclues-co-founder-radhika-aggarwal-honoured-as-assochams-entrepreneur-of-the-year-2803 |website=retail4growth |access-date=January 26, 2023}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aggarwal, Radhika}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women business executives]]
[[Category:Olin Business School (Washington University) alumni]]
[[Category:Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda alumni]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from San Jose, California]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Goldman Sachs people]]

Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi

2025-05-04T06:52:10Z

Bharatpediatrist: improve formatting and improved wording after review

{{Short description|General of the Maratha Empire}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix=''[[Maratha titles|Shrimant]]''
| name = Shriniwasrao Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi
| office1 =[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|33x30px]]''Pratinidhi'' to the Emperor [[Shahu I]] of the [[Maratha Empire]] 
| office2 =[[File:Aundh flag.svg|33x30px]] 2nd ''Chief'' of [[Aundh State|Aundh]]
| term_start2 = 1718
| term_end2 = 1746
| image = Shrinivas Pant Pratinidhi.jpg
| term_start1 = 1718
| term_end1 = 1746
| predecessor1= [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi]]
| successor1 = [[Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi|Jagjivan Parshuram]]{{Sfn|Pant|1990|p=9}}
| spouse =
| issue =
| house =
| father = [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi]]
| mother =
| birth_date = 1687
| birth_place = Aundh, Satara (Satara District, Maharashtra)
| death_date = 1746
| death_place = Aundh, Satara (Satara District, Maharashtra)
}}
'''Shriniwasrao Parshuram''' (1687 – 1746 CE), popularly known as '''Shripatrao Pratinidhi''' or '''Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi''' , was a General of the Maratha Empire. He served as [[Pratinidhi]] (Chief Delegate) during [[Shahu I]]'s reign.{{Sfn|Bond|2006|p=773}}
After the death of his father [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi]] in 1718, Shripat Rao won the favour of Shahu by his brilliant efforts as a soldier fighting many battles in the defence of the [[Maratha Empire]]. In 1718, he was appointed as the ''Pant Pratinidhi'' of [[Maratha Empire]].{{Sfn|Bond|2006|p=773}}{{Sfn|Pant|1990|p=8}}

Shripatrao was not only a very able administrator and organizer, but a great statesman too. His work to consolidate the Maratha Raj has been praised by most of its historians. Shahu Maharaj depended upon the advice of Shripatrao. If owing to some unavoidable reasons ''Rao'' didn't present at the court at the usual hour the king would go to his house and inquire about him. Thus Shripatrao, unlike his father had no problem of loyalty to [[Chhatrapati]]{{Sfn|Pant|1990|p=8}}

Shripatrao was asked by [[peshwa]]s to establish his headquarters at [[Poona]]. Rao consistently refused to do so. He wanted to be at the side of King of the [[Maratha Empire]].{{Sfn|Pant|1990|p=8}}

In 1719, on the orders of Chhatrapati Shahu Maharaj, he colonized [[Sangam Mahuli]]. There he and his family built various temples.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pārasanīsa |first=Dattātraya Baḷavanta |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WOlAAQAAMAAJ&q=sangam+mahuli |title=Satara: Brief Notes |date=1909 |publisher=Tukaram Javaji |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Commission |first=Indian Historical Records |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5PbiAAAAMAAJ&q=sangam+mahuli |title=Proceedings of Meetings |date=1940 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |language=en}}</ref>

==Early life==
Shripatrao, was born in 1687 in the [[Deshastha Brahmin]] family of the Pant Pratinidhi, when [[Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi|Parshuram Trimbak]] was twenty- seven years old. He must have been deeply influenced by his father. He had lived a life of turmoil as well as of glory, and benefited from it. Shahu Maharaj had great respect and regard for Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi.{{Sfn|Pant|1990|p=7}}

==Campaigns==

===Campaign against Khatav===
Krishnaji Khatavkar had received the pargana of Khatav in 1689 A.D from the Mughal Emperor, Aurangazeb. He refused to accede to the Shahu's authority and had become overbearing. Shripatrao marched towards Khatav and defeated him in battle. Submitting to Shahu's authority was appreciated by Shahu, who released Shripatrao's father.{{Sfn|Vaidya|2000|p=144}}

===Karnataka expeditions===
In between 1724 and 1727, the Marathas led two expeditions into the Karnataka, one led jointly by Shripatrao Pratinidhi, Peshwa [[Bajirao I]] and the Sarlashkar, and the other by Peshwa and Senapati.{{Sfn|Kulkarni|2008|p=contents}}

The first Karnatak expedition, which lasted for two years, from November 1724 and May 1726, led by Fateh Singh Bhonsale, accompanied by both Shripatrao Pratinidhi and Bajirao I, proved to be futile. The Nizam gave lukewarm support to Marathas. However he regarded the south as his sphere of influence and did not want Marathas to interfere with it. He therefore gave secret instructions to officers to thwart the plans of Marathas in Karnatak. The Maratha leaders who led this campaign could not shed their differences. The Marathas could not realize their objective in this campaign.{{Sfn|Kulkarni|2008|p=contents}}

The second Karnatak expedition was led by Bajirao him in October 1727. The Pratinidhi who was secretly negotiating with the Nizam, who was rewarded with a personal jagir i Varhad by Nizam. Bajirao therefore did not associate with Pratinidhi with this expedition. He besieged the fort of Serinaapatnam and succeeded in levying chauth and Sardeshmukhi from the rulers of Mysore and Arcot.{{Sfn|Kulkarni|2008|p=contents}}

==Death==
After the death of Shripatrao Pratinidhi in 1746 Shahu Maharaj made his younger brother, [[Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi|Jagjivan Parshuram]] the next Pratinidhi. Jagjivan parashuram was the youngest son of Parashuram Trimbak Pant. He was born in 1691 and became Pratinidhi at the age of fifty-five.{{Sfn|Pant|1990|p=9}}

==See also==
* [[Pant Pratinidhi family]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book|title=Political Institutions & Administration|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jdoym34QydQC|first=P. B.|last=Udgaonkar|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publications|year=1986| isbn=9788120820876 }}
* {{cite book|title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC|first=J. W.|last=Bond|publisher=Asian Educational Services|year=2006| isbn=9788120619654 }}
* {{cite book|title=An Extended Family Or Fellow Pilgrims|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bw4IAQAAIAAJ|publisher=Sangam Books|first=Apa|last=Pant|year=1990| isbn=9780863111099 }}
* {{cite book|title=The Marathas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N45LDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Diamond Publications|year=2008|first=A. R.|last=Kulkarni| isbn=9788184830736 }}
* {{cite book|title=Role of Women in Maratha Politics, 1620-1752 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wVNuAAAAMAAJ|first=Sushila|last=Vaidya|publisher=Sharada Publication House|year=2000| isbn=9788185616674 }}

{{MarathaEmpire}}
[[Category:People from the Maratha Empire]]
[[Category:1687 births]]
[[Category:1746 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Satara district]]

Wandoor (Andaman and Nicobar Islands)

2025-02-19T03:11:17Z

Bharatpediatrist:

{{Short description|Beach in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
'''Wandoor Beach''' is a beach located 25 km south-west of [[Sri Vijaya Puram]], in [[South Andaman district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wandoor beach |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/wandoor-beach |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.google.com}}{{Dead link|url=https://southandaman.nic.in/|date=June 2023}}</ref>

[[File:Wandoor Beach Andaman 4160169.JPG|Wandoor Beach|thumbnail]]

One of the major attraction of the place is [[Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park]]. The area has abundance of amphibian and marine wildlife.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Relative-abundance-of-frog-species-in-Wandoor-South-Andaman-50_fig3_285236563|title=wildlife in wandoor}}</ref> [[Saltwater crocodile]]s are often seen on shores.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-02-17 |title=The coast is not clear: Crocodile attacks on the rise in the Andamans |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/coast-is-not-clear-croc-attacks-on-the-rise-in-the-andamans/story-J66UNKRrd7O8aQYm0gtspN.html |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

A jetty which connects near by Islands like Jolly Buoy Island, Red Skin Island, Alexandra Island etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jolly Buoy Island Port Blair - How To Plan & Visit Guide 2022 |url=https://www.experienceandamans.com/andaman-tourism/port-blair/places/jolly-bouy-island |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.experienceandamans.com}}</ref>

[[File:Jolly buoy andamand and nicobar island.jpg|Jolly Buoy island jetty|thumbnail]]

Wandoor is also known for its backwater, lagoons and Mangroov forest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conserving Biodiversity : The Andaman Way |url=https://www.devalt.org/newsletter/mar00/of_8.htm |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=www.devalt.org}}</ref>

The population of the village is 1,437 as per 2011 census. The economy of the village depends on fishing, and agricultural crops like paddy and coconut.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dakshin.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Scoping-study-report_South-Andaman.pdf|title=Wandoor Village}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in South Andaman district]]
[[Category:South Andaman Island]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]